The University RecordVolume XVII JULY I93I Number 3THE NEW ATLANTIS1By PRESIDENT ROBERT M. HUTCHINSIN 1627 appeared Francis Bacon's New Atlantis, a description of theideal state for which he yearned. This noble island had institutionsso admirable and citizens so fortunate, that he conceived no worldlything more worthy to be known than the state of that happy land. It wasa Christian country which shut itself off from the world, allowing no foreigner to enter to corrupt it, and allowing no native to leave it exceptthose sent specially to seek useful information in other lands. This passionfor useful information was the principal characteristic of the inhabitantsof the New Atlantis, and its acquisition was the keystone of their policy.The management of their affairs, therefore, they committed to those whosesole task it was to find and apply new facts. Discovery, invention, andengineering were the objects of the state. Those charged with the prosecution of these objects formed the Society of Salomon's House, the veryeye or lantern of this kingdom. Their general announcement read: "Theend of our foundation is the knowledge of causes, and secret motions ofthings; and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to the effectingof all things possible." They sank shafts three miles in the earth to findout what was going on down there. They erected towers three miles highto learn about the weather and the wind. They made lakes to conductexperiments on fish, and dug wells to study healing waters. They weregreat botanical experts, and manufactured new plants by grafting oldones. They studied anatomy, physiology, and zoology. They had laboratories of organic and inorganic chemistry. They knew all about medicineand had drug stores that sold it. They investigated heat, light, and sound.delivered in the University Chapel, June 16, 1931, on the occasion of the OneHundred Sixty-fourth Convocation.145146 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThey used telescopes and microscopes, and had perfected the telephone.They paid great attention to explosives and fire-arms, and did a good dealof flying. The resources of the state they devoted to these high and yetpractical aims, and gladly accepted the government of the engineers whowere accomplishing them. The galleries of Salomon's House they adornedwith statues of inventors and explorers. They all wanted information, ifpossible useful information. They organized to get it, and they got it. Ofthis community Francis Bacon wrote, "If there be a mirror in the worldworthy to hold men's eyes it is that country."LIVING IN UTOPIATo him that country was Utopia, a land of dreams to which we couldnever attain, a land too good to be true. He was wrong. The New Atlantis did come true. We are living in it. We have more information, moremeans of getting more information, more means of distributing information, and more practical applications of the information we have thanFrancis Bacon in his wildest imaginings could have predicted. After threecenturies of invention and discovery, every citizen is equipped with information useful and useless that would have seemed fantastic to thatlearned monarch James I. We know all about everything. We even knowall about Bacon and James I. There are some things about which we seemto know very little, but that simply means that we know less about themthan we do about other things. And we no longer entertain the slightestdoubt that we shall know all about them some day, too. But of subjectsof which we know least any college graduate could know more thanFrancis Bacon ever knew. Today we can say that we have knowledge ofcauses and secret motions of things; we have enlarged the bounds ofhuman empire, and are effecting all things possible. This is the New Atlantis.Now the New Atlantis was an ideal state. Do you feel as though youwere living in one? The economic crisis, which you will shortly experience,is unprecedented in its scope and consequences. People are dying in equalmisery in China and Chicago. Millions of men and women at this momentare hungry, homeless, and ill-clad. The same streets they roam mournfuland disconsolate are filled with the things they need. They cannot buythem, and their owners are going bankrupt because they cannot sell them.One half the world is starving to obtain the goods the other half is starvingto dispose of, and we see no way of bringing them together. I find nomention of these things in the collected works of Francis Bacon.Though we know more about political institutions than we ever did,THE NEW ATLANTIS 147and though thousands of students graduate every year filled with thisinformation, we can hardly say that all our public officers are more honestor effective than Bacon was. It is a poor issue of any paper that does notcarry the news of the investigation, indictment, or impeachment of someone of them somewhere. Few of those who remain in office seem to qualify for intellectual eminence. If we look merely at the tariff, we can findin it little justification for believing that those who control our government have profited much by the universal information now current oninternational economics.Although the facts of rural life and city life are well known, althoughthe census and the commentaries upon it tell us all about our population,although we know how many murders are committed annually and dailyin the cities of the world, poverty, unemployment, crime, demoralization,and the race problem are with us still, and with us in new and discouragingshapes. Admitting that the more facts we have the better, we must confess that we do not know what to do with the facts we have. And yetthis is Utopia.THE SPIRIT OF THE NEW ATLANTISOur educational system is adapted to the aspirations of this New Atlantis. Our investigators secure facts. Our teachers teach them. Ourstudents memorize them and hand them back to the teachers. If theyhand them back without too much mutilation, they may in many placesreceive degrees and go forth as educated people. Our difficulty now is inattempting to proceed with this program in a world as full of informationas ours is. Thus the president of one of our greatest universities pointedout not long ago that the task of producing educated people was gettingharder and harder. The reason for this was that more and more factscome to light each year, so that there is more each year to know. Indeed,he said, there is so much to know that it is almost impossible to knowmuch. On this theory, of course, the only thing we can do is to extend thetime devoted to education. I used to hear leaders in the law schools saywe must give four years to legal education instead of three. What elsecan we do when courts of last resort are handing down 30,000 new opinionsand legislatures adopting 8,000 new statutes annually? We must give thestudent at least another year if he is to absorb even a part of this information. The spirit of the New Atlantis appears again in what a distinguished scientist at another university was telling me the other day aboutthe hardships of the science teacher. "You see," he said, "we have toknow and teach the science of 1931. Much of the science of 1930 is already148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDout of date." I did not ask him why he bothered to teach the science of1 93 1 when it would be out of date in 1932. The spirit of the New Atlantisit is that has produced the infinite splitting of subjects and the consequentmultiplicity of courses that characterize most colleges and universities.If you want to give the student the latest news in a certain field as wellas all the verified news that is now old, you must divide the field up intosections small enough so that all the facts in it can be poured into him inthe time at your disposal.So startling and beneficent have been the discoveries of natural scientists that everybody is anxious to be scientific. But I venture to suggest that even distinguished scholars outside the natural sciences may besomewhat confused as to what it is they are enthusiastic about. Scienceis not the collection of facts or the accumulation of data. A disciplinedoes not become scientific merely because its professors have acquired agreat deal of information. Facts do not arrange themselves. Facts do notsolve problems. I do not wish to be misunderstood. We must get thefacts. We must get them all. We must devote more money and more effortto getting them. But at the same time we must raise the question whetherfacts alone will settle our difficulties for us. And we must raise the question, too, whether an educational system that is based on the accumulation and distribution of facts is likely to lead us through the mazes of aworld whose complications have been produced by the facts we havediscovered. We must ask ourselves whether through such an educationalsystem people can ever be brought to such a pitch of intelligence as tocope under any form of government with the forces they have liberated.The world that we have created is too much for us. We cannot tell who orwhat is responsible for anything. The machinery we have invented produces results we did not foresee and cannot avoid. The industrial organization that has developed carries us along we do not know whither; wedo not know why. We have more money, more food, more things, andmore power than at any period in history. We are poorer, hungrier, morehelpless, and more confused than ever before. The intelligence of the racehas failed before the problems the race has raised.WHAT IS WRONG IN THE NEW ATLANTIS?What is wrong in the New Atlantis? To Bacon it was the ideal community. But we who have achieved this ideal and more must confess thatsomething is missing in Utopia. It is ideas. We see now that facts are notenough. Facts are essential. They must be the basis of ideas. But it isnot through facts but through ideas that Utopia will be achieved. Insight,THE NEW ATLANTIS 149understanding, the appreciation of values, intelligence, ideas were notesteemed in the New Atlantis. We pay the penalty today. Leadership,direction, judgment critical and constructive, the ability to plan, toformulate policies, obtained no place in the New Atlantis. We seek andrarely find them now. Investigation must go forward. We must study thelife about us. Scholars have too frequently in the past confined themselvesin some fields to armchair meditation on a world they never experienced.We must do everything that Salomon's House did. We must enlarge thebounds of human empire to the effecting of all things possible. But wemust do more. We must learn to think about the facts we have, and trainup others to think more widely and more intelligently than we. Merespeculation is not enough. Neither is mere information. Facts are indispensable. They are insufficient. Upon the proper balance of fact and ideadepends our eventual escape from the New Atlantis.And this is simply another way of saying that our eventual escapefrom the New Atlantis depends on our educational program, and on theemphasis on fact and idea therein. The problem we face in education ishow to produce informed individuals capable of leadership; how to produce people who can think independently, and whose thinking is basedon sound knowledge. Students cannot be regarded as mere receptaclesfor information. Yet we must not lead them to suppose either that it ispossible to develop important ideas without knowing the facts. Holding fast, therefore, to what we have that is good, we confront ineducation three related tasks: first, the cultivation of independence;second, the elimination of the unessential, and, third, to which the firstand second are preliminary, the restoration of ideas to their place in theeducational scheme.EMPHASIS ON IDEAS — NOT ON FACTSThese three related tasks the University of Chicago has faced this year.The new regulations permitting the student to prepare himself for examinations in his own way, to absent himself from classes, and to present himself for examinations when he feels ready to do so are obviously designedto promote independence. The new general courses eliminate the unessential; they demand mastery of important facts and important ideas inthe principal fields of learning. The general examinations in content andadministration should accomplish the same aims. They must of necessityemphasize ideas rather than facts. Since the examinations will not begiven by the instructors who have taught the various courses, the studentwill be compelled to study and think about the subject instead of learningIS© THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis teachers' words by heart. These examinations will require organization, co-ordination, and reasoning upon the facts learned. It is even possible that some day we shall have an examination system that formallyrecognizes the relationship of fact and idea. Under such a system thestudent would have to know the essential facts and know them all beforebeing permitted to take the final examination. On that examination, then,he might have access to any reference books whatever. The importantthing would not be his information, but his ability to handle it, to effectnew combinations, and to develop his ideas. Some such arrangementmight dramatize the fact that the obligation of the educated person is asmuch to understand as to know. Finally, the concept of a general education upon which the new College plan is based means the cultivation ofindependence, the elimination of the unessential, and the restoration ofideas to their place in the educational scheme. The whole program, inshort, puts a premium on those qualities which our society demands andlacks. It may even point the way out of the New Atlantis.In the meantime we must look to you who graduate today to redressin your own persons the balance of fact and idea, and to continue to think,as you have learned to think in this community of scholars. As the University goes forward to meet the problems of future generations, you willdo your part in the solution of those of this one. Our alumni have neverfelt that the world owed them a living. They have distinguished themselves by their grasp of fact and their capacity for ideas. Your AlmaMater commends you to their example and salutes you as you leave herhalls. Her scale of values is now yours. You have some sense of the dignity of labor, the importance of the individual, the significance of religion,and the possibilities of democracy. The New Atlantis awaits you.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEEDBy CHARLES TEN BROEKE GOODSPEEDCHAPTER IITHE MORGAN PARK CHURCHIN THE days when Morgan Park was expected to become at once agreat residential suburb, the Blue Island Land and Building Company had offered to give a fine site for a church. The Baptists hadraised the necessary funds and a rather showy Gothic church with a tallsteeple was erected, all of wood, like most suburban buildings of that day.As there were only a few people in the neighborhood, the Baptists andMethodists held services on alternate Sundays. A Garrett Biblical Institute student, Frank M. Bristol, afterward an eminent and eloquentbishop, and Mr. Goodspeed preached on alternate Sundays during thewinter of 1876-77. When the seminary moved out to Morgan Park theaccession of faculty and students to the Baptist group so strengthened itthat in April of that year the Morgan Park Baptist Church was organizedin Mr. Goodspeed's house. Mr. Goodspeed became the pastor and Mrs.Goodspeed the organist. Captain Talcott, the principal of the militaryacademy, conducted the music and brought his small company of cadets.The church became, and for many years remained, the only church ofthe village, which all religious people attended. The church now has alarge membership and a fine building on the old lot where Mr. Goodspeedpreached for three hundred dollars a year. When the seminary came toMorgan Park, the nearest post-office was two miles away at WashingtonHeights. The 1880 census showed only 187 inhabitants.After living a year in a rented house, Mr. Goodspeed, who had nowenlisted for "the duration of the war," determined to have a house of hisown. He found a ten-room frame house, externally complete, about halfa mile north of where he lived, which had been taken over under amechanic's or material man's lien. This house he bought for three hundred dollars. The company gave him a large lot, provided he would builda house on it. For a hundred and twenty-five dollars he had the housemoved three-quarters of a mile to the lot. A neighboring carpenter wasemployed by the day, and the house was made habitable, nothing beingdone that could be dispensed with. A cow, chickens, and a garden helped151152 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe family to live cheaply. These were the special charge of StephenGoodspeed, with help of doubtful value from the boys. This buildingprogram was made possible by a loan of eight hundred dollars on mortgage by Sweet Brayton of Blue Island, a valued friend, and one of theprincipal supporters of the church.A further light is cast on the financial conditions by the fact that theinterest on this loan, between friends, was 10 per cent. This house, withmany improvements gradually added, was the family home until 1893.At commencement time, when the facilities of the village were inadequateto entertain returning alumni, trustees, and visiting committees, most ofthe family would retire to the big unfinished attic, while guests occupiedtheir rooms. This modernized feast of tabernacles was looked forward toby the boys as a sort of picnic. To give one illustration of the kind ofevents that happened in this house: Dr. W. H. German, of Morgan Park,wrote Dr. Goodspeed after Mrs. Goodspeed's death, nearly forty yearslater: "The action of yourself and Mrs. Goodspeed in the matter of acertain student family stricken with scarlet fever, sending away yourown children and taking to your home the afflicted ones, was an exhibition of Christian charity I have seldom seen equaled." He added: "Isoon learned that this was but typical of this good woman."Those were not the days of summer vacations, but there were occasional and long-anticipated days on the Calumet River and one or twofishing trips by wagon to Calumet or Wolf Lake. There were good standard books to be had from the seminary library, and Dr. Justin A. Smith,editor of The Standard^ had a fine library, constantly supplemented bybooks received for review. At short intervals one of the boys was sentto ask Dr. Smith what he had that Mr. Goodspeed ought to read, andusually the messenger returned with one or two good new books. Reading aloud to his family was a habit whenever he had leisure and had abook that they would enjoy. In this way the children made their firstacquaintance with the English classics, including the Bible. Family prayers were a regular part of the morning program, and the boys gained fromthese morning readings a familiarity with the phraseology of the KingJames Version that has remained with them.When Morgan Park became an incorporated village, Mr. Goodspeedtook an active part in its affairs. He was a trustee of the village in 1887and 1888, and its president in 1889-90. He was also a school trustee.In all of these offices he was active and influential. He was a Republicanin national politics, and on a few occasions spoke for the party in campaigns.