THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO 9 RECORDJuly 24, 1978 ' ISSN 0362-4706 An Official Publication Volume XII, Number 6CONTENTS111 TRUSTEES— PRESIDENTS111 POST-GRADUATION PLANS OF BACHELOR'S DEGREE RECIPIENTS-CLASS OF 1977113 THE 1978 RYERSON LECTURE: ANSWERS WITHOUT QUESTIONS ANDQUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWERS, By Dr. Albert Dorfman122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STUDENT MENTAL HEALTH CLINIC, 1976-1977126 THE 367TH CONVOCATION ADDRESS: THE AFFIRMING FLAMEBy Rory W. Childers128 THE 367TH CONVOCATION: HONORARY DEGREES129 SUMMARY OF THE 367TH CONVOCATION129 REPORT OF THE STUDENT OMBUDSMAN FOR THEWINTER QUARTER, 1978130 THE 368TH CONVOCATION ADDRESS: LAMENT FOR CAMELOTBy Philip B. Kurland132 368TH CONVOCATION STUDENT ADDRESSES-4/arA: S. Bauer,Marcia K. Beales, Jonathan H. Ginsburg135 THE 368TH CONVOCATION: HONORARY DEGREES137 QUANTRELL AWARDS137 SUMMARY OF THE 368TH CONVOCATION137 REPORT OF THE ACADEMIC REVIEW COMMITTEE TO THEDEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY139 REPORT OF THE VISITING COMMITTEE TO THE DIVISION OF THEPHYSICAL SCIENCES, 1974-77140 REPORT OF THE VISITING COMMITTEE ON STUDENT PROGRAMSAND FACILITIES, 1977-78140 TUITION AND FEE INCREASES141 ROOM AND BOARD INCREASES142 REPORT OF THE STUDENT OMBUDSMAN FOR THESPRING QUARTER, 1978THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOFOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER© Copyright 1978 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO RECORDTRUSTEES— PRESIDENTSTo: The University of Chicago RecordFrom: Walter V. LeenActing Secretary of the Board of TrusteesJune 30, 1978Please be advised that at its annual meeting onJune 8, 1978, the Board of Trustees of The University of Chicago took the following actions:(a) Elected Hanna H. Gray a Trustee of the University, effective July 1, 1978; and(b) Elected John T. Wilson Honorary Trustee ofthe University, effective July 1, 1978.The Board of Trustees previously had electedMrs. Gray President of the University effectiveJuly 1, 1978, when Mr. Wilson became PresidentEmeritus.POST-GRADUATION PLANS OFBACHELOR'S DEGREERECIPIENTS— CLASS OF 1977To: Charles D. O'ConnellVice-President and Dean of Students in the UniversityFrom: Anita SandkeDecember 1, 1977Overview: Class of 1977. Each quarter for the pasteleven years, students who indicate their expectation of receiving a degree are asked to complete aquestionnaire concerning their post-convocationplans. The data for the class of 1977 of the Collegecover the four quarters, summer 1976 throughspring 1977. Four hundred eighty-nine bachelor degrees were awarded during this period, and ofthese 485 students returned questionnaires: 298(61 percent) were male, and 187 (39 percent) werefemale.Acceleration. Forty-nine students, or 10 percentof the class, graduated in less than four years. Inaddition, twenty-seven students, another 5 percent of the class of 1977, combined their last yearin the College with their first year in graduate professional study, and will thus shorten their combined undergraduate/graduate study by one year.Of these twenty-seven, twenty-one were in theMBA program in the Graduate School of Business, two in library science, and four in socialservice administration.Nine students were in joint BA/MA programs:three in economics, one in linguistics, four inmathematics, and one in Romance languages andliterature. Three of the nine were awarded theMA by spring 1977. In addition, one chemistrystudent, although not in a joint program, receivedthe BS in spring, and the MS in summer 1977.Thus, eighty-six students, or 19.5 percent of theclass of 1977, either finished their undergraduatework in less than four years or completed a year ofgraduate study as well as their undergraduatework in the usual four-year term.Male versus Female Plans. In contrast with recent classes where little difference was evidentbetween the plans of men and women graduates,fifty-eight percent of the men in the class of 1977planned immediate graduate study compared withonly 48 percent of the women. More womenshowed indecision with regard to their plans thanin any recent year.Graduate Study. The 58 percent of the men whoindicated that they planned to go directly tograduate school represent a decline from 67 percent in the class of 1976. The decline in womengoing on immediately to graduate study was more111dramatic: from 67 percent in 1976 to 48 percent in1977. Of these percentages in 1977, 44 percent ofthe men and 46 percent of the women indicatedplans for graduate work in the Arts and Sciences.Fifty-six percent of the men and 54 percent ofthe women were planning to attend professionalschools. In order of popularity , the top three professions remain medicine, law, and business.Education and social work come next. Some representation is also shown for theology, architecture, engineering, theatre, music, journalism, library science, public affairs, and veterinarymedicine.The questionnaire seeks to determine at whichinstitutions our students plan to pursue theirgraduate study. We analyzed the returns only ofthose who seemed fairly certain of their graduateinstitution, some 64 percent of those indicatingplans for immediate study. Almost half of the 64percent plan to attend The University of Chicago.Arts and SciencesInstitutions NumberUniversity of Chicago 25University of California 6Berkeley — 4Other campuses — 2Princeton 3University of Rochester 3Harvard 2Yale 2Twenty other institutions werenamed by one student each.Medical SchoolsInstitutions NumberUniversity of Chicago 1 1University of Illinois 2Washington University 2Other medical schools indicated by one student each were Harvard, Stanford, Northwestern, Southern Illinois, St. Louis University, University of Louisville, Rochester,Ohio State, University of Wisconsin, University of Michigan, Rush, and Marquette.Law SchoolsNo one law school was listed by any greatnumber of students. Two students listedHarvard and two listed Yale. Other lawschools named were The University ofChicago, University of British Columbia, In diana, Berkeley, New York University, University of Wisconsin, Georgetown, Stanford,University of Illinois, University of SantaClara, University of Texas, University ofPittsburgh, and University of Hawaii.Business SchoolsIn addition to those students already in theProfessional Option Program, six seniors indicated that they planned to enter theGraduate School of Business at The University of Chicago. One student named Northwestern.Jobs. One hundred seventy-three students (35.6percent) of the class of 1977 indicated their intention to work immediately following graduation. The largest number chose positions in business and industry, followed by a variety of positions in education. Government, publishing, themedia, and social or community agencies followedin order of popularity. Within these career environments our students are engaged in writing andresearch, systems analysis and data processing,market research and management training. Twoindicated plans to go into cattle ranching and farming, one paralegal work, one acting, and onecoaching (tennis), and one planned to enter theUnited States Forest Service.Alternatives. While none indicated an interest inthe military, four seniors had definite interest inVista/Peace Corps work. Seven students indicated they planned to travel following theawarding of their degrees.Undecided,. Forty-two students either said theywere undecided about their plans or gave no indication of any plan. These forty-two account for9 percent of the class, and women account foralmost 60 percent of this group. I can offer twopossible explanations for the relative indecision ofthis class, and particularly for that of the women.The available choices open to our liberal artsgraduates are sufficiently varied that a specificchoice is sometimes difficult to make. Further,some of these students may simply have beenwaiting to hear from the graduate school of theirchoice or an employer, and hesitated to committheir plans to paper.Anita Sandke was Assistant Dean of Students inthe University and Director of Career Counselingand Placement.112THE NORA AND EDWARD RYERSON LECTUREANSWERS WITHOUT QUESTIONS ANDQUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWERSBy Dr. Albert DorfmanThe Nora and Edward Ryerson Lectures wereestablished by the trustees of the University inDecember 1972. They are intended to give amember of the faculty the opportunity each yearto lecture to an audience from the entire University on a significant aspect of his or her researchand study. The president of the University appoints the lecturer on the recommendation of afaculty committee which solicits individual nominations from each member of the faculty duringthe winter quarter preceding the academic yearfor which the appointment is made. The lecturesare presented under the auspices of the Center forPolicy Study.The lecturers have been:1973-74 — John Hope Franklin1974-75— 5. Chandrasekhar1975-76— Philip B. Kurland1976-77—Robert E. Streeter1977-78—Dr. Albert DorfmanMarch 29, 1978Introductory Remarks by John T. WilsonNora and Edward Ryerson had a remarkable rolein the life of this community, and particularly inthe life of The University of Chicago. EdwardRyerson was a trustee of the University forforty-eight years and chairman of the Board forfive of those years. He served on nearly everycommittee of the Board during that period, providing guidance, advice and service to maintainthe independence and quality of the University.Mrs. Ryerson was a founding member of theWomen's Board and was a selfless volunteer andparticipant in many aspects of the University.Their endeavors were without self-interest. Theirconcern was the well-being of the community inthe broadest sense — a concern reflected in theirchildren and in their children's children.I think Mr. and Mrs. Ryerson would have beenpleased with the five scholars chosen thus far todeliver the Ryerson lecture. They were interestedin the best that it is possible to achieve, and each lecturer is a measure of what is best at this University. He or she is selected by the faculty tospeak on his or her major intellectual work.Dr. Albert Dorfman, this year's lecturer, is aChicagoan by birth, by education and by commitment. He received all of his degrees, fromundergraduate to M.D., from this University, following which he interned at Beth Israel Hospitalin Boston, and subsequently returned to The University of Chicago as resident in pediatrics. Hewas appointed to the faculty in 1948 and hasserved as chairman of the Department of Pediatrics, as director of LaRabida and as director of theJoseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Mental Retardation Research Center. He was named to the Richard T.Crane Distinguished Service Professorship in1965.Dr. Dorfman' s research has focused on birthdefects and mental retardation, particularly on thebiochemistry of connective tissues. For this hehas received numerous awards, including electionto membership in the National Academy of Sciences, the Academy's Institute of Medicine, andthe American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Dr. Dorfman' s vision has been unusually broadand perceptive. It is a vision sharpened by yearsof discovery, focused by a lifelong commitment tohis patients, to the world of children, and to hisstudent colleagues, whom he has led to a shareddevotion to what he described as the "wide rangeof significant problems of childhood which havenot yet come under control."I had a most pleasant experience this past autumn quarter when the University celebrated the50th anniversary of the establishment of the clinical departments of the Division of the BiologicalSciences. One of the honorary degree recipients,an internationally distinguished scientist, told meduring an informal conversation that his life hadbeen significantly shaped from the time he was anintern at Billings Hospital and had encountered ayoung assistant professor in pediatrics. The youngfaculty member was deeply concerned with certain viral infections of children, and he implantedin the young intern an unrelenting desire to discover the cause of so much suffering. That assis-113tant professor was Dr. Dorfman and the youngintern who was later to receive an honorary degree from the University became one of theworld's leading virologists. Of Dr. Dorfman, hesaid, "He was the mentor whose influence hastouched me every day in my laboratory, every dayin my thinking of the problems of children, pobrand rich alike, defenseless against the adults whobrought them to this world and left them unprotected and without answers to their problems." The young intern, unknowingly, had beeninfected with The University of Chicagodisease — the disease of asking questions.It is not at all surprising then, that we are hearing from Dr. Dorfman today a Ryerson lecture on"Answers Without Questions and QuestionsWithout Answers." Dr. Dorfman —John T. Wilson was President of the University.He is President Emeritus and Professor in the Department of Education.The 1978 LectureThe selection by one's colleagues to deliver thislecture is a very great honor, the most important Ihave received. Yet, to represent biological sciences imposes a severe burden, since my owncontributions have been miniscule when compared with the gargantuan discoveries of the greatbiologists of our age.In a series of letters on astronomy which Den-nison Olmsted, Professor of Natural Philosophyin Yale College, wrote in 1842 and addressed to alady, Olmsted quotes an article in the EdinburghReview for April 1835 as follows: "The publicnow demands of those professionally devoted tothe sciences, that they shall not confine theknowledge they have such favored opportunitiesof acquiring, to the lecture-room, but shall renderit, as far as practicable, available to the well-informed of all professions, and to the more intelligent, at least of the other sex."This directive is today more pertinent, becausediscoveries in biology of the past three decadeshave been so profound as to produce an importantturning point in the intellectual development ofmankind. Problems of the definition of living matter which occupied philosophers for millenia havebeen so conclusively solved as to require nofurther discussion.It is against this background that I have chosento relate something of my own experiences as abiologist and physician. One of the great rewards in participating in this wave of discovery has beenthe appreciation of the elegant emerging understanding of the splendor of the cell. Poets andartists since time immemorial have sought to capture in word and image beauties of nature revealedto the six human senses. Man's intellect has nowextended these observations to levels of func-° tional organization which reveal molecular mechanisms ingenious and harmonious beyond belief.Four fundamental discoveries of the nineteenthcentury laid the groundwork for modern biology.Wohler demonstrated that organic substancesobeyed the laws of chemistry. Pasteur disposed ofthe belief in spontaneous generation. Mendel gaveus the first insight into how characteristics of organisms passed from generation to generation,and Darwin and Wallace furnished a basis for thediversity of all things living.Despite these seminal discoveries, mostbiologists continued with descriptive studies wellinto the twentieth century, seeking answers without questions or answers to trivial questions.However, more incisive minds gradually began torealize that the fundamentals discovered in thenineteenth century permitted more profound investigations of living matter. Among these werethe discovery of the role of the chromosome ininheritance and the one gene-one enzymehypothesis of Beadle and Tatum.My earliest research was carried out under Dr.Felix Saunders, a talented scientist who enjoyedlittle recognition, because his ideas were beforetheir time. He taught me that microorganisms arevaluable tools for the study of fundamental biological processes. In more recent years, this cardinalprinciple has been responsible for a large segmentof the development of molecular biology. However, in the 1930s there was neither support for,nor interest in, studies of the metabolism of bacteria.When, after World War II, opportunities for research increased, I was attracted to the problemof rheumatic fever, due to experiences as a medical student. Because of my previous training as abiochemist, I turned to the study of possiblechemical changes in the affected tissues.Rheumatic diseases include a large number ofills characterized by disability of joints and othertissues. Treatment before 1949 was at best primitive, if not magical, and understanding of etiologyalmost nonexistent. The discovery by Hench andKendall of the therapeutic effects of cortisone notonly produced previously undreamed of relief ofpain and disability, but focussed attention on investigation of this group of diseases. What had114been to physicians an area of frustration, becamea focus of exciting medical research.