The University RecordVolume XVIII JANUARY I932 Number 1THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTETHE NEW BUILDING DEDICATEDHEN was the Oriental Institute conceived? Was it when, atRockford, Illinois, on August 27, 1865, James Henry Breastedwas born? Was it when, in 1888, this youngster began tostudy Hebrew in the Chicago Theological Seminary? Or was it when,later, in 1894, in the early years of the University, he became an " Assistant in Egyptology'7? No matter. Somehow the idea became implantedin his mind, and like every fermenting inspiration contagiously spread toothers. Eventually, in May, 191 9, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago was created by the Board of Trustees. Gradually theInstitute expanded, its inherent needs increased, its friends became generous, its hopes rose. Then came the time, through the generosity of Mr.John D. Rockefeller, Jr.— generosity based on intelligent and first-handinvestigation — when funds were provided for a building to house treasuresalready collected and those being discovered by the eager researchers ofthe several expeditions sent forth by the Institute.The new building, on the well-chosen site near the University Chapel,was begun in May, 1930, when with maroon-decorated spade Dr. Breastedbegan the excavation for the foundation. The structure was complete inthe spring of 1931, and then began the work of instaling the exhibits,some of them long stored in the basement of Haskell Hall.The formal exercises of dedication came on Saturday, December 5,1 93 1. In the assembly hall gathered some three hundred friends of theUniversity; so small a number necessitated by the size of the hall. Hadthere been more room many other hundreds of those interested alike inthe University, the museum, and the director, undoubtedly would havew2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcome to see and to hear that which the Institute had provided. Indeed,during the afternoon of the day of dedication, eighteen hundred peoplethronged the spacious halls of the building. The audience in the assemblyhall was worthy of the occasion. It brought to the auditorium not onlyChicagoans, but notable visitors, among them being Sesostris SidarousPasha, minister of Egypt to the United States.The dedication consisted of three noteworthy addresses delivered bydistinguished men. President Hutchins presided. The first speaker wasDr. John H. Finley, associate editor of the New York Times. PresidentHutchins introduced him in the following words:We meet today to dedicate a building which though beautiful and useful in itselfis of importance principally as a symbol. It is a symbol of the interest and attainmentsof the University in the field here represented, of the generosity and intelligence of thedonor, and most of all of the vision, energy, and achievement of the man who for fortyyears has been one of the brightest ornaments of American scholarship. We meet todaynominally to dedicate this building. We meet actually to honor Dr. Breasted. In thisprocess I am happy to present to you a person who from the dubious position of theyoungest college president in the world eventually rose to a place of respectability asassociate editor of the New York Times. His activities in education, journalism, andphilanthropy have earned him decorations from all the civilized and uncivilized countries of the globe and have made him so well known here that I hasten to presenthim to you without further introduction.THE WEST ORIENTING ITSELFBy John Huston FinleyIn this greatly beloved state of Illinois in which I learned my alphabet (though I cannot remember when I did not know both the English and the Greek alphabets), I mustfirst of all, in acknowledging the great honor you have shown me, thank not only you,Dr. Breasted, and Father Cadmus, who brought us our letters from the coasts of Asia,but also the Bedouin Sahmilat, a Sinaitic mine foreman, whom a scholar of this Institute has identified1 as the remotest ancestor of our alphabet, and so of the letters inwhich our Ten Commandments, the epics of Homer, the dialogues of Plato, and theaddresses of this dedication day are written. We may fitly begin these ceremonies with"Praised be God and Sahmilat. "From primitive times man in seeking to get his bearings on this sometimes bewildering planet has literally oriented himself, that is, has turned his face toward the East,the dawn, the rising sun. So may this institution, which bears the eastward-lookingname, be said to have as its high office that of helping the westward-moving civilizationto orient itself, to get its bearings and discover whether it is on the way toward the placefor which the race set out a million years or more ago in the Creator's purpose. Herein the Midwest, where as children a half century ago we used in our prairie school tosing of Chicago as the center of the fabled Land out West, has been set up an orienting1 The Alphabet: its Rise and Development from the Sinai Inscriptions, by Professor Martin Sprengling,in the "Oriental Institute Communications," No. 12.I¦¦ BBS m ¦ ¦ HW|oHOEnis S1W -en b,of§ sfcr ^« 8w ^H<HowWHTHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE 3house whose windows open, metaphorically if not geographically, not upon "the foamof perilous seas in fairy lands forlorn," but upon the young earth in which the man of thedawn came — a house sitting not as the Sphinx, "gazing out vainly upon the desert,"but beneath a Western sky which the Sphinx has never turned to see, beholding theSahara become again the sown, and seeing it blossom with a beauty that is glorious tothe view but terrifying in its loss.THE IMPERFECT PASTThe East in direction is the synonym for the Past in time, as the West is for theFuture. But it is not necessarily a dead past. There are, or were, in our Latin grammarsthree past tenses: first, the past perfect or pluperfect; second, the past or preterite, thebygone; and third, the imperfect past, whose action was being continued. The subjectwith the assistance of the verb was still living, loving, laboring, aspiring, however imperfectly. And especially interesting is the "imperfect" of that period when primitiveman was making his long upward climb toward civilization with nothing but his barehands and his partially developed brain to begin with (wherever he got them) — theperiod between the Neanderthal Galilee man whose bones were found in a cave nearLake Tiberias, and the Man of God and Son of Man who went about the towns ofGalilee teaching — the "aeons of man's ordeal," in which only a remembered personalitynow and then "separately endured," while billions, generation after generation, laidthemselves down in the desert from which they sprang and left no word except here andthere one which the archaeologist alone can read— the Logos of the Long Ago.I once suggested to the late Mr. Edison that I hoped before he had to go away fromthis earth he would invent an instrument that could recover the vibrations of the humanvoice which must still be in the ether encircling the earth, for they could not cease to bewith their first recording. We might then hear, as Justin Winsor once remarked on theshore of your own lake, before the coming of the radio, the prayer of Columbus out onthe Atlantic, the plash of the oars of the French explorers in these Western waters, or,I should now dare to add, the voice of Eve in the Garden, or even the Word that was inthe beginning with God.Fortunately, with our fresh inventions we can now give to the future the voices andcountenances of those who are living in this new Televictorian Age, as I have called it;but for the hundreds of thousands of years that lie back of these few thousand historiedyears, we shall have to rely upon what the archaeologists with their spades and theirmodern enginery can find in the solid rind of the earth instead of its ethereal envelope."Were but our planet's sphere flayed of this rind that wraps its lava and its rock,"as the late laureate of England has said, "this solar satellite would keep its motion inGod's orrery undisturbed." But without what is buried in that rind or daily added towhat Einstein calls the continuum on its surface and comes through the news into common consciousness, it would be as dead as the pluperfect moon.The slang expression of the street, "Be your own age," has been caught even intoeducational philosophy — as "to live in one's own time." But if one lives only in one'sday one is no older than one's years. One still remains in the first person, present tense,indicative mood, passive voice, into which one is born. Whereas one may easily be olderthan Methuselah — yes, as old as the world itself. As to Methuselah, although he lived tobe 969 and from circumstantial evidence was drowned (for he died in the year of theFlood), Robert Bridges in his "Testament of Beauty," which I have just quoted, haspictured him as still swimming on in that imperfect past tense into the present:4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"Old MethuselahWho, when the flood rose higher, swam from peak to peakTill with the last wild beasts tamed in their fear he satWatching the whelm of waters on topmost EverestAs that too was submerged while in his crowded arkNoah rode safely by."And here the imperfect past becomes present:"And sailors caught by stormOn the wild Indian ocean Have seen in the dark night a giant swimmer's headOn the sequent billows trailing silvery hairAt every lightning flash .... outriding the tempest."This Institute bringing to life again the dormant and the dead is helping us to beas old as man himself and yet as young as our years. Why should we have to wait tillwe die to be, as Fitzgerald's Omar Khayyam said, "one with yesterday's seven thousandyears"? When I was in college it was not quite six thousand (5890 to be exact, for according to the then accepted chronology man was created in the year 4004 B.C.), whilenow we are assured that the earth is two thousand million years old and that man hasbeen here for a million years.What a thrilling thing to be on this earth when the stars were young and man wasnew in it and then live through all the million years of his struggle upward, first in theopen and then huddled in cities that are now low "hummocks of dust"!VICTORIES ALREADY WONYou will be hearing from Dr. Breasted, the field marshal of the forces fighting for therecovery of the long past, an account of the campaign. But for myself, I wish in advance to congratulate you upon the victories already won, especially that of Armageddon. The most precious bit of earth should be that on which its last great battle was orwould be fought. The world could afford to pay the amount of its debts or remit themfor the site of that battle, if it could know certainly that it was the last. In the Bookof Revelation it is located at Megiddo, on the edge of the Plain of Esdraelon, in Palestine, near Mount Carmel. There, it is written, "the kings of the earth and of the wholeworld" were to be gathered in the last great conflict. There the voice of mourning ofHadadrimmon was heard over the death of Josiah; on the top of Carmel, near by, theprophet Elijah contended with the priests of Baal; in the "wonderful arena" before itmarched and countermarched Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans. Later on camethe Arabs, and then the Christian crusaders. Napoleon entered the plain by way ofMegiddo; and Allenby completed his delivery of the Holy Land in the strategic encompassing of the Turkish forces by his cavalry that swept out upon Esdraelon throughthe pass near Megiddo. I was by chance or predestination with him on that Septemberday in 19 18 when, as he said, "the Battle of Armageddon is on." By happy fate thisInstitute has become the owner of those few acres beneath whose long silent moundsthe story of centuries is written.But Armageddon is only one of the many cities of your specter empire, stretchingfrom Luxor in Egypt northward to the Highlands of Anatolia and eastward andsouthward across Mesopotamia into Persia. I salute you, Sovereign of these towns thatbecame tombs, walled "warrens of the waste," as Breasted Ptolisoter (nroXto-coT^p).When Ulysses after his voyages was entertained at the palace of Alcinous, King of theTHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE 5Phaeacians, and all "the Orient flamed with day" (as Pope translates the line), he iscalled the ptoliporthos, the "sacker of cities." But we hail you, Dr. Breasted, forwhom the Orient flames again with a new day (but who has seen the baths of allthe western stars), as Ptolisoter, the "saver of ancient cities." The palace of Pharaoh atLuxor gives you hospitality. The "Fertile Crescent" offers you its treasure (which,Respite Shishak's looting, to such aureate earth is turned that men want it dug upagain). Hittite and Hivite, Jebusite and Amorite, bring to you their tribute. AndKhorsabad, the gorgeous city of Sargon, yields its great winged bull, an early dream ofhuman aviation, with a man's face above the wings and the strength of bulls in its body,to be led captive to Chicago. What despot since Alexander the Great has had suchsway in the Near East!The Children of Israel were commanded to spend a week once a year in tents orbooths that they might be kept mindful of the way by which their ancestors had comeout of captivity — the Feast of Tabernacles. Here is an enlarged tent, a tabernacle, aspacious booth, in which people of all races — the great human race at large — may cometo get their bearings in this mysterious universe.And this is the proclamation I would suggest for the continuing Feast of this Tabernacle:"This shall ye do, O men of earth,Ye who've forgotten your far birth,Your forbears of the slanting skull,Barbaric, brutal, sluggard, dull(Of whom no portraits hang to boastThe ancient lineage of the host),Ye who've forgot the time when theyWere redolent of primal clayOr lived in wattled hut or cave,But, turned to dust or drowned by wave,Have left no traces on Time's shores- Save mounds of shells at their cave doorsAnd lithic knives and spears and dartsAnd savage passions in our hearts —This shall ye do : Some days each yearYe shall find time to wander hereWhere ye may hear the flying hoofsOf beasts long gone, the cries of thoseWho were your fathers' forest foes,Or see their shadows riding fastAlong the edges of the past; —All this, that ye may keep in mindThe nomad way by which mankindHas come from his captivity,Walking dry-shod the earth-wide sea,Riding the air, consulting stars,Driving great caravans of cars,Building the furnace, bridge and spireOf earth-control and heav'n desire,6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRising in journey from the clodInto the glory of a god."This shall ye do, 0 men of earth,That ye may know the crowned worthOf what ye are and hope renew,Seeing the road from dawn to you."Of Mr. Fosdick, the second speaker, President Hutchins said:As Dr. Breasted has, been rescuing old worlds Mr. Raymond Fosdick has been engaged in saving what is left of this one. Most of the time he has been at it single-handed.Part of the time he has had the assistance of Mr. Rockefeller, Jr. Mr. Fosdick is a member of all the Rockefeller boards, and in spite of the fact that he is therefore constantlylistening to financial appeals from this University he has managed to retain a friendlyand informed interest in it. His knowledge of world-affairs, of education, and of thisInstitute in relation to both make it peculiarly fitting that he should address you on thisoccasion.ARCHEOLOGY THE INTERPRETERBy Raymond B. FosdickIf ever we had an illustration of Emerson's dictum that an institution is the lengthened shadow of a man, we have it in connection with this Oriental Institute. Bricksand mortar are not substitutes for creative scholarship, but sometimes creative scholarship can be given a reasonable degree of permanence if it is suitably clothed. Pasteur andNiels Bohr and Flexner and Breasted — these are men for whom the world insists onsome kind of man-made immortality. For them we erect monuments while they yetlive — institutes and laboratories by which and through which their contributions tohuman knowledge can be made more effective. But back of the bricks and mortar thereis the man. If there had been no Breasted, there would have been no Oriental Institute;and without an Oriental Institute, the story of the rise of man would today be far lessvivid and far less complete.ARCHEOLOGY A SOBERING SCIENCENext to astronomy, archeology, it seems to me as a layman, is the most soberingscience. Astronomy deals with immensities of time and space in which the life of ourparticular planet is contemptibly insignificant. It speaks of a universe that is runningdown and of stellar systems that have their day and cease to be. It raises disturbingquestions about the place of man — if he has any place — in all this vast illimitable complexity.Only a shade less disquieting is the emphasis of archeology on the impermanence ofhuman institutions. It shows us the debris of civilizations that stretch from the dawnof history up to our own threshold — civilizations that dreamed of immortality and noware dead. The same pallbearers that carried out Sumeria and all its works were waitingon the doorstep for Tutankamen, just as later they waited for the civilizations of Periclesand Augustus. What archeology tells us is that nothing external is permanent. Sooneror later there comes to all human institutions the final rap on the door.This is what makes archeology a sobering science. It looks to the past, and it dealsTHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE 7with death. And yet, of course, in another sense it deals with life, too. The spark isnever extinguished. The fire never completely dies out. Civilizations perish and areforgotten; institutions are buried under hundreds of cubic feet of earth; but somehowor other the spirit remains to manifest itself in new forms. We cannot share today theconfidence of Herbert Spencer that "always toward perfection runs the mighty movement." The curve is frequently down rather than up. But we know that whatever thedirection and goal of the human pilgrimage — whether it be good or evil— the disappearance of one institution or of one civilization means the reappearance of another, andin the very fact of change there is always some element of hope.It seems to me that this is a point that could well be emphasized this morning. Weof this generation are living in one of those crises in history when changes of a far-reaching character are in the making. We are indeed in the midst of a revolution, and it israpidly gaining momentum. Ethics, law, philosophy, economics, politics, religion, education^ government — there is not a single field in which swift transformations are notoccurring. The world has outgrown its old framework, and the cracks and fissures whichare now appearing in the social structure seem to indicate the breaking-up of one eraand the starting-point of another. Apparently we have arrived at one of those crucialpoints— like the Renaissance and the Reformation — when old ideas and values no longerserve, and new intellectual scaffolding and new social controls have to be built on theashes of what has gone.Now the disappearance of an old era and the emergence of a new is always a frightening time, particularly when the process is rapid, and standards long accepted are givenup before fresh ones appear. Consequently many of us are uneasy and apprehensive.One of man's deep instincts seems to be his fear of change, his dread of uncertainty. Henaturally shuns whatever threatens to ruffle the stability of existence. He clings forprotection to the idea and the institution that is old and familiar. He is tempted tohang on to the shell of his social and economic life even after it has been outgrown, andto adhere to the husk and form of beliefs even after they are dead.My point is not that change is necessarily good: it is that change is not inherentlybad. Change may, indeed, indicate vitality and a capacity for growth. As Clifford, thehistorian, says: "A race in proportion as it is plastic and capable of change may be regarded as young and vigorous, while a race which is fixed, persistent in form, unable tochange, is as surely effete, worn out, in peril of extinction."SECURITY AND CIVILIZATIONMoreover, as Professor Whitehead has pointed out in a recent book, we are inclinedto put an excessive value upon placidity of existence. We make the mistake of thinkingthat the two words "security" and "civilization" mean the same thing. There is, ofcourse, a degree of instability which is inconsistent with civilization, and archeologytells us of civilizations that were shaken to pieces by insecurity. But tranquillity is notnecessarily the basis of progress, and the great ages have not always been the stableages. Indeed, there is ground for believing that the great ages have often been the unstable ages. Such was the age of Pericles; such was the twelfth century; such was theRenaissance. It is not security that chiefly develops the human spirit, but danger. Notin hours of placidity do men build a Chartres Cathedral, or paint the frescoes in theSistine Chapel, or write a constitution in Independence Hall. Unrest and instabilitycan also make their contributions to the cultural life of men. Insecurity is not withoutvalue as an antidote to stagnation.8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAs we look ahead into the next decade, it seems likely that there will be in the worldless security than in the immediate past, less stability. In the words of General Smuts,humanity has struck its tents and is once more on the march. A new adventure is beginning, a new search for justice, perhaps — who knows? — a new Renaissance. "Ah, butit is dangerous," you say. Of course it is dangerous. "We must expect that the futurewill disclose dangers," says Professor Whitehead. "It is the business of the future to bedangerous."When, therefore, archeology tells us that alteration and change await all human institutions, we need not be too sobered by the news. Frequently, indeed, revolutionarychanges are essential if humanity is not to bog down on the march. We have a strikingillustration, it seems to me, in our own generation. Our machines, which distinguish thisera from all others that preceded it, have fastened themselves on every detail of ourlives. They have called into being hundreds of millions of people who otherwise wouldnot have been born. For these hundreds of millions they are the sole means of existence.Stop the machines and half the people in the world would perish in a month.We originally created machinery in order to increase production. Now we find thatincreased production involves the necessity of increased consumption. Our problem hasbecome, not how to make things, but how to dispose of them; not how to produce goods,but how to produce customers. If we are to keep our machine civilization stable, consumption must constantly keep ahead of production; the appetite for more things ofevery kind must constantly be stimulated. One desire must be used to breed another,and these new wants in turn must be fed and nourished so that other new wants may beborn. As the editor of a New York newspaper recently remarked, the citizen's firstimportance to his country is no longer that of citizen but that of consumer.Consequently our civilization is predominantly a civilization of things. It is a civilization of electric refrigerators, automobiles, vacuum cleaners, and thousands of othercontrivances without which no man is happy and no home is complete. The desirabilityof their possession is shouted at us over the radio and proclaimed from every billboard,newspaper, and magazine. The ingenuity of modern business is devoted to the task ofcreating new things, of making people want what they never wanted before. We live ina kind of mental five-and-ten-cent store, our minds cluttered with gear. We are absorbed in the bewildering complexity of possessions which modern industry has produced as an answer to the simple question: "What shall we eat, what shall we drink,and wherewithal shall we be clothed?" President Hoover's King's Mountain addressspoke the philosophy of our time. "Compared with even the most advanced othercountry in Europe," he said, "we consume four times as much electricity and we haveseven times as many automobiles; for each thousand people we have more than fourtimes as many telephones and radio sets."PASSIONATE CONCENTRATIONI am not saying, of course, that automobiles and radio sets are bad. What I am saying is that the acquisition and use of all these things engross us in such passionateconcentration that life for most people is robbed of meaning, of dignity, and of thepossibility of beauty. Our generation is witnessing a head-on collision between thedriving necessities of machine industry and the good life. We have maneuvered ourselves — or we have been maneuvered by our machines — into a position where the veryexistence of our civilization seems to depend upon our capacity to consume. But noTHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE 9great civilization can be built on the ideal of consumption as the chief end of man.There can be no bright future for a race that uses means as ends. Today, as in all previous generations, there is the same fundamental incompatibility between the thingsof the world and the things of the spirit. Consequently ours is an age that would standcondemned by all the foremost teachers and prophets from the beginning of history.Socrates would riddle it with scorn; Plato and Aristotle would dismiss it as unworthy;Jesus of Nazareth would have none of it. Confucius, Buddha, Lao-Tsze — there is not aspiritual leader whose judgments we profess to revere in all the long line, to whom ouracquisitive civilization would not be anathema.At this moment, in the midst of our economic depression, we are praying for the return of prosperity. What do we