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 153THE SEMINARY ENDOWMENT CAMPAIGN CONTINUEDBy the end of 1879 business conditions had begun to improve, and atthe request of the seminary trustees Mr. Goodspeed resigned the pastorate of the church so as to have more time for a further effort for endowment. In May, 1881, President Northrup, Treasurer Goodman, andMr. Goodspeed appealed to E. Nelson Blake to lead in a new campaign.He responded with an offer of $30,000, provided this amount could beincreased to $75,000 by gifts from Chicago Baptists in the next eighty-four days. Mr. Goodspeed did his best. He spent every day in calling,regardless of rain or heat, but the task was impossible. At last he wentto Mr. Blake and asked more time. The time was extended some ninemonths, the amount sought increased to $100,000, and the field of operations extended to include the whole country west of Ohio. The campaignwas long and arduous. A little "news letter" was edited and sent to along list of pastors and possible donors, keeping them informed as to theprogress being made from month to month. By February, 1882, the$30,000 had been brought up to $67,000. By April 6, with six weeks left,$80,000 was reached. The next day, at a meeting of students, theirspokesman handed Mr. Goodspeed a list of pledges that the students hadmade up among themselves without his knowledge, amounting to $3,500.This evidence of interest and enthusiasm revived his own confidence.The alumni followed the students and raised their pledges to nearly $10,-000. John T. Pirie gave him $6,coo, and E. C. Atkins of Indianapolisand L. L. Wildman of Wolcottsville, Indiana, gave $5,000 each. The fundwas completed two weeks ahead of time and the final amount was$103,000.While this effort was under way Mr. Goodspeed's old seminary classmate, S. W. Duncan, a former pastor of the Euclid Avenue BaptistChurch of Cleveland, introduced Dr. Northrup and Mr. Goodspeed tohis parishioner, John Df. Rockefeller, a young man of Cleveland and NewYork, who was known to be making a great deal of money in oil. He became interested and offered them $30,000 toward a second $100,000.Another eastern man added $15,000, and J. Warren Merrill of Bostonadded $5,000. Dr. Northrup and Mr. Goodspeed, now having half of thesecond $100,000 pledged, went back to Chicago for commencement, andlater returned to New York to try to complete the fund which Mr.Rockefeller and the other man required to be completed by January 1,1883, but they could make no progress. Mr. Rockefeller tried to interestsome of his business associates, but without success. The two were thrownback to the West, where they had just raised $100,000 from the veryiS4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpeople to whom they must now appeal again. They could not getthe money in the prescribed period and had to ask for an extension.The $15,000 donor refused to extend, the reason for which developed whenhe went into bankruptcy soon after. Mr. Rockefeller, however, increasedhis pledge to $40,000 and gave a year to make the total up to $100,000.They determined to get $35,000 in the West and then try for the last$25,000 in the East. It was a back-breaking job, but in June Charles R.Henderson helped them find $2,500 among his parishoners in Detroit.The light broke through when E. C. Atkins of Indianapolis gave them$15,000. They made up a list of almost 300 possible contributors, towhom they made from five to ten appeals. At each round of letters andvisits reporting progress they got eight or ten pledges, which encouragedthem to try the rest again. At last, having obtained the $35,000, theywent to New York in December. They spent six days in calling on themen most likely to help, without any encouragement at all, and werealmost in despair when J. A. Bostwick, one of the Standard Oil group,gave them $15,000 of the $25,000 they needed. Other pledges followed,and by the end of December they were over the top with $104,000.Mr. Bostwick paid his pledge in stock of the Standard Oil Companyand told Mr. Goodspeed to tell his trustees to keep it, as it would rise invalue. Alas for the wisdom of the conservative trustees! They agreedthat this was a highly speculative enterprise and that they would becriticized if they left trust funds in such an investment, so they sold itand put the money into real estate mortages, and thereby lost what wouldhave provided for all their future needs, and, incidentally, lost the goodwill of the donor, who never afterward gave a cent to the seminary orthe University.It was after Mr. Rockefeller's first gift to the seminary that a characteristic conversation occurred. He had told Dr. Northrup and Dr. Good-speed that he had decided to make the gift they asked, and Dr. Goodspeedthen said: "Mr. Rockefeller, that is very generous of you, and we wantto say to you that we have no intention of lying down on you, and wewill not come back to you for more. You have done your part fully.""But," said Mr. Rockefeller, "I wish you to come back. I consider ita favor when men show me how I can do good with my money, and I hopeyou will come back." The years that followed showed how fully theytook him at his word.This second campaign brought the endowment of the seminary upto the goal of $250,000 which Mr. Goodspeed had originally set for himself. He had planned to do it in one year and it had taken eight years,<<co?Jaw5Q<K<K<wPhOcoTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 155but his stubborn persistence had carried him through. His mind beganto turn toward the ministry again, but a further call came from the seminary. The seminary had a large and valuable library, including the 13,000volumes of Professor Hengstenberg, the German theologian, and thetranslation library of the American Bible Union, which had been collectedthrough many years by Dr. T. J. Conant and which Mr. Goodspeed hadin 1884 arranged with Dr. T. M. Colwell to give to the seminary.The protection of those collections with their many rare old volumes required a library building. The seminary building contained no suitable quarters for library or chapel. Mr. Goodspeed, therefore, raised inthe next few years a fund of $50,000 with which a neat little library building and a commodious chapel and recitation building, Blake Hall, wereconstructed.In 1885, at the commencement of the University of Chicago, the degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him, and always thereafter he was "Dr. Goodspeed" to all his friends. His hair and beardturned white very early, and he must have seemed old even to himself,for on July 19, 1885, he wrote to his nephew, George S. Goodspeed, "Toserve you and my own sons is now a principal aim of my life. I shall livelargely hereafter in you three" — a strange idea for a man of forty- twowho had not yet begun the great work of his life.These successive campaigns, in which he formed a wide acquaintanceand learned to use the denominational papers as publicity organs, broughthim much personal reputation, especially as a successful money-raiser.He received calls from various churches. In 1886 Kalamazoo Collegeelected him president. He was tempted, but the seminary trustees urgedupon him the duty of remaining, especially as the library and chapel fundwas not yet completed. Mr. Rockefeller wrote protesting that he hadgiven his contributions on the assumption that Mr. Goodspeed's connection was permanent. Out of regard for these appeals he refused the offer.In 1882 the Goodspeeds, with the families of President Northrup andProfessor Eri B. Hulbert, spent the month of July camping on the shoreof Lake Minnetonka, which was still thinly settled.For the next three years the Goodspeeds enjoyed brief summer vacations on the lakes of northern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. In1886 Dr. Northrup, D;r. Hulbert, Dr. Goodspeed and his boys, spent amonth in a rough cabin in the then almost unbroken wilderness surrounding the Upper Eagle chain of lakes in Oneida County, Wisconsin,not far from Three Lakes. The next year the three men, with Dr.Northrup's son George, spent some weeks camping on Torch Lake near156 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe east shore of Lake Michigan. In 1888 the Gogebic Club, of whichHenry E. Thayer of Morgan Park was president, invited Dr. Goodspeedto join its members in camping on Big Tomahawk Lake near Minocqua.Mr. and Mrs. Goodspeed and the boys spent four weeks camping with theclub. They made a visit to Minocqua and were charmed with the lakesthat surround the town, and resolved to spend a vacation there. Thenext year they did so, renting a little frame cottage from the local carpenter.In 1889 they selected the finest point on the mainland west of the town,and without considering it necessary to ask anyone's consent, put up aframe shack twelve feet by twenty-four, with a roof of tar paper. Thiswas Dr. Goodspeed's first country home, and the family enjoyed it sogreatly that they used it a second season, adding a six by twelve "lean-to." Although this house was only roughly boarded up for summer use,someone used it for at least part of the winter of 1889-90, pasting newspapers on the inside of the walls.CAMPAIGNING FOR A NEW UNIVERSITYIn the fall of 1884 Dr. Goodspeed's sons began attending the preparatory department of the University of Chicago. The University had begun its career under the handicap of a great mortgage, incurred in constructing its big and imposing building. This mortgage and its otherdebts were crushing the life out of the institution when the boys enteredits classes, and the struggle to keep it open was becoming more and moredesperate. Dr. Goodspeed looked on with the anxiety of an alumnus andthe personal interest of a father who wished his sons to remain in theschool.By the spring of 1886 it seemed clear that the end was near. The presidency was vacant, and the trustees did not know where to turn. On April5 of that year John D. Rockefeller, then vice-president of the Board ofTrustees of the seminary, wrote Dr. Goodspeed warning him that Yalewas asking him for aid in the campaign to get William R. Harper, thenthirty years old, to leave the professorship of Hebrew, at the seminaryat Morgan Park, and come to Yale. Dr. Harper's great gifts were alreadywidely known and were fully appreciated by his associates. Dr. Good-speed replied at once, April 7, 1886, in an extended statement, dwellingon Dr. Harper's possibilities and the hopelessness of trying to keep him inChicago unless a greater opportunity was offered him than was possibleat the seminary. He goes on: "This feeling and the present exigency haveled Dr. Northrup and me to take very decided action during the pastTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 157four days. We have proposed to Dr. Harper to assume the presidency ofour wrecked and ruined University and re-establish it here at MorganPark, retaining the oversight of the Department of Hebrew in the seminary. The suggestion has taken a strong hold on him, and if he had someassurance of help, he would not hesitate to do it I should not havethought of writing all this had not your letter come at just this time, butyour expression of interest has led me to feel that I ought to state thewhole case to you." This letter is of interest as it was the first suggestionto Mr. Rockefeller that he interest himself in the establishment of a newUniversity of Chicago. He replied, offering to contribute toward a fundto raise Dr. Harper's salary, and adding, "I really do not know what tosay about the University. I realize that it is desirable, very, for the seminary to have it continue." The trustees of the University elected Dr.Harper president, but, having no "assurance of help," he declined thehonor.At the commencement in 1886 the Goodspeed boys were graduatedfrom the preparatory department of the University, expecting to enterthe freshman class in the fall. Late in the summer, however, the trusteesannounced that the University would not reopen. It was too late for thefaculty to relocate, and many pupils, particularly in the preparatory department, wished to continue. The seminary owned a large dwelling-house adjoining the University campus, which was vacant. Dr. P. S.Henson, the distinguished pastor of the First Baptist Church of Chicago,who had a son in the same class with the Goodspeeds; Dr. Justin A. Smith,the editor of The Standard; and Dr. Goodspeed joined in renting thisdwelling as a refuge for the remnants of faculty and students. Here wascarried on an institution offering preparatory and freshman work, havingabout sixty students, and here the Goodspeed boys worked until the endof the winter term of 1887, by which time it had become clear that therewas no hope of a new university for some time. At that point in theircourse, therefore, Dr. Goodspeed sent them to Denison University atGranville, Ohio, of which institution Galusha Anderson, the last presidentof the old University, had now become president.In June, the faculty and remaining students scattered and the dwellingreverted to its proper use. Dr. Goodspeed and his two associates werenot satisfied with merely furnishing a temporary place of refuge, butundertook to make a new start. On October 1, 1886, they appealed tothe Bue Island Land and Building Company, which had given the seminary a site and building in its Morgan Park holdings, to do the same on alarger scale for a new university, giving two buildings, one for men and158 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDone for women, while they themselves offered to raise $100,000 as aninitial endowment and to increase the sum as rapidly as possible. Thenegotiation dragged on for two years. Meantime, Mr. Rockefeller waskept fully informed. On December 28, 1886, Dr. Goodspeed wrote askingpermission to lay before Mr. Rockefeller the "proffers we have for a newuniversity at this point and to ask you to consider the question of aidingin its establishment." Mr. Rockefeller answered, "There is hardly achance that I could give you the least encouragement for assistance inrespect to the university, but I will carefully read the communicationyou suggest."Dr. Goodspeed thereupon wrote, on January 7, 1887, setting out fullythe plan for a college at Morgan Park and asking for a promise of $100,-000, "with the express stipulation that $100,000 more shall be raised atthe earliest moment possible, but let your offer become binding as soonas $50,000 shall be secured in cash or income-producing assets. We musthave either $50,000 or $100,000 from some one man, and I know no manliving to apply to for such sums for such a purpose except you Iam sure you will consider what I have said. Do not refuse my requestuntil you are clear it is the thing to do."Four days later Dr. Harper, who had seen the letter at Morgan Park,wrote Mr. Rockefeller strongly approving the plan and saying, "It issafe to make the prediction that in ten years such a university would havemore students, if rightly conducted, than Yale or Harvard has today."Mr. Rockefeller answered Dr. Goodspeed on January 14: "Your longletter with respect to the university I have read and re-read, and thinkit is a very important question, but I have not been able to see my wayclear to give you any encouragement. I will still further investigate."His investigation took the form of submitting the letter to Dr. Augustus H. Strong, the president of Rochester Theological Seminary, adear friend, whose son later married Mr. Rockefeller's daughter Bessie.Dr. Strong had been for some time trying to interest Mr. Rockefeller ina plan for a twenty-million-dollar graduate university, to be founded andendowed by him alone, and to be located in New York City. Mr. Rockefeller had discouraged him. Now Dr. Strong commended the Chicagocollege idea, which plainly could not be a rival of the university of hisdream, but questioned the policy of a location outside the city.Encouraged by this new evidence of Mr. Rockefeller's interest in education, Dr. Strong took up his New York plan with new zeal, later in theyear taking Dr. Harper into his confidence. Mr. Rockefeller discussedthe whole plan with Dr. Harper in November, 1887, and left the youngprofessor convinced that he was going eventually to carry out the StrongTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 159plan, in which case Dr. Harper was to be Dr. Strong's associate in puttingthe plan into effect.NEGOTIATIONS AND NEGOTIATIONSAbout November 30, 1887, Mr. Rockefeller wrote both Strong andHarper that he had decided to "postpone indefinitely the considerationof the question of the university or theological seminary in New York."They could not make up their minds to the fact and so returned to thesuggestion until about May 1, 1888, Mr. Rockefeller made his positioneven more clear.All of this was entirely unknown to Dr. Goodspeed, and so in October,1887, on Mr. Rockefeller's return from a trip to Europe, during whichDr. Strong had been his guest, Dr. Goodspeed laid the Morgan Parkscheme, as it then stood, before him. In February, 1888, Dr. George C.Lorimer, and in March, 1888, Dr. P. S. Henson, wrote him or called onhim, doubtless at Dr. Goodspeed's instigation. On June 19, 1888, Mr.Rockefeller wrote Dr. Goodspeed, "I am obliged to write Dr. Henson Icannot say anything now in reference to the proposed University ofChicago." On July 3, 1888, Dr. Goodspeed wrote Mr. Rockefeller : "Yourfavor of June 19 came duly to hand. I understand you to mean that,while you may be disposed to help, you are not yet ready to say whatyou will do. I feel that this makes it impossible for me to press you furtherat this time As you know, some $75,000 or $80,000 have beenoffered here in buildings, grounds and cash, on condition that $100,000is secured as the beginning of an endowment and $25,000 for a new building by next May. [Shortly afterward George C. Walker added $20,000to these offers.] A provisional board has been appointed to inauguratethe movement. Assurances have been received that make it certain thatthe larger half of the first $125,000 can be raised here. Against my protestand without my knowledge, I have been invited to lead the effort."Mr. Rockefeller replied at once : "I regret to say I cannot add anythingto my previous letters in regard to the proposed university. I hope wisdom will be given you to determine your duty."Dr. Goodspeed's comment in the history of the University is as follows:"It was. Mr. Goodspeed promptly decided to continue in his services tothe theological seminary. The way now seemed closed. In reality, however, it was just opening."THE AMERICAN BAPTIST EDUCATION SOCIETYAt the annual meeting of the American Baptist Home Mission Society,in May, 1887, at the suggestion of its secretary, Dr. Henry L. Morehouse,i6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa committee had been appointed to consider the formation of an AmericanBaptist education society. This committee called a convention, to be heldat Washington, May 16, 1888. At this convention opposition developedin influential quarters, but, on motion of Dr. Goodspeed, after extendeddiscussion, the convention voted 188 to 34 to organize the society. Rev.Fred T. Gates of Minneapolis, a young man of thirty-five, was madesecretary of the new organization. He at once began a study of the condition of education among Baptists and soon reached the conclusion thatan institution of a high order in Chicago was the first need. He conferredwith the people interested in the subject in Chicago, especially with Dr.Goodspeed.In December, 1888, he induced his board, meeting at Washington, tovote that the founding of such an institution in Chicago was "an immediate and imperative denominational necessity." From that time onMr. Gates devoted himself to that object. The thing for which Dr.Goodspeed had, as an individual, been struggling for the past two yearshad now become an announced objective of the Baptist denomination.Before this action, however, Dr. Harper had had an interview with Mr.Rockefeller at Vassar College, of which he wrote Dr. Goodspeed on October 13, 1888. After saying that they were together most of thirteen hours,he continues: "He stands ready, after the holidays, to do something forChicago. He showed great interest in the education society, and aboveall talked for hours in reference to the scheme of establishing the greatuniversity at Chicago instead of in New York I have thought Iwould lay the thing before you in all its details, in order that you, Dr.Northrup and myself might be able to keep track of both ends of theline I write you these particulars in order that you may at onceput me into possession of the facts in reference to matters at