* Studies by pathologists had indicated thatrheumatic diseases were characterized byalterations in the connective tissues of the body.Determination of possible chemical changes wasimpossible, since little was known concerning thenormal composition of connective tissues.Although research on the biochemical nature ofconnective tissue received major impetus fromdesires to relieve human suffering, a new set ofinsights into the functions of all cells appeared.Connective tissues, represented by cartilage,bone and skin, contain large amounts of materialbetween cells designated as extracellular matrix.The nature of extracellular matrix can be perhapsbest understood from an evolutionary point ofview. Living cells first became distinguishablefrom the surrounding medium when the agglomeration of appropriate molecules was enclosed in asac or membrane. Contained within this sac wereall the molecules that interacted to sustain a seriesof reactions yielding the necessary energy for synthesis of new molecules requisite for reproduction. Biologists originally conceived of this sac asa relatively simple structure with the unique attribute of semipermeability, a property which permits the one-way passage of certain molecules.Although the first living cell may have been soconstructed, surviving unicellular descendants aremore complicated. Indeed, single cellular organisms have a complex membrane and in somecases additionally a cell wall and capsule.When cells began to grow in groups or colonies,a new type of organization was necessary. Thesimplest requirement was for some type of material to hold cells together. Such substances couldbe either at the outer surface of the cell membraneand interact with sites on sister cells, or could beextracellular and interact with two or more cells.The relative role of these two mechanisms is notyet clear, though it now seems likely that both arefound in nature.As evolution proceeded, a division of labor occurred between cells growing in colonies; that is,specific cells began to perform functions for theentire colony. A continuation of this process ofspecialization required the following new biological inventions:1. The development of systems of spatial organization.2. The development of systems of communication between cells.3. The development of mechanisms of specialization of cells. For understanding of these processes, knowledge of the chemistry and biology of extracellularmaterials appears to be imperative. In pursuit ofthis end, we have been led in various directions,some originally unsuspected. In many cases, wefound answers to questions previously not conceived. It is our research adventures and some oftheir implications I shall try to describe.These studies have been carried out in collaboration with a large number of graduate students,postdoctoral fellows and colleagues over the pastthree decades. They were initiated at the ArmyMedical School and then continued in the Department of Pediatrics of The University ofChicago. For a considerable period they werepursued at LaRabida Children's Hospital andmore recently at the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.,Mental Retardation Research Center of the WylerChildren's Hospital. As was most biological research in the post-World War II period, they werelargely financed by the National Institutes ofHealth. However, without the support of anumber of individuals and organizations, thiswork would not have been possible. These include the Board of Trustees of LaRabida, particularly the late Albert Pick, Jr. ; the Board of Trustees of the Home for Destitute and Crippled Children; Mrs. Arma Wyler; and the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. , Foundation. The understanding leadership of Dr. Frances Howell Wright, who preceded me as chairman of the Department ofPediatrics, was extremely valuable.When our investigations were initiated, it wasclear that extracellular matrix was primarily composed of two types of macromolecules: a fibrousprotein called collagen and a series ofcarbohydrate-containing molecules then calledmucopolysaccharides and now calledglycosaminoglycans. The mucopolysaccharidesare made up of a series of building blocks, chemically related to glucose, arranged in an orderspecific for each type of macromolecule. Thesecarbohydrate units may additionally be bound toproteins.Solutions of such macromolecules are highlyviscous and interact with proteins and salts. Accordingly, they are ideally suited for controllingthe milieu in which cells live. As study of thechemistry of these substances and, later, cellmembranes progressed, it became apparent thatextracellular matrix throughout nature had remarkable chemical similarity. Moreover,molecules containing sugars are not only characteristic of extracellular matrix, but of cell surfaceas well.115We set out to determine the manner by whichcells fabricate carbohydrate-containing macromolecules. In order to study biosynthesis, it isnecessary to choose experimental tissue whichmanufactures the appropriate substance in largequantities. Since connective tissues did not initially seem convenient for such studies, our earlyresearch drew on my previous background inbacterial metabolism.It had been established that the capsular material of the streptococcus is chemically identicalwith an extracellular matrix polysaccharide,hyaluronic acid. We therefore used this microorganism for our original studies. Happily thischoice resulted in. the extraction of enzymeswhich synthesized this large polysaccharide.These studies, carried out with Drs. Alvin Mar-kovitz, J. Anthony Cifonelli and Saul Roseman,resulted in the first demonstration of synthesis of acomplex polysaccharide in the absence of an intact cell.This discovery established a basis for understanding of the mechanism of synthesis of manyother complex carbohydrates. We know now thatthese substances are made by the action of aseries of enzymes, each of which is specific for theaddition of a particular sugar or monosaccharide.The individual sugars may be transferred one at atime, or several sugars may be transferred as agroup. In either case, the exact structure is determined by an enzyme distinct for each unit incontrast to the syntheses of proteins and nucleicacids, which utilize a single enzyme to transferdifferent groups as determined by a template orpattern.The basic processes for formation of complexcarbohydrates, present in all forms of life so farexamined, have been so efficient that they havebeen conserved for the billions of years of biological evolution. The required enzymes are organized spatially as a small assembly line. The fabrication of a single molecule may require as many asten thousand steps.Search for more profound insight into thebiosynthesis of complex carbohydrates has continued to engage our laboratory for the past twodecades. Continuously, new aspects of the machinery of the cell have been revealed. Importantcontributions have been made by Drs. RobertPerlman, Alvin Telser, H. Clement Robinson andAllen Horwitz. More recently, these have beenextended by Drs. Lennart Roden, Torsten Helt-ing and Nancy B. Schwartz.As the mechanisms of biosyntheses have been clarified, new and perhaps more profound biological questions have become apparent. Our laboratory has concentrated on two of these:1. How does a cell become specialized to makea particular product or group of products?2. Once specialized, how does a cell receiveand respond to messages for the control of thequality and quantity of its production?Exciting research in many laboratories has revealed the key role of carbohydrate-protein complexes, the gly co-proteins, as receptors for manymessages that impinge on the cell surface. However, time does not permit a more extensive discussion of mechanisms which would involve someof the most revealing discoveries of endocrinologyand immunology.Let us instead concentrate on the first question,which may be simply stated as: How does an eggbecome a chicken? The fertilization of an egg by asperm initiates a series of chemical reactionswhich stimulate this single cell to divide in a predetermined manner. As division proceeds, varieties of cells, such as blood, muscle, brain, liver,etc., appear. Each set of cells has become specialized to perform specific functions; this remarkable process is called differentiation.Comprehension of this process will reveal notonly how one cell becomes a thorn and another afragrant rose, but should permit the prevention oferrors in development which lead to crippling andmental retardation. Perhaps even more importantare the implications for the control of cancer, degenerative diseases and aging.For the study of a phenomenon so broad asdifferentiation, it is necessary to establish a reproducible experimental system. The cells ofcartilage are efficient factories for the fabricationof complex carbohydrates. The chick embryo is areadily available source of differentiating cartilage.Incubation of fertilized eggs for approximatelyfour days yields embryos with bulges at pointswhere limbs and wings on either side of the trunkare destined to appear. The mesenchymal cellscontained in these bulges will eventually developto skin, muscle, cartilage and bone. When themesenchymal cells are removed from the embryoand are cultivated in the laboratory under appropriate conditions, cartilage cells will appear. If,however, a specific drug is added at early stages ofculture, no cartilage is formed even if the drug issubsequently removed. Transformation mustoccur at a predetermined time. Interference withdevelopment by the drug at that specific time pre-116vents normal differentiation at any future period.Many abnormalities of the fetus result from theeffects of drugs or infections at certain specificstages of development.During the past several years, this system hasbeen extensively studied in our laboratory withMiss Pei-Lee Ho and Drs. Daniel Levitt andCharles Strom. It has been possible to trace theappearance of the capacity to synthesizecartilage- specific products during the conversionof mesenchyme to cartilage. More interesting,however, has been a study of the changes in theDNA of the cell during this process.The DNA of the cell contains in its structurethe information which controls all cell behavior.By the use of a three letter code, this informationis passed on to the progeny when the cell divides,or is transcribed to messages (messenger RNA)which control the structure of proteins and, therefore, the activities of the cell.Recently-accepted dogma has held that theDNA of all cells of any given organism is identical. Since various cell types of the same organismbehave differently, there must exist mechanismswhich control the differential expression of information contained in DNA.As part of our studies on differentiation of cartilage, we have examined this question. Much toour surprise, it was found that when mesenchymedifferentiates to cartilage, there appears to be anamplification of a specific portion of the DNA.More recently, in collaboration with Dr. MalkaMoscona, a similar DNA amplification during thedevelopment of the chick retina has been demonstrated.It is yet too early to evaluate the significance ofthis discovery. Taken together with new findingsfrom other laboratories, these observations challenge the earlier notions of the stability of thestructure of DNA.Our own contributions represent only one partof a massive effort now being made to probe themystery of differentiation. Profound and complexas this question is, it is likely that understanding ofthis process is a realistic goal for the not too distant future.I should now like to turn to the discussion ofanother subject which has consumed a major portion of our time during recent years.In the early 1950s, Brante, a Swedish clinicalchemist, described the isolation of chondroitinsulfate from the livers of patients with a rare condition named Hurler's disease. This substance is amucopolysaccharide or glycosaminoglycan found in cartilage. Hurler's disease, which had been described in 1919 by a German pediatrician, GertrudHurler, becomes evident shortly after birth by thedevelopment of distortion of almost all of the tissues of the body and severe mental retardation.When, in 1956, a patient with this disease wasreferred to me, I decided to examine the urine forthe presence of mucopolysaccharides. With surprisingly little effort, large amounts of these substances were isolated. Control urine obtained thenext day from my daughter, who was then of thesame age as the patient, indicated a twenty-foldincrease of urinary mucopolysaccharide contentin the disease. Within a few weeks, it was possibleto establish the identity of the complex polysaccharides of Hurler urine.To our great surprise, two different polysaccharides were present. Coincidentally, one wasdermatan sulfate, a substance whose structurehad just been determined by Dr. Cifonelli in ourlaboratory and by Dr. Karl Meyer at ColumbiaUniversity. Our results were confirmed by manyother investigators, and simple methods of diagnosis for this disease, based on determination ofurinary mucopolysaccharides, quickly becameavailable.There was evidence of the existence of a seconddisease, clinically similar, but different in mode ofinheritance. Hurler's disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive characteristic; both normalparents must carry one defective gene. An offspring that receives defective genes from bothparents is afflicted with the disease. In the case ofthe closely-related Hunter's disease, inheritanceis through the mother, but the disease is expressedonly in the sons. We found that patients with theHunter syndrome excreted the same two polysaccharides in their urine. Two diseases geneticallydistinct, apparently sharing a common metabolicdefect, had been discovered. Attempts to solvethis paradox were initially unsuccessful.Before the true nature of the cause of these diseases was to be made clear, a new method wasneeded. The technique of growth of animal cells inthe laboratory was developed in the early part ofthe century. The experiments of Alexis Carrelwere highly publicized, although there is nowconsiderable doubt as to the validity of certainaspects of these investigations. Major early contributions to the development of this techniquewere made by Maximov and Bloom at this University. For many years, tissue culture was something of a laboratory game. It is so exciting towatch cells grow that many investigators did just117that., When, however, it was demonstrated thatviruses could be propagated in cells grown in thelaboratory, tissue culture became of great practical value. The growth of polio virus in tissue culture led to the development of polio vaccine.Nevertheless, there was an underlying beliefthat cells grown in the laboratory undergo* suchprofound changes that they no longer are reliable^for genetic studies. Two different studies in 1960demonstrated that cells grown from skin biopsiesof patients with defined genetic diseases exhibitedthe metabolic abnormalities of the respective diseases.In 1966, Danes and Beam at Rockefeller University, and Dr. Reuben Matalon and I, independently discovered that cells cultured fromskin of patients with Hurler's disease accumulated mucopolysaccharides. We showed thatthese polysaccharides were chemically identicalwith those found in the tissues and excreted in theurine of patients with Hurler's and Hunter's diseases. These discoveries confirmed the fact thathuman fibroblasts grown in tissue culture breedtrue and manifest the genetically determinedmetabolic defect of patients from whom they wereobtained. The development of this technique hashad a profound effect on the study of genetic diseases. By utilizing tissue culture, the cause ofscores of diseases has been determined.Moreover, this method is the basis of the analysisfor carrier status used for genetic counselling andfor prenatal diagnosis of increasingly large numbers of genetic diseases.The correct etiology of the accumulation ofmucopolysaccharides in Hurler's disease was firstsuggested by van Hoof and Hers in Belgium. As aresult of studies on another syndrome characterized by the accumulation of glycogen, also apolysaccharide, they postulated the existence ofhuman heritable disorders which result from failure to degrade macromolecules and named theselysosomal diseases. DeDuve, working in thesame department, had previously discovered acell organelle named the lysosome, which is specialized for the breakdown of macromolecules.Cell constituents are, for the most part, in astate of flux. Whereas the biosynthetic enzymesconstantly manufacture new molecules, other enzymes contained within the lysosome s are continually destroying these molecules. If, as a resultof a genetic mutation, the activity of an enzymeinvolved in breakdown is absent, macromoleculesare not completely degraded, and accumulate.The residues are found in distended lysosomes,readily visualized with the electron microscope. After a number of false starts, we became convinced that the defect in Hurler's and Hunter'sdiseases were lysosomal in nature. Tests for anumber of known lysosomal enzymes were, however, normal. The missing pieces of informationwere supplied when we discovered that the twopolysaccharides stored and excreted in Hurler'sand Hunter's diseases shared a unique unit,L-iduronic acid, not present in othermucopolysaccharides. No enzyme which removed this unit was then known.When adequate methods were devised, the appropriate enzyme was discovered in both normaland Hunter cells, but not in Hurler cells. Thecause of Hurler's disease had been discovered: adeficiency of a specific lysosomal enzyme required for the breakdown of both polysaccharides.Hunter's disease had to be based on some otherenzyme defect. Two findings in other laboratorieshelped to solve this puzzle. In Bethesda, Maryland, Dr. Elizabeth Neufeld showed that whencells from Hurler and Hunter patients were cocul-tivated, mutual correction of metabolic defectsoccurred. This important experiment establishedthat each disease was lacking in a different factorand that the missing factors were transmitted fromone cell type to another.In Sweden, Drs. Ulf Lindahl and Lars-6keFransson, both former students in our laboratory,discovered yet another linkage common to thetwo polysaccharides found in Hurler's and Hunter's diseases, but absent in other polysaccharides.It was soon demonstrated that absence of the enzyme which acts on this linkage was responsiblefor Hunter's syndrome.The way was now open to define a whole seriesof genetic diseases. Instead of two, we now knowthat there are at least eight differentmucopolysaccharidoses, each due to a specificmutation resulting in synthesis of a faulty enzyme.Each polysaccharide is made up of a series ofbuilding blocks held together by specific chemicallinkages. For the breakdown of each type of mac-romolecule, several enzymes acting sequentiallyare required. If, as a result of a mutation, an abnormal protein which lacks enzyme activity isproduced, a particular step in degradation isblocked.Genetic mutations result not only in the production of inactive enzymes involved inmucopolysaccharide degradation, but of those involved in the breakdown of other types of macromolecules as well. Accordingly, undegradedfragments are accumulated within cells through-118out the body, and serious