mean by prosperity? Do we mean the shrieking high-power salesmanship and the fever of stimulated wants that made up the whole of existence before 1929? Do we mean a society of patterned minds in which every man desireswhatever his neighbor has, and life is a hectic race for gadgets and knickknacks? Itseems inconceivable that anyone would want to go back to such a condition. Theremust be something better. We were all of us caught in a system which was not of ourmaking and which we could not control. Now it has broken down. Are we merely topatch it up so that we can live as we lived before? Surely if prosperity means onlyhouses and furniture and automobiles and radios and telephones and all the other paraphernalia of living — and no life that transcends all these mechanisms — then we shouldearnestly pray that the blight of prosperity may never return.John Burroughs, in one of his essays, tells of a friend who said that if he outlived biswife, he would put on her tombstone: "Died of Things." When some future Breasteddigs down through the crust of our civilization — as some future Breasted will — it wouldindeed be lamentable if this had to be his conclusion: "Here lie the remains of a civilization that was smothered by its own possessions."Probably you think I am wandering rather far from archeology. But one of the significant purposes for which archeology and its sister, history, can be used, it seems to me,is to gain perspective, to enable us to judge the present with a little clearer vision andsee the future perhaps with a little more hope. Surely in relation to this new building,which today we dedicate under such happy auspices, I can think of no greater service itcould perform. These lofty halls can be the mirror of a relentlessly changing past. Herewe can see the records of ancient wisdom and old mistakes and lessons that were notlearned in time. Out of this building can come, if we use it wisely, knowledge and inspiration by which, even in the midst of this sorely troubled time, our generation canfind its way with surer footsteps to a fairer future.The last speaker was Dr. Breasted, who was heartily applauded whenPresident Hutchins said:I have the honor to present the man through whom by whom and for whom thisbuilding was built — administrator, author, teacher, scholar — the Director of the Oriental Institute, James Henry Breasted.IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE RISE OF MANBy James Henry BreastedWe are gathered here this morning to give some thought to the purpose and meaningof a new building associated with a great university. If this were a new building intended for the study and teaching of some branch of natural science, such as geology,or chemistry, or physics, we would be engaged in a routine familiar to us all, for suchlaboratories have long been known to us at other large universities. It is an interestingfact, however, that we would find no parallel to this building in any other university,either in America or abroad. Far from mentioning this fact by way of gratifying ourown vanity, I call your attention to it because it is a fact of which I am constantlyconscious as laying upon us a great and unique responsibility. It is a fact which obviously raises the question "Why?" When other universities have not recognized such aneed, why this new building here and why the researches to be housed in it?I have lived for more than forty years in daily realization of the need of such a building, and to me the natural question seems rather to be: "Why should science, whichbuilds its laboratories to investigate the history of every other creature from the frogto the horse, never have created a laboratory for the investigation of early man, themost important of all creatures?" The researches centering in this building make it alaboratory devoted to man, to his origins and to the evolution of the civilization whichwe have inherited. The life going on in this building invites you to a new vision of theplace of man in a universe out of which he has issued with new and sovereign powers tounderstand something of that universe and his own place in it.MAN'S PLACE IN NATUREFor ages man has seen himself against a background of Nature. Gradually his ownachievements have profoundly modified his ideas of his own position in the visibleworld about him. When Stone Age man shifted from hunting to agriculture and forthe first time felt his dependence on the fruitfulness of the earth, it led him to deifythe fertility of the green fields and to take his place as a child of the god of fertility. Itgave him a very simple idea of his place in the natural order. Since those primitivedays the profoundest minds have struggled with the problem of man's place in nature.The self-development, which was the deepest current in the growth of Goethe's mind,was conditioned by the expanding consciousness of his own kinship with Nature and thebelief that somehow man had come out of Nature. These thoughts eventually issued inGoethe's profound conviction of his spiritual oneness with Nature. A quarter of a century after Goethe died Darwin published his Origin of Species, and thereupon the conception of man's place in Nature hardened into mechanical and largely biological aspects of the emergence of man. It was especially in the writings of such men as theFrenchman Taine that these mechanistic and biological conceptions revealed theirdevastating effect upon a trained mind even though enriched by literary culture. Underthe light of modern science and its terrifying revelations man has begun to fear the tremendous idea that he is an outgrowth of the universe that holds him in its immutablegrasp. To be sure, some minds like that of Tennyson have kept alive the spiritualattitude so strongly held by Goethe. We really hear an echo of Goethe as we contemplate the figure of Tennyson standing by the cradle and for the first time looking intothe face of his first-born son, with the words, "Out of the deeps my child, out of theHV,w2owHHO2&c/3<J2HO|Q2•<oWHOwWHOgI— IUo-ITHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE IIdeeps." In an evolutionary age, however, there was little upon which this mysticallyspiritual attitude of Tennyson could be based.THE GAP IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN CAREERSince then the natural scientists have labored on and the physical origins of manfrom the lower animals have become far clearer. But between the historians and thenatural scientists there has been a "great gulf set," with the result that we now have,on the one hand, the paleontologist with his picture of the dawn-man enveloped inclouds of archaic savagery, and, on the other hand, the historian with his reconstructionof the career of civilized man in Europe. Between these two, the paleontologist withhis archaic savage on the one hand, and the historian with his account of civilizedEurope on the other, stand we orientalists endeavoring to bridge the gap. It is in thatgap that man's primitive advance passed from merely physical evolution to an evolutionof his soul, a social and spiritual development which transcends the merely biologicaland divests evolution of its terrors. It is the recovery of these lost stages, the bridgingof this chasm between the merely physical man and the ethical, intellectual man, whichis a fundamental need of man's soul as he faces nature today. We can build this bridgeonly as we study the emergence and early history of the first great civilized societiesin the ancient Near East, for there still lies the evidence out of which we may recoverthe story of the origins and the early advance of civilization, out of which Europeancivilization and eventually our own came forth.THE ORGANIZATION NEEDED FOR BRIDGING THE GAPThat is the greatest task of the humanist today; but no group of orientalists howevergifted or able, if organized solely as a university department, as teachers of the historyand the languages of the Orient, can undertake to recover the evidence still lyingscattered far across the hills and valleys of the ancient Near East. What is required inthe first place is such an organization as will permit the employment of a large group ofefficient field men with practical archaeological training, who can be associated withthe philologists and historians of a university department of oriental languages. Ifsufficient funds are available the field staffs and the university department at homecan then co-operate in a far-reaching, twofold process, first, the task of salvaging thevast body of evidence still surviving in the field, and second, the task of studying andinterpreting the evidence as it is received from the field by the scientific staff at home.Thus the formerly more or less helpless university department of oriental languagesbecomes part of an effective organization in which it serves as the interpretative organ.We thus link together the far-flung salvaging operations in the field and the interpretative group at home in one great co-operative organization.THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTEThis organization of home and field staffs, which we have called the Oriental Institute, began its work in the autumn of 1919, and is, therefore, twelve years old. Its resources were at first very modest, consisting of a subscription of $10,000 a year for fiveyears, contributed by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., in the spring of 1919. This personalsubscription by Mr. Rockefeller, Jr., steadily increased, and at the same time the General Education Board and the International Education Board made large appropriationsfor the expansion of the new institute. It was, however, not until five years ago that theOriental Institute was able to launch a comprehensive program of research, providingfor a field expedition in each of the great ancient oriental civilizations of the Near East:12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThese are now at work in Anatolia (Hittite civilization), Syria, Palestine, Assyria,Babylonia, Persia, Egypt, and Northeast Africa, making a total of twelve expeditions.They form the most far-reaching archaeological organization ever projected.[At this point congratulatory cablegrams received by the Institute from these expeditions were read by the speaker, including a remarkable forty-eight line inscription ofXerxes, just discovered by Dr. Ernst Herzfeld at Persepolis.]Thus for the first time a single organization is now able to control and to correlatethe results of research and excavation throughout the leading early civilizations in asingle composite reconstruction of the course of ancient human life before the rise ofEurope. A small fraction of the evidence thus far recovered is installed in the museumhalls which we are about to visit. We shall pass through these halls, five in number, inthe following order: Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia and Islam, Palestine and theHittites.WESTERN ASIA AND THE RISE OF BUSINESS AND LAWThese names at once suggest the diversity of peoples which produced the compositecivilization of Western Asia. Indeed the history of Western Asia is made up of onebrilliant eruption after another arising from the intermingling of invaders and invaded.There is no unbroken evolution of a single society stimulated by the ferment and frictionof its own internal forces. The foreign invader periodically diverts the developmentinto new channels and produces sudden dislocations in the evolutionary process, likethe fall of Nineveh before a combination of foreign foes, or the capture of Babylon byCyrus and the Persians. It is a vast and intricately complicated mosaic which we areendeavoring to piece together in Western Asia.It was a still greater complex of civilization resulting from the commingling of thelife of Egypt and Western Asia which eventually reached Europe and furnished thecultural basis on which European civilization arose. It was in the Near East that mandeveloped the whole material basis of life, as grain and cattle, linen, wool, and manufactured merchandise gradually built up the earliest commercial world in the Near Eastat a time when Europe was still primeval forest. In the thousand years between 3,000and 2,000 B.C., the merchants of Babylonia created the idea of credit which still bindstogether the great peoples of the world or leaves them helpless and disorganized whenits cementing power breaks down as it now seems to have done. You may enter ourBabylonian halls and see there masses of business documents, some of them reachingback to nearly 3,000 B.C. The commercial and social relations which produced them builtup a body of usages in business and social life which became inviolable and graduallytook shape in laws which, long before 2,000 B.C., were put together in a highly developedform by the great Hammurabi, whose remarkable code you may see in replica in theBabylonian Hall. Thus the work of man's hands in agriculture, cattle-breeding, manufactures, and building merged into more highly developed forms of human organization.Society gained classes and men of gifts gained leisure.THE RISE OF ART, LITERATURE, AND SCLENCEThis situation made possible the earliest flowering of art and literature as the humanmind discerned entirely new and undiscovered ranges where it might wander. In anaddress so brief, I cannot even suggest the character and achievements of the earliestnational art in Egypt and Western Asia. That until recently little was known of it,even in this University, may be observed from the fact that in his opening lecture,inaugurating the Renaissance Society of the University, one of our own colleagues summarized the art of the Orient as "the winged bulls of Assyria and the Jackal-headedTHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE 13Anubises of Egypt." In spite of this terrifying epigram we have since annexed one ofthe said winged bulls, and you can this morning decide for yourselves whether you regard it as successful art.In literature I can make only one reference, I could show you a papyrus containinga government report embedded in which is a single statement disclosing admiration ofa beautiful scene along the Syrian coast. It was written in the twelfth century B.C., andit is the earliest surviving expression in human speech of man's love of beauty in nature— the beginning of a long development which has culminated in the poetry of Shelleyand Wordsworth.Through an obscuring veil of superstition men looked out upon a mysterious worldwhich they longed to understand as we do today. The demand to do so was at first asocial summons, the need of human suffering, which called forth efforts at alleviation.The oldest known treatise on surgery, which was written in Egypt nearly 5,000 yearsago, discloses to us the thoughts of the earliest man who reveals a scientific attitudeof mind. This treatise is, therefore, the earliest document in the history of science.Less than a thousand years later the Egyptians were already writing mathematicaltreatises of astonishing penetration. The area of the circle was computed by takingeight-ninths of the diameter and squaring it. The value of t thus gained was 3.1605,which differs less than two one-hundredths from the value of ir current at the presentday. This led to a formula for computing the area of the surface of a hemisphere, amethod rediscovered by the Greeks 1,300 years later. A recently deciphered papyrus atMoscow has disclosed a surprising ancient Egyptian formula for the computation ofthe cubical contents of a truncated pyramid, that is a pyramid cut off part way up ina plane parallel with the base. This formula, which was unknown to the Greeks, wasfirst stated in Europe by Leonardo of Pisa in a.d. 1220, three thousand years after ithad been discovered by the Egyptians.The supreme achievement of science in the Orient was Babylonian astronomy. Asfar back as the twenty- third century B.C., the Babylonian astrologers observed aneclipse of the moon which has been calculated to have occurred in 2,283 B-c- But at thatremote date such observations were only occasional and they were likewise very inaccurate and unsystematic. Gradually it became customary to make more frequent observations, until 747 B.C., in the reign of the Babylonian king Nabonassar, the series ofobservations became continuous and a record of them was carefully kept on file. Thisfile furnished the first long series of astronomical observations ever made by man, andtherefore the first great body of astronomical knowledge. It is an extraordinary factthat modern astronomers have not yet been able to accumulate a series of observationsequally long. The Babylonian series continued for over 360 years, while the longestknown series of modern observations, that at Greenwich, which began in 1750, has nowbeen going on about 181 years, or about half the length of the Babylonian series.The use to which the Babylonian astronomers put these scientific archives is anastonishing demonstration of the scientific attitude of mind. About 500 B.C., the Chaldean astronomer Naburimannu was able to calculate the annual movements of the sunand moon with an error of less than ten seconds for the entire year. A little over a century later the Chaldean astronomer Kidinnu, whom the Greeks called Kidenas, greatlysurpassed this accuracy, reducing the error in a year's revolution to one second. Indeedone of his measures of celestial motions even exceeds in accuracy the figures that havelong been in practical use by modern astronomers. This was because he had before him360 years of lunar observations, and no modern astronomer has any such body of records at his disposal. Eventually Kidinnu discovered the slow change in the obliquity14 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the earth's axis which we call the precession of the equinoxes, an achievement hithertoattributed to the Greeks.THE GREEKS INHERIT BABYLONIAN ASTRONOMYIt is now obvious that Thales made his famous prediction of a solar eclipse on thebasis of Babylonian observations, and we now know also that when the Greek engineerMeton was trying to introduce a scientific calendar at Athens, he took the length of hisyear from the Babylonian Naburimannu. These two remarkable Babylonians, Naburi-mannu and Kidinnu, who first revealed to men a majestic system of the celestial worldand thus became the founders of astronomical science, remain today an imperishablescientific and intellectual bond between the early East and civilized Europe.UNDISTURBED EVOLUTION OF CIVILIZATION IN THE NILE VALLEYSuch glimpses of early man's intellectual conquests, as revealed in surgery, mathematics, and astronomy, disclose to us the fact that man was advancing for thousandsof years at many points along a wide and imposing front. In Western Asia as we haveseen, that front was broken up by invasions and shifting movements of early populations, which produced constant complications and makes it increasingly difficult tofollow the human advance. In the Nile Valley, however, safer frontiers, while by nomeans impenetrable, made ancient Egypt a kind of social laboratory where we maywatch almost uninterruptedly the successive stages of human evolution.As you enter the Egyptian Hall in this building, you will find at the right a group ofstone implements, all of which were found embedded in geological formations in theNile Valley. They therefore belong to known geological periods. They stretch from theearliest known stone artifacts almost down to the Late Stone Age or the Neolithic, andthey form the first such geologically dated series of stone tools, covering a period ofmany thousands of years, ever discovered. During the period which produced them,the Nile cut down its channel through a hundred vertical feet of solid rock. It was notuntil long after this period of probably several hundred thousand years, which we canfollow only in gradually improving stone tools, that man gained cattle-breeding andagriculture. Thereupon with the development of a settled manner of life, the evolutiongradually became a social process.MAN'S EARLIEST TRIUMPH OVER MATERIAL FORCESFrom that time to this, man's life has been periodically involved in a struggle between the tremendous impression received from the natural world and the humanerimpulses that are engendered by social experience and social struggle. In the NileValley we can watch the first of these periodic struggles and with sympathetic understanding we can follow the first great age of spiritual disillusionment. We watch thetriumphant conquest of material forces, at first slow and then moving with astoundingrapidity as these ancient Nile dwellers came completely under the spell of their materialtriumphs.In the Cairo Museum you may stand in the presence of the massive granite sarcophagus which once contained the body of Khuf u-onekh, the architect who built theGreat Pyramid of Gizeh. His name means "Khufu lives," or in its Greek form "Cheopslives" — certainly a significant name for the builder of a pyramid which is still thegreatest of all masonry buildings. Who does not know the Pyramid of Cheops? Let usin imagination follow this early architect to the desert plateau behind the village ofGizeh. It was then bare desert surface, dotted only with the ruins of a few small tombsTHE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE 15of remote ancestors. The oldest stone masonry construction at that time had beenerected by Khufu-onekh's great-grandfather. Only three generations of architects instone had preceded him. We can easily imagine Khufu-onekh's grandfather saying tohim, "My father put up the first stone building ever erected in Egypt." There probablywere not many stone masons, nor many men who understood the technique of buildingin stone as Khufu-onekh took his first walk on the bare Gizeh Plateau, and staked outthe ground plan of the Great Pyramid. Conceive, then, the dauntless courage of the manwho told his surveyors to lay out the square base 755 feet on each side! When that hadbeen done Khufu-onekh was looking out over a square of naked desert containingthirteen acres. He must have looked across the Nile at the quarries some thirty milesdistant, and perhaps he made a quick calculation: "It will take nearly two and a halfmillion blocks each weighing two and one-half tons to cover this square of thirteenacres with a mountain of masonry 481 feet high; but I will do it!" This is the first timein the history of man that we are thus able to put our yardstick athwart a human mindand take the measure of its courage in terms of cubic feet of masonry and colossalorganizing achievement in engineering never again to be equaled. The Great Pyramidof Gizeh is thus a document in the history of the human mind. It clearly discloses man'ssense of sovereign power in his triumph over material forces. For himself and for hissovereign the pharaoh's engineer was achieving the conquest of immortality by sheercommand of material forces — an immortality that consisted in survival of the king'sbody sheathed in an imperishable husk of masonry.THE EGYPTIANS, THE DISCOVERERS OF CHARACTER. MAN DISCOVERS THEINNER VALUES, THE DAWN OF CONSCIENCEHere then was a man still under the tremendous impression of the physical world,the world about him, but not yet aware of the world within him. When five or six hundred years of desert storms had buffeted the Great Pyramid of Gizeh and its companionson the Sahara Plateau, a thoughtful Egyptian looked up at the pyramids and sang ofthe colossal futility of merely physical survival of the body. The human soul hadentered the first great age of disillusionment. We begin to hear remote voices that proclaim the utter futility of material conquest. As if through the dust and tumult of anengrossing conflict man for the first time caught something of the veiled splendor ofthe moral vision. He began to hear the voices within himself, and out of the conflictof social forces he gradually became conscious of the inner values. Thus the Egyptianswere the discoverers of character. Not projected from the outside into a world of unworthy men by some mystic process which our old school theologians called inspirationor revelation, but springing out of man's own life illumining the darkness of social disillusionment and inner conflict, a glorious vindication of the worth of man, the dawnof the age of conscience and character broke upon the world, a historically datableevent, about 2,000 B.C. It was the outgrowth of man's own social experience, it sprangout of his own soul, and no outworn theological doctrine of inspiration, no conceptionof a spot-light of Divine Providence shining exclusively on Palestine, shall despoil manof this crowning glory of his life on earth, the discovery of character. It is the greatestdiscovery in the whole course of evolution as far as it is known to us. It was the discovery of a new realm at whose gates we are still standing hesitant.EARLLEST MATERIALISM DEFEATED BY MAN'S DISCOVERY OF CHARACTERIn our museum halls we can actually look upon the evidences of the transitionfrom the age of materialism to the age of conscience and character. You will find in ouri6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEgyptian Hall a group of twenty-seven statuettes with which a cemetery official, whoserved under the shadow of the Great Pyramid nearly 5,000 years ago, equipped histomb. These painted limestone figures represent his household, his children, and hisservants engaged in grinding and sifting flour, mixing and baking bread, brewing beer,slaughtering cattle and poultry and cooking them; making pottery, casting metal,carrying their master's messages, or, with three harps and a drum, making music whilehe ate. Thus, in the pyramid age, the first half of the third millennium before Christ,the Egyptian conceived his needs in the hereafter as being purely physical gratification.Alongside the case containing these statuettes is a cedar coffin with raised lid, bearingon the inside pictures of the food and drink which carry on the old ideas of the needsof man beyond the grave. But on the inside of the lid is a long writing containing theearliest intimations that happiness in the next world will be dependent on worthy moralconduct in this world. There was a lapse of perhaps five hundred years between thecemetery official who wanted merely food and drink in the next world and the deadman who had his coffin so painted that as he lay in it and looked up at the lid he wouldhave staring him in the face the new fact that he might expect felicity beyond only ashe had lived a worthy life here.Today you may walk between these two cases in the museum and standing therecontemplate the original evidences, the actual original tokens of this supreme transitionin the life of man in its rise from savagery to civilization: the first defeat of materialism— the earliest dawn of conscience, the discovery of character — the emergence of socialidealism. This tremendous transition went on as a process entirely independent of religion. It transformed religion, however, for it brought forth for the first time a god ofbrotherly kindness. When men began to live as tillers of the soil, the chief of theirdivinities was a god of fertility; when the state arose with a king at its head and mencaught their first vision of a supreme personality, they called their god a king. Finally,when society developed and the friction and ferment of social struggle had taught menkindness and forbearance, they discerned for the first time a god of character and ofbrotherly kindness, whom they called "the good shepherd," two thousand years beforethe Good Shepherd of Christian faith. It was thus from the richly colored palette ofhuman life itself that man drew the colors with which he glorified his picture of his god.That splendid vision arose out of the earliest spiritual revolution. It was caught up andexalted by the Hebrew prophets and through them has brought into our lives a lightwhich still shines from the East. Thus at its culmination the evolution of man passedto a higher level than that of merely biological processes.I have given you some rapid glimpses at a few of the new materials by which wehave begun to bridge the gap between the emergence of physical man and the rise ofEurope. It is by these researches that we are slowly creating what I have called theNew Past. They form a task which must go on for centuries, and as it proceeds nowand later, its results will disclose to us and to our posterity an ever clearer vision of thehighest process in the Universe, as far as we know it today — the unfolding life of man.It is to these purposes that we dedicate this building.At the conclusion of the foregoing address, Dr. Breasted, in companywith President Hutchins, Mr. Fosdick, and Dr. Finley, took his positionat the bronze gates leading into the first exhibition hall, where in the presence of the Board of Trustees and the assembled guests, he formallyunlocked the gates to the public for the first time.