Morgan Park.It would be a great pity, if this could be done, to have something so muchsmaller carried out."Dr. Goodspeed at once discontinued his efforts for a college at MorganPark, but carried out the change of front so successfully that the moneywhich Mr. Walker was ready to give at Morgan Park was later devoted tothe erection of the Walker Museum on the University of Chicago groundsand Mr. Walker gave his services for many years as a trustee.On November 5, 1888, Dr. Goodspeed was asked to come to New Yorkfor an interview with Mr. Rockefeller and Dr. Harper. They breakfasted,on a Saturday morning, with the whole Rockefeller family. Dr. Good-speed gave such information as he could. Finally, Mr. Rockefeller askedDr. Goodspeed what he would like to have him do and urged him to sayTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 161frankly just what was in his mind. Dr. Goodspeed, who knew that Dr.Harper had been suggesting $4,000,000 or $5,000,000, asked for $1,500,000toward $2,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller ended by saying that he would beglad to help in founding an institution in Chicago and was disposed togive several hundred thousand dollars for that purpose. On mature reflection, Dr. Goodspeed made up his mind that Mr. Rockefeller had inmind a smaller initial gift and therefore wrote him a letter designed tomake it easy to give a smaller amount, if that was the donor's wish. ThisDr. Harper considered an error of judgment, or of tactics. It seemed clearto Dr. Goodspeed and Mr. Gates that Mr. Rockefeller was coming tothink in terms of a college to begin with. Mr. Gates now entered the negotiation. His first step was in the form of a letter written to Mr. Rockefeller by request. He urged a college first, the question of a universityto be taken up later. His second point is of curious interest. He says:"Any difficulty as to the presidency of the institution will prove, I think,apparent rather than real. May not that question too be held in abeyancewithout serious loss? If Dr. Harper cannot at present be secured, I venture to suggest the advisability of having the presidency vacant for a time,and that Dr. Goodspeed be made chancellor in the interim. As such hecould raise supplementary funds, assist in selecting site, erecting buildings, providing the material equipment, selecting professors, and organizing the college for work. I think we have no man whose experience, influence and sound judgment fit him to perform such a service more skillfully It is due to Dr. Goodspeed to say that this suggestion originates wholly with me."Mr. Gates sent a copy of the foregoing to Dr. Goodspeed and said tohim, "Dr. Harper will endorse the letter with enthusiasm, proffer unlimited services, and put in his own good word for the chancellorship Dr. Harper thinks this phase of the matter will put it through." Dr.Goodspeed gave "this phase of the matter" no attention, as he alwaysinsisted that Dr. Harper must and would leave Yale and take the presidency whenever the institution was assured. This letter was the first steptoward a lifetime's connection between Mr. Rockefeller and Mr. Gates,by which Mr. Gates became the first and greatest of the agents throughwhom Mr. Rockefeller poured out his world-wide benefactions.Mr. Rockefeller, who believed in co-operation, suggested that a committee of experts be selected to make recommendations to the educationsociety, and a committee of nine was selected. While they were being approached, Secretary Gates sent out a letter asking detailed suggestionson thirteen points to be submitted to the committee.162 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn March 17 Dr. Goodspeed wrote to his sons, now juniors at Denison:"I have been hard at work this week on a paper for the committee ofinquiry on an institution of learning in Chicago. Thirteen points are submitted. The faculty, Dr. S. [Justin A. Smith] and I, met Wednesday evening and talked them over. Wednesday night and Thursday I wrote outour views at length and presented them to the brethren Thursday evening. The paper was adopted without a change of any sort and with muchenthusiasm It covers every point and the faculty [of the theological seminary] are extravagant in their approval of it."This paper was later submitted to the principal Baptist pastors andlaymen of Chicago, and when it went to the committee bore their signatures, in addition to the Morgan Park group, twenty-three in all. OnApril 13, after attending the all-day meeting in New York of the committee, of which he was a member, Dr. Harper wrote Dr. Goodspeed,"You would be surprised to see how closely they followed your paper.There are some minor variations, but in substance the matter wentthrough exactly as you wanted it."OPPOSITION APPEARSA month's delay followed, during which much opposition developed.Representatives of the small western colleges who wanted the money divided among them, and eastern Baptists, who favored a school at Washington, made objections, and Dr. Strong published a pamphlet explaininghis plan for a great graduate university. He said that to put such a university in Chicago would be the next thing to putting it in the Fiji Islands.Now that the college planned for Chicago was proposed to be placed inthe city, he had decided that it ought to be at Morgan Park.The education society was to meet at Boston on May 17, 1889. Mr.Gates called on Mr. Rockefeller on the fourteenth and fifteenth and Mr.Rockefeller then gave him his first gift to found the University, in theform of an offer to give $600,000 toward an endowment, provided $400,-000 more, in good pledges, was obtained for land, building, equipment,etc., on or before June 1, 1890. All of this on condition that the offer bekept secret until the society should have voted to undertake to found theschool.On May 17, therefore, the friends of the plan had to get the board ofthe society to vote to make the attempt without the assurance of an initial pledge. When this had been done, the pledge was announced. Thenext day, at the meeting of the several hundred delegates constitutingthe society, the plan was enthusiastically approved.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 163In all of Dr. Goodspeed's appeals to Mr. Rockefeller for aid in startingthe University, he had asked for a large unconditional gift to endowmentto begin with, followed by an offer of additional funds conditioned uponcertain sums being raised for land and buildings. Now that the onlypledge was conditioned on raising a huge sum in one year, he was disappointed and filled with dread. Dr. Harper wrote asking how he felt aboutthe situation. After writing and tearing up an eight-page letter, he answered: "I will not write further till I have some basis of knowledge onwhich to found my remarks. At present I feel as though I knew nothing,and therefore can have no impressions that are not greatly confused. Ican only say that if I know all that is to be known, then God help us,but I hope there is much light yet to break forth."The next day he wrote at length, saying toward the end of his letter :"I guess I am alone in my fears, but the confidence of the brethrenappalls me. It seems to me like the confidence of children, who do notconsider the stupendous difference between $4 and $400,000, and lightlythink it as easy to raise one sum as the other." He was naturally optimistic, and these letters from him meant much more than they would frommost men.Mr. Gates wrote Dr. Harper the following week: "If I have not seemedto Dr. Goodspeed to treat the matter seriously enough, it is because I donot think the way to succeed is to enlarge on the difficulties in a way todiscourage others. But this thing is going to succeed. For myself, I shallput my whole strength, what there is of it, into this work. But I expectit to be brought to success very largely through the efforts of Dr. Good-speed himself." Writing of it many years later, Dr. Goodspeed said: "Ihave never changed my mind as to the fearful risks we ran of failure I have never ceased to wonder at our success. I think it was because Iknew the difficulties and, having decided to face them, determined atall costs to overcome them, that we finally pulled through. It was withthe greatest reluctance that I finally decided to commit myself to theundertaking of raising that $400,000, but I was borne along by a currentI could not resist. I found that everybody took it for granted that I mustdo it. No one would consider anything else. Gates was fully determinedthat I must do it, and when he agreed to join me and to move to MorganPark and devote himself wholly to the campaign, I found myself fairlyforced into it."[To be continued]THE JOHN BILLINGS FISKEPRIZE POEMAPRILBy IRVING JACOBSONThe committee which awarded the prize to Irving Jacobson consisted of the following persons: Marjorie Allen Seiffert, Moline, Illinois, poet; Morton Dauwen Zabel,associate editor of Poetry, critic; and Robert Morss Lovett, acting for head of theDepartment of English.The announcement of the winner of the prize was made at the morning session ofthe June Convocation. This was the twelfth competition for the prize, which wasestablished by Horace Spencer Fiske in memory of his father, John Billings Fiske,an honor graduate of Union College, Schenectady, New York.April, her standards burning on the hill,Her garlands falling from the garish tree,Rises and walks again from the black chamberPneuma and Nemesis of mystery.Oh April, AprilOut of the lifeless life —The dead returning —Out of the dead the living, dyingAnd with a little patience burning.O the spring, the springEarth's the tomb where every separate thingMust sleep forgetting and forgotten.Yesterday or was it yesterday or last week? —I remarked how musty and how rottenThe earth was — and it really was.Rain on bitter leaves provokes a smellAnd mouldNot like the sweetened waters of a wellMakes one who loves forget just what he loves.The dead returning,April returning to an epitaphWhich also returns.164APRIL 165IIMy cousin he died in the spring, tra la,The dead returning. Oh April, AprilIs it not strange? He will provide —Who lifted battlements against this day —Bread for the worm,A hole where rats shall hide and moles strayAnd then — Beatific vision! —A plot where grass will sprout and weeds thicken.Why, why do you sicken?Sweeter than wit and folly is the root's incision.Rain on bitter leaves provokes a smell(We buried him with leaves —What is a leaf beside the pinching heart?)And mouldNot like the sweetened waters of a well(His pearly eyes more yallow with decay than blind November)Makes one who loved forget just what he loved.We shall always remember."I call after thee and weepI see thee not yet doth my heart yearn after theeOh my brother, my brother."Who has not mourned with Isis at decay?There is nothing more to say — Nothing,Nothing must come from nothing.IllBut April returns: the year's blindness,Flooded with light, returnsHalting awhile obdurate commerce with the worm.The tulips emerge, the daffodil, brighter than gold,Burns on the high hill.The oakArticulate of grief in early autumnBuds, and comes to leaf singing.It is very difficult to understand April.My cousin who died is dead: oh final word!On the other hand last year's garden —I mean the iris and the hyacinth and the redbirdFled in October recur in April.i66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe sun gives: gnats and the wily spider live,Gnats and the wily spider; Man;The rains water : he thrives who can.The sun retracts: spilled is the ruddy blood in autumn,Snows slaughter and freeze and crack.Dumb is the year.But not the wind, but oh not the wind with its black howling.Then April returns : Oh charming OComplement of flies and Nero,Oh charming O — infinite circleEternal subtlety of zero.IV"To what then are we reduced?"To be absurd we are reduced to worms —"Proceed"And worms to dustAnd dust to angels singing.April is in soliloquy again,A mummer come to ply a purple feather,Come summer and the pretty word all saidApril'll be among the dead again — again.The broken twig, the empty jug, and Ann,When she died eleven,And many rotten and dismembered menWill lie with pretty April in the cold bed sleeping.Nero and all the flies o' the world, sleeping."I call after thee and weepI see thee not yet doth my heart yearn after theeWeeping, weeping, weeping, weeping, weeping."April is in soliloquy again:It makes me sick to thinkIt makes me sick to thinkMumming the immortal rhetoric which is mortal.The door? The door!April alone returns across the portalWhich you shall cross no more.THE LATE ALBERT A. MICHELSONDEATH OF PROFESSOR MICHELSONTHE University does not seem to be the same place since Professor Michelson's death. Even when he was in California hismessages to his friends, the newspaper dispatches (for his workwas always "news"), kept alive his interesting personality among hiscolleagues and other friends. His presence will be missed in laboratory,in classroom, in clubhouse, in his home.Albert Abraham Michelson was born in Strelno, Germany, on December 19, 1852. He died in Pasadena, California, May 9, 1931. He was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1873, and was an instructor at the Academy from 1875 to 1879. After a period of studyabroad he was appointed professor of physics in the Case School of Applied Science in 1883. In 1889 he accepted a professorship in Clark University, and in 1892 became professor and head of the Department ofPhysics in the University of Chicago. For five years preceding his retirement in 1930 he was the Martin A. Ryerson Distinguished Service Professor. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1907, and was theholder of honorary degrees from Western Reserve, Stevens Institute,Cambridge, Yale, Pennsylvania, Leipzig, Gottingen, and McGill. He underwent an operation in September, 1929, and since then had slowly loststrength. On May 7 he became unconscious and two days later the endcame. Simple funeral services were held in Pasadena over which Dr.Theodore G. Soares, formerly of the University, presided.An appreciation of the work of Professor Michelson, written by DeanHenry Gordon Gale, appeared in the University Record for April, 1930.It is fitting, however, that the following fuller account of his life andachievements should appear:EARLY YEARSProfessor Michelson was brought to America by his parents, making the longjourney across the western prairies to Virginia City, Nevada, in the days before therailroads. By the time he was ready for high school his parents had moved to SanFrancisco. Following his graduation from the Naval Academy, he served two years asa midshipman, and then was appointed an instructor in physics at Annapolis by Admiral Sampson. At that time he was not particularly interested in the science, but, determined to do a good job, he soon began experimenting, devising his own apparatus.Because there was no appropriation for material, the young ensign spent $10 of his ownmoney to construct an apparatus to measure the speed of light in a classroom demon-167i68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstration. To his great surprise, he was able to make the measurement with greater accuracy than had ever before been achieved. With his interest in science aroused, heresigned from the navy and spent two years studying abroad at Berlin, Heidelberg, andParis.He was a teacher at Clark University when President Harper, alert for promisingmen, brought him to the newly founded University of Chicago. He remained active inboth research and teaching until he became seriously ill in the autumn of 1929. Uponhis recovery he requested that he be relieved of active duties and was chosen professoremeritus on July 1, 1930. That summer he went to Pasadena, California, to repeat forthe final time his famous experiment on the velocity of light. Finding the climate agreeable, he decided to establish a permanent resident in California. The University,however, continued to support his researches and provided him with a technical assistant who built and installed equipment for the experiment.His contributions to scientific knowledge were both numerous and important. Hemeasured the speed of light with an accuracy never before approached or believed possible, his determination of 186,284 miles per second being the figure accepted by allscientists. He started Einstein on the theory of relativity with an experiment first performed in 1883 in which he and Professor Morley of the Case School raced one beam oflight against another in an attempt to measure the velocity of the earth through space.He vastly extended the field of spectrum analysis, demonstrating many new factsabout the heavens, as, for example, that a certain star was in reality two stars, millionsof miles apart, yet so tremendously distant from the earth that the most powerfultelescope could not disclose them as anything but one star. His measurement of thered star Betelgeuse in 1920 showed that body to be three hundred times the diameterof the sun, proving modern theories of the size of heavenly bodies. An experiment performed in conjunction with Professor Henry Gordon Gale, by bringing to bear thetestimony of tidal action, established the fact that the earth is as rigid as steel. One ofhis earliest experiments was to determine the length of the meter in terms of the redray of cadmium, thus establishing a unit that could never be destroyed.ABSOLUTE ACCURACY ALWAYS DEMANDEDThe insistence of Professor Michelson in all his work was for absolute accuracy. Hedealt in millionths of an inch, where his predecessors had been content with thousandths.His greatest satisfaction was in the pursuit of exact truths, and his work was always hischief recreation. When in 1927 he renewed his experiments in measuring the speed oflight, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey surveyed a distance of twenty-twomiles with an error of less than an inch, because Professor Michelson required a measurement of that accuracy."Quite apart from direct benefits to humanity," Professor Michelson once said, "itseems to me that scientific research should be regarded as a painter regards his art, apoet his poems, a composer his music. It would be quite as unfair to ask of these anapology for their efforts; and the kind of benefit which I should most appreciate fromresearch in pure science is much more allied to such non-material results — results whichhelp to increase the pleasure of us all to matter-of-fact existence, and which help toteach man his true relation to his surroundings — his place in Nature."The achievements of Professor Michelson have been made possible by his fertile invention of instruments largely new in theory. One of the latest of the score of medalsconferred upon him by learned societies was the Duddell Medal of the London PhysicalDEATH OF PROFESSOR MICHELSON 169Society, awarded him in 1930. The medal is given annually for "contributions to theadvancement of knowledge or design of scientific instruments." He considered the interferometer his most noteworthy invention. This device, consisting of two mirrorsand two glass plates of exactly the same thickness, divides a beam of light into tworays, traveling at right angles to each other. It made possible the determination of theimportant fact that the velocity of light is always the same in all directions, the fundamental basis of Einstein's theory of relativity. He devised a ruling machine which drewbetween 10,000 and 30,000 lines per inch on a metal surface. A prism thirty feet on aside would be required to equal the "grating" so made, but such a prism cannot be madebecause it would be opaque. The gratings have led to highly important discoveries inthe field of spectrum analysis.THE VELOCITY OF LIGHTThe repetition of the experiment on the velocity of light, started in the summer of1929, was made under controlled conditions. It was Professor Michelson's intentionto race his beams of light in a vacuum a mile long, the vacuum tube being a pipe linethree feet