Volume 11 SPRING 1955 Number 3TUBERCULOSIS AT BILLINGSFacilities for the complete care ofiberculous patients are available in onelit occupying the entire seventh floor; the-.West Wing of Billings Hospital.he ward consists of twenty-two beds,ost of the rooms single, equipped withlephones and usually with privateiths. A large solarium and a sundeck'ovide attractive quarters for conva­scent patients.Early Interest in Tuberculosis, Even before the establishment of theniversity Clinics the problem of tuber­ilosis was of great interest to the sci­.tific departments at The University ofticago. For example, Ludvig Hektoenade important contributions to the un­rstanding of pathological changes in Solarium for patients on W·7tuberculosis as a part of his general in­terest in infectious diseases. For manyyears the study of tuberculosis was amajor activity in the Sprague MemorialInstitute under the direction of H.Gideon Wells, and his book with Es­mond R. Long on the chemistry of tu­berculosis is still a standard text. Manypioneering studies on the chemotherapyof tuberculosis were made here underthe direction of Dr. Wells and Dr. Long.The unusually important experiments ofFlorence Seibert leading to the purifica­tion of tuberculin were also made dur­ing these years.Dr. BlochIn the late twenties, through the per­sistent efforts of Robert G. Bloch, clin- ical opportumties for the study andteaching of all pulmonary diseases, in­cluding tuberculosis, were provided byan affiliation with Edward Sanatoriumat Naperville, Illinois. This arrangementwas terminated in 1930, and then forseveral years isolated rooms on the reg­ular medical wards at Billings wereavailable for tuberculous patients. Latera fifteen-bed ward was provided in theorthopedics section of the hospital. In1937 the tuberculosis service was trans­ferred to the north wing of 0-3, wherenine beds were reserved for tuberculosis.The service remained there until Octo­ber, 1953, when the new West Wing unitwas completed.The completion of the wards on W-7was the final realization of Dr. Bloch's2 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSteve and his toys have turned this room into a nurseryconcept of the care of tuberculosis in ageneral hospital. Dr. Bloch always be­lieved that the treatment of tuberculosisshould not be taught in a sanatoriumisolated geographically and intellectuallyfrom the rest of medicine. He believedthat it should be taught as an integralpart of medicine within the frameworkof the teaching hospital.TeachingAs part of his daily routine on thewards of the hospital the student be­comes familiar with all the techniquesinvolved in the differential diagnosis andmedical treatment of tuberculosis, in­cluding the bacteriology and chemother­apy. The student participates in or ob­serves the bronchoscopy, the determina­tion of pulmonary function, the surgicalprocedures, and the study of the patho­logical specimens.In the outpatient clinics he becomesfamiliar with the after-care of the tu­berculous patient and the need for care­ful follow-up. Thus instead of seeingtuberculosis for a period of two weeksat a sanatorium and never thinkingabout it again as is true in some medi­cal schools, he is taught to consider tu­berculosis in differential diagnosis justas he would any other common disease.In the research laboratories he realizessome of the problems which remain tobe solved and something about the ex­perimental approach to these problems.Care and TreatmentTremendous advances have been madein the therapy of tuberculosis in the pastdecade. The use of potent antimicrobial agents has shortened the time requiredfor hospitalization, and surgical proce­dures impossible before their introduc­tion have become routine. At the sametime these advances have made the in­telligent treatment of the disease morecomplex, and careful planning is essen­tial if the patient is to receive the bestcare.The organization of The Clinics pro­vides for the close collaboration of all departments concerned in the treatmenof tuberculosis. The care of children OJW -7 is the primary responsibility of thipediatric staff, but planning of therapjis .done in the close co-operation witlthe division of pulmonary diseasesThoracic surgeons, otolaryngologists, anta representative from radiology as weIas the staff in thoracic medicine participate in weekly conferences. Problems 0:common interest are discussed, and decisions are made concerning therapy.The nursing staff on W-7 have to b!a versatile lot, Besides the routine dailycare of convalescents, they share theresponsibility for complicated postsur­gical care of patients. In addition, theymust be able to deal with the emotionalproblems frequently encountered amongpatients confined for long periods tocomplete bed rest.The social service case-worker as­signed to the division co-operates closelywith the medical staff both in the hos­pital and in the outpatient department.The worker makes rounds with the serv­ice once a week and becomes familiarwith all the problems of the wards. Hetakes the major responsibility for thehome situation and the emotional prob­lems created by protracted illness. Foroutpatients who for one reason or an­other are not admitted to the hospital,the case-worker arranges for sanatoriumcare elsewhere.Special funds provide for the care ofyoung patients. Approximately one-halfthe income from the endowment of theCountry Home for Convalescent Chil­dren, about $60,000 a year, is available[C oniinued on page 201. j11A tvnical n�tjpnr'� rnnmMEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 3�tfphcn :t1ol�gk1889 '1 955iulog» spoken on March 12, 1955, by-{EINRICH KLUVER, Professor of Experi­nental Psychology, Division of the Bio­ogical SciencesWeare gathered here this morning toay farewell to Stavo, the husband of)onna and the father of Stephen andhe friend of all of us who are here andrf many who could not be here today.)r. Stephen Polyak spent the beginningrf his life in a part of the world whichor centuries was the frontier betweenhe Mohammedan East and the Chris­ian West of Europe, that is, in Yugo­lavia. There he acquired from his fatherlis great love of books, and from hisnother an acquaintance with the prob­ems connected with the care of the soil,.nimals and trees, and the technique ofiving on and from the soil-an interest.nd some knowledge which he preserved.nd cherished for the remainder of hisife. A quarter of a century, that is, theast twenty-five of his sixty-five years ofife, he spent at The University of Chi­ago, where he was Professor of Anat­'my.The story of his scientific life cannotre told here in any detail, but a few'ears ago one of the great scientists ofiur time was heard to remark that therevere only two persons left in the worldvho really knew the finer anatomy ofhe central nervous system and that one,f them was Dr. Stephen Polyak at TheJniversity of Chicago. It is obvious thatitephen Polyak did not belong to therresent-day generation of a-paper-a-daycientists who alway write but neveread. In discussing this state of affairsvith me one day-in one of the thou­ands of discussions we had-he saidvith a smile: "Perhaps the only chancescientist nowadays has to achieve someort of immortality is to write a fewreat books and then hope that one ofhem will survive."And so Stephen Polyak wrote threereat books. His friends know that the.riting of the third one, The Vertebrate'isual System (representing a manu­cript of 4,000-5,000 typewritten pagesnd including more than 550 illustra­ions and 10,000 references), was indeedheroic accomplishment and achieved1 a period of ill health during the lasten years or so. It could not have beenccomplished without the help and nev­r failing support of his wife Donna and,. should be added, not without the helpf a rather unusual university existingere in the Middle West and called TheIniversity of Chicago, which supportedis work and made it possible for him) carry on. We owe thanks to both of POLYAKthem-to this institution and to DonnaPolyak-for making it possible that thismonumental work will be in our handsin the not-too-distant future.The life of a modern scientist is in­deed a short one, in the sense that hispronouncements generally last only a fewmonths or at best a few years. But ifsomeone will take Stephen Polyak'sbooks off the shelves of a library in theyear 2000 or 2500-assuming that therewill still be books and libraries-he willno doubt find that the minute structureof the retina is still the same as de­scribed by Stephen Polyak about 60 or560 years ago. We may ask why a manwhose ambition it once was-at least, sohe told me-to disentangle and describeall the fiber tracts of the brain suddenlyconcerned himself for many years withthe eye and the structures involved invision. "I remember well the time,"Charles Darwin said, "when the thoughtof the eye made me cold all over." Thefamous Spanish histologist, Ramon yCajal, a man whom Stephen Polyakgreatly admired, had to admit: "Thecomplexity of the nerve structures forvision is even in the insect somethingincredibly stupendous." Why, then, didStephen Polyak concern himself for sucha long time with an organ containingstructures of such "incredibly stupen­dous" complexity? In answering such aquestion, many points would have to beconsidered. Today I shall mention onlyone of these points, and a point whichis perhaps best expressed is John Rus­kin's statement that "hundreds of peoplecan talk for one who can think, butthousands can think for one who cansee." Stephen Polyak was one of thosegifted and rare individuals who can see. He could not only see, but he had a pas­sionate interest in all the aspects of ob­servable phenomena, including the opti­cal aspects, in all forms of life, down tothe morphology of their most minutestructures. No wonder, therefore, that hefinally turned to an investigation of thevery organ which makes all this possible.And we may further ask: How couldhe accomplish so much single-handedly?Yesterday I was told by a friend of histhat nowadays even young investigatorsworking in the same general field as hefind themselves in shiny, well-equippedgovernment laboratories and have atleast six technicians. How, then, did thelone Stephen Polyak ever succeed inleaving us such monumental contribu­tions? We must go back, I believe, tothe days when the guns suddenly turnedsilent on the battlefields of Europe afterthe 1914-18 war. Strange as it seemedto some of the participants, there weresurvivors. But it was a generation ofsurvivors which was (as the author ofAll Quiet on the Western Front has in­sisted on the first page of his truly re­markable book) destroyed by the waralthough not killed by its shells and ma­chine guns. Yet some of the survivorsdid find the road back; some of themwere neither destroyed nor killed. AndStephen Polyak was one of them. Todaymany of us will no longer understandhow extremely difficult it was to find theroad back, more particularly the roadback to the life of a scientist. But per­haps even now many of us will under­stand why some of the survivors return­ing from battlefields from which millionsdid not return could feel so deeply thatthe years that lay ahead were a present,an undeserved present, a precious gift... And so Stephen Polyak went aheadand never ceased to make use of everymoment of this most precious of all gifts-life. And so he worked intensely, andso he asked questions with the sameburning intensity. Some of the universalinterests characteristic of an Aristotlethat supposedly have disappeared fromthe Western world with Leibnitz becameand were still alive in him. His interestsranged wide, from biology and naturalhistory to archeology, anthropology, andpolitics; from the history of. science tothe history of nations and of Westerncivilization itself. If it is true, as JeanJacques Rousseau insisted it was, thatthe extensity of life does not matter, butonly its intensity, then it is also true thatStephen Polyak has lived many lives.All fires bum out at last, but evenduring the last months of his life thefires burning inside him still burned withan intense flame. During these months,while reading the galley proofs of the firstfourteen chapters of his last book, he alsoput in order and worked on a manuscriptof about two thousand typewritten pages,a fourth book, a diary, dealing with the4 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINstory of his life and our generation. Itis entitled:GLORY TO THEM ALLorRECOLLECTIONS OF A NOBODYA Story from the Downfallof theWestern WorldThis document also is a testimony tohis universal interests. It starts with theyear of his birth, 1889, and ends with acomment on the death of Vishinsky, inan entry dated November 22, 1954. Inthis diary, on one of his birthdays a fewyears ago, he wrote as follows:"It is a fitting occasion to stop rush­ing along the everyday humdrum way oflife and to look both ways: to what hashappened in the past, and to what willhappen in the future, during the likelyrest of a lifetime."Strange to say, it has been a longlife, and yet a short one. Many yearsago, at midnight, I was born in a littlehouse built of unbaked mud brick, al­most at the end of a sprawling village,on the outskirts of an old, rickety, Aus­tro-Hungarian Monarchy of the Haps­burgs, itself a remnant of the Holy Ro­man Empire of the German Nation. NowI am with my family (still asleep at thisearly hour) at home in the center of themightiest country in the world, theUnited States of America. What vicissi­tudes and changes befell the world atlarge, and myself in my microcosmos,it is fantastic to contemplate. Entire na­tions, ideologies, and modes of life havedisappeared from the face of the earth,and been replaced by new forces andconditions in which the living substanceof humanity tries to find its roadbedagainst all odds of calamitous facts andconsequences of its own mental and emo­tional shortcomings."Such were his reflections on a birth­day not long ago.His own courage in the face of whathe called "calamitous facts," his integ­rity in an age in which so many framesof reference are disintegrating, his hu­mility as a researcher when confrontedwith intricate and unsolved problems­all these will never be forgotten by hisfamily and his friends.MEDICAL STUDENTSHONOREDThe Seniors elected to A.O.A. this yearare: Charles Boardman, Arnold Bren­man, William Dement, Howard Engel,Richard Katzman, George Meyer, How­ard Shapiro, and Myron Tracht. ThreeJuniors were elected: Robert Druyan,Donald Fink, and Zdenek Hruban. Thethree Seniors who were elected last yearare: John David, Dale Grimes, and Doro­thy Millon.Three members of tbe faculty were elected RUSH NEWS'01. Francis F. Tucker, after a lifetimeof satisfying work, is retired in DaytonaBeacb, Florida. He and his wife Emma T.,M.D., Northwestern, went to China in 1902and spent nearly forty years in medical workthere, especially training doctors and nursesand establishing hospitals in the provinces.After returning to America in 1941 "to re­tire," they worked for a time among themountaineers of Kentucky. Their four chil­dren, put through medical school by theTuckers (on missionaries' incomes!), includeWilliam B. Tucker, University of Chicago,'33, and Margaret Tucker, a 1934 graduateof Rush (where her mother was refused ad­mission in 1898, being a woman). Dr.Tucker continues to do voluntary consulta­tion work in his community.'26. Esmond R. Long recently re­ceived the Philadelphia Award forhis service to that city as director ofthe Henry Phipps Institute for theStudy, Treatment, and Preventionof Tuberculosis, University of Penn­sylvania. Considered the outstandingtuberculosis authority in the country,Dr. Long is the thirty-second recip­ient of tbe award, wbich was foundedby Edward Bok in 1921.In 1932 he received the TrudeauMedal of the National TuberculosisAssociation for research on tubercu­losis, and in 1935 he became directorof the Phipps Institute. Under bisguidance the Institute developed anew knowledge of tbe chemical na­ture of tuberculin, thus making pos­sible early diagnosis of the disease.The Philadelphia Award frequent­ly is described as Philadelphia'sNobel Prize. A cash gift of $10,000accompanies it.'02. Albert C. Yoder tells us that he spentsix years as principal of the Vincennes, Indi­ana, High School before entering medicalschool. He has been in general practice inGoshen, Indiana, ever since he graduated.'06. A new book, Doctors in the Sky, byRobert J. Benford, M.D., describes theachievements in aviation medicine of manyaeromedical scientists, including three Rushgraduates: Charles H. Gowan, '06, Glen­dale, California; Herbert F. Fenwick, '25,Chicago; and Brigadier General Otis O.Benson, '30, Washington, D.C. All threeto honorary membership in A.O.A. Theyare: J. Garrott Allen, professor of sur­gery, Edith L. Potter, associate professor ofobstetrics and gynecology, and John VanProhaska, '34, professor of surgery.John David and Dale Grimes receivedthe Merck Manual Award, and the MosbyScholarship Awards went to Arnold Bren­man, William Dement, Sumner Kraft,Merle Moskowitz, and Myron Tracht.William Dement received the GinsbergAward. men have been past presidents of the AerMedical Association founded in 1929.'13. Ralph H. Kuhns, Minneapolis, habeen appointed to the Committee on Veterans of the American Psychiatric Association. He is medical officer and neuropsychiatric specialist for the Veterans Adrninistration in St. Paul.'21 George H. Irwin was recently electepresident of the St. Francis Hospital medical staff, Evanston, Illinois. William IWaner, '26, is secretary-treasurer of thstaff.'23 Willis J. Ports, professor of surgeryNorthwestern University, gave the VincenPark Williams Memorial Lecture at KansaCity, Missouri, in February. His title wa"Surgical Management of Congenital Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract."'26 Just heard from Robert L. johnstorDuring the entire month of October lasyear he and his wife attended the meetingof the International Congress of Chest Diseases at Barcelona, Spain, and the International Bronchoesophagological Associatio:at Lisbon, Portugal. After that they tourethrough most of Europe to return on th"Queen Mary" in November.'38. 1954-55 found Harold R. Morripresident of the San Bernardino Count:Medical Society and chairman of the Section of Radiology, California Medical Association. His home is in Redlands.'41. Vinton H. Wright, Inglewood, California, says that he has limited his practicto pediatrics, both office and home (he hajust supervised the production of his sixtlchild). "Proud to be a part of the AlumnAssociation and to have been graduatefrom The Quadrangles."RESIDENT NEWSThomas Brower has accepted the position of assistant professor of orthopedicsurgery at the University of Pittsburgh be­ginning in July.Yale Gerol is now at the Neurological In­stitute in New York.Clarence Holmes has joined the radiologystaff at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver,British Columbia.Francis J. Owens is in the section ongastrointestinal diseases at the ClevelandClinic in Ohio.Theodore Gillman is professor and headof the Department of Physiology at theDurban Medical School, University ofNatal, Durban, South Africa. He writes:"Ours is a very new medical school estab­lished, de novo, only two years ago for thespecific purpose of educating African, In­dian, and Mulatto doctors in South Africa.Our medical library is as yet most inade­quate, and our funds for building it up areextremely limited. Consequently, whateveryou could do through your Association toassist us in building up our library wouldbe deeply appreciated. Back numbers of anymedical and biological journals which couldbe given to our new scbool would facilitateits healthy' growth."MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 7:LASS OF 1955FLAX, MARTIN HOWARDBorn Jan. 19, 1928; Cornell, B.S., 1946; Colum­bia, A.M., 1948, Ph.D., 1953; Intern.: Mount SinaiH., New York City; Academic pathology; Unmar­ried; 20S9 Creston Ave., Xew York City.GERLACH, RICHARD DAVIDBorn 1925; U. of Chicazo, A.B., 1950, B.S., 1954;Intern.: Highland-Alameda County H.; Psychiatry;Unmarried; 702 x Oneida St., Appleton, Wis.GILLES, FLOYD HARRYBorn Oct. IS, 19.10; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951,B.S., 1954; Intern.: Johns Hopkins H.; Neurology;Married; 1220 Bellevue AH., Elgin, Ill.GREENLEE, HERBERT BRECKENRIDGEBorn Sept. 6, 1927; Beloit College, B.A., 1951;Intern.: Billings; Surzerv; Married; Caledonia, 111.GRIMES, DALE S.Born Dec. 9, 1929, U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951;Intern.: Cook Count v H.; General practice; Unmar­ried; A.O.A.; Winslow Road, Palos Park, Ill.HALPRIN, KENNETH MARSHALBorn Mar. 19, 1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1950;Intern.: Billings; Specialty undetermined; Married;1157 E. 61st sr., Chicago 37HAMMON, WILBUR ALBERT, JR.Born June 3,1928; Occidental College, B.A., 1950;Intern.: Cedars of Lebanon H.; Psvchiat ry ; U nrnar­ried; 2249 Pentuckett, San Diego, Calif.HARRIS, ELIHU JACKBorn Mar. 20, 1925; Rutgers, B.S., 1950; Intern.:Jewish .H. oi Brooklyn; Obstetrics or Gynecology;Unmarried; Box 277, Goshen, :\.Y.JIM, EDWARD LING SUNGBorn Sept. 26, 1929; Intern.: Kings County H.,New York City; General surgery; Unmarried; 99Mission St., Wailuku, Maui, T.H.JOHNSON, ROBERT FRANKLIN .Born Mar. 29, 1925; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1946,M.S., 1951; Intern .. San Francisco H.; Specialty un­determined; Unmarried; 5621 Drexel Ave., Chicago37.KARTUN, LAWRENCE DONALDBorn Sept. 6, 19211; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951;Intern.: Cook Count v H.; Specialty undetermined;Unmarried; 8524 Euclid Ave., Chicago 17.KATZMAN, RICHARD ALLENBorn Mar. 22, 1931, Western Reserve, B.S., 1952;Intern.: Universit v H, Cleveland : Specialty unde­termined, Unmarried; A.O.A.; 3789 Silsby Rd., Uni­versity Heights 18, Ohio.KOCH, CHARLES EDWARD, JR.Born Dec. 23, 1930; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1950;Intern.: U.S.P.H.S. H., Xo r Iolk , Va.: Internal medi­cine or Pediatrics; Married; 2231 E. 67th St., Chi­cago 49.KRAFT, SUMNER CHARLESBorn Aug. 21,1928; Tufts College, B.S., 1948,Boston U., A.M., 1949; Intern.: Boston City H.;Internal medicine; Unmarried; 25 Banks Terrace,Swampscott, Mass.KUNZ, WERNERBorn Jan. 5, 1925; U. of Rochester, B .. \., 1946;Intern.: Ohio U. H.; Medicine; Unmarried; 435 E.Henrietta Rd., Rochester, l'\ .Y.8 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE SENIO.LEIDER, ROBERT JAMESBorn Jan. 30, 1932; U. of Chicago, Ph.B., 1950;Intern.: Colorado Gen. H.; Orthopedics or Medicine;Married; 99-34 67th Rd., Forest Hills, N.Y.LOREY, EMMETT BERNARD, JR.Born Sept. 5, 1928; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1950,B.S., 1950; Intern.: U. of California; Internal medi­cine; Married; 604 N. Noyes, St. Joseph, Mo.LUNDQUIST, ROBERT HENRYBorn Sept. 23, 1928; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1950,B.S., 1955; Intern.: Blodgett Mem. H.; Specialtyundetermined; Unmarried; 8236 Paxton Ave., Chi­cago 17.McCOLL, WILLIAM FRAZER, JR.Born Apr. 2, 1930; Stanford, B.A., 1952; Intern.:Stanford H.; Specialty undetermined; Married; 5667Dorothy Way, San Diego, Calif.MEAD, SHARON CYNTHIA HERMANBorn Apr. 4, 1930; Vassar, B.A., 1951; Intern.:Royal Victoria H.; Medicine; Married; 364 E. 46thSt., Brooklyn 3, N.Y.MEYER, GEORGE GOTTHARDBorn Nov. 13, 1931; Johns Hopkins, B.A., 1951;Intern.: U.S.P.H.S. H., New York City; Specialtyundetermined; Married; A.O.A.; Butlerville, Ind.MEYER, RONALD WALTERBorn June 10, 1927; U. of Michigan, B.S., 1951;Intern.: Colorado Gen. H.; Surgery; Unmarried;4204 West way, Toledo, Ohio.MILLON, DOROTHY GOLDMANBorn Aug. 5, 1926; U. of California, B.A., 1946,M.A., 1948; Intern.: University H., Baltimore; In­ternal medicine or Psychiatry; Married; A.O.A.;2012 Camden Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.MOFFAT, NELSON AIRDBorn Mar. 16, 1931; Intern.: Minneapolis Gen. H.;Surgery or Pediatrics; Married; 3601 Greenleaf Blvd.,Elkhart, Ind.MOSKOWITZ, MERLE SEYMOURBorn Dec. 9, 1927; Ohio State, B.A., 1951; U. ofChicago, M.S., 1955; Intern.: Touro Infirmary, NewOrleans; Pathology : unmarried; 319 Wilson Ave.,Clanton, Pa.NATHANSON, LARRYBorn Dec. 23, 1928; Harvard, A.B., 1950; Intern.:Los Angeles City H.; Internal medicine; Unmarried;3 Gray Gardens East, Cambridge, Mass.OSBAND, RICHARDBorn Aug. 31, 1930; Harvard, B.A., 1952; Intern.:Strong Mem. H.; Specialty undetermined; Married;One child; 135 Arbordale Ave., Rochester 10, N.Y.OZERAN, ROBERT SANFORDBorn Jan. 31, 1931; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1954,M.S., 1955; Intern.: Billings; Specialty undeter­mined; Unmarried; 7634 Kingston Ave., Chicago 49.REYNOLDS, THOMAS DE WITTBorn July 25, 1929; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1949;Intern.: George Washington U. H.; Psychiatry; Mar­ried; 102 E. Hudson, Dayton, Ohio.ROBERTSON, JACK CECILBorn Feb. 11, 1931; U. of Tulsa, B.S., 1951;Intern.: Hillcrest Medical Center, Tulsa; Publichealth; Married; One child; 1850 N. New Haven,Tulsa, Okla.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 9:LASS OF 1955RUBINSTEIN, RICHARD IRWINBorn Oct. 2, 1929; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1950;Intern.: Temple U. H.; Gynecological surgery; Mar­ried; 110 W. 55th St., New York City.SAGAN, LEONARD ARTHURBorn Feb. 18,1928; Stanford, B.A., 1950; Intern.:U. of California, Berkeley; Internal medicine; Mar­ried; One child; 2930 Lawton St., San Francisco 22,Calif.SCHLEGEL, ROBERT JOHNBorn Dec. 31,1927; U. of Chicago, Ph.B., 1948;Intern.: New York U. Upstate Center; Surgery;Married; Two children; 2219 N. Anthony, FortWayne, Ind.SCHROEDER, FREDRIC ARTHURBorn Feb. 20, 1930; Bethel College, B.S., 1952;Intern.: Colorado Gen. H., Denver; Specialty unde­termined; Unmarried; 607 E. 6th St., Newton, Kan.SCHUSTER, MARVIN MEIERBorn Aug. 30, 1929; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1950;Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Psychiatry;Unmarried; 3914 Strathmore Ave., Baltimore 15, Md.SHAPIRO, ARTHUR KYLEBorn Jan. 11, 1923; City College of New York,B.S., 1951; Intern.: Wayne County H.; Psychiatricresearch; Married; 11S7 E. 61st St., Chicago 37.SHAPIRO, HOWARD ALLANBorn Dec. 5, 1930; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1954;Intern.: U. of California, Berkeley; Internal medi­cine; Married; Two children; A.O.A.; 1337 S. CIa visRd., Fresno, Calif.SIEGEL, SAUL MARSHALLBorn July 16, 1921; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1942,Ph.D., 19S1; Intern.: Billings; Psychiatry; Married;7429 Kingston Ave., Chicago 49.SIEGLER, RICHARDBorn Feb. S, 1930; Rutgers, B.S., 1951; Intern.:Gorgas H., Panama; Pathology; Unmarried; 371Stegman Parkway, Jersey City 5, N.J.SINGER, DAVID L.Born Dec. 1929; Antioch College, B.S., 1951;Intern.: Boston City H.; Internal medicine; Mar­ried; 33 Gates Circle, Buffalo 9, .N.Y.SLAWSON, PAUL FREDERICBorn Dec. 23, 1929; Hobart College, A.B., 1951;Intern.: Billings; Internal medicine; Married; 35Thorne Ave., Orchard Park, N.Y.STEPHENS, RALPH ROUSSEAU, JR.Born Dec. 19, 1926; Vanderbilt, B.S., 1949; Intern.:Hartford H.; Pathology; Unmarried; 46 Hill Rd.,Louisville, Ky.TAPP, JESSE WASHINGTONBorn July 10, 1930; Stanford, B.A., 1952; Intern.:Highland-Alameda County H. ; General practice;Married; Two children; 232 Coleridge Ave., PaloAlto, Calif.TRACHT, MYRON EDWARDBorn June 8, 1928; Princeton, A.B., 1948; U. ofChicago, M.S., 1954, Ph.D., 1955; Intern.: MountSinai H., New York City; Specialty undetermined;Unmarried; A.O.A.; 1675 E. 18th St., Brooklyn 13,N.Y.TRICOU, BETTY JO LINEBorn Sept. 10, 1930; Ohio, B.S., 1951; Intern.:Billings; Internal medicine; Married; One child;6106 Ellis Ave., Chicago 37.10 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINUEHARA, SAKAEBorn Apr. 18, 1929; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951;Intern.: Harper H., Detroit; General surgery; Mar­ried; P.O. Box 752, Paia, Maui, T.H.WEITZMAN, ELLIOT DAVIDBorn Feb. 4, 1929; U. of Iowa, B.S., 1950; Intern.:Kings County H., Brooklyn; Neurology; Unmar­ried; 271 Meeker Ave., Newark, N.J.WEMPLE, RONALD REDINBorn Aug. 24, 1928; Northwestern, B.S., 1951;Intern.: Minneapolis Gen. H.; General practice; Mar­ried; 120 James Ave., Rockford, Ill.WILCOX, KENNETH ROYS, JR.Born Mar. 24,1930; Ohio, B.S., 1951; Intern.: ClevelandCity H.; Pediatrics; Married; 408 W. Lafayette St., Sturgis,Mich. WINSBERG, FREDBorn Mar. 10, 1931; U. of Chicago, Ph.B., 1949; Intern.:Albert Einstein' H., Philadelphia; Radiology; Unmarried6721 Cornell Ave., Chicago 37.WOELLNER, RICHARD CARLTONBorn Aug. 17, 1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951; B.S.1953; Intern.: U. of Minnesota H.; Specialty undetermined;Unmarried; 5630 Kenwood Ave., Chicago 37.WILSON, FREDERICK THOMASBorn Oct. 7, 1930; Intern.: Billings; Specialty undeter­mined; Married; 5736 Harper Ave., Chicago 37.((GENTLY Now "MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 11PILGRIMS' PROGRESSIt is June, 1955-it doesn't seem verylong ago since September, 1951, when sev­enty-two of us became oriented into theSchool of Medicine of The University ofChicago.We came from allover the United States,our ages ranged fromnineteen to thirty, andour educational back­grounds varied fromth ree college years toPh.D.'s. Some of usdrove up to AbbottHall in elegant limou­sines, others bicycled.There were some, inthe minority, who hadfought overseas, butmost of us still had t'heunruffled innocence of youth in our faces(some still do). This was the first post­war class that had a majority of non­veterans, and there were only a few whohad as yet engaged in the marital wars(at graduation, well over half the class wasto be married). We had among us a pro­fessional bassoonist, a psychologist, a high­school teacher, a cytochemist. Indeed, therewas little in common among us except ourinterest in medicine, and that is as it shouldbe because medicine is a many-headed ani­mal.We were given a cadaver and told tostart working; we were given a box ofslides and told to study the "Bible"­Maximov and Bloom. After a week we feltfive weeks behind, but we kept working­some from Jimmy's, some from their dormrooms. The load got heavier with physi­ology and its lab reports on top of anatomyand biochemistry; F.B.D. became rampant.But the Spring Quarter load was lighter,and we had our first chance to do research.Some of us were sure we wanted to devoteour professional lives to research; otherswanted never to go near a laboratory again.But we all began to understand some ofthe problems involved in research.That spring one of the few instances ofcommon-group interest manifested itself.We organized a softball team and placedsecond in our league. Not until the lastquarter of our Senior year did we get an­other chance to play softball., In September, 1952,we had uur first con­tact with medicine in afine course in pathologywhich formed the ma­jor background for allour future training. Wenow had our foot inBillings, even though itwas in the back door­we might get to those. patients yet.There was a sud­den critical interest instethoscopes, ophthal- moscopes, percussion hammers, head mir­rors, and all the other equipment appro­priate for a well-dressed Sophomore. Weexamined Major's Textbook of PhysicalDiagnosis, and then we examined each other.Bill McColl joined the class that WinterQuarter. Used to throwing footballs, Billthrew a needle with the same enthusiasm.It went through his partner's finger intohis own. He had trouble finding otherpeople to practice on.That was also the quarter that we wereto learn the fine art of venipuncture. DaleGrimes approached his first unwitting pa­tient, syringe in hand, sweat on brow.Once, twice, eight times he punctured thepoor lady's epidermis unsuccessfully. Hecalled the intern, who, with one sure jab,entered the elusive vein. The lady looked upand asked, "Are you the real doctor?"And remember the time the twenty-four­hour specimen got upended during the bio­chern lecture?It was very hot inlate June' of 1953.Three-fourths of uswere turned loose inBillings. All pur previ­ous training had beendirected toward thisgoal. There was no timefor wondering whetherwe'd got all we couldout of those first twoyears. There was littletime even for eating,drinking, or sleeping.We were Juniors, andour lives were run by patients, residents,and attending men, but, above all, by tele­phones.Those who took Medicine the first quar­ter took the worst beating with no limitto the number of patients per service. Welooked forward to getting into the labs sothat we could take off our white coats(that we had looked forward so much towearingl ) while the thermometer rangedbetween 95° and 105°.Da ve Singer started off in Pediatrics. Inhis first clinic day he saw an anxious motherwith her brand-new first baby. With thesuave manner of a senior attending man,he quickly reassured the mother and sentthem home. The senior pediatrician, horri­fied, telephoned the mother. "But, Doctor,I have already seen Dr. Singer, and I amperfectly satisfied that everything is all.right." She was firm and final.Bernie Drabkin entered The Clinics withless composure. He approached the laborrooms to witness, for the first time, thespectacle of a woman in labor. He stoodcalmly by, laying his hand on the swollenbelly, timing the contractions as they be­came stronger and stronger. The mother'sscream rent the air, and, unexpectedly, atiny head entered the world. Bernie shotout of the room as though propelled from agun-"Somebody call a doctor." In the fall the Department of Medicinelimited the number of patients to eight perservice-bless their souls I The weather wascool, and we knew our way around thehospital-but there were still the telephones.In June, 1954, wewere ready to turn thefloors over to the Classof '56. Now we wereSeniors-regular hours,no telephones, and achance to read andthink.When we came to theO.P.D., the attitude ex­pressed by "What shallwe do for your patient,doctor?" hrought us upshort. No more shiftingthe responsibility to theintern, the resident, or attending man. Thiswas it. Soon we would have to be the onesto tell Mrs. Jones that that cramping painin her belly was not a carcinoma but an"unstable colon"-or vice versa. We knewwe'd better be quite sure of our groundbefore labeling somebody a crock.Our assumed unconcern about internshipswas exposed on March 14, when, on therumor of an early announcement, the wholeclass turned up at the eight o'clock lecture.Everybody was there but Dean Ceithamlwith the confirmation blanks. We learnedat noon that the majority of the class hadgot the internships of their first choice.After four years together we were beingscattered from Boston to Seattle and fromMontreal to Panama City, with stops atNew York City, Philadelphia, Cleveland,New Orleans, Minneapolis, and Denver.Maybe because of its young blood, thisgroup felt itself in no way bound by thepast. There was resistance to the Christmasparty because it was expected of us, butno one had a sufficient reason for not givingone. So we had a party, and we had a goodtime. When the question of the traditionalskit came up, there was some dissension.In addition to the desire to act independ­ently of the past, many felt that the skithad degenerated into a vehicle of retributionto be used against not always pleasant staffmembers. We had no such hostile feelings,and so the skit was relegated to a minorrole on the evening of the Senior Party.Our class mourned the untimely passingof Dr. Hoffman. We were the last class tobe associated with Dr. Rasmussen, who isnow in Canada. All of us were glad to behere during the arrival of Dr. Vermeulen,who immediately captured top balloting forthe Senior class picture. Let us hope thatfuture classes will have more contact withDr. Coggeshall. How we have enjoyed hislectures, spiced with personal experiencesof the "galloping " and the "Delhi---!"See you all at the Tenth-Year Reunion.12 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSenior Scientific Session-[C ontinued from page 5]the fuels used may be the same. Never­theless it is possible that the generatorsof CM may be functioning not as pe­ripheral nerve but as nonnervous tissuethat is able to utilize fat or protein inemergencies. These -fuels may be sup­plied by the circulation.Contribution to the Physiologyof DreamingBy WILLIAM C. DEMENTPsychiatry and PhysiologyThe occurrence of periods of rapid,jerky, conjugate eye movements duringsleep and an association of these move­ments with dreaming has been recentlyreported by Aserinsky and Kleitman.This relationship has provided a methodfor the study of the frequency and pe­riodicity of dreaming and concomitantphysiological phenomena.In one experiment the brain wavesand eye movements of seventeen chronicschizophrenics and thirteen medicalstudents were recorded continuouslythroughout a total of seventy-sevennights of sleep. Each subject slept fromone to seven full nights. Eye movementswere recorded by amplifying the im­pulse due to the change in position ofthe corneoretinal electrical field withreference to supraorbital and infraor­bital electrodes. Brain waves fromthe parietal area provided a check onwhether or not the subjects were asleep.Preliminary studies indicated that boththe schizophrenics and the medical stu­dents showed discrete periods of rapideye motility while sleeping. The subjectswere then awakened either during pe­riods of eye motility or periods of ocu­lar quiescence and asked if they weredreaming. The schizophrenics replied inthe affirmative fifty-two out of sixty­seven times, with forty instances ofvivid dream recall when awakened whiletheir eyes were moving. The medicalstudents said they had been dreamingforty-seven out of fifty-one times, withforty-five instances of vivid dream-re­call. In a total of forty-seven awaken­ings for both groups during periodswhen the eyes were not moving, therewas no dream-recall.A careful study of the relationship ofeye movements and brain waves wasthen undertaken. Sixteen male and twofemale subjects were observed, one ata time, for a total of forty-five fullnights of sleep ranging from one to fivenights per subject. In all instances, asthe subject fell asleep, the brain wavesprogressively increased in amplitude anddecreased in frequency for approxi­mately 40 minutes and then a change inthe opposite direction began. At about60 minutes after the onset of sleep, the EEG was characterized by low-voltagefast activity. This persisted for 5-20minutes, and then a progressive increasein voltage and decrease in frequencywas again observed. This cycle repeateditself over and over through the night.The periods of low-voltage fast activitybecame progressively longer with eachcycle, and the periods of high-voltageslow activity became shorter, with themaximum amplitude and frequency alsodecreasing. Discrete periods of rapid eyemovements were observed during the pe­riods of low-voltage fast activity and atno other times. These eye-movement pe­riods also tended to become longer thelater in the night they appeared.These results indicate that dreamingoccurs periodically during a night'ssleep probably as a result of a physio­logical cyclic variation in brain activity.Whether the eye movements merely re­flect the increased level of activity or arespecifically related to the visual contentof the dream is not apparent.Studies on ExperimentalUlcerative ColitisBy JANE G. ELCHLEPPMedicine (Gastroenterology)Among the various theories of thepathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, thepossible role of tissue hypersensitivitymerits further study. These experimentswere performed to determine if immu­nologic reactions could produce an ex­perimental counterpart of the disease inrabbits. The following aspects were in­vestigated: (1) production of antiseraagainst normal colon mucosa and bowelwall and against traumatized colon; (2)production of autosensitization by injec­tion of colon-mucosa suspension in com­bination with synergists such as Staphy­lococcus toxin and Freund's adjuvant,or by injection via multiple portals; and(3) the Auer phenomenon in sensitizedanimals, with localization of the lesionsin the colon. With the latter procedure,tissue ulceration and necrosis of the co­lon mucosa occurs in sensitized animalswhen the antigen is given systemically.Production of antisera against normaland against traumatized colon was un­successful. Autosensitization, as meas­ured by complement fixation and/orArthus reactivity, could not be demon­strated despite multiple portal injectionsrepeated over periods of five to sevenmonths or by the use of successive var­ied sensitization procedures. Although noArthus reactivity could be demon­strated, a group of twelve animals whichhad been given three different coursesof sensitization with normal colon wastested for the Auer phenomenon. Proc­toscopically, the results were equivocal,but there appeared to be some increasein the reactivity of the mucosa in theseanimals. The Auer phenomenon was studied iseventy-five rabbits sensitized to egg abumin. Two consecutive rectal flush«with 1 cc. of 2 per cent formalin give'at 18- to 24-hour intervals caused.mild to moderate hyperemia of the crIon mucosa; this material, thereforwas used as the standard rectal irritanAntigen was given intravenously, intrsperitoneally, or by rectal irrigation �intervals ranging from 15 minutes tohours after the second formalin fluslDosages ranged from 5 mg. to 30 mg. Cegg albumin. Sensitized and nons enstized controls received either rectal fOJmalin alone or systemic antigen aloneNonsensitized animals also were give't�e combined rectal irritant and systerniantigen on the same schedule used fathe sensitized rabbits. Tissues for histologic examination were collected at varying stages.Proctoscopic observations indicate,that the Auer procedure, as used in thesexperiments, may produce colon lesionranging from severe hyperemia to franlulceration and hemorrhage in sensitize.rabbits. The lesions heal in from 1 to .days. With one or more subsequent·injections of antigen, the lesions may remain active for as long as 7 to 10 daysEven when apparently healed, the COIOImucosa in these animals manifests mudgreater reactivity to the normal proctoscopic procedure and to irritants. Thrmucosa is more friable and is trauma­tized much more easily than the mucosaof control animals or of animals sub­jected only to repeated formalin irrita­tion. A further difference is the occur­rence of polypoid growths in the mucosaof the sensitized rabbits with experimen­tal colitis during the later weeks of ob­servation.These observation suggest that tissuehypersensitivity, presumably induced inthe rabbits previously sensitized to eggalbumin, may contribute significantly tothe development of an experimental co­litis. The results obtained with the Auerprocedure indicate an interesting ap­proach to the further study of experi­mental ulcerative colitis.Effects of the Injection of SnakeVenom Containing Lecith­inase A into PhysarttmpolycephalttmBy HOWARD R. ENGELAnatomyThe submicroscopic structures of pro­toplasm may be assumed to exist in partas aggregates, some of which are visiblewith the microscope. Entering into theformation of these aggregates is a greatvariety of substances (i.e., proteins, lip­ids, glucosides, and inorganic ions).Basic to the nature of protoplasm ap-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 13ears to be its ability to undergo rever­ble sol-gel transformation. These may� observed by noting variations in pro­plasmic flow in the slime mold, Phy­:rum polycephalum,Haas (1935) injected a variety of en­rmes into this slime mold and observedranges in protoplasmic streaming. Heterpreted solation and gelation as a re­ionse to enzymatic activity 'which.uses a loosening and reestablishmentspecific bondings.Heilbrunn (1952) has emphasized theIe of calcium in causing gelation andlation of protoplasm. However, it isIt clear how changes in free or protein­iund calcium may be controlled inVO. The work reported here is an at­mpt to relate some enzymatic activi­es to changes in the local concentrationrd state of calcium.Enzymes and salt solutions were in­cted into the slime mold, P. polyceph-11m, through a micropipette. The moldis then observed under the microscoper 1-3 hours. Comparisons were made.tween the injected preparation, the'einjection activity of the mold, ande activity of a control removed frome mother plasmodium at the samene.The injection of lecithinase A into theme mold, P, polycephalum, augmentede activity of the plasmodium. The gelatrix was decreased. The rate of pro­plasmic flow and forward flow of theasmodium was accelerated. Sodiumearate and sodium citrate caused simi­r changes in the activity of the mold.Calcium chloride caused a decrease ine activity of the mold marked by de­eased budding, reduced rate of proto­asmic flow, and rapid regression of.wly formed buds.This study suggests that calcium may: shifted from one portion of proto­asm to another il,_s a result of enzy­atic activity. The latter consists in thelease of excess fatty acid by the actionlecithinase A on lecithin or cephalin.he excess fatty acid combines with cal­urn derived in part from its cornbina­m with gelled protoplasm. The cal­urn-free protein coincidentally becomesore fluid (sol).\ction of Anti-Ehrlich AscitesTumor AntibodyBy MARTIN H. FLAXPathology-ACRHMuch work has been devoted to stud­; of tumor immunity, but recent ad­.nces in serological methods, in meth­Is both of preparation and of localiza­in of potent antisera, make a re-eval­tion of this subject fruitful.The gamma-globulin fraction of rabbitti-Ehrlich ascites tumor serum wasepa red by alcoholic fractionation, Pre­rinary treatment of the living ascitesmor with the gamma-globulin and guinea-pig complement prior to trans­plantation prevented tumor growth.Heating the complement (560 c., 30minutes) destroyed the inhibiting effectof the combination,Several histochemical techniques dem­onstrated differences between these gam­ma - globulin - complement - (GC) - treatedtumor-cells and those treated with oneor the other of the components. Vitalstaining of all the GC-treated cells oc­curred at a time when the overwhelm­ing majority of gamma-globulin- or com­plement-treated cells remained un­stained. The GC-treated cells appearedswollen and more fragile than the con­trols. Using the neotetrazolium method ofmeasuring the dehydrogenase activity oftreated cells, it was found that the GC­treated cells were unable to utilize eitherendogenous substrate or exogenous glu­cose; they were as capable of utilizingsuccinate as were the gamma-globulin­or complement-treated cells. These re­sults were supported by direct Warburgstudies. This action of GC also occurredwith the Krebs ascites tumor and, to avariable degree, with some normalmouse tissues,When GC was injected intraperitone­ally into mice bearing actively growingascites tumor, the average survival timerelative to untreated controls was ap­proximately doubled; intermediary ef­fects were observed with the separatecomponents, Histological study of theGC-treated cells showed progressive cel­lular degeneration with loss of cytoplas­mic, nucleolar, and finally chromaticbasophilia.Thyroid-Function Testing withSpecial Reference to the 30-Minute Thyroidal Clear-.ance of Plasma IodideBy KENNETH HALPRINM edicine-A C RHIn the last two years two hundred andsixty-eight thyroi-d studies have beendone on two hundred and thirty-eightpatients, most of whom were referredfor study because the clinical picture ofthyroid function was not clear. The stud­ies will be discussed from the standpointof their agreement. Established normalvalues for these tests, used routinely,serve as the basis for estimating thyroidfunction and for setting normal valuesfor the newer thyroid-clearance test.The tests include: 24-hour uptake ofp:ll (euthyroid = 12 to 60 per cent) ;protein-bound iodine (euthyroid = 3.5to 6.5 gamma per cent); conversion ra­tio (euthyroid = 5 to 38 per cent); andthyroid clearance (in milliliters per min­ute of plasma cleared of iodide).One hundred and eighty-eight studiesincluded all four tests. Seventy-one ofthese showed euthyroid values for thefirst three tests. Clearance values in this group ranged from 0 to 27 ml. per min­ute. B.M.R.'s done on forty patients inthis group ranged from -29 to +40 percent, with only fourteen studies fallingbetween -10 and + 10 per cent (nor­mal). Twenty-one studies had hyper­thyroid values for all tests. Clearancesranged from 42 to 461 ml. per minutein this group,Thirty-nine studies included only twoof the first three tests. Seventeen hadeuthyroid values for both tests, withclearances falling in the already estab­lished range for euthyroids. One had hy­perthyroid values, and clearance on thispatient fell within the hyperthyroidrange. Three had hypothyroid values forboth tests; clearances in this groupranged from 0 to 3 ml. per minute.Clearance values of 0 to 3 ml. per min­ute for hypothyroid, 0 to 37m!. perminute for euthyroid, and over 41 m!.per minute for hyperthyroid are indi­cated.Of the two hundred and twenty-sevenstudies, which included at least two ofthe three tests besides the clearance,only one hundred and thirteen, or 