The University RecordVolume XVII APRIL 193 I Number 2THE PERMANENCE OF SCHOLASTIC IDEALS1By JAMES H. KIRKLAND, Chancellor of Vanderbilt UniversityNO STATEMENT is more commonplace than that we live in achanging world. At this time of the year we watch the passing ofice and snow from the landscape. We feel a certain quivering ofall the world in the throes of a new birth. We wait impatiently the perfume of forgotten flowers. We know that tomorrow will bring a new chapter in world-life. With something of the same feeling the student meetsthe day of graduation. He wonders whether the new world which he isentering will be like the old world he is leaving, and whether the equipment he has acquired will be valuable under new conditions.The feeling of college students is that there should be a definite relationbetween university life and active life. Hence they demand the practicaland the vocational. It is not fashionable to talk about ideals at the presenttime. They are discounted by many and advertised by few. Nevertheless, there is a life of the spirit that rules the life of action. Dreams, purposes, and ