The University RecordVolume XVII OCTOBER I93I Number 4RHETORIC AND EDUCATION1By PAUL SHOREY, Professor of Greek Language and LiteratureA N EASTERN undergraduate recently wrote to the papers ex-/% plaining his dissatisfaction with the colleges. They actually1 \ keep in cold storage professors who cannot appreciate thegenius of Karl Marx and who think that Tennyson is still alive. If he hadnot written from an eastern college, I should have been tempted to identify him with the student who wrote in the old Maroon, more in sorrowthan in anger, that the nature of Professor Shorey's studies incapacitateshim for sympathy with modern and progressive thought.President Hutchins belongs chronologically — I hope not culturally — tothe generation that does not read Tennyson; but since he can take aswell as inflict a joke, I will venture to tell you that my first cry on receiving his "command' ' to address you today was the protest of Tennyson'sNorthern Farmer: "Do Godamoighty knaw what a's doing a taakino' mea?"I said all that I know by way of constructive and uplifting commencement eloquence nearly a generation ago in a convocation address entitled,"The Spirit of the University of Chicago."2 I retract no word of thataddress, but cannot better or repeat it today. Lest my colleagues be unduly alarmed, however, I hasten to assure them that I shall not abusethe confidence reposed in me. I shall not attempt to undermine the Schoolof Education or invidiously specify which ones of the more popularbranches of learning taught in the University I would personally classify1 Delivered in the University Chapel, August 28, 193 1, on the occasion of the OneHundred and Sixty-fifth Convocation.2 University of Chicago Magazine, April, 1909.2092IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas pseudo-sciences. But what then can I do? A teacher of dead languagessuddenly summoned from the obscure undergrowths of philology to thefierce light that beats upon the convocation stage is chilled by the reflection that it doesn't matter what he says. Apologies for the classics interest only classical associations who might be expected to say as KingGeorge the Third did when presented with a bishop's apology for theBible, "I didn't know that it needed an apology." All the big popularsubjects are so pre-empted and exhausted by the dailies, the weekliesthe monthlies, the councils of foreign relations, and the summer institutesof political science that an intelligent audience can be interested in themonly when the personality or position of the speaker lends weight to hispolicies and pronouncements. To vary the old rhyme:In things that everyone has thoughtIt is the who that makes the what;In things less plain to all men's viewIt is the what that makes the who.A recent sociological investigation, statistically, and questionnairily,establishes the fact that what people wish to read about is personal hygiene and international relations. But I have not yet quite gained theheights where people anxiously inquire what least noxious fume of cigarettes or what most innocent bran of breakfast food has enabled me tohold down my chair so long. And nobody wants to know a Greek professor's opinions about the League of Nations, unemployment, who beganor won the war, the stability of the Hyde Park banks, or the effect ofthe 1932 model in education on the size of the Greek classes in the year1952. I hold quite definite and considered opinions on the responsibilityof the sentimental higher-ups for the present crime situation in Chicagoand New York. But their promulgation from this pulpit would not createa ripple even in academic circles.Plato affirms that no government, no social system, was ever overthrown except by itself, except by dissension among its own leaders. Icould preach a rather solemn sermon from that text to the universities ofAmerica, the citizens of Chicago, the people of the United States. Butnobody in this cheerful assemblage would take it seriously; and such isour blindness, such our insane inversion of the conception of freedom ofspeech, that I should run more risk of being sent to Coventry for it thanif I gave aid and comfort to those who would leave no stone standing ofthis edifice, erected, they would say, by capitalism to administer opium tothe people.RHETORIC AND EDUCATION 211TO THINK ABOUT RHETORICWe are constantly told that the world needs thinkers to solve its problems, and that the college ought to teach us to think even at the risk ofleaving us, like the Irishman, entirely bothered by the lack of preliminaryinformation. I am always moved to ask, "Think about what?" And sotoday, to be specific, I am going to invite you to think with me a few minutes about rhetoric, a very important subject about which the collegemakes no attempt to teach us to think, but abandons us to the opinionspromulgated by the popular writers of today. They tell us that for theold Latin and Greek, the modern French and Catholic education basedlargely (never, of course, exclusively) on rhetoric, we have substituted aneducation in science, and that consequently the modern mind is no longerdominated by rhetoric as the mind of the ancients was. This opinion, likemost of the fashionable opinions of any age, calls for a great many qualifications of which we can consider only one today. The current view assumes that rhetoric means only the particular style of rhetoric that hasnow gone out of fashion. The rhetoric we think we have outgrown isdeclamation, high-falutin', spread-eagleism, trite and obvious imagery,and periphrasis. Every modern intellectual takes credit to himself thathe does not style a mustache, "the knightly growth that fringed his lips,"and that if he has occasion to speak of America he calls it "the Americanscene," and not, like the benighted contemporaries of Webster or Benton," God's country." By rhetoric, then, we usually mean the eloquence ofepithet and adjective, of bombastic circumlocution, of stereotypedperiphrasis, of sonorous periods implacably rounded to their close, over-elaborate simile, trivial metaphor, and the facile sentimentality of the"heart- tugging pen." The rhetoric we condemn is the rhetoric that marshals the pomp of catalogues of proper names and piles Pelions of historyupon Ossas of geography. You know the sort of thing: "The place wasworthy of such a trial. It was the great hall of William Rufus, the hallwhich had resounded with acclamations at the inauguration of thirtykings, the hall which had witnessed .... the hall where the eloquenceof . ..." et patati et patata. Or again: "Like an armed warrior, like aplumed knight, James G. Blaine walked down the halls of the AmericanCongress and threw his shining lance." I need not multiply examples.You will think of Webster's drum beat of England, his apostrophe to the"venerable men," veterans of Bunker Hill, of Bancroft's "Go forth, thoulanguage of Milton and Hampden!" of Ingersoll's "rhapsody on whiskey,"of Bryan's "cross of gold." Here, too, belongs Lincoln's youthful out-212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDburst: "All the armies of Europe, Asia, and Africa combined .... witha Bonaparte for a commander, could not by force take a drink from theOhio or make a track in the Blue Ridge in a trial of a thousand years.' 'Lincoln soon outgrew this sort of thing, but it is worth noting, by wayof anticipation, that this specimen is entirely harmless: the thought thatthe interior of America was then absolutely secure from foreign aggressionwas true. It is only the boastful exaggeration of the expression thatoffends a more dainty taste.The masses are as susceptible as ever to the rhetoric of bombast andmere fluency. But the intellectuals, because their taste has outgrown thisparticular fashion, flatter themselves that they have escaped the domination of rhetoric altogether. There can be no greater illusion. There is abroader sense in which rhetoric may designate everything that is for apurpose superadded to fact and fair argument. It includes all fallacies inreasoning that an educated man ought to know to be such; all appealsto prejudice or emotion, however prettily or quietly worded; all insinuation by question-begging epithet or epigram of statements which thewriter cannot prove and dares not openly affirm. And against this rhetoric, practiced by most of the popular writers of today and by fanatics,propagandists, and successful self -advertisers of every type, modern education leaves us defenseless. So far as the University considers it at all,it is regarded as style and is taught, not with a view to making the majority of us immune to it, but to encourage the clever to admire and exploit it.MODERN RHETORIC WHICH CORRUPTS INTELLIGENCEAnd the paradox which I wish to submit to your reflections — for thereis no time to prove it or even adequately illustrate it — is that this modernrhetoric which corrupts the intelligence is far more mischievous than theold-fashioned declamation which now offends our taste. That is, at theworst, a fit of temporary emotional insanity, a typhoon of emphasis,which, when it has blown over, leaves the speaker and the audience freeto return to fact and argument, as we might observe in Demosthenes,Burke, Webster, Macaulay, and even Cicero, if the new fashion in literature had not frightened us away from them. The other rhetoric is a subtlepoison diffused throughout the style. A few examples will prove nothing,but will show you what is meant. Rhetoric, we said, is all insinuation byeducated writers of arguments that an educated man must know to beunfair. Such are Ludwig's "A foreign continent was to hold us all in thrallto debt," and Professor Murray's "America sits aloof, from time to timesharpening her sword." Ludwig knows that America is not to blame forRHETORIC AND EDUCATION 213Germany's debts, and Professor Murray knows that the United States isnot militaristic or aggressive and that she has the smallest trained standing army for her size of any great nation.A peculiarly dangerous form of rhetoric for a responsible statesman isletting your typewriter run away with you and commit you to more pointsthan the occasion requires. In that sense the shrewd Illinois lawyer,Lincoln, though he became America's noblest orator, was never a rhetorician. The persistent calm overlooking of the issue presented by theother side is rhetoric. In this sense President Eliot, though always a quiet,refined, dignified, and courteous speaker, was always a rhetorician.Rhetoric is all fantastic and unreasonable reasons. A popular book onbiology says that Russia gave shelter to the two greatest embryologistsin the world because she was then a developing embryo herself.All books on the art of thinking, including the chapter in Mr. HavelockEllis' Dance of Life, are rhetoric. There is no art of thinking in general,any more than there is an art of memory. The books are incoherentjumbles of card-indexed anecdotage. And their appeal is exactly that ofthe society novel to the shopgirl who puts herself in the heroine's place.It flatters the reader to think how much better I am thinking or am goingto think henceforth than did the ancients and the people with whom thiswriter disagrees.All books on education are — but I said I wouldn't skate on that thinice.Nearly all the radical letters to the Voice of the People are rhetoric.Read them from day to day and you will find that radical letters consist ofvituperation and prophecy, while the conservatives sometimes do statefacts and argue. All preaching of socialism by people who don't reducetheir own expenditures to about $1,500 a year is rhetoric. All impassionedRuskinian denunciations of the conveniences of the machine age, or ofluxurious hotels on romantic sites by writers who occupy the best roomsin them, are rhetoric.The poet who himself rides in a Pullman car but inveighs against thecapitalism that enslaves workmen to keep the roadbed smooth is arhetorician.Propagandist books written in language of falsifying simplicity and asuccession of short sentences are mostly rhetoric. For they are intendedto inflame the minds of those who can understand nothing else. Rhetoricis all preachments by Machiavellian governments or individuals of theSermon on the Mount as a good rule — for the other fellow.Rhetoric is all Freudian insinuations that whoever disagrees with the214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwriter is a thin-blooded, undersexed, bred-out survival of the desiccatedPuritan stock. In the embarrassment of riches, I limit myself to one example: Mr. Havelock Ellis' argument that anemic ages cannot endurecreative vitality even in spelling. All talk of Einsteinian relativity andthe new physics except by and for specialists is rhetoric. It is an emotional appeal to our ignorance. All sneers at property in general and allgeneralized Galsworthian satire of the most indispensable and the mostunpopular of the virtues, justice, is rhetoric. If you have the courage tofight any particular wrong, speak out and specify.Most references to the classics in books of modernist and educationalpropaganda are rhetoric. The palm belongs to a footnote in that vade-mecum of liberal journalists, White's Conflict of Science and Theology:"The Greeks believed that darkness o'ershadowed the earth at the deathsof Prometheus, Atreus, Hercules, Aesculapius and Alexander the Great."Nothing that the most superstitious pre-Homeric Greek believed, nothingthat is preached at Zion City, could be more foolish or uncritical than thatsentence.It is rhetoric to print "Old Men" in capital letters; to use "medieval"and "eighteenth century" as arguments; to rely on analogies from thelower forms of life or from the conjectures of ethnologists about pre-his-toric man; to use metaphors as arguments and not merely as illustrations;to argue from etymologies whether false or true ; to quote the dictionarydefinition of a word if your opponent has already told you in what sensehe takes it — there is no end to the list, but more than enough has beensaid to explain the broader sense given to rhetoric in the present discussion.RHETORIC IS HUMAN NATUREWhen Thackeray wrote his Book of Snobs, he became so obsessed withthe idea that he saw snobs everywhere. So, taking rhetoric in this broadersense, I am in danger of discovering a rhetorician under every woodpile.Rhetoric is human nature. We are not content with the bare facts; wewant better bread than is made of wheat; we wish the sun to shine onboth sides of the house at once; we all magnify our office; we all beat thedrum before the door of our own tent. In the good old three-hour sermondays I might have been tempted to write a Petrarchan triumph of rhetoricor an anatomy of rhetoric on the Burtonian scale. Every trade, profession, and division of human knowledge has its own rhetoric of rationalization and self-praise. We may pass over the rhetoric of religion which,if good, belongs at the end of this discourse ; if sincere, is worthy of silentRHETORIC AND EDUCATION 215respect; if insincere, may be left to the mercies of Mr. Sinclair Lewis, Mr.Mencken, and Freud.Everybody knows all about the rhetoric of politicians and lawyers.The rhetoric of apologists for the classics comes too near home for me toanalyze it dispassionately. My other preferred study, philosophy, hasbeen defined as the systematic pursuit of mare's nests or a blind man'ssearch in a dark room for a black cat that isn't there. Unless severelycontrolled by a Platonic dialectic of definition and distinction, it rapidlydegenerates into a juggling with abstract words, so vague and ambiguousthat they carry no meaning. Its rhetoric then becomes the senselesssonority of weasel words that cancel out, of the contradiction in terms, ofthe Pickwickian sense that seeks to get the benefit of the emotional suggestions of big words without incurring the responsibilities of their meaning. It is the chimaera bombinating in a vacuum, a Walpurgis night cancan of Hegel and Gertrude — Einstein intoxicated with the exuberance oftheir own verbosity. Philosophers love to talk of essences that subsistwithout existing; of purposiveness without purpose; of design without adesigner; of overcoming duality; of immanent teleology; of the God-intoxicated atheist Spinoza; of a God that is identical with nature and anature that is one with God. They hypnotize audiences by telling themthat "this realized togetherness is the achievement of an emergent valuedefined." They grant the degree of Ph.D. for dissertations that explainhow existence is an involuted evolution of indeterminate determinatesadvancing every which way in the nth dimension of space-time. Theyask whether reality possesses practical character, a question which canbe matched only by Mr. Dreiser's recent statement that life is the mostamazing fanfare that it has ever been his lot to witness. What else has hewitnessed? No, until philosophy returns to her nursing mother the Platonic dialectic, her utterances will remain for the most part rhetoric.THE RHETORIC OF EVOLUTIONThe rhetoric of the pseudo-sciences would tempt me too far and makeme violate the pledge with which I began. But the rhetoric of the realmen of science offers a shining and safe mark. They do not know that itis rhetoric, and they are too strongly intrenched in their real achievements to mind a few paper pellets.The rhetoric of evolution alone would demand a chapter to itself.It reminds me of a dilapidated Ford that I saw parked before MandelHall the other day flaunting the inscription: "From Chicago and proudof it." So the evolutionists tell us that we have come from the — no, I will2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnot fall into the trap and say the monkey, but from whatever shrew orEo-anthropos they now say that we did come from, and that we oughtto be both proud and glad of it. Having misspent my youth on the studyof Greek poets and philosophers, when I might have been investigatingthe hectocotylization of the cephalopods or estimating the survival valuein Chicago high-school positions of the ability to wiggle the ears or tabulating 1,042 of my own knee-jerks in quest of a new method for determining the absolute zero of intelligence, I have to accept what they now tellme are the biological facts. But the rhetoric with which they try to gildthe pill of the gospel of despair shocks my logical sense and annoys mytaste. The pathos of Darwin's dear, brave, little monkey, and the epigrams of Huxley on the superiority of monkeys to bishops which are thesources of it all, have been somewhat staled by repetition. The edifyingmoral that our kinship with the lower animals ought to teach us a lessonof humility is somewhat marred by the opening pages of books which invariably begin by inflating the undergraduate's pride with the thoughtof his superiority to all the intellectual fumblers who have preceded himfrom Tennyson, Arnold, and Mill back to Cicero, Plato, and Homer.And the conclusion that we ought to be proud to have risen so highfrom such lowly origins seems to one, educated before the banishment ofelementary logic from the curriculum, a simple fallacy of four terms. Forsurely the ego that is now so exalted is not the same ego that swung frombranch to branch of its arboreal habitat, or extended its pseudopods inthe primeval Urschleim. Or can it be that our evolutionists are all unconscious pantheists and that their perorations are prose versions ofEmerson's "Brahma?" I might go on to quote some of the edifying sentiments with which mechanistic evolutionists pronounce the benedictionand dismiss the congregation at the end of the volume. But we might failto see the wood for the trees. The fact is that the human spirit revoltsat what the matter-of-fact mechanistic, grad-grind mind celebrates as theobjective, realistic presentation of the naked truth. That corpse has tobe decked with flowers. We cannot get rid of rhetoric; we can only choosewhat kind of rhetoric we will impress on the receptive undergraduatemind. A curious incidental illustration of this necessity of rhetoric is thefact that an optimistic conclusion is as imperiously demanded of all public discourses as it is of a popular novel or a moving movie. Every one,I believe, of Demosthenes' public orations, nearly if not all of Emerson'sessays, and even the puzzles of Herbert Spencer's Unknowable, resolvetheir discords on a final optimistic chord.RHETORIC AND EDUCATION 217THE THIRD MEANING OP RHETORICYou are perhaps wondering, then, how this academic fugue of analysisand cynicism is to achieve its cheerful finale. Quite simply and sincerely.By falling back on a third meaning of rhetoric, that old Chaucer employs when he speaks of "Frances Petrark as a clerke whose rhetoriquesweete enlumyned all ytaille of poyetrie." Rhetoric in this sense is theheightened imaginative artistic expression of the world's great books andbibles. It is that indefinable something which distinguishes great literature in the grand style; the touch that, as Matthew Arnold might put it,makes it one thing to say, What shall it profit a man to gain the wholeworld and lose his own soul? and quite another thing to say, Life is aperpetual adjustment of internal relations to external relations, and deathby starvation from inability to catch prey shows a falling short of conductfrom the ideal. Shakespeare shows us how the higher rhetoric may growout of the lower. In his youth he got hold of some Elizabethan compendium of the late Greco-Roman rhetoric and, being an experiencingnature and having an assimilating and active mind, he not only studiedit but practiced all its tricks and devices in Love's Labour's Lost and otherearly plays, including even large parts of Romeo and Juliet. If he hadstopped there, he would not be Shakespeare. But then came the lightningflash of his enkindled imagination and set it all ablaze with poetry. Yetthe traces of the consciously studied rhetoric remain, and Mr. BernardShaw therefore says that it is all bombast and, so, rhetoric in the objectionable sense. But Mr. Bernard Shaw does not care what he says, andso we need not greatly care. Rhetoric, then, in this our third and lastsense is the heightened and imaginative style in which the world's mosttruly representative men have transmitted to us the only real history andrecord of man through the ages and their own judgment upon it. Untilrecently this glorious record of the past has been recognized as the bestavailable instrument of higher general education apart from the morespecialized discipline of the arts and sciences. The world is now too fullof a number of interesting and distracting things for such studies to remain the required staple of all higher education. A reasonable humanist'splea is only that they still be allowed to exist and not suppressed altogether.Nobody can study all the world-books, and so there is something veryalluring in the prospect that we can get all we need of them by means ofsurvey courses and rapid reading. A Platonist can cherish no pedanticdisdain for the breadth of the Synoptic view, though he may remember2l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthat Plato placed it at the end of the curriculum rather than at thebeginning. He will perhaps ask why not in both places, a little at thebeginning — just enough for orientation and inspiration — and more at theend — for co-ordination and intelligence. However that may be, I do notenvy the man who has never experienced in himself the Bacchic madnessof philosophy that accompanies the first awakening of the adolescentmind to the infinity of knowledge, and who has only a cynical smile for itin the youth of today.All shall be known unto thee, the ether, the orb of the bright sun,What was the birth of the stars and why the moon wanders in heaven,Nature in all her ways and the truth of science unshaken,And the opinions of men fallacious and not to be trusted.This was the promise of the first Greek survey course some twenty-fivehundred years ago. The effect of such a course is best described by twoEnglish poets, one writing some hundred years and the other fifty or moreyears ago.Knowledge enormous makes a God of meNames, deeds, gray legends, dire events, rebellionsCreations and destroyings all at oncePour into the wide hollows of my brainAnd deify me.As if my brain pan were an empty hullAnd every Muse tumbled a science in.SYMPATHY TURNING TO WARNINGThe sympathy which I started out to express is turning not into satirebut into a warning that unless this genial breadth of survey is accompanied, supplemented, and checked by something else there is dangerthat its chief effect will be to titillate the undergraduate's sense of omniscience. That something else is the tried and tested method of readingmasterpieces of world-literature day by day and line by line under criticalguidance and control. There is no time to argue just what that trainingdoes for the mind that no other form of education can do. I think mycolleagues, north or south of the Great Divide, if they have ever had astudent so trained, in a class not so trained, know the fact well enough,though they may not appreciate all the reasons. There is no time to develop them here. It may flatter the undergraduate to be told that he isentirely competent to read and interpret all world-books for himself.Intelligent undergraduates know better. They know that the guidanceRHETORIC AND EDUCATION 219and criticism of an expert, if he has a soul, helps them to gain somethingthat they are not likely to get from statistical studies of the ages of theirrelatives at the onset of schizophrenia, or by turning the pages of bookson the reference shelf, or even by heart to heart talks about their messageapart from the text and the context. It is more than an acquaintancewith niceties and beauties of style, more even than Matthew Arnold'sEducation of the Imaginative Reason. We may take these things for granted, and then add, what is less often recognized, that it is the only disciplinethat even attempts to impart the ability to deal critically with the ascertainment of the meaning of the written word. The physical sciencescannot do it, as is proved by the appalling performances of the most eminent men of science when they disport themselves in the fields of biblical,classical, and general literary and philosophical criticism and misquoteand misinterpret St. Augustine, Berkeley, Plato, or whoever it may be.The social sciences are obviously not yet ripe for this kind of work andhave too many other things on their hands. Either the student acquiresthe power of judgment in such matter by the daily critical and controlled interpretation of the worth-while world-book or he doesn't get itat all.Lastly, it was no paradox to say that this is the only true or, if that istoo much, it is for the teaching of undergraduates the only critical history, and the only history that they will remember after they have runthe gauntlet of the comprehensive examination. I had a survey course ofthe Middle Ages at Harvard based on Giesebrecht's Geschichte der deut-schen Kaiserzeit and Milman's History of Latin Christianity. There was alearned syllabus cluttered with the names of scores of emperors, popes,princes and prelates, and counts of the Holy Roman Empire — Liutprands,and Urbanes and Gregories, Odos and Chlodovigs, Hohenstauffens, andBarbarossas and Peter Damianis. Where are they now?But the only knowledge of the life and soul of the Middle Ages that hasabided with me came to me with many other precious possessions in theclass in which we read Dante's Divina Commedia day by day, canto bycanto, line by line, with the comments, the criticism, and the searchingquestions of James Russell Lowell. I have always been grateful for thatcourse to the little Harvard of the seventies which, so he said, offerednothing adequate fox the education of Henry Adams. But that idol of thenew thought, Samuel Butler, says that Virgil is no good because he copiedHomer; Dante is no good because he took Virgil for his master; andTennyson, who vouched for Dante, is no good because — oh well, Tenny-220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDson goes without saying. To Butler and to all iconoclasts who would breakthe golden chain of Homer that links the centuries, there is but oneanswer:Deafer, blinder unto holy things ,Seek not to make thyself by wordsBeing too blind to have desire to see.Those quaint medievalists who fancied that Plato's world-soul was theHoly Ghost, symbolized a serious truth in another rhetoric than ours:Lest the grace and the sweetness perish,Spilled and wasted for evermore,Soul of the great world guard and cherishGifts of the years that have gone before.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEEDBy CHARLES TEN BROEKE GOODSPEEDCHAPTER IIITHE GREAT ADVENTUREIN 191 1, Dr. Goodspeed, in speaking to the volunteers who had justraised a great fund for the local Young Men's Christian Association,told them that they would always look back on their campaign asa great adventure to be remembered as the veteran recalls his greatestcampaign. Although he lived to a great age, he never lived in the past ortalked about old times, but there can be no doubt that the campaign forthe first million was his great adventure.On June 6 a conference of eighty Chicago Baptists was held with E.Nelson Blake in the chair. Mr. Gates spoke and Dr. Goodspeed presentedthe plan of campaign, a sixty-day campaign in Chicago and the West.A general college committee of thirty-six persons was appointed to takecharge of the campaign in co-operation with a committee of the Education Society and its secretary. Dr. Goodspeed wrote his sons on June 8:"The idea is to organize, if possible, a great general voluntary movementto see if it is not possible to secure a general uprising of our people to dothis thing quick.' 'As soon as the committee of thirty-six met they elected Mr. E. NelsonBlake chairman and Dr. Goodspeed secretary, and before the meetingclosed subscribed $50,025 toward the $400,000. No provision was madefor the payment of the salary of $3,000 a year that was voted him, and,as a matter of fact, for months he received nothing.On June 15, 1889, he left the service of the seminary and of the Northwestern Baptist Education Society, after balancing the books of the latterby canceling $1,200 of arrears of salary that he, as treasurer, had allowedto accumulate when the income could not be stretched sufficiently to meetthe pressing needs of the students and also to pay his salary. With Mr.Gates he plunged into the campaign.Things started with a rush, so that Mr. Gates wrote Dr. Harper onJuly 25: "We have now about $185,000 with $15,000 more immediatelyin sight. I suppose Dr. Goodspeed writes you every Sunday. He is agood canvasser and a delightful companion."221222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn August 4 Dr. Goodspeed wrote to Dr. Harper: "There was a weekor two during which I lived in a fool's paradise and cherished an idiothope that we were going to get through without any great and desperatestruggle. It was while we were calling on the best and most liberal of ourbrethren who gave cheerfully and liberally, and we dreamed in our follythat a]l men were like them. We know now that we have a tremendousstruggle before us. We shall come out all right, without a doubt, but wemust fight for it and will need all the time we have. We now have $190,-000, and I am adding something to it every day." Mr. Gates was justthen out of town.When they reached $200,000, Dr. Goodspeed and his family went upto Minocqua, Wisconsin, for a month's vacation in the little frame housedescribed in the last chapter, building it themselves, with a little aid froma carpenter.Work up to this point had been confined to the Baptists of Chicago,whom Dr. Goodspeed knew as no other man did, and most of whom received him as an old friend. Now the possibilities of this group had beenlargely exhausted and the two must look elsewhere — to outside Baptistsand to the business men of Chicago.THE TWO CAMPAIGNERSA word should be said as to the kind of men these two campaignerswere. Frederick Taylor Gates was a rather strongly built, dark-haired,striking-looking man of thirty-six, about five feet ten inches tall; a brilliant talker, a Baptist minister whose talents were soon to make him thepersonal representative of one of the richest men in the world on manykinds of boards and in a wide range of matters.Dr. Goodspeed was forty-seven years old, five feet eight inches tall,strong and active, with vigor evident in all his actions. His hair and short,well-trimmed beard were even then snow white, and with his fine, faircomplexion and blue eyes, he was a man who caught the eye.In the countless calls they made during that year, they were courteously received in all but two or three cases. I have before me the lettersreceived by the sons of Dr. Goodspeed after their return to Granville,September 5, 1889, from which the account of the campaign from thatpoint is largely taken. Dr. Goodspeed ordinarily wrote on Sundays. OnSeptember 8 he says: "Mr. Gates has gone for a few days to Des Moinesto help them a little if possible. We have received from Professor G. E.Bailey, of the Black Hills Rapid City School of Mines, the formal profferof his splendid geological collection which he values at $10,000. ThereTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 223are ten thousand specimens, several single ones worth $500 or $600.I have also secured several small subscriptions aggregating nearly $1,000since Mr. Gates left, and heard of some others already decided on or inprospect. I am encouraged and hopeful Gates will probably beback by Thursday and we shall then make a determined and persistenteffort to reach some of the outside business men. I am now making uplists of Baptists of the city, alumni of the old University, and businessmen of the city, and we shall go to work in a systematic way and I hopeto see progress every week."A week later he says: "Mr. Gates has returned and meets me tomorrow morning and we begin our effort among the Chicago business men.I have done a little, and only a little, the past week except some preliminary work. Had an encouraging interview with H. H. Kohlsaat, who willhelp us. Have spent two half -days in a vain attempt to see S. Bray ton.Had a funeral yesterday, a little child of Mr. de Anguera, spent one daygoing over my Education Society books, so that I may surrender themthis week [to his successor as secretary]. One afternoon on plans for schoolhouses, two [school] board meetings and half a day trying to revise thecourse of study for our schools. I must now refuse attention to all othermatters and devote myself to my one work till it is done. What our experience will be with the business men and what the results will be, I haveno sort of an idea. I shall not be disappointed if the struggle is long anddifficult and trying, but I do believe that we shall here and there find aman who will help us and that courage and industry and patience andpersistency will win. I only hope that Mr. Gates will not get discouraged."September 22 he continues: "Last Monday Mr. G. and I had a mostencouraging interview with Drs. Lorimer and Henson. Both promised tohelp us in all possible ways. Dr. L. invited me to speak in his churchnext Sunday and take subscriptions. They also agreed to see half a dozenmen for us during the week, John B. Drake, Philip D. Armour, D. B.Shipman, J. W. Doane, H. N. Higginbotham, L. J. Gage and C. L.Hutchinson. We have made efforts to see Messrs. Leiter, Billings, Black-stone, Kent, Seipp, Munger, etc., but all are out of the city. This hasbeen the discouraging feature of the week. The men are not here. Wewill try another list this week. We spent part of two days among thealumni of the old University, with very encouraging results. Almost without exception those we found were ready to help and will help, but wemust see them again. It looks as though we could organize a movementamong them that will bring us $25,000 or $50,000. There will be a meeting of their committee next week, and an organized effort will be made."224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA week later he says: "It becomes more and more apparent that wemust get our money in Chicago, and to this we shall address ourselves."That week and the next week they got about $1,000 of small pledges eachweek. October 20 he writes: "You must not be discouraged. We havemet with no setbacks. Our work has been interfered with by a series ofunavoidable interruptions Of course, we may find that the outsidemen we now approach will not hear or help us. We shall try them andmake a determined and persistent effort to reach them. If we fail, thenwe will see what remains to be tried."CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON ENTERS THE PICTUREThe letter of October 29 tells of the first approach to the first of these"outside men" (that is, non-Baptists) who was destined to become oneof the founders of the University — Charles L. Hutchinson.He was the treasurer of the University from its incorporation until hisdeath, thirty-five years later, and its debt to him is incalculable.He [Dr. Lorimer] went with me on Monday to see C. L. Hutchinson, son of "OldHutch," and president of the Commercial Club, the millionaire club, sixty of thewealthiest men in the city, such men as Armour, Fairbank, Field, McCormick, Pullman.Mr. H. received us very cordially, expressed much interest in the enterprise and saidhe would secure a full hearing for us before the club at its next meeting, the last weekin November. We feel that this is a great triumph and will open the door to that classof men into whose sympathies we have been for two months trying to devise a plan ofentrance. On Thursday Gates and I had an interview with O. W. Potter, the head ofthe great rolling mills company. He received us with the utmost cordiality, gave us allthe time we desired, asking many questions, expressed his gratification that the causewas to come before the Commercial Club, of which he is a member; said that was thepolicy which he believed would add to our success, made many suggestions, e.g., thatBlake should present the matter, that we should defer our canvas of the club till afterthe meeting, that perhaps a movement could then be arranged for the members togive from $1,000 to $5,000 each to make up at lesat $100,000, etc. We now feel thatwe are on the right track It is not impossible that the next two months will dogreat things for us. We feel greatly encouraged. We have secured $2,500 the past weekand got sight of a good deal more. We are certain to make progress every week now.I have devised a new plan of work which we are going to try to set in motion tomorrow.It is this, that every Monday afternoon Lorimer and I shall work together and Hensonand Gates, or H. and I, and L. and G. Lorimer has consented and we shall try to getHenson to enter into the plan tomorrow. We shall thus, on at least one day in the week,double our working force and perhaps more than double our effectiveness. On Fridaywe went to Ottawa, Illinois, and Mr. L. B. Merrifield gave us $1,000 I muchregret that I am too poor to make you a [birthday] present, but I am getting nothing onmy salary. It is behind nearly $1,000. I am $350 in debt or $400. If the sale of our land[some lots accepted from the seminary for arrears of salary] goes through, I shall getrelief and when we reach a successful issue of our work I shall be wealthy.From the painting by Louis Belts In Hutchinson HallCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSONA Founder of the UniversityTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 225November 3 he reported: "We have had four days of storm from Wednesday a.m. to Sunday a.m. Nevertheless, we have had a good week.We have found four very able men who willingly committed themselves tous and will help us. These are preliminary visits. When the time comesand we begin to take subscriptions, we shall get at least $20,000 out ofthis week's work. We now have a list of ten of the leading business menwho are certain to aid us. Almost everyone we have tried has respondedfavorably. We are greatly encouraged and very hopeful. Tomorrow evening we meet the committee of the alumni to arrange a plan for raising analumni fund. I think we can get $25,000 or more from that source. Thusthings are looking well all around."Other parts of these letters show that during all of this busiest year ofhis life he was not only a member of a school board which was buildingtwo new schoolhouses, but was also president of the village of MorganPark, which was actively engaged in building waterworks and sewers,laying sidewalks, and paving streets.The next Sunday he says: "Dr. Lorimer and I started out at 2 : 00 p.m.to see what we could do to redeem the day. We first called on W. B.Howard and he at once manifested interest. Said he would do his partand would encourage C. R. Cummings, his partner, to help us. We thensought Mr. Leiter, but learned that he was in Washington. We nextvisited L. C. P. Freer, a very wealthy man. He said that he had been considering the matter, believed the business men would take hold of it,and that he would think of it further and let us know what he would do.. ... At 5:00 p.m. Gates and I met the committee of the alumni whoagreed that an effort should be made to raise $50,000. Dr. Pratt at oncesubscribed $500. Tuesday we saw two of the alumni, J. Newman and E. B.Esher. Newman gave us $500 and Esher %o." The rest of the week theygot nothing. He goes on to tell of negotiations for the sale of some lotsat South Lawn and northwest of Morgan Park, the only things he ownedoutside of his house, ending thus: "I must, however, sell something as Iam at the end of my resources and can hope for little cash on my salarytill our work is nearer completion. Dr. E. C. Hewitt of the State NormalUniversity writes me that he expects to give us $500. Dr. Lforimer] hashad an interview with Marshall Field not altogether discouraging and notvery encouraging. I am confident, however, that the week will bring in$10,000 or more when we come to gather up results."The letter of November 17 contained the glad news of the sale of theSouth Lawn lots for $900 net. "We have not had a specially encouraging226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDweek in our work owing to the difficulty of finding the men we wanted tosee."A week later he reports encouragement from John B. Drake, visits totwo or three rich men without encouragement, and about $1,000 in smallpledges from Baptists; one day lost on account of a cold — a very rarething for him. December 8 he says, after noting certain discouragingmatters : "Lorimer appeared and went with me and we found two wealthymen who, while they did not assure us of help, gave us encouragement •J. W. Doane and W. C. D. Grannis. Gates is to speak at the BaptistSocial Union Tuesday evening and has spent the last three days on hisaddress. On Tuesday I went in alone and got seven hundred dollars, andon other days about $500 more Dr. Lorimer is taking hold with mein very loyal style. He is to go with me again tomorrow afternoon Any day now the door may open wide among the business men and yetwe may not get it unlocked till January. It will open in due time, and wemust work on with patience and courage. We have now the names ofseventeen leading business men on our hopeful list."He writes on December n : "We have had the best week we have seenfor two months, having secured $7,000. Of this, H. H. Kohlsaat gave us$5,000 and the rest came from seven or eight others. We hope to do betterthe coming week and to continue to make advances. There is a world ofwork to be done, but I am confident we shall get there. We shall probablywalk in the dark a good part of the way. So many assure us that they willhelp us but wish to wait till late in our movement before fixing the sum.I have sixty men on this list now and it will probably increase to onehundred before it begins to grow smaller. This will leave us with a greatdeal of work to do in April and May. Of course, we wish this could beotherwise, but we can only do our best and take things as we must. Thesethings are hard now, but haec olim meminisse juvabit. I was fortunateenough to get $66 in cash during the week, and hope for $200 or more thecoming week."MARSHALL FIELD DECIDES TO HELPDr. Goodspeed says, in his History of the University of Chicago, that,having learned that Mr. Marshall Field was the owner of vacant landfronting the Midway Plaisance, they called on him on December 4 andasked him to give them a site there; and that he did not refuse but toldthem to return in six weeks when he would know how the year's businesshad come out. Mr. Field owned at that time a tract of sixty acres boundedby Fifty-sixth Street, Ellis Avenue, Fifty-ninth Street, and WoodlawnAvenue.MARSHALL FIELDDonor of the Land where are the Northern QuadranglesTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 227When the boys came home for the Christmas vacation, they went withDr. Goodspeed and Mr. Gates on a visit of inspection, in which theyclimbed the fence on the east side of Ellis Avenue into a pasture whereCobb Hall now stands. There were practically no houses at that timesouth of Fifty-fifth Street and west of Kimbark Avenue and little of paving or sidewalks. Nevertheless, the party returned to Morgan Park enthusiastic over the possibilities of the site.January began with a period of letter-writing, mostly to Baptist ministers and laymen, but on January 12 Dr. Goodspeed says:We hope to hear from Mr. Field this week and learn more about that possible site.If he decides favorably, it will end our anxieties, but I am not counting on his doing so.I wrote him a full letter Wednesday submitting eight points for his consideration:1. His favorable decision would lead to a certain and very great success. 2. Wewould be more than satisfied with any section of the land he preferred to give us. 3.Agreeing to bind ourselves to spend at least $200,000 in buildings and improvementswithin five years and probably more. 4. To begin these improvements at the earliestpossible moment after June 1, certainly within one year. 5. To make them of a highorder as good as skill could make them. 6. That we would not ask a deed of the landuntil we had fulfilled these conditions, such as he required, only asking that he secureto us the property when the conditions are fulfilled. 7. Assuring him of our purpose toincrease endowments and equipments every year and to make a really great institution.8. Suggesting that he name three or four gentlemen in whom he has confidence on theboard of trustees.This letter Gates signed with me. I thought this would get the matter before him ina practical way so that he could be prepared to say just what he would do when wecalled on him, or if he does not intend to do anything would lead him to say so, and soend our uncertainty. If he decides against us, we shall have to gird up our loins for agreat struggle What a satisfaction it will be if we live through this and see itsuccessful to reflect that I have had a leading part in giving our denomination twogreat institutions in this splendid metropolis.The story continues January 19:When we went in to see Mr. Field Wednesday, the first thing he said was "I havenot yet made up my mind about giving you that ten acres." The next was this: "ButI have decided one thing, that if I give it to you, I shall wish you to make up the$400,000 independently of it." This we told him we could and would be glad to do. Hethen had his maps brought in and indicated the block he had it in mind to give us — thenorthwest ten acres of the whole tract, the ten acres directly south of that great newbuilding, the Home for Incurables. I send you an elegant drawing. You will see that wehave the southwest quarter of the north forty. No streets run through it. Its easternline is an alley and between that alley and the next avenue east, Lexington [now University Avenue], lies a little strip of two and one-half acres. This we shall probably buy,or possibly we may buy the ten acres directly south, but I am not finishing my storyWe saw that he had really decided to give it to us and so we ventured to press him.Mr. Gates asked him if we could not telegraph Mr. Rockefeller that he had decided to228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgive us the site, but he said he was not quite ready. I then said: "Mr. Field, our workis really waiting for this. We are anxious to push it rapidly, and if we can say that youhave given us the site, it will help us immensely with every man we approach." "Well "he answered, "I suppose I might as well decide it now as at any time. If the conditionsare satisfactory, you may say that I will give this ten acres as the site." As he had already expressed his satisfaction with the points I had submitted in my letter (I gavethem to you last week) and had added but one to them, viz., that we make up the $400,-000 in addition to his gift, we told him that there could be no difficulty about that. Heasked us to write them out in a form to be submitted to his lawyer and he would giveus a contract for a deed to be made when the conditions are fulfilled.On Friday we added $3,400 to our subscriptions, $2,500 from Captain Owen of OakPark, $500 from President Hewitt of Normal, $200 from Edgar B. Tolman and twohundred dollar pledges. We are going to do our best to push things now and are entirelyconfident of success. Lyman J. Gage has promised us a subscription a little later. Weare not sorry that Mr. Field has required us to make up the $400,000. His subscriptionis worth at the lowest valuation $100,000, and it will help us immensely among businessmen. I think we can get $100,000 among them, and if we do, we can get through withoutdifficulty Have sold my two and one-half acres for $2,000 if the abstract of titleproves satisfactory, half down. Thus the skies brighten all round and I am very cheerful and hopeful. But we have a mighty task before us still.On January 26 he began: "Your mother has written you a good dealof our work this week. On Monday we got $6,000 from Judge Freer andC. L. Hutchinson, Tuesday $5,000 from A. A. Munger, an alumnus of theold University; Wednesday we spent with Mr. Field in putting his offerinto final shape and getting an option till June 1, on the ten acres directlysouth of the site he offers. This we shall doubtless buy and thus have asite of twenty acres. In the afternoon of Wednesday we got the assuranceof $1,000 from Otto Young and E. J. Lehman, though not the formal subscription. Thursday we couldn't find our men but got the assurance of$500 certainly, and $1,000 probably from L. J. Swift of the SecondChurch. Friday we got $1,000 from Byron L. Smith, an alumnus.Saturday we got $1,000 from Charles Counselman Meantime, wehave received encouragement of help from half a dozen new men andhad only three or four refusals."As you see, we have made a most promising beginning among the outside business men. We can already see our way to $50,000 among themfrom men we have already interviewed, and we have not seen a third ofthe men we expect to see. I am profoundly grateful to God for his greatgoodness and rejoice, though with trembling. In addition to the subscriptions spoken of on the first page, we have got during the week about $600in smaller amounts from $5.00 up to $150. I am hoping to get somethingthis week from my eastern letters. E. S. Converse of Boston, brother ofJ. W., and S. A. Crozer of Philadelphia have written that they may helpTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 229us. We passed through Washington Park yesterday and saw one hundred or more young people skating on the park lakes only five or sixminutes' walk from the site. The advantages of it grow on me and it isuniversally approved. There is a great deal of wealth in Hyde Park andwe are going to make a vigorous effort to get from $25,000 to $50,000there. We are now getting lists of names and information, and may spenda day there this week, though most of the men, of course, have offices inthe city."ON THE BATTLE FRONTThe next week was not so successful. "Our positive subscriptions during the past week have reached only $3,000, but in addition to this, Mr.E. L. Hedstrom wrote that he expected to give us $5,000. We have beenvisiting new men, business men of large means, and have been well received. Every day we have found one or more who encouraged us to expect help from them, and this will come in later. We have now to get$10,000 a week, and I think we can do it. We have worked hard, protracting our labors on two days into the evening, but we find that that weariesus both and does not pay. The alumni fund grows every week and nowreaches about $18,000. I think it will certainly grow to $30,000 and perhaps more."He continues on February 9: "We have had a successful and encouraging week. On Monday we met President Olson's brother and he gaveus $5,000 for the Olson memorial and promised us the professor's classicallibrary valued at $3,000. We also got Mr. Armour for $10,000 at least.If it become necessary, he will do more, perhaps much more. On Tuesdaywe got Thomas Murdoch of Reid, Murdoch & Co., for $1,000, at least,and more if necessary. Then we have got two subscriptions of $500 each,one of $300, two of $100 each and several of $50 and $25 and $10 — about$21,000 in all. Every day we have found new men who encourage us tocome and see them again, from some of whom we are certain to get help..... One thing, however, we now know, that we shall secure more thanthe $400,000 we started out to find, including Mr. Field's gift." He continues: "I suppose, however, that June will be a very busy month withme. I shall be closing up my brief and inglorious University service orentering on a new and important five years work."The letter of February 16 says: "The past week has been almost a totalfailure so far as actual results are concerned in our work. We have workedhard and secured less than $1,000. Our difficulty has been that we couldnot find the men sought. One day we made twelve calls and found onlytwo men. Another day we made twenty-one calls and found only four230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmen." This led Mr. Gates to make an excursion to St. Paul and Minneapolis where he got $1,000 from Mr. Pillsbury and $1,500 from others.Dr. Goodspeed continues on February 23: "While Gates was gone onThursday and Friday, I made twenty-six calls on business men alonefound about ten, and four of them gave me encouragement. These are allnew men we are calling on and all have to be seen two or more times.We have found hopeful men every day Then I called on Mr.'Loewenthal, the Jewish banker. He immediately expressed great interestsaid we could certainly get the $100,000 we seek from the business menand promised to try to interest his own people, asked me to send himprinted statements and suggested that we should see Rabbi Hirsch, whohe thought would be interested and would help us with the wealthy Jewsand asked me to come and see him again and with real encouragementthat he would help. We have added over $3,000 to our subscription during the week, all from the country, but some of the Chicago men we haveseen will certainly help us."A week later he reported interviews with Dr. Henry L. Morehousethe father of the Education Society, and other Baptist officials, and theirconclusion that Mr. Gates should go east to seek help there with Dr.Morehouse's aid, while Dr. Goodspeed should go on seeing Chicago business men alone. They now had $265,000 raised. "We have got a littleover $4,000 the past week." Curiously enough, he omits the most important visit of the week. Mrs. Goodspeed, writing on Tuesday, February25, says: "Rabbi Hirsch is going to help them with letters and introductions." The connection thus formed lasted until the death of the greatrabbi a third of a century later and was of great value to the Universityduring all those years, On March 9 Dr. Goodspeed writes: "During thepast week we have added about seven thousand dollars to our subscription and so are reasonably happy."He continues on March 15: "We have had a good week. The resultsaggregate $14,000, brihging the total up to $285,000. On Wednesdayafternoon Mr. Gates started on his eastern tour. At Buffalo he saw Mr.Hedstrom, and fastened the $5,000 he wrote me he hoped to give us. Wegot also $1,000 from the Chicago City Railway Company, i.e., the southside cable. Mr. Pillsbury increased his $1,000 to $5,000. This makes$10,000. The rest came in smaller sums. I have got $2,000 since Gatesleft. All this encourages us I must attempt to reach these outsidebusiness men of wealth alone. I dread the task but shall try to do a faithful week's work."At the end of that week he reports his expectations realized: "TheFRED T. GATESWith Doctor Goodspeed He Secured the Fund which Founded the UniversityTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 231past week has been a somewhat hard one with me. Never has it been soimpossible to find the men I tried to see. I have got about $1,500, andGates had done the same when I last heard from him. This he found inBrattleboro, Vermont. What he has done in Boston, I do not yet learn.Yesterday came to cheer me a letter from G. A. Pillsbury, saying he wouldgive us another $5,000 if necessary. I hope the coming week to close upthe $300,000 and begin the last. We shall have a clear two months for thefinal effort. It will be a struggle to the very end, but the end will, I amconfident, crown the work gloriously We have during the pastweek sent out one hundred sixty-six letters to alumni on the Olson memorial Several gentlemen on whom I called last week encouragedme that they would help. The difficulty is that so few are ready at onceto say what they will do. I found one exception last week. William Borden, after an interview of ten minutes, gave me his subscription for $1,000,payable in full June 1. The other subscriptions of the week were forsmall sums. The country was silent the whole week."On March 30 the story continues: "We have had a fair week in ourwork. Gates has got $4,000 in Boston, Hartford and New Haven, withpromises of two or three subscriptions later that will bring $1,000 each,and one of them perhaps nothing and perhaps $5,000. I have got $3,000with half a dozen promises of subscriptions that will result in from $2,000to $5,000. We now begin on the last $100,000. I have written extendednotes for The Standard this week, which I hope will please you. Shallhave a statement tomorrow in the daily papers Since Gates left,he has got $10,500, including the $5,000 from Hedstrom, which we substantially had before. The battle now depends on my success in finding$60,000 more among the Chicago business men."He continued on April 6: "During the week we have added $9,500to our subscription. Charles L. Colby $5,000 to Gates. I have got $4,500here. The Jews have given me $2,000 the past week. G. F. Swift, one ofthe great packers, $1,000. L. J. Swift of Second Church, $500 more,making his subscription $1,000, etc. You will find extended notes inThe Standard. I think the outlook good for the coming week."On April 13 he wrote from Bloomington: "I have very little in actualresults to report to you for the past week Thus, in actual subscriptions, we got only $1,000. Yet the week has been the best we havehad for three months. On Monday Mr. Schwartz, of Schwartz and Dupee,told me that he would not certainly, but probably, give me a subscription after May 1 On Tuesday, Mr. Kent, worth $5,000,000 and aman we have been very anxious to get, told me he would certainly help.232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHe wanted to have a talk with Mr. J. F. Gillette, his cousin, and wouldthen give me his subscription. I went at once to see Mr. Gillette and laidour situation very fully before him, and he said he would see Mr. Kentin a day or two and urge him to do a large thing. Mr. G. is, you knowone of our best Baptists. [The connection thus formed led in two or threeyears to the gift of the Kent Chemical Laboratory.] On Wednesday Mr.E. B. Felsenthal [a member of the Board of Trustees from the beginningand recently made ail honorary trustee] told me that Tuesday night theStandard Club, which consists of four hundred of the leading Jews of thecity, had voted unanimously and enthusiastically to raise for us $25,000.Mr. Selz, of Selz, Schwab & Co., made the motion and will be one of thecommittee of eight to raise the money. They fully expect to do it andMr. F. thinks they may do more. On Thursday, one of the representatives of a firm of four millionaires, Fraser and Chalmers, told me to comein this week, after he had consulted with his partners, and he wouldtell me what they would do. I think you will say that this has really,therefore, been one of our best weeks. Somewhere from $30,000 to $50,000will come out of it. On my way here yesterday, Mr. Haynes of Chenoatold me he would do something, $500, if we absolutely need it, but waitsto see if we must have it. I got $627 here this morning, with probably alittle more to come tonight We shall get something from today'spresentation of our cause by pastors in the churches of the West. We aremuch encouraged and altogether confident although we must get $2,000a day. Our resources are as follows:Jews $20,000-$ 30,000Chicago Baptists . . . 