in diameter. Under these conditions the figure obtained would be almost exact,for the slight corrections necessary for varying temperatures, such as exist in the airbetween two mountain peaks, and for moisture content of the air, would not be required. After delays in obtaining material and a location, Professor Michelson managed to get his pipe line set up at Santa Ana. His illness in the autumn of 1929 delayedthe start of work until the next summer. Latest reports indicate that the experimentwas virtually completed.During the war Professor Michelson returned to the navy with his old rank of lieutenant-commander. During this period he busied himself, for one of the few times in hislife, in making a purely practical application of his knowledge, inventing an improvedrange-finder that was adopted by the navy.WORK ALWAYS COMPELLINGLY ATTRACTIVETo the world of science Professor Michelson was one of the great creative geniusesof the ages. But to his colleagues and friends at the University he was a rare individualwho had a supremely successful and happy life because he enjoyed everything that hedid. Unlike many great men he had to make no sacrifices to attain eminence, for theguiding principle of his life was that he would do nothing that was not compellingly attractive.What he set out to do he accomplished with a minimum of effort because added torare ability he had remarkable powers of concentration. Anything with which he wasoccupied so completely absorbed him that he thought of nothing else. His unusualconcentration enabled him to drop whatever he was doing, engage in some other activity, and return to his original task. After several hours in his laboratory he might playa game of chess or a few sets of tennis, forgetting entirely his experiments. But hiscompanion in the recreation, walking toward the laboratory with Professor Michelson,would find that the game had absolutely passed from his mind, and that he was againabsorbed in planning his investigation. Because of his concentration he always hadleisure to do everything that interested him, but he enjoyed only those activities inwhich he could participate. He preferred to play the violin rather than to attend concerts; he expressed his interest in art by sketching and painting rather than by attending exhibitions. With no patience for mediocrity, whatever he decided to do he wanted170 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto do well, and would set himself to acquire the necessary technique. When he was inthe navy he was ordered to participate in a topographic survey planning coast defenses.In the mechanics of warfare he was not interested. Though his maps were beautifullyaccurate, he incurred the censure of his superiors because, like Whistler, the borders werellustrated with pictures he had sketched of scenes that had caught his eye.His intense interests were satisfied without the development of any eccentricities.Something of the navy tradition remained with him throughout his life, reflected in hismeticulous regard for his appearance and his punctilious observance of social form.In Ryerson Laboratory, associates recall, he was somewhat the admiral on the quarterdeck, courteously formal, the officer in command. No one ever saw him hurried oranxious, or heard him raise his voice. Absolute honesty, the kindliest of courtesy,simplicity, and rigid self-control were his predominating personal qualities. Cordialand kindly to everyone, he had few intimate friends. Even these he did not call by theirfirst names, for the discipline of his early career had given him a formality that wastempered only by his serenity and kindliness. He had, however, a deep feeling for thoseupon whom he bestowed affection, and would drop any task to spend a few minuteswith his grandchildren.NO EGOTISTIC BRAGGARTWhatever of vanity he had was early suppressed; whatever realization he had of hisgreatness and secure position in the history of civilization was never apparent. Hecould be brought to talk of his experiments only by direct questioning, and then he toldthe facts simply and impersonally. He had, though few even of his associates ever knewso, opinions and views on many questions and personalities, but he did not make thempublic property. A lifelong sufferer from insomnia, averaging in the last decade ofhis life less than five hours' sleep a night, it never occurred to him to talk of the fact orto discuss any other phases of his private life.He was self-contained to the point of being self-effacing, not through pride or desireto be secretive, but wholly because he could not conceive of any interest in himself.He had a highly developed aesthetic sense, which found expression not only in hispainting and composition of music but in other more unusual forms. Twenty yearsago, on a trip to South America, he found a species of beetle with bright and beautifulcolors. Thinking they might please his children, he collected a group of them. Onshipboard his active mind began considering the physical causes of the brilliant coloration, and the speculation opened up a minor scientific problem that amused him fornearly ten years. He examined beetles, humming birds, moths, and butterflies, figuringangles of incidence and other formulas, until he reached a definite conclusion. He hada deep philosophical interest and was a member of the American Philosophical Society,the organization founded by Benjamin Franklin. For years he attended its annualmeetings in Philadelphia, greatly enjoying the contact with thinkers in fields other thanhis. He knew many modern languages, and one of his milder diversions took the formof wide reading in Spanish and Italian literature.A FACILE IMAGINATIONHe had a facile imagination and was always suggesting new problems, most of whichhe resolutely put aside because of his determination to concentrate on his special fieldof optics. Occasionally he came back, years afterward, to an experiment which he hadsuggested to the scientific world, and conducted it himself. Such a case was his measure-DEATH OF PROFESSOR MICHELSON 171ment of the red star Betelgeuse. Measurement by any feasible telescope was impossible,but in 1890 he suggested a method involving the use of the interferometer, with theremark that "the possibility of gaining some positive knowledge of the real size of thesedistant luminaries would more than repay the time, care, and patience which it wouldbe necessary to bestow upon such a work." Thirty years later, since he was apparentlythe only one possessed of the "time, care, and patience," and the requisite skill, he did thejob himself.In everything that he did he sought for accuracy; his measurement of the velocityof light satisfied everyone but himself, and to eliminate an estimated error of less thanone-half of 1 per cent, he undertook the final repetition on which he was engaged inCalifornia. Whatever a problem required, whether it were the creation of apparatus,the widest range of imagination, or the most complex of mathematical analysis, Professor Michelson could provide. He told his colleagues that he had no real understanding of the Einstein theory, although it was based on the famous Michelson-Morleyether-drift experiment. He lacked the necessary mathematics, he said, but those whoknew him suspected that he was, with characteristic reticence, understating an understanding which he thought not entirely complete.There was never a time that he failed to rise magnificently to the needs of an occasion. On the evening that he was to be presented with the Nobel Prize he learned forthe first time that it was customary for the winner's address to be given either in German or in Swedish. He had spoken no German since he was five years old, but when thetime came he arose to deliver a speech in flowing and eloquent German. Some rare giftfor languages he must have had, for he taught himself Spanish on his voyage from theUnited States to South America. When he was persuaded in 1924 that his participationin a series of public lectures being held as part of the development campaign wouldhelp the University's cause, he agreed to explain his work, although popular lecturingwas an undertaking for which he had no liking and little experience. A few days beforethe date of his appearance he was taken seriously ill, and surgeons agreed that he mustenter a hospital to prepare for immediate operation. But he insisted on giving thelecture, and despite pain so intense as to require the deadening effects of opiates, hesupervised the installation of his demonstrating apparatus. His effort that night hasgone down in University tradition as a beautiful presentation of a tremendously difficult and technical subject. His graciousness and dignity won his audience completely,and he held its interest with a compellingly lucid translation of the physical principlesinvolved. An interviewer asked him, on his seventy-sixth birthday, how long he wantedto live. "Just as long as I find life amusing," was the answer.Memorial services were held in Bond Chapel on Monday afternoon,May 18. President Hutchins related the facts concerning Mr. Michelson'sconnection with the University beginning with his appointment as headand professor of the Department of Physics in the first year of the existence of the institution. He came to Chicago fully equipped for the workhe was to perform. Had he made no other contributions to science thanthose of the first years at the University that alone would have beenworth while. He was representative of that spirit of free inquiry and tolerance which is the spirit of this school.172 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDean Henry Gordon Gale briefly sketched Mr. Michelson's careerfrom his coming to America and to San Francisco when two years of age.He told the familiar story of Michelson, the high-school student, journeying across the continent seeking from President Grant an appointment asa cadet in the Naval Academy and how, after he thought he had failed toobtain the appointment, at the last minute, as he was on the train leavingAnnapolis, there came the news of his success. The perseverance anddetermination of the boy were the characteristics which were ever observable in the man and the physicist. Added to these was a remarkableversatility so that he became not only notable for experiments he broughtto issue, but was enabled to excel as a player of tennis and of billiards, toproduce water colors of merit and to play the violin. To all of these roleshe brought not only technical excellence but infectious enthusiasm. Mr.Michelson received, probably, every possible major academic honor. Hewas a member of some twenty-five learned societies, and to him wereawarded at least twenty distinguished medals of honor.Dr. Max Mason, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, came fromNew York to honor the memory of the great teacher and student of thedepartment of knowledge in which both speaker and scientist had served.Dr. Mason developed the thought that Mr. Michelson devoted himselfto the philosophy of light. His experiments dealt with the fundamentalsof nature with a simplicity that was noteworthy and with a love of thebeautiful in apparatus and method that was unique. He was no dreamerwho could not act and no mere performer who could not dream. He performed miracles of accuracy with a skill and a grace that made Naturenot alone the baffling opponent whom he overcame but in the end hisfond collaborator.THE LATE GEORGE HERBERT MEADGEORGE HERBERT MEADAS I KNEW HIMBy JOHN DEWEYIT WAS some forty years ago in Ann Arbor that Alice Dewey and myself made theacquaintance of Helen and George Mead, an acquaintance which ripened rapidlyin a friendship which is one of the most precious possessions of my life — a possession which is so much more than a memory that not death itself can dull its force ordim its reality. We lived in neighboring houses; we came to Chicago at the same time;we lived many years in the same building; there was hardly a day we did not exchangevisits; we went through like struggles and joys; to my own children as to such a hostof young people to whom Helen and George extended their generous natures they were"Aunt Helen'' and "Uncle George." It is a quarter of a century since our paths in lifetook different courses. But the fifteen years in which we were together are clearer andcloser in my experience than most things in the intervening years.If I do not speak of the more intimate things which throng in my memory, of theirgenius for friendship, of their unwearied and unremitting pouring-f orth of their generousnatures, it is not because of coldness to these things but because I do not trust myselfto speak of them.VIGOR OUTGOING AND OUTGIVINGAs I look back over the years of George Mead's life, and try to sum up the impression which his personality left upon me, I seem to find running through everything asense of energy, of vigor, of a vigor unified, outgoing, and outgiving. Yet as I say thisI am aware that perhaps only those who knew him best have a similar impression.For there was nothing about him of the bustle and ado, the impatient hurry, we oftenassociate with vigor. On the contrary he was rather remarkably free from the usualexternal signs of busy activity. He was not one to rush about breathless with the conviction that he must somehow convince others of his activity. It was rather that hethrew himself completely into whatever he had to do in all the circumstances and relations which life brought to him. He gave himself with a single heart to whatever theday and the moment brought. When anything needed to be done, there was no distinction in his life between the important and the unimportant; not that he was carelessand undiscriminating, but that whatever really needed to be done, whatever made ademand upon him, was important enough to call out his full vigor. If he did not givethe impression of bustling energy, it was precisely because in all that he did his energywas so completely engaged and so unified from within. He faced everything as it camealong; incidents were opportunities for reflection to terminate in decision. One canfancy him perplexed temporarily in thought by the complexities of some issue; onecannot imagine him hesitant to meet the issue or shilly-shallying in meeting it. Hisconsciousness never sicklied over the scene of decision and action; it completely andinwardly identified itself with it. It might be household duties, it might be the needsof a friend, or of the physical and mental needs of the many young persons Helen and173174 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGeorge gathered about them. It might be his reading, his study, his reflection, hisrecreations, tramps, and travels. In each occasion as it arose there was found thenatural opportunity for the free and vital release of his powers.For his vigor was unified from within, by and from the fulness of his own being.More, I think, than any man I have ever known, his original nature and what he acquired and learned were one and the same thing. It is the tendency of philosophic studyto create a separation between what is native, spontaneous, and unconscious and theresults of reading and reflection. That split never existed in George Mead. His study,his ideas, his never ceasing reflection and theory were the manifestation of his largeand varied natural being. He was extraordinarily free from not only inner suppressionsand the divisions they produce, but from all the artificialities of culture. Doubtless likethe rest of us he had his inner doubts, perplexities, and depressions. But the unconsciousand spontaneous vigor of his personality consumed and assimilated these things in thebuoyant and nevertheless tranquil outgivings of thought and action.THE UNITY OF HIS PHILOSOPHY AND HIS NATIVE BEINGHe experienced great difficulty in finding adequate verbal expression for his philosophical ideas. His philosophy often found utterance in technical form. In the earlyyears especially it was often not easy to follow his thought; he gained clarity of verbalexpression of his philosophy gradually and through constant effort. Yet this fact isevidence of the unity of his philosophy and his own native being. For him philosophywas less acquired from without, a more genuine development from within, than in thecase of any thinker I have known. If he had borrowed his ideas from without, he couldhave borrowed his language from the same source, and in uttering ideas that were already current, saying with some different emphasis what was already in other persons'minds, he would easily have been understood. But his mind was deeply original — inmy contacts and my judgment the most original mind in philosophy in the America ofthe last generations. From some cause of which we have no knowledge concerninggenuinely original minds, he had early in life an intuition, an insight in advance of hisday. Of necessity, there was not ready and waiting for him any language in which toexpress it. Only as the thoughts of others gradually caught up with what he felt andsaw could he articulate himself. Yet his native vigor was such that he never thought ofceasing the effort. He was of such a sociable nature that he must have been disappointedby the failure of others to understand him, but he never allowed it to discourage hisefforts to make his ideas intelligible to others. And while in recent years his efforts werecrowned with success, there was no time in which his mind was not so creative thatanyone in contact with it failed to get stimulation; there was a new outlook upon lifeand the world that continued to stir and bring forth fruit in one's own thought. Hismind was germinative and seminal. One would have to go far to find a teacher of ourown day who started in others so many fruitful lines of thought; I dislike to think whatmy own thinking might have been were it not for the seminal ideas which I derived fromhim. For his ideas were always genuinely original; they started one thinking in directions where it had never occurred to one that it was worth while even to look.CONTINUITY OF IDEAS AND CONSTANT DEVELOPMENTThere was a certain diffidence which restrained George Mead from much publication.But even more than that there was the constant activity of his mind as it moved outinto new fields; there were always new phases of his own ideas germinating within him.GEORGE HERBERT MEAD AS I KNEW HIM 175More than anyone I have known he maintained a continuity of ideas with constantdevelopment. In my earliest days of contact with him, as he returned from his studiesin Berlin forty years ago, his mind was full of the problem which always occupiedhim, the problem of individual mind and consciousness in relation to the world andsociety. His psychological and philosophical thinking during the intervening yearsnever got far from the central push of his mind. But his mind was so rich and so fruitful that he was always discovering new phases and relations. He combined in a remarkable way traits usually separated — a central idea and unceasing growth. In consequencehe was always dissatisfied with what he had done; always outgrowing his former expressions, and in consequence so reluctant to fix his ideas in the printed word that formany years it was his students and his immediate colleagues who were aware of thetremendous reach and force of his philosophic mind. His abounding vigor manifesteditself in transcending his past self and in immediate communication with those about him.His mind was a forum of discussion with itself and of sharing discussion with thosewith whom he had personal contact. I cannot think of him without seeing him engaged in untired discussion with himself and others, turning over and over his ideas anduncovering their hitherto-unsuspected aspects and relations. Unlike, however, mostminds of intense vigor, he had no interest in imposing his mind on others — it was discussion and discovery that interested, not the creation of his own mental image inothers.THE RANGE AND BREADTH OF INTELLECTUAL INTERESTSNo