disease occurs. If cellsof the brain are affected, mental retardation andneurological impairment result. Approximatelythirty different lysosomal diseases have now beendescribed, many of which are characterized bymental retardation.With two exceptions, all are inherited as autosomal recessive characteristics. This mode ofinheritance occurs when defective genes are acquired from both parents. Normal parents whocarry one defective gene are designated asheterozygotes. On the mating of two heterozy-gotes, there is a one in four probability that eachof the offspring will carry two defective genes andmanifest the disease, a one in two probability thateach offspring will be normal, but carry a singledefective gene as do the parents, and a one in fourprobability that an offspring will be normal, butunlike the parents, carry no defective gene.Progress jii achieving an understanding of thestorage diseases has been matched and exceededfor scores of genetic diseases. Some have beenanalyzed down to the exact change in the structure of the DNA which leads to interference infunction. The sophistication of many of themolecular studies now being pursued is a joy tobehold. The dual motives of curiosity to understand nature and desire to decrease suffering ofmankind continue to interact to bring about anever-increasing depth of comprehension.Despite these accomplishments, there is afoot adiscontent concerning biomedical research, whichthreatens to impair future progress. Criticismstems from two opposing views, although sometimes expressed by the same individuals. On theone hand, there is disappointment that biomedicalresearch has not led to instant immortality. Continuing deaths from many degenerative diseasesare contrasted with the large expenditures formedical research. On the other hand, fears areexpressed that we are obtaining knowledge moreprofound than the wisdom of society to manage itsapplication.It might be argued that justification for the acquisition of knowledge is hardly a fit subject fordiscussion amongst a community of scholars. Yetsome of the most vehement pronouncements regarding the restriction of research are emanatingfrom academia itself and have found a responsiveaudience among many legislators. It is less clearthat the general public is as suspicious of biomedical research. Indeed, physicians and scientistsapparently continue to command the highest levelof respect in public opinion polls.It is difficult to understand those who are disap pointed. The increasing pressure from our legislatures that research be directed to find immediatecures and evaluate the claims of quacks is not onlywasteful, but counterproductive. Actually, biological research, stemming to a considerable extentfrom man's innate curiosity, has already had vastpractical implications. We might illustrate this byexamining the implications of the small segment ofresearch I have reviewed.The specific metabolic defect in numerous genetic diseases has now been defined. Consequently, accurate methods of diagnosis and theidentification of disease-free carriers has becomepossible.As a result of the definition of metabolic defects, effective methods of treatment have beendevised. These include the use of specific diets forphenylketonuria and the administration of missingfactors in diseases such as hemophilia. The discovery of a gJucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenasedeficiency, made originally at this University byDr. Alf Alving and his coworkers, has taught usthat genetically determined enzyme defects leadto sensitivity to large numbers of drugs. It seemslikely that further research will extend this concept of selective toxicity of environmental factors.Once it was established that cultured cells maybe used for the identification of genetic diseases,prenatal diagnosis became a possibility. For thispurpose, a small amount of the fluid which surrounds the fetus is withdrawn from the uterus ofthe pregnant woman. Cells recovered from thisfluid which are derived from the fetus may be cultured and used for diagnosis of genetic defects ofthe fetus. Studies may be carried out for the presence of enzyme alterations or chromosome abnormalities such as occur in Down's syndrome.This procedure of amniocentesis may be performed early enough in pregnancy to permittherapeutic abortion of an abnormal embryo. Thenumber of diseases diagnosable by amniocentesisis rapidly increasing. Defects of the spine due tofailure of midline closure, although not based onstrict genetic etiology, have recently been addedto this list. Recent reports indicate that the mostcommon of all genetic diseases, sickle cellanemia, can now be diagnosed before birth. Theperfection of optical instruments and other newtechniques is extending prenatal diagnosis to moreand more birth defects.Unless amniocentesis is to be performed on allpregnancies, the usefulness of this procedure islimited by the availability of methods for the identification of pregnancies at risk. Since in Down'ssyndrome the risk is related to maternal age, most119centers now perform amniocentesis on pregnantwomen over thirty-five years of age. When thereis a risk of genetic disease, the procedure can obviously be used in families which have alreadyexperienced the birth of a defective child. Theeffectiveness of this method is limited, since thebirth of the first affected child has not be*en prevented.If heterozygote screening is used, the birth ofall affected children can be prevented. When alimited population is at-risk, such programs become feasible. Excellent practical examples,already in place, are the programs for the controlof Tay-Sachs disease. This rare autosomal recessive disease, which results in severe neurologicaldamage and death, occurs primarily in Jews descended from immigrants, particularly those fromcertain regions of Poland. Simple and accurateheterozygote determination can be used to identify couples at risk. When such couples are identified, pregnancies may be monitored by amniocentesis. Since only one in four pregnanciesresult in an affected infant, the couple may lookforward to having a normal family if they are willing to accept termination of some pregnancies.Such a program presents few problems otherthan the acceptance of the procedure of abortion.However, if such programs are to be extendedmore generally, and diseases not confined to anidentifiable population group are to be included,more difficult problems arise. These may beenumerated as follows:1. Who should be screened?2. When should they be screened?3. Which genetic defects should be included ina screening program?4. Who should have access to the informationobtained?Although individual genetic diseases may berare, the numbers of such diseases are large. Ithas been estimated that all of us are heterozygousfor three to five undesirable genes.It seems likely that screening for heterozygosityfor large numbers of genes will become simple andcheap in the future. Who then should bescreened? One possibility is the compulsoryscreening of all newborns. If this is done, then allmight wear identification tags indicating geneticmakeup. Undesirable matings might be preventedby a matching of information before the first kiss.What would happen if the information on theheterozygosity became available to employers orinsurance companies? We have already witnessedthe difficulties that resulted from such programsfor sickle cell anemia. It is doubtful whether such compulsory screening is compatible with what we expect of life in afree society. I would even question whether thepsychological burden of the knowledge of defective genes might not be so great as to militateagainst application of this procedure even for sucha lofty motive as prevention of disabling disease.A more reasonable approach might well be to testcouples at the time of marriage so that they maybe cognizant of risks and, when desired and appropriate, may take advantage of the availablemethods of prenatal diagnosis.The prevention of serious genetic disease bytermination of pregnancy is, of course, unacceptable to a portion of our population on religious andmoral grounds. This issue cannot be resolved on ascientific basis, since the scientific method cannotcontribute information which permits a decision.It is, however, hard to understand how a societydedicated to social justice has evolved the currentsituation in the United States, which legally permits abortion for any reason, yet makes termination of pregnancy for the prevention of severemental retardation difficult or impossible for thepoorest members of our society. The argumentthat those who oppose abortion should not becompelled to support by their taxes, proceduresabhorrent to them, may be countered by the argument that those who condone abortion shouldnot be forced to support the care of severely retarded children whose birth might have been prevented. Even more serious is the imposition bysociety on families of an unwarranted burden.Except for those who oppose abortion underany circumstances, appropriate genetic screeningof populations at risk, prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy seem an acceptable form ofprevention of mental retardation and severe congenital abnormalities to most members of our society. However, as the capacity for heterozygotescreening and prenatal diagnosis is extended tomore and more diseases, new problems will arise.As already indicated, methodology is becomingavailable for the prenatal diagnosis of sickle cellanemia. It also seems reasonable that in the nottoo distant future, the prenatal diagnosis of cysticfibrosis will become possible. Should abortion beperformed to prevent the birth of a child whosephysical limitations will occur only after someyears and then will require special care by thefamily and society?How should we deal with the problem of a disease such as diabetes, which, although it decreases longevity, permits a life span which bymost standards is rewarding to the individual and120to society? These problems are particularly difficult for the parents who will be faced with thechoice of care of a sick child or termination ofpregnancy with the expectation that a subsequentpregnancy will result in a normal offspring. Obviously, these are questions without answers. Thereis a growing cadre of ethicists, lawyers and clergywho are examining such questions and developinga voluminous literature. This literature, howeverprofound, offers their opinions but does not supply answers to these perplexing questions forphysicians and particularly for parents who mustfinally reach the critical decisions.Finally, what can be said of the prospects ofgenetic engineering? This term has been looselyemployed to encompass a wide variety of procedures which might be used to alter the geneticmakeup of living organisms.Human genetics has become a popular topic forthe press and television. While discussion of testtube babies and cloning makes good copy, theprobability of the development of these procedures to a level that will pose serious social problems seems sufficiently remote as not to requireserious attention.These are, however, important social issuesthat will stem from discoveries that may be expected in the near future. The rapid progress ofthe past several years, using the techniques of recombinant DNA, has made what seemed like science fiction, a reasonable possibility. The manufacture of genes to be administered to individualswith genetic defects does not seem impossible.Such a procedure might afford real treatment forgenetic diseases.Briefly, we might summarize some of the arguments that have been advanced for and against thecontinuation of such research.1. These techniques offer an efficient tool forthe explorations of living matter.2. These techniques may yield practicalmethods for the definitive treatment of humangenetic diseases.3. These techniques may furnish methods forthe expansion of the world's food supply.4. These techniques may be useful for themanufacture of scarce biological products.The following arguments have been marshalledagainst continuation of such work:1. Infectious agents may be produced inadvertently which will cause uncontrollableepidemics.2. Attempts might be made to change the genetic characteristics of man. Since we know solittle about what is good or what is bad, we should not tamper with what nature has produced.3. Genetic engineering might be used by governments to control the behavior of populations.4. We should not acquire knowledge which wedo not have the wisdom to use.The advantages as enumerated are obviouslyvery great, but what of the disadvantages? Thequestion of the production and release of new infectious particles is perhaps the easiest with whichto deal. Obviously, no rational individual wouldcontend that no control should be exercised overthis possibility. It seems now, however, that thisdanger has been exaggerated, probably because ofstrong opinions expressed by scientists with littleknowledge of infectious disease. Nevertheless, allprecautions are necessary.The fear of the use of genetic engineering tochange mankind appears to me to be farfetched.The eugenics movement and its various modernderivatives seem to have had little effect otherthan as a subject of discussion among intellectuals, frequently prejudiced and ignorant ofgenetics; and as occasional miscarriages of justicebecause of misinformed judges, even one as eminent as Mr. Justice Holmes. It seems unlikely thatany society will attempt massive injections ofDNA to change mankind. As a form of control ofsociety, genetic engineering would seem to be soinefficient compared to the controls that modernweapons have imposed as to be insignificant. Ifmedical means are to be used, drugs andpsychosurgery represent much more likely candidates.Finally, what should be the limits of man'sknowledge? It seems unreasonable to supposethat in 1978 we have reached the optimum state ofknowledge. Indeed, medical research has onlystarted to approach some of our most seriousproblems, such as malignancy, arthritis, heart disease and degenerative diseases. There is no apriori scientific reason why these diseases will notcome under control. Indeed, studies on differentiation may well yield information which willresult in the control of the aging process. Such apossibility poses far more serious problems thanwe have so far considered. A further significantextension of human life has vast economic andsocial implications. Yet few men wish to forgo thepossibility of extending their own lives. Researchon aging is rarely considered a potential socialdanger.The level of appropriation of public money willcertainly control the rate at which new discoveries121are made, but neither investigations by congressional committees nor profound pronouncements by academic pundits will inhibitman's search for truth.Like many others who have thought about implications of modern genetic research, I have notrestrained my expression of opinions on importantquestions, though unable to supply answers. Indoing this, I am mindful of the words writtenalmost twenty-five hundred years ago by theChinese philosopher, Chuang Tsu: "Our wordsfly off like arrows, as though we knew what wasright and wrong. We cling to our own point ofview, as though everything depended on it and yetour opinions have no permanence; like autumnand winter, they gradually pass away."It is possible that the technology that stemsApril 1978Two hundred fifty years ago a nineteen-year-oldfirst year student travelled with his father eightymiles by horseback to enter college, carrying withhim one hundred books selected from his father'sbookshop. One year later Samuel Johnson leftPembroke College, Oxford, and entered a five-year period of depression and drifting. It was onlyat the end of this time that he would send for hisbooks, recognizing finally that he would never return, but his year at Oxford would remain forevera vivid, idealized experience.In the early months at college, he would hastilyturn out his first tutorial exercise the morning itwas due, memorizing it in the short walk betweenhis room and class, delivering it with flair anddash. He would complain of the poor quality ofthe lectures his tutor gave, envying a friend whosetutor was a greater scholar, and he would walkdaily to that friend's college to have each day'slecture repeated to him. Only when he was jeeredat by the men of that college because of histhreadbare clothing did he cease to visit his friendwho then came to his room to repeat the lectures.Although he complained his own adviser couldteach him nothing, and warned other classmatesaway, in later years he would commend him inglowing terms."I bid farewell to sloth," he would write in hislast months at college. He would make lists of from curiosity will destroy mankind. Perhaps themutation that produced intelligence is indeed lethal. If so, there are more likely vehicles for man'sdemise than research on human genetics. I wouldprefer to believe that the mutation which produced intelligence will lead to a continuing increase of wisdom and that the technology that results from curiosity will continue to enhance thequality of life.Dr. Albert Dorfman is the Richard T. Crane Distinguished Service Professor in the Department ofPediatrics and Professor in the Department ofBiochemistry. The Ryerson Lecture was given inthe Glen A. Lloyd Auditorium of the Laird BellLaw Quadrangle.tasks, drawing up a plan of study which wouldcover all fields of knowledge. He struggled againstgreat financial odds, not returning home for holidays until he could maintain himself no longer.Depression and drifting, severe blocking in hiswriting, these difficulties would persist throughouthis life. He would continue his journal entries withresolves "to rise at eight or sooner ... to avoididleness." More than fifty years would separatethe earliest from the last entry when, at seventy-one, he was only two or three years away fromdeath.In the struggles of the young Johnson, poignantly described in a new biography by JacksonBates, we see mirrored those of young people whoarrive on our campus. Johnson was to write of onepoet in his lives of the English Poets, "The transition from school to college is the time fromwhich . . . date their years of manhood, liberty,and happiness." Yet we who work intimately withundergraduates know, too, the crippling inhibitionthat can set in, and with it the erosion of energy topursue their interests in an effective manner. Poverty was the sole reason given for Johnson's leaving college, yet in his own time there was a tradition of appointing a student "foundation scholar"which would have enabled him to continue hisstudies. Despite vastly superior attainments, hewas unable to find his way to such an appointment, and he had to leave Oxford never to return.The lack of a degree continued to handicap himfor many years.ANNUAL REPORT OFTHE STUDENT MENTAL HEALTH CLINIC, 1976-1977122Our University offers the services of academicadvisers, career counselors, deans, faculty, financial advisers, housing staff, mental health personnel, and religious counselors, all of which Johnsoncould have used so that, in addition to the gifts heleft us in his writings, he might have experiencedless suffering. For the majority of students oursystem works. Many are resourceful. They knowwhen they are in need of assistance or directionand freely come to informal or formal guidanceservices. Some need helpful advice to find theirway. But others will be unable to find the supportthey need and will leave school. Some element inthe equation between University and student apparently determines outcome, and it is this weexamine in our continuing reports to the University community.Once again, as in the past twenty-two years,without opening private strivings to publicscrutiny, we seek to distill general experienceswhich, if appropriately responded to, may diminish unnecessary despair and suffering. Our report reflects trends of the past academic year(1976-1977) and covers also the fall quarter of thisacademic year, affording a preview of the experiences of newcomers to our campus.UndergraduatesWe are frequently asked to describe how studentstoday differ from those of other years. Are clinicusers different from those who do not make use ofour services? One helpful dimension is to examinehow an entering class was viewed upon admission, and to consider the outcome — graduation.Ten years ago we made such a study of theclasses of 1966 and 1967. We found then, with theexception of a slight tendency for users to besomewhat higher in verbal ability, that there wasno significant difference between clinic users andnonusers hi academic ability or in personal attributes and skills. Four years later, by the time ofexpected graduation, one-fourth of the class hadused clinic services. We expected that, because ofthe intrusion of emotional difficulties, fewer clinicusers would graduate on time and more woulddrop out. Instead, we found that a statisticallysignificant number of clinic users continued inschool but took longer to graduate.With the classes of 1976 and 1977, once againwe find no significant difference in the way theywere rated by the admissions office. In fact, clinicusers of the class of 1977 evidenced a very slighttendency to be ranked higher in academic abilityand personal qualities. In four years, graduationrate among clinic users in the class of 1976 wasabout 10 percent lower than nonusers, but by the fall quarter of 1977 they had narrowed the gap.Although a few had taken a brief moratorium,most continued in school without interruption. Atpresent writing, the class of 1977 shows a similarlag between clinic users and nonusers in thenumber of graduates.The students we see reflect a broad range ofhealth and illness, strength and fragility. Our concern is to understand the problems which bringabout withdrawal and failure and a lessened capacity to enjoy life — disturbing at all ages, butmore so with young people. To help those who arein difficulty define their interests and bring theirabilities to bear on prescribed tasks in a requisiteperiod of time involves an informed understandingof the way in which earlier life events havebrought about certain patterns of behavior andexpectations. It involves also, within a trustingrelationship, the capacity to accept their grief anddisappointment, to absorb shame and longing, topermit the shaking off of earlier restrictions, andultimately to recognize their readiness to moveahead on their own. Even though it does becomenecessary to recommend that some students leaveschool for a period of treatment, it is vital to makeof this need a positive experience. For studentswho have found their warmest and most supportive experiences on this campus are understandably loathe to leave. If our work has beeneffective, an increased understanding of themselves can bring about an infusion of patience toundertake the task, and to return at a later time tocontinue their work at this University.Undergraduate Transfer StudentsIt is not uncommon for students to ascribe theirdifficulties to the environment, whether academicor personal, and to attribute to it their discomfort,disappointment, or failure. Transfer studentsoften come to the University in the hope of betterlearning opportunities or improvement in the quality of their lives. The realization that problemswhich were externalized and projected to thecommunity they have left are indeed part of themselves, and as acutely troubling in the new environment as in the old, may bring some transferstudents to our clinic. Others may come becauseof the loss of self-esteem when they fail to achieveequivalent credits for work on another campus.It is therefore of great interest to examine theexperiences of transfer students once they havejoined the University community. In general,more do graduate than students entering this University for the first time. However, informationabout the impact of clinic use on graduate rate oftransfer students is inconclusive. For the class of1231976, 18 percent were clinic users and of thisnumber 92 percent have graduated; of nonusers 78percent have graduated. With 22 percent of transfer students in the class of 1977 using the clinic, 57percent have graduated as compared with 62 percent of nonusers. When transfer students haveshared their experiences with us, the focal pointhas been their readiness to examine their discontents in the light of an awakening recognitionof limitations which may be real and must be accepted, or which are neurotically determined andmust be healed.Graduate Women and Graduate MenA great-grandmother, reporting on the convocation address to the women of her college classseventy years ago, recalled that they were admonished in the words of a famous hymn to returnhome and * 'brighten the corner where youare" — advice most of them heeded. We cannotreport on the depressive symptoms of that period,but there were institutional supports for their return home and none for women who felt a strongneed to pursue professional careers. In our changing times, choices are freer, but today's graduatewomen face an equally difficult task. To definetheir own wishes and to bring a gratifying emotional life into harmony with intellectual aspirations and goals requires a high degree of self-understanding and discipline. Attesting to thestrain of this task is the fact that the number ofwomen clinic users is 20 percent higher than theirprojportionate numbers on campus; this is true forboth graduate and undergraduate women. Wehave in the past attributed this to the general beliefand data from studies, our own included, that society permits women to seek help more readily.More recent data suggest, however, that, bothclinically and based on general symptoms of sadness, women do have a higher incidence of difficulty than men.Still, it is primarily in the context of a disturbance in or disruption of a marital or otherlong-standing relationship that both men andwomen seek our help. This is not to overlook orminimize the very real struggles which either mayhave, unrelated to the other, in resolving and mastering increasingly taxing and demanding demonstrations of their ability: to perform effectively in achosen field. Commonly they experience difficulty in finding appropriate work which will notinvolve prolonged separation. When they are ableto avoid this, it has usually been by accepting"underemployment" or a mismatch between ability and training and jplacement.Disappointment, envy, rage — human reactions which idealizing young people find painful toadmit — may cause them to be less responsive to amore fortunate mate, in some instances to behavein a cold, distancing manner, or to break off arelationship which has ceased to have meaning orsupport. They may also experience physicallywhat they cannot accept emotionally. In sharingthese uncomfortable feelings and discriminatingbetween what is real and what is imagined, interrupting intrusive patterns from the past can enablethese young people to arrive at solutions whichfree them to go on with their lives.We have throughout our reports called attentionto the severe burdens which some students bear infamily disruption because of poverty, physical orpsychological illness, shallowness, inconstancy,neglect. It is a tribute to the resiliency of thehuman spirit that, despite such handicaps, thesestudents can, with appropriate clinic intervention,increasingly relinquish suspicious wariness thatthey will be exploited or that they will be rejectedif they evidence ignorance or need. They learn todistinguish or accept their needs for guidance anddirection and seek out mentors in a manner whichpermits them to develop mature learning behavior.Leaving late adolescence for the tasks of youngadulthood can also be difficult when families arewarm and supportive. In their efforts to establishnew ties which will ease the pain of separation,some students settle too eagerly or readily for relationships which prove hollow and meaningless.Lip service to a casual and easy attitude does notovercome pain and suffering when these relationships disintegrate and one or the othermember experiences deep hurt. To feel deeplyand to care intensely are valued qualities. In theprocess of understanding this, students learn todevelop greater judgment about their own needsand those of others.The Clinic ExperienceThe years of late adolescence and young adulthood can precipitate crises of inner growth which,if untreated, may result in more chronic problemssuch as immobilization, drifting, severe anxiety,or depression. If these states receive early attention before they become too deeply entrenched, astudent may be freed from his crippling difficultywithin a few sessions. But a common misunderstanding of our service is that we restrict our workto a specific number of interviews, that we respond only to crisis, or that only severe emotionaldisruption justifies our professional attention.We do make ourselves readily available sinceemotional difficulties can be most easily under-124stood and best resolved when they first emerge. *An understanding of what has precipitated a painful episode can permit healing to flow from severalwell-focused interviews. But we do not limit thenumber of interviews or length of time a studentmay continue in the clinic in an arbitrary or artificial manner. We adjust the length of treatment tothe needs of the students and the nature of theirproblems. With ready access to the clinic and agood past experience, it is possible for students toreturn before they again become severely incapacitated, and the effect of the renewed contactmay be to improve and integrate what they havelearned about themselves.Nevertheless, certain conditions do require aperiod of therapy extending over several years.When it is clear that a more intensive form oftreatment is indicated, or that it is wiser for a student to interrupt his schooling because of persistent and pervasive issues, we offer our assistancein finding private treatment or other clinic resources. Last year 10 percent of students werereferred in this way for treatment.Hope, Despair, and RenewalJust as some generations have been inappropriately gathered under a seemingly aptlabel which vastly understates the complexity it isintended to clarify, so too has this generation beenlabelled inappropriately the "me" generation. Tous, it has seemed a depreciation of the intenselydifficult task which students face and for which ahealthy self-absorption is required.We view youth as a time of vibrancy, strength,and energy, yet there is an impression that theproblems of our time have precipitated mountingsadness and depressive episodes among youngpeople. A period of disorganization and reorganization in society has an especially severeimpact upon them since they are still in the process of defining lifestyle and vocational goals.Vastly changing needs for traditional vocationshave eroded options to expand genuine talentsand interests, so that many young people begin toquestion the importance of perseverance andsome may opt for shallowness and opportunism.New freedoms in personal relationships haveemerged which, when abused, seem to emphasizesuperficiality and transience, not only among theirpeers, but among older adults to whom they lookfor support.The pressure from society is to find rapid solutions, yet we know that expediency cannot substitute for informed judgment through which newsolutions can be pursued. The young people weknow search earnestly for answers to difficult problems and it is not always clear what will leadto health and what may lead to illness. To distinguish between our own beliefs and the beliefs ofothers, to uncover and respond to our deepestneeds in an appropriate way, to search out a fieldof endeavor which will absorb our energies andour capacities in a constructive manner — theseare tasks which must be assumed and revisedthroughout life.In this process, young people profit most whenthey can expose their reflections to seasonedadults without intrusive intervention. The periodthrough which we as a society are now passing isone in which choices seem to narrow and optionsappear to be restricted. It is not always clear whenhopes for new solutions may be only fantasy leading to despair, but it is in the warm acceptance ofothers that hope can be defined, that despair canbe overcome, and that a renewal of purpose anddiscovery may ensue.Five- Year TrendThe statistical tables on which this report is basedare available upon request.In general, 8 percent of the student body makeuse of the clinic — 7 percent of graduate students,10 percent of undergraduates. Women are seen inthe clinic at 20 percent above their proportionaterepresentation. Hospitalizations have declined.Referral to outside services for treatment are only10 percent of the total clinic population and include the Outpatient Department of Psychiatry,other clinics or agencies, and private treatment.The fall quarter of 1977 shows an increase of 17percent of new applicants.John F. KramerMiriam ElsonClinic StaffPsychiatristsPeter B. JohnstonJohn F. KramerPsychiatric Social WorkersJeannette BranchMiriam ElsonAlice IchikawaBetty KohutThayer LindnerAnna Mary WallaceSecretariesCynthia BlackburnJanice Coles125THE 367TH CONVOCATION ADDRESS:THE AFFIRMING FLAMEBy Rory W. ChildersMarch 17, 1978Paul Shorey, who was professor of classics herein 1921, gave the following advice to people preparing speeches. "Above all," he said, "don'twrite them better than you can." There is nothingequivalently elliptical in what I must first say, onbehalf of faculty and parents, to all of you: todayyou are a matter of pride and a cause for joy.This is, incidentally, also the day which celebrates the start of St. Patrick's mission in Irelandover fifteen hundred years ago, an anniversarywhich has assumed, in America, a life of its own.The paucity of information about the saint has hadthe usual result: an extraordinary plethora ofclaims and counterclaims, some of which, withvarying degrees of passion, have colored Irishacademic discourse in Ireland during the last fiftyyears. One professor stated that the type of Christianity introduced to Ireland by Patrick was so atvariance to that of Rome that the Reformationshould be backdated to 432, and Patrick namedthe first Protestant. Of the resulting controversy,Flann O'Brien wrote that eminent Dublin scholars had finally proved there were two Patricks,and no God.The most peripheral extensions of Christianitywere originally Ireland and Russia. In a continuing controversy, the two lands are thought by afew to have historic links through the Scythians,who may have reached the southern part of theisland. Similarities between Ireland and Russiaare clearly tenuous, but I would like to introduceone of them.A major affinity exists between Irish and Russians with respect to the truth and the delight thetwo peoples share in not telling it. In the Russianlanguage the untruthful statement is representedby two words. Loth signifies a lie. It is a seriousbusiness, in either country. The second word isvranyo. The dictionaries translate it as a fib, nonsense, or blarney. Unfortunately, the latter wordis an incomplete description of the equivalentlybenign form of Irish mendacity. In both countriesvranyo may be a vehicle for flattery, for subtleinvective, and above all, for a competitive verbalsequence, the outrageoiisness of which may re cognize few limits. The kind of vranyo illustratedby Dostoevski in the character of Ivolgin in TheIdiot is quite common in Dublin. An unusualevent or vignette in the newspapers is retold in thefirst person singular, the vranyo expert settlinginto his fictional role with gusto.Good vranyo requires a gift for hyperbole,imaginative speech, a propensity for self-dramatization, and a love of skandal, or its Irishequivalent, the Big Fuss.Incapable of vranyo, the English are frequentlyits victims. One example will suffice. The Britishconquest of Mount Everest evoked enormous national pride. The final climb was completed byEdmund Hillary, a New Zealander over six feettall, and the comparatively tiny HimalayanSherpa, Tensing. A few days after the event, Iwas drinking in a Dublin pub with two breweryworkers. An English visitor entered and was invited to join our group. Without signals or previous covenant, the talk changed immediately to theEverest achievement. One of the Irishmen turnedto the other. "I wonder who really got to the topfirst?" "Do you not know?" said the other. "Ithought everyone knew that. Hillary was in a stateof collapse and Tensing had to carry him the lasthundred feet on his back." In this vranyo, all theelements are there: the challenge to Britishsuperiority, the inversion of the "White Man'sBurden." The inequality of stature keeps the talefrom being merely silly. If Hillary had been English rather than Commonwealth, the vranyowould have been unsubtle. The major question atthis stage was whether the Englishman, in pokerparlance, would "call the hand." He did not andthe vranyo proceeded to even dizzier heights.It should be noted that the terms leg-pulling, orribbing are inadequate to describe this process. Itis not an idle verbal quip, but a ritual of unknownduration, holding the promise of even greaterexaltations. The Russian and Irish form of vranyois not at first simply an indulgence in fantasy, butwhen the process becomes "airborne" it can become just that. The artifice can be of the reversekind, particularly in Ireland, where the person istold what he wants to hear, with such exaggeratedemphasis, that the recipient of the vranyo starts toabdicate his position, or loathe the object he hadoriginally praised.Ronald Hingley notes that vranyo can become aform of protest when the citizen, in his zealouspraise of state or party, deliberately and publiclytakes it to the ultimate extremes of absurdity. Official vranyo may be purveyed by Intourist guideswhen their accounts of Soviet achievement are126frankly unbelievable. The absolute denial of mugging or begging are typical examples, less fertilebecause negative fiction is difficult to embellish.The appropriate and courteous response to vranyo in either Ireland or Russia is a respectful nod,an implacable stare, or an equivocal smile. Opendisbelief will abort the sequence, but full credulityis even worse: one becomes an object of contempt. And the fun is spoilt!