10,000- 20,000Country Baptists . . 5,000- 10,000Eastern Baptists . 10,000- 25,000Alumni 5, 000- 10,000Businessmen.. . 40,000- 60,000$90, 000-$ 1 5 5, 000We can now see half of $40,000 from business men who have assuredus they will help and we have the names of forty or fifty others whohave told us we may call on them again, and we have seventy-five orone hundred yet to see for the first time; nearly all of them millionaires.I write you all this because you are interested, and because my mind isfull of this thing."Back at home the following week he wrote: "I do not know that I canmake you fully understand our position. We have secured the past week$16,500, but we shall count only $10,000 as added to our aggregate forTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED *33these reasons. Dr. Lorimer had told us to put Mr. Armour down for$10,000. We concluded we had better test the matter and went to Mr. A.He sent his secretary to see us. We laid our case before him and he saidMr. A. had hoped we would get this through without him, but he wouldlay the matter before him and see us the next day. We called at the timenamed and he said Mr. A. would give us $5,000 — give us a check then ifwe desired, and if we could not get through without it, would give us$5,000 more. I told him we would without doubt find it necessary tocome for the second $5,000. Gates suggested that he should let us countMr. A. at $10,000 and we would assure him that we would ask for nomore. He said: "No, perhaps he will give you $10,000 more instead of$5,000, and you had better leave it as it is." We thanked him and toldhim that we thought that would be best. We therefore take off $5,000for the present from our total [Here follows a plan to omit fromfuture reports the amounts theretofore reported as the value of librariesand museum materials contributed.] Everything now looks so bright thatI have hope that we can do all this, not that it is necessary to do this, butif we can do it, it will stop every mouth and obviate every possible objection. If the Standard Club does its work as it promises all this can bedone. We have now got $330,000, and I have made a list showing subscriptions in sight amounting to $75,000 more, with a possible $15,000or $20,000 more. We had on Wednesday and Friday most encouraginginterviews with the Peck brothers and others. I feel as happy over MajorRust's subscription as anything that has happened as we had entirelygiven him up and felt very sore over it. As soon as he fully understood thecase he was happy to help. Gates saw him and got the pledge."May 4 he says: "I am so very busy that I can write but a little. Amnow sending out our last appeals by mail and there is a world of work.During the past week we have personally added between $6,000 and $7,-000 to our subscription. The Standard Club subscription now stands at$20,000, and I have hope that they will bring it up to $30,000. We hadon Friday a very encouraging conference with Ferd W. Peck. We shallnext week receive from him a generous subscription. There will not bemany larger in our list. A number of new men have also promised us subscriptions this week and next. Everything is bright, and I hope we shallbe through by the time you reach home. At all events the day is substantially won."The Goodspeed boys were in the last term of their Senior year, and sowere planning to come home in May. Therefore the May 1 1 letter beganas follows: "It is possible that this is my last letter to you during your234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcollege course. How time goes on. Next Sunday we shall have you withus I have been this morning to the Centennial Church. They havebeen building this year and we have not pressed them. \They had, however, given us $4,000 and added $700 to it this morning, which will growto $1,000 during the week. Had a very nice time. We have raised $16 000during the week and the Standard Club has added about $5,000, 1 thinkand will, I guess, go on and approximate $30,000 in all. If we can nowraise $39,000 it will give us the Reichelt and Olson libraries and the min-eralogical cabinet as an overplus, a margin, and this we will do if Godpermits. We think we are certain to do it before night of the twenty-first The only point in doubt is as to how large a surplus we canreach. We expect to do a great week's work and I think we shall not bedisappointed."On Tuesday, Mrs. Goodspeed, in what was really the final letter of theseries, reported Dr. Goodspeed as coming "home jubilant over this telegram from C. R. Henderson, Pastor of the Woodward Avenue ChurchDetroit: cThe Woodward Avenue Church gives $14,000 or $15,000 to theUniversity of Chicago'!!! Isn't that grand?"On May 23 the board of the American Baptist Education Societyreported to Mr. Rockefeller satisfactory pledges for $402,083, also libraries and apparatus valued at $15,000. Mr. Rockefeller and MarshallField on May 24 and 26 expressed themselves as satisfied. On the twenty-seventh the success was reported to the meeting of the American BaptistEducation Society. In Secretary Gates's report, he said, in introducingDr. Goodspeed, "Immediately after our last annual meeting, DivineProvidence sent to our help a reinforcement which has been a decisivefactor in our success. We mean, of course, the services of Dr. T. W.Goodspeed, as co-laborer with your corresponding secretary. With theesteem and confidence of the entire denomination, Dr. Goodspeed hasbrought to our work a ripe experience and knowledge of the fruitfulsources of benefaction in this city, in the West and in the East, such perhaps as no other man in our denomination possesses in equal measure.With steadfast and contagious cheer and unfailing persistence, Dr. Good-speed has daily wrought with superb skill and with tension of self-masterynever for one hour relaxed; and it is to his clear statement of fact, his candid, courteous, forcible presentations, and his gracious, tactful, sincerepersuasive appeals in public, in private and through the press, that weowe in chief part our present measure of success. With love born of a common daily life of joy and sorrow, and prayer and tears, and dread, andtriumph, the most intense that either has ever known; with reverenceTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 235which intimacy has only deepened, your corresponding secretary countsit the gladdest and most grateful privilege his office has hitherto affordedhim, to introduce Dr. Goodspeed to the society at this hour, and invitehim to present to the society and to the denomination that more important portion of the report of your board which is made possible todayso largely by his splendid services."In his statement, Dr. Goodspeed reported contributions from thirty-five states, territories, and foreign countries, and characteristically suggested a hope that the missing states and territories might be added."At once," says the official report of the meeting, "two or three peopleare up to speak for missing states. Maine, South Carolina, West Virginia,Utah are in the field so nearly together that it is impossible to say whichled off. Then someone speaks for the Sandwich Islands. The states andterritories have all answered. The doors are opened to the nations of theearth — the nooks and corners of the atlas are ransacked that the worldmay have a share in the privilege of building the University of Chicago.""It is a cheerful scene and yet with an element of earnestness which thereport of it may fail to convey. The subscriptions are small. They arefound, when footed up, to aggregate but a few thousand dollars; but theyrepresent hearty congratulations and very widespread sympathy." Thethirty-five had become seventy- two; and the total, including Mr. Field'sgift, $549,000.[To be continued]PROVIDENT HOSPITAL ANDTHE UNIVERSITYBy KATHLEEN ALLEN, Director of the Out-Patient DepartmentIN OCTOBER, 1929, the Board of Trustees of Provident Hospitalentered into an agreement with the University of Chicago whereby,when the hospital had fulfilled certain requirements, it would enterinto an association with the University. This was an attempt on the partof both institutions to provide a center for the adequate training of Negromedical students, interns, medical social workers and nurses, and forpostgraduate stimulation of the Negro medical group in Chicago andelsewhere. It was agreed that such a center would have a profound influence on the whole question of Negro health in the United States. Itwas hoped that the agreement would be in full effect early in 1932.Provident Hospital was founded in 1890 by Philip D. Armour, who hadassociated with him men who were making the city's history — MarshallField, Cyrus H. McCormick, Potter Palmer, George M. Pullman, JohnJ. Mitchell, and others. During the forty years of its existence, the hospital has served a real need in the rapidly expanding Negro community inChicago. Its board of directors has been made up of leading citizens fromboth the Negro and white groups, and its consulting staff has been composed of outstanding white physicians. It has been a center for the Negromedical life of the community and as such has rendered an excellent account of itself.The first step toward reorganization of the hospital to meet the termsof the agreement was the equipping and manning of a children's clinicby the Julius Rosen wald Fund in March, 1930. The first full-time Negrophysician came to the hospital in connection with this clinic. Because ofthe adequacy of the equipment and the installation of modern clinic management, the children's clinic has had a great influence in the thinking ofthe entire hospital. In July, 1930, the clinic management was extendedto the adult out-patient department, and the unit-record system whichhad been begun in the children's clinic was extended. The communityhas responded in a satisfactory way during the last year to the change inthe hospital's attitude toward free care and increased attendance.During the forty years of its existence, the hospital has led a precariousexistence because of lack of endowment. It has had to depend practically236PROVIDENT HOSPITAL AND THE UNIVERSITY 237on patients' hospital fees for its upkeep, and for that reason has attemptedalmost no free work.In January, 1930, the board of trustees went to the public for funds toreorganize and expand the hospital to meet the terms of affiliation withthe University. Three million dollars was the goal set; this was oversubscribed by a quarter of a million. Because of the depression, not all ofthe pledges have been or will be paid; but the outstanding large amountsare now available for the use of the hospital. Of this fund $1,250,000 willbe used to purchase and remodel the buildings formerly occupied by theChicago Lying-in Hospital on Fifty-first Street; $1,000,000, the gift ofthe General Education Board, is to be administered by the University forteaching purposes in the hospital; and the rest will be used for endowmentfor the hospital, and for equipment.Provident Hospital at the present time is made up of a hospital department of sixty-five beds, and an out-patient department. Patients are generally referred to the hospital by private physicians on its staff or by thedispensary, which has a number of free beds at its disposal. Occupancy isnow about 65 per cent. Within the past year the service has become moreactive and is increasing as the out-patient department develops. Sixty-five physicians and surgeons are on the staff either as attending men oron a courtesy basis. In June, 1931, 1,039 days of care were rendered — 559,full pay; 61 part pay; and 381 free.The most apparent growth has been in the out-patient department.In 1929-30 the recorded number of visits during the year was 5,000. Nowthe clinic is operating at the rate of 47,000 visits a year. At the presentrate of expansion it is predicted that within a year the out-patient department will be operating at the rate of 100,000 visits a year.The dispensary has thirteen services, which hold forty-four clinic periods a week in all. The staff (sixty-six doctors) renders 752 hours ofservice a month. The clinic management is in the hands of the socialservice department since the needs of the dispensary's clientele are, forthe most part, as acute socially as medically. The director is an instructorin the Graduate School of Social Service Administration of the University.Forty physicians have received financial assistance either through theRosenwald Fund or the General Education Board gift in order to enablethem to gain special experience to fit them for work under the new regimeat Provident. Their fields of service range from surgery to psychiatry; theyhave traveled from Chicago to Vienna. The policy has been to disturbthe staff of the hospital as little as possible until the capabilities of itsmembers have been proved or disproved.238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe maximum charge for clinic admittance is fifty cents and the patient is graded, according to his ability to pay, from fifty cents to freecare. Wassermann tests and urinalyses are included in the initial feeother laboratory work being extra. Six young women are now in trainingin the University Clinics for laboratory assistantships in the new hospital.A DEPARTMENT OF MUSICTHROUGH a special gift from an anonymous donor, the University is enabled to begin the development of a new department ofmusic with the appointment of Carl Bricken, Pulitzer prizewinner in 1929, as assistant professor of music. Mr. Bricken began firstclasses during the Autumn Quarter, which opened October 1. The University has been contemplating the creation of such a department forseveral years as a part of a development in the fine arts. Mack Evans,director of the University choir, will co-operate with Mr. Bricken."Our plans for the department of music necessarily are modest atpresent in view of the stringent financial condition, and we were able toappoint Mr. Bricken only through the assistance of a friend of the University who made a special gift," President Hutchins said in making theannouncement. "We are extremely gratified that we can start development of the department immediately,"Mr. Bricken is regarded as one of the country's ablest younger teachersof music and has won distinction as a composer. He received his A.B.degree at Yale in 1922, where he conducted the Yale symphony orchestrafor two years. He was graduated from the Mannes School of Music inNew York in 1926. He studied composition with Rosario Scalero for sixyears, and studied piano in Paris with Alfred Cortot in 1926-27. Winningthe Pulitzer prize in music in 1929, he went to Vienna to work withDr. Hans Weiss on musical analysis during 1929-30. A Guggenheim fellowship was awarded him in 1930 which enabled him to spend last yearin Paris composing.THE GERTRUDE DUNN HICKSMEMORIALBRIEF mention of the dedication of the Gertrude Dunn Hicks, Memorial Hospital on June 22, 1931, appeared in the July issueof the University Record. Additional facts should be recordedhere in order to make the record more complete.The Hicks unit, made possible by the $300,000 gift of Mrs. GertrudeDunn Hicks, contains fifty beds for crippled children, and is the fourthunit for the care of sick children and the study of their diseases erected onthe Midway during the past two years. The new structure occupies a sitebetween the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital and the Nancy Adele Mc-Elwee Memorial near Ellis Avenue, and brings the hospitalization facilities of the medical plant on the Midway to nearly six hundred beds. TheHicks Memorial, the McElwee Memorial, the Bobs Roberts MemorialHospital for Children, and the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and dispensary,all of which have been erected within two years, and the affiliations withthe Home for Destitute Crippled Children, the Country Home for Destitute Crippled Children, and the Children's Memorial Hospital, give theUniversity a total of more than five hundred beds for child patients, comprising probably the greatest children's clinical center in the world.The Hicks Memorial is an example of the modern design of hospitals,with cheerful and colorful interior decoration combined with the latestfacilities for the care of patients. The Chicago Home for Destitute Crippled Children will utilize the facilities of the Memorial. In honor of Mrs.Hicks a reception room for her use has been set aside on the first floor ofthe building. Mrs. Hicks has given to the University for decoration ofthe room valuable tapestry which Louis Philippe took from the walls ofhis palace in Paris when he fled, and later presented to the Duke of Devonshire.Dr. Nathaniel Allison, professor of orthopedic surgery, delivered theaddress at the dedicatory exercises of the Hicks Memorial. He said :Our chief responsibility is in the proper medical and surgical care of the childrenwho are admitted here for treatment. Along