reference to his abounding and outgoing energy would be anything like adequatethat did not allude to the range and breadth of his intellectual interests. His grasp andlearning were encyclopedic. When I first knew him he was reading and absorbingbiological literature in its connection with mind and the self. If he had published more,his influence in giving a different turn to psychological theory would be universallyrecognized. I attribute to him the chief force in this country in turning psychologyaway from mere introspection and aligning it with biological and social facts and conceptions. Others drew f reefy upon his new insights and reaped the reward in reputationwhich he was too interested in subject matter for its own sake to claim for himself.From biology he went on to sociology, history, the religious literature of the world,and physical science. General literature was always his companion. His learning without exaggeration may be termed encyclopedic. But perhaps only a few are aware ofhis intense love of poetry. It is only within the past few days that I became awarefrom members of his immediate family of not only his appreciation of poetry but ofhis capacious retentive memory. He knew large parts of Milton by heart, and has beenknown to repeat it for two hours without flagging. Wordsworth and Keats and Shakespeare, especially the sonnets, were equally familiar to him. Those who have accompanied him on his walks through mountains, where his physical energy and couragenever flagged, have told me how naturally and spontaneously any turn of the landscapeevoked from him a memory of English poetry that associated itself with what he sawand deeply felt in nature. An accurate and almost photographic memory is rarely associated with a mind that assimilates, digests, and reconstructs; in this combination as inso many others Mr. Mead was so rare that his personality does not lend itself to analysis and classification.George Mead's generosity of mind was the embodiment of his generosity of character. Everything in the ordinary and extraordinary duties of life claimed him, and he176 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgave himself completely. I am sure it never occurred to him that he was sacrificinghimself; the entire ethics of self-sacrifice was alien to his thought. He gave himself sospontaneously and so naturally that only those close to him could be aware that hewas spending his energy so freely. So, too, while he was extraordinarily tolerant andcharitable in his judgments of persons and events, I am confident it never occurred tohim that he was so. His tolerance was not a cultivated and self-conscious matter; itgrew out of the abundant generosity of his nature. He had the liveliest interest inevery social problem and issue of the day. If at times he tended to idealize, to find moremeaning and better meaning in movements about him than less generous eyes could see,it was because of the same outgoing abundance of his nature. While his insight waskeen and shrewd, one cannot associate anything of the nature of cynicism with him.Henry Mead has told me that the phrase which he most associates with his father whenany social problem was under discussion is, "It ought to be possible to do so and so";having seen the vision of possibility, his mind at once turned to considering how thepossibility could be realized. His extraordinary faith in possibilities was the source ofhis idealism.RESPONSE TO THE SURROUNDING WORLDI shall not try to give any idea, even an inadequate one, of his philosophical conceptions; this is not the time or place. But there are three phases of it which are sointimately associated with his own natural being, his instinctive response to the worldabout him, that I cannot forego mentioning them. Everyone who knew him philosophically at all is aware of his interest in the immediate aspect of human experience — aninterest not new in literature but new in the form which it took in his philosophy. I amsure I am not wrong in connecting this interest, so central in his whole philosophy, withhis own immediate sensibility to all the scenes of nature and humanity. He wrotelittle, I believe, on aesthetics, but in many ways the key to his thought seems to me tobe his own intense and immediate appreciation of life and nature and literature — andif we do not call this appreciation aesthetic, it is because it includes so much more thanis contained in the conventional meaning that word has taken on.All who have had intellectual association with Mr. Mead, directly or indirectly, alsoknow how central was his conception of the "complete act" — the source of whateveris sound in the behavioristic psychology and active philosophy of our day. In the integrated act there is found the union of doing, of thought, and of emotion which traditional psychologies and philosophies have sundered and set against one another. Thisrenovating, this regenerating, idea also had its source in George Mead's own personality.There was no division in his philosophy between doing, reflection, and feeling, becausethere was none in himself.Again, everyone who knows anything about Mr. Mead knows of his vital interestin social psychology, and in a social interpretation of life and the world. It is perhapshere that his influence is already most widely felt; I know that his ideas on this subjectworked a revolution in my own thinking, though I was slow in grasping anything likeits full implications. The individual mind, the conscious self, was to him the world ofnature first taken up into social relations and then dissolved to form a new self whichthen went forth to re-create the world of nature and social institutions. He would neverhave felt this idea so deeply and so centrally if it had not been such a complete embodiment of the depth and fulness of his own personality in all its human and social relationsto others. The integrity and the continuing development of George Mead's philosophyare the natural and unforced expressions of his own native being.GEORGE HERBERT MEAD AS I KNEW HIM 177One feels not only a sense of tragic personal loss in the death of George Mead, but aphilosophical calamity in that he was not able to extend and fill out his recently delivered Cams Lectures. But if the publication of his ideas is incomplete and cut short,one has no such sense in connection with George Mead's own life and personality. In allrelationships it stands forth as a complete because integral thing. Would that he mighthave lived longer with his family, his friends, his students, his books, and his studies.But no added length of years could have added to the completeness of his personalbeing; it could not have added even to the fulness with which he continues to live in thelives of those who knew him. His life continues within us who knew him. It shames usfrom sloth, from indifference, and from cynicism; it lives not only as a precious andsweet memory but as an invocation to whatever is positive, generous, and outgoing.May we share in some measure his constant and untired faith in the possibilities of life,and his devoted interest in all the ways in which these possibilities may be realized.It was in and through that religious conviction that he gave unweariedly of himself,and as he gave, grew in stature of manhood.EXTRACTS FROM THE ADDRESS BYJAMES H. TUFTSDelivered at Bond Chapel, April 30, 193 1George Mead came through both parents from distinguished families of New England stock. He grew up in a transplanted New England environment at Oberlin, andafter graduation at Oberlin College continued his studies at Harvard in the great daysof James, Royce, and Palmer. He was heir to the best of the New England tradition —reliability, integrity, devotion to the serious and spiritual values which his forbearshad been wont to clothe in theological phrase. Like them he pitched life high. But hehad none of the narrowness which has often gone along with New England moral earnestness. Travel and study in Europe by both parents gave a favorable home atmosphere.Early life in a democratic, middle-western community, advanced study at Harvard,study and residence in Europe — all contributed to make him a man of catholic tastesand cosmopolitan culture. Wide reading in both natural and social sciences, in world-history and world-literature, gave him a far-stretching horizon. Sympathy and an unusual sense of humor made him at home in all the world and with all ages of mankind.Professor Mead was one of the most modest scholars — too diffident, his friendsthought. He published more frequently in later years and on a wide variety of subjects.The election to the Cams lectureship two years ago showed the esteem in which he washeld by philosophical colleagues, and the lectures which he delivered on that foundation during the Christmas holidays last year at Berkeley attacked boldly the ultimatemetaphysical problems of the relations between past and present, in the evolution ofnature and mind. They pushed one stage farther the frontiers of philosophical thinking.In his earlier years in Chicago Professor Mead devoted himself to the Universityand to philosophy. But such a large and many-sided personality could not be contentwithout direct participation in civic affairs and social movements. In middle life hegave liberally and indeed lavishly of time and strength to activities in these fields.Three causes nearest his heart were the University of Chicago Settlement, the CityClub of Chicago, and the Vocational League. He served for many years as treasurer178 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the Settlement Board when it took much planning and hard work to secure adequatefunds for growing needs. I never heard him advise the policy — the easier one for atreasurer — of cutting our pattern according to our cloth, if this might mean scantygarments. His way was to find out how much cloth would be needed and then go outto get it. His own generous spirit and the breadth of view with which he considered thework of the settlement made him a persuasive advocate, and he seldom if ever failed tosecure the necessary cloth.Yet today, with the memory of the living person so vivid with us, it is not so muchhis contributions to the University or to philosophy, or to the city of Chicago, as it ishis large and complete self that fills our hearts. His wealth of knowledge, his genial wit,his play of humor, his broad interests, his courteous but firm maintenance of principle,his sensitiveness to human needs and human relations, his resourcefulness in helpingothers in difficulty — all these blended into a richly gifted personality. Underlying allwas a character, strong and fine. He was a great soul We all loved him.THE LATE CLARENCE FASSETT CASTLECLARENCE FASSETT CASTLEIN THE April issue of the University Record the lamented death ofClarence Fassett Castle, associate professor emeritus of Greek, wasannounced. He died at St. Petersburg, Florida, March 29, 1931.Dr. Ira M. Price and Dr. F. W. Shepardson, old-time friends of Mr.Castle, have written sketches of his life from which the following abbreviated paragraphs are taken:Clarence Fassett Castle was born on a farm near Granville, Ohio,October 12, 1856. He was one of the first students of the school that laterbecame Denison University. He was graduated with an A.B. degree in1880. After graduation he taught a year (1880-81) in Hampton, Iowa.His reputation as a teacher secured for him the position of instructor inLatin and Greek in the academy of his Alma Mater, which position heoccupied four years (1882-86). He resigned that post to enter the graduate school of Yale University, where again he came into contact withDr. William R. Harper, whom he had known in Granville in the lateseventies. He carried on graduate work and at the end of two years(1886-88) won his Ph.D. He was immediately engaged as professor ofGreek in Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, where he taughtfour years (1888-92) until Dr. Harper invited him to join the first facultyof the new University of Chicago as assistant professor of Greek. At theend of three years (1892-95) he was made associate professor in the samedepartment. The rest of his teaching career was spent in the Departmentof Greek, until his retirement in 1925. He also served as dean of the juniorcolleges for seven years (1898-1905). Out of his teaching activities hewas granted one year's leave of absence (1900-1901) which he spent atthe University of Berlin.In the early eighties Mr. Castle married Mary W. Shirk, of Red Oak,Iowa, a graduate of the Young Ladies Institute (later Shepardson College), Granville, Ohio, in the class of 1878, an acquaintance of his schooldays in Granville. Their cultural and social accomplishments made forthem a large place in the communities where they lived and labored.Their attitude of mind and character was that of the dependable, substantial, unobtrusive, almost diffident kind of people, for whom duty hada specific meaning of responsibility. Mrs. Castle died on February 15,179i8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORD1924. His ashes were buried beside his wife in Maple Grove Cemetery,Granville, Ohio.A true and loyal friend, a useful citizen, a successful and honoredteacher for nearly half a century, he adorned a well-deserved seat amongthe honored roll of the first faculty of the University of Chicago. A trueChristian, he belonged to that class of our people who are the foundationsand pillars of our civilization.CHICAGO LYING-IN HOSPITALFOR nearly a year the imposing new building of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital has been visible from the Midway Plaisance. It addsa distinguished mass to the long line of Gothic structures which,including International House, extends for nearly three-quarters of a milealong the parklike expanse between Washington and Jackson parks. Thecompleted building, which was dedicated April 29, 193 1, appears evenmore impressive now that its six stories surmounted by its stately towerare seen against the sky than in the architects' design that appeared inthe University Record for July, 1929. The uses of the building were welldescribed by Dr. Joseph B. DeLee in that issue. Here as he declared,5,000 women and 5,000 babies, or more, who will receive the direct ministrations ofthe hospital annually will be but a tiny portion of the hundreds of thousands who willbe directly served by the doctors and nurses who carry to them the methods of thehospital and dispensary, and these will be a still smaller part of those who will be benefited by the results of the researches to be carried on in the wards and numerous laboratories of the hospital.These beneficent ministrations to the furtherance of which Dr. DeLee,Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, and their many associates have long looked forward are now being practically and abundantly realized in the new building.The Chicago Lying-in Hospital became affiliated with the Universityin 1927. With the opening of the new building it is expected that themaximum benefits of the affiliation will be derived to the advantage ofboth the hospital and the University; to the hospital in insuring thepermanence of its present high standards and in rendering better serviceto humanity through its intimate association with an organized medicalschool having a scientific staff and laboratories; and to the Universityby making it possible for its Department of Obstetrics and Gynecologyto have access to a hospital wherein its students may secure training inthe practice of obstetrics, and its staff may make observations which willcontribute to the progress of the science and art of obstetrics and theimprovements of its practice.The University will provide the attending staff of the new hospitalunder the supervision of Dr. DeLee, chief of the staff and professor ofobstetrics and gynecology, and Dr. Fred L. Adair, also professor of ob-181182 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstetrics and gynecology. Miss Jessie F. Christie will continue as superintendent.There are four distinct divisions within the hospital building itself: themain building, the entrance to which is on Maryland Avenue ; the MaxEpstein Clinic, a one-story wing facing Fifty-ninth Street at MarylandAvenue; the Mothers' Aid Pavilion, which occupies the corner of Fifty-ninth Street and Drexel Avenue; and the school section, adjoining theMothers' Aid Pavilion and the main building, the entrance to the lasttwo being on Drexel Avenue. The Max Epstein Clinic and the Mothers'Aid Pavilion are joined by a cloistered walk. The hospital has a total of157 beds, most of which are in the main building. Here, as in the recentlydedicated orthopedic hospital, a new note of attractive and artistic coloris predominant, and in the furniture one sees the modernistic trend. TheMax Epstein Clinic will function in a manner similar to the clinic in theother hospitals of the University Clinics.The Mothers' Aid Pavilion is the isolation unit. Every minute detail,both architectural and administrative, has been given consideration inthe planning of this unit to combat the menace of contagion as effectivelyas possible. It is distinctly separate from the main building. There aremany other features which have been incorporated in order that infectiousdiseases, which take such a large toll each year among both mothers andinfants, may be reduced to a minimum. In the school section there arewell-equipped laboratories, a large library with files of current journalsas well as the libraries of two eminent German professors, recently donated to the department, and a collection of 2,500 volumes, the personalgift of Dr. F. L. Adair. A lecture-room seating 140 persons is placed between the school and hospital sections. It is known as Dora DeLee Halland will be used for clinical courses and meetings in general. It is to beequipped with the most modern apparatus for talking pictures, which isnow in the process of development. A room has also been designed for thetaking of talking pictures. The hospital and its equipment represents anoutlay of nearly $2,000,000. There is an endowment of $800,000.At the dedicatory exercises Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank presided. Amongthe speakers on the occasion were Dr. DeLee and Dr. J. Whitrige Williamsof Johns Hopkins University. The latter said the new building "is themost modern establishment of its kind in the country." President Hutchins accepted the building on behalf of the affiliating University. Thearchitects are Schmidt, Garden & Erikson. The building formerly usedby the Lying-in Hospital has been sold to the Provident Hospital Association.THE NANCY ADELE McELWEEMEMORIALA NOTHER hospital in the group of University Clinics was dedi-/ \ cated on May 12, 1931 — the Nancy Adele McElwee Memorial,X JL which is under the direction of the Home for Destitute CrippledChildren in affiliation with the University and operated by the latter.The dedicatory exercises, in which many friends of the home and of theUniversity participated, were held in the assembly room of Billings Hospital.The building was formally presented to the board of directors of thehome on behalf of the donor, Mrs. Elizabeth Spalding McElwee of LakeForest, who was present, by Rev. Herbert W. Prince, rector of the Churchof the Holy Spirit, Lake Forest. Mr. Robert F. Carr, president of theboard of directors of the home, accepted the building and in turn presented its facilities to the University, Vice-President Woodward accepting these on behalf of the University. In his brief address Mr. Woodwardspoke of the hospital as being devoted to curing the ills of children,rehabilitating cripples, and educating surgeons in the care of crippledchildren. He described the Home for Crippled Children as "one of thestrongest charitable institutions in Chicago."Dr. Robert Bayley Osgood, professor emeritus of orthopedic surgeryof Harvard Medical School, gave the dedicatory address, describing theslow but sure emergence of bone and joint surgery through the centuriesfrom its crude beginnings to its present state of high development. Hetook occasion to speak in terms of praise of Dr. Nathaniel Allison, formerly of Harvard, who is professor of surgery in the University Clinicsand who will especially function in the new hospital, congratulating himupon the present position of increased usefulness which he now occupies.The dedication of this memorial is another evidence that the cripple is no longerlooked upon as a burden, but accepted as a privilege. Our orthopedic clock in Bostonmay be a little slow but we can still read the times sufficiently well to appreciate howmuch this dignified and beautifully planned hospital means to bone and joint surgery,and how great an opportunity a far-seeing university has afforded for research into thecauses and treatment of crippling maladies.The McElwee Memorial is a part of the orthopedic unit of the University Clinics of which the Gertrude Dunn Hicks Memorial is the other1831 84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpart. The former provides beds for fifty patrons, some of whom wereplaced in the hospital in March. Seven of these little figures in theirwheelchairs, attended by nurses, present during the exercises, presentedpathetic evidence of the beneficent service this institution will continueto render.The building is noteworthy for the excellence and completeness of itsequipment and for the cheerfulness and bright colors of its decorationand furniture, pink, green, blue, and yellow tints prevailing. The roomsare light with plenty of windows and with glass partitions. A charmingfeature is "Nancy's garden," which has been specially decorated andequipped by Mrs. McElwee with the assistance of Mrs. Frederic Woodward as a memorial to Nancy. The walls have scenic mural paintingsappropriate to a children's playroom. Bookcases full of toys and books,tiny tables, chairs, and desks are provided. The building provides notonly the means for cure and for alleviation of suffering but affords additional facilities for teaching.NANCY ADELE McELWEE MEMORIALDedicated May 12, 1931THE COUNTRY HOME FOR CONVALESCENT CHILDRENTHE Country Home for Convalescent Children, Prince Crossing,near Aurora, Illinois, is operated in close affiliation with theUniversity. It is situated in a ninety-six-acre farm. At the closeof its administrative year there were in the home eighty-seven children,twenty-two of whom were bed patients. During this yearly period 32,000patient days of care were given. A new building which Mrs. Anna LouiseRaymond has given to the home has recently been completed at a costof $60,000. It provides hospital facilities for twenty convalescent children. It was dedicated May 20. Mrs. Raymond, whose gifts to the ArtInstitute have made many children happy and more intelligent by thislater benefaction will make other children happy and physically stronger.The building is a memorial to Mrs. Raymond's husband, James NelsonRaymond.Mrs. William J. Chalmers, who founded the home in 191 1, and who isnow president of the board of managers, presented the building on behalfof the donor. Vice-President Frederic Woodward accepted the home onbehalf of the University. Dr. Nathaniel Allison, professor of orthopedicsurgery at the University, medical director of the McElwee Memorial,and chief surgeon of the Country Home, delivered the principal addressat the dedication. Nearly one hundred doctors, trustees and donors ofthe home, and social workers inspected the building.The Country Home has for twenty years had the support and care ofMrs. Chalmers and other liberal and sympathetic men and women.With the addition of the new building to the plant the home is preparedto do a more complete service in behalf of ailing children than ever. AsJames O'Donnell Bennett wrote in the Chicago Tribune, those who attended the services took part not in conventional dedicatory exercises,but heard the songs and laughter of happy children whom science andsunshine are restoring to health. They heard from the home's benefactorthe story of its growth from the difficult stage of experimentation to itspresent status as one of the world's model centers for the treatment oftubercular-boned children. They saw the little convalescents at play onthe green terraces of the home and at work on their lovely achievementsin weaving and other handicrafts.185i86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWith the completion of this new building the home becomes even amore useful and complementary part of the University's program for thecare and cure of children. The Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital forChildren giving medical care, the Gertrude Dunn Hicks and the NancyAdele McElwee memorials furnishing orthopedic service, and now theCountry Home for Convalescent Children — these together provide anunusually comprehensive and efficient group of beneficent agencies onbehalf of children.A COLLECTION OF MODERNPOETRYMiss Harriet Monroe, for years — since 191 2 — the editor and chiefsupporter of Poetry, a magazine of verse, has given the University anotable collection. It consists of first editions of nearly fifteen hundredvolumes of modern poetry, of numerous original manuscripts with theirsignificant corrections and emendations, and a mass of correspondenceconcerned with the manuscripts. As Poetry magazine has been able tolive through these years, so destructive of periodicals with ideals, largelybecause it has had the support of sympathetic citizens of Chicago, MissMonroe decided that the University was the proper repository for thisvaluable collection, and particularly as it would be a mine of value forfuture generations of students. The collection takes its place at theUniversity beside the valuable Chaucer collection.A friend of the University of Chicago has provided money, the incomefrom which is to be used toward the support of Poetry as long as MissMonroe continues as its editor. Thereafter the income from the fund isto be applied toward maintaining what shall be known as the "HarrietMonroe Collection of Modern Poetry," including the purchase of newbooks.The selections of additions to the collection are to be made by a committee of three persons appointed by the President of the University, ofwhom one shall be Harriet Monroe, or some poet designated to the President by her; or later, in the event she cannot so serve, Morton DauwenZabel, or, in the event he cannot so serve, then some poet of recognizedstanding who is not a member of the faculty of the University.wx.13Cajg<~HINTERNATIONAL HOUSEMR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, Jr., is following in the footsteps of his distinguished father, the Founder of the University. The gifts of the son have been many, large,, and useful.One of his latest benefactions of which the University is the beneficiaryalthough not the owner is that of the site of International House at EastFifty-ninth Street between Dorchester and Blackstone avenues and ofthe imposing building itself. The foundations for this house, which wasdescribed in the University Record for January, 1931, have been completedand the superstructure has begun to rise.The donor of the building, the activities of which are to be conductedunder University supervision, in presenting it described the conditionsof his gift and the manner in which the enterprise will be administered.He wrote :My special interest in making this gift is the education in international friendshipand understanding of the students of the world who are studying in Chicago and vicinity, whether in the University of Chicago or in any other institution of higher learning.I am glad to entrust to the University of Chicago the administration of this property,with the hope that it may prove feasible to enlist in its direction, at least in some advisory capacity, representatives not only of the University of Chicago, but also ofother institutions of higher learning in and near Chicago, to which students from otherlands resort, and likewise private citizens who are specially interested in and able tofurther the welfare of such students and the cause of international understanding. Itis my further hope that the building now being erected on this site may provide notonly living accommodations and facilities contributing to the social and educationalwelfare of students, but that it may also be used to promote international understanding and friendship on the part of the people of Chicago and of the Middle West towardother nations and cultures than our own.In following the suggestion of the donor of the impressive fund for theestablishment and maintenance of International House, President WalterDill Scott of Northwestern University, upon the suggestion of the President's office, has appointed Dr. J. P. Simonds of Northwestern MedicalSchool to meet with Dean Gilkey and the other members of the committeein recommending a plan of organization and management of the houseand its many activities. The other members of the committee are JamesM. Stifler, George O. Fairweather, Edward C. Jenkins, Frederic Woodward, George A. Works, and Mrs. Quincy Wright.187THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, SecretaryELECTION OP OFFICERS AND TRUSTEESTHE annual meeting of the Board of Trustees on June n,193 1, the following Trustees were re-elected in the class theterm of which expires in 1934: Sewell L. Avery, Harrison B.Barnard, Laird Bell, Samuel C. Jennings, Frank H. Lindsay, Ernest E.Quantrell, and Harold H. Swift. Albert W. Sherer was re-elected asTrustee, term expiring in 1933; and Julius Rosenwald was re-elected asTrustee, term expiring 1932.The following officers were re-elected: president, Harold H. Swift;first vice-president, Thomas E. Donnelley; second vice-president, RobertL. Scott; third vice-president, William Scott Bond; treasurer, Eugene M.Stevens; secretary, John F. Moulds; and corresponding secretary, J.Spencer Dickerson.The following officers were reappointed to the respective offices forthe term of one year and until their successors shall have been appointed:business manager, Lloyd R. Steere; assistant business manager, GeorgeO. Fairweather; comptroller, Nathan C. Plimpton; assistant comptroller,Harvey C. Daines; assistant secretary, William J. Mather; and assistantsecretary, Lyndon H. Lesch.In accordance with the by-laws and under action of the Board, Mr.Eli B. Felsenthal and Mr. Martin A. Ryerson become Honorary Trustees,and Mr. Martin A. Ryerson becomes Honorary President of the Board.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments have beenmade during the three months prior to July 1, 1931:E. T. Filbey, Assistant to the President, as Acting Vice-President andDean of Faculties, for the period of Mr. Woodward's absence on leave.Dr. D. N. Buchanan, as Instructor in the Department of Pediatrics,for two years from July 1, 1931.Dr. F. Bruce Fralich, now of the University of Michigan, as Instructorin Ophthalmology in the Department of Surgery, for two years from July1, I93L188ATHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 189Dr. H. Close Hesseltine, as Instructor in the Department of Obstetricsand Gynecology, for one year from July 1, 1931.Dr. Arthur A. Turner, as Instructor in the Department of Pediatrics,for one year from July 1, 1931.Charles W. Morris, now of Rice Institute, Houston, Texas, as Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, for three years fromOctober 1, 1931.J. Hugh Jackson, of Stanford University, Professor of Accounting inthe School of Commerce and Administration, for the Summer Quarter,i93i-Allen Miller, in charge of Radio Department, for one year from July 1,i93i-Dr. F. R. Lillie, as Dean of the Biological Sciences Division, for oneyear from July 1, 1931.Donald A. Boyer, as Instructor in the Department of Zoology, for oneyear from October 1, 1931.Ralph M. Buchsbaum, as Instructor in the Department of Zoology,on a two- thirds basis, for one year from October 1, 1931.Thornton Wilder, as Lecturer in the Department of English, for oneyear from October 1, 193 1, on a two- thirds basis.John A. Wilson, as Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department ofOriental Languages and Literature, for one year from July 1, 1931.M. H. Moore, as Instructor in the Department of Philosophy, for oneyear from October 1, 1931.Simon Freed, as Instructor in the Department of Chemistry, for oneyear from October 1, 1931.Eugene J. Rosenbaum, as Instructor in the Department of Chemistry,for one year from October 1, 193 1, on a half-time basis.W. C. Krumbein, as Instructor in the Department of Geology, for oneyear from October 1, 193 1, on a half-time basis.W. T. Reid, as Instructor in the Department of Mathematics, for oneyear from October 1, 1931.Major John M. Welsh, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofMilitary Science and Tactics, for one year from July 1, 1931.Donald Slesinger, as Associate Dean of the Social Sciences Division,for one year from April 1, 1931.Manuel J. Andrade, as Associate Professor in the Department ofAnthropology, for three years from October 1, 193 1, on a two- thirds basis.A. Eugene Staley, as Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics, for one year from October 1, 1931.190 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMary B. Gilson, as Instructor in the Department of Economics, forone year from October 1, 1931.Mandel Sherman, now Director of the Washington Child ResearchCenter and Professorial Lecturer in George Washington University, asAssociate Professor in the Department of Education, for two years fromOctober 1, 1931.J. D. Russell, as Associate Professor in the Department of Education,for three years from July 1, 1931.R. C. Miller, of the College of the City of Detroit, as Visiting Professorin the Department of History, for one year from October 1, 1931.T. W. Riker, of the University of Texas, as Visiting Professor in theDepartment of History, for one year from October 1, 1931.H. A. Basilius, as Instructor in the Department of Junior CollegeModern Language, for one year from October 1, 1931.A. K. Loomis, now Director of Curriculum, Denver Public Schools, asPrincipal of the High School and Associate Professor in the Departmentof Education for one year from July 1, 1931.Pierce Butler, now Custodian of the John M. Wing Foundation, Newberry Library, as Professor in the Graduate Library School, from October1, i93i-Sheldon Tefft, as Associate Professor in the Law School, for three yearsfrom October 1, 1931.W. G. Katz, as Assistant Professor in the Law School, for one yearfrom October 1, 1931.Eleanor M. Humphreys, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofPathology, on a four-quarter basis, for one year from October 1, 1931.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions were made by the Board of Trustees duringthe three months prior to July 1, 1931 :John M. Beal, to a professorship in the Department of Botany, fromOctober 1, 1931.M. C. Coulter, to a professorship in the Department of Botany, fromOctober 1, 1931.H. E. Hay ward, to a professorship in the Department of Botany, fromOctober 1, 1931.S. E. Leland, to a professorship in the Department of Economics, fromJuly 1, 193 1.R. S. Mulliken, to a professorship in the Department of Physics, fromOctober 1, 1931.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 191A. S. Romer, to a professorship in the Department of Geology, fromOctober 1, 1931.L. C. Sorrell, to a professorship in the School of Commerce and Administration, for five years from October 1, 1931.B. H. Willier, to a professorship in the Department of Zoology, fromOctober 1, 1931.R. W. Barnard, to an associate professorship in the Department ofMathematics, for three years from October 1, 1931.Herbert Blumer, to an associate professorship in the Department ofSociology, for three years from October 1, 1931.Carey Croneis, to an associate professorship in the Department ofGeology, for three years effective October 1, 1931.Elizabeth Dixon, to an associate professorship in the School of SocialService Administration, for three years from October 1, 1931.Roy R. Grinker, to an associate professorship in the Department ofMedicine (Neurology), for three years from July 1, 1931.N. B. Henry, to an associate professorship in the Department of Education, for three years from July 1, 1931.W. T. Hutchinson, to an associate professorship in the Department ofHistory, for three years from October 1, 1931.A. Wayne McMillen, to an associate professorship in the School ofSocial Service Administration, for three years from July 1, 1931.John Nef, to an associate professorship in the Department of Economics, for three years from October 1, 1931.S. H. Nerlove, to an associate professorship in the School of Commerceand Administration, for three years from October 1, 1931.T. F. Young, to an associate professorship in the Department ofChemistry, for three years from October 1, 1931.E. S. G. Barron, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofMedicine (Biochemistry), under the Lasker Foundation, for one year ona four-quarter basis, from September 1, 1931.G. E. Bentley, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofEnglish, for one year from October 1, 1931.Walter Blair, to an assistant professorship in the Department of English, for one year from October 1, 1931.Edward L. Compere, to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof Surgery (Orthopedic), on a four-quarter basis, for one year from July 1,i93i-Byron F. Francis, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofMedicine, on a four-quarter basis, for one year from July 1, 1931.192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDErnest F. Haden, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofJunior College Modern Language, for one year from October 1, 1931.W. C. Pierce, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Chemistry, for one year from October 1, 1931.Knute Reuter, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofMedicine, on a four-quarter basis, for one year from July 1, 1931.Earl Ritchie, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Medicine (Dermatology), on a four-quarter basis, for one year from October1, 1931.Cecil M. Smith, to an assistant professorship in the Divinity School,for two years from July 1, 1931.Ruth Elaine Taylor, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Medicine, for one year from July 1, 1931.Clem O. Thompson, to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof Education, for one year from October 1, 1931.Ethel Verry, to an assistant professorship (half-time basis) in theSchool of Social Service Administration, for two years from October 1,i93i-Louis Wirth, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Sociology, for three years from October 1, 1931.William E. Adams to an instructorship in the Department of Surgery,for one year from July 1, 1931.Emmett L. Avery, to an instructorship in the Department of English,for one year from October 1, 1931.Niel F. Beardsley, to an instructorship in the Department of Physics,for one year from October 1, 1931.Lowell T. Coggeshall, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine, for three months from April 1, 1931.Arthur N. Ferguson, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine, for one year from July 1, 1931.James B . Graeser, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine,for three months from April 1, 1931.C. Howard Hatcher, to an instructorship in the Department of Surgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.Allan T. Kenyon, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine,for one year from July 1, 1931.Kathleen Muir, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine(Dermatology), for one year from October 1, 1931.William F. SchofTman, to an instructorship and residentship in theDepartment of Pediatrics, for one year from July 1, 1931.