50 percent, were classifiable by this scheme.The other half consisted of studies inwhich the tests did not agree amongthemselves.These one hundred and fourteen stud­ies were separated on the basis of theirclearance values. The status of each pa­tient was then estimated from the con­currence of the majority of the remain­ing tests. In seventy-four studies withnormal clearances, definite estimates onthe basis of the other tests could bereached in only fifty-eight studies. Inthese fifty-eight the clearance value wasnot in agreement with the estimated sta­tus in five cases, the 24-hour uptake infour cases, the conversion ratio in twelvecases, and the protein-bound iodine inforty-five cases.It is suggested that these tests areoften misleading when done singly in pa­tients with confusing clinical pictures.When all available tests are performed,the diagnosis may still be in doubt, butthe chances of an erroneous conclusionare considerably lessened. The use of abattery of tests and the inclusion of thethyroid-clearance test in this battery ap­pears indicated.Effect of Pantothenic Acid­Deficient Diet on Preg­nant RatsBy LAWRENCE DONALD KART UNObstetrics and GynecologyThe metabolically functional form ofthe vitamin, pantothenic acid, in thebody is coenzyme A, a substance medi­ating many fundamental biochemical re­actions, such as the initiation of theKrebs cycle, the activation and oxida­tion of fatty acids, and the synthesis ofcholesterol and probably of steroid hor-14 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINmones. In the following experiments theeffect of feeding a diet deficient in pan­tothenic acid to pregnant rats wasstudied.A total of thirty-one females of theSprague-Dawley strain were used. Panto­thenic acid-deficient diet, control diets,and tap water were allowed ad libitum.The following groups of animals werestudied. Ten pregnant rats served ascontrols; ten rats were placed on thepantothenic acid-deficient diet from theday of conception to parturition; a thirdgroup of eleven animals was fed thepantothenic acid-deficient diet duringthe last week of pregnancy.EFFECT ON MATERNAL BODY WEIGHTAND ADREN ALSFailure of growth in immature rats andloss of weight in adult rats is one of themajor symptoms of pantothenic acid de­ficiency. There was significantly lessmaternal body-weight gain in the pan­tothenic acid-deficient animals com­pared with those allowed the completediet. No significant difference was notedin the weight increment of those ratsmaintained on the deficient diet fromthe fourteenth day of gestation to par­turition only.Pantothenic acid deficiency also re­sults in enlargement and hemorrhagicnecrosis of the adrenal cortex. In thisexperiment the pantothenic acid-defi­cient animals showed a relative increasein adrenal weight compared with thecontrol group, but hemorrhagic lesionswere not observed, probably due to theshort period of pantothenic acid de­ficiency.EFFECT ON THE FETUSESAND PLACENTAA higher incidence of stillborn youngand resorption was found in animalsfed a diet deficient in pantothenic acidthroughout pregnancy as compared withthe controls and with the group main­tained on the deficient diet for only oneweek before parturition. Thirty-four percent of all fetuses as shown by im­plantation sites were stillborn or re­sorbed during gestation. No significantdifference in the average weights of thenewborn of the three groups was noted.Fifteen and three-tenths per cent ofthe newborn (eleven fetuses) showedmore or less pronounced cranial defects(skull defects, encephaloceles). Histo­logical sections of the head revealedthat skin and bone of the skull weredefective. The deformed brain was cov­ered only by meninges. Eight of theeleven abnormal fetuses were stillborn.Extensive hemorrhage into the amnioticsac was observed in four of the casesassociated with anomalies. This type ofhemorrhage was not found in othergroups. Histological examination of theplacenta revealed large distended bloodsinuses when amniotic hemorrhage wasnoted. The result of this study indicates thatcongenital malformations could be elic­ited by omitting pantothenic acid, anintegral component of coenzyme A, fromthe diet of pregnant rats. Similar lesionshave been observed when pregnant ratswere exposed to roentgen rays on thetenth day of pregnancy (Warkany).Our failure to produce the characteristicadrenal cortical lesions in pregnant ani­mals is most probably the result of theshort period of deficiency.Effect of a Brain Fraction onBlood Lipids and Experi­mental AtherosclerosisBy SUMNER C. KRAFTMedicine (Cardiology)A large amount of experimental andclinical literature has appeared in re­cent years implicating blood lipids inthe development of human atherosclero­sis. Special emphasis has been placedon the roles of serum-cholesterol andcholesterol-ester levels, the ratio of totalcholesterol to lipid phosphorus, and theultracentrifugal flotation patterns ofserum lipoproteins.The studies presented here were sug­gested by the observations of two Britishbiochemists, Roscnheim and Webster,who noted a factor in ingested braincapable of causing animals to excreteprimarily an unabsorbable reductionproduct, coprosterol, in the feces ratherthan the customary large amounts ofcholesterol. No concomitant blood stud­ies had been done, but, since both ex­ogenous and endogenous body cholester­ol are known to pass through the gastro­intestinal tract, it was reasoned thatperhaps the "brain factor" might be ofvalue in altering blood-lipid levels andconsequently the development of experi­mental atherosclerosis.A crude powder was prepared by mul­tiple extractions of homogenized sheepbrains with acetone and then with ether.Twenty-four cockerels were employedin a two-week study. Two control groupswere given commercial chick-startermash or mash plus cholesterol, whilethe two experimental groups were fedbrain powder in addition. In the brain­cholesterol-mash-fed birds there was aless marked rise of the serum cholesterol,total lipids, phospholipids, and of theratio of cholesterol to lipid phosphorusas compared to controls. This groupalso showed a suppression of elevationof serum lipoproteins in the Sf rangescorresponding to the giant moleculeswhich Gofman et al. have implicated inatherogenesis. There was a tendency to­ward diminution of cholesterol valuesin the group fed the brain-mash diet.A second experiment was designed toextend these observations, to quantitateactivity of the brain fraction, and to testits effectiveness in protecting againstcholesterol-induced atheromatous lesions. Eorty-eight cockerels were divided infour groups and were studied for a fivweek period. The control group receivia 1 per cent cholesterol-mash diet, arthe three other groups received, in 11,dition, 5, 10, and 15 per cent brain frations, respectively. The results of tlearlier work were confirmed, and tldegree of diminution of rise of bloclipids was found to be roughly propotional to the dosage of brain employeGross and microscopic grading of tlextent of atherosclerotic change indcated less severe involvement of tlheart and great vessels with increasiramounts of the powder in the diet.It was postulated by Rosenheim arWebster that a cerebroside, phrenosiwas responsible for the intracolonic COlversion of cholesterol to coprostercbut the proof of this hypothesis is stiunestab lished.Staining Characteristics of Panof Chromosomes Irradiatedwith an UltravioletMicrobeamBy ROBERT JAMES LEIDERAnatomyBy growing mesothelial cells in tissrculture and by the use of the microbeaiapparatus of Uretz et al. (1954), itpossible to irradiate portions of eelwith a beam of ultraviolet light as smaas 2 microns in diameter. Under 01servation with phase-contrast microscopvarious effects of localized irradiatioon mitosis can be observed.When a portion of a chromosomeirradiated with a heterochromatic utraviolet beam 8 microns in diamete(total energy about lOG ergs/cm''},change in the refractive index of thsportion of the chromosome occurs. Thiis seen as a change from the norm,black appearance of the chromosome ta gray, similar to the surrounding mclear sap. This is referred to as "paling.It is this effect which was studied bhistochemical methods and which is Itported here.In this study cells were irradiated ithe manner described above, and palinwas observed. These cells were thefixed and stained, and changes in staining were noted.Two types of changes were noted ilthe chromosomes. One is the decreasof staining in the irradiated portion 0the chromosome, with little or no morphological change. This effect is observed only with phosphotungstic- acithematoxylin, the irradiated part appearing pale yellow in contrast to the bluishpurple of the nonirradiated parts of th:chromosome.The other effect is a "smearing," 01amorphous diffusion, of stainable material from the irradiated part of tbichromosome. This effect is noted moslMEDI CAL AL U MN I BULLET I N 15'early with the Feulgen stain, withielafield's hematoxylin, and to some ex­mt with iron hematoxylin. It appears; if the amount of stainable materialnot decreased but is just spread overlarger area.Methyl green stains showed a markedecrease in staining of the irradiatedart of the chromosome.Since the Feulgen stain is considerediecific for desoxyribonucleic acid, andnee Delafield's hematoxylin also stainslis compound, it appears as if the ra­iation caused a release of desoxyribonu­eotide from the remaining chromo­imal protein. The appearance of theells stained with these methods indi­ites that little DNA is destroyed; how­zer, the loss of methyl-green stainingould indicate a decrease in degree ofalymerization of the DNA.Residual chromosomal structure in theradiated area is suggested by the faint­, visible but morphologically normalements observed with phosphotungstic:id hematoxylin. This is further' sup­orted by other evidence in the living-n.Changes in the Serum Lipidsfind Coronary Arteries of theRat in Response toEstrogensBv MERLE S. MOSKOWITZ-PathologyMuch data have been accumulatedipporting the importance of sex as aiajor factor in the pathogenesis of cor­nary atherosclerosis. The prevalence ofiis disease among human males, ands relative absence among females, dur-19 their reproductive years, have ledl the hypotheses (1) that there is aeleterious factor associated with male­ess or (2) that there is a protectiveictor associated with femaleness. Areat deal of investigative work haseen directed toward establishing theitter. Recent reports indicate that es­.ogens may cause inhibition and re­ression of coronary atheromata in theholesterol-fed cockerel, but there haseen no investigation of experimentalstrogen protection in mammals. Thisxperiment was undertaken to study theifiuences of male and female hormonesn experimental coronary atheromata inre rat.Groups of mature male and femaleIts of the Sprague-Dawley strain, in­ret and castrated, were subjected toaily administrations of estradiol ben­oate (0.333 mgm.), diethylstilbestrol5.0 mgm.), or testosterone propionate5.0 mgm.) for 6-20 weeks. During thexperimental period all groups of ratsere maintained on the same high-fat,igh-choline diet, containing 2 per centrolesterol and limited in protein. A.presentative number of rats from each group were sacrificed after 6 experimen­tal weeks, and the remainder were contin­ued on the experimental regimen for 14additional weeks. Serial serum-cholesteroland lipid-phosphorus determinationswere obtained on each rat. Body weightsand dietary intake were recorded atfrequent intervals. All rats were autop­sied when they died or were sacrificed.Sections of many tissues were stainedwith hematoxylin and eosin, and, in ad­dition, the heart, kidney, and aorta werestained with Sudan 1 V and hematoxylin.A high incidence of lipid-containing le­sions was demonstrated at 6 weeks inthe walls of small and medium-sizedcoronary arteries in the animals treatedwith estrogens, whereas no changes wereobserved in any of the rats not receiv­ing estrogens. By 20 weeks, however,the rats receiving only dietary treatmentand control injections of sesame oilshowed lesions in substantial numbers.and the incidence of lesions in the es­tradiol-treated groups had declined. Therelationship of these lesions to the se­rum-lipid pattern was studied, and theresults have been related to the reportsof