with this goes the importance of the studyof disease and the search for better methods of treatment, which includes the trainingof doctors and nurses. Next in importance is the training and education of the childrenwho are patients in such a way that their hospital days will represent a gain rather thana loss in their general education. Time was when children were admitted to hospitals239240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand their education while they were sick was held entirely in abeyance. We in this newand most modern of institutions have not only the small bodies of our patients in ourkeeping but we have also their minds to develop and their spirits to look after.This building is so designed that all the brightness of life may be readily realized bythe patients. The room in which we are holding these exercises is so designed that sunshine penetrates easily its entire space, and, in the absence of sunshine, artificial sunshine may be turned on by the use of carbon lamps. On the first floor of this buildingis an admirable physiotherapeutic establishment with a swimming tank where childrenwho have paralysis may receive exercises. Every room, every ward, is bright in colorand full of sunshine and fresh air. In such diseases as infantile paralysis and tuberculosis, the two most serious diseases of childhood, we have here the most modern ofmethods for proper and successful treatment.President Hutchins and Professor E. Scribner Ames also had parts inthe dedication.The further development of the University's medical center will beginagain next year with the start of work on the Charles Gilman Smith contagious disease unit and a nurses' home. Contemplated future additionsinclude units for psychiatry and mental hygiene, for the student healthservice, and for clinical specialties such as eye, ear, nose, and throat work.AS IN MICE SO IN MENTHE complete history of health and disease through four generations in the life of a single strain of laboratory mice wasrecently presented to an assemblage of University medical menby Dr. Maud Slye, Associate Professor of Pathology in the University.Offering the medical genealogy of 205 mice, all descendants of the samepair of parents, as a single dramatic example of the effects of heredity onthe likelihood of any individual developing disease, Dr. Slye reaffirmedthe hypotheses on which she has been at work for twenty- three years anddescribed several recent findings. Her discussion constituted Report No.j 1 in her " Studies in the Incidence and Inheritability of SpontaneousTumors in Mice," a project on which she has been at work since 1908,under the auspices of the University and the Otho S. A. Sprague MemorialInstitute, and during which she has grown more than 100,000 of the animals, all derived from a few dozen original ancestors.The Report was concerned with the life histories of Strain 621, whichshe started in October of 1927 by mating male number 70,264, a mouseshe knew to be immune from cancer because of its long ancestry of purecancer-free progenitors, with female number 69,245, which she knewwould certainly develop the disease because of its cancer-ridden parentage. Later this female founder of Strain 621 died at the age of two yearsand one month, "of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin at the base ofthe right ear and adeno-carcinoma of the right inguinal mammary gland"— in other words, cancer. The cancer-immune father of the line died atthe age of more than two years of chronic nephritis, showing no tumorsof any kind during his lifetime.The mating produced five daughters and four sons, all of which livedto the cancer-susceptible age without developing the disease. Autopsies,gross and microscopic, revealed no pathologic growths. This result was inaccordance with Dr. Slye's previous findings that the inheritance of susceptibility to cancer is inherited as a "simple Mendelian recessive," thatis, the inheritance of freedom from the disease is more likely than theinheritance of susceptibility to it. Under this law the mating of a cancerous mouse with a cancer-free animal invariably results in a first generation which is completely free of the disease. Of the nine offspring ofthe union none showed any evidence of cancer.Another principle under the law of Mendelian recessives is that the241242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfirst breed from the parents, while free of the disease themselves, cantransmit it to their offspring, according to the definite ratio of three toone, that is, three should be immune to cancer out of every four, whilethe fourth is likely to develop it. Using the nine first offspring as parentsMiss Slye inbred them to produce five new lines, grandchildren of theoriginal pair. In line A, consisting of four sons and four daughters fourmembers of line A died of cancer and four did not. In line B, a family ofsix daughters and seven sons, four died of cancer and nine died of otherailments. Of the six children in line C, the ratio was one cancer death tofive non-cancerous deaths. Line D showed no cancer deaths to five non-cancer deaths, while line E showed no cancer deaths to four non-cancerdeaths. Of this second generation, composed of thirty-six individuals,twenty-seven were non-cancerous and nine were cancerous. This, according to Dr. Slye, follows perfectly the expected ratio of three to one noncancerous and further demonstrates that cancer is a recessive rather thana dominant Mendelian trait.Dr. Slye performed the onerous statistical job of tracing cancer susceptibility down to the next generation of inbreeding, using the thirty-six members of the second generation as parents, with a great variety ofcross-breeding, to demonstrate that the principle of the skipped generation was not confusing the results.The first major conclusion drawn by Dr. Slye is that the tendency todevelop cancer follows this Mendelian recessive principle. If the ninemembers of the first generation had all developed cancer, only then couldcancer-susceptibility be called a dominant trait. The second major conclusion drawn from thirty statistical charts was that the difference between immunity and susceptibility rests in a single gene of the germplasm. That is, in the tiny chromosomes which make up an egg-cell, oneinfinitesimal cell-unit determines whether or not the mature individualis in danger of cancer.In the total family of 205, n per cent or twenty-three, developedcancer. This figure closely approximates the figure for humans, just asthe cancers themselves are almost identical in mice and men. Dr. Slyeaccounted for the decrease in the number of cancerous cases as the generations proceeded as follows: Under the Mendelian law, there are sixtypes of matings, depending on whether the individuals are wholly free,wholly susceptible themselves, or dominant carriers or recessive carriers.Three of these types of combinations will produce 100 per cent cancer-free offspring. Another combination will give only 25 per cent cancer-susceptible, the fifth type 50 per cent cancer-susceptible, and only in theTHE UNIVERSITY PRESS 243sixth, in which both parents are cancerous, will the union produce offspring all of which are susceptible. The odds are therefore against cancer.During her work with mice Dr. Slye has performed autopsies on 98,000animals.THE UNIVERSITY PRESSLITERATURE— MAKING CITIZENS— BETTERHOMESALTHOUGH the Dictionary of American English which Sir Wil-JLjL liam Craigie is compiling is still far from complete, the Press hasJL JL issued during the last quarter a sort of advance footnote to it.The Beginnings of American English, edited by M. M. Mathews, reproduces previously inaccessible letters and articles by early commentatorson the divergences of American English from English English. Mr. Mathews has been working with Sir William for six years, and in the course ofhis research for the dictionary found these little-known comments whichhe reproduces.Professor Percy H. Boynton, well known for his authoritative writingson American literature, has added another book to his list, The Rediscoveryof the Frontier. In it he has made an interesting application of the historical theory of the frontier to the literary treatment of that region. He believes that the most momentous record of the whole frontier episode is tobe found in the pages of the novelists, and it is to them that he devotes thegreater part of his new book. The result is a critical evaluation, on thebasis of their success in portraying the frontier, of that long procession ofnovelists from Bret Harte, Mark Twain, Cooper to Garland, Rolvaag,Edna Ferber, and Willa Cather.One of the most significant series of books with which the Press hasrecently been concerned is "Studies in the Making of Citizens," of whichindividual volumes have been issued at intervals during the last two yearsand a half. In September the concluding and summarizing volume waspublished, The Making of Citizens, by Charles E. Merriam, under whosesupervision the entire series has been produced. Previous volumes, eachby an authority on the country involved, have dealt in detail with thecivic-training systems of Soviet Russia, Great Britain, Italy, Austria244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHungary, and Switzerland. In his concluding book (a comparative studyof methods of civic training), Mr. Merriam draws upon these five studiesupon two supplementary ones also issued in the series, and upon his ownand other studies made of the United States, France, and Germany. Hiswork is thus a comparison of the methods of training for citizenship ineight great nations.In connection with the conference on housing which President Hooverhas recently called for December, a book which the Press has just published is significant. Under the auspices of Better Homes in America, TheBetter Homes Manual has been prepared and edited by Blanche Halbert,research director of that organization. In his preface to the book, RayLyman Wilbur, president of Better Homes in America, writes: "In thismanual are assembled the best contemporary statements obtainable onhome ownership and financing; the methods of keeping the cost of thehouse down; points to be considered in the buying or building of a home;the selection of the site and the fitting of the house to its site; the determination of architectural style and consideration of essentials in planningas well as the choice of materials to be used and selection of equipment forlighting, heating, ventilation, plumbing, and refrigeration, and the finishing of floors and walls. These are matters on which many government departments, state colleges, professional organizations, and periodicals publish thousands of articles of varying merit. The householder or home-builder may be easily perplexed or confused by the quantity of the available information or material, much of which is biased, incomplete, or inadequate. Access, therefore, to the best of contemporary advice on thesesubjects saves time and effort and conserves public resources."THE COMPTROLLER'S ANNUALREPORTMR. N. C. PLIMPTON, comptroller of the University, submitted to the Board of Trustees, at its meeting held August13, his annual report for the year ended June 30, 1931. It isa voluminous document, prepared with infinite care, comprising, with itsfinancial and statistical tables, forty-seven typewritten pages. This report covers the forty-first fiscal year of the University.The report states thatin view of the economic conditions prevailing throughout the year, it is gratifyingto be able to report that the income for the support of the various activities of theUniversity has been more than sufficient to provide for the operating expenditures.The excess of income, while not so large as in some recent years, was impressive.Endowment funds were increased appreciably, and reserves have been maintained ona basis fairly comparable with former years.Assets of the University amount to $108,779,459, the increase for the yearbeing $5,029,725. Gifts to the amount of $8,020,540 were received; fromthe founding of the University, $103,401,668. The budget income forthe several divisions — University General, Graduate Library School,Graduate School of Social Service Administration, Rush Medical College,Medical School, University Clinics, Oriental Institute, — amounted to$7,868,423 of which income $7,841,117 was expended. The income underthe University General Division increased $136,710, while the expenditures increased $223,442. The tuition receipts in this division increased$173,934 as compared with those for 1929-30, while the salary cost ofinstruction increased $210,625.Under the conditions of the contract with the General EducationBoard, the University undertook to secure $2,750,000 by June 30, 1931,in order to secure a similar sum from that board for general endowmentfor the Medical School on the South Side. It was possible to certify inJune, 1 93 1, that the full amount had been received. The General Education Board has since made payment of the remainder of its subscription,$443,954. In order to assist the Medical School, the General EducationBoard generously paid 5 per cent on the unpaid portion of its pledge forthe year 1930-31.By action of the Trustees $1,800,000 of the Rockefeller final gift was245246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDset aside as a retiring allowance fund. Profits on securities and incomefrom this fund in excess of the amount required for retiring allowances havebeen added to the principal, increasing it to $2,720,383, the addition forthe year 1930-31 being $33,974. The amounts required for retiring allowances for the last five years were as follows: 1926-27, $96,858.36;1927-28, $91,013.73; 1928-29, $88,665.16; 1929-30, $103,431.50; 1930-31,$110,137.80. In 1926 there were forty persons on the retired list, including two for disability. Under the mortality tables used, the expectancyof none was less than four years. The actual cost on account of thesepersons or their widows, when survived by such, during the four-yearperiod, was $306,225. On July 1, 1924, including wives, there were 341prospective annuitants under the original retiring allowance plan; sevenyears later there were 215.The report closes with this paragraph:The University now appears to be entering a new stage of its financial history andone that it has not heretofore encountered, in that this seems to initiate a period ofdistinct shrinkage in income, both from endowments and from students. The possibilityof large increases in endowment funds appears problematical. The attendance for thecurrent Summer Quarter shows a marked decrease, a part of which can be traced to thehigh tuition rates. With contraction in income unrelieved, the University seems forcedto consider methods of reducing its program to the limits of support. Fortunately,reserves render it possible to proceed with this matter without precipitation. Presumably it will be found desirable to secure reduction in the basis of operation prior to thedisappearance of these reserves.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSAN INTELLIGENT APPRECIATION OF THEWORLD'S ARTISTIC INHERITANCEBy John Shapley, Chairman of the Department of ArtNOT long before his death, in 1927, Professor Walter Sargent,who was then organizing the Department of Art, outlined forits program four main objectives. In his formulation, the firstobjective was to give all students the opportunity to develop an intelligentappreciation of the world's artistic inheritance. The second was to be ofservice to a wide constituency by preparing teachers to present art in sucha way as to make it enter into their pupils' daily life. The third objectivewas to offer at the University some experience with the materials of art.And the fourth was to co-operate in the increasingly widespread effort toendow possessions and surroundings with greater charm and distinction.The present academic year will be the fifth since Professor Sargent'sannouncement — but his was a good deal more than a "five-year program."His objectives remain of permanent validity and will continue to guidethe Department in its development. As the first objective underlies allthe others it has the principal claim upon our attention. "An intelligentappreciation of the world's artistic inheritance" is what we must offer ourstudents first of all.We have few Jacobs among our students; most of them are Esaus.They value their inheritance less than a mess of potage. For, being young,it is impossible for them to understand the long effort that goes into themaking of any inheritance, especially an artistic one. Everybody belongsto his own generation and has an instinctive feeling that whatever wentbefore must be of less account. The prodigal who is careless about hisinheritance is the normal rather than the abnormal son. It is entirelynormal for "September Morn" to crowd the Aphrodites of antiquity outof the rotogravure section, not because it is better or worse than they butbecause it belongs to our generation, just as it is normal for Joyce'sUlysses to have recently in America a greater authentic popularity thanHomer's. Now, the purpose of the Department of Art is to try to counteract this disparagement and neglect of inheritance, and to give the students a historical perspective.247248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE DESIRABLETime was when people acquired their historical perspective largely byway of religion. The events of the past as well as those anticipated for thefuture were presented as according with a divine scheme of things. Ofthis conception we still have a characteristic survival in our systems ofdating, a.d., b.c. (inconsistently), a.h., etc. A rival basis of historical perspective is that of political history, which since the Renaissance hastended to dominate again as it did in ancient Rome. Indeed, the effort ofthe French Revolution to set up a new political system of dating likethe Roman a.tj.c. date, proved to be abortive, but at least political history had the satisfaction of showing that the Christian era was four yearsawry and of becoming in most people's minds the usual way of conceivingthe periods, if not the years, of the past.Political history shares with religion the great disadvantage of beingabstract. The French Revolution, which we have just mentioned, has notangible reality for the American college student, any more than has theage of the ante-Nicene fathers. It is difficult for him to get a conception ofour human inheritance or an adequate historical perspective by way oflanguage or history or religion, given the comparative intangibility or inaccessibility of their respective contributions. His textbook containingthe literary masterpiece of some bygone age is to him a contemporaryprinting job done for the American Book Company downtown. His professor wears the next-to-the-latest style of collar. And his classes are heldin a building erected almost or quite in his own lifetime. These contemporaneities do not entirely prevent the combination of able teacher andable student from arriving at historical perspective. But they are veryserious handicaps.In contrast, the student of the world's artistic inheritance is dealingwith wholly tangible material. Even though he is occupied with periodsso remote as to antedate political history, he has concrete objects setbefore him — clay pots, figurines, or whatever they may be. How muchmore vivid, too, is a portarit of a cardinal by El Greco carried into theclassroom than the most spirited account of the Spanish Inquisition or ofthe Hapsburg power! The