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEEDBy CHARLES TEN BROEKE GOODSPEEDCHAPTER IVSECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGON JUNE i, 1890, the two campaigners found themselves as therepresentatives of the Education Society with pledges for some$1,100,000 to collect, and the organization of the college tobegin. They rented a little office on the seventh floor of the old InsuranceExchange, now 208 South LaSalle Street, from which they at once startedthe work of collecting the pledges. At the same time they began lookingfor members of a Board of Trustees for the new institution. In additionto a dozen or more of the large contributors, they recommended ProfessorHarper, Rev. A. K. Parker, and Edward Goodman, one of the owners ofThe Standard, so often mentioned in the previous chapter. Three alumniof the old university were among the members of this first board, one ofthem, Eli B. Felsenthal, who had helped so much in interesting the Jewsin the campaign. On Mr. Hutchinson's advice, they included Martin A.Ryerson, who had been in Europe while the campaign was in progress,and who thus began his long service to the University which has continuedwith increasing value to the institution to this time, more than fortyyears.The six persons who signed the application for the certificate of incorporation were John D. Rockefeller, E. Nelson Blake, Marshall Field,Francis E. Hinckley, Fred T. Gates, and Thomas W. Goodspeed. Inorder to use the name "The University of Chicago/' it was necessary toget the board of the earlier University of Chicago to meet and changeits name. This required some diplomacy but was accomplished. The newboard had met informally on July 9, 1890, and had chosen its officers,including Dr. Goodspeed as secretary, but it was September 10 beforethe incorporation was completed. After their first meeting, July 9, whichDr. Harper attended, Messrs. Gates and Goodspeed took him out andgave him his first glimpse of the future site, meantime pressing upon himthe duty of accepting the presidency. He wrote back to Mr. Gates thaton getting on the street car after leaving them, he "felt an awful relief..... I am afraid that my only hope for relief is to keep out of the wayof you two men,"17i8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThis is not the place to tell the steps by which the plans for a collegeunder Dr. Harper's guidance supported by Mr. Rockefeller's great giftschanged into a University. Endless meetings of committees and of theboard were, of course, held, which Dr. Goodspeed attended as secretary.At the beginning, he performed the duties of business manager, as far assuch duties were required; but, of course, these matters were outside thescope of his experience and interests, so that he was glad to see them transferred to more competent hands.After President Harper came to Chicago to live and the campaign fora million dollars in ninety days for buildings began, Dr. Goodspeed wasagain in his element. He shared all the earlier similar campaigns withthe President, though, as always, the large donor expected to be askedby the President in person and to make his gift to him. An excellent illustration of his share in these efforts was the case of the gift of Cobb Hall,which he describes in his sketch of the life of Silas B. Cobb. This giftgave Mr. Cobb the greatest satisfaction. When he died, eight years later,President Harper conducted his funeral and Dr. Goodspeed was one of thesix honorary pallbearers.Shortly after the University opened, Dr. Goodspeed's office had beenmoved from the Chamber of Commerce Building at Washington andLaSalle streets to Cobb Hall. He therefore rented his Morgan Park houseand moved to the neighborhood of the University, buying the frame houseat 5630 Kimbark Avenue, which he enlarged to provide the rooms required for his family of six. The family lived in this house until June,1916, when it was sold and he moved to a larger one at 5765 BlackstoneAvenue, which he continued to occupy as long as he lived.Dr. Goodspeed was fifty-one when he moved into the Kimbark Avenuehouse and nearly seventy-four when he left it. His father and his sister-in-law died there. Some of the saddest and many of the happiest experiences of his life occurred there. This move to Hyde Park involved leavingthe Morgan Park Baptist Church after sixteen years of service, first aspastor and afterward as one of its most active members. He and hisfamily at once joined the Hyde Park Baptist Church, then a body of250 members, meeting in a little frame building at Fifty-fourth Streetand Madison (now Dorchester) Avenue.Dr. Goodspeed was a most active and faithful church man, who notonly attended church twice on Sunday, but was always at the mid-weekmeeting. During his thirty-four years' membership in his new church hewas a leader in all its activities. He was at times a deacon; sometimesFrom the Painting by Louis BellsTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED"An excellent likeness and a good picture"THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED J9taught a class in the adult department of the church school; acted aschairman of the pulpit committee when the church called Charles W.Gilkey, then only twenty-nine years of age, to his eighteen-year pastorate.He was at all times a leader in the financing of the church, giving far morethan his share, and taking an active part not only in soliciting pledgesprivately but in presenting the needs of the church to the congregationwhen necessary. When its present site at Woodlawn Avenue and Fifty-sixth Street was purchased, he obtained it on unusually favorable termsfrom Marshall Field's representative, Henry Dibblee; and later whenthe auditorium was erected, he obtained a contribution of $15,000 towardthe cost of the building from John D. Rockefeller.Of Dr. Goodspeed's relation to this church Trevor Arnett writes:I had been attending the church and taking part in its activities, especially those ofa financial kind and had been elected treasurer but had not become a member. Indiscussing the question of becoming a member there was the same clear statement ofduty and responsibility which was characteristic of him, coupled with a restraint andmodesty and tactful consideration for previous associations which made his efforts sopersuasive and successful. As treasurer of the church I found Dr. Goodspeed, as Mr.Gates had found him in former years, a reinforcement sent by divine providence and adecisive factor in my success.It was due to his example and enthusiasm that during the eleven years in which I wastreasurer the church did not have a deficit and constantly increased its contributions tomissions and outside activities. Whenever in the church there was an effort undertaken to raise funds for any purpose, it was Dr. Goodspeed who, after being convinced of the worthiness of the object, made the opening speech and in a mannerdifficult to describe in writing, but which will never be forgotten by those who listened to him, placed the matter before the church in such a clear and inspiring waythat enthusiasm and ambition to succeed were aroused and pledges were made promptly and spontaneously. The enthusiasm was all the more contagious because he invariably led off by making a contribution very much larger than his means and his sharerelatively demanded. I have heard it said that when a member was asked for a contribution he could not refuse, and moreover he could not offer a pledge unworthy of hismeans because of his knowledge of what Dr. Goodspeed himself had given. It was hiscustom to place the matter before the person with conviction and clarity and leave tohim the size of the gift he should make.I have spoken of his influence and leadership in the finances of the church, but it wasequally pronounced and decisive in all other departments of the work. He was nevera dictator, but a leader and guide who was loved, admired, and respected. "He alluredto brighter worlds and led the way."Many of the dearest friends of Dr. Goodspeed's later life were connected with this church, including Presidents Harper, Judson, and Burton,Dean Albion W. Small, Professor Frank J. Miller, John Mason Jackson,Daniel A. Peirce, and Charles A. Marsh.20 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAN ENTHUSIASTIC SUPPORTER OF ATHLETICSIn the fall of 1890, Dr. Goodspeed was persuaded to attend a Yalefootball game at New Haven with his nephew, George, and his son, Edgar.He enjoyed the game greatly; and as soon as a football team was organized at the new institution, he became a regular attendant at the homegames. In fact, he was an enthusiastic supporter of all forms of University athletics. Financing athletics was difficult before there was. a grandstand of any considerable seating capacity, and on at least one occasionhe joined Mr. Stagg and Dr. Harper in signing a note for a substantialamount to carry the athletic treasury over a crisis. He became one of thefavorite speakers at football rallies and "pep meetings." When the University opened, he was one of the few elderly men on the ground, andwith his white hair and beard looked venerable, though hale and vigorous.As the years passed and his athletic interest became traditional, someonenamed him "the youngest rooter of them all." When a gold watch wasto be presented to Walter Eckersall, the famous football star, he wascalled upon to make the presentation speech on the field between thehalves of the Thanksgiving game. He rarely followed the team to anout-of-town game, but he did attend the famous post-season game of 1899,when Chicago won the western championship by defeating Wisconsin atMadison 17 to 0. After the game, wide hatbands reading, "Ha, Ha, Itold you so!" were distributed among the Chicago rooters; and thusdecorated, all marched in triumph down the main streets of Madison tothe train. At the next football rally, he electrified the meeting by beginning his speech with that cry of victory uttered in stentorian tones.His interest in other forms of athletics cooled as the years passed, buthe continued to attend all home football games until the middle of theseason of 1927, a few weeks before his death. His was not a platonic interest. He wanted to see his team win and enjoyed a victory with wholehearted enthusiasm.While Dr. Goodspeed got much pleasure by the way, his regular dutieswere often far from pleasant in those early days of the University.President Harper's great plans involved expenditures entirely beyond themodest income provided. Deficits early appeared, then became chronic.In January, 1893, four months after the University was opened, Mr.Martin A. Ryerson offered $100,000 toward $500,000 to provide for thespecial expenses incidental to the opening. The panic of that year paralyzed the effort and it took a couple of years to get the money, even including gifts outside the scope of the original plan. Mr. Rockefeller cameto the rescue repeatedly, though with increasing reluctance. Dr. Good-THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 21speed had spent twelve years rescuing one institution from bankruptcyand had a horror of debt. He therefore struggled at first on his own initiative and afterward officially, as one of the three members of the Committee on Expenditures, to prevent the constant addition of items ofexpenditure not included in the budget. Greatly as he admired and lovedthe young President, and much as Dr. Harper thought of him, this condition continuing for years, was a serious strain on their personal relations.Nothing of this ever appeared on the surface, but both men were consciousof it.In the earliest days of the University, Dr. Goodspeed was for a timethe only local member of its staff and necessarily the spokesman of theinfant institution in its relations with the press. He developed suchadaptation to this work that he was continued in charge of it until hisretirement. His relations with the reporters, both regular and student,were pleasant so that they habitually quoted him, almost always kindly.His name, therefore, became familiar to newspaper readers.He became registrar in 1897 and, as such, had charge of the collectionof the tuition and room rent of the students. All students dealt with hisoffice and, in case of any difficulty, usually with him personally. In thisrelation, his kind and friendly way of meeting them resulted in makinghim a popular man on the campus, as was shown when in 1910 the studentannual, The Cap and Gown, was dedicated to him.After the President's office was removed to Haskell Hall, the businessoffices for many years were located in the southeast room on the firstfloor of Cobb Hall, Major Henry A. Rust, the business manager, andDr. Goodspeed, as registrar and secretary, having private offices on theeast side of the office, the accounting work being carried on in the restof the room. There Trevor Arnett began work as a student and steadilyadvanced till he was made auditor, and there grew up the friendship andaffection between Mr. Arnett and Dr. Goodspeed that was broken only bythe death of the latter.From the completion of the raising of the first fund for founding theUniversity until his death, a month's vacation in the north woods wasa regular part of Dr. Goodspeed's life. In 1891 it was spent on Island,now Sunday, Lake, a few miles west of Minocqua. In 1892, 1893, and1894, delightful vacations were passed at John Mann's hotel, the Mani-towish, on Trout Lake, a dozen miles north of the same town. The greatevent of that summer was the discovery of Plum Lake. The Goodspeedswere fond of exploring, and seeing this long narrow lake on the mapmiles from any town and far from any railroad or even wagon road, they22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdecided they must visit it. After crossing three lakes and three portages,they came out at last in a beautiful open grove of Norway pines, a fewhundred yards southwest of where the Warwick Woods Girls' Camp nowis. From this point the longest view on the lake can be had. There wasnot a clearing or even a boat in sight. It was exactly as nature made it,and one of the loveliest lakes in the country. They returned, set on spending a summer there. During the next winter they learned that O. W.Sayner was opening a resort on the lake, and that the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad had built a branch line to Star Lake to servethe great sawmill being built there.A PARADISE IN A WILDERNESSIn the summer of 1895, therefore, Dr. Goodspeed, his nephew, GeorgeS. Goodspeed, and their families spent an enjoyable vacation at the newwilderness resort. The party was early attracted to the high woodedisland in the middle of the lake. Later in the season it occurred to themthat they might build a rough cabin there for use the next year. It wasgovernment land, so that no one was likely to object. They thereforespent the last few days of their vacation in starting a cabin of smallupright logs.Dr. Goodspeed wrote of this cabin: "Had it been built by others,we should have found a score of things to be dissatisfied with. The fireplace smoked; the cracks in the floor let in the cold air; the roof sagged,the rafters being too few and therefore too far apart. Rain came in aboutthe windows and the construction generally was far from perfect; but itwas our own. We had built it with our own hands. We, who knew nothing about carpentry, had constructed our own house. It compared fairlywell with the two or three other wilderness houses on the lake, and wetook immense satisfaction in it, imperfect and poorly constructed as itwas."This cabin was intended merely as a temporary shelter to be useda couple of summers and then abandoned. They enjoyed it so much, however, that they began soon to make improvements, to add conveniencesand then extra rooms. After a few years efforts were initiated which,after a long delay, resulted in obtaining from the government a title tothe island, which was named Paradise Island.As the years passed, many cottages were built about the lake, and avillage grew up at the railroad station. Dr. Goodspeed, as one of theoldest settlers, came to be a well-known and prominent member of thecommunity. Although he had ceased to be a pastor fifteen years beforeTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 23going to Plum Lake, he was looked upon as a kind of pastor of the community in the early days. When the village storekeeper's baby died, hewas asked to conduct the funeral; and when Judge William C. Hook,the eminent United States Circuit Court judge, died at his country placeon the lake, Dr. Goodspeed conducted the services in the open air underthe pines, before the funeral party started by boat for the train on theirway back to Leavenworth, beginning his remarks with the words ofZechariah, "Wail O fir tree, for the cedar is fallen."Up to the time he was seventy, Dr. Goodspeed had never handled agolf club. Then Mr. Fred S. James, a near neighbor at Plum Lake, whosefamily were golf experts and enthusiasts, financed the starting of a golfclub. As a matter of public spirit, Dr. Goodspeed attended the organization meeting. He shortly became treasurer and principal recruiter ofmembership. He became a regular user of the course and an enthusiasticgolfer. He never became a good player, but could be relied on to playan accurate and careful game and, with the aid of a generous handicap,once won a cup from a large field.He remained treasurer for ten years and found great enjoyment inthe friendship of Mr. James, Judge Hook, Senator A. L. Kreutzer, RobertW. Wilmot, and Mr. Joseph M. Hixon, the "elder statesmen" of the lake,as they were called.Not only was Dr. Goodspeed a skilful oarsman, he was also an expertswimmer, to which accomplishment he and his companion probably owedtheir lives when their canoe was upset in midlake one day after he wasseventy-seven years of age. Until he was eighty he always began hisswim by diving off the pier.In 1904 President Harper's health began to fail; and after a long anddistressing illness, he died in January, 1906. Proposals began at once tobe made for a memorial within the quadrangles; and after many planshad been discussed, it was determined that it must take the form of alibrary. An alumni committee collected some subscriptions, to whichmembers of the Board of Trustees added their pledges, bringing the sumto about $118,000. There it stopped until, in 1907, John D. Rockefeller,acting through his son, offered to contribute three dollars for every onedollar contributed by others up to a total, to be provided by him, of$600,000, upon the condition that the pledge should apply only to subscriptions secured for the purpose on or before April 1, 1908, and paid onor before January 1, 1909. The actual raising of the money fell largely toDr. Goodspeed, but the panic of 1907 rendered his efforts almost futile.When the conditions were reported to Mr. Rockefeller, he generously24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDextended the time. The fact that Dr. Goodspeed was not authorized totake up the memorial campaign until a long time after Dr. Harper'sdeath greatly increased the difficulty of the task. The gift which finallybrought the campaign to a successful issue was one amounting to $38,-616.92 received under the will of Mrs. Elizabeth A. Hill, who had beenthe wife of one of the leading members of the Second Baptist Church ofChicago, when Dr. Goodspeed was one of its pastors, thirty-three yearsbefore.During this period, Dr. Goodspeed was at various times a member ofthe University Board of Trustees, and he was therefore advised with onthe subject of a successor to President Harper. He strongly advised andapproved the choice of Dean Judson, in whom he had come to have thegreatest confidence.Dr. Goodspeed was now nearly sixty-seven years old. He had finishedthe obtaining of the funds required for the library building. The newPresident was in charge, and it seemed to him a good time to retire. Hetherefore, at the July, 1909, meeting of the Board of Trustees, presentedhis resignation; but the Trustees refused to consider it. One of the citypapers ran the story under the heading "Goodspeed Go? Chorus: No."When he became convinced that the Trustees really wished him to continue, he agreed to do so on the understanding that he could take longervacations at Plum Lake. The students at once gave him an evidence oftheir feeling by dedicating the next Cap and Gown to him.In the fall of that year, 1909, Dr. Goodspeed's only surviving brother,Captain Henry S. Goodspeed, arranged to have Louis Betts paint Dr.Goodspeed's portrait to be presented to the University. The paintingrepresents him in a characteristic pose and is an excellent likeness as wellas a good picture. It has hung in Hutchinson Hall for more than twentyyears.RETIREMENT AND LATER ACTIVITIESOn September 4, 191 2, Dr. Goodspeed reached seventy, the retiringage under the University's retiring system then in operation. He wasfirmly convinced that the good of the University required that men reallyretire at seventy, and therefore he insisted upon retiring, although theTrustees seemed to wish that he continue at least a little longer. TheTrustees, at the instance of President Judson, while allowing him to retireon the allowance to which his long service entitled him, elected him Corresponding Secretary, with a small additional salary, and such duties asmight, from time to time, be assigned him by the President. The University of Chicago Magazine for January, 1913, said editorir^y of his retire-THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEEDIn His Later YearsTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 25ment, after referring to his services to the University: "But it is ratheras a figure in the daily life of the institution that most will recall him.They will recall the eager enthusiasm that animated him, the spirit ofloyalty and comradeship that the snows of seventy winters, though theymight whiten his hair, could never chill."In June, 1913, the University of Rochester conferred the doctorate oflaws upon him. It was the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation from thatinstitution. Nine of the eighteen members of the class gathered and enjoyed a pleasant reunion in the course of which he visited the rooms inwhich he had lived as a student. Immediately after this trip to Rochester,he went to his Plum Lake house, where he spent three months, addinggolf for the first time to his usual boating and fishing.Shortly after his return in the fall, President Judson asked him tobegin the collection of the materials relating to the founding and historyof the University, and this undertaking gradually led to the writing ofthe history of the University, published in connection with the twenty-fifth anniversary in 191 6.Dr. Goodspeed was seventy-one years old. His life had been devoted,ever since leaving the pastorate at thirty-five, to executive duties. He hadnever even thought of writing a book, but the gathering of materials ledhim to organize and summarize them and soon he found the history takingshape under his hand. He gathered into his office in Harper Library allthe materials in the possession of the University and in the files of theFounder and of others closely connected with the early years of the institution. He resisted constantly the temptation to trust his memory andwent to the documents, or the records, on everything that could possiblybe supported by such evidence. In this work he never used a stenographer, but wrote everything with his own hand, rewriting much of it whenhe thought he could improve it.The volume was published by the University Press in connection withthe twenty-fifth anniversary celebration in June, 191 6. The book waswell received. The Chicago Tribune said, in the course of an extendedreview: "Dr. Goodspeed has made of his history not a dry record of factsand dates, but a document revealing eminent personalities and their connection with an ideal that has been miraculously realized in the greatgray stone buildings of the Midway." The American Historical Reviewsaid of it: "The many extracts from private letters here printed for thefirst time are of permanent interest. In them we read the minds of thequite unusual group of men who conceived the University before eitherthe Founder or the first president had given it any thought."26 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn his birthday, September 4, 191 6, he and Mrs. Goodspeed celebratedtheir golden wedding anniversary at Plum Lake, in the attractive newhouse which that year replaced the old cabin. In the evening the PlumLake friends gathered to extend their congratulations, rounding out ajoyful and memorable day. ,In January, 1918, President Judson had a list sent to Dr. Goodspeedof "donors about whom we should like to get some personal history andperhaps a photograph if possible for the University archives." The secondname in the list was William B. Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, longits foremost citizen, whose will had made possible the Ogden GraduateSchool of Science. As an old-time Chicagoan, Dr. Goodspeed recognizedthe possibilities of this name and so he began with Mr. Ogden. For overthirty years, beginning in 1835, Mr. Ogden was a leader, usually the leaderin every crisis that the city passed through, and telling of his part in itshistory required an explanation of the background. In consequence, the"personal history" had expanded, when completed, into a biographicalsketch of some ten thousand words and, instead of a simple photograph,was a copy of one of G. P. A. Healy's three portraits of Mr. Ogden.When this work was finished and submitted to President Judson, he hadit published in the University Record and urged the author to continue.In July, 1 91 8, Mr. LaVerne Noyes, who had already given the University Ida Noyes Hall as a memorial to his wife, added his gift of $2,000,000for scholarships for participants in the World War and their descendants.A few days after the announcement of this gift, Mr. Noyes came to PlumLake, accompanied by Louis Betts, the painter, on a fishing trip. Visitingthe Goodspeed island, they accepted an invitation to become Dr. Good-speed's guests for a few days, and this visit began a cordial friendship.It naturally followed that Dr. Goodspeed devoted his next sketch thereafter to Mr. Noyes.For many years, the quarterly issues of the University Record usuallycontained one of these sketches, among which brief biographies of manyof the most interesting citizens of early Chicago were included, such asMarshall Field, Gustavus F. Swift, and Charles J. Hull for whom HullHouse and the Hull quadrangles were named. In 1922 the Universitypublished seventeen of the more important of these sketches in a handsome volume entitled The University of Chicago Biographical Sketches.Volume I. The Literary Review, at the end of an extended review, saidof the book: "This volume is more than a contribution to the history ofthe University — it is a decided contribution to the history of Chicago andthe Middle West and to the economic history of the Country." TheTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 27London Times said: "It has a value of its own as a portrait gallery of thedifferent types of men who built up the industrial greatness of the capitalof the Middle West."Many readers of the University Record came to look forward to thesebrief biographies and to read them regularly as they appeared. Their demand encouraged Dr. Goodspeed to continue, and he therefore went onand eventually produced a second volume in 1925. The leading sketchin this volume was that of Senator Stephen A. Douglas, the great antagonist of Lincoln, and who was the founder of the earlier University ofChicago. In the Preface, Dr. Goodspeed said: "The first volume of thesesketches was published in the spring of 1922 Although I was eightyyears old when it was published and could not be expected to publishanother, that book was called 'Volume I,' because the University hopedand expected that other pens would continue the work mine had begun.But as I have continued to write a new sketch every three months, theseadditional sketches have been brought together to make the second volume of the series This, therefore, is only one volume of a continuing series. If the author lives to be a hundred years old, it is not impossible that he may, himself, write Volume III It is the hope of theauthor that the book will be found to have made some contribution tothe history of Chicago."That this hope has been fulfilled is shown by the references to Dr.Goodspeed's biographies in Chicago, The History of Her Reputation, andalso in the great new Dictionary of American Biography. In 1925 and 1926he wrote for the University Record, in a series of articles, a brief biographyof President Ernest D. Burton, later published by the University as ahandsome memorial volume. The Expository Times said of his biography: "Despite the limitation he has imposed on himself, Mr. Goodspeedhad drawn an impressive portrait of a remarkable man."In the summer of 1924 the University Press informed Dr. Goodspeedthat the edition of the history of the University was almost exhausted,and asked him to write a brief narrative to bring the account down todate. This, after some hesitation, he consented to do. The book, TheStory of the University of Chicago, in an attractive form, was publishedabout the beginning of March, 1925.On March 3, Dr. Judson, then President Emeritus, wrote Dr. Good-speed as follows: "Just as I was taking a train for New York last week,the copy of the Story of the University of Chicago, with your inscriptionon the flyleaf, came to my house. The little book is admirable in everyway and will be of great use. I am sure if I had a hand in converting the28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSecretary of the Board and joint founder of the University into 'a writerof books' it is matter of well-founded pride for me. When the retirement ofthe Secretary was made public, Mr. Gates said to me, 'What will he dowith his time?' 'Spend it in useful activity,' was the reply. 'No,' saidGates, 'He will play billiards and smoke.' This series of admirable volumes is the conclusive answer."In 1 91 6 Dr. Goodspeed sold the house on Kimbark Avenue where hehad lived since moving to Hyde Park in 1893, and bought the propertyat 5765 Blackstone Avenue, where the family thereafter resided. Thenew house provided a much larger and more attractive room for Mrs.Goodspeed, whose failing strength confined her more and more to herroom, and also a large and cheerful study for Dr. Goodspeed, where hewrote most of his later books. From his desk he could look west downFifty-eighth Street to the flag in the center of the quadrangles. This moveadded greatly to the comfort of their last years.On Lincoln's birthday in 1921, Dr. Goodspeed spoke at the UniversityClub on "Lincoln and Douglas with Some Personal Reminiscences."When he finished, the audience insisted that he continue for some timelonger. The Tribune published a column of excerpts from the address.The president of the club wrote him: "The reception given you was oneof the finest which has ever been accorded to a speaker in our club. This,I think, indicates how our members received your speech." As a result ofthis speech, he was invited that fall to be guest of honor and speak atthe celebration of the sixty-third anniversary of the Lincoln-DouglasGalesburg debate at Knox College. In February, 1923, President Judsonretired and was succeeded by Ernest D. Burton, long the head of the NewTestament Department, and himself near the retiring age.The American Baptist Education Society, which was the organizationto which the pledges for the founding of the University were made, whenin 1 89 1 it turned over the land constituting the original campus to thenewly organized Board of Trustees, had made it a condition that thePresident of the University and two-thirds of the Trustees must alwaysbe Baptists. The extreme difficulty of finding a suitable Baptist whocould be induced to accept the presidency after Dr. Judson's retirement,convinced the University authorities that these restrictions must bemodified. They therefore resolved on asking the society to give a newdeed waiving the requirement that the President be a Baptist and reducing the percentage of Baptist Trustees. The matter was presented at themeeting of the society, held at Atlantic City on May 23-25, 1923. At theTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 29special request of President Swift of the Board of Trustees, Dr. Goodspeedwent with President Burton and several of the Baptist Trustees of theUniversity to the convention. The society voted to take the action requested. Dr. Goodspeed did not think he was valuable at Atlantic City.Mr. Swift, however, wrote him on June 2 : "To have written the masterlyreview of the situation that appeared in the pamphlet and then to bethere to back it up, could not have failed to have a real moral influence.Both Dr. Burton and I are very appreciative."Some months after Dr. Burton's taking office as President, he initiateda great campaign for endowment and buildings. Dr. Goodspeed was oneof the first to respond to the President's appeal. In December, 1924, heturned over $5,000 to Trevor Arnett, the business manager, reserving anannuity of 5 per cent during his life. He ended his letter thus: "As I ampast eighty-two years of age, I may reasonably hope to relieve the University from this interest charge at a not very distant date."He also took an active part in the campaign, going alone to see somepossible donors and calling on others with President Burton. His mostuseful service was, however, in the appeal to the alumni. At the meetingof the principal city alumni at the Blackstone Hotel, where the alumnicampaign was launched, after President Burton had explained the purpose of the meeting and his plans, Dr. Goodspeed made the actual appeal,throwing himself into it with the enthusiasm and fire of youth. The meeting responded in a way that gave the movement a most encouragingstart. This address was printed in part and sent out by mail to the alumnigenerally. Dr. Goodspeed was called on to address a group of out-of-town alumni at the Quadrangle Club. As he finished, he suffered an attack of dizziness and almost fell into his chair. He was announced toaddress the great mass meeting at the Furniture Mart, but dared notundertake it. Thereafter, he confined himself to assisting in the preparation of campaign literature; but he accompanied President Burton on thelast day that he devoted to the campaign before the attack that resultedin his tragic death.In March, 1921, Mrs. Goodspeed died. They had lived for fifty-fourand one-half years in the greatest affection and harmony, aiid her deathwas a great blow to him. His children did all in their power to keep himcheerful, as did the other members of his family, and fortunately, he wasso busy with his writing that he had no time to brood over his loss. Inthe summer of 1922, Dr. Goodspeed accompanied his sons and Mrs.Edgar Goodspeed on a motor trip through the East, in the course of3° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhich they visited Rochester University and Theological Seminary, wherehe had studied, Glens Falls and Goodspeedville, where his boyhood waspassed, and Panton and Vergennes, where he had married his wife. Theyhad fine weather and he greatly enjoyed these visits, showing his sons allthe places made familiar to them by his and his father's stories of theiryouth. Two years later the family motored from Plum Lake to the BlackHills, thence to Estes Park, across Wyoming to the Tetons and theYellowstone, and home by way of Montana and North Dakota. He wasmuch interested, especially, to see Yellowstone Park.In 1874, when pastor of the Second Church, Dr. Goodspeed had a handin founding the Hyde Park Baptist Church. In his old age he was formany years annually elected church historian; and when the fiftieth anniversary of the church approached, he thought it appropriate to preparean account of the first half -century of the church's life. He therefore wrotea brief history which was published by the church in a book of 120 pages,with pictures of the buildings and the pastors. He took an active part inthe celebration of the anniversary itself, and enjoyed the event. In 1925and 1926 the proposal was made that the church should receive personsinto full membership without requiring immersion. Dr. Goodspeed, whohad been a member of Baptist churches for nearly seventy years, tookthe lead with Professor Gerald B. Smith and Pastor Charles W. Gilkeyin favoring the plan, making the principal address in support of the proposal and writing the formal argument in support of its position, whichthe church had printed to distribute to persons making inquiries.Up to his eighty-fourth year, Dr. Goodspeed had hardly had a sick day.His hearing and eyesight were unimpaired. He could and did spend thewhole day and evening in reading and writing. He could read aloud without fatigue for an hour or more at a time. Early in 1926, however, disturbing symptoms began to appear, but his doctors reassured him.In March, 1927, the University community was saddened by the death,within a few days, of President Emeritus Judson, Wallace Heckman, andProfessor Nathaniel Butler — all old and close friends of Dr. Goodspeed.He acted as an honorary pallbearer at Dr. Judson's funeral. These deathscombined with his own failing health to depress him.In May of that year, the new President asked him to prepare a biography of President Harper. Mrs. Harper and Professor Samuel N. Harperadded their request, and in view of their combined wishes, he promised toundertake it. He at once began a study of the immense mass of materialavailable. The Harper family gave him much help as to Dr. Harper'sTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 3iancestry and childhood, and placed in his hands many family letters.The records of the University and the vast correspondence in the files ofthe President's office were put at his disposal. He took the materialsfurnished by the family with him to Plum Lake and there wrote the storyof Dr. Harper's life before his coming to Morgan Park. During this vacation a definite paralysis of the right side of his face developed. Returningto Chicago late in September, he was fortunate in obtaining the help ofMr. J. V. Nash in the examination of the President's files. This gave hima steady stream of well-selected letters as material. It was suggested thatin view of this wealth of material he should expand the work but he heldit strictly within the limits he had originally set for the work, saying thathe would not have time to do more. Everything possible was done tohelp him, but he grew weaker as the fall passed. He set himself the taskof writing two or three pages each day and continued to do so until theninth of December. This regular work was a great help in keeping himcheerful, although he was losing ground steadily. He had carried thenarrative to within three years of President Harper's death, so that thestory was almost nine- tenths completed when the work was stopped.He had instructed his sons to finish the work, so that the seventh of hisbooks, all written after his retirement at seventy, was published a fewmonths later.Two or three times he suffered from symptoms like those of a lightstroke, but always recovered in a short time. On the morning of December 9, he went up to his study, lit his cigar, and picked up his morningpaper, and suffered what seemed a slight stroke. He succeeded in gettingdownstairs, and lay down on his bed. He grew slowly worse until hisright side was almost completely paralyzed. In that condition he layuntil the fourteenth, speaking with much difficulty but entirely cheerfuland interested in what was going on about him. His son Edgar broughthim the first copy of a new book he had just written and dedicated to him,and he enjoyed hearing a considerable part of it read aloud. More thanonce he smilingly repeated the words of Charles II, "I am an unconscionable time a-dying." Late on the fourteenth he lapsed into unconsciousness, but his strong heart fought on until he yielded to pneumonia anddied on the sixteenth.His funeral was held in the Hyde Park Baptist Church, the pastor,Charles W. Gilkey, speaking on his life as a member of the church, andProfessor Theodore G. Soares, on his services to the University. ProfessorSoares said: "Forty years ago the University of Chicago existed only in32 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe vision and hope of one man. Before the genius of Harper, the unparalleled generosity of Rockefeller, the sagacity of Judson had combined tomake the University of Chicago one of the world's great centers of learning, Thomas Goodspeed said that the old University of Chicago ought tobe revived. He urged upon Mr. Rockefeller, his friend and helper, thatthe University should be revived. He held before the mind of Dr. Harper,the young professor of Hebrew in the seminary with which they had bothbeen connected, that he was to be the educational leader in the Universitythat was to be revived. Largely out of his faith and his indomitable courage, the dream became true."Rabbi G. George Fox, of the Class of 1904, wrote of Dr. Goodspeedas he was recalled by old students: "The genial, fatherly Secretary of theUniversity. He who, like Moses of old, could boast of having manythousands of children, for to all who came to him he surely was a father.That sweet smile of his warming us up, at times when we needed the glowof human friendship and encouragement Always giving the kindly,fatherly, interested counsel that made us feel that, if Cobb Hall wasmade of bricks and stones, there were men in it whose hearts of kindnesscould melt their hardness into human goodness Certainly it was ofmen like these that the sages said, 'The memory of the righteous is for ablessing.' "James Weber Linn wrote of him, in the Herald-Examiner: "More thanany other man, with one possible exception, Dr. Goodspeed made theUniversity of Chicago possible. The exception, of course, is the firstpresident, William Rainey Harper, but it was Dr. Goodspeed who interested Harper in the plan, as he interested Mr. Rockefeller, and as heinterested the business men of Chicago — the Ryersons, the Cobbs, theKents, the Walkers, the Fields, who were the local founders of the institution. Read their biographies as he has written them, or the history ofthe University as he has written that, and you would never guess that ifthey were the stars in the cast, he was the producer of the play. But suchis the fact."Another alumnus, writing in the editorial colums of the Journal, said:"The respect in which Dr. Goodspeed was held by all his associates wascoupled with familiar affection. They addressed him as 'Doctor,' butthey alluded to him as 'T. W.' Now that 'T. W.' is gone, they are sure tobe painfully aware that they have lost one of the strongest links with thegreat group of men that established and built up the University ofChicago."THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 33In 1925 the Chicago American published a series of interviews withprominent men who were asked to name the happiest man they knew.Professor A. A. Stagg said: "The happiest man I know is Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed, who is now eighty- three. He has led one of the mostactive careers that has ever come to my attention, and despite his age,he is still one of the most productive personalities whom I know. He is anold man still young I cannot help but admire him because herefuses to grow old either in body or in spirit. He is the happiest personI know."Those of us who knew him best are inclined to agree with Mr. Stagg.[The End]MAX EPSTEIN— ELECTED TRUSTEEIT IS a well-established tradition of the University of Chicago thattrustees shall be men of affairs. They have never been chosen toplacate a complaining group of parents of disgruntled students.They have not been elected to provide a majority to force a policy.While they have been Baptists or Presbyterians, they have never represented these or any other denomination or church — represented in thesense that the interests of these bodies were foremost. Trustees havebeen not only the legal custodians of the University's property; they havebeen guardians of its reputation and have managed its affairs with a devotion to its interests as deep and conscientious as if they were their own.Following such precedents it is logical that when vacancies have recently occurred, a banker and a lawyer, each actively engaged in hisprofession, have been chosen. On October 8, 1931, another trustee waselected and, in this instance likewise, a man of ascertained competenceboth in business affairs and in his outlook upon the world — in art, in education, in co-operative relations with his fellow men. This new memberof the Board, the seventy-sixth since the University was incorporated,is Max Epstein.When he was sixteen years of age, Mr. Epstein moved to Chicago fromCincinnati. Prior to his removal to Chicago in 1891 he had entered theCollege of the City of New York when he was only thirteen and was theyoungest student ever admitted into the college up to that time. It isinteresting to note that the ambitious youngster subsequently graspedthe opportunity provided by the home-study courses of the Universityof Chicago for increasing his fund of knowledge. When still a youth, onlytwenty-three years of age, he founded a freight-car-leasing companywhich later became the nucleus of the General American Tank Car Corporation. Mr. Epstein is chairman of the board of this corporation anddirecting head of its many subsidiary companies in the United States andEurope. Although his duties in this large corporation have been manyand onerous, he has always found time freely to serve efficiently in suchuseful positions as trustee of the Art Institute, director of the ChicagoChapter of the American Red Cross and of the Michael Reese Hospital,not to name other philanthropic institutions and societies.Mr. Epstein's interest in the progress of medicine and education hasnever been limited to service upon boards and committees, however valu-34MAX EPSTEINRecently Elected TrusteeMAX EPSTEIN— ELECTED TRUSTEE 35able that service may have been. He proved his interest by liberal gifts,a list of which indicates the catholicity and the wisdom of his thinking.His liberality has been most noteworthy in his contributions to the alleviation of human suffering and to making art "a living and inspiringforce." In realizing these two objectives, the University of Chicago hasbeen a most fortunate beneficiary. His donations have made possible theMax Epstein Clinic for out-patients, in connection with the UniversityClinics, as well as those which bear his name in two institutions affiliatedwith the University — the clinics of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and theProvident Hospital. The first of these three began its helpful mission in1928. It has been the desire of the donor that these clinics shall meet theneeds of persons in moderate circumstances. How admirably they areperforming their allotted tasks may be realized in part when it is statedthat already 10,000 persons monthly are receiving medical care in theseasylums of mercy. And not only are they helped in body and mind, butthey afford a vast amount of material for the teaching of medical experts.It is not too much to expect that in time the attendance will exceed 250,-000 visits in a single year.So far as the University is concerned, Mr. Epstein's greatest gift is hisprovision for the erection of an art building, a building which, in the wordsof the letter of gift, shall be "beautiful in design, fitting to express thespirit of the fine arts, and large enough to contain lecture-rooms, classrooms, laboratories, a library, rooms for an extensive collection of photographs of art works, and adequate rooms for the exhibition of originalpaintings and sculptures." This building is to be known as the Instituteof Fine Arts of the University of Chicago, founded by Max and LeolaEpstein. Already the general design of the building, by the distinguishedarchitect, Paul Philippe Cret, has been approved by the donor and theTrustees of the University with the expectation that its walls will beginto rise during the current year, 1932, on a suitable site south of the Midway Plaisance. A tentative design of the new art building is reproducedin this issue of the University Record. As set forth by Mr. Epstein:It is the purpose of this Institute, through research and study, to arrive at a betterunderstanding of the principles of art and its function and place in human life; to teachthe history of art and to interpret its meaning; to bring, from all countries, men eminentin art to lecture and to teach; to give facilities to interested friends to lend their