* * *The major Russian writers and thinkers of thenineteenth century reflect, in their work, a dichotomy between the unitary and the diffuse, orpluralist, visions of life in general. There is anequal quandary as to man's political and moralrole in society. Such is the analytic proposition ofIsaiah Berlin. He suggests that the evidence ofthis dualism in fiction is not the least of the reasons why Tolstoi and Dostoevski are indispensable figures in any college course on modern literature. The facts of Russian history in the last sixtyyears have made us, however, less willing toexamine the political writings of nineteenth century Russian thinkers. Do they have any relevance to the problems of the Western world today?It has not escaped you that the mood prevailingin the United States and Western Europe is one ofdoubt and, at times, self-castigation. There is aproliferation of problems and a shortage of solutions. The environment is threatened, energyscarce, the cities in decay. There is to some extenta loss of trust in government at all levels. Alongwith excess unemployment is a frequent job-mismatch among the highly trained. The habituation to violence proceeds as television shows usthe damage achieved by the tiny few who itch forchaos. The percentage poll in national electionsremains low, or is dropping. The refuge for manyis increasingly connected with the occult, withobscure gurus, with a readiness to accept Activescience, with official and illegal drug abuse. Ourcollective awareness of all this is heightened bythe news media who, more and more, offer uswhat George Steiner has called "the instant diagnostic sociology of our times."The vulnerability presently felt by the de mocracies (already so few in number), the apparent unmanageability of so many problems, tendsto induce in the body politic what Isaiah Berlincalls "a need for certainties," for a single all-encompassing solution. Such a unitary vision ofsocial progress was, for much of his exiled life,held by Alexander Herzen, the RussianPopulist-Socialist. He was constantly concernedthat the individual might become tyrannized bythose political abstractions which symbolizeunitary solutions to social wrong. After muchagonizing, he concluded that even a trial period ofsuch programs would be incompatible with humanliberty. Herzen advocated instead temporaryexpedients based on historical needs, and responsive to differing groups of people. Thispluralist end point is, at least in part, the moralbasis of democracy.It might be asked is pluralism not equivalent to"muddling through," the old cliche applied sooften to our form of government. The answer isyes, but curiously, we lived more comfortablywith this cliche when crises were infrequent, andnot, as now predicted by Morris Janowitz, moreor less continuous. We are fortunate to retain theflexibility to choose which areas are for more, orfor less, government. Only political lassitude delays such decisions. By contrast, the temptationto end uncertainty, to decide that civic order is theonly priority, is rendering some of our sister democracies fragile in the extreme.Here in this great University, and elsewhere inthe West, we should perhaps constantly remindourselves of the basic litany: no books were denied to us, there were no newspapers we could notread, no meetings we could not organize, no conversations we could not hold; there were no questions we could not ask, no answers that weredangerous to render. To live in such a milieu is, ona global scale, uncommon enough; to ascend tohigher education within it makes you, whograduate today, part of a perilously small minority. And for this reason, you are a priceless resource. I salute you all.Rory W. Childers is Professor in the Departmentof Medicine.127THE 367TH CONVOCATION:HONORARY DEGREESPresentation of Aaron Klug by Paul Sigler, Professor, Department of Biophysics and TheoreticalBiology and the College.Mr. President, I have the honor to present as acandidate for an honorary degree of Doctor ofScience, Aaron Klug of the Medical ResearchCouncil, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England.The eminent physicist, J. Robert Oppenheimer,during the inception of the nuclear era, predictedthat biology — not nuclear science — would dominate scientific research in the coming decades.Oppenheimer was right. An explosive growth ofmolecular biological research has, indeed, dominated the natural sciences for the past two decades. No one has contributed more to this thrustthan Aaron Klug, particularly in regard to thestructure of molecular assemblies.Klug's principal contributions are concernedwith the determination of virus structure by X-raycrystallography and electron microscopy. In the1950s, with Rosalind Franklin, he used diffractionmethods to establish the helical character of therod-like tobacco-mosaic virus and the icosahedralstructure of spherical viruses. This ultimately ledto a general theory of virus structure formalized in1962 by Aaron Klug and Donald Casper in a classic paper that still stands as the intellectualframework for the field. Indeed, every sphericalvirus examined to date conforms to the formalismoriginally set forth by Klug and Casper.Klug realized that any regular assembly ofmolecules could be exploited to enhance the electron microscope image of its components. Recognizing that regular helical assemblies also presented multiple views of the same object, Klugand DeRosier demonstrated in 1966 that a three-dimensional image could be constructed from atwo-dimensional electron micrograph, an idea thathas been extended to electron micrographs oficosahedral viruses, contractile systems, and evento clinical radiographs.More recently Klug has focused his attention onthe high resolution analysis of the subunits oftobacco-mosaic virus, the molecular structure oftRNA and, most recently, on crystals of nucleo-somes, the fundamental organizational element ofchromosomes. .Above and beyond this list of experimental andtheoretical achievements, Klug has set the stan dard for imaginative insights and disciplined thinking in structural biology at the molecular level.In recognition of his outstanding contributions,Mr. President, it is my pleasure to present AaronKlug for the honorary degree of Doctor of Science.Presentation of Roger Yate Stanier by Bernard S.Strauss, Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Professor, Department of Microbiology, the College, and the Committee onGenetics.Mr. President, I have the honor to present as acandidate for the honorary degree of Doctor ofScience, Roger Yate Stanier, Professor at thePasteur Institute and one of the great microbiologists of this generation.Roger Stanier has made important contributions to our understanding of the place of thecyanobacteria (blue green bacteria) in the biological world. His contributions to microbial physiology and biochemistry include his study of the repression of the formation of the photosyntheticapparatus in photosynthetic bacteria by oxygen;the demonstration that carotenoids protect organisms from photodestruction; the discovery ofribosomes in bacteria; the working out of the consequences of "sequential induction" of the enzymes of phenol metabolism in Pseudomonads ;and the first really deep analysis of the effects ofstreptomycin and the suggestion that it acts onribosomes. Of great significance have been his activities as a theoretician and philosopher of microbiology. Through his efforts we have come toview the blue green bacteria as a group forming acontinuum with other eubacteria. Almost single-handedly he obtained universal recognition andacceptance of Chatton's division of life into pro-caryotic and eucaryotic dichotomy, one of thefundamental ideas of biology. From his perspective as a comparative microbiologist he has beenable to evaluate the schemes for microbial classification and has brought a considerable breadthof biological knowledge, insight, and intelligenceto obtaining an understanding of bacterial relationships. Roger Stanier has also been instrumental in ending microbiology's long isolationfrom the rest of biology by insisting that the discipline is more than a highly successful applied science and that it belongs in the mainstream of biology.Roger Yate Stanier is a general microbiologistin the great tradition, and it is an honor, Mr. President, to present him for the honorary degree ofDoctor of Science.128SUMMARY OF THE367TH CONVOCATIONThe 367th convocation was held on Friday,March 17, 1978, in Rockefeller Memorial Chapel.John T. Wilson, President of the University, presided.A total of 356 degrees were awarded: 35Bachelor of Arts, 2 Master of Science, 19 Masterof Arts in the Division of the Humanities, 3 Master of Fine Arts in the Division of the Humanities,9 Master of Science in the Division of the Physical Sciences, 49 Master of Arts in the Division ofthe Social Sciences, 7 Master of Arts in the Divinity School, 8 Master of Arts in the GraduateLibrary School, 7 Master of Arts in the School ofSocial Service Administration, 1 Master of Arts inthe Committee on Public Policy Studies, 2 Masterof Arts in Teaching, 1 Master of Science in Teaching, 126 Master of Business Administration, 2Doctor of Law, 1 Doctor of Medicine, 6 DoctorREPORT OF THESTUDENT OMBUDSMANFOR THE WINTER QUARTER, 1978By Jack D. OhringerApril 15, 1978The winter quarter brought three major categoriesof grievances to the ombudsman's office: athletics, housing and student health.The reopening of the newly dedicated CrownField House caused a predictably large number ofcomplaints concerning the scheduling of open recreation time. The field house is open from 8:30a.m. to 10:30 p.m. Monday through Thursdayand, on weekends, slightly different hours. Thistime must be divided among open recreation, varsity practice and games, and sports club activities.Inevitably, some people expressed dissatisfactionwith the schedule, particularly in the case ofbaseball practice which conflicted with open recreation time during lunch hour. The problem waseasily resolved by Mr: Metcalf , Director of Athletics. The track had been closed to joggers duringbaseball practice because of the potential hazardposed by errant baseballs. It was therefore agreedthat during lunch hour the baseball team would do of Philosophy in the Division of the BiologicalSciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine, 20Doctor of Philosophy in the Division of theHumanities, 16 Doctor of Philosophy in the Division of the Physical Sciences, 35 Doctor of Philosophy in the Division of the Social Sciences, 3Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School ofBusiness, 2 Doctor of Philosophy in the DivinitySchool, 1 Doctor of Philosophy in the GraduateLibrary School, and 1 Doctor of Philosophy in theSchool of Social Science Administration.Two honorary degrees were conferred duringthe 367th convocation. The recipients of the Doertor of Science degree were Aaron Klug, MedicalResearch Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, and Roger YateStanier, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.Rory W. Childers, Professor in the Departmentof Medicine, delivered the convocation address,entitled "The Affirming Flame."its exercises sans baseballs^ thereby eliminatingthe hazard and permitting lunchtime joggers use ofthe track.This office also received queries about a newpolicy of the athletic department regarding replacement stickers for athletic privileges. Uponpayment of five dollars, a student receives asticker on the back of his U.C. identification cardentitling him to full athletic privileges. If a studentmust replace his ID as a result of loss or theft, hemust now purchase a new athletic sticker at thefull price. In the past, the charge for replacementwas merely fifty cents. After investigation, theathletic department informed us that the earlierpolicy had been abused. Enterprising students hadbeen able to reap profits by purveying U.C. athletic privileges. As a result of the higher chargethere has been a very significant reduction in thenumber of replacement stickers issued. Presumably the higher charge has deterred attempts tosell the stickers. The change seems to be a necessary, albeit unfortunate, response to abuse of theearlier policy. Those who complained found theexplanation satisfactory.The current Student Health policy wherebystudents who go to the emergency room withmaladies deemed less than medical emergenciesby the director of Student Health are billed for theservices they receive has again prompted a129number of students to complain. As long as thepolicy remains in effect there is little the ombudsman can do to aid students unexpectedly confronted with emergency room medical bills. However, the director of Student Health and the deanof students have decided to abandon the policy ofreviewing emergency room visits for billing purposes at the beginning of autumn quarter 1978.A number of irate students residing in theShoreland visited this office to complain about aforced relocation in the residence hall. Construction began on the new resident master's apartmentduring the middle of the quarter, making it necessary for a number of students to move. Studentswere upset that no notice of the impending relocation was given until well into the quarter.Moreover, the relocation interrupted many students' preparations for mid-term examinations.Because the housing office had received only approximate dates for the beginning of construction,THE 368TH CONVOCATION ADDRESS:LAMENT FOR CAMELOTBy Philip B. KurlandJune 9 and 10, 1978It has long been the custom of convocationorators to demean convocation oratory. And withgood cause. "Still," as Learned Hand said morethan fifty years ago, "the form remains, andpseudoprophets annually come in their disguise,to strike the rock with solemn pantomime; thewaters gush forth; and the docile congregation ofGod's chosen affect to slake an assumed thirst."Judge Hand, as always, had a reasoned explanation: "Piety, as piety should," he said "preserves the symbol, in the hope that it may seemprecious in proportion as, its content disappearing, it provides those ineffabilities which the heartdemands."We still perform the rituals. There is still needto satisfy "those ineffabilities which the heart demands." We still assume these ridiculous costumes, intended to stand for the continuity of universities with their vague antecedents in centuries they were unable to inform students of the moveat the beginning of the quarter. The ombudsman'soffice was unable to delay the relocation. Strictadherence to the construction schedule was required so that the work could be completed beforethe new academic year. The housing office assured us that it was doing everything possible toameliorate the move. Moving expenses and transfer costs were covered by the University and students were given the option of leaving the housingsystem without penalty.These three categories of complaints constituted 26 percent of our sixty-five winter quartercases. Happily the remaining cases concerned isolated incidents. They are therefore not included inthis report.Jack D. Ohringer is the University Ombudsmanfor the 1977-78 term.gone by. We still find bittersweet pleasure in welcoming new members into the community ofscholars, even as we expel them from our midst.The degrees you are about to receive, however,are more meaningful symbols. They symbolizereal accomplishments bought at the price of much"toil, sweat, and tears" — not to mention money.Were it not for the tradition and piety on whichLearned Hand remarked, I should take note of theoccasion and refrain from further talk. Such an actof abstention would be appreciated by you andwould not be much less happy for me. I, however,am committed to speak. But none of you is committed to listen.Despite tradition I offer neither words of wisdom nor words of admonition, but only "a plagueof sighing and grief." The views I express are myown. If some of my colleagues may share them,others may not.You see, I love this University — if not all of itsparts. I revel in its mission, as I understand it. Iam proud of its attainments. I am a grateful heir ofits past and happy participant in its present. But Ifear for its future.The mission of this University and of its constituent members — students, faculty, researchers — is learning by thinking. Thinking is the function of an individual. The art of thinking cannot becommunicated; it certainly cannot be com-130manded. It is best taught by example, not precept.Learning derives from the interchange of thoughtbetween faculty and student, student and student,faculty and faculty. And from solitary effort aswell. As Mr. Justice Holmes once wrote: "Onlywhen you have worked alone — when you have feltaround you a black gulf of solitude more isolatingthan that which surrounds the dying man, and inhope and despair have trusted to your own unshaken will — then only will you have achieved.Thus only can you gain the secret isolated joy ofthe thinker."The role of the university curriculum is to offernot merely information, but subjects for analysis,tools for thought. The library and laboratory afford not data to be absorbed but rather evidenceof earlier thought on which further thought may bebased.Thus, it is the individual and individual relationships that are of the essence of the university. Learning, of course, may occur at manylevels of thought. But the justification for the university is that it affords the ambience and personnel to allow for thinking and learning at the highestlevel. A university that does not seek excellencein learning and thinking fails in its function.I said that I fear for this University's future.That is because the condition sine qua non offulfillment of its function is its freedom. This University has been free since its creation, onlyeighty-six years ago. Other great universities havea far more ancient lineage. But most of them, evenon this continent, were, in their origins, creaturesand servants of either church or state. We wereborn free. Not for the first time in this short spanof existence, however, our freedom and those ofour sister universities are in grave danger of destruction.The freedom of this kind of university isthreatened from several directions. The firstdanger is the growth of the Zeitgeist of collectivism and egalitarianism that would destroy theremnants of individualism and the possibility ofindividuality. The expectation that everyone isnot only equal to, but the same as, everyone elsecan be met only by reducing the freedoms of theuniversity to that of Animal Farm. Fungible students, and faculty don't need freedom, or thelearning that freedom makes possible.A second threat to university freedom is thedestructive effects of inflation. Inflation destroysa university's capital and diverts its diminishedincome from academic to nonacademic expenditures. And, it is said, beggars cannot be choosers.A third attack on freedom of the university de rives both from internal and external sources. It isthe notion that the university is not primarily acenter for thought and learning but a provider ofsocial services. Akin to this notion is the notionthat the university should serve as an agent forpolitical change. There is no doubt thatuniversities — including this University — have, inpart, become social service agencies, if not political institutions. But this has happened only at thecost of diverting personnel and resources —already in short supply — from their primary roles.A university affords no special competency forthe performance of social service functions, unless its faculty has been poorly chosen. Undertaking political functions would not only denature theuniversity, but add to its vulnerability.The most encompassing and most threateningdanger to freedom of the academy, however, isthe Napoleonic concept that all education must bedominated by central government to assure thatgovernment's hegemony. The federal governmentin this effort utilizes the egalitarian ethos as itsreason, inflation as its weapon, and service to thecommunity as its excuse for securing control ofAmerican universities.In 1936, Robert Hutchins wrote: "Academicfreedom is simply a way of saying that we get thebest results in education and research if we leavetheir management to people who know somethingabout them." Almost two decades later, hiscommitment to that concept of freedom wastested, when universities — and particularly thisone — came under attack because they refused toconform to the creed or dogma whose chief, butnot lone, prophet was Senator Joseph McCarthy.This University, under the leadership of Chancellor Hutchins and with the vigorous support of itsBoard of Trustees, whose chairman was LairdBell, risked all by refusing to capitulate to thealmost unbearable pressures. The attack was repulsed.Unfortunately, freedom of the academy is notassured by winning a single battle. It wasthreatened again a decade ago, when many but notall universities paid a heavy price for their continued existence, albeit with diminished freedom.Again this University led the fight to retain itsindependence, this time under the leadership of itsPresident and Provost, Edward H. Levi and JohnT. Wilson.The immediate threat is far greater and moredangerous. This time rather than the crude, ranting attacks on academia, the government is proceeding by blackmail and redlining, threateningthe cutoff of funds that were and are committed131primarily in the interest of government and not ofthe universities, but for which the universities areexpected to bear the sacrifice.The central government, led by the Departmentof Health, Education, and Welfare, seeks nothingless than a surrender of the freedoms of theacademy. These freedoms were appropriately described by a group of scholars in universities whenunder similar attacks, universities that, like theirnation, have since lost their liberty:It is the business of a university to provide that atmosphere which is most conducive to speculation, experiment and creation. It is an atmosphere in which thereprevail "the four essential freedoms" of auniversity — to determine for itself on academicgrounds who may teach, what may be taught, how itshall be taught, and who may be admitted to study.The federal government would deprive the universities of control over all these functions, and afifth one: the freedom to determine what researchwill be undertaken and by whom.It may be that the government seeks only to buyup the universities' freedoms and not to confiscatethem. But the government is using trust funds todo so. And the bargain, like Faust's with the368TH CONVOCATIONSTUDENT ADDRESSBy Mark S. BauerMr. President, Mrs. Wilson, guests, and especially graduates. I'm pretty amazed to find myselfstanding up here this morning. I'm sure those ofyou who were at my party last night are even moreamazed than I am to see me here. Well, the reasonI'm surprised is that I wasn't sure I had anythingworth saying to all of you that would be worthtaking home from here this morning. But heregoes my try.I must begin, as most of us do, with my ownanecdotal and personal impressions of the University; and they are mainly two.The first impression is that this is the most socially radical place in the world. Few, if any, lifestyles are not accepted. Whether atheist or minister, bookworm or socialite, gay, straight or bisexual, one can find those of a like interest and orien- devil, can hardly be considered an arms-lengthtransaction between a willing buyer and a willingseller.It may well be that in fact the universities are atthe apex of their freedom. For, if we could butbelieve Nietzsche: "The highest type of free manmust be sought where the greatest resistance hasto be overcome — five paces away from tyranny,on the very threshold of thraldom." Well, thethreshold of thraldom is where we're at and it'snot a very comfortable position.It would be nice to think that those who havebeen here, like those who remain here, will enlistin the cause of preservation of the free university.We shall need all the help that we can get.I fear that I have detained the wedding guestslonger than my allotted time. Let me close by performing the one function that was really assignedto me: On behalf of the faculties of this University, I salute you; I wish you joy and Godspeed.Philip B. Kurland is the William R. Kenan, Jr.,Distinguished Service Professor in The Collegeand Professor in The Law School.tation here and live in relative tolerance. We havealso prided ourselves on being above the statussymbols and needs for acceptance of those "ordinary' ' people who have never lived in Hyde Park.My second, and seemingly unrelated, impression of the U of C is that we have gotten a tremendous technical education here. We havelearned how to read, how to reason, how to write;a lucky few of you somewhere out there may evenhave learned how to do a little chemistry.Now some say that mastering these intellectualskills is the essence of a liberal education. Somewould add that in such an education you learn toappreciate "The Beautiful" (albeit along previously accepted lines). Some would say that aliberal education should fill a social role in preparing us for citizenship, while others would say thata political end cannot help but be served, since theuniversity is a key tool for indoctrination to dominant norms and values. It would seem that, if theU of C is really a socially radical place, it couldnot be a place of indoctrination. But let's take acloser look.132What is it that we are taught here? To ask questions? Perhaps — perhaps here more than at manyother schools. But not primarily. We are taughthere above all to give answers. To give answersand to defend them to the hilt. We are taught notso much to engage in discourse as to declare anddefend, not so much to be questioned as to beevaluated. It seems that this comes from our intensely competitive lifestyle, even though thecompetition may only be with some ideal self deepinside us. But is that all so bad? After all, everyone has to be motivated, and history has shownthat competition gets results.There is, however, a corollary to our defensiveand competitive stance. In becoming so enmeshedin our own answers, so ^//-conscious, it becomesvery difficult to listen to those around us. Or welisten only to those who play by our rules. Howoften have we seen the unpolished or unsure student soundly verbally thrashed in class or in alate-night dorm discussion? How often have wetuned out the student who dresses perhaps tooneatly, or the student who appears too rough-hewn or unsophisticated to speak in the accepted,urbane U of C dialect? I am sometimes afraid thatthe radical atmosphere of Hyde Park results notso much out of tolerance, as because we are simply too busy to notice those different from ourselves.Now what if we were all to loosen up a bit as weleave here? If we were to be not quite so intentupon defending our own ideas and notions? If wewere to let go of our vested interest in the criticalattitude and selective attention that so oftenpasses for intellectual sophistication? In a word, ifwe were to become humble?On one level, we all know what would happen.We would begin to truly question and to broadenour horizons, to enjoy *life and blah-blah- woof-woof. What would also happen, if we were to giveup our defensive and competitive stance, is thatwe might seem at times indecisive and confused,and that — God forbid — we might be taken by ourcolleagues as not quite so bright and not quite soself-assured.But if this is, in reality, the most socially radicalinstitution in the world, and if we, its graduates,have become more than mere thought-technicians, then that should give us no pause.That is real self-assurance.I'd like to dedicate this now, at the end, to allthose who at some time in our lives gave us thefreedom to look a bit confused, to make mistakes,to try out new ideas, and maybe to be betweenideas. They are the ones who have educated us. They are the ones who have shown us that beinghumble is the only way to keep from being indoctrinated. May we carry on in that spirit.Mark S. Bauer received a Bachelor of Arts degreeduring the convocation; his major area of studywas Human Behavior and Institutions.368TH CONVOCATIONSTUDENT ADDRESSBy Marcia K. BealesLadies and gentlemen. I've lived in this neighborhood for four years — Hyde Park, that TheUniversity of Chicago built. It is, like thebrochures claim, an integrated community. Butit's an integration tolerated within certain narrowlimits: Cottage Grove, Forty-seventh Street,Sixty-third, the lake. Hyde Park is surrounded onthree sides by poor black ghettos. And The University of Chicago maintains Illinois' fourthlargest private police force to keep the people whoare its neighbors out of its neighborhood, out of itslibraries, out of its campus buildings.Perhaps some of you here today — you parentsunfamiliar with the neighborhood, yououtsiders — have had some trouble finding yourway in the maze of one-way streets that windthrough Hyde Park. Perhaps you didn't know thatthis confused mess of streets was planned to beexactly as confusing as it is, in order to isolate thisneighborhood from what surrounds it (whichmeans, from the blacks who surround it). Perhapsyou noticed the desolation of Fifty-fifth Street — abroad, concrete street lined with dry-cleaners andbox-like townhouses. Perhaps you didn't knowthat Fifty-fifth Street was once filled with nightclubs and nightlife and people on the street whereit is empty now.You'd think it was a nuclear war that happenedto this neighborhood.But no.It was urban renewal. And it was an urban renewal controlled by The University of Chicago,and directed according to its ends. The results arearound us: A small, well-to-do community (whichis the University) with tremendous power in thearea, isolated in various ways from the surrounding poor black neighborhoods which service it. Acommunity which, with gay abandon, tells itselfhow liberal it is, how progressive, how tolerant ofdifferent "lifestyles," how full of intellectual in-133tegrity. It is a university which sets up recruitment and tutorial programs for blacks and otherminorities, and then closes them all down a fewyears later when the heat is off. It is a university inwhich blacks make up just 1 .7 percent of the student population; in which the entering class of 600freshmen contains only 25 blacks.There is, on the one hand, what the Universitydoes, and on the other hand, what the Universitysays it does. We are engaged in "intellectual" discourse here, it is said. It is intellectual discoursewhich advises, in the shape of Milton Friedman,Chile's right-wing dictatorship; intellectual discourse which creates the atom bomb.For this University to say it is engaged in intellectual discourse is an ideological veil. TheUniversity of Chicago is a racist institution, in itsneighborhood policies and in its internal affairs. Itis an elitist institution, a class institution whichexists to train members of its class, and to perpetuate sciences and social sciences permeatedwith that class's ideology and outlook.This University does indeed engage in politicaldiscourse, and it happens in Woodlawn, on Cottage Grove, on Stony Island.It is in this neighborhood — Hyde Park and whatsurrounds it — that The University of Chicagoshows itself for what it is.Marcia K. Be ales received a Bachelor of Arts degree during the convocation; her major area ofstudy was Human Behavior and Institutions.368TH CONVOCATIONSTUDENT ADDRESSBy Jonathan H. GinsburgThose of us graduating today will be known as theChicago Class of '78. A class, despite the obviousfact that we did not share many experienceshere — we didn't live in the same places, we didn'tread the same material, we didn't study with thesame professors and we didn't rally around asingle sport team or political cause.Those of us graduating today will also beknown as graduates of The University ofChicago, linked to unknown past and futuregraduates supposedly because we are products ofthe same educational process, despite the fact thatwe share even less with them than we do witheach other.This seeming paradox produces some uneasiness for us as we participate in this solemn rite of passage from life as undergraduates. Is theresomething which does bind us together and ties usto the many who will receive undergraduate degrees from this school? I believe there is and I'dlike to attempt to articulate what it is we do share.In a broad sense we share an approach toknowledge. Specifically I'd like to argue that weare linked by two related world views.The first world view is that of citizenship in theuniversity. This citizenship is unique in that it tolerates no acceptance of assertion as fact and noacceptance of the most recent or most acceptedidea as final, conclusive, objective truth. It is astringent and unyielding demand for intellectualintegrity. This citizenship is acquired by each ofus at different times and in various ways. My initiation took place in my second year while sittingin a class designed to delineate the tenets of Biblical criticism. The idea that the Pentateuchperhaps was written and compiled by many overhundreds of years shocked me and forced me torethink my previously held understanding of thefundamental construction of the universe.This was but one encounter I had with ideasand systems which forced me to begin to dissectand analyze ideas and methods which earlier Iwould have readily accepted. While Pentateuchalcriticism did not have the same impact for eachone of us, all of us leave this institution with adeeply imbedded sense that one must continuallyprobe.The second world view which I believe links ustogether is that of a broad perspective. Our education has caused us to vastly increase the physical,cultural and intellectual dimensions of our universe. Perhaps the recognition of this enlargedworld came to us in different ways. Mine tookplace after a year-long struggle with back to backcourses in astrophysics and Islamic civilization.Three times a week for an entire year I went froma lecture on the Ottoman empire to one aboutgalaxies a billion light years away. It is not possible to sit through that experience and fail to seethe world enlarge day by day. All of us studiedphilosophies, institutions and systems from allcorners and perspectives of the earth and the universe which has caused us to see the world in abroader and richer way.I don't know how many came to this schoolexpecting the kind of school spirit and commonexperiences peculiar