art objects in the classroom have not merelyan aesthetic purpose; they are like the particles of dust in the centers ofthe rain drops, foci around which all that the student knows or may learncan be organized.ART AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL HORIZONThe study of art is not only an effective way of increasing the student'shistorical perspective — it is particularly valuable as a way of widening hisHpi<o¦-V.w— <<—QUaH<-JoaHi— i2~o—J<usAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 249geographical horizon. We are rather fond of thinking that we have asuperior geographical sense due to the development of modern transportation by water, land, and air. We assume a geographical breadth unknown to our forefathers. The threadbare, old Italian saying II mondo eun1 paese, now that it has appeared as a deep reflection of one of our modern thinkers (Will Rogers, or Lindbergh, or both), has become a commonconviction. But transportation of the body is not transportation of themind. A real broadening of geographical values can only be achieved by astudy of the characteristic and the best of each country, which amountsto a study of each country's art. Indeed, the study of the literature wouldbe equally helpful; but college students are doing well if they can read twoor three languages closely related to their own. They can approach Chinavia paintings and porcelains but they cannot read the Chinese classics.The charms of Persian rugs or miniatures are accessible to them thoughthe beauty of Persian poetry can never be. Even for Europe the art often countries is more readily studied than the literature of one. Here isthe means by which to expand the student's experience, whether spatiallyor temporally. When we introduce into the classroom a Sienese Madonnato convey the spirit of the Gothic Middle Ages, we are also conveying thespirit of Italy. El Greco's cardinal is not only expressive of the early-seventeenth century, but a vivid revelation of Spain. A head of Buddharepresents China and the Chinese at the same time that it representssome period in their historical and cultural development.We Americans were in origin a nation of pioneers. But it is now timefor our pioneering to be redirected into the spacious regions of the imagination. The days of migrating and settling are over, and it remains to beseen whether we are to satisfy our desire for new and strange experiencesin debauchery and crime or in art and letters. For the study of art isnaturally the guide to the realms of the nonexistent quite as much as it isto those of the long ago or the far away. The Department of Art is conscious that its share in the education of students at the University includes the development of the imagination. The objects of its study offera unique opportunity for this development because they stand at themeeting point of what, in older terminology, we should call the "world ofmind and the world of matter." Here, again, it is the concreteness of theseobjects which gives them special effectiveness. Each represents not only atime and place, but an etat d'ame. A student might well come into acourse in medieval art doubting whether Dietrich von Berne ever lived,but after he has studied Theodoric's tomb and his palace, his church andhis armor, he can no longer doubt his reality. In the same way, he may250 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcome into the course doubting whether the mystic cult of the Virgin everexisted, but after he has studied the Gothic pictures, sculptures, andmanuscripts this imaginative flight of the Middle Ages is equally real tohim.INCULCATING A SENSE OE VALUEIt is not enough to recognize the reality of these things; it is necessaryalso to appreciate their value. Our ways of inculcating a sense of valueare determined more by the nature of the student than by the nature ofthe objects studied. Monetary value, however slight its relation toartistic worth may be, is always intelligible. The late Professor Butlerhelped finance his excavation of Sardis, the capital of Croesus, by a simple story. He told of his visit to the site and of his examination of the sideof a stream there, where, digging a little into the clay with his stick, hediscovered a coin — the bank of Croesus was still solvent! Even twentyyears ago when the solvency of banks was much less in the public eyethan at present, this story gave people a striking notion of the value ofthe site for excavation. We find, likewise, that the display of an Atheniancoin in a class on ancient art will arouse interest (our students being whatthey are) which may be developed into a more aesthetic interest. And weare not too proud to point out that the reason we do not have churchestoday as splendid as San Vitale or Hagia Sophia is because of the expense involved. In all this we are counting on the student's imitativeinstinct; if things have seemed worthy of such an outlay by the peoplewho made them, or if they seem worthy of such financial sacrifices by thecollectors who now buy them, the student may be led to regard them asvaluable and to search more diligently for the causes of their worth.At this point intelligence steps in. The Department of Art as a part ofthe University of Chicago is devoted to the cultivation of the intellectand does not propose for the sake of popularity or of romantic tradition toabate one jot of the University's intellectual standard. The search forworth involves a careful analysis both of the art object and of the observer's reaction. However imaginative our material may be, there is noexcuse for any lack of precise scholarship in the treatment of it. Studentsare taught to follow the instructor in methodical observation. For thispurpose we find it convenient to use works of art more or less contemporary so that no displacement in time, place, or tradition will hinder thestudent in his observation. In contemporary work, too, the students areable to learn something of that subtle value called personality. Since it isthe purpose of the University to cultivate personality in the students, it isAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 251desirable for them to learn what they can of the best revelations of thebest personalities.Such a group portrait as that of Picasso, Stravinsky, and Cocteau immeasurably raises the human barometer in any classroom. Here is something painted perhaps during the student's own college years, and yet itrequires considerable intelligence on his part if he is to understand it. Hashe read Cocteau's, heard Stravinsky's, or seen Picasso's work? If not,here is the incentive. Here is something to make him aware of his ignorance— and awareness of ignorance is the beginning of knowledge.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, SecretaryAMENDMENT OF BY-LAWSPORTIONS of Article VII, Section i of the by-laws, relating tostanding committees have been amended to read as follows:i. There shall be eight (8) standing committees 8. Officers. Thestanding committees, other than the Committee on Budget and the Officers' Committee, shall be appointed by the president of the board and Article VII, Section 9 of the by-laws, amended to read as follows:The Officers' Committee shall consist of the President of the University (chairman),the Vice-President and Dean of Faculties, the Vice-President and Business Managerand the Comptroller. Subject to the general direction of the Board of Trustees, theOfficers' Committee shall have authority to co-ordinate the activities of the several administrative divisions of the University, establish administrative procedures and perform such other functions as may be assigned to it from time to time by the Board ofTrustees.AMENDMENT OE STATUTESStatute 13, Article XVI, Section 2 (i), has been amended so as to readas follows:(i) The Board of Libraries shall include, besides ex-officio administrative officers(the President, the Vice-President and Dean of Faculties, the Director of the Libraries,the Associate Director of the Libraries, the Dean of Students and University Examiner,the Registrar), at least one representative of each division and professional school.STANDING COMMITTEES OE THE BOARDThe following standing committees have been appointed for the year1931-32:Finance and Investment: Charles R. Holden, chairman; William ScottBond, vice-chairman; Frank McNair, Eugene M. Stevens, John Stuart,and John P. Wilson.Buildings and Grounds: Thomas E. Donnelley, chairman; E. L. Ryer-son, Jr., vice-chairman; Sewell L. Avery, Harrison B. Barnard, W. Mc-Cormick Blair, and John Stuart.Instruction and Equipment: William Scott Bond, chairman; Albert W.Sherer, vice-chairman; Laird Bell, Wilber E. Post, Julius Rosenwald,and James M. Stifler.Development: James M. Stifler, chairman; E. L. Ryerson, Jr., vice-chairman; Sewell L. Avery, Harrison B. Barnard, Frank McNair, andEugene M. Stevens.252THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 253Press and Extension: Thomas E. Donnelley, chairman; Robert L.Scott, vice-chairman; Charles F. Axelson, Samuel C. Jennings, and AlbertW. Sherer.Audit and Securities: Charles F. Axelson, chairman; Harry B. Gear,vice-chairman; Laird Bell, Samuel C. Jennings, and James M. Stifler.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments have beenmade during the three months prior to October i, 1931:Dr. Franklin C. McLean, as Associate Dean in the Division of theBiological Sciences for one year from July 1, 1931.Dr. William H. Taliaferro, as Associate Dean in the Division of theBiological Sciences for one year from July 1, 1931.Prentice Duell, Field Director of the Sakkara Expedition of the Oriental Institute, as Non-Resident Associate Professor of Ancient Mediterranean Art in the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures forfour years,' effective as of July 1, 1931.Carl Bricken as Assistant Professor in the Department of Music (to beestablished) for three years from October 1, 1931.Mack Evans, now Organist and Choir Master of the University Chapel,concurrently as Assistant Professor in the Department of Music (to beestablished) for three years from October 1, 1931.A. F. Marquette, as Assistant Professor of Advertising in the Schoolof Commerce and Administration for one year from October 1, 1931.Dr. Theodore E. Friedemann, as Assistant Professor of Chemical Bacteriology in the Department of Medicine and Bartlett Memorial Fellowfor one year effective September 1, 193 1, on a four-quarter basis.Dr. Eugene C. Ciccarelli, now of the Institute for Child Guidance, NewYork City, as full-time physician in the Health Service for one year effective November 1, 193 1, on a four-quarter basis, and concurrently Instructor in the Department of Medicine.L. L. Thurstone, as Chief Examiner for two years, effective October 1,I93LJ. T. Russell, as Examiner with the rank of Instructor, for four quarters, effective October 1, 193 1.J. M. Stalnaker, as Examiner with the rank of Instructor, for two yearsof four quarters each, effective October 1, 1931.Ruth C. Peterson, as Examiner with the rank of Instructor, for fourquarters, effective January 1, 1932.William Reitz, as Examiner with the rank of Instructor, for four quarters, on a half-time basis, effective October 1, 1931.254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCarol V. McCamman, Assistant in the Examiner's Office with therank of Instructor, for eleven months from October i, 1931.Henry Evert Dewey, as Instructor in the Department of Educationfor one year from October 1, 1931.J. T. Westbrook, as Instructor in the Department of English, for oneyear from October 1, 1931.Helen L. Mansfield, as Instructor in Education in the Department ofEducation, for one year from October 1, 1931.Dr. A. R. Turner, as School Physician in the Laboratory School, forone year from September 1, 1931.Pierce Butler, as Acting Dean in the Graduate Library School for theAutumn Quarter, 1931, and the Winter Quarter, 1932.Harold A. Swenson, as Adviser in the College for three quarters effective October 1, 1931.Lennox Grey, as Adviser in the College for three quarters, effectiveOctober 1, 1931.Fred B. Millett, as Head of Burton Court, College Residence Hall forMen, for three quarters effective October 1, 1931.Albert Shaw, as Assistant Head of the College Residence Halls forMen, for three quarters effective October 1, 1931.Harold G. Shields, as Assistant Head of the College Residence Hallsfor Men, for three quarters effective October 1, 1931.Gordon Nevin Rebert, as Visiting Summer Professor in the Department of Education for one term of the Summer Quarter, 193 1, or if necessary both terms of the Summer Quarter, 1931.George Watson, to give instruction in the Department of English forthe Summer Quarter, 1931.Marian Van Tuyl, as Social Director in the office of the Dean of Students, for the Summer Quarter, 1931.George Pitts, Jr., as Assistant to the Dean of the University Chapel,for nine months from September 15, 1931.Judge E. A. Evans, as Lecturer in the Law School, for the SummerQuarter, 1931.Arthur J. Klein, as Lecturer in Higher Education in the Departmentof Education, for the Autumn Quarter, 1931.Margaret Hessler Brookes, as Lecturer in the Department of HomeEconomics, for one year from October 1, 1931.Robert Woellner, as Adviser in the College, for one year from July 1,i93i-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 255Donald C. Stone, as Research Associate in the Department of PoliticalScience, for one year from July 1, 1931.Lawrence W. Lawson, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools for oneyear from October 1, 1931.Elizabeth L. Pope, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools for one yearfrom October 1, 1931.James Webb, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools for one year fromOctober 1, 1931.Wesley Greene, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one year fromOctober 1, 1931.Winfred J. Randall, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools for one yearfrom October 1, 1931.Lina Leota Jay, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October 1, 1931.Seth Payne Phelps, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October 1, 1931.Robert E. Keohane, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October 1, 1931.James C. Hostetler, as Teacher in the University High School, on apart-time basis, for one year from October 1, 1931.Katherine Holden, as Case Worker in the School of Social ServiceAdministration for six months from August 17, 1931.The title of Mortimer J. Adler, who was appointed Associate Professorof Philosophy December 12, 1929, has been changed to Associate Professor of the Philosophy of Law (in the Law School).PROMOTIONSProfessor Edwin O. Jordan, to the Andrew MacLeish DistinguishedService Professorship, effective July 1, 1931.Professor William E. Dodd, to the Andrew MacLeish DistinguishedService Professorship, effective July 1, 1931.Emmett L. Avery, to an instructorship in the Department of English,for one year from October 1, 1931.Niel F. Beardsley, to an instructorship in the Department of Physics,for one year from October 1, 1931.Anton B. Burg, to an instructorship in the Department of Chemistry,for one year, on a four-quarter basis, from July 1, 1931.O. J. Emery, to an instructorship in the Department of Pediatrics forten months from September 1, 1931.256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGrace Hiller, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine forten months from September i, 1931; and to a research associateship inthe Department of Pathology for the same period.Earl Roach McCarthy, to a clinical instructorship in the Departmentof Surgery, of Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1931.Willis J. Potts, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Surgery, of Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1931.Frank E. Whitacre, to an instructorship and residentship in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, for one year from July 1, 1931.LEAVES OE ABSENCECarl Eckart, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics, for theSpring and Summer Quarters, 1932.William E. Vaughan, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry, forthe Winter and Spring Quarters, 1932.RESIGNATIONSDr. Bernard Fantus, Associate Clinical Professor in the Department ofMedicine, Rush Medical College, effective July 1, 1931.Dr. Paul Oliver, Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department ofSurgery, Rush Medical College, effective July 1, 1931.Dr. Stewart B. Sniff en, Physician in the Health Service, and AssistantClinical Professor of Psychiatry in the Department of Medicine, effectiveSeptember 30, 1931.Charles Kerby-Miller, Instructor in the Department of English, effective October 1, 1931.Helen Beattie, Case Worker in the School of Social Service Administration, effective August 8, 1931.Charles R. Wilson, Teacher in the Laboratory School, effective October1, 1931.MISCELLANEOUSThe Social Science Research Committee for the year 1931-32 consistsof Mr. Donald Slesinger, chairman; Miss Helen Wright, Harold F.Gosnell, H, A. Millis, and Louis Wirth.GIETSThe following gifts were received and accepted by the Board duringthe three months prior to October 1, 1931:From Mrs. David Fiske, eighteen volumes of a periodical on ophthalmology for the University Libraries.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 257From the Committee on Scientific Research of the American MedicalAssociation, a grant of $1,000 to aid Dr. Clayton J. Lundy, of RushMedical College, in the production of animated motion pictures of theactions of the heart in health and disease.From the Mortar Board Alumnae Association, $250 as an addition tothe Mortar Board Scholarship Fund.From the Quadrangler Alumnae Association, $440 to apply on theQuadrangler Scholarship Fund.From the Chicago Woman's Ideal Club, $300 to cover the scholarshipprovided by that club for the year 1931-32.From the National Research Council, a grant of $334 to Professor E.Sapir, of the Department of Anthropology, for the purchase, printing,and shipping of records, etc., and for the services of natives in connectionwith his study of the songs of the Nitinat Indians of Vancouver Island.From Mr. C. E. Raymond, books bearing on the history of advertisingfor the School of Commerce and Administration.From Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons, $400 toward the ethnological fieldwork of Mr. Opler, of the Department of Anthropology, among theApache Indians.From Mr. Edward T. Newell, president of the American NumismaticSociety, $592.50 toward the cost of the plates in the forthcoming publication by the Oriental Institute of the Newell Collection of Seal Cylinders.From Mr. Richard J. Collins, $200 toward the Irish Learning Project.From Mrs. Francis Neilson, $1,000 for the purchase of a collectionof books in American literature.From Mr. Lewis E. Myers, a pledge of $600 for two scholarships of$300 each to be granted to deserving students in the University beginningwith the Autumn Quarter, 1931, for the year 1931-32, to be known as the"Bernard E. Sunny Scholarships.' 'From Mr. Julius Rosenwald, a pledge of $5,000 for the year 1931-32for the School of Social Service Administration. This is a continuationof Mr. Rosenwald's pledge for the last five-year period.From Miss Shirley Farr, a pledge of $500 per year for three years forthe School of Social Service Administration, from July 1, 1931.From an anonymous donor, a pledge of $900 for the support of threespecial scholarships during the academic year 1931-32.From the Petrolagar Laboratories, a grant of $3,000 for research in theDepartment of Physiology under the direction of Dr. A. J. Carlson on theproblem of the most useful and effective modifications of milk for the purpose of infant feeding.258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrom Ralph J. Hines and Charles M. Hines, $250 toward the fund forcarrying on the study of Irish literature.From an anonymous donor, $200 to be used primarily for the purchaseof books for the Department of Chemistry.From Mr. Walter Paepcke, a combination pool and billiard table, withequipment, to be placed in the new College Residence Halls for Men.From Mrs. Anna L. Raymond, a grant of $16,000, the net income fromwhich shall be used for the support of two scholarships in the MedicalSchool of the University, to be known as the James Nelson RaymondScholarships. These scholarships are to be awarded in the discretion ofthe President of the University to students who are in need of financialassistance and who seem to him to be worthy of such assistance.From Mr. Edmund Walsh, a collection of fossil plants made by thelate Dr. William E. Walsh of Morris, Illinois.From Mrs. Gertrude J. Cohan, a valuable collection of Russian bookson modern and recent Russian history numbering approximately 1,000volumes.UNIVERSITY HEALTH SERVICEAt its September meeting the Board of Trustees gave approval to anexpansion of the University Health Service to include a contributoryhealth-service plan for the members of the staff and employees of theClinics group, including the Medical School, Clinics, Home for DestituteCrippled Children, and Chicago Lying-in Hospital.The plan provides an organized medical service, including specifiedbenefits to be charged for at the rate of $1 per month per individual,the benefits to be modified from time to time so as to keep the total costwithin the income. For the present, the specified benefits to the individuals to be covered by the plan are as follows:1. All services performed in the Out-Patient Department of the Health Service.2. House calls in the district bounded by Fifty- third Street, Cottage Grove Avenue,Sixty-third Street, and Lake Michigan. (The Health Service will have the option, afterthe first house call, either to make additional calls at the house or to send the patientinto the hospital.)3. X-rays and refers to consultation clinics, as directed by the Health Service Staff.4. Refractions (not including glasses).5. Elective correction of remediable defects after the beneficiary has been a participant in the plan for not less than one year.6. All necessary hospital expenses up to two months of hospital care for conditionscommonly cared for in the University of Chicago Clinics other than those as specifiedbelow which are to be excluded from the plan.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 259The plan excludes:1. Hospitalization for tuberculosis, mental diseases, and other types of chronicdisease not ordinarily acceptable for admission to the University of Chicago Clinics.Such patients would be hospitalized in the University Clinics at the expense of theplan only for purposes of diagnosis.2. Prenatal and obstetrical care.3. Elective operations for remediable defects discovered at the time of employment,it being understood that individuals found to have defects which might interfere withproper performance of their duties would as a condition of employment be required tohave these defects remedied within three months at their own expense or on their ownresponsibility.4. Glasses and appliances except in so far as any of the above are covered as partof the ordinary cost of hospital care.5. Dental service, except consultation for diagnosis on request of the Health Service.It is expected that the plan will go into operation on November 1,1 93 1, in the new quarters which have been provided for the Health Service, in Billings Hospital, S. 1 South.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERPresident and Mrs. Hutchins leftJuly 9 for a vacation spent on the Islandof Brioni, south of Trieste, Italy. Theyreturned in September. During the President's absence, Vice-President Woodwardwas in charge of the President's Office;and after Mr. Woodward's departure, asa member of the commission to studymissions abroad, Mr. Filbey was incharge.The old Quadrangle Club buildingwas moved from its former site, now occupied by the Oriental Institute, across thequadrangles to a new site just west of thePress Building. It has been used by theSchool of Commerce and Administration,by departments of the business office, andin part by the Department of English. Itis now to be known as Ingleside Hall. TheSchool of Commerce and Administrationhas moved into Haskell Hall.The erection of the women's residencehall, which is to occupy a site south of theMidway between University Avenue andWoodlawn Avenue has been postponedfor a year.The Billings Hospital is steadily gaining in attendance of patients, and thusgaining in the achievement of its objective — the provision of material for studyand research in the medical sciences,meanwhile affording to patients the bestpossible care and the best possible meansfor cure. During 1929 the report shows,for the six months ending December 31,5,786 patient-days for free patients;2,806 patient-days for private patients;and 13,569 patient-days for other patients. For the year 1930, for six months,10,870 patient-days for free patients;3,537 patient-days for private patients,and 19,830 patient-days for other patients. For the first six months of 1931,9,347 patient-days for free patients;5,661 patient-days for private patients;and 24,186 patient-days for other patientsare recorded. For the year, July 1, 1930,to June 30, 1 93 1, the average percentageof occupancy was 84.9. The foregoingfigures are exclusive of the patients of theorthopedic hospitals, the occupancy of which was 86.4 per cent. In the ChicagoLying-in Hospital from May 25, 193 1,to June 30, 1 93 1, the average number ofpatients was 99, exclusive of babies. Inthe Epstein Clinic during the year July1, 1930, to June 30, 1 93 1, there were103,777 visits, including 1,869 in theChicago Lying-in Hospital. One day inJune, 1930, there were as many as 498visits. The figures for the work accomplished in the operating rooms duringthree months ending August 31, showthat here, as in almost every part of theClinics, there is expansion. In July, 266operations were performed; in June, 248;and in May, 250. The percentage of freework has increased from 25.5 in May to29.4 in July.The University's Department of Public Relations has sent out the followingresume of a recent monograph publishedby the University Press: One of the riddles which has puzzled modern archaeologists has been solved by Professor MartinSprengling, of the University, who hassucceeded in deciphering the Sinai inscriptions. His achievement traced the alphabet to its source and proves that it is ofSemitic origin, and not Phoenician asscholars have thought. The results of Dr.Sprengling's research is regarded as anotable addition to the story of theworld's culture. Some unsung Bedouinmine foreman, working for the Egyptians,masters of the then civilized world, invented the rudimentary alphabet in thehalf-century between 1850 and 1800 B.C.,according to the theory developed byProfessor Sprengling on the basis of histranslations. In order to keep records ofoperations, the Bedouin took the complexhieroglyphic inscriptions of the Egyptiansand devised a simple system of twenty-one symbols, discarding entirely the picture element of the Egyptian. The inscriptions which Professor Sprengling hassucceeded in translating were found in1904 by Sir Flinders Petrie in Sinai. Professor Sprengling's translations are muchsimpler than any hitherto made, andcheck with the known historical facts. Hehas shown that most of them are dedicatory inscriptions to Baalat, the feminine260BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 261form of the god Baal, against whom Mosesand the Israelites warred and a priest ofwhose cult Elijah killed. Most of the inscriptions express thanks for favors rendered by Baalat, or are petitions for favorsfrom the goddess. Departing in one section of the monograph from the carefuland scholarly statement of exactly whatcan be definitely proved, ProfessorSprengling speculates that a friendlyEgyptian sub-scribe taught an ambitiousSemitic foreman the rudiments of thehieroglyphic method, so that the lattercould keep the records incidental to hiswork. The Egyptians had the principle ofthe alphabet, but their system was muchmore complicated. They did, for example,indicate a house by the letter H and S,but they placed between the two symbolsa complete picture of a house. The simpleBedouin, unable to master the intricaciesof the picture language, took a bold step,and produced one of the great inventionsof the world by representing actual singlesounds with a single symbol that mightbe combined with others. When thecrumbling Egyptian empire compelled theabandonment of these Sinai mines, thedesert people scattered and took theiralphabet with them. One group went intoPalestine and Syria, becoming the Ca-naanites and the Phoenicians, whom theIsraelites encountered 350 years later. Itwas the Phoenician-Canaanite form of thealphabet which was the one destined toflourish most vigorously. The Greeks refined it so much that their form has beenrestricted to a limited territory; but theRomans, simplifying the Greek alphabet,sent it out on a world-conquest that isstill in progress.At the meeting of the Board ofTrustees held July 9, the following standing committees were appointed: Financeand Investment: Charles R. Holden, chairman, William Scott Bond, vice-chairman,Frank McNair, Eugene M. Stevens, JohnStuart, and John P. Wilson. Buildingsand Grounds: Thomas E. Donnelley,chairman, E. L. Ryerson, Jr., vice-chairman, Sewell L. Avery, Harrison B.Barnard, W. McCormick Blair, and JohnStuart. Instruction and Equipment: William Scott Bond, chairman, Albert W.Sherer, vice-chairman, Laird Bell, WilberE. Post, Julius Rosenwald, and James M.Stifler. Development: James M. Stifler,chairman, E. L. Ryerson, Jr., vice-chairman, Sewell L. Avery, Harrison B. Barnard, Frank McNair, Eugene M.Stevens. Press and Extension: Thomas E.Donnelley, chairman, Robert L. Scott,vice-chairman, Charles F. Axelson, SamuelC. Jennings, and Albert W. Sherer. Auditand Securities: Charles F. Axelson, chairman, Harry B. Gear, vice-chairman, LairdBell, Samuel C. Jennings, and James M.Stifler.Mr. John F. Moulds, secretary of theBoard of Trustees, has served as assistantbusiness manager at the Quadranglessince 1926. He has now been placed incharge of alumni relations, especiallyhaving oversight of the development ofthe Alumni Gift Fund. The businessmanager is now represented on the quadrangles by Mr. William B. Harrell, formerly assistant auditor of the Universityand for the past year and a half a memberof the organization of the City Office.An intimate portrayal of the privatelife of the Marquis de Lafayette, rangingin detail from the sacrifices he made forthe cause of the American Revolution tohis close friendship for Fanny Wright andMme Malibran, and through his confinement in an Austrian dungeon, has beenpurchased for the University. The collection consists of 250 documents and lettersby and about General Lafayette and hisconfidantes, hitherto unpublished, andcomprising, in the opinion of ProfessorLouis Gottschalk, the most valuableprivate collection of Lafayette materialsin existence. The collection was purchasedfrom E. F. Bonnaventure of New York,who secured it from the last survivor ofthe Girardin family in France. . Letterswritten by Lafayette's family lawyers,Gerard and Morizot, during the serviceof Lafayette under Washington, indicatethat the Marquis's expenses in fitting outAmerican troops were greater than theincome from his estate, that "his fame isbeing purchased at the cost of his fortune," and that his creditors proposedserving a writ demanding payment. Laterdocuments relating to land grants madeto Lafayette by the United States Congress, and containing autographs of Presidents Madison and Monroe, mention thesetting-up of a trust fund for 150,000francs owed by Lafayette to Alex Baringof London. During the long confinementof Lafayette and his family as politicalprisoners at Ormutz, his friends inAmerica and Europe made continual ef-262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDforts to have them released, according toextensive articles and manuscripts in thecollection. An important part of the material is the correspondence of Anastasieand Maubourg, Lafayette's daughters,and George Washington Lafayette, hisson. There is also a last testament written by Louise Noialles, his sister-in-law,ten days before she was beheaded by theFrench revolutionary tribunal. There ismuch other correspondence and a spyglass belonging to Lafayette; a dressing-case belonging to his daughter Anastasie."The collection is of the greatest interestto students of the eighteenth and nineteenth century both in Europe andAmerica," according to Professor Gott-schalk. "With the Lafayette material previously in our possession this collectionmakes the University one of the bestplaces in the world for the study of thecareer of Lafayette and his age." Professor Gottschalk has been preparing abiography of Lafayette for several years.The University preachers during theSummer Quarter were as follows: July 5,Shailer Mathews, LL.D., Dean of theDivinity School; July 12, ReverendArthur Erastus Holt, D.D., Professor ofSocial Ethics, the Chicago TheologicalSeminary; July 19, Dean Gilkey; July 26,Reverend Fred Eastman, Litt. D., Professor of Religious Literature and Drama,the Chicago Theological Seminary; August 2, Albert Eustace Haydon, Ph.D., Professor of Comparative Religion; August 9,Reverend Ernest William Parsons, Ph.D.,John B. Trevor Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Colgate-RochesterDivinity School; August 16, ReverendH. G. Wood, A.M., Professor of NewTestament Literature and Church History in the Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham, England; August 23, ConvocationSunday, Reverend Gaius Glenn Atkins,D.D., Professor of Homiletics, AuburnTheological Seminary.Fellowships and service scholarshipsfor advanced study at the University ofChicago, valued at more than $120,000,have been conferred on 252 graduate students and research workers for the comingacademic year. The individual grantsrange in value from several hundred dollars to $2,500, thus enabling especiallyqualified students to complete their workfor advanced degrees or to prosecutespecial studies. More than 1,000 qualified applicants, the largest number in University history, sought the awards this year.The awards are divided into three groups :service scholarships, of which there areseventy; regular University fellowships,of which there are eighty-seven; andspecial fellowships, made possible throughspecial endowments or through grants tothe University from outside agencies, ofwhich there are ninety-five. Nearly twohundred of the number are intended forwork in the four upper divisions of theUniversity — the social, biological, andphysical sciences, and the humanities.The remainder are for students in professional schools. One-fourth of these aidsto advanced students has been made towomen.Sir William A. Craigie, of the Department of English and editor of the Dictionary of the American Language, hasjust been elected a Fellow of the BritishAcademy. The Academy was founded in1902. Its membership is limited to onehundred and fifty. Sir William spent agood portion of the summer in England.There are now ten "distinguished-service professors" in the University. Thetwo who have been so honored mostrecently are Professor William E. Dodd,chairman of the Department of History,and Edwin O. Jordan, chairman of theDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology.Each has been long a member of the faculties of the University. Each has made anotable record as teacher and writer. Mr.Jordan is editor of the Journal of Preventive Medicine. Mr. Dodd has written anumber of books dealing particularly withAmerican history. He is author of abiography of President Wilson and is afriend of Colonel Edward M. House andWilliam G. McAdoo. The others whohave been appointed to "distinguishedprofessorships" are: Carl D. Buck, JohnM. Manly, Charles E. Merriam, Anton J.Carlson, Charles H. Judd, Arthur H.Compton, James H. Breasted, andLeonard E. Dickson.Educators from all parts of the countrytook part in discussions of college education in the annual Institute for Administrative Officers of Higher Institutions ofLearning held at the University in July.The subject of the conference was "RecentTrends in American College Education."BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 263The educational reorganization of theUniversity was one of the chief subjectsconsidered, and the faculty and administrative officers in charge of the reorganization presented the details of the plan.David H. Stevens, vice-president anddirector of the General Education Board,formerly assistant to the President of theUniversity, was a welcome speaker at theinstitute. Other speakers from outside ofChicago were A. C. Hanford, of HarvardUniversity; Edwin S. Robinson, of YaleUniversity; and Warren Weaver, of theUniversity of Wisconsin. Dean ChaunceyS. Boucher, Henry Gideonse, Hermann I.Schlesinger, Merle C. Coulter, Gordon J.Laing, Frank R. Lillie, Henry G. Gale,and Ferdinand Schevill, from the University, were other participants in theprogram.The Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospitalfor Children was opened for the admissionof patients on May 1, 1930. On May 31,193 1, it had, therefore, completed thirteenmonths of operation. During these thirteen months, 1,012 patients were admittedto the hospital, of whom 255, or 25 percent, were admitted free of all charges.Another 220 have been admitted at ratesless than the standard charge. The outpatient department conducted in theBobs Roberts Memorial Hospital acceptschildren applying directly f or^ admissionand also includes a welfare clinic to whichare referred babies from the ChicagoLying-in Hospital. During the thirteenmonths of operation, a total of 1,436patients were admitted to the out-patientdepartment, of whom 876, or 54 per cent,have been admitted free or at greatlyreduced rates.To Dr. Clarence H. Webb, instructorin the Department of Pediatrics, belongsthe honor of being awarded the firstMaster's degree in any of the clinical departments on the quadrangles.Professor Gordon J. Laing read thequarterly statement at the convocationheld August 28, 1931.Vice-President Frederic Woodward,accompanied by Mrs. Woodward, leftChicago on September 7 to join his associates on the Survey Commission of theLaymen's Inquiry into Foreign .Missions.The general aim of the commission whichwill study various mission fields in the Far East is (a) to make an objective appraisal of activities in the fields visited;(b) to observe the effect of missions on thelife of the peoples of the Orient; (c) in thelight of existing conditions and profiting,though not bound, by missionary experience, to work out a practical program fortoday, offering recommendations as tothe extent to which missionary activitiesof every sort should be continued orchanged. In view of the changing socialand political conditions in countries wheremission stations are planted; in view ofthe notable results achieved by missionaries in the fields of education, medicine,and social welfare; in view of the vastamounts of money invested by Christianchurches