arttreasures to the Institute for exhibit and study; to extend, by bulletin and radio, thebenefit of its teachings to the people of the Middle West; to be a fountainhead fromwhich shall flow a deeper and wider interest in the love for all things beautiful.Upon the walls of Mr. Epstein's home at 4906 Greenwood Avenue,there hang examples of the work of some of the world's most famouspainters.HISTORY1By ANDREW C. McLAUGHLINONE who has served in the retinue of Clio for over forty yearsnaturally takes pleasure in discanting upon her virtue andcharms, and upon the burdens her servitors have to carry.But he is filled with consternation when faced with the hopeless task ofso condensing what he has to say that he will not exhaust the patience ofhis listeners. He is wise, therefore, if he attack his problem at once andwaste no time in an introduction.Recently there has been much discussion here and elsewhere concerning the usefulness of historical study, and, also, if usefulness be granted,where the study should be placed and how it should be classified. If history is to maintain a position of eminence, not, of course, a position ofsuperiority, as a subject of the college curriculum, it must be because ithas certain qualities of actual educational value. Like any other subjectit must be judged by its force or influence in leading students to think.Teachers of science cherish the hope of inculcating scientific-mindedness,not simply giving information. But the purpose of history is often supposed to be (sometimes, I fear, by its own votaries) to store the mindwith facts. If that is its sole function, the historian's profession is in aperilous state; for information laboriously gathered will disappear by thebucketful, or quickly leak away in the course of everyday life. Theamount of accurate historical knowledge, held in the mind of the averagestudent ten years after graduation, is very little. Indeed, one may ventureto say, the healthier the mind the more quickly it will cast aside uselessburdens. But the main result of historical study, a result to be gatheredby no other process I know of, is, or ought to be, historical-mindedness — •some ability to use historical technique and to look upon life as the historian has seen it.Has the historian brought the charge of ineptitude upon himself andhis subject by not being historical? If he has, he may be reminded ofwhat a learned publicist wrote some three or four decades ago. "It werefar better as things now stand to be charged with heresy or even to befound guilty of petty larceny, than to fall under the suspicion of lacking1 An address delivered in the University Chapel on the occasion of the One Hundredand Sixty-sixth Convocation, December 22, 193 1.36From the Painting by Malcolm ParcellANDREW CUNNINGHAM McLAUGHLINConvocation Orator, December 22, 1931HISTORY .37historical-mindedness, or of questioning the universal validity of the historical method." There certainly was a time when the historian cherishedhis own philosophy. He believed that to understand a social or politicalinstitution he must know how it came to be. He must look for its originsand trace its growth.HISTORICAL-MINDEDNESSHistorical-mindedness means thinking in terms of evolution in humanaffairs. This quality, it is true, was not unknown to great historians of themore distant past. But like other scientists, the historian of today, looking back upon stages in his craft, is inclined to draw a line through the year1859, the date of the publication of The Origin of Species. From that timeon, the writer was less likely than before to be content with cataloguingphenomena. History concerns itself with vital change and living modification of social structure. Always impressionable, taking on color fromits surroundings, history became for a time biological-minded — and, ofcourse, in the widest sense, history may be deemed a branch of biology.But the historian was inclined at times to overwork his evidence or to useanalogy with too free a hand. A social habit which seemed to outlive itsusefulness was a sort of vermiform appendix, valuable only to the surgeon.If certain forms and practices were known to exist in primitive society,writers assumed those early institutions would reappear, if modern menwere placed in the wilderness where they had to meet nature face to face.But we need make no devastating assault on this sort of thing; even,perhaps, if its scientific information was faulty, it was infinitely superiorto calm contentment with arid and meaningless chronicle.History, therefore, has a philosophy of its own, which is not altogetherits own. It has held its beliefs too secretly and too subconsciously, butit has not been able, if it tried, to keep away from the influence of moderncurrents of thought. If at times the historian lost sight of his philosophyhe lost therewith the warmth of creative enthusiasm which might havebeen his; or if, perchance, he were warm, he radiated little heat beyondthe study walls. Still it is almost as fitting to call the present age thehistorical age as to call it the scientific age; for the historian poringover the documents, has contributed to the world the essentials of thehistorical method, the method of separating truth from falsehood as theyappear interwoven in documentary testimony. Historical method and thehistorical spirit have had their effect in revamping and revivifying religion, and have influenced the study of all social problems that are to beunderstood by the examination of testimony.38 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA SCIENCE AND AN ARTIn what sense, if at all, can historical investigation be called scientific?Because it is linked with other studies in the conscientious endeavor todiscover truth and because the historian makes use of inductive or quasi-inductive reasoning. Furthermore, as already said, methods of investigation are followed, which, by almost any criterion, must be termed scientific. The rules of historical critique indicate not only the delicacy of theinvestigator's task, but its difficulty. He cannot put Caesar or Napoleonor Sam Adams under the microscope or watch his reactions in response toa serum. He cannot even talk with his patient. He is dependent uponwhat the patient said a hundred or a thousand years ago, or, more probably, upon what someone said he said. He is dependent entirely uponevidence, most of it the testimony of human beings who display the customary inability to speak accurately and the customary inclination tospeak under the sway of passion or prejudice.Is history to be classified among the humanities? Undoubtedly. Thequestion scarcely deserves an answer. It is an art as well as a science.In method of presentation it must be artistic. Nothing human is foreignto it. No student of the later Middle Ages is likely to omit the Church,Savonarola, Dante, Petrarch, and Michelangelo, and to pay attentiononly to the political squabbles of Florence and Siena, or the commercialrivalries of Genoa and Venice. History has to deal with many thingswhich cannot be weighed or measured. Who would attempt to measurewith calipers the influence of Aristotle in the Middle Ages? Can the everlengthening height of Lincoln or Francis of Assisi be accurately determined by the use of a tapeline?DOES HISTORY REALLY EXIST?Everyone has heard the dictum that history as such does not exist, adistinct subject for study and exploration. There is, we are told, a historyof politics, of economic effort, of law, or art, and so on, but there is nosuch thing as history unless qualified by some hampering clause. But cananyone really suppose that, when paleolithic man crept from his burrow,he saw a series of parallel ladders stretching from his particular rock pileup toward the clouds of modern civilization? Was each ladder kept quitedistinct from its neighbor, bearing its proper title — law, economics, politics, art, religion? Did he climb one ladder at a time and to the top?Or did he with the agility of his aboreal ancestors change from one tothe other in mid air? The net result of rejecting any such impossiblesupposition is to say that if history is not performing its task of re-present-HISTORY 39ing life as it was lived, if history as such is not a unifying and synthesizingsubject, if it is not doing the job it has been trying to do, then some othername should be invented for a subject which would have the task of doingthe very thing history has undertaken.WHAT IS THE USE?We must answer the question frequently asked, "What is the use ofknowing that an event happened a thousand years ago?" The only properanswer is, there is not any use at all. The truth is, events do not just happen. Furthermore, there is no such thing as an isolated event. If thereshould appear to be one, it is not a historical event until it is placed inits life-relationships. A historian does not seek to discover the realityof one occurrence or even to know a condition of society except in order toexplain something else. "Facts for facts sake" has no sense for him, if heis really historical-minded. Nor, as even the historian has sometimes foolishly said, is one fact as good as another. He is not engaged in performingceaseless and meaningless autopsies, just for the pleasure of the operation— he is attempting to follow and to portray the processes of life. Occasionally a historian shows an uncanny instinct for discerning the importance of a fact which at first sight may seem detached and insignificant.Taine says: "About the twentieth year of Elizabeth's reign, the noblesgave up the two-handed sword for the rapier. A little, almost imperceptible fact, yet vast, for it was like the change which sixty years ago madeus give up the sword at court, to leave us with our arms swinging aboutin our black coats. In fact, it was the close of feudal life and the beginningof court life, just as today court life is at an end and the democratic reignhas begun."Facts, we are told, should be allowed to speak for themselves. Thetrouble is, if left to themselves, they utter no intelligible sound. Theybecome really vocal and articulate only as a result of arrangement. Highcapacity for so arranging data that they seem to speak from the livingpage is the mark of genius. The true historian is not a stone mason, buta builder and an architect. Most of us, it is true, can be only commonlaborers. We cannot all be Gibbons, says one wise writer, but we can alldo something for which some Gibbon of the future will throw a word ofthanks in a footnote.ECONOMIC INTERPRETATIONHistory, as I have already said, is peculiarly impressionable, strangelysusceptible to infection. At one time it was classed as a branch of polite40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDliterature, which should be carefully distinguished from a modern variety,properly designated as impolite literature. But now it shows a readinessto take on economic coloring. Because of the tremendous importance ofindustrial effort in these latter days, the historical student is now furnished with a golden key wherewith he can unlock all the mysteries of thepast. This is called the economic interpretation of history. Its enthusiastic admirer does not mean, I judge, only that historians have too longneglected the play of economic forces or have improperly subordinatedthem; such a charge is undoubtedly merited, but the phrase, if it meansanything of importance, means economic determinism, or something onlya little short of it. But if a historian pretends to be scientific, he will instinctively react against accepting a panacea. The only way to interprethistory is to interpret it after gathering and inspecting data, examiningthe influence of forces by seeing as best one can how they all operated.Anyone addicted to economic interpretation should be warned that noman or woman is solely avaricious or interested only in winning his dailybread. A mob, it is true, will react to impulses which leave the single individual unaffected, or nearly so; and many persons are very sensitive lestnational honor be affronted, though individually they have no anxietyabout the preservation of their own honor. But if no single human beingis a prey of one particular passion, and that alone, we can scarcely expectto find the social order dominated by a single impulse.Furthermore, the historical investigator, if he is immersed in his subject, is oppressed by the weight of his obligations. The mass of facts, theconfused and, at first sight, hopelessly entangled skein, must be laboriously examined. He is often compelled by the very complexities of his job toselect several lines, or perhaps even only one line, along which humanbeings have moved; but if he write placidly on, not conscious of the impact of many forces, not aware of that very complexity which compelshim to disentangle and rearrange, he is dislocating reality, he is misleadinghis reader and himself. Anyone can spend his years in studying the mightyeffort which resulted in the extirpation of slavery on this continent.But when the historian peers within the gates, he finds crowding uponhim so many things which he must take into consideration that he of allpeople is likely to be bewildered. As he wanders on, he finds himself studying soil and climate and cotton. He finds slavery to be a race problem, aswell as a labor or capitalistic problem. He will wish he were an anthropologist as well as a mere historian. He will find in the air that strangemanifestation called "humanitarianism," a spirit which like other spiritsbloweth where it listeth. He discovers that abolitionism was in manyHISTORY 41respects a religious movement; Garrison called upon the slave owner torepent, to renounce his sin; abolitionism was a phase of perfectionismwhich could tolerate no compromises. The investigator will find himselfconfronted by that ineffable quality which he sometimes calls "the essenceof democracy." In short, to simplify history, or to imprison it within thefolds of a formula, is to destroy it, to wound it fatally in its most vitalpart.I suggest a title of an interesting volume, "An Uneconomic Interpretation of History." Let the writer show how frequently, or if he insists onbeing a determinist, how always, man has been under the sway of passion,prejudice, racial antipathy, religious animosity; how often he has beenwilling to sacrifice comfort and even life itself for patriotism; how oftenunder the cloud of ignorance he has lost his way and created only penurywhen he was seeking a competence, found a stone when he was lookingfor bread. How easy it would be to show, for example, that amid the welter of politics during recent decades, party loyalty has triumphed overeconomics, the voter being under the control of the past, and casting hisballot into a certain box because his father or his grandfather fought underGrant or Stonewall Jackson.But if all other deterministic interpretations are cast aside, someonemay still assert that human nature never changes. The trouble with thatassertion is that it is not so. All human beings, it is true, have passions.They love, hate, and fear. But human beings differ one from the other,and have been known to learn from experience. Even more plainly dopeople in the mass change their moods with their tenses. The civilizationof one era is not just like that of another. Sociologists of historical bentused to speak, and still may do so, of the effect of some stimulus, itssource perhaps unknown, which had remarkable effect in changing theintrinsic character of a nation. An eminent historian has found that thefrontier, the job of winning the wilderness, largely shaped American character. Anyone attempting to depict the life of America a century and ahalf ago discovers, despite the awakening forces of the Revolution, asurprising degree of social inertia. What brought about the change tonervous activity? Doubtless many things; but there is justice in emphasizing the advent of the steamboat, which gave man an implement whereby he could conquer the continent; the future stood at his very door,arousing his zeal, beckoning him to enterprise. The one piece of Latinwhich I happen to remember from early labors, is tempora mutantur et nosmutamur in illis. In the course of time, new and compelling impulsesarise and new and compelling inhibitions.42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMISUSE OF HISTORYThere are times when the conscientious historian is inclined to echothe condemnation of his severest critic, and indeed go beyond it. In timesof melancholy his profession appears to be not only useless but harmful;for while someone may declare that you cannot prove anything by history,it can be more truly said that you can prove anything or everything byhistory, or rather by something you call history. George Washington believed America ought not to enter into fixed alliances with foreign nations.Consequently, no matter how much the world has changed in a hundredand thirty-five years, America must stand, henceforward and forever, in acondition of unneighborly isolation. The person thus arguing does notstop to consider conditions of world-politics when Washington spoke. Itmatters not that the Atlantic may now be crossed in a day and that economic companionship and interdependence actually exist; no matterthat London and Paris are nearer to us than New York was to Charlestonor even to Baltimore a century and a half ago, and that it took threeweeks for news of the Battle of Lexington to reach South Carolina; nomatter that science and invention have transformed the world and thatthe farmer of the eighteenth century was living much like a well-to-doagrarian a thousand years before and harvested his crop with the samekind of implement as that used by the worker of old when Ruth "sad ofheart" and "sick for home," "stood in tears amid the alien corn."ARE THERE HISTORICAL LAWS?Are there any laws of history, that is to say, general principles, certainrules to which people in the social order have commonly conformed andto which they probably will commonly conform? If it is not wise to assertboldly that there are rules of procedure which are of ubiquitous and eternal application, it is worth while to know that in similar conditions, evenwhen circumstances are not of identical character, certain reactions can bereasonably anticipated. There are more of these quasi-laws than you mayimagine. Perhaps the sociologist, aided by history and the labors of thepsychologist, has discovered more of them than the professional historianhas as yet acknowledged. For example, we can with some assurance declare that an autochthonous constitution will prove to be more viable thanone borrowed by a nation in an emergency from its neighbor's cupboard.And that is so, because an autochthonous constitution is the product oflife-experiences.A learned president of the American Historical Association recentlynamed some half-dozen constant principles disclosed by history. One ofHISTORY 43them is the law of change. As soon as it is named, we find ourselves boundto accept it; it seems the veriest truism. But that fact need not blind usto its tremendous importance. We find inability to change, want of adap-tiveness, is an indication of decay, since change is the law of living.Inflexible conservatism, rigid determination to maintain things as theyare, is likely to bring about "the destruction of the group of fixed institutions it wishes to preserve." History discloses the constant struggle between habit and the imperative need of sloughing off habits. Progress isthe resultant of the two forces. The law of inertia is present in history;but as in physical nature the tendency to move in a straight line can beovercome by gravitation, so in human history habit can be affected bythe law of change.Political fundamentalism, the fundamentalism which will not budge,is self-destructive. There is the need of ceaseless adaptation, of accommodation, of accepting the new that the old may live and, in all likelihood,be vitalized by the new elements of life. It is plain — isn't it? — that theslave owner destroyed slavery, or at least helped to bring on speedy andviolent destruction. I hesitate to speak this unquestionable truth, lestI seem to be without sympathy for the old South and unappreciative ofthe difficulty presented by a system peculiarly inelastic. As a matter offact, slavery held the slave owner in bondage; and here we begin to seethe possibility of laying down another law; for as John Milton said threecenturies ago, "Such is the nature of things that he who entrenches onthe liberty of others is the first to lose his own." Discussing the proposedcompromise of 1850, William H. Seward, half canny politician and halfphilosophic statesman, used these prophetic words: "I feel assured thatslavery must give way .... that emancipation is inevitable and is near;that it may be hastened or hindered; and that whether it shall be peaceful or violent depends on the question whether it be hastened orhindered; that all measures which fortify slavery, or extend it, lend to theconsummation of violence; all that check its extension and abate itsstrength tend to its peaceful extirpation." The saloon keeper undoubtedly destroyed the saloon. Perhaps capitalism may be doomed to speedydestruction; but if it fall from violence, the historian of the future willprobably find that the fall was due to the persistence with which thecapitalist clung to every one of his idols.British conservatism brought on the American Revolution and brokethe empire in twain, when the wise and noble opportunism of Burkemight have saved it. The die-hards in Parliament, unwilling to budgefrom the precepts of rigid fundamentalism, established American independence.44 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHABIT AND CHANGEHabit, as already said, is in constant conflict with the necessity ofchange. The radical, intent upon tearing up the whole social order by theroots, yielding to fervid enthusiasm, pursuing what is sometimes calledthe "revolutionary myth," is likely to be mistaken. Some of the roots willremain in the earth and will probably sprout. Or, to change the figure,having left the past behind him he will meet its substantial and inescapable shadow at the first turn of the way. But if the radical is likely to bedisillusionized, the unbending conservative, believing he can forever retain his dearest possessions, unaltered by one jot or one tittle, is certainto be disappointed. Absolute inflexibility of any system, in a world whichmakes ceaseless demand for new adjustment, is a sort of rigor mortis.There is something to be said, surely, for the philosophy of liberalism,a word which in recent years has been taken over into the vocabularyof radicalism, or semi-radicalism. Historically, liberalism will be found tobe that attitude of mind which would conserve the past by acknowledging the need of modification, adaptation, and readjustment. The liberalmay be reluctant to consent to change, but he does not insist upon dyingin the trenches or upon holding every single section of his fortress whenstrategic retreat or permanent withdrawal appears judicious. He prefersparleys and compromises to violent assaults and counter attacks; a salientin the breastworks, that is especially provoking to the enemy, can bewisely abandoned.There is something little less than pathetic in the long and insistentendeavor to discover the permanent; or, perhaps we may more truly say,there is something pathetic in the long and persistent announcement ofthe existence of permanence, of immutability. This is discovered not onlyin religion but in politics, and, strange as the words may sound to you,they were often interrelated. Principles of government, limitations onpower, were declared to rest or should be made to rest on immutable law,on natural right, on divine fiat, on the divinity of kingship, or on the un-alterability of justice and reason. Five centuries before Jefferson pennedthe Declaration of Independence and its self-evident principles, ThomasAquinas asserted that any law in conflict with the law of nature was amere perversion of law — and that doctrine did not originate with him.Over half a millennium before Jefferson announced the legal right to overthrow George III because he was a tyrant, John of Salisbury declaredthat a tyrant could be killed. Indeed, despite the law of change, thereseems something permanent in the anxiety to establish the principles ofsocial right and justice on immovable foundations.HISTORY 45"Magna Carta," said Sir Edward Coke, three hundred and four yearsago, "is such a fellow that he will have no sovereign." He meant, nodoubt, that Magna Carta would stand unmoved, meeting the assaults ofrulers, the authority of Parliament, and the attacks of time. Should hecome to life today, he would be surprised to see what has been made outof Magna Carta in response to the sovereign demand of social necessity.In plain fact, indeed, Coke himself was reading into that venerable document much more than it meant to the famous assembly at Runnymede.One phrase, "the law of the land," alias "due process of law," means todaywhat social need and a wise judiciary believe it ought to mean. Commonlaw, the great principles of which Coke loved to announce, may also besaid to brook no master, but that is because, as a living thing, it possessesself-mastery; it has shown itself so accommodating, so expansive, so adaptable that it has spread half-way around the world or more, and is foundapplicable to the civilization of the machine, the factory, and the airplane.American constitutional law is such a fellow that he knows no master."No," some of you will remark, "not even the Constitution itself." Butthe marvel of the Constitution is its very adaptability. Though called arigid constitution, it has, nevertheless, proved to be surprisingly flexible.That is why it can stand today with the proud title of the oldest constitution in the world. Its only rival for the honor, if there be a rival, is theconstitution of Britain, which has, however, been so greatly altered thatwe may be justified in ignoring its claim. And this fact of adaptability hasbeen shown not so much by formal amendment as by the gentle and deftmodification or remodeling at the hands of the judiciary, or under thepressure exerted by those earnest members of the bar who are sometimessaid to be, because of their persistent arguments, the real makers of thelaw. A constitution is not a coat of mail. It is, as Justice Holmes said,"but the skin of a living thought." This means that it must not be allowedto hamper movement and thus to crush out life.Constitutional law develops; it does not abound simply in ceaselessrepetition of maxims and phrases gleaned from the fathers. The makersof our institutions who gathered the framework of the constitutionalstructure from the timbers which the tide of history washed to their feet(and therein was their greatest wisdom) sought, indeed, in some instancesto implant irrevocably in our constitutional system certain fixed andeternal principles of right and justice. They believed in the immutablelaw of nature and in unchanging reason, which was, in fact, the law ofGod who was himself controlled by the immutable precepts of reason, ofright, and of justice. "Reason is the life of the law" Coke declared;46 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason." But we knowthe reasonableness of one period may, in subsequent centuries, appearto be indefensible.HISTORY AND ETHICSUtter immutability, then, need not be looked for in human conditions.But is there nothing stable, fairly solid upon which man may build?Is there no ground, which, though it have not the permanence of solidand all-enduring rock, still furnishes fairly safe footing and is not filledwith crevices or quicksands? Are there no enduring moral principles, forexample? The historian must admit that even moral standards changefrom age to age. Some of us have been reading the autobiography of aman who searched the American and foreign universities to find a scientific basis for ethics. He wanted to be just as sure of ethical principles asa scientist can be sure that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.He could find no such scientific certainty. Perhaps the philosopher of thepresent day is able to satisfy him. We know how the believer in revealedreligion or the theologian would answer him. I have no inclination to discard the teachings of philosophy, theology, or religion; but the mere historian would have his particular reply. The discontent of the present day,he would say, has thriven upon the belief that fundamental moral preceptsare artificial, superimposed, extrinsic. But, indeed, "extrinsic" is the lastword that should be applied to them, and they are artificial only in thesense that they are the product of age-long aspiration, toil, and sufferingof human beings; they are a resultant of life-forces. Casting off somethingmerely because it is old, putting it away, though it was woven on theloom of time, as one would turn over an outworn coat to the ragman,seems to the historian little short of sacrilege, an affront to his own goddess. Age is entitled to respect because it is old; because it has endured somuch and so long. If change, always assaulting the barriers of habit, isthe law of life, then anything that has survived and waxed strong has given evidence of vitality and of usefulness. Mere longevity may be an indication of youth.'