estradiol induction and estradiol pro­tection in experimental and humanatherosclerosis.Glucosamine and C-reactiveProtein in Treated Patients withRheumatoid Arthritis, Osteo­arthritis, Collagen Disease, andMetastatic NeoplasmBy LARRY Q. NATHANSONMedicine (Arthritis)It has long been known that bloodplasma contains substances of polysac­charide nature. These polysaccharidesare made up of mannose, galactose, andglucosamine. They are probably impor­tant in the normal physiology of thehuman, as indicated by their high con­centration in the blood, connective tis­sue, and skin.An elevation of serum polysaccharide,and its breakdown product, glucosamine,has been noted in many physiologicalstates and in disease. The possibilitysuggests itself that destruction of con­nective-tissue elements of polysaccharidenature are related to elevation of thelevels of these breakdown products inthe serum. A colorimetric method forthe determination of serum hexosamine,used in this experiment, has been de­veloped by Boas and others.The discovery that the somatic, cap­sular polysaccharide of Diplococcuspueumoniae precipitates a serum factorin pneumococcal infection and manyother disease states introduced anothermeasure of disease activity. This serumfactor has become known as C-reactiveprotein. It is heat-labile at 650• It is notpresent in the serum of normal subjectsand disappears quickly during convales- cence. After isolation and crystallizationof the C-reactive protein, a rabbit anti­serum was prepared which. gave a moresensitive and accurate precipitation re­action with the human serum protein.This antiserum was used in the experi­ments to be described.RESULTSIn rheumatoid arthritis, despite a con­siderable range of variation, a directlinear relation was present between theseverity of disease and both CRP andglucosamine. Osteoarthritis showed noelevation of glucosamine or CRP re­gardless of disease activity. In lupuserythematosus and in scleroderma, amarked glucosamine but variable CRPelevation was found. Metastatic neo­plasm showed marked elevation of CRPand hexosamine.Glucosamine was found to increasesomewhat with age but to be unrelatedto sex in normal subjects.In rheumatoid arthritic patients theconcentration of glucosamine was foundto correlate more closely with the glob­ulin concentration directly than it didwith the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.CRP and glucosamine show a gooddirect linear correlation with each other.Whether this is a causal relation is notclear. Quantitatively, the amount ofglucosamine, calculated from that foundin the serum-antiserum precipitate, couldaccount for the rise in glucosamine level.A series of patients with rheumatoidarthritis and one with Still's disease werefollowed by serial glucosamine and CRPfor periods up to 15 months. With gold,phenylbutazone, or seroid-maintenancetherapy, clinical flare-ups, accompaniedby elevations of the glucosamine andCRP levels, occurred. This may be evi­dence that the basic disease process isnot suppressed by these drugs. In thesestudies glucosamine was found to followdisease activity most closely. CRP wassomewhat less quantitative but also ap­peared to be a good criterion of diseaseactivity. Erythrocyte sedimentation ratewas a relatively poor test for rheumatoidactivity.Factors Affecting the Mobiliza­tion of FatBy MYRON E. TRACHTPhysiologyFat constitutes the most important re­serve store of material which the animalcan use to supply energy when environ­mental food is limited and as such is laiddown when caloric intake exceeds re­quirements and is mobilized and oxidizedduring fasting. The mechanisms control­ling this mobilization are poorly under­stood, although both the nervous andthe endocrine systems have been impli­cated. In the present studies the role ofthe adrenal corlex and the liver in reg-16 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINulating the mobilization of peripheralfat has been investigated.A frequently confirmed observationhas been that the adrenalectomized ani­mal fails to develop a fatty liver andketosis under almost all the conditionswhich produce these changes in the in­tact animal, and from this it has beenconcluded that the adrenalectomized ani­mal was unable to mobilize its fat, fromthe peripheral depots to the liver, eitherfor accumulation or for conversion intoketone bodies. However, since both thelevel of liver fat and the level of cir­culating ketones result from mobiliza­tion, on the one hand, and utilization,on the other, neither parameter gives anabsolute indication of the net fat mobili­zation of the animal.To achieve this, the status of theperipheral fat depots was evaluated bycomparing the bilaterally symmetricalepididymal fat pads of the rat, usingeach animal as its own control by re­moving one fat pad at the beginning ofthe experimental procedure and compar­ing the remaining depot at the end.Using this technique, it was demon­strated that, under conditions of fasting,the adrenalectomized animal mobilizesits peripheral fat to the same extent asdoes the intact animal. No deficit of theadrenalectomized animal was demon­strated in either rate or extent of mo­bilization or in its ability to institutemobilization. Placing the stress of phlor­hidzin poisoning on the adrenalectomizedanimal again failed to reveal any im­pairment of the fat-mobilizing capacity.Therefore, the effect of adrenalectomyon fat metabolism cannot be character­ized as a deficit in mobilization. Thefailure of the adrenalectomized rat to de­velop a fatty liver and ketosis is theresult of an alteration either in liverphysiology or in the pathway taken bythe mobilized fat.The question of a regulatory role ofthe liver in fat mobilization was alsoinvestigated by comparison of the evis­cerated with the intact rat under vary­ing conditions. It was found that theeviscerated resting rat, receiving glucose,mobilized much less fat than the an­esthetized intact animal under the sameconditions, although there was some mo­bilization. The difference between theeviscerated and intact animals can beaccounted for on the basis of the de­creased caloric requirements of the evis­cerated animal. However, when the ani­mals were made to exercise by the di­rect stimulation of the muscles, it wasfound that the eviscerated rat increasesthe amount of its depot fat, while theintact animal mobilizes a significantamount. It is concluded that an effectof exercise is to promote the use ofglucose by the tissues (for lipogenesisin this case). In the presence of in­creased caloric demand, the liver is able to provoke mobilization despite thistendency and thus has a regulatory butnot an obligatory role in fat mobilization.A Catatonic Agent in the Cere­brospinal Fluid of Some Typesof Schizophrenic PatientsBy ARTHUR K. SHAPIROMedicine (Psychiatry)Previous investigators have sought toisolate a biological and biochemical agentin psychotic patients by injecting bodyfluids of schizophrenic patients intoplants, fungi, and small mammals. Thehypothesis underlying this experiment isthat there may be a substance in thecerebrospinal fluid of some schizophrenicpatients that will produce catatonicsymptoms in laboratory rats.Forty-five milliliters of cerebrospinalfluid are drawn by lumbar puncture.Thirty milliliters of the fluid are sub­jected to lyophilization. The dry sub­stance is then redissolved in 3 ml. ofdistilled water and injected subcutane­ously into male rats weighing 100 gm.Each group of experimental animals istested against control animals receivinginjections of an artificially reconstitutedcerebrospinal fluid solution and an iso­tonic saline solution. Assays againstsmaller rats and mice are being tried sothat more than one animal can be testedwith each spinal-fluid sample. Analysisof the spinal fluid consists of: cell count,glucose and protein determinations, col­loidal gold and Wassermann, proteinfractionation, and serotonin assay.The rats thus injected are observedfor listlessness, loss of spontaneity, pos­tural alterations, and changes in theamount of food eaten and are testedagainst Dejong's catatonic criteria: theability of the animal to right itself afterbeing put on its side and after beinghung by a vertical wire by its hind legsas well as its ability to crawl down avertical pole and to move from uncom­fortable positions. Active and passivenegativism, paresis, convulsions, reac­tions at the site or injection, death, andother phenomena are recorded. The ani­mals are also being tested in a rat-activ­ity wheel before and after the injection.The patients from whom the cerebro­spinal fluid is taken have undergonecareful psychiatric, psychological, andphysiological studies. They fall into fourlarge groups: (1) chronic schizophrenicsof the catatonic type manifesting (a)hypokinetic and (b) hyperkinetic fea­tures; (2) acute catatonic schizophrenicpatients before and after recovery; (3)chronic catatonic schizophrenic patientswhose clinical course can be temporarilyreversed with convulsant doses of hy­drazides; and (4) other varieties ofschizophrenic patients, other types ofpsychotic patients, and organically in­jured patients. This experiment is designed to test tllhypothesis that there is a catatonigeniagent in the cerebrospinal fluid of somschizophrenic patients. The work is no'in progress at the Manteno State He!pital.C14 Acetate Turnover byTubercle Bacilliin VitroBy BETTY jo TRICOUMedicine (Chest)One of the more difficult problems ercountered in research on tuberculosis ithe determination of the state of metalolism in bacteria which have ceased tmultiply. We believe we have foundmore sensitive method than has· beeused heretofore to determine wheth€these bacilli are "dead" or merely "doimant"; that is, whether they are ablunder more favorable conditions to regain their ability to multiply and tmetabolize.Avirulent tubercle bacilli (Strain RR,.) are grown in a Dubos- Tween albumin media which allows determinatioof the number of bacteria suspended bturbidity measurement. Bacteria arplaced in the outer well of a Conwadish, and C14-labeled sodium acetate iadded. The inner well contains I-sodiunhydroxide, and the entire unit is sealewith a ground-glass cover and paraffinpetrolatum mixture. After incubation a37°C. for 24 hours or longer, the carbordioxide absorbed by the sodium hydroxide is precipitated as barium carbonateplated on copper planchettes, anicounted in a windowless continuous gasflow G.M. counter. This gives a rneasunof the amount of conversion of acetafto CO.,. The bacteria are washed irTween -water, plated, and counted tldetermine the amount of C14 acetate incorpora ted in the cell.Preliminary studies with this technique have revealed that young bacterirboth incorporate and convert C14 acetauto C1402 more rapidly than older bacteria. Bacilli exposed to temperature!from 37° to 60°C. are most active a145 ° C. and completely inactive at 55° Cin terms of their acetate turnover. Formalin-killed bacilli are completely inactive, At 4 ° c., although growth hasceased, a small amount of labeled acetateis converted to CO2, and a small amountof radioactivity is found in the bacteriaThe bacteria will again grow whenplaced at 37° C. after a lag phase. ThEacetate turnover, however, is alreadygrea tIy accelerated during this lagphase. ,The effects of treatment of tuberclebacilli with the tuberculostatic drugsisoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide)and streptomycin are also being stud­ied. Bacteria incubated with streptomy­em for 24 hours produce the sameMEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 17.mount of C140? as untreated bacteria.nd seem to sho; a slightly higher con­ent of C14 in the bacteria. Bacteriavhich have been grown for 7-14 days inmedia containing streptomycin, how­ver, show very little turnover and in­orporation of C14 acetate.Bacteria treated with isoniazid at theime of incubation with C14 acetatehow a sizable increase in amount of:1402 produced but a smaller amountf incorporated acetate than untreatedacilli under the same conditions. Bacillirown in isoniazid for 14 days show.iarked diminution in radioactivity re­overed in both phases. This leads us tohe speculation that isoniazid alters theaetabolism of the bacillus in such a ways to block the utilization of acetate forynthesis of cellular constituents andtill permits