in mission fields, and, in view ofthe somewhat changed attitude towardthe method of promoting missionaryactivities observable on the part of theconstituencies of the missionary societies,the value of the reports which this commission will produce can hardly be overestimated. Other members of the commission are: William E. Hocking ofHarvard University, chairman; PresidentClarence A. Barbour of Brown University;Dr. Rufus M. Jones of Haverford College;besides some eight other outstanding menand women.Mr. Frederic J. Gurney, for yearsassistant recorder, has returned from ayear's absence in Persia, whither he wentto visit his son F. Taylor Gurney, agraduate of the University and a memberof the faculty of the American College atTeheran.Over $21,000,000 has been invested innew University buildings since July 1,1924.Work on International House and theField House is proceeding steadily. Theformer it is expected will be ready for usein the spring of 1932, and the latter beforethe opening of the Winter Quarter in 1932.The College Residence Hall for Men, onEast Sixtieth Street between Ellis andGreenwood Avenues, is completed andwas occupied this Autumn Quarter.The Graduate Building of the School ofEducation, on Kimbark Avenue, betweenFifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets, hasbeen completed. It will house the activities of the graduate students of the Schoolof Education as well as provide laboratories and offices.264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTwo new developments in Americaneducation should result from the establishment of the four upper divisions at theUniversity, in the opinion of PresidentRobert Maynard Hutchins and the fourdivisional deans. Educators attending theUniversity's annual institute held inJuly were told that these developmentsare: (1) that the atmosphere of seriouseffort, such as characterized the old graduate schools, will now prevail from the endof the sophomore year on; (2) co-operation between departments in their investigation of major problems will befostered. Four types of requirements forattaining the college certificate under thenew plan of education at the Universitywere outlined to visiting educators at theinstitute by Dean Chauncey S. Boucher.Normally, two years will be spent inmeeting these requirements, but exceptional students may be able to pass thecollege examinations in less than a year.These requirements are: (1) mastery offacts and methods of thought in each ofthe four great fields of knowledge — thehumanities and the social, physical, andbiological sciences — at a level such asmight be expected of a student who haspursued a general course in each field forone year; (2) these abilities in any two ofthe four fields at the two-year level; (3)clarity and accuracy in written English;(4) knowledge of one foreign language andof mathematics at a level expected of astudent who has had two units of highschool work in each. As aids to acquiringthese abilities, the University will set upa wide variety of survey and subjectcourses; but the student may attend themor not, depending upon whether or not heand his advisers think the courses will beprofitable in meeting the examinations.The average number of adult patientsin the Chicago Lying-in Hospital dailyduring July, 1931, was 124, and the number of babies was ninety. The averagefor the period from the opening of thehospital to July 1 was ninety-nine, showing an increase of almost 25 per centwithin the month. In the Mothers' AidPavilion, which has a capacity of twentybeds, there was an average daily occupancy of twelve. From the Lying-in Hospital has come the following report : Fivehundred and nine babies have been bornin the new building up to August 1, 1931 ;in twenty-four hours the record has beenfifteen births; in twenty-six hours a record of twenty births was attained;twenty-two caesarean sections have beenmade; four babies were delivered withinseventeen minutes on one day. The advance reservations at the hospital arenow the largest ever on record at theLying-in Hospital.The daily newspapers paid notabletribute to the work and character of Professor Edwin B. Frost on his recently-celebrated sixty-fifth birthday, at whichtime he had been connected with the University as professor of astrophysics for athird of a century and director of YerkesObservatory since 1905. The ChicagoTribune most sympathetically praisedhis achievements and the spirit in whichhis work has been performed. Its correspondent, Phillip Kinsley, wrote: "Messages are coming to him now from allparts of the world, where as friend andteacher he has inspired the path formany in the journey through the siderealstructure. As problem-setter for his staffof twenty, as editor of the AstrophysicalJournal, as co-ordinator of the experimental work in astronomy, ProfessorFrost finds his time fully occupied, although he works under the handicap ofblindness. He cannot see the stars anymore, but he knows them as he knows thepath to his front door, and the mysteriesof the telescopic eyes that search theheavens every night from the domes androofs of the observatory. His blindnesshas made him more acute in many ways,and he knows flowers by their scent, treesby their feel, birds and insects by theirsongs and cries, and the way in the woodsor on the road by some sixth sense whichhas been given him."The Associated Press published aninterview with Professor Albert Einsteinin which he spoke praisefully of ProfessorMichelson. Einstein said that a marvelous device invented by Michelson madepossible the optical demonstration of theearth's turning, and in his last years hedetermined the speed of light "with almost dizzy accuracy." "I had the goodfortune to become acquainted with him,and I asked him why he took such infiniteand never ending pains to measure constants so accurately. He replied, becauseit amused him. That characterized theman and his work. On one hand, physicsto him was an art; on the other, it waspure sport."BRIEF RECORDSThe scholarships given by Mrs. AnnaLouise Raymond, to which reference ismade in the report (printed in this issue)of the secretary of the Board, in accordance with her wish, will bear her husband'sname. Mr. E. T. Filbey, acting vice-president, states that the scholarshipswill be awarded to graduate students enrolled in the medical school. "This willinclude students working in the clinicalor non-clinical department under thedirection of the deans of the Division ofBiological Sciences but whose program isdefinitely in the field of medicine."In addition to the interesting facts related by Kathleen Allen in her article onProvident Hospital printed upon anotherpage, it is pertinent to record that Mr.A. L. Jackson, president of the board oftrustees of the Provident Hospital andTraining School Association announcesthat on June 15, 1931, his organizationassumed the title to, and possession of, theChicago Lying-in Hospital property at426 East Fifty-first Street. It has contracted with H. B. Larnard and Companyfor remodeling the property. Alterationsare under way and will probably be completed within six months.The New York Times, on the eightiethanniversary of its founding, among otherarticles pertinent to the occasion, printeda significant symposium on "The WorldEighty Years Hence: A Forecast" towhich eight scientists and other leaders infields other than science contributed. Ofthese eight, two are members of the faculties of the University — Professor WilliamF. Ogburn and Professor Arthur H.Compton — while a third was for yearsconnected with the University. In thesame issue appears a description of themarine biological laboratory at WoodsHole, Massachusetts. In this article is afavorable reference to the work so longand so efficiently carried on there by Dr.Frank R. Lillie, Chairman of the University's Department of Zoology.There is in the University an unusuallylarge and well-trained group of registrantsseeking part-time and full-time employment. A large proportion of these peopleare resident students who must find workin order that they may finance their University work. Many of the registrantshave specialized training and experience OF THE QUARTER 265and their services may be secured at anominal rate. When members of the University are in need of extra help for part-time, full-time, temporary, or permanentassistance, it would be well to notify theBoard of Vocational Guidance and Placement, at 215 Cobb Hall.Applications for rooms in the new college residence hall for men were sufficientto fill all the rooms of Burton Court and aportion of those of Judson Court. Thenew building, situated facing the MidwayPlaisance at Ellis Avenue, was opened onSeptember 23, the beginning of Freshman Week.As will be noticed by the attendancetables, for practically the first time (except during the World War) since theopening of the University, there was adecided shrinkage in the number of students during the Summer Quarter. Reasons for this shrinkage are not difficult todiscover. They may include the increaseof the number of summer quarters andsummer schools provided by other institutions of learning; low rates for steamertravel to Europe; increase in the tuitionfees; and, naturally, the general unfavorable business situation. On the otherhand, applications for admission to thepresent Freshman class were notably inadvance of those of 1930, these students,moreover, being chosen from speciallyselected groups of applicants.Because of a slight illness, Dr. JamesHenry Breasted, director of the OrientalInstitute, was forced to inform Secretaryof State Stimson that he would be unableto attend the Eighteenth InternationalCongress of Orientalists in Leyden,Holland, September 7-12. Dr. Breastedwas to have attended in the capacity ofchairman of the American group of delegates under appointment from the Department of State. According to reportsreceived by the University, Dr. JohannPlesch, one of the leading medical authorities of Germany, found that Dr.Breasted was suffering from an internalgoiter, and on August 19 ordered a regimewhich promised complete cure within fouror five weeks. The German physician expected that Dr. Breasted would be readyto return to America soon after September 20, which expectation was realized.ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1931Summer, 1931 Summer, 1930GainMen Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 923470 1,103188 2,026658Science Total 1,30426012381 1,087438130205 2,391698253286 1,3932949086 1,291415137164 2,684709227250 '"26"362. The Colleges- 29311Total 464i,7682001470n 7731,860535103 1,2373,628253198014 4701,863190197818 7162,007397117 1,1863,870229268925 51Total Arts, Literature, andII. Professional Schools:i. Divinity Schools —2479Chicago Theological Seminary —Total 295158 7115 366173 305149 6414 369163 10 32. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science —Senior 16 I 17 17 17Total 1741288267 161631 1901394298 16619105336 1461 18019in346 102Rush Medical College —6175Total 13330461062291 1126101 14433061162391 163326 721 17034761 26Total (less duplicates) 3. Law School — 171443614 1311 1573715 146Total 144 11 155 19422 151719163 2091939193 544. College of Education —193930 I93Total 52793217 343231438 39510246415 92 3955. School of Commerce and Administration —703719 301828 10055317 21Total 117161 5811514225 17513115232 119821 4810918221 16711720321 814116. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —51Unclassified 7Total 249 1568 18017 116 15014 16120 197. Graduate School of Library Science . 3Total Professional Schools . .Total University (in quad- 8932, 66l201 33o2,19019 1,2234,851 1,0132,876 6552,662 1,6685,538228 445687Deduct for duplicates 8Net total (in quadrangles) 2,460 2,171 4,631 2,663 2,647 5,3io 679[Continued on page 26 7]ATTENDANCE TABLES 267ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1931— ContinuedSummer, 193 i Summer, 1930Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalIII. University College:131268 381513069 5i1633677 511633677Unclassified Total 392,499 2882,4591 3274,9581 3273521Net total in the University 2,499 2,458 4,957 353ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1931Graduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts, Literature, and Science 2,391333173136122 951 286Divinity School Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science 3317Rush Medical College 8Law School 32 1College of Education School of Commerce and Administration . .Graduate School of Social Service Administration Graduate School of Library Science 10013117 5817 1732Total (in the quadrangles) Duplicates 3,403181 1,05822 39421Net total in the quadrangles University College 3,222Si 1,036199 37377Grand total in the University Duplicates 3,273 1,235I 45oNet total in the University 3,273 1,234 45oGrand total in the University 4,957INDEX TO VOLUME XVIIAfter Forty Years — Another Point ofView, 20Allen, Kathleen: Provident Hospital andthe University, 236Among the Departments: The Department of Art — An Intelligent Appreciation of the World's Artistic Inheritance(John Shapley), 247; The Clinical Departments at the Quadrangles, and theUniversity Clinics (Franklin C. McLean), 128; The Law School (DeanHarry A. Bigelow), 66; The WalkerMuseum of Paleontology (Edson S.Bastin), 63April — The John Billings Fiske PrizePoem (Irving Jacobson), 164Art, The Department of — An IntelligentAppreciation of the World's ArtisticInheritance (John Shapley), 247Art at the University of Chicago, 26Artistic Inheritance, The World's (JohnShapley), 247As in Mice So in Men, 241Attendance: in the Autumn Quarter,1930, 77; in the Winter Quarter, 1931,142; in the Spring Quarter, 1931, 206;in the Summer Quarter, 1931, 266Babylonian Expedition, HeadquartersBuilding, facing 98Barrows, Harlan H. : Address at Trustees'Dinner, 102Baskervill, Charles R.: John MatthewsManly, 40Bastin, Edson S.: The Walker Museumof Paleontology, 63Bigelow, Dean Harry A.: The LawSchool, 66Blair, William McCormick — New Trustee, 117; portrait, facing 117Blake Hall, Morgan Park, facing 154Board of Trustees, The (John F. Moulds),55, 121, 188, 252; Adjustments, 124;Amendment of By-Laws, 252; Amendment of Statutes, 124, 195, 252; Appointments, 56, 121, 188, 253; Deaths,60, 195; Election of Officers and Trus tees, 188; Gifts, 60, 125, 195, 256;Leaves of Absence, 60, 193, 256; Promotions, 60, 124, 190, 255; Resignations, 60, 124, 194, 256; Retirements,55, 124; Rush Medical College Appointments, 194; Rush Medical College Promotions, 193; Standing Committees of the Board, 252; UniversityHealth Service, 258Breasted, James H.: Oriental InstituteExpedition to Persepolis, 98Brief Records of the Quarter, 71, 136, 200,260Castle, Clarence Fassett, 179; portrait,facing 179Chapel, Recent Reports from the University, 36Chapel of the Disciples Divinity House,Recently Dedicated, 43 ; illus., facing 44Chicago Lying-in Hospital, 181; Seenfrom the Midway, facing 182Clinical Departments at the Quadrangles,The, and the University Clinics(Franklin C. McLean), 128Clinics, University, 120College Residence Hall for Men: Architects' Model for, facing 72; Laying theCornerstone, facing 136College Words in the New American Dictionary (M. M. Mathews), 52Comptroller's Annual Report, The, 245Convocation Addresses : The New Atlantis (President Robert M. Hutchins},145; The Permanence of ScholasticIdeals (James H. Kirkland), 79; TheReorganization of the University(President Robert Maynard Hutch-ins), 1; Rhetoric and Education (PaulShorey), 209Country Home for Convalescent Children, The, 185Dewey, John: George Herbert Mead as IKnew Him, 173Dickerson, J. Spencer: Address at Trustees' Dinner, 196269270 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEpstein, Max: The Renaissance and ItsMeaning to the Institute of FineArts, 22Field, Marshall, portrait, facing 226Field House, The, 31; Architects' Designfor, facing 31Fiske, John Billings, Prize Poem — April(Irving Jacobson), 164Gates, Fred T., portrait, facing 230Goodspeed, Charles Ten Broeke: ThomasWakefield Goodspeed, 82, 151, 221Goodspeed, Thomas Wakefield (CharlesTen Broeke Goodspeed), 82, 151, 221;Earliest Portraits, facing 82; as He Appeared in 1885, facing 154Graduate Building, School of Education — Cornerstone Laid, Address byCharles H. Judd, 112Hicks, Gertrude Dunn, Memorial, The,239Home-coming Dinner, 51Hutchins, President Robert Maynard:The New Atlantis (Convocation Address), 145; The Reorganization of theUniversity, 1Hutchinson, Charles Lawrence, portrait,facing 224International House, $$, 187; Architects'Drawing of, facing 187; Architects'Plan for, facing 1Jacobson, Irving: April — The John Billings Fiske Prize Poem, 164Judd, Charles H.: Address at Layingof Cornerstone, Graduate Building,School of Education, 112; portrait,facing 145Kirkland, James H. : The Permanence ofScholastic Ideals, 79; portrait, facing79Law School, The (Dean Harry A. Bigelow), 66McCutcheon, John T.: cartoon, RelativeImportance of Two Announcements,18McElwee, Nancy Adele, Memorial, The,183; illus., facing 184McLean, Franklin C: The Clinical Departments at the Quadrangles, and theUniversity Clinics, 128 Major Industries, Conference on, 38Manly, John Matthews (Charles RBaskervill), 40; portrait, facing 40Martin, Katharine, Memorial DrinkingFountain, The: dedication of, 200- illus., facing 196 'Mathews, M. M.: College Words in theNew American Dictionary, 52Mead, George H.: Doctor Moore's Philosophy, 47Mead, George Herbert: as I Knew Him(John Dewey), 173; Extracts from Address by^ James H. Tufts, 177; portrait, facing 173Michelson, Professor Albert A., Death of,167; portrait, facing 167Modern Poetry, A Collection of, 186Moore, Addison Webster — MemorialService, Addresses by James H. Tufts,George H. Mead, Matilde CastroTufts, 45Music, A Department of, 238New Atlantis, The (President Robert M.Hutchins), 145New American Dictionary, College Wordsin the (M. M. Mathews), 52Old University of Chicago Building in1885, The, facing 156Oriental Institute Expedition to Persepo-lis (James H. Breasted), 98Palaces of Darius and Xerxes at Per-sepolis, facing 98Permanence of Scholastic Ideals, The(James H. Kirkland), 79Persepolis, Oriental Institute Expeditionto, 98Poetry, Modern, A Collection of, 186Press, The University: Literature — Making Citizens — Better Homes, 243;Radio — Medicine — Money, 198; Recording the Results of Research, 118Provident Hospital and the University(Kathleen Allen), 236Renaissance and Its Meaning to the Institute of Fine Arts, The (Max Epstein), 22Renaissance Society, Fifteenth Anniversary of the, 28Reorganization of the University, The(President Robert M. Hutchins), 1;INDEX TO VOLUME XVII 271as Explained by President Hutchins,13; Some Details, 10; and Students, 16Rhetoric and Education (Paul Shorey),209School of Education, Graduate Building —Cornerstone Laid, Address by CharlesH. Judd, 112Shapley, John: The Department of Art—An Intelligent Appreciation of the•World's Artistic Inheritance, 247Shops, The University To Build, 116Shorey, Paul: Rhetoric and Education,209; portrait, facing 209Trustees' Dinner to the Faculties, The:Addresses by Harlan H. Barrows andJ. Spencer Dickerson, 101Trustees, New, 44, "7, facing 118 Tufts, James H.: Doctor Moore as Student and Teacher, 45; Extracts fromAddress on George Herbert Mead, 177Tufts, Matilde Castro: Addison W.Moore as Teacher, 49Typical Portraits Used by Classes in theDepartment of Art, facing 248University, Site of, in 1890, facing 232University Chapel, Recent Reports fromthe, 36University Neighborhood in 1930 as Seenfrom the Air, The, facing 20Walker Museum of Paleontology, The(Edson S. Bastin), 63Wilson, John P., New Trustee, 44; portrait, facing 118