¦ I . I'Uimpr r..L 1 . . ?i l.UPlaced in Swift Hall Modeled by Leonard CrunelleBAS-RELIEF PORTRAIT IN BRONZE OF PRESIDENTWILLIAM RAINEY HARPERMEMORIALS OFPRESIDENT HARPERAND GERALD B. SMITHTWO distinguished memorial tablets in bronze have recently beenplaced in the corridor of Swift Hall which leads from the northentrance hall to the loggia connecting with Bond Chapel. Theseenduring tributes are in addition to the marble bust of Dr. George W.Northrup and the tablet in memory of Professor B. F. Simpson which havebeen in the corridor for several years. The two tablets, photographs ofwhich are reproduced herewith, are each a work of art. They were modeledby Leonard Crunelle of the Midway Studios, sculptor of the Judson memorial bas-relief in Mandel Corridor, as well as creator of the Lincolnstatues at Dixon and Freeport, Illinois. The first is a portrait bas-reliefof President Harper, whose memory is here appropriately perpetuated,as he was a member of the teaching staff of the Baptist Theological Seminary before it became the Divinity School of the University. Indeed,none was more devoted to its welfare.The second tablet is that in memory of Dr. Gerald Birney Smith whosedeath in 1929 was an irreparable loss to the University. At a service inBond Chapel on November 3, 1931, this memorial was presented to theUniversity. Dean Charles W. Gilkey offered prayer, members of theUniversity choir, with Cecil M. Smith, son of Dr. Smith, at the organ,sang effectively. Dr. J. M. P. Smith, on behalf of the committee whichsecured the funds for the tablet, formally presented it to the DivinitySchool, the Board of Trustees of the University having previously accepted it. Dr. J. M. P. Smith said:DR. J. M. P. SMITH PRESENTS THE TABLETThe late Gerald Birney Smith joined the Faculty of the University of Chicago in theyear 1900, as instructor in the Department of Systematic Theology in the DivinitySchool. He rapidly gained the enthusiastic support and confidence of the student bodyand the admiration and affection of his colleagues on the Faculty. He achieved the rankof professor in 1913 by his excellent service. Then after sixteen more years of invaluablework his career was cut short by death in the spring of 1929.In the early part of the following summer, a committee was appointed by the Divinity Faculty to raise a fund for a fitting memorial to Professor Smith. This committee4748 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDconsisted of Professors Shirley Jackson Case, Edgar Johnson Goodspeed, and myself.The appeal for funds was oversubscribed by 265 of his former students. Thereupon thepreparation of a memorial tablet was entrusted to the well-known and skilled artist,Mr. Leonard Crunelle.At the bottom of the tablet are two figures, in reduced proportions, representativeof two sides of Professor Smith's personality: In the right hand corner is representedRodin's statue of "The Thinker," symbolic of the intellectual phase of his life, and inthe left hand corner the classical statue of "The Discus Thrower," symbolic of his keeninterest in outdoor sports and activities.My dear Dean Mathews, speaking in behalf of the 265 alumni of the Divinity Schoolwhose gifts are responsible for the creation of this work of art, I present to you, as officialrepresentative of the Divinity School, this memorial tablet in honor of our belovedfriend and colleague, Professor Gerald Birney Smith.Dean Shailer Mathews followed with the following tribute to the lifeand character of Dr. Smith:DEAN MATHEWS' TRIBUTEIt is now two and a half years since Gerald Birney Smith died. The rapid turnover ofthe student body makes it probable that only very few of those now registered in theDivinity School ever studied with him. This rapid passage from activity to memory ispart of our common mortality. But it is by no means a complete description of a teacher's significance. When Professor Smith died on April 3, 1929, he had been teaching inthe University of Chicago for nearly thirty years. As professorships go in the Universityof Chicago this is not exceptionally long, but its significance can be seen today evenmore plainly than two and a half years ago. At that time at a memorial service, Iclosed my address upon him with these words, "This rich personality will not lose itsinfluence. His vivacity of thought, his discriminating optimism, his religious assurance,and his unstinting friendship will live in many lives, to reproduce themselves in institutions and character." This prophecy seems to have been correct. His personality isstill influential. In saying this I did not mean to minimize his literary influence but toemphasize the dynamic quality of his personality. His Taylor lectures on "Social Idealism and the Changing Theology" are stimulating and instructive. I am repeatedly reminded of his clear insistence on the significance of method as a substitute for externalauthority. During the years he and I worked together on The Dictionary of Religionand Ethics, I came to appreciate the precision and honesty of his thinking. He despisedwhat he called "ruminating" about a subject. The other volumes which he edited orwrote are valuable especially for their discriminating criticism of current ethical andreligious thought. But his personality was to make his great contribution to theology.I do not refer now to his influence upon his friends. That is very real and strong. I referrather to his significance as a theologian. For he illustrated a new theological method—the concentration of effort upon religious and moral experience rather than upon doctrine. He was exceptionally well read in theology, but his interest indeed was morecritical than systematic. He was a master in theological discussion, but he had a So-cratic habit of cross-questioning his own conclusions with the result that he often lefthis conclusions guarded by a question.Q-lHOOoHH-125<;HWNzopqMEMORIAL PORTRAITS IN BRONZE 49It is interesting to watch the development of his biographical theology. When hebegan to teach theology he was fresh from Germany and was under the influence of theRitschlian School. I think he never lost the attitude of mind which Ritschlianism developed. Religion to him was a matter of values rather than of knowledge. Later hegrew more sympathetic with realism, but he was not very keen to put his conclusionsinto formulas. I fancy that this attitude on his part was sometimes a little disconcertingto some who could not understand that growth is more fascinating than maturity. Yethe would be ready to answer questions of such minds with emphatic affirmation. Once,after a long discussion about God, a somewhat bewildered man asked him the directquestion as to whether there was a God. His reply was, "Of course, there is a God."Such an answer was really characteristic. He believed God existed, but his sense of thatreality did not wait upon definition. His chief interest lay in the production of moraland religious attitudes. The unity of his thinking was gained in quality of action.This insistence on personality rather than metaphysics, of course, is characteristicof our theological climate which he had a good share in creating. Moral values, personalmind-sets, a relationship with cosmic activity through the aid of social adjustments,are far enough away from conventional theological thinking to arouse suspicion, if notcondemnation, but they found expression in him. As Professor McGiflert said in hisvery discriminating article, "Dr. Smith grew into and grew out of the Ritschlian theology. But he remained true to the Ritschlian piety."It would be easy for men who think of theology as a phase of philosophy to misinterpret the type of theological thought which Professor Smith represented. It seemsunfocused. The endeavors of most theologians have been to develop a concatenationof propositions integrated by syllogisms. If these propositions were uttered with dogmatic assurance, the man was said to have a message. With such an attitude GeraldBirney Smith had no sympathy. Systems were like the deacon's one-horse shay, holdingtogether only as long as their weakest part could hold them. To him most theology wasa vindication of religious trust, the basis for moral sacrifice and for a courageous facingof a future which, not yet described, could be expected. More than all, it was a legitimization of the right to believe in personal values and a response of cosmic activities.All those who came in contact with him, whether student or colleague, would testifyto his power to incarnate rather than systematize the religious conviction. His point ofdeparture was inner rather than outward. His mind was too active and honest to restcontent with vocabularies. He had what people commonly called the saving grace ofhumor, but what might be more properly described as the power to set the details oflife in a proper perspective. The devotee to forms and rigid canons too often fails here.The mote in one's brother's eye becomes a beam. Man instead of living a life of faithtreats patterns of thought as if they were ultimate realities. More than once have Imissed his daily visit to my office, where his hearty laugh and sense of the distortions oflife's little irritations removed them.It would be a mistake, however, to leave his thought in this world of values. In thelatter years of life, he emerged from Ritschlianism to a new sense of the significance ofscience. We had many a discussion in that field. His essay on theism indicates his morecomplete position. I suspect it was something of a disappointment to those who askedhim to write it, because they thought his devotion to personal values had rather bluntedhis interest in ontology. But that essay shows that while he was convinced, as indeedwe must be, that conventional theism can hardly stand in the courts of scientific method,there is a theism which, though less sharply defined, none the less recognizes man's rela-So THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtionship with cosmic activity. I doubt if he would have written that essay twentyyears ago.The theological world has not been inactive during the last two years and a half, butthe general direction in which it is developing seems clearly enough to be in the waywhich Professor Smith illustrated. We have a universe on our hands, but it is a universeout of which personalities have come. Therefore, the chief object in life is the furtherance of the personal values by the proper adjustments of persons with persons, with society, and with the personality-producing activities of the cosmos. The latter adjustmentwill be less distinct in consciousness than the former, but the two processes of integrationwill find their real expression and tests in individual social living. Any final or authoritative system of doctrine is quite impossible, but for all earnest persons, however, religioncan be rationalized in one's own personal life. If it is not possible to answer our metaphysical questions, we can at least find a unity and assurance in faith which is rationaland in action which makes toward the increasing of personal values. All of this we cando with a great conviction that we are working with rather than against the creativeactivities of the universe from which we cannot escape.Looking back over these two years and a half and in view of the development of religious thought during this period, I realize anew how significant our colleague's influencehas been, not only as an illustration of a sane, clear- thinking, helpful life, but also as anillustration of that type of theological reconstruction in which religious motives andmoral co-operation are the real systematizers of thought which is adventurous and sometimes better able to formulate questions than to find answers. After all, is that not thereal end to which we look — the production of life rather than systems, the furnishing ofmotives for such sort of living as will be in accord with the universe in which we are? Itis with this recognition of Gerald Birney Smith's position as a pioneer in an only partially explored theological field quite as much as with the memory of his individualfriendship that we dedicate this tablet. Let us hope that his memory and his influencewithin the life of the Divinity School will help men to feel that religion is not a philosophy, but a life deriving its abundance from God and man.PORTRAITS AND TABLETSTHE University has reason to be proud of the portraits whichare finding places of distinction in University buildings —tributes to men and women who "by faith passed throughthe Red Sea" of early University deficits; who "compassed about" theJericho of money-raising campaigns; "subdued the kingdoms" of environing indifference; "wrought righteousness, obtained promises" of futureaccomplishment among tens of thousands of students. These enduringtributes consist not only of portraits; there are bronze tablets and busts,not to mention buildings which bear the honored names of former presidents and generous friends. Two of these memorials, recently placed, arereproduced upon another page in this issue of the University Record.In this connection it is desirable to announce once more the regulationwith reference to the placement of such tributes to distinguished membersof the faculties and administrative officers. The Trustees have adopted arule by which before a commission for painting a portrait or modeling asculpture for permanent preservation by the University shall have beenawarded, the artist to be selected shall have been approved by a committee of the Board of Trustees. Furthermore, before acceptance bythe Board of Trustees the completed work shall have been approved bythis committee. The wisdom of such rules will be apparent to all whohave had occasion to view the depressing portraits on the walls of olderinstitutions of learning, both East and West. Having obtained the necessary approvals, committees who are performing the useful and self-sacrificing service of raising funds may be assured that the completedworks will not be rejected as might be the case if rules are not followed.In furtherance of these ends the Board of Trustees, in March, 1931,appointed a committee on memorials, of which committee Mr. J. M.Stifler is the chairman. This committee is to "make a study of the wholequestion of memorials at the University, including setting standards forthe future, recommending names to be memorialized and methods ofdoing so, also making recommendations to the Board on art objectsoffered to the University, which do not fall within the province of theInstitute of Fine Arts." Until this committee shall be organized theprocedure will be to consult the Building and Grounds Committee, ofwhich Mr. Thomas E. Donnelley is chairman, and Mr. J. S. Dickersona member with offices in the Oriental Institute Building.SiTHE HOMECOMING DINNERTHE homecoming dinner, for many years celebrated annuallyafter the opening of the Autumn Quarter of the University, thisyear was a noteworthy event. The banquet was served in JudsonCourt in the new college residence hall for men. Its walls had hardlydried after the last brush stroke of the decorators; but the dining hall, aswell as the adjacent student quarters, were all in perfect order. One realized how great an improvement this new building is over any for similaruses at present found amid the quadrangles. The dining-room was particularly noticeable for the ease with which the addresses were heard, evenin its far corners. Miss Nell Sawin, having charge of the two dining-roomsin the new building, provided, notwithstanding the handicaps of incom-pletion, an excellent dinner, well and promptly served to more than threehundred members of the faculties and administrative officers.The building, with its new kitchens and other rooms, of course was attractive, but the interest centered in the program of the evening. Therewere four speakers. President Hutchins, with his customary exemplification of humor and statement of fact, introduced them. The first speakerwas E. T. Filbey, acting Vice-President and Dean of Faculties, who announced the appointment of sixty new members to the several faculties.Each one present responded by rising when his name was called. It wasinteresting to notice how large a number of young men is represented inthese annual reinforcements of the ranks of the older and longer servingteachers of the University. This was particularly noticeable when thePresident introduced Professor Frank R. Lillie of the Department of Zoology, now the dean of the biological division under the new plan of reorganization. His address referred to the comprehensiveness of this division,which includes not only the customary biological sections but even thosesuch as home economics and physical culture, which never before, probably, have been included in such an educational administrative group.Dr. J. M. Stifler, chairman of the Trustees' committee on development,delightfully described the activities of this newly-created committee. Hehopes that it will not only be helpful in bringing faculties and Trusteesnearer together, but will also serve as a link between the generous citizensof Chicago and the University, while, also, it may not be impossible toenlighten the somewhat incredulous East upon the growth and worth of52£w§p<oIn1-13 -d>W <Dl/;w t/]isw mQ chHI/)H «Pi hnaWO Sw OJh^ sou BCI)1?1— 1 AOJ3 <Uo woPio^THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 53the University. The fourth speaker was Mr. Beardsley Ruml, recentlycoming to the University from the directorship of the Laura SpelmanRockefeller Memorial, where for the last nine years he has actively participated in the administration of this useful foundation. Mr. Ruml gavesome of the results of his studies during a recent visit to Western Europe,indicating that in some respects Europeans are more intelligently addressing themselves to the social problems of today than we in America.THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIESTHE report of the director of the University Libraries, Mr.Llewellyn Raney, for 1930-31, provides a comprehensive reviewof the activities of this essential department of the University.The document covers the statement of the service rendered by the severallibraries, recounts the accessions, some of them noteworthy, and explainslimitations. During the year there were 50,358 accessions raising thegrand total to 966,195 bound volumes in the libraries. The expendituresfor books was $184,102. Of the $440,351 expended for the library duringthe twelve months, $203,944 was paid for books, binding, periodicals, andsupplies, while $236,407 went for salaries. The Catalogue Departmentmade permanent the record of 30,069 titles and 93,889 volumes at anaverage cost per volume of the remarkably low price of 75 cents.The University Record described in its October issue the purchase ofthe notable Lafayette Collection. The report describes another worthyacquisition — the papers, some 10,000 pieces, comprising the WyndhamRobertson Collection. Robertson was governor of Virginia, 1836-37.The papers consist largely of the letters written to him while he wasgovernor and during the period, 1850-60, when he was a prominent leaderof the conservative, Union group in the state. With the outbreak of hostilities, he, in condemnation of Lincoln's course, joined the Confederacy.There are also a number of papers belonging to his ancestors, some ofwhich date back to the American Revolution, and included is a largeamount of business material, such as plantation records, farm journals,and papers of the Buenavista Plaster Company, of which Mr. Robertsonwas a director. Among the prominent persons who are represented byletters in the collection are Andrew Jackson, R. B. Curtis, S. J. Tilden,Edwin Bates, Robert E. Lee, and J. E. B. Stuart.IN MEMORY OF PROFESSORBENJAMIN STITES TERRYBENJAMIN STITES TERRY, who died October 30, 1931, became, a member of the faculty of the University in the memorableyear 1892, that laurel-wreathed period when so many other menof "light and leading" took the not inconsiderable risk of becoming pariof the new institution for which so much was hoped, of which so little wasknown, and for which, necessarily, so much remained to be achievedPerhaps it was not so much of a strain with him as with most of those whccame to dwell "beneath the hope filled western skies" — skies at that timefilled with not much more than hope — for he was a son of the West witlwestern traditions. Here at the University he labored for thirty- thre<years until his retirement from active service in 1925. An account of hiilife and work at the University appears in the address of Dean Mathewiprinted below.Funeral services were held on November 2, 1931, in Bond Chape]attended by many friends and former associates, in which services RevNorris L. Tibbetts and Dean Charles W. Gilkey had parts. The honorarpallbearers included colleagues in the University and long-time friendsDean Shailer Mathews delivered the memorial address which followsDEAN MATHEWS' TRIBUTEBenjamin Stites Terry belonged to the all too rapidly diminishing group of eduational pioneers upon whose lives and achievements the University of Chicago has reste(The generations of university life come and go so rapidly that these pioneers are botthe creators and the inheritors of the institution. To them are due in large measure thoscharacteristics which distinguish our University from its companions. To them wigiven an opportunity, rare even in a world of beginnings, of establishing that combinition of research and social interest which form the climate in which the institution h<grown. They shared the expansive spirit of President Harper to whom the search f<truth was always a means to the application of truth. They were teachers as well iinvestigators, partakers in civic and national undertakings as well as specialists in fiel<later to be more highly specialized. Among them were men who had already gained t]attention of the scientific world, and others who were still under forty years of age.BIOGRAPHICALIt was to this later group that Terry belonged. Born in 1857, he brought a person*ity that was provided with rich heritage for sharing in a new university in the Midd54THE LATE BENJAMIN STITES TERRYPROFESSOR BENJAMIN STITES TERRY 55West. On both sides of his family he came from pioneer stock. On his father's side,Benjamin Stites, whose name he bore, had been a captain in the Revolutionary War,and remained in the service of the government guarding the colonists along the Ohiofrom Indian attacks. In one of his expeditions in pursuit of Indians who had attackedthe settlements south of the Ohio he discovered the region in southern Ohio where in1788 the town of Marietta was founded. Later he was granted ten thousand acres atthe junction of the Little Miami and the Ohio. This and neighboring settlementswere joined to form the beginning of what is now the city of Cincinnati. The Stitesfamily was religious and included by marriage some of the earliest of the Baptist leaders, among them Stephen Gano, the fighting parson of the Revolution, personal friendof Washington, and Dr. Manning, who for twenty years was president of Brown University. It is natural, therefore, that Major Benjamin Stites should have granted theland upon which was built the first Protestant church in the Northwest Territory.The Terry family came to America from England in 1635, and left numerous descendants in New England and New York, among them General Alfred Terry, for whom atleast three towns in the west have been named, and Rose Terry Cook, who won a distinguished place in literature. John Terry moved to Ohio with his family, and his son,Robert Terry, married the daughter of Major Benjamin Stites in 1822. The oldest sonof this union was John, the father of Benjamin Terry. As a free-lance journalist andexplorer, he had undertaken to move west in 1850 to California, but was prevented bythe fact that the Apache Indians were on the warpath. Instead of going west he wentnorthwest and settled in St. Paul, then a small settlement in constant danger of attacksby the Sioux. There he married Emily Wakefield, who was a daughter of Judge John A.Wakefield who was prominent in the early history of Illinois and Wisconsin. John Terryfounded the first newspaper in St. Paul, which in the course of time became the PioneerPress. He was a prominent citizen and for a number of years the postmaster of St. Paul.How close Benjamin Terry was to the pioneer days can be seen from the fact thathis uncle, Elijah Stites Terry, a missionary among the Dakotas, was killed by the Indians, and another uncle, Benjamin Stites Terry, was killed by Indians when the SixthMinnesota Regiment put down the Sioux uprising in 1863.Benjamin Stites Terry was graduated from Colgate University in 1878 and studiedin Hamilton Theological Seminary and Rochester Theological Seminary from 1878-81.On June 1 of this year he celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his marriage with Mary,daughter of Dr. George C. Baldwin, a distinguished clergyman of the Baptist denomination. For a few years he was pastor of the Baptist churches in Perry and Fairport, NewYork. In 1885 he became Professor of History at Colgate. There he continued until189 1, when he went to Gottingen and Freiburg, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from thelatter university in 1892. His abilities brought him into close relationship with the famous Professor von Hoist, with whom he was to be a life-long friend.IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOWhen in 1892 President Harper undertook to induce Dr. von Hoist to come to theproposed University of Chicago, Terry was asked by him to serve as intermediary. Inthis he was so successful that von Hoist became the head of the Department of Historyin the University of Chicago. As a condition to his coming Terry was made Professorof English Constitutional and Medieval History. Those of us who remember the striking personality of von Hoist can easily understand how indispensable Terry became asa senior member of the department. Indeed, he became one of the dependable members56 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the faculty. He cared for the administrative details of his department, and for a considerable period was dean of the senior college of the University. He was, I have beentold, the first man in America to center attention on the constitutional history of England, and in the opinion of one who is pre-eminently fitted to judge, he was a leadinginfluence in developing this field of American historical study. Especially did he stimulate students to devote themselves to this important matter. He himself read papersfor the American Historical Association, of which he was a member, and in 1901 hepublished a History of England from Earliest Times to the Death of Victoria, to be followed two years later by a volume on the History of England for Schools. These workshave won a lasting position in their field, and gained for Terry a fellowship in the RoyalHistorical Society of Great Britain. In 1903 his accomplishments were further recognized by the honorary degree of LL.D. from Colgate University.Recalling my association with Terry since 1894, it seems to me that a great contribution to the life of the University was his own personality. There never was a more genialand appreciative companion. Like all men of character, he had his strong likes and dislikes, but his prevailing attitude was one of discriminating sympathy. Everybody whoknew him, from his colleagues on the faculty to his children and his grandchild, foundin him a friend. He loved the woods and years ago built himself a cabin in the heart ofthe Wisconsin wilderness, where he loved to entertain his friends and where they founda home marked by the gracious hospitality of Mrs. Terry. He was one of the best raconteurs I have known, and an evening with him was filled with a delightful combinationof scholarship and anecdote. He had the historian's estimate of our modern social life,and was singularly suggestive in tracing present conditions to their sources in thosefields to which he had devoted his life of study. It was his interest in the personal sideof life that led him to throw himself whole-heartedly into the movement of universityextension.He was an admirable and popular platform speaker, and until the conditions of hishealth forbade was in constant demand for addresses and lectures. He was also anadmirable preacher and, despite the pressure of administrative and academic duties,preached almost constantly in churches of different denominations in and about Chicago. Indeed, so effective was his pulpit work that he was in demand even as a possiblepastor, a calling which his devotion to the University service made him decline. Buthe never lost interest in ecclesiastical affairs, and he was a keen debater on theologicalmatters, on which his position was that of a conservative progressive. To him religionwas more than a matter of creed, but he was the last man to reduce it to amorphoussentimentalism. His kindliness and that discriminating humor which seems to be almost a characteristic of historians took from the earnestness of his convictions anythinglike intolerance.PERSONALITY THE REAL LIFE OF THE UNIVERSITYAs the passing of the years compels us repeatedly to consider the life and serviceof friends who have left us, it becomes cumulatively evident, in a community like ours,that personalities make up the real life of the University. Here we are given an opportunity and means of making our contribution to knowledge, but equal, if not more important, is the opportunity given us to merge our lives in the immortality of the institution. Great as have been the contributions of some of our colleagues to the differentsciences, even greater has been their contribution to the institution and to the innumerable lives with whom they have come in contact. As knowledge increases, life grows enriched. It is no small gift which the University makes to a changing social order whenPROFESSOR BENJAMIN STITES TERRY 57it develops in successive generations of students respect for orderly investigation andcourage in the changing of opinions. The spirit of the University becomes a contagiousforce in human life to be re-expressed in other universities and in the world of affairs.One great contribution which a teacher makes to his world is in his human associations.If he can bring to others a deepening conviction of the worth of human life and of thesupreme value of persons, if he can arouse a sacrificial social-mindedness that shall leadthem to co-operate with rather than to coerce their fellows, if he can help others to believe that life is something more than mechanism, if he can believe that human progressis something superior to the disciplined search for the satisfaction of animal wants, hehas contributed ideals which will survive. It is in this company of scholars who are apersonal leaven that Benjamin Stites Terry belonged. To the development of a newinstitution he brought the spirit of his pioneer ancestry, to his students the wealth of hisfriendship and scholarly sympathy, to society the idealism of the Christian religion, andto his family and to us, his friends, himself.I should be unjust to our friend if I did not add a tribute to his confidence in the survival of the human personality over death. Like every thoughtful person he knew theinterrogation put to us by death, but he also knew the hope that rises above analysis,looking at man as a whole more than a combination of separable parts. He believedthat death was an episode rather than a final frustration. In this confidence he livedand with this confidence he passed beyond our vision. If immortality were mere prolongation of our present life, it might well be regarded as something, if possible, to beavoided; but if it be regarded as an entrance upon a higher stage of the process fromwhich we have emerged, a richer experience, it is not only conceivable but desirable.As Royce said in his philosophical paraphrase of Paul, "This mortal must put on individuality." In moments like this we look less to argument than to the inner urge oflove. In our highest moments our life is already timeless, re-enforced by a faith thathas survived disillusionment and the apotheosis of physiology. Those who share withour friend such a confidence look toward death with a sort of holy curiosity, believingthat the God of things which are becoming is not the God of the dead, but of the living.THE NEW GRADUATE BUILDINGTHE Graduate Building of the School of Education has beencompleted and is occupied. The architects, Armstrong, Furst &Til ton, give the following facts concerning the new building:The purpose of this building is to house the activities of the graduate students ofthe School of Education; and while it is primarily a laboratory or office building, it alsocontains many special features including clubrooms for men and women, an assembly-room seating about three hundred persons, also a faculty exchange. These rooms andthe offices for Dr. Judd are located on the first floor.The second floor is devoted to the library, which includes an especially attractivereading-room measuring about fifty by one hundred feet, special collection and document rooms, stack room with mezzanine, and an office and work room for the librarian.The third and fourth floors contain about seventy-five rooms which are devoted tooffices, laboratories, examination rooms, projection rooms, etc. Additional laboratoriesand work rooms are provided in the basement.In designing the exterior of this building, the desire has been to make it not only harmonize with the French style used in present buildings of this group but also to give itsome of the character of the newer buildings on the quadrangles. This has been accomplished by using an adaptation of the fifteenth-century French Gothic architecture thatshows a tendency toward the other Gothic architecture that is being so successfullyused. The exterior material consists of variegated Indiana limestone containing somevariance in color and texture while windows consist of steel casements and leadedglass.The interior treatment of the club rooms and the library reading-room has beengiven special study; and all parts of the building have been worked out so that walls,floors, light fixtures, etc., will complement each other.The building, equipped, cost approximately $650,000.In the common-room hangs the portrait of Dr. Judd painted by LouisBetts, a reproduction of which appeared in the University Record forJuly, 1931.58V.cH<U&QWfc.Oos «K "3O <*W Sfa wO *o "2I Qm m<P<ai ji$£pu*&>Paw/ Philippe Crel, ArchitectTHE EPSTEIN INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTSTentative DesignTHE FIELD HOUSE NEARS COMPLETIONThe Whole Interior I*>ee from ColumnsTHE FIELD HOUSETHE long-looked-forward-to Field House is rapidly becoming areality. Notable progress in its construction has been made.The roof is on and the stonework completed. The cornerstone,amid much confusion and student enthusiasm, was laid at 9:30 p.m. onOctober 8. Many of the Trustees of the University, just having left ameeting at the President's house, were present. Lawrence Whiting, representing the alumni, presided. President Hutchins and Mr. Stagg "laid"the stone within which were photographs of the Chicago teams of 1892and 1930, athletic records of four decades, together with, a picture of thefirst gymnasium. Mr. Stagg described the several structures which duringnearly forty years had been provided for "physical culture": the first,which was razed when the Mitchell tower group was begun, housed thegymnasium used by both men and women, the library, the offices andcomposing rooms of the University Press and the bookstore. Then cameBartlett Gymnasium; the west grand stands; the more recent groups ofseats; and now the Field House, "the finest in the world." A description ofthe building, which is 354 feet long and 165 feet wide, together with a drawing of the east front, appeared in the University Record for January, 1931.Arrangements can be made in the new building by which 7,000 spectators,if need be, can be seated. As will be seen by the reproduction of thephotograph appearing in this issue the whole interior area is free fromcolumns or piers. The roof arches, of a new method of construction, spanthe space from north to south wall without prominent bracing beams.The result is the creation of a quite remarkable room, giving the impression of great space. The building is to cost approximately $600,000 ormore.Already in January, 1932, the building was being used for basketballcontests, for which use it is admirably fitted.59AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE DEPARTMENT OF MUSICBy Carl BrickenAS IT NOW STANDSA SIMPLE outline will suffice to give a general view of the newDepartment of Music as it now has passed its third month ofL existence.1 There is a symphony orchestra already establishedof sturdy proportions and balance, consisting of seventy-five players. Theenthusiasm, spirit, and actual pleasure displayed by this group in itsrehearsals bear out the original conviction that music was inevitable atthe University. If anybody had claimed that a raw ensemble group ofthis size could attempt the "Coriolanus" overture of Beethoven and givea creditable performance of it, many would justly have doubted it. Yetthe claim has been justified. In order not to dwell too long upon this sideof it, it will be of interest to note in passing that not only has the orchestra steadily grown in numbers since its formation but the faculty of theUniversity has evinced an active interest in it — even to the inclusion init of eight playing members.It seems that by beginning with a definite practical program such asthe establishment of an orchestra, as well as two good chamber-musicensembles (to which I wish more space could be given), many loosethreads have already been gathered together, and those who had wondered where they might give vent to their abilities and desires to playhave come to serve more than a good cause. They have come together toserve themselves. Results to date have shown there is no need for justification of this practical method of approach. What is needed is broaderapplication. This concerted activity has already served to open the doorsto music in the University, so that in the next quarter (winter, 1932)those courses that will be offered will not have come too suddenly. Musicas a culture will have been launched. It has been launched.One hears so often the pathetic complaint of older men, themselves1 Outline of courses beginning Winter Quarter, 1932: (1) "History and Appreciationof Music"; (2) "Elementary Theory," "Ear-training," "Dictation," "Sight-singing";(3) two courses in "Harmony" offered by Mr. Cecil M. Smith.60AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 61college graduates and successful men of affairs, that they never got muchmusic in college. They feel like outsiders. The whole world of sound isforeign to their comprehension; they heartily wish it were otherwise.The situation in our universities is not today what it was. We knowthat music is a vital ingredient of general culture. In order to give thefuture business man, the banker, the doctor, lawyer, and the politiciana more profound understanding of the beauty of good music, there areillustrated courses in history and appreciation and elementary courses intheory. Here the undergraduate may learn how music is made, at firstby creating phrases and periods himself, by discovering what form means,and by hearing with his own ears the magnificent musical literature thatis our heritage.AS IS HOPED FOR THE FUTUREOf necessity this article must be an expression of the ideals and hopesfor the future. I visualize two main branches — one really the developmentof the other. The first, as above described, to give the undergraduate hisopportunity for a sound appreciation of what is good in music. He is theultimate judge; his intuitions will be quickened by his knowledge. Itseems to me that the ground is already well turned here. Mr. MackEvans has done a splendid work in bringing the choral masterpieces ofthe sixteenth century to such prominence with the University choir.It is not at all beyond the limits of possibility soon to hear a performanceof one of the great choral works of Bach, Handel, or Beethoven given bythe choir and orchestra of the University in the University Chapel. Letthe reader's imagination dwell a moment on that.The second branch is for the more serious student, and for him theremust be the opportunity to delve deeply into the past. He must see thatart is likened unto a great mountain with its peak in the clouds. Thebase of this mountain represents the foundations of the past. Paths havebeen beaten as far as the clouds. We must lift them higher. But a greatpreparation must be made for this ascent. He who is strong will climb.His knowledge of the paths leads him to creation. Then is he an artist,conscious of his powers, and he has gained his freedom. I believe thatthere is great talent in this country. There is even some genius if we canbut uncover it. We are only beginning to become artistically conscious,but no art can thrive without authentic information and wise guidance.Keen minds are generally curious. In the student, curiosity must be encouraged and most certainly wisely directed. If we all agree that musicmay be called the art of sound, then it must be heard. The student hasno way of proving the merits or faults of a given work except by listening62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto it. He should be able to play some instrument well — not as a virtuoso,but as a sound musician. He should be able to read a score at the piano.After all, Bach was not a bad organist; he also played the violin. Beethoven could have rested alone on his laurels as a pianist; he, too, played theviolin. Other great names could be listed, but it is not necessary here tomention more. The Germans have long known the importance of playingmusic. I wish I could describe in words the joy evinced by the players inour orchestra. They know the advantage they have over those who cannot participate, and at the end of a strenuous day, it is something to endit with a melody singing in one's mind. Not a bad way to retire, nor avery bad conception of recreation.I envision here at this University a place for creating music second tonone. I foresee young American composers, at last the aristocrats forwhom we have waited. Why should not the American opera come fromthese precincts? Why not our own honest symphonic works — untouchedby contemporary European styles and tendencies? Why not a broad andcontinuous stream of intelligent music-lovers who will know the goodfrom the bad — those who must ultimately judge?This foreshadows a tremendous program. Each year the best men obtainable must be added to the faculty. Each year more new and eagertalent must be guided.To sum up the whole program: (i) Courses for the undergraduatewhich will give him a general knowledge of music, how to listen to it, howto develop and carry along with him a deeper and wider appreciation ofmusic, and to know what is good music. (2) Added to these courses, forthe more serious student of music, courses in counterpoint, form, composition and orchestration. From this group will come the composers, teachers, and critics. The orchestra, taught by the best men obtainable, willserve also as the proving ground for those seeking the higher musicaldegrees. Students will write orchestral compositions in the larger formsas their theses, these works to be played by the orchestra.Chicago is geographically and historically ready for this development.The University of Chicago is its logical center. This new child in its largeand healthy family promises to add distinction to an illustrious record.I cannot but feel that we are contributing an important bit to the vitalityand the cultural consciousness of the University and the city of Chicago.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIN ADDITION to reappointments, the following appointments havebeen made during the three months prior to January i, 1932:Dr. Frederic W. Schlutz, now Professor and Chairman of theDepartment of Pediatrics, as Richard T. Crane Professor, effective November 12, 1931.John Jacob Brooks Morgan, as Visiting Professor in the Department ofPractical Theology of the Divinity School for the Winter and SpringQuarters, 1932.Dr. Heinrich Necheles, Associate Professor in the Department ofPhysiology, from October 1, 1931, to June 30, 1932.Aristid von Grosse, as Visiting Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Chemistry, for four quarters from April 1, 1932.Otto Struve, Assistant Professor of Astrophysics, as Assistant Directorof Yerkes Observatory, until July 1, 1932, with full responsibility for theadministrative and scientific work of Yerkes Observatory until Dr. Frost'sreturn to active duty.Dr. Douglas Gordon Campbell, as full-time physician in the UniversityHealth Service and Clinical Instructor in Psychiatry in the Departmentof Medicine, for one year from November 1, 193 1, on a four-quarterbasis.R. W. Tyler, as Examiner in the Board of Examinations, for the WinterQuarter, 1932.Dr. Laura McLaughlin, as Research Associate in the Department ofPediatrics, for nine and one-half months from September 15, 1931.Max Moller, as Research Associate in the Department of Chemistry,for one year from October 1, 1931.Gertrude Dudley, as Chairman of the Women's University Council forone year from October 1, 1931.Dr. Oswald H. Robertson, as Acting Chairman of the Department ofMedicine, effective November 4, 1931.Hayward Keniston, as Acting Chairman of the Department of Romance for four months from October 1, 1931.6364 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNEW TRUSTEEMr. Max Epstein was elected Trustee at the October 8, 1931, Boardmeeting.PROMOTIONOram C. Woolpert, to an instructorship in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, for nine months from October 1, 1931.LEAVES OF ABSENCEEleanor Bontecou, Professor in the School of Social Service Administration, for the Autumn Quarter, 1931, and the Winter Quarter, 1932.Dr. Louis Bothman, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, for the period from November 1, 1931 to February 28, 1932, forstudy abroad.Dr. E. J. Kraus, Professor in the Department of Botany, for the WinterQuarter, 1932, in order to carry on some work for the Sugar Planters'Experiment Station in Hawaii.CANCELLATIONSDr. Eugene C. Ciccarelli, as Instructor and full-time Physician at theHealth Service Department, effective November 1, 1931.Eliakim H. Moore's appointment to give service on a part-time basisfor one year from October 1, 1931, has been cancelled on account of thestate of his health.RESIGNATIONSGwendolyn E. Giltner, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, effectiveNovember 7, 193 1.Dr. Esmond R. Long, Professor in the Department of Pathology, effective October 1, 1932. Dr. Long is leaving the University to accept theposition of director of the laboratories of the Phipps Institute of the University of Pennsylvania.Dr. Franklin C. McLean, as Associate Dean of the Biological SciencesDivision, effective November 4, 1931. Dr. McLean continues as Directorof the University Clinics.Harold Shepherd, as Professor in the Law School, effective September30, I931-William Brooks Steen, Instructor in the Department of Anatomy, effective October 1, 1931.Dr. Ada Elizabeth Verder, Instructor in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, effective October 1, 1931.Dr. Russell M. Wilder, Professor in the Department of Medicine, effective September 30, 1931.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 65MISCELLANEOUSThe committee to administer the Douglas Smith Foundation wasformed before the establishment of the Departments of Obstetrics andGynecology and Pediatrics, and before the organization of the BiologicalDivision. The following have been added to the committee: Dr. F. R.Lillie, as dean of the Division of the Biological Sciences; Dr. F. L. Adair,as chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Dr. F. W.Schlutz, as chairman of the Department of Pediatrics; Dr. O. H. Robertson, as acting chairman of the Department of Medicine.DEATHSGeorge W. Myers, Professor Emeritus of Education, November 23,1931.