to other institutions. Surelyfew of us leave today having lived that kind of lifehere. Rather, we were and are a diverse groupwith varying interests, lifestyles and goals whosepaths will lead in different directions in the yearsto come.134But when we leave this hall today, we leaveunderstanding that we are bound to the many whohave graduated in the four score and seven yearssince Harper and Rockefeller established thisgreat University and are bound together. We arebound because we share this desire to challengeand probe and we see the world in an enlargedway.Long after we forget the details, we will continue utilizing the process and perspective. It isthe crux of our work here, it is what we take withus from the College and it is the hard-earned giftwhich we shall cherish and safeguard all our lives.Jonathan H. Ginsburg received a Bachelor ofArts degree during the convocation; his majorarea of study was Religion and the Humanities.THE 368TH CONVOCATION:HONORARY DEGREESPresentation of David C. Phillips by EmilThomas Kaiser, Professor in the Departments ofChemistry and Biochemistry.Mr. President, I present as a candidate for thehonorary degree of Doctor of Science David C.Phillips, Professor of Molecular Biophysics andFellow of Corpus Christi College, The Universityof Oxford.Professor Phillips is the foremost X-ray crystal-lographer concerned with the structure of enzymes. His work on the application of physicaltechniques to the investigation of problems ofbiological importance has made enormous contributions to our understanding of the chemistry ofenzymes and the catalytic processes by whichthey work. In 1962 Professor Phillips reported onthe structure of the hydrolytic enzyme, lysozymeat 6A as obtained by X-ray diffraction. This lowresolution study represented the first X-ray structure determination of an enzyme. Subsequentlythe high resolution structure of hen egg-whitelysozyme at 2A was reported by Professor Phillips. An investigation of lysozyme-inhibitor complexes followed, providing the definitive workwhich led to the unraveling of the lysozymemechanism. The lysozyme investigation made itpossible for the first time to visualize the details ofthe interactions of a substrate molecule with anenzyme's active and binding sites. Because ofProfessor Phillips' pioneering effort, other workers in the field werg encouraged to pursue similarstudies on enzyme systems. Not only did he de termine how an enzyme active site was constructed, but also, through his comparative studieson bovine a-lactalbumin and hen egg-whitelysozyme, he showed how it was possible to obtain structural information about closely relatedproteins if the X-ray structure of one system hadbeen worked out. Recently Professor Phillips andhis group have concentrated on an investigation oftriosephosphate isomerase, employing magneticresonance methods as well as X-ray crystallography. This enzyme which participates in theglycolytic pathway contains two subunits and is aprototypic example of many enzymes composedof multiple subunits. The work in Professor Phillips' laboratory on this enzyme and its interactionwith its substrate dihydroxy acetone phosphatehas pointed the way to the study of enzymes morecomplex than lysozyme, many of which play central roles in the processes controlling biologicalreactions. The implications of this research for theunderstanding of the molecular basis of enzymeregulation are very great indeed.It is my great privilege, Mr. President, to present Professor David C. Phillips for the honorarydegree of Doctor of Science.Presentation of Walter Gilbert by Robert Haskel-korn, Fanny L. Pritzker Professor and Chairmanof the Department of Biophysics and TheoreticalBiology.Mr. President, I have the honor to present as acandidate for the honorary degree of Doctor ofScience, Walter Gilbert, American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology at HarvardUniversity.Walter Gilbert has made major contributions inmore than half a dozen areas of modern biologicalscience since switching from his original field oftraining and interest, theoretical physics, early inthe 1960s. He participated in the first demonstration of messenger RNA, the unstable intermediate that carries information from the gene tothe protein synthesizing machinery. He thenmade the important observation that many ofthese machines, called ribosomes, could translatethe same molecule of messenger RNA simultaneously. Turning his attention to the regulation ofthe gene itself, by a series of imaginative genetictricks he succeeded, with Benno Muller-Hill, inpurifying a genetic regulatory protein, the repressor of the so-called lactose genes of 2s. coli.He then showed that the repressor protein regulates gene expression by binding to a part of thegene and thereby preventing the gene's transcription into messenger RNA. More recently he has135developed very powerful methods for determiningthe sequence of nucleotides in a segment of DNAand applied them to discover the chemical structure of the regulatory regions of genes.These methods, together with the new recombinant DNA technology, are in wide usethroughout the world, wherever molecularbiologists are trying to discover how the workingsof genes are determined by their structure.In recognition of his outstanding achievements,Mr. President, it is my pleasure to present WalterGilbert for the honorary degree of Doctor of Science.Presentation of Motoo Kimura by ThomasNagylaki, Associate Professor in the Departmentof Biophysics and Theoretical Biology.Mr. President, it is my privilege to present as acandidate for the honorary degree of Doctor ofScience, Motoo Kimura of the National Instituteof Genetics of Japan.The classical principles and problems of population genetics were formulated by Wright,Fisher, and Haldane between the two world wars.Since that time, Motoo Kimura has been eitherresponsible for or significantly participated inevery major theoretical development in the field.His contributions have raised population geneticsto a much higher level of generality, coherenceand rigor.Kimura has greatly advanced the theories of inbreeding, quantitative genetics, geographical variation and natural selection. His most importantand original mathematical work has been theelucidation of the role of random genetic drift inevolution.During the last ten years, Kimura has turned tothe application of population genetics to molecular evolution. With his collaborators, he has proposed the three basic models for this purpose. In1968 he expounded the neutral theory of evolutionand is still one of the leaders in its comparisonwith experiment. This hypothesis has stimulatedan enormous experimental and theoretical expansion of population genetics.Kimura' s outstanding contributions have inspired further research not only by his own collaborators, but also by many other population geneticists. He has permanently transformed hisdiscipline: modern population genetics is largelyhis work and that of his intellectual descendants.It is my pleasure, Mr. President, to presentMotoo Kimura for the honorary degree of Doctorof Science. Presentation of Jacob Neusner by Jonathan Z.Smith, Dean of the College, William Benton Professor of Religion and Human Sciences in theCollege and Professor in the Divinity School andthe Department of New Testament and EarlyChristian Literature.Mr. President, I present as a candidate for thehonorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters,Jacob Neusner, University Professor, Professorof Religious Studies, and the Ungerleider Distinguished Scholar of Judaic Studies at Brown University.Jacob Neusner is recognized for his contributions to the entire field of religious studies andfor having almost single-handedly reconstitutedthe study of rabbinic Judaism over the last twentyyears through more than fifty major works in thatfield. His pioneering research spans several areas.In his biographical works, he has developedmethods for testing, evaluating and dating rabbinic sources as the prerequisite for theiracademic analysis. These new methods led to theundertaking of form-critical studies of the rabbinicmaterials in which he constructed techniques forproducing a tradition-history of rabbinic texts.Alongside these endeavors, he launched a seriesof studies in social history which sought to placethe rabbis within their cultural milieu, especiallythat of Mesopotamia in late antiquity, accumulating in the course of this work a philological expertise rarely part of the rabbinist's equipment. Hethen initiated the vast project of preparing a commentary on each order of Mishnah in which hismethods would be used to uncover the underlyinglogic of each tractate. The many volumes alreadypublished are revolutionary both in the generaltheory of the character of Mishnah which theypropose and in their specific readings, and suggestwhat an adequate commentary on a rabbinic textshould be. In each of these areas his students havealready formed a second generation of scholarship, a clear affirmation of the innovative workof the super teacher.In addition, he has taken on the task of makingavailable to the English-speaking world importantprimary and secondary works, an effort of translation which alone might be the task of a lifetime.His many textbooks, edited series and anthologies, essays on the academic study ofJudaism and comparative religion are deeply influential in all the fields which comprise religiousstudies today.It is my great privilege, Mr. President, to present Mr. Jacob Neusner for the honorary degreeof Doctor of Humane Letters.136QUANTRELL AWARDSThe University's 1977-78 Llewellyn John andHarriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching were presentedduring the 368th convocation on June 10, 1978.Upon the recommendation of Jonathan Z.Smith, Dean of the College, and D. GaleJohnson, Provost, John T. Wilson, President,designated the following two winners:Herbert C. Friedmann, Associate Professor inthe Department of Biochemistry and the College.Melvyn J. Shochet, Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Physics, the Enrico Fermi Institute and the College.A total of 148 Quantrell Awards have beenmade since the program was established in 1938.SUMMARY OF THE368TH CONVOCATIONThe 368th convocation was held on Friday andSaturday, June 9 and 10, 1978 in RockefellerMemorial Chapel. John T. Wilson, President ofthe University, presided.A total of 1,542 degrees were awarded: 325Bachelor of Arts, 16 Bachelor of Science, 24 Master of Arts in the Divinity School, 7 Master ofArts in the Graduate Library School, 153 Masterof Arts in the School of Social Service Administration, 2 Master of Arts in the Committee on Public Policy Study, 1 Master of Laws, 1 Master ofComparative Law, 8 Master of Science in theDivision of Biological Sciences and the PritzkerSchool of Medicine, 76 Master of Arts in the Division of the Humanities, 3 Master of Fine Arts, 42Master of Science in the Division of Physical Sciences, 1 14 Master of Arts in the Division of SocialSciences, 11 Master of Science in Teaching, 7Master of Arts in Teaching, 379 Master of Business Administration in the Graduate School ofBusiness, 167 Doctor of Law, 102 Doctor of Philosophy, and 104 Doctor of Medicine.Four honorary degrees were conferred duringthe 368th convocation. Recipients of the Doctorof Science degree were Walter Gilbert, American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology, Harvard University; Motoo Kimura, Headof the Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; andDavid C. Phillips, Professor of MolecularBiophysics, University of Oxford. Recipient ofthe Doctor of Humane Letters degree was JacobNeusner, University Professor, Professor of Religious Studies, and. the Ungerleider Distinguished Scholar of Judaic Studies, Brown University.Two Llewellyn John and Harriet ManchesterQuantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching were given to Herbert C.Friedmann, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and the College and Melvyn J. Shochet, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics, the Enrico Fermi Institute,and the College.Philip B. Kurland, William R. Kenan, Jr., Distinguished Service Professor in the College andProfessor in the Law School, delivered the principal convocation address, entitled "Lament forCamelot."Bachelor of Arts candidates remarks weregiven by Mark S. Bauer, Marcia K. Beales, andJonathan H. Ginsburg.REPORT OF THE ACADEMIC REVIEWCOMMITTEE TO THEDEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYThe Chemistry Department of The University ofChicago has an international reputation basedboth on past achievements arid on present quality.Three Nobel Prize awards attest to the former,while the latter includes a long tradition of excellence in cosmochemistry in addition to extraordinary breadth and depth in chemical physics.National prizes and academy memberships recognize these areas of strength, and similar indicators of distinction may be found in theorganic/medicinal and inorganic components ofthis department. Having duly acknowledged theseattributes, the committee nonetheless concludesthat the department falls considerably short of thelevel of academic excellence which is generallyexpected and achieved at The University ofChicago.The quality of an academic department in anAmerican university has two components: the department's apparent standing relative to its peersin other universities, and its intrinsic quality asexpressed through the original contributions toknowledge of its student and faculty scholars.These two measures of quality may differ, and adepartment may be better than its external ranking. To deal with this issue first, the committeesees no reason for complacency: the overall external reputation of the department is excellent,but not sufficient to place it among the top fiveAmerican chemistry departments. The committee137believes that this reputation gives an accurate reflection of the department's quality. In the intensely competitive field of chemistry a few otherdepartments have remained strong by astute recruiting at both junior and senior levels, while atChicago past losses of distinguished scholars, difficulties in recruiting, and the imminent retirementof key personnel provide reasons for concern.Chemistry is a discipline in which two intellectual philosophies flourish, and much of itsvitality derives from the interplay of the two. Thefirst, in which Chicago excels, is strongly analytic:chemical physics and reaction mechanism studiesare conducted in this framework. The second isintuitive and descriptive: much of syntheticchemistry and biochemistry rely on this approach.The department has serious weaknesses in thisarea. To analyze the problem further, we discusseach of the main subdisciplines of chemistry separately below.Chemical physics at Chicago is outstanding. Asseen through the eyes of a physical chemist orchemical physicist in another institution, this department is one of the very best in the UnitedStates, and in some areas it is without peer. Interactions within the chemical physics faculty aresplendid. This area is healthy and has no majorproblems save impending retirements and theconsequent need for adding experimental strengthin the younger age group.Organic chemistry includes some very distinguished senior scholars but is grossly deficient inthe synthetic area. Without exception the firstseven chemistry departments in the AmericanCouncil on Education surveys include large, productive research groups in synthetic organicchemistry.In inorganic chemistry the tenured faculty consists of one very distinguished scholar. Indeed,the modern revolution in synthetic organometallicchemistry has not impinged heavily on this department. Most of the highest ranked departmentshave strong positions in inorganic/organometallicchemistry. Quite apart from the matter of department distinction, the present strength in inorganicchemistry is not even adequate to staff what thecommittee would regard as a minimal formalcourse offering in this area.Research involving both chemistry and biologyoffers many opportunities, and most of thestrongest chemistry departments have strong programs in biochemistry and biophysical chemistry,although the recipes for success vary considerably. The Chicago Chemistry Department issparsely represented here.To summarize, the department is strong in some areas, but conspicuously weak in syntheticchemistry. Development of strength in chemicalsynthesis is the most obvious and quickest way toachieve a significantly higher overall quality andranking and to enhance future contributions to themainstream of experimental chemistry.Strengthening synthetic chemistry at Chicagocould possibly be accomplished in a period ofthree to five years. What is required is the appointment in a concerted operation of severalestablished scholars in the synthetic organic andinorganic/organometallic fields. Such a dramaticmove would assure the academic chemistry community that Chicago is determined to excel on abroader research front and would increase itsdrawing power for students and junior faculty.The committee is reluctant to make a more detailed recommendation, but a minimum of threeestablished synthetic chemists would be requiredto provide a critical mass.It is essential that the addition of strength insynthetic chemistry should not be made at the expense of chemical physics. A buildup in the areaof synthesis would represent a substantial shiftfrom the exclusively analytical philosophy whichhas characterized the department. This philosophy is not consonant with the more intuitive approaches that often succeed in synthesis. Tomaximize the strength of the department, an atmosphere should be created in which both approaches can thrive.The costs of a significant buildup in syntheticchemistry must be faced squarely. On theUniversity-wide level it must be realized that experimental chemistry, and synthetic chemistry inparticular, is expensive. Laboratory space mayrequire modification, and, in addition, costly instrumentation must be procured to establish viable synthetic chemistry laboratories. A typicalprice tag for equipment alone to set up a syntheticchemist is $200,000 at 1977 prices. If