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 193Harold Tannenholz, to an instructorship in the Department of Medicine (Dermatology), for one year from July 1, 1931.Arthur H. Vorwald, to an instructorship in the Department of Pathology, for three months from July 1, 1931.LEAVES OE ABSENCEWilliam O. Douglas, Professor of Law, for one year from July 1, 1931.Avery 0. Craven, of the Department of History, for one year fromOctober 1, 1931, to accept an invitation from the Huntington Library inCalifornia to become a member of its staff for the year 1931-32.CANCELLATION OF APPOINTMENTJ. Hugh Jackson, of Stanford University, was appointed Professor ofAccounting in the School of Commerce and Administration, for one yearfrom July 1, 1931. At the request of Acting President Swain, Mr. Jacksonhas been released in order that he may accept the deanship of the Stanford School of Business, and his appointment has, therefore, been canceled. Under a new arrangement Mr. Jackson will teach in the Schoolof Commerce and Administration during the Summer Quarter, 1931.RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE PROMOTIONSThor Rothstein, to a professorship emeritus in the Department ofMedicine, for one year from July 1, 1931.Robert von der Heydt, to an associate clinical professorship in theDepartment of Ophthalmology, for one year from July 1, 1931.Edward Dudley Allen, to an assistant clinical professorship in theDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, for one year from July 1,i93i-Arthur Ralph Colwell, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Medicine, for one year from July 1, 1931.William George Hibbs, to an assistant clinical professorship in theDepartment of Medicine, for one year from July 1, 1931.Eleanor I. Leslie, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Pediatrics, for one year from July 1, 1931.George John Rukstinat, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Pathology, for one year from July 1, 1931.Heyworth N. Sanford, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Pediatrics, for one year from July 1, 1931.Elias Selinger, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Departmentof Ophthalmology, for one year from July 1, 1931.194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDClifford Lester Dougherty, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Laryngology and Otology, for one year from July i, 1931.Lois Dixon Greene, to a clinical instructorship in the Department ofLaryngology and Otology, for one year from July 1, 1931.Howard Jean Holloway, to a clinical instructorship in the Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynecology, for one year from July 1, 1931.William John Vynalek, to a clinical instructorship in the Departmentof Surgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.John Joseph Zavertnik, to a clinical instructorship in the Departmentof Pediatrics, for one year from July 1, 1931.Robert H. Johnstone, to a clinical associateship in the Department ofSurgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.Stanley E. Lawton, to a clinical associateship in the Department ofSurgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.Alice McNeal, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, for one year from July 1, 1931.Charles Dustin Parker, to a clinical associateship in the Department ofSurgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.Chester A. Perrodin, to a clinical associateship in the Department ofSurgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE APPOINTMENTSJohn A. Larson, as Clinical Instructor in the Department of Medicine,for one year from July 1, 1931.Randolph F. Olmstead, as Clinical Associate in the Department ofSurgery, for one year from July 1, 1931.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations have been accepted :Prof essor William Henry Burton, of the Department of Education, onaccount of ill health, effective September 30, 1931.Harriet E. Howe, Associate Professor in the Graduate Library School,effective September 30, 1931.Anna D. Wolf, Associate Professor of the School of Nursing, effectiveJuly 31, 1931.Eleanor G. Kimble, Instructor in the School of Social Service Administration, effective March 30, 1931.Richard E. Scammon, Professor of Anatomy and Dean of the BiologicalSciences Division, effective July 1, 193 1.Rowland Haynes, Secretary of the University, effective June 30, 1931.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 195DEATHSClarence Fassett Castle, Associate Professor Emeritus of Greek, diedMarch 29, 193 1. Mr. Castle served from 1892 as a member of the originalfaculty of the University until his retirement in July, 1925.Professor George Herbert Mead, Chairman of the Department ofPhilosophy, died April 26, 1931. Professor Mead served as a member ofthe faculty of the University from 1894 until his death.Dr. Albert A. Michelson, Professor Emeritus of Physics, died May 9,193 1. Dr. Michelson served as Professor and Head of the Departmentof Physics from April 26, 1892, until his retirement July 1, 1930.Dr. Asher F. Sippy, Clinical Instructor in the Department of Medicine, Rush Medical College, died April 18, 1931. Dr. Sippy became amember of the faculty of Rush Medical College in 191 8.AMENDMENT TO THE UNIVERSITY STATUTESStatute 11 has been amended by deleting the last sentence, whichreads as follows: "The Director of the University Clinics shall be anAssistant to the President in medical affairs."GIFTSFrom the Julius Rosenwald Fund, $35,000 available over a five-yearperiod for salaries and incidental expenses in connection with the direction of University High School; $12,500 for child study during the year1931-32; an addition of $833 to the fellowship of Mr. N. W. Shock for thecurrent academic year.From the Franklin Association of Chicago, a contribution of $1,000 tobe credited to the Social Science Research Committee and applied towardthe cost of publishing Miss Emily Brown's book, The Book and Job Printers of Chicago.From Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons, a contribution of $500 for the continuation of certain anthropological field work in the Southwest beingcarried on by Father Berard Haile.From the Evaporated Milk Association, Chicago, $300 to be appliedtoward a study of the immunological behavior of milk proteins, under thedirection of Dr. H. G. Wells, of the Department of Pathology.From Mr. Robert L. Scott, $10,000, to be added to the endowment ofthe School of Social Service Administration.From the faculty, alumni, and former students of the School of Education, the portrait of Professor Charles H. Judd painted by Louis Betts,196 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas a mark of appreciation of Dr. Judd's leadership in the School of Education, in the University, and in the profession at large.From the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, a grant of $7,500 annuallyfor two years to be applied toward the support of certain research projectsin the clinical departments of the University.From the Carnegie Corporation, $5,000 for the support of three fellowships in the Graduate Library School during the year 1931-32.From the Wieboldt Foundation, an appropriation of $2,000 to be applied toward certain studies in juvenile delinquency being conducted byProfessor E. H. Sutherland.From the Grisard Laboratories, Winchester, Tennessee, through Dr.Bertram Feuer, a pledge of $1,200 for the renewal of the Squill Fellowship in Physiological Chemistry for the academic year 1931-32.From Mr. Scott Brown, $413.10 to be applied toward the purchase ofan eighteenth-century Greek New Testament manuscript.From the American Daughters of Sweden, a pledge to contribute $300for the support of a scholarship to be known as the American Daughtersof Sweden Honor Scholarship for Promoting the Study of Swedish andto be awarded in the academic year 1931-32 to a Freshman woman student, at least one of whose parents is of Swedish descent.From Mr. C. R. Walgreen, $300 to be applied toward the cost of broadcasting Chapel religious services.From the Chicago Branch of the American-German Student Exchange,a pledge of $1,000 for the support of an American German ExchangeFellow, for the academic year 1931-32.From the National Research Council, the following appropriations:$9,400 for the support of studies in the biochemistry of sex hormones,during the year 1931-32, under the direction of Dr. F. C. Koch; $14,430for investigation in the biology of sex, during the year 1931-32, under thedirection of Dr. F. R. Lillie; $2,150 as an additional appropriation to beapplied on the expenses incurred during the fiscal year 1930-31 on Dr.Lillie's study of the biology of sex.From the following persons contributions to the project in Irish learning being conducted under the direction of Professor T. P. Cross: EdwardM. Kerwin, $100; D. F. Kelly, $500; J. J. O'Brien, $350; Edward Cudahy,$200; Robert Crowe, $100; Edward N. Hurley, $500; Loran D. Gayton,$100; and from Roger Faherty, a pledge of $200.From Mr. F. A. Upsher Smith, a pledge to continue for the year1931-32, the Upsher Smith Fellowship in the Department of Physiological Chemistry in the amount of $1,500.Modeled by Mabel L. TorreyTHE KATHARINE MARTIN MEMORIAL DRINKING FOUNTAINInstalled in Blaine HallTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 197MISCELLANEOUSThe Rosenberger Medal, which by the terms of the deed of gift is to beawarded "in recognition of achievement through research, in authorship,in invention, for discovery, for unusual public service, or for anythingdeemed of great benefit to humanity," has been awarded to Mr. SalmonOliver Levinson in recognition of his important contribution to the improvement of international political relations in instituting and promotingthe movement for the outlawry of war.Dr. Frank R. Lillie, Dean of the Biological Sciences Division, has beenappointed as an additional member of the committees on the Lasker,Douglas Smith, Seymour Coman, and Logan funds; also as an additionalmember of the Administrative Committee of the University Clinics.THE UNIVERSITY PRESSRADIO— MEDICINE— MONEYPURSUING its interest in radio which fostered the establishmentof "The Professor at the Breakfast Table," the Press has formedan alliance with the National Advisory Council on Radio in Education, whose president is Robert A. Millikan. Early in the fall the Presswill publish the proceedings of the first annual assembly of this organization under the title of Radio and Education. An interesting by-product ofthis new affiliation was the distribution, early in June, of reprints of Dr.Millikan's presidential address to the Council delivered over the nationwide radio networks of the National Broadcasting Company and theColumbia Broadcasting System. At the close of Dr. Millikan's address,"Radio's Past and Future," all radio listeners were given the opportunityof securing a copy of it by addressing the University of Chicago Press. Atthis writing 4,375 individuals from every part of the country and Canadahave written to the Press for copies, and requests are still being received.This is certainly striking evidence of a great interest in educational andinformative broadcasting.Another affiliation which the University Press announces is its appointment as official publisher for the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care.Since its establishment in 1927, the work of this committee in obtainingthe facts about "the economic aspects of the cure and prevention of illness" has aroused nation-wide interest. Perhaps even more important isits work in harmonizing the various conflicting viewpoints of the personsand agencies involved. For the committee the Press is taking over thedistribution of the eleven pamphlets which are already issued; and it willpublish during the next year fifteen more, all upon various aspects of thecosts of medical care. The director of the study is Harry H. Moore, andthe research is under the immediate supervision of Dr. I. S. Falk, formerly of the University of Chicago.Closely correlated with this new series is the "Medical EconomicsSeries," edited by Michael M. Davis, director of medical services of theJulius Rosenwald Fund. The Public's Investment in Hospitals, by C. Rufus198THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 199Rorem, and Medical Administration of Teaching Hospitals have been published during the winter; Paying Your Sickness Bills, by Michael M.Davis, is scheduled for August.Economists all over the world, no less than former students of twoformer members of the faculty, will be interested in two important booksin economics that have been published during the quarter. Money, Credit,and Prices, by J. Laurence Laughlin, Emeritus Professor of PoliticalEconomy, is the climax of a noted economist's life-study. It is a reorganization of the whole field of money and credit, with an analysis of theprinciples governing the movement of prices. Essays on Population, aseries of essays, is the recorded contribution of James A. Field, late Professor of Economics in the University of Chicago, to his chosen field — variousaspects of population problems. Some of the essays have never beforebeen published; others report original research of much importance; all ofthem are the work of high scholarship and are characterized by a distinction of style which matches their distinction of thought.An experiment in joint publishing was begun on June 15 when theUniversity of Chicago Press and the American Library Association published What People Want To Read About by Douglas Waples and RalphW. Tyler. In this study the authors set out to discover the major readinginterests of the adult population at large — the next war, sports, crime,the movies, business success, party politics, marriage — or whatever. Theysecured statements of preference from more than one hundred groups ofpeople ranging from telephone operators to captains of industry. Perhapsthe most important fact to emerge, the authors think, is that all groups ofadults express genuine interest in reading about matters of real importance, the subjects varying, of course, from group to group. Perhaps thenext most important fact is that people like to read about themselves.The common denominator of reading interest, in the field of non-fiction atleast, is self.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERMembers of the several departments ofthe School of Education, together withalumni and friends, have obtained fundssufficient to secure a portrait of Dr.Charles H. Judd, who has been director ofthe school since 1909 although his title wasrecently changed to Dean of the School ofEducation. The portrait was painted by-Louis Betts, from whose brush have comeseveral of the more striking portraits ofthe University's collection. Of these portraits by Mr. Betts perhaps the most brilliantly painted is that of Mr. LaVerneNoyes which hangs in Hutchinson Hall.Others by him are portraits of the lateBernard A. Eckhart, John P. Wilson, Sr.,and Dr. T. W. Goodspeed. A reproduction of the portrait of Dr. Judd serves asfrontispiece of this issue of the UniversityRecord.On June 1, 193 1, in Berea, Kentucky,Dr. W. J. Hutchins, president of BereaCollege, conferred upon his son, PresidentRobert M. Hutchins, the honorary degreeof LL.D. This event becomes especiallysignificant and delightful when it is recalled that President Hutchins of the University of Chicago had conferred the samedegree upon his father during the inauguration ceremonies of November, 1929.On June 13, 1931, in the east corridorof Blaine Hall of the School of Education,there was dedicated a bronze drinkingfountain. It is a memorial to KatharineMartin, for nearly twenty-five years, anduntil her death, a teacher in Kindergarten-Primary Education. Miss Martin wasrespectively critic teacher, instructor, andassistant professor. The fountain, charmingly modeled by Mrs. Mabel L. Torrey,of the Midway Studios, Chicago, was presented to the University by students andalumnae of the department, Vice-President Woodward accepting the memorialon behalf of the University. A reproduction of the fountain appears on anotherpage of this issue of the University Record.Professor Fay-Cooper Cole, chairmanof the Department of Anthropology, hasbeen elected president of the GeographicSociety of Chicago. Other members of the University faculties who have held thisoffice are : Professors J. Paul Goode, RollinD. Salisbury, and Henry C. Cowles.Dr. Asher F. Sippy, of Rush MedicalCollege, died on April 18, 193 1. He wasgraduated from Rush Medical College in1892. He became an instructor in medicine in 19 1 8 and in 1924 was promoted tothe rank of clinical instructor, which position he held at the time of his death. Hewas born in Neptune, Wisconsin, on October 25, 1861.The Midwestern Psychological Association met in its sixth annual conventionin the Social Science Building on May 8and 9.Mrs. Edith Foster Flint, professor inthe Department of English, has resignedas chairman of the Women's UniversityCouncil to become director of the organization and administration of the Englishcomposition work in the college under thereorganization plan. Mrs. Flint has beensucceeded, temporarily, as chairman ofthe council by Mrs. Adeline deS. Link,assistant professor of chemistry. She hasserved most efficiently as dean in the Colleges of Arts, Literatures, and Sciencesince 1925.The University's contributory group-insurance plan was inaugurated by theBoard of Trustees on March 1, 1929. Itnow provides insurance amounting to$3,688,900 on 1,579 lives. During the twoyears of its operation beneficiaries havereceived $40,500, while the cost to thosewho died during these two years had been$103.10.Anthropologists from the Universityhave returned after living a year in Nimi-ah, Liberia, the birthplace of one of thetwo men. The two-man expedition, whichundertook an ethnological survey of theDjabo people, a typical primitive Africantribe, consisted of Dr. George Herzog, research associate, and Charles G. Blooah,son of a Djabo chieftain, who ran awayfrom his home twenty years ago and cameto America and eventually achieved a de-200BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 201gree at the University. Dr. Herzog andBlooah spent a year studying the "drumlanguage" of the Djabos, used for communication, and also the music and language of the tribe.Mr. Bernard A. Eckhart, a long-timefriend and benefactor of the University,died, after a prolonged sickness, May 11,1 93 1. By his large gift he made possiblethe erection of Eckhart Hall devoted tothe uses of the Departments of Mathematics, Astronomy, and Physics. Facingthe entrance to the hall is an excellent portrait of the donor done by Louis Betts.Mr. Eckhart was a successful man ofbusiness, a director of banks and corporations, a believer in things good and beautiful, and a useful citizen.Mr. Rowland Haynes, formerly secretary of the University and in generalcharge of the development of its resources,is a member of President Hoover's committee on business depression and unemployment.The Renaissance Society of the University has enjoyed a successful year under the presidency of Mrs. E. W. Shutze.It has been responsible for twelve differentexhibitions either under its own supervision or in co-operation with the Art Institute of Chicago. Besides these it hassponsored a number of lectures. Overeight thousand persons attended these exhibitions. The society has 444 members.At the annual meeting of the society heldMay 24, Mrs. Shutze was again electedpresident.Mayor Cermak has appointed Mr.Leonard D. White, professor of public administration, as a member of the CivilService Commission of the city of Chicago. Mr. White has long been a student ofmunicipal government, its failures, itsdefects, its possibilities of improvement.He is a trustee of the National Instituteof Public Administration and of the Bureau of Public Personnel Administration.In March the average daily hospitaloccupancy in the University Clinics was228 patients. During that month therewere 9,100 visits paid to the out-patientclinics, the greatest number since opening,except for October, 1930, when a record of9,300 visits was attained. On the last dayof the month there were 43 children on