^Benjamin Terry, Professor Emeritus of the Department of History,October 29, 1931.AMENDMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY STATUTESThe first paragraph of Section a of University Statute 15 has beenamended to read as follows:15. Work and vacations for members of the Faculties.(a). Three quarter appointments. Each member of a Faculty shall perform servicein instruction, research, and administration as may be arranged by the President during three of the quarters of his appointive year. With the approval of the Presidentthe member of a faculty may during a period not exceeding three years serve not toexceed nine quarters without regard to the number of quarters of service in a givenappointive year. Compensation for such service is payable in twelve equal monthlyinstallments annually;and Section b of Statute 15, which provides for four quarter appointments has been interpreted as applicable to all faculties of the Universityrather than restricted to the Faculty of the Medical School.GIFTSThe following gifts were received and accepted by the Board duringthe three months prior to January 1, 1932:A portrait of Mr. Frederick H. Rawson painted by Leopold Seyffert,to be hung in the main hall of Rawson Laboratory.From former students and friends a bronze plaque in memory of Professor Gerald Birney Smith and a bronze bas-relief portrait of PresidentWilliam Rainey Harper, to be placed in the corridor of Swift Hall.From Mead, Johnson & Company, Evansville, Indiana, $4,500 for the66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcontinuation of their grant for research in the Department of Pediatricsto be known as the Mead Johnson Research Fund Number 2.From the French Government, 50,000 francs, to be devoted one-halfto a fellowship for one year's study in France to be awarded the best student in French, and the other half to the support of the Maison Francaise.From an anonymous donor, $1,000, to be added to the University Loanand Gift Fund.From the E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, $750, to cover thedu Pont Fellowship in Chemistry awarded to the University for the aca-,demic year 1931-32.From the Household Finance Corporation, $600 for a fellowship forMr. E. R. Geagan who is to make a study of employee loan funds andtheir relationship to other loan agencies.From Dr. Sydney Walker, Jr., $250 for the Sydney Walker, III, Scholarship for the year 1931-32.From Mr. R. T. Miller, Jr., through Mrs. Ernest D. Burton, $225 toward the expenses of a student in the University.From Mrs. J. Harry Selz and her mother, Mrs. Austrian, a number ofarticles belonging to Miss Delia Austrian to be placed in the room inWieboldt Hall set aside in memory of Celia and Delia Austrian, deceased.From Miss Jessie M. DeBoth a pledge of $50 annually for the supportof a lectureship on some subject in surgery in Rush Medical College.From the late Mrs. Albert A. Michelson, the collection of her husband'smedals for the Ryerson Laboratory.From the Sigma Alumnae Association of the University a fund of$2,936.18 in cash and $2,181 estimated value of real-estate bonds for thepurpose of creating a scholarship fund to be known as the Sigma Scholarship Fund, the net income from which, and from any additions whichmay from time to time be made to it, to be applied upon the tuition ofone or more undergraduate women students.From the Christian Hansen's Laboratory, Inc., of Little Falls, NewYork, $3,400 for research work on milk products under the direction ofProfessor Frederic W. Schlutz.From the Pitman-Moore Company, of Indianapolis, Indiana, throughMr. E. A. Cahill, president of the Allied Laboratories, Chicago, $1,200for a fellowship in physiology for the current year to be known as thePitman-Moore Company Fellowship in Physiology. The main workunder this fellowship will be on a problem in gastric physiology and therapy of gastric disorders.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 67From the following new members of the Citizens' Committee pledgesof $1,000 each on the usual terms of the Citizens' Committee pledgecards: Max Epstein, C. B. Goodspeed, George Herbert Jones, JamesKeeley, and Charles H. Swift.From the Quaker Oats Company, $600 as a grant to finance a specialnutritional study by Mrs. Thelma P. Levin under the supervision andguidance of the Department of Home Economics, $150 per month, to bepaid to Mrs. Levin for three months from September 8, 1931, and theremainder of $150 to cover incidental expenses in connection with thework.From the National Academy of Sciences, $500 for the publication ofworthy papers accumulated by the Journal of Physiological Zoology.From an anonymous donor, $200 to be applied to the fellowship in theDepartment of Philosophy for Harold E. Haydon.From the Grissard Laboratories, Winchester, Tennessee, $400 to coverexpenses of the Squill Fellowship in the Department of Pharmacology.From the Chicago Alumnae Club, $200 for two scholarships awardedto the Misses Kathryn B. Wiedenhoeft and Lois C. Holzworth for theAutumn Quarter, 1931.From Sir Joseph Duveen, three illustrated catalogues of the medals,plaquettes, and bronzes in the Dreyfus Collection for the UniversityLibraries.For Mr. James W. Young's class in advertising, from Mr. M. C.Conheim, vice-president of the Meyer-Both Company, a complete mat-illustration service, and from Mr. H. H. Sundblom, of Stevens, Sundblom& Stultz, a lay-out stand.From the Carnegie Corporation two grants, one of $25,000 for the purchase of book collections for the new dormitories and for the headquartersof the four main divisions of the University's program, the other of $10,-000 for the purchase of books for International House.From the Universal Oil Products Company, $3,000 for the salary ofAristid von Grosse, of Germany, who will give a series of lectures in theDepartment of Chemistry during the year beginning April 1, 1932.From Mr. Julius Rosenwald, $5,000 to the Citizens' Committee Fund.From the American Dry Milk Institute, Inc., $1,200 for the costs ofa study of the uses of milk-solids-not-fats in cooking to be conducted bythe Department of Home Economics.From Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, $1,000 for the purchase ofmusical instruments for members of the University Symphony Orchestra.68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrom Mr. Ernest W. Burgess, $1,000 for the use of the Social ScienceResearch Committee with the understanding that the fund will be setaside for the marriage study which Mr. Burgess is making.From the Suabian Society of Chicago, $250 to continue the study ofGerman immigration being made in the Division of the Social Sciences.From the Charles F. Grey Estate, $200 in addition to the usual allotment of $1,000 to aid deserving students attending the University.From Mr. Edward J. Doyle, $200 for the Celtic Project.From Mrs. Frank L. Sulzberger, $50 an honorarium for Dr. HansKohn lecturer in the Social Science Division.From Mr. Laird Bell, 682 volumes of legal material for the Law Schoolincluding the reports of the Supreme Courts of Illinois and Minnesotaand the United States, partial sets of the Northwestern and the Northeastern reporter series, various digests and session laws and revisions ofstatutes, from the library of the late Frank H. Thatcher of Winona,Minnesota.From Mr. R. T. Miller, Jr., twelve volumes of the Library of AmericanLaw and Practice.From Mr. Charles R. Crane, New York City, $250 for the specialmedical book fund for 193 1.From Dr. and Mrs. William H. Wilder a pledge to contribute $50monthly to finance a memorial to their son William H. Wilder, Jr., to beknown as aThe William H. Wilder, Jr., Fellowship in Neurology" untilsuch time as it is possible for them to make a permanent arrangement tofinance the fellowship. It is understood that the fellowship will be awarded to a student of neurology nominated by the Department of Anatomyon recommendation of the professors in charge of neuro-anatomy andclinical neurology.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERThe frontispiece of this number of theUniversity Record is a reproduction of thebronze bust of Dr. J. H. Breasted whichat present occupies a place of honor nearthe Egyptian Hall in the lobby of the recently dedicated Oriental Institute building. The bust, which is a gift of Mr. JuliusRosenwald, was accepted by the Board ofTrustees November 13, 1930, but was notunveiled until the day of dedication of theinstitute building. The bust is the workof Numa Patlagean, a sculptor who makeshis home in Paris. His father was a Turk,his mother French. He is now a citizen ofFrance. He has frequently exhibited inEuropean galleries.Dr. Frank E. Whitacre, instructor inobstetrics and gynecology, has left theUniversity to spend a year in the LellheimClinic of the University of Leipzig.The observance of education week inthe United States was shared in Turkey,where, at Constantinople Woman's College, a series of meetings was held. Naturally, emphasis was placed on educationand its needs in Turkey. Among the addresses were the following: "The Program of the Turkish Ministry of Education" by Dean Eleanor I. Burns; "NewTrends in College Education" by Dr.Marion Talbot, of the University ofChicago, who is now directing the college; and Dr. Sahire Mouhtar, Ph.D.,Cornell University, who spoke on "WhatEducation is Helping Turkey to Achievethrough the Enrichment of Adult Life."Dean Burns recently spent a few days inAngora in conference with the ministryof education concerning methods of cooperation with the government in its educational program and the adjustments inthe college curriculum necessarily involved.Fresh data on the mysterious "cosmicrays," based on his recent research trip tothe Swiss Alps, were reported by Professor Arthur H. Compton before 150 members of the American Physical Societymeeting at the University. Further sup port for the theory that these rays, whichare the most penetrating and least knownform of radiant energy, thousands of timesshorter than x-rays, come into the earthfrom out between the stars, was given byDr. Compton in making his results knownfor the first time.Discovery of a marble slab in thepalace of the great Persian EmperorXerxes, bearing a new forty-eight line inscription by the emperor, was announcedduring the dedicatory exercises of theOriental Institute building by Dr. JamesH. Breasted. The announcement wasbased on a cablegram from Dr. ErnstHerzfeld, field director of the institute'sPersian expedition. Dr. Herzfeld foundthat the slab, which was the cornerstoneof one of the palaces, contained beautifulcuneiform writing in old Persian, leftthere by Xerxes, conqueror of the ancientGreeks, over 2400 years ago. The inscription, one of impressive dignity, contains the following sentences amongothers in Dr. Herzf eld's translation: "Iam Xerxes, the great king, king of kings,king of the lands of many races, king ofthis earth, the great, the f arstretching one,son of King Darius, the Achaemenid.Speaks Xerxes the king : My father isDarius, Darius' father was (one) withname Vishtaspa, Vishtaspa's father was(one) by name Rshama. As well Vishtaspa as Rshama, both were living, whenAhuramazda, as was his will, made myfather Darius king on this earth. WhenDarius was king he wrought many excellent (?) things." The inscription is written in old Persian, the language whichthe Greeks heard at the battles of Marathon and Salamis. This stone is the firstfoundation deposit as yet found at Persepolis. The building containing it is oneof the smallest in the entire great groupof palaces. Dr. Breasted expects that thevast buildings of the ancient city willyield many more such stones as the workof the expedition proceeds. The Chicagoparty is working under the first scientificconcession ever granted to an Americanorganization. The first building uncovered by the expedition proved to contain6970 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmagnificent royal halls, behind whichwere found six apartments, identical inplan and evidently the harem palace. Itwas decided to restore this building andto equip it as the living and workingquarters of the expedition.According to the Daily Maroon Professor Arthur H. Compton delivered theTerry lectures, given on the Dwight H.Terry Foundation, at Yale University onNovember n, 12, and 13.During the period July 1 to September30 there were 31,281 visits to the University Clinics, these figures including visitsto the Lying-in Hospital.Of the 101 children in the CountryHome for Crippled Children at the end ofOctober, it was found that 45 were fromhomes where the wage-earners were unemployed; 40 were from homes where onlypart-time work was possible and in someof these the weekly wage earned was aslow as $5; 16 came from homes where theweekly income was unaffected by presentbusiness conditions.At a special meeting of the UniversitySenate held October 20 the financial situation of the University was discussed. Itwas pointed out that the University, incommon with other institutions, has suf-ered a serious decline in income and thatthere is an unusual need for economyin operation during the present situation.Every individual in the University cancontribute to economical operation by acareful watch over expenditures and theuse of supplies in his work. All moneysaved by the elimination of waste and ofunnecessary expense goes into the supportof the activities of the University, including the salaries of its workers.George William Myers, ProfessorEmeritus of the Teaching of Mathematicsand Astronomy, died on Monday, November 23, 1 93 1. Professor Myers was bornin Champaign County, Illinois, on April30, 1864. He was graduated from the University of Illinois in 1888; received the degree of Master of Laws from the University of Illinois in 1891, and the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy from the LudwigMaximilians Universitat zu Munchen in1896. In 1888 he became a member of thefaculty of the University of Illinois wherehe continued until 1900 when he became a member of the Chicago Institute. In 1901he was appointed Professor of the Teaching of Mathematics and Astronomy at theUniversity of Chicago and in 1929 wasmade Professor Emeritus. He was authoror joint author of eleven textbooks inmathematics and editor and joint authorof the Standard Mathematical Service. Heis survived by his wife and three children.Funeral services were held in the BrynMawr Community Church, on November24.During the Autumn Quarter the University preachers were the following: October 4, Dean Gilkey; October 11, CharlesClayton Morrison, D.D., Editor of TheChristian Century, Chicago; October 18,Rev. Justin W. Nixon, D.D., the BrickPresbyterian Church, Rochester, NewYork; October 25, R.t. Rev. Henry K.Sherrill, D.D., Bishop of Massachusetts;November 1, Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver,D.D., The Temple, Cleveland, Ohio; November 8, Rev. John Haynes Holmes, theCommunity Church of New York, NewYork City; November 15, Rev. RichardRoberts, D.D., Sherbourne Church, Toronto, Canada; November 22, ProfessorRufus M. Jones, LL.D., Professor of Philosophy, Haverford College, Haverford,Pennsylvania; November 29, Dean Gilkey; December 6, Rev. Robert RussellWicks, D.D., Dean of the UniversityChapel, Princeton University; December13, John R. Mott, LL.D., chairman of theInternational Missionary Council, NewYork City; December 20, President Robert Maynard Hutchins, LL.D.The Museum of Science and Industryis lending exhibits to the University whichare eventually to be installed in the newbuilding in Jackson Park. These exhibitsare being placed. in Belfield Hall of theSchool of Education and are expected tobe of real service in the reorganized educational plan of the University. Other exhibits, doubtless, will be placed in otherUniversity buildings. The museum, it willbe recalled, occupies the site of the mostnotable building of the Columbian Exposition of 1893, that devoted to the fine arts.The new structure follows the construction of the World's Fair building exceptthat staff is superseded by Indiana limestone.Miss Dorcas Perrenoud, on October 29,received from the French governmentBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 7ithe decoration "Palmes Academiques,"awarded to her in recognition of her services as the founder of French House at theUniversity and promulgator of activegood will between France and the UnitedStates. The decoration was conferred by-Henri Bougearel, French consul in Chicago.The Board of Trustees, at its meetingheld October 8, voted that hereafter itsregular monthly meetings, for at least thetime being, shall be held in the Quadrangles. For the first twenty years, ormore, the meetings of the Board were helddown town at the several offices of theBoard, first in the Chamber of CommerceBuilding which then stood at the southeast corner of Washington and La Sallestreets, then in the Fine Arts Building,then in the Corn Exchange State BankBuilding, then in the building owned bythe University at 189 West MadisonStreet, and more recently in the boardroom in the People's Gas Building. OnMay 11, 1915, the Board voted to holdtwo meetings during the year at the Quadrangles, and for the last sixteen years thishas been the custom. There was impliedin the meeting in the Quadrangles thatsome one from the faculties should describe the work of the department withwhich he was connected so that the Trustees might know more intimately "whatwas going on at the University." At theseearlier meetings at the Quadrangles Professors Michelson and Chamberlin, amongothers, appeared. It is significant that thissuggestion to hold practically all meetingsof the Board at the University was proposed by the Committee on Development,thereby showing the desire of the membersof the Board to inform themselves so thatin turn they might inform others.The total registration in the medicalschool on the South Side for the AutumnQuarter, 193 1, included 220 men and 27women. There are 105 students in thefirst year; 83 entered in October, theothers previously.Miss Gertrude Dudley, professor ofphysical education, has been appointedchairman of the Women's UniversityCouncil by President Hutchins. The council is composed of twenty-four members ofthe University staff and exercises thefunctions assigned to the dean of women in most universities. Miss Dudley hasbeen a member of the University facultysince 1898. She succeeds Professor EdithFoster Flint, who held the post from 1925until recently, when she resigned it inorder to devote more time to her work inthe Department of English.Denison University, Granville, Ohio,has just celebrated the one hundredthanniversary of its foundation. Havingparts in the extensive program of the celebration, besides other distinguished guests,were several members of the University ofChicago. Among the latter were: Professor Paul Shorey, who spoke on the partplayed by languages in one hundred yearsof educational progress; Professor EdgarJ. Goodspeed (an alumnus of Denison,class of 1890), who described the part thehumanities have had, and will have, in thehistory of Denison. F. W. Shepardson's(formerly assistant to President Harper)song, "Granville, I Love Thee," was sung;he also spoke on the subject, "LookingBackward and Forward." Dean CharlesW. Gilkey delivered the sermon on Centennial Sunday, having as his theme "TheReligious Responsibilities of the ChristianCollege." It may be recalled that President Harper, soon after his graduation,served as principal of the preparatory department of Denison University.The regional meeting of the "WhiteHouse" Conference on Child Health andProtection was held in Chicago, October30 and 31. Among those who participatedin the six sessions of the conference were anumber of members of the University'sfaculties: Miss S. P. Breckinridge, Dr. F.L. Adair, Miss Lydia Roberts, ProfessorF. N. Freeman, Dr. Charles H. Judd, MissEdith Abbott, and Dr. Morris Fishbein.At the One Hundredth and Sixty-sixthConvocation, held December 22, two hundred and ninety degrees and ten diplomaswere conferred. Of these, thirty-nine werefor the degree of Ph.D.The dedication of the Graduate Education Building, of which a reproductionappears in this issue of the Record, willtake place in connection with the MarchConvocation to be held on Tuesday,March 15.Nine hundred and three persons connected with the University Clinics are72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDparticipating in the privileges provided bythe University Health Service.The University Emergency ReliefCommittee, of which Dean Charles W.Gilkey is chairman, reports that 956 persons in the University, including professors, administrative officers, and employees, have made pledges to the relieffund to a total of $26,640. This amountdoes not include the fund which studentsare raising to aid their needy fellow-students.A. C. Noe, Professor of Paleobotany,delivered lectures during the AutumnQuarter before universities in California,Arizona, Evanston, Illinois, and at ateachers' institute at Morris, Illinois.That the Bible is still news was conclusively proved by the publicity withwhich newspapers throughout the UnitedStates and Canada greeted in Novemberthe publication of The Bible: An American Translation, by the University ofChicago Press. Reviewers, feature writers, city editors, and columnists turnedcritic to discuss the new book. Sundaysupplements featured full-page articlescomparing the "Chicago Bible" with theKing James Version; daily papers ran parallel quotations from both works; andvox populi added its own judgments. Themore considered reviews which are beginning to come in are enthusiastic:". . . . the new chronicle has a surprisingnew charm. One even feels that he is discovering a delightful classic for the firstreal time." ". . . . the clearest windowthrough which American readers may lookinto the minds of those who wrote theHebrew and Greek originals of the world'smost permanent classics." The Bible, under the editorship of J. M. Powis Smithand Edgar J. Goodspeed, is now in itssecond printing.At the Winter Convocation, held December 22, 1 93 1, in addition to the customary granting of degrees, certificates,and diplomas, the honorary degree ofDoctor of Science was conferred uponWilliam Wallace Campbell. In presenting President Campbell, Dean Frank R.Lillie said the degree was awarded: "Inrecognition of his fundamental contributions to astronomy, especially in the determination of radial velocity of stars andnebulae, studies of the sun during eclipses,and for his distinguished career as an administrator, Director of the Lick Observatory, President of the University of California, and President of the NationalAcademy of Sciences."ATTENDANCE IN THE AUTUMN QUARTER, 1931(Comparative enrolment report for the Autumn Quarter of the years 1931-32.Based on paid registrations at the end of the eleventh weekof the quarter.)~~1930 i93iGain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI The Divisions:1. The College-93729 69739 1,63468 92027 69634 1,61661 187Total 2. The Humanities — 966 736 1,702 947146107 730126285 1,677272392 25Total 253224299 41194149 6643184483. The Social Sciences —Total 523358104 243139102 7664972064. The Biological Sciences —Total . .... 462223174 2415144 7032742185. The Physical Sciences —Total 3971,60495i272,58213111 951,276410341,720393 4922,8801,361614,30217014Total undergraduate 1,671990292,69012611 1,321490391,850321 2,9921,480684,54015812 122 1121197Total in the Divisions II. The Professional Schools:1. Divinity School — 238Total 137616 33174 1707810 142568 42181 184749 14Chicago Theological Seminary*41Total 6722012311 21115 8823112811 6419610 199 8320510 52. Law School —261Total 354221 1629 37o 3262131 1427 3402401 1 303. Graduate Schools of Medicine —a) The Division of Biological Sciences —10Total 221191331314 292105 250211431364 214111251332 271511 241121301442 '"s" 9b) Rush Medical College —9Fourth year 132Total 287506 1746 304552 271479 1743 288522 1630* Not included in totals.[Continued on page 74]74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN THE AUTUMN QUARTER, 1931— Continued1930 1931Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women Total4. School of Commerce and Administration — ¦42123234 11191 53142244 39146106 21821 41164127 223 12Total 192224 31941249 2231161649 20125214 2312125215 22414627319 13011105. Graduate, School of Social ServiceAdministration —Total 26 119 145 32 163 195 506. Graduate School of Library Science 6 18 24 10 1 11 13Total professional schools. . .Total in the Quadrangles . . . 1,2213,9H3SO3,56i 2632,113382,075 1,4846,0243885,636 1,1903,7723373,435 2862,006351,971 1,4765,7783725,4o6 824616Net total in the Quadrangles 230Institute of Meat Packing III. University College: 14250139104102 407691248328 14657830352430 1435o10491112 4315662013i8 781670292430 12416060Total 609 1,674 2,283 657 1,516 2,173 noGrand total 4,170334,137 3,749303,719 7,919637,856 4,092314,061 3,487273,46o 7,579587,521 3405Net total in the University 335ATTENDANCE IN THE AUTUMN QUARTER, 1931 75ATTENDANCE IN THE AUTUMN QUARTER(Comparative enrolments for the Autumn Quarter of the years 1931-32.Based on total paid registrations at the end of the eleventhweek of the quarter.)Schools and Divisions Graduate Undergraduate Unclassified1930 1931 1930 1931 1930 19311 The Divisions 1,4801582503002315311624 1,3611702402862054i14611 2,992 2,880 6812 612 Divinity School* 1413. Graduate Schools of Medicine:The Division of the Biological Sciences! Rush Medical College 4 24 Law School 13916620 135176305. School of Commerce and Administration 6. Graduate School of Social Service Administration 7. Graduate School of Library Science. . 49 719Total in the Quadrangles Duplicates 2,612263 2,460256 3,3*7127 3,221122 97 1041Net total in the Quadrangles ....8. University College 2,349657 2,204781 3,i9o1,182 3,099962 97444 103430Grand total in the University Duplicates 3,0063i 2,98540 4,37230 4,06116 54i2 5332Net total in the University 2,975 2,945 4,342 4,045 539 53i* Does not include Chicago Theological Seminary.f Included in the figures for the divisions.THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE BUILDINGThe Main Entrance at Night