its utilization as an energyource. Studies are now under way to.olate constituent fractions of bacteriaJ determine alteration in incorporationf C14 acetate· into fat and protein frac­ions in untreated bacteria and thosereated with isoniazid and streptomycin.Some Effects of Mescaline onthe Nervous Systemof the CatBy THOMAS D. REYNOLDSMedicine (Psychiatry)In view of the remarkable psychologi­al effects of mescaline (3,4,5-methoxy­henlethylamine), a detailed knowledgef the neurophysiological changes in­uced by the drug may be relevant toItered brain function in the psychoses.The geniculostriate system was se­-cted for study because of the hallu­inogenic action of mescaline in the hu­ian subject. Parallel studies on reflexctivity in spinal animals were under­iken to clarify the synaptic action ofhe drug.An Offner, six-channel electroencepha­igraph was used for recording from thexposed cortex. All stimulations werearried out with a Grass stimulator,sing concentric electrodes implanted'ith a stereotaxic device. Single squareulses of 5 ms. duration were employed,ver a voltage range of 0.1-10 volts,sually delivered every 60 seconds. Mes­aline sulfate was always given intrave­ously in doses of 5-10 mgm.lkg., aftercontrol period of stimulation of 1-2ours.In six cats anaesthetized with nem­utal, the paths of spontaneous andvoked strychnine spikes from the 10-lily strychnized optic or auditory cor­sx were not altered by mescaline, nor'as the spontaneous electrocorticogram.'he response of the strychnized cortex) repetitive stimuli consisting of clicksr flashes was also unchanged.In five cats anaesthetized with ethernd sodium pentothal, low medullary transections were carried out, artificialrespiration applied, and the animals al­lowed to become fully awake. The re­sponse of the optic cortex to lateralgeniculate stimulation was studied. With­in 1-5 minutes after injection, the fol­lowing were noted: (1) decrease inamplitude of the spontaneous EEG intwo animals only; (2) no change in theprimary evoked response; (3) in all fivecats depression of the damped 4-6 C.p.S.monophasic after-potentials shown byChang (1950) to represent geniculostri­ate reverberatory activity; (4) suppres­sion of high-frequency components ofthe response in four animals; and (5)isolated spike components in the re­sponse, which may occur in waking ornarcotized animals but are more typicalof the latter, were produced in twocats, exaggerated in two for whom theywere present in the control record, anddepressed in one. These changes per­sisted for 15-30 minutes.No conclusions can be drawn at pres­ent from this limited series of experi­ments. Working hypotheses are that (1)mescaline depresses corticothalamic re­verberatory activity; (2) the augmenta­tion of spiking noted is a release phe­nomenon due to this depressant action;and (3) the bulbar reticular formationis stimulated by mescaline.Influence of the AutonomicNervous System on thePetellar ReflexBy ELLIOT D. WEITZMANPhysiologyAn attempt was made to study whetherthe autonomic nervous system is in­volved in the inhibition or facilitationof the patellar reflex evoked by stimula­tion of different brain areas and, if so,through which pathways such an influ­ence would be exerted. Eighteen catswere lightly anesthetized with Dial-Ure­thane and rigidly fixed in the Horsley­Clarke stereotaxic instrument. The patel­lar reflex was elicited bilaterally every 4seconds by means of two motors driving­an eccentric cam-and-Iever arrangement.Cortical, hypothalamic, brain stem, andcerebellar areas were stimulated mono­polarly with 60-cycle alternating current,2-5 volts.The effects of stimulation of areaswith inhibitory and facilitatory influ­ences on the knee-jerk were recordedand compared before and after differentsurgical procedures, with the followingresults: (a) Acute adrenalectomy orthoracic sympathectomy did not alterthe centrally induced inhibition or facil­itation of the knee-jerk significantly.(b) Lumbar sympathectomy and sym­pathetic blocking agents diminish oreven abolish inhibition and facilitation.(c) After spinal cord section at L4, withan intact lumbar sympathetic outflow, no facilitatory response was obtained,whereas inhibition was still producedregularly. Only a spinal-cord transectioncombined with lumbar sympathectomyabolished inhibition completely. (d)Stimulation of the lumbar sympatheticchain caused inhibition in animals withchronically transected cord (L4)'The present findings suggest an addi­tional mechanism for facilitation and in­hibition which is not exerted in thespinal cord and is controlled by thesympathetic nervous system.Hearing Loss from Lesionsof the Auditory NerveBy RICHARD C. WOELLNERSurgery (Otolaryngology)In this study experimental lesions inthe cochlear nerve of thirteen cats werecompared with the resulting hearing loss,and the results were correlated with find­ings in two human patients with cochlearnerve lesions.After surgical destruction of one ear,each cat was trained to move forward ina rotating cage in response to pure tonestimuli. An audiogram was obtained foreach animal by determining the thresh­old for each of eleven frequencies. Fol­lowing this, selected portions of the au­ditory nerve were sectioned in the ex­perimental ear in each cat through aposterior craniectomy. After severalweeks. when the animal had recovered,auditory thresholds were again deter­mined. The animals were sacrificed byperfusion, and the ears were serially sec­tioned. The cochleas were graphicallyreconstructed by Guild's method, andthe location and extent of cochlear nervedestruction was studied quantitatively.Cutting the cochlear nerve fibers causedcomplete degeneration of the involvedneurones, of which the cell bodies werelocated in the spiral ganglion. Thus, thelesions of the cochlear nerve were re­flected as losses of cells in the spiral gan­glion. A method of counting the cellswas devised so that accurate determina­tions could be made of the density ofcell population in the spiral ganglion.For each cat the losses of auditorythreshold and the magnitude and loca­tion of nerve deficit were charted sothat the frequency scale of the audio­gram and cochlear distance-scale wereparallel and of equal length.In seven animals operative damage tothe cochlear arteries resulted in moder­ate to complete degeneration of all lab­yrinthine structures. The remaining sixanimals had pure cochlear nerve lesionswith normal organs of Corti. This dem­onstrates a degree of metabolic and an­atomic independence of hair cells of theorgan of Corti and the cochlear nervefibers.Animals which had a selective loss of[Continued on pat:« 19]18 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINGRADUATE NEWSFACULTY NEWSWilliam E. Adams has been made hono­rary professor of surgery at the Universityof Guadalajara, Mexico. Both he and Hu­berta M. Livingstone were made honorarymembers of the Guadalajara Surgical So­ciety in February.Garrott Allen will be chairman of theCommittee on Arrangements for the annualmeeting of the American College of Surgeonsin Chicago next autumn.Nathaniel S. Apter, consultant to the Il­linois Department of Public Welfare, gavea "Further Report on Studies in Schizo­phrenia from the Manteno State Hospital"at the March meeting of the Illinois Psy­chiatric Society.Percival Bailey, University of Illinois,took part in a symposium on the thalamusduring the sixth Latin-American Neurosur­zical Congress held in Montevideo, Uruguay,in March.Earl P. Benditt and Mila Pierce were onthe March program of the Chicago Societyof Allergy. They discussed, respectively,"The Relationship of Mast Cells and His­tamine to the Production of Local IncreasedCapillary Permeability" and "A Discussionof Purpura in Children."Among those who took part in a post­graduate conference at Centralia, Illinois, inMarch were Delbert M. Bergenstal, JamesW. Carpender, Melvin I. Klavman,George V. LeRoy, and George L. Wied.The conference was sponsored by the Post­graduate Education Committee of the Illi­nois State Medical Society.Douglas Buchanan was in Toledo, Ohio,in February to present a series of lecturesat an interhospital postgraduate assembly.Gail M. Dack, '33, has been appointeda member of the National Research CouncilGroup, F. D. A. Civil Defense Foods Ad­visory Committee.Robert Ebert spoke at the WisconsinState Medical Society meeting in January.Joseph Evans spoke on "Herniations ofthe Temporal Uncus" at the Inter-AmericanSession of the American College of Surgeonsin Lima, Peru, in January.Keith Grimson, Durham, North Carolina.discussed "Hypertension" at the Tri-StateMedical Meeting held in February at OldPoint Comfort, Virginia.H. Close Hesseltine is a new honorarvmember of the Obstetrical and GynecologicalSociety of El Salvador.Charles B. Huggins lectured on prostateand breast cancer before the SouthwestFoundation for Research and Educationand the Baptist Hospital Staff in San An­tonio, Texas, last February.Joseph B. Kirsner discussed "Liver Func­tion Tests: Applications and Limitations"at the eighteenth annual meeting of the NewOrleans Graduate Medical Assernblv inMarch. .Arlington Krause participated in theFebruary meeting of the Johns HopkinsMedical and Surgical Association and inthe March meeting of the Resident Associ­ation of Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute. Peter C. Kronfeld spoke on "CurrentOphthalmologic Problems," and John J.Fahey discussed "Common Types of Te­nosynovitis Involving the Hand," at theApril meeting of the North Shore Branchof the Chicago Medical Society.John Lindsay was elected vice-presidentof the American Otological Society at itsMarch meeting in Florida.Irene Neuhauser has been elected pres­ident of the Chicago Dermatological So­ciety.Charles Olmsted, chairman of the BotanyDepartment, gave the address at the Twen­ty-fifth Anniversary Dinner and Initiationat the University of Oklahoma Chapter ofSigma Xi, May S.Walter Palmer spoke on "PhysiologicConsiderations in the Problem of PepticUlcer" at a Mayo Clinic meeting in Roch­ester, Minnesota, in March.Edith Potter was in San Francisco onMarch 27 as consultant pathologist at theLetterman General Hospital. Following thisshe spoke before a meeting of the AmericanAcademy of General Practice in Los An­geles.John J. Procknow, '50, talked on "Epi­demiological Factors in Histoplasmosis" atthe annual meeting of the Middle StatesPublic Health Association held at the Mor­rison Hotel in Chicago in April.Henry T. Ricketts gave the Kellogg Lec­tures at George Washington UniversitySchool of Medicine on March 28. He spokeon "Vascular Complications of Diabetes."Stephen Rothman received a special$1,000 award for his book Physiology andBiochemistry of the Skin from the Litera­ture Review Committee of the Society ofCosmetic Chemists. This was the first timethe award has been presented, and he wentto New York to receive it in person. Dr.Rothman is chairman of the Subcommitteeon the Cutaneous System, Division of Med­ical Sciences of the National Research Coun­cil.Carroll L. Spurling, instructor in med­icine, leaves in June to become assistantprofessor at the University of MarylandMedical School.W. H. Taliaferro gave the TheobaldSmith Lecture before the New York Societvof Tropical Medicine in April. .David Talmage, in Allergy, has beenmade a Markle Scholar in Medical Sciences.Robert W. Wissler discussed "Some Fac­tors Influencing the Splenic Histological Re­sponse Associated with Antibody Formationin the Rat" in February before the ChicagoPathological Society.And to end the column on a healthy, re­freshing note we find that Sheldon Zinnis practicing at the Navajo Medical Center,Fort Defiance, Arizona. He says the weatheris almost perfect, the professional experi­ence is very interesting, and the culturalmilieu is truly fascinating. Now that he andhis wife are more settled, they plan to spendsome time investigating near-by places likethe Painted Desert and the Grand Canyon."This terrain and climate were made strictlyfor outdoor living." '31. Egbert H. Fell, University of II1inois, talked on "Office Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease in Children" on Marc30 before the Irving Park Suburban Brancof the Chicago Medical Society.'32. Adelaide M. Johnson, who is at thMayo Clinic in Rochester, discussed "ThEmotionally Disturbed Child" at the [ourtannual Conference on Crippled Children hel.in Roanoke, Virginia, on March 2-3.'33. Winston H. Tucker, commissioner 0health, Evanston, Illinois, took part in a discussion on legislation requiring cornpulsor:chest roentgenograms and compulsory isolation of the recalcitrant tuberculosis patienat the March annual tuberculosis conferencsponsored by the Tuberculosis Institute 0Chicago and Cook County.'34. The April 23 issue of the Saiurda:Evening Post featured Alfred Margolis ilan interesting article entitled "They're Saving Lives in Navajo-Land." The picture 0Dr. Margolis should be of special interesto those bothered by neckties during th:summer heat.'36. Charles H. Rammelkamp, Jr,. director of the Streptococcal Disease Laboratory, Cheyenne, Wyoming, participated ita closed-circuit television symposium 01"Management of Streptococcal Infection amIts Complication," which reached fif'ty-eighcities in the United States and Canada 01February 24.'37. Ruth Aaron, Los Angeles, is leaviruthe private practice of gynecology in JuI)to start a residency in psychiatry at theVeterans Administration Hospital in Sawtelle.Among those participating in the sixty­sixth annual session of the Mid-South Post­graduate Medical Assembly held in Mem­phis in February were Ormand C. Julian.Chicago, Frederick E. Kredel, CharlestonS.c., and John S. Lundy, Rush '19, Roch­ester, Minnesota.'38. Lester D. Odell, associate on thestaff of Lying-in Hospital, spoke on "EarlyDetection of Cancer of the Cervix" inMarch before the Calumet Branch of theChicago Medical Society.'42. In March James M. Fritz entered intopartnership with James E. O'Hare in thepractice of thoracic surgery in Tucson, Ari­zona.'43. Byron Casey, of Detroit, is leavingprivate practice in July to join the staff atMichigan State College. He will managethe Mental Hygiene Clinic and do someteaching in the departments of Psychologyand Social Work.At the recent American Academy of Or­thopaedic Surgery meeting in Los AngelesArthur Connor, of Chicago, renewedfriendships with Joe Fleming, Detroit,John Folsom, Muskegon, Michigan, Rob­ert McCormick, Rochester, New York, KenSponsel, Minneapolis, and John H. Heinen,'42, Oak Lawn, Illinois.'47. Thomas T. Tourlentes has been outof the service since December and is nowengrossed in the work of assistant superin­tendent and clinical director of the Gales-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 19iurg (111.) State Research Hospital. He says:'Believe this to be one of the finest centers,f neuropsychiatric investigation in the.ountry. Alumni are invited to visit anyime they are in the area .. We are only twolours out of Chicago by train."'48. Winslow G. Fox is director of theitudent Health Service at Eastern Illinoisitate College, Charleston.Norman I. Graff has left the U.S. Medi­al Center for Federal Prisoners at Spring­ield, Missouri, and has started a privateiractice of psychiatry in San Mateo, Cali­ornia.'50. John F. Dunkel is now assistant pro­essor of pathology and assistant director of.aboratories at the University of Oklahomavledical School.'51. Edith Goldfarb, Chicago, will marry· fellow-psychiatrist in June, and in Julyhe will enter the private practice of psy­hiatry here in the city.'52. Harold Lischner sent us a long letterrom Korea describing his work, the Ko­ean culture and landscape, and the long.oat trip over via Japan. He is working in· small town just south of Seoul with sev­-ral other Americans "to effect in some smallvay an increase in the effectiveness of the-illagers in each of our fields and to helpmprove housing and health in the area."'53. Conrad Thurstone is stationed withhe Air Force in Alaska.lenior Scientific Session-[Continued from page 17]nnervation near the base of the cochleahowed high-frequency hearing losses,vhile animals with a selective loss nearhe apical coil showed low-frequencylea ring losses. This is consistent withindings in other parts of the auditoryystem.The findings in several ears indicatedhat up to 75 per cent of nerve fibers toparticular area of the cochlea could be.estroyed without creating threshold ele­'ation in corresponding frequencies,.hile nerve-fiber loss greater than thisid cause threshold elevation.Two human patients with auditoryerve lesions, later surgically proved toe acoustic neurinomas, were seen toave a decreased understanding of speechut nearly normal pure-tone thresholds.ine of these patients had normal thresh­Ids for the speech frequencies of 512,024, and 2048 c.p.S., but had a speech­iscrimination test score of only 16 perent in that ear.These findings indicate that a smallumber of auditory nerve fibers may be· eeded to conduct a simple pure-tone'1reshold impulse, while a greater num­er of fibers may be needed to conductte more complex patterns of speech. It-iay also be inferred that an early find-19 in patients with acoustic neurinomaa diminished understanding of speech'ith nearly normal auditory thresholds. SEW ALL WRIGHTSewall Wright, Ernest D. Burton Dis­tinguished Service Professor in the De­partment of Zoology, retired on Janu­ary 1, 1955, and has moved to Madisonto continue his researches and teachingat the University of Wisconsin. Dr.Wright came to The University of Chi­cago as an associate professor of Zool­ogy in 1926 from the Bureau of AnimalIndustry in Washington, D.C., where hehad already made a reputation in thefields of mammalian genetics and biom­etry. His younger brother, QuincyWright, had preceded Sewall at The Uni­versity of Chicago in the Department ofPolitical Science. Sewall Wright becamea full professor in 1930 and a distin­guished service professor in 1937. Hehad received his B.S. in 1911 at Lom­bard College, Galesburg, Illinois, wherehis father was a professor. He took hisM.S. at the University of Illinois in1912 and his Sc.D. at Harvard in 1915.The universities of Rochester, Yale, andHarvard awarded him honorary degreesof Sc.D. in 1942, 1949, and 1951, re­spectively. He taught at the Universityof Edinburgh under a Fulbright Fellow­ship in 1949-50. He is a member of theNational Academy of Sciences, theAmerican Philosophical Society, theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sci­ences, the Zoological Society of London(honorary), and the Royal Society ofEdinburgh (honorary). He is past presi­dent of the American Society of Zoolo­gists, the Genetics Society of America,the American Society of Naturalists, andthe Society for the Study of Evolution.He was awarded the Daniel Giraud El­liot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1947, the Weldon MemorialMedal at Oxford University in 1947, andthe John F. Lewis Prize and Diploma ofthe American Philosophic a] Society in1950.It is not too much to say that SewallWright not only is one of the world'soutstanding geneticists and biomathe­maticians but is regarded by many asthe greatest living theoretical evolution­ist. His contributions to genetics are nu­merous and profound. His knowledge ofstatistics, development, and biochemis­try enabled him to pioneer in the fieldsof physiological genetics and populationgenetics. Probably his most recognizedresearches deal with the genetic andphysiological basis of coat color inguinea pigs and his mathematical modelsof evolutionary change in populations.Together with his penetrating mindand broad scholarship, Sewall Wrightwas infinitely patient with his studentsand was always ready to clarify an ob­scure point. He was a keen critic of the­ses and articles, particularly those deal­ing with mathematical concepts, and hegave much of his time assisting others.He attracted many visitors to Chicagoand was often invited to teach coursesand to lecture in foreign countries andat other American universities. He wasthe Hutchinson Lecturer at the Univer­sity of California in 1943. With all hisattainments and honors, Sewall Wrighthas always remained modest and self­effacing.An amusing and revealing comment onone of Wright's papers was made a num­ber of years ago by the then secretaryof the Geneticists. Sewall had delivereda talk at the Des Moines Meetings ofthe A.A.A.S. It was voted the best pa­per in the genetics sessions but did notmeet a deadline for consideration for theannual prize. When asked how much ofthe talk was comprehensible to the audi­ence, the secretary said, "Well, youknow, we discussed that question. Wedecided we understood about 20 per centof it, but we were damn sure Wright un­derstood the other. 80 per cent."His home on Harper Avenue was amecca for the great biologists of theworld. His wife Louise met him at ColdSpring Harbor when Sewall was con­ducting researches at the Carnegie In­stitution of Washington. They were mar­ried in 1921 and have three children,Richard, Robert, and Elizabeth. Eliza­beth married Phillip Cagan in 1953. Mrs.Wright was active in civic affairs-par­ticularly in urban housing programs.Sewall and Louise Wright will bemissed by their friends and colleagues,but we feel fortunate that their newhome in Madison is so near that weshall see them often in the years tocome.ALFRED E. EMERSONProfessor, Department oj Zoology20 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINConference on pulmonary diseases-JOE SKOM, '52, reportingTuberculosis-[Continued from p. 2]for the care of all patients under twenty­one years of age.Tuberculosis is often detected throughthe routine microfilming of all clinicspatients at this hospital, and some pa­tients are directly admitted as referrals,particularly for surgical care. All pa­tients admitted through The Clinics arecared for throughout their entire hos­pitalization and follow-up by the physi­cian who originally admitted them. Di­rect responsibility for the ward is sharedby' the three attending men on thoracicBULLETINof the Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoSCHOOL OF MEDICINE950 East Fifty-ninth Street, Chicago 37, IllinoisVOL. II SPRING 1955 NO.3EDITORIAL BOARDELEANOR :\1. HUMPHREYS, ChairmanWRIGHT ADAMS L. T. COGGESHALLROBERT H. EBERT ROBERT J. HASTERLIKHUBERTA LIVINGSTONE CLAYTON �OOSLIPETER V. MOULDER \VALTER L. PALMERJESSIE BURNS !\[ACLEAN, SecretarySubscription with membership:Annual, $4.00 Life, $60.00 medicine. Equipment for complete med­ical care, such as fluoroscopy and bron­choscopy, is available on W-7_ When apatient is transferred to surgery, he re­mains on W-7 for postoperative care.With the completion of postsurgical care,medicine takes over again on W-7 andfor follow-up later in the outpatientclinic.All these improvements are in markedcontrast to the conditions prior to theopening of this unit. Until October,1953, tuberculous patients were confinedto small isolated quarters, committed toloneliness and boredom. The new wardis attractive and comfortable, and thepatients have as much freedom as thestage of their disease permits. The onemajor lack in view of the long period ofhospitalization required is the absence ofa program of occupational therapy.ResearchThe laboratories for the division ofpulmonary diseases are located on thefloor immediately below the tuberculosisward on W -7. Investigative work is inprogress on the mechanism of drug ac­tion of antimicrobial agents, the metabo­lism of the tubercle bacillus, and factorsrelated to host resistance. Part of thisprogram is in collaboration with the De­partment of Pharmacology. Studentsparticipate in these research projects intheir elective quarters and off quarters,and at present two students are workingin the laboratories as integral parts ofthe research team. This goes along with the general pro­gram of the School of Medicine, whichprovides opportunity for research as partof the educational experience.OUR REUNION SPEAKERMr. Harold H. Swift will be the ban­quet speaker at our Annual Reunion onJune 9.Mr. Swift was graduated from theUniversity of Chicago in 1907 with anA.B. In 1914 he was elected to theBoard of Trustees. For more than aquarter of a century, as Chairman ofthe Board, he guided the destiny of theUniversity. In 1949' he resigned' thechairmanship but has continued as anactive member of the Board.No man has given more devotion andsupport to this University, and no uni­versity has ever had a more loyal andhard-working advocate.We are fortunate in having as aspeaker a man who did so much to re­alize President Harper's dream of agreat medical school on the Midway.TO PRESSFRIDAY13MAYAnon.