the census in the orthopedic unit, only oneavailable bed being unoccupied. In theBobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children there were 57 children on March 31.There are now 255 beds available for patients in the clinics as compared with 192a year ago. The average occupancy during the present fiscal year is 88.1 per centas compared with 82 per cent for the sameperiod in 1930. In March of this yearthere was an average of 228 patients in theclinics daily as compared with 171 inMarch, 1930. Patient days during the current year up to April reached a total of54,308. In March 9,151 visits were paidto the out-patient department, and up toApril 7S,7SS-Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to whomthe University is indebted for so manyintelligently bestowed gifts, visited theQuadrangles on April 15. He was especially delighted with the Oriental Institutebuilding recently completed. Graduallythe exhibits which are to find a permanentplace in the museum are being installed.It is expected that its dedication will takeplace in October next.Associate Professor Harold R. Wil-loughby of the New Testament Department is serving on an international committee of Byzantinists who are organizingan exposition of East Christian art to beheld at the Louvre in Paris from May toJuly inclusive of this year. It is hopedthat Mrs. Edith Rockefeller McCormick'simportant Byzantine New Testament willbe included in the exhibition.During the Spring Quarter Universitypreachers were the following: April 12,Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, D.D., theRiverside Church, New York City; April19, President Henry Sloane Coffin, D.D.,Union Theological Seminary, New YorkCity; April 26, President Mordecai W.Johnson, D.D., Howard University,Washington, D.C.; May 3, Dean Gilkey;May 10, Rev. Henry Howard, D.D., FifthAvenue Presbyterian Church, New YorkCity; May 17, Mr. Norman Thomas,League for Industrial Democracy, NewYork City; May 24, Rev. Samuel S.Drury, D.D., Headmaster, St. Paul'sSchool, Concord, New Hampshire; May31, Rev. Henry N. Wieman, Ph.D., Professor of Christian Theology, the University of Chicago; June 7, Rev. ErnestFremont Tittle, D.D., First Methodist202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEpiscopal Church, Evans ton, Illinois;June 14, Convocation Sunday, DeanGilkey.Dr. Marion Talbot, formerly Dean ofWomen in the University as well as professor of household administration, servedas acting president of ConstantinopleWoman's College in 1927-28. She hasonce more been elected to this importantand useful position for the coming academic year and will sail for the Near Eastin August.Paul Philippe Cret of Philadelphia hasbeen appointed architect of the "Instituteof Fine Arts of the University of Chicagofounded by Max and Leola Epstein," asthe new building devoted to study and research in the field of art is formally to beknown. It will be recalled that the institute will be placed on the lot betweenWoodlawn and Kimbark avenues south ofthe Midway Plaisance. It is expected thatworking drawings for the building will becompleted next autumn, that contractswill be awarded early in the year 1932,and that the structure will be completedby January, 1933. Mr. Cret was born inLyons, France, in 1876. He was a studentof the art school of Lyons and of the celebrated Ecole des Beaux Arts of Paris. Hehas served as professor of design in theUniversity of Pennsylvania for manyyears. He has won cordial recognitionfrom French schools and societies of art.He was one of the designers of the Pan-American Union in Washington and of theDetroit Institute of Arts, the latter one ofthe most successful art museums in thecountry. He served for five years with theFrench army and the American Expeditionary Forces, during the World War receiving from his native land the order ofchevalier of the Legion of Honor.The world-wide problem of unemployment was the subject of the eighth institute of the Norman Wait Harris MemorialFoundation on June 22-July 3. The institute considered unemployment particularly from the European and internationalpoint of view. John Maynard Keynes,noted English economist, author of theEconomic Consequences of the Peace, wasone of the lecturers at the institute. KarlPribram, professor of economics and political science at the University of Frankfurt, and formerly chief of the statisticalsection of the International Labor Office, and Henri Fuss, chief of the unemployment service of the International LaborOffice, were the two other foreign expertsto deliver series of public lectures. Numerous economists, students of businessand public officers were participants inthe deliberations of the meeting.Seven members of the University faculties, prominent for their success in undergraduate teaching, have been placed incharge of the organization of the four general courses to be offered next Octoberunder the plan of reorganization. TheGeneral Education Board has made agrant of $96,700 to provide for the expenses of organizing the new courses anddeveloping the syllabi that will be used.Because of his interest in the reorganization plan, Professor Ferdinand Schevill,who voluntarily assumed the title of nonresident professor of history in 1927, againwill become an active member of thefaculty. With the co-operation of Professor Hayward Keniston, of the Department of Spanish, and Associate ProfessorArthur P. Scott, of the Department ofHistory, Professor Schevill will organizethe general course in the humanities division. Associate Professor Harry D. Gide-onse, of the Department of Economics,will organize the course in the social sciences. The biological sciences divisionalcourse will be in charge of Associate Professor Merle C. Coulter, of the Department of Botany. Professor Harvey B.Lemon, of the Department of Physics,and Professor Hermann I. Schlesinger, ofthe Department of Chemistry, will organize the course in the physical sciences division. The general courses will be requiredof all students in the new college division.There will be lecture courses cuttingacross departmental fields and devised togive the students a general understandingof the four major sectors of knowledge.The syllabi will be published before nextautumn, so that any student who desiresto master the content of a course withoutattending classes may do so on his owninitiative.The research carried on in RickettsLaboratory by Professor I. S. Falk andhis associates on The Etiology of the Influenza Epidemic of IQ28-2Q has been described in a recent publication bearingthis title in the monographic series of theAmerican Journal of Hygiene. The reportcovers over two hundred pages includingBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 203more than sixty reproductions of drawingsin color and of photographs of culturesmany times enlarged of influenza organisms. Professor Falk is now the associatedirector of the important national Committee on the Costs of Medical Care theheadquarters of which are in Washington.The committee has issued numerous informing reports of various phases of itsinvestigations which are to continue forsome time to come. Professor Falk is continuing his investigations in a laboratoryof the United States Health Service inWashington.For years while waiting for definiteplans for using vacant properties adjoining or contiguous to various Universitybuildings these lots have not been improved. In some cases they have beenaccumulating debris of one sort andanother and have been a veritable eyesore. It will be learned with pleasure thatmany of these neglected pieces of vacantland are to be improved by removing refuse, leveling ground, sowing grass seed,planting trees and bushes, and buildingfences. In some instances these vacantlots are being prepared for tennis courts.Elms, also, have been planted on the parkway on Sixtieth Street from CottageGrove Avenue to Dorchester Avenue andon the parkways of other streets. Extensive grading and tree-planting and landscaping are under way around the newcollege residence hall for men.The third intercollegiate model assembly of the League of Nations was held inMandel Hall, May 18 and 19. As in otheryears this assembly in which numerousgroups of students from the Universityand neighboring institutions participatedproved to be both interesting and educational. The model assembly was interesting by reason of the matters proposed andeducational as indicating the means bywhich the league attempts to preserveinternational peace and to create healthyunderstanding among nations.Contracts for the erection of the field-house on the lot at the corner of University Avenue and Fifty-sixth Street havebeen let and the work of construction hasbegun. The plans have been slightly altered since the architect's design for thebuilding was published in the UniversityRecord for January, 1931. The buildingwill cost something like $600,000. It is hoped that the house will be completed byDecember 1, 1931.Alumni of the University pledged annual gifts totaling $43,913 in the first yearof the operation of the Alumni Gift Fund,the first annual report reveals. There wasa total of 932 pledges, 270 of which werefor the James Parker Hall Professorship,established in honor of the late dean ofthe Law School. The purpose of the annual pledges is to provide unrestricted fundsfor current use by the University, lastyear's total being the equivalent of$900,000 in endowment.During the quarter just closed the University has received several large contributions to University funds in addition tothe gifts listed in the resume of the Secretary of the Board of Trustees in this issue.The Rockefeller Foundation has provided$500,000 as capitalization of an appropriation of an annual grant of $25,000 covering six years for development of the faculty of the Department of the Social Sciences. Three years of the six have passed.This half-million dollars was originallypromised by the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1927. The Foundationhas also given $150,000, extending forthree years a pledge made three years ago,and now expiring, to pay $25,000 annually for the current expenses of the Graduate School of Social Service Administration.The International Education Board,founded for the promotion "of education, whether institutional or otherwise,throughout the world," and one of thegroup integrated with the RockefellerFoundation, has appropriated $1,000,000for the Oriental Institute of the University, the income to be devoted to teaching,the University to raise a like amount forthe same purpose. The International Education Board has reapportioned the$1,500,000 given for the Oriental Institutein 1928. By this action there is now to bedevoted to building construction $705,895 ;to furnishing, $125,000; to endowment,$669,105.The Commonwealth Fund has appropriated $7,500 for establishment of fellowships in psychiatric social work undertaken by the Graduate School of SocialService Administration. The same amountwill be forthcoming for four succeeding204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDyears. It is expected that stipends to thefellows will range from $750 to $1,500according to the training, equipment, andneed of individual students. These fellowships are established primarily for training purposes rather than for research.Professor Bernadotte E. Schmitt, ofthe Department of History, is to serveduring 1931-32 as professor of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, theseat of which is at Geneva, Switzerland.The institute was founded in 1927 to promote advanced study of present-day international questions. Its proximity tothe secretariat of the League of Nationsand the opportunity this favorable situation provides for direct observation of thegrowing activities of the league are significant of the value of such an institution aswell as of the increasing importance of theleague itself. The institute is endowed bythe Rockefeller Foundation, the canton ofGeneva, and the Swiss confederation. Theinstitute reopens on October 26, 193 1. Itoffers to graduate students holding the degree of M.A., or its equivalent, courses oflectures, seminars, or discussion classesleading to the promotion of better international understanding. Its sole purposeis to promote progress through impartialand scientific observation, teaching, andresearch. Professor Jacob Viner, of theUniversity's Department of Economics,gave a course on international economicquestions before the institute during thepast academic year.Professor Bernadotte E. Schmitt, towhom recently was awarded the GeorgeLouis Beer $250 prize of the AmericanHistorical Association, has been the recipient of another significant honor. Likethe Beer prize this, also, was particularlyin recognition of his The Coming of theWar, a monumental work dealing with thecomplicated events of 1914-15. This lateraward is the Pulitzer prize of $2,000.At the memorial service held for Professor George H. Mead on April 30, 193 1,addresses were delivered by ProfessorJohn Dewey, Professor James H. Tufts,and Professor E. S. Ames, all of whom hadserved with Dr. Mead in the Departmentof Philosophy. The address of ProfessorDewey appears in full in this issue of theUniversity Record, together with portions of Professor Tufts' appreciation ofhis colleague. Professor Mead died April 26, 1 93 1. He had served as a member ofthe faculty of the University from 1894until his death.Last November a committee consistingof fourteen members of the faculties andadministrative officers was appointed tosecure contributions from the Universityconstituency to relieve the hardship attendant upon unemployment. ProfessorJames H. Tufts served as chairman andlater Dean C. W. Gilkey, after Mr. Tufts'removal from the city, acted in his stead.Although only 220 subscriptions were received, the total sum collected reached$15,000. This amount has been distributed to agencies co-operating with theUniversity, the University Settlement receiving the larger portion of the collectedfunds. Other organizations such as therelief agencies of the University Clinicsand of Provident Hospital also receivedfunds for distribution to the needy.The one hundred and sixty-fourth convocation was held in the UniversityChapel on June 16,1931. In order to facilitate the formalities of granting degreesthe convocation was held in two sessions.In the morning degrees were conferred oncandidates for higher degrees and thosefrom the professional schools includingRush Medical College, in the afternoondiplomas were presented to candidates forthe Bachelor's degree. In all 864 degreeswere conferred. During the academicyear 1930-31, degrees were conferred asfollows: Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, orScience on 1,014 candidates; Bachelor ofLaws, 9; Master of Arts or Science, 420;Bachelor of Divinity, 5; Doctor of Law(J.D.), 105; Certificate in Medicine, 157;Doctor of Medicine, 148; Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.S.D.), 2; Doctor of Philosophy, 161, making a total of 2,021.The honorary degree of Doctor ofLaws was conferred on Berthold Laufer,of the Field Museum of Natural History,"in recognition of his distinguished serviceto science as Curator of Anthropology inthe Field Museum of Natural History andespecially of his scholarly and illuminating contributions to the study of thearchaeology, ethnology, and philology ofAsia." The Rosenberger medal, foundedby Mr. and Mrs. Jesse L. Rosenberger,and awarded "for achievement throughresearch, in authorship, in invention, fordiscovery, for unusual public service,"BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 205was presented to Salmon Oliver Levinson,a distinguished Chicago lawyer "in recognition of his important contribution tothe improvement of international politicalrelations in instituting and promoting themovement for the 'outlawry of war.' "President Hutchins delivered the convocation address at both morning and afternoon sessions. It appears in full in thisissue of the University Record.A new record for visits in the MaxEpstein Clinic was set on June 1, with atotal of 498 visits. This number includes114 visits in the Max Epstein Clinic of theChicago Lying-in Hospital which is beingoperated by the University as an integralpart of the out-patient department.The Gertrude Dunn Hicks Memorialwas dedicated on June 22, 193 1. The dedication had been delayed by the absencefrom the city of the donor. Dr. NathanielAllison made the address and PresidentHutchins presided. The ceremonies in connection with thelaying of the corner-stone of InternationalHouse took place on June 24, 1931.President Robert Maynard Hutchins presided at the program and laid the cornerstone. A brief address was given by Dr.Charles W. Gilkey, chairman of the committee on the organization of International House. B. W. Dickson read the listof the contents of the corner-stone box.There were about two hundred peoplepresent at this program, including abouttwenty-five to fifty foreign students representing a dozen different countries, andabout ten foreign consuls. There werealso representatives of the following organizations: American Friends of China,the Japan-America Society, the Women'sInternational League for Peace and Freedom, the Chicago Woman's Club, andothers. A goodly number of faculty members was also present, together with anumber of interested citizens in the community.ATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, 1931June, 193 t June, 1930Gain "Men Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —384537 •294125 678662 380486 33i141 711627 35 33Total 921766 .71016 41965147020 i,34o1,4171,18036 86678471214 47258756832 i,338i,37i1,28046 246 "¦2. The Colleges-10010Total 1,4922,4131352615 1,1411,560371133 2,6333,9731723748 1,5102,3761075'639 1,1871,659382125 2,6974,03514577514 27 6462Total Arts, Literature, andII Professional Schools:i. Divinity Schools —Chicago Theological Seminary —Unclassified 6Total 203236 5426 257262 184190 5727 241217 16452. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden( Graduate School ofScience —Graduate Unclassified 2 2 2 2Total 23813108953 26I59 264141043 1921499116 2799 21914108125 45Rush Medical College —Fourth year 53Total 219454200IOI106 154i112 234495211103106 229419212134191 1845113 247464223137191 315 13Total (less duplicates) 3. Law School —1234Candidates for LL.B Total 3i72 1345 33047 3662 1455 38057 5o4. College of Education — ¦101 1 2 1 1 2Total 33i13097 4610181 494114898 35213337 568201 596015338 "**6* 105. School of Commerce and Administration —195Total 177182 298011112 20698131 1951421 29932146 2241072347 7 186. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —QIOJunior 32Total 226 10410 12616 173 1249 14112 4 157. Graduate School of Library ScienceTotal Professional Schools Total University (in quadrangles)TV 1,1823,595342 2971,85730 1,4795,452372 1,1873,563325 3341,99330 i,52i5,556355 17 42104Net total (in quadrangles) 3,253 1,827 5,o8o 3 , 238 1,963 5,201 121[Continued on page 207]ATTENDANCE TABLES 207ATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, 1931— ContinuedJune, 1931 June, 1930Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalIII. University College:Institute of Meat Packing 102221126869 355593162195 10577705230264 52643247 102611459692 368624166219 629769262311Total 5943,84778 1,3773,20442 i,97i7,051120 4813,7i936 1,3053,26839 1,7866,98775 1856445Grand Total 3,769 3,162 6,931 3,683 3,229 6,912 19ATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, 1931Graduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science Rush Medical College Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration . .Graduate School of Social Service Administration Graduate School of Library Science Total (in the quadrangles) .Duplicates Net total in the quadrangles .University College Grand total in the University.Duplicates Net total in the University. . .Grand total in the University. i>340 .2462622312114i98162,4452722,1736292,802352,767 2,59711347157142,9281012,S271,°313,2803,7786,931 3614822SO3H3915386PAUL SHOREYConvocation Orator, August 28, 1931