chairs are tobe created, the costs are of course much higher.Thus the recommended course is likely to be amultimillion dollar operation.If the recommended change is effected, the return to the University would be of two kinds.First, by encouraging synthetic and descriptivechemistry, the University would gain access toone of the most active branches of modern naturalscience. This type of chemistry is important bothin itself and for its ability to contribute to otherfields. We note that many of the most productiveand important areas of chemistry in recentyears — protein crystallography, physical organicchemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, catalysis,polymer chemistry — have required contributions138from both physical/analytical and synthetic/descriptive chemists. Second, a better balanceddepartment would enjoy a better external reputation.The committee recommends that the ChemistryDepartment work closely with the Universityadministration to achieve a buildup of capabilityin synthetic chemistry. The success of this projectis contingent on dedicated participation at alllevels, and financial assistance from the University is essential.The committee also recommends that the department draw up a five-year plan after decidingwhat type of additions to its faculty will put it inthe strongest possible position in five years, withdue regard to building up synthetic chemistry andto retaining present strengths. This should be areal plan, not just a projection, and the desiredend point is its most important feature. Thus thedepartment and the University must be preparedto carry out a deliberate course of action but alsomust be able to respond as staffing opportunitiesare presented. It is particularly important that theinstantaneous numerical strength or distributionof the Chemistry faculty should not become amatter of undue concern during the five-yearperiod. With impending retirements to "borrowon" if necessary, a flexible attitude on this subjectwould seem warranted both within the departmentand on the part of the University administration,provided that the planned faculty size and composition at the five-year end point are achieved.The committee believes that successful execution of this project will elevate the Chemistry Department of The University of Chicago from itspresent good position into the first echelon ofAmerican chemistry departments.Professor David A . Shirley[Committee Chairman]Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor John D. BaldeschwielerDepartment of ChemistryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyProfessor Richard HolmDepartment of ChemistryStanford UniversityProfessor William S. JohnsonDepartment of ChemistryStanford UniversityProfessor George WhitesidesDepartment of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology.March 1978 REPORT OF THE VISITING COMMITTEETO THE DIVISION OFTHE PHYSICAL SCIENCES, 1 974-77The Visiting Committee to the Division of thePhysical Sciences held its first meeting inNovember 1974 and subsequently met threetimes, in May, during the academic years 1974-75through 1976-77. My tenure as chairman began inJanuary 1977 when I succeeded the foundingchairman, Peter G^ Peterson.The committee has concentrated on familiarizing itself with the programs, activities, and problems of the division. Meetings, normally precededby an informal dinner with the senior staff, consistof presentations by faculty on their research, reports by the dean and others on problems andopportunities facing the division, and tours of thedivision's facilities. Active discussion betweenfaculty and committee members characterizes themeetings. By the spring of 1977 the committeevisited the Departments of Chemistry, Geophysical Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics,and the Enrico Fermi and James Franck Institutes.In his letter of invitation to prospective members of the visiting committee, then-PresidentEdward H. Levi wrote, "In spite of the greatachievements of [past and present members of thedivision] and those of others at research centersaround the country, the future of basic scientificresearch is in serious trouble. The task of rethinking and re-evaluating the role of basic science andprivate higher education in modern society is notan easy one. Perhaps it shouldn't be." It is indeednot an easy one, but in our opinion it is of greatimportance to the future vitality of the physicalsciences at The University of Chicago. Duringthe past three years, the committee and the faculty have devoted much thought arid discussion toissues relating to this task, including the institutional consequences of research, the place ofapplied research in the division, patent policy andtechnology transfer, and University-industrialinteraction. The committee has given the most attention to this latter issue.At our second meeting, Professor Joseph V.Smith presented to the committee for commentthe preliminary findings of a faculty Committee onRelations with Industry. In approaching the question of the appropriate relation between this University and private industry, the visiting committee was mindful that the University' s strength andreputation in the physical sciences rest on basicresearch. Without a school of engineering, The139University of Chicago cannot and should not pretend to offer a strong program" in applied scienceor engineering. We recognize and affirm thestrong tradition of basic science in the division.Nevertheless, with the relative decline of federalsupport for basic scientific research, we believethe division must take a more active and entrepreneurial approach to its relations with industry. iJThe visiting committee accordingly recommendedthe establishment within the division of an Officeof Industrial Cooperation. Funding for the firstyear of operation was provided by a grant of$50,000 from Abbott Laboratories. The office gotunder way in April 1976 and appears to have hadappreciable success in increasing and improvingrelations between the University and private industry.Robert C. GunnessChairmanFebruary 21, 1978REPORT OF THE VISITING COMMITTEEON STUDENT PROGRAMSAND FACILITIES, 1977-78This report concerns the activities, developments,and problems of Student Programs and Facilitiesin academic year 1977-78 as these have beenbrought to the awareness of the visiting committee.The deans and their assistants are extremelysensitive to the dual problem of providing a richand satisfying extracurricular experience for students within the urban setting of the Universityand of convincing the public, including potentialparents and students, that such an experience actually is available at present, albeit it can andshould be augmented.The year has been marked by the opening of therenovated field house which has vastly increasedopportunities for both individual and team sports.The remodeling and refurbishing of the Shore-land, presently used as a dormitory, will providestudents with additional attractive living space ata cost which, though high, is stilliar less than thatfor a new building. The Shoreland is said to havethe highest "repeater" rate of any Universitydormitory.The Glenn Miller dance, sponsored by this visiting committee, was enthusiastically received bystudents, faculty, and neighbors, providing athoroughly enjoyable group experience.140 Two important student facilities are still in theplanning stages: a new theater and a student center in Ida Noyes. The theater would be an asset tothe whole city as well as to the University. Thearchitects' plans are complete and only await thenecessary funds. The spaces of Ida Noyes Hall,which was built as a women's center in 1915, require re-evaluating and remodeling if they are toserve the needs of today ' s young men and women.The campus badly needs a focal point for studentorganizations, meetings, general socializing, andmovies if it is to provide the kind of recreation andstimulation that makes a contented, cohesive student body. Plans for these facilities are proceeding, although at present it is not clear how theywill be funded.Jean F. BlockChairmanJune 13, 1978TUITION AND FEE INCREASESThe University of Chicago will increase tuitionrates for the 1978-79 academic year.The tuition rates have been approved by theBoard of Trustees, acting on the recommendationof the President, the Provost, the academic deans,and appropriate officers of the University.Beginning in the autumn quarter 1978, tuitionincreases for a normal three-quarter academicyear will be as shown in the table opposite.In order to help students meet the cost of aprivate education, the University will continue tosupport and offer a wide range of student aid. For1978-79, the University will devote over $5.25million from its general funds for direct studentaid and about $2 million in restricted scholarshipfunds. The University also expects to have morethan $4 million available in student loan funds.In a recent survey of tuition rates for undergraduates and graduate students in the arts andsciences at Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, MIT, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale, the University had thelowest tuition for 1977-78. The range of differenceat the undergraduate level was from $600 (Columbia) to $1030 (Yale). In the graduate arts and sciences, the range of difference between the University's Divisional tuition for 1977-78 and that of1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 $ increase1977-78 to1978-79 % increaseCollege $3,420 $3,720 $4,095 $375 10.0Divisions 3,630 3,930 4,305 375" 9.3SchoolsBusiness 4,050 4,425 4,875 450 10.2Law 4,050 4,350 4,800 450 10.3Medicine 3,630 3,930 4,380 450 11.4Divinity, Library, SSA,and Public Policy 3,570 3,870 4,245 375 9.7the other institutions listed was from $360(Northwestern) to $820 (Princeton and Yale).The proposed increase of $375 for all areas ofthe University except the Graduate School ofBusiness, the Law School, and the PritzkerSchool of Medicine, where the increase is greater,is not expected to significantly change the University' s level of tuition relative to the other institutions listed.The required hospitalization insurance feeunder Blue Cross/Blue Shield will increase from$36 a quarter in 1977-78 to $45 a quarter in 1978-79. All students are required to enroll in the University's group policy for students unless theyhave comparable group policy coverage.Charles D. O'ConnellVice-President and Dean of StudentsROOM AND BOARD INCREASESRoom charges in the University residence hallswill increase by an average of 11 percent andboard charges by 6 percent for the 1978-79academic year. This increase is necessary tocover the projected increase in operating costs.The University's residence halls and food ser-1977-78 1978-79 %increaseDouble roomFull boardTotal $ 8731,275$2,148 $ 9601,350$2,310 10.05.97.5Single roomFull boardTotal $1,1101,275$2,385 $1,2451,350$2,595 12.25.98.8 vices, as a unit, had an operating balance of$143,862 in 1976-77. When the nonoperating costsof debt service on outstanding mortgages are included, the overall net deficit was $199,665, downfrom $296,000 in 1975-76. Despite a 10 percentincrease in room charges and an 8.5 percent increase in board charges in 1977-78, additional expenses for labor and fuel and an unanticipatedcapital expenditure for furniture to accomodatesixty-five additional single students in Universityhousing make it likely that there will be an operating deficit in 1977-78 of $20,000. The nonoperatingcost for debt service will bring the net deficit to$317,000. An 11 percent increase in room chargesand a 6 percent increase for board in 1978-79 arenecessary if the 1978-79 net deficit is to be broughtback to the $210,000 level budgeted for 1977-78.Room and board charges at various institutionsare more difficult to compare than tuition becausedifferent services are offered. The typicalfreshman contract at The University of Chicago,for example, covers charges for a double roomand twenty meals a week. The contract at Harvard and Yale covers a double or multiple roomand twenty-one meals a week. Other institutionsoffer board plans of fifteen to twenty-one meals aweek, with two or three offering fewer meals but aweekend meal allowance. The University ofChicago's 1977-78 rates for a double room andboard rank sixth among the ten universities referred to earlier: lower than rates at Columbia,Harvard, MIT, Pennsylvania, and Yale; higherthan rates at Cornell, Northwestern, Princeton,and Stanford. The proposed 1978-79 rate increaseshould not affect Chicago's position in relation tothe estimated 1978-79 rate increases at the sameinstitutions.Charles D. O'ConnellVice-President and Dean of Students141REPORT OF THESTUDENT OMBUDSMANFOR THE SPRING QUARTER, 1978By Jack D. OhringerJuly 3, 1978As we mentioned previously in the winter quarterombudsman's report, the policy regarding the billing of students for visits to the emergency roomwill be repealed effective autumn quarter 1978.The continuing flow of cases into the ombudsman's office convinced the dean of studentsthat the policy was impracticable. Indeed, casesinvolving the policy are still trickling into theoffice, and some from previous quarters have yetto be satisfactorily resolved. These cases indicatethat it is difficult for students to assess the gravityof their condition prior to a visit and equally difficult for the director of Student Health to makejudgments in billing afterwards. We, for our part,often found it difficult to weigh the relative meritsof each case. The following account may serve toillustrate the quandary: Early one morning a student was struck by a car while jogging in Washington Park. Although he was scratched and bruisedby the fall, he seemed basically fit. Both the driverand the student were concerned, however, that hemight have sustained an unapparent injury. Thestudent therefore went to the Billings EmergencyRoom accompanied by the driver who offered topay for the visit. The student believed that hisstudent health plan provided coverage and informed the driver that it was not necessary for himto pay. The student was examined — and given aclean bill of health — approximately ten minutesbefore the Student Health Clinic opened. Unaware that bills were to dog his steps, the studentblithely resumed his morning jog. His injurieswere so minor, and the time for Student Health toopen so close, that the director decided to bill thestudent for the visit. The director's decision andthat of the student are both easily understood.Happily, the decision to revise the present policywill make the dilemmas presented by such cases athing of the past. -Beginning in autumn quarter,Student Health will <;over all visits to theemergency room by students. We trust that students, mindful of the inconveniences caused bythe present policy, will use the Student HealthClinic whenever possible and thereby reduce theexpenses which prompted the policy's adoption.We have received some complaints from stu dents who discovered that library books theyneeded were in the hands of professors who couldnot be prevailed upon to return them. While students are fined for failure to respond promptly torecall notices, and for overdue books, facultymembers are not. This privilege, when it is notabused, is readily accepted by most students, whoregard it as a traditional faculty prerogative. Fewof the faculty abuse it. The library informs us thatthose few who consistently act irresponsibly inthis regard are responsible for considerable inconvenience to students, staff, and the remainingfaculty. It is hoped that these habitual offenderscome to recognize the needs of the Universitycommunity, alter their behavior, and thereby preclude the establishment of an alternative arrangement.The ombudsman's office has received a coupleof complaints in a similar vein from studentswhose grades have not been turned in promptly.Often this puts the student in a rather awkwardsituation. The grade might be required in order tomeet deadlines for graduate school, transfer, orfellowship applications, yet students are reluctantto pester a professor who dallies. The ombudsman's office has been successful at gettingthe grades turned in — though not without considerable delay in some cases — but our interventionshould be unnecessary.Queries are periodically made of the ombudsman concerning the student loan repaymentprocedure. Under the Federally Insured StudentLoan Plan, students are scheduled to begin repayment nine months after studies are terminated.The University itself does not collect the loans.Instead billing is serviced by the Academic Financial Services Association, located in LosAngeles, California, making communicationsomewhat difficult and explanations sometimestedious. When difficulties arise with AFSA theombudsman refers students to Mr. RichardRoyce, Assistant Dean of Students, who is awizard at pinpointing and settling difficulties ofthis nature. Another issue which confused andoccasionally irritated students was the fact thatthe University sold their loans to an organizationcalled Sallie Mae (Student Loan Marketing Association). As explained in a memorandum from thedean of students office distributed to all currentborrowers: "Sallie Mae was created by an Act ofCongress specifically for the purpose of purchasing student loans and thereby providing institutions making insured student loans with theresources to continue making them to subsequentgenerations of students." The selling of loans is142both necessary and proper. Fortunately, SallieMae also employs AFSA as its billing agentthereby minimizing confusion. It is important,however, to correct any errors or misunderstandings regarding loan procedures as soon asthey are noticed. As with all bureaucracies —particularly ones armed with a computer — errorshave a tendency to proliferate.Jack D. Ohringer is the University Ombudsmanfor the 1977-78 term.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO RECORDVICE PRESIDENT FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRSRoom 200, Administration BuildingJs* 7£ \\* J^.v.OU ^.5o ;4~r*s fr .» #'*•*.i"1* i fj n *-*-*o O cIX c* *^->r" rm * **H S-wSH C/>oo *^_ o .iTJ I om S c 33D P "TJ2 > -n w 5POSTAGAID,0,ILLINTNO.31 oa0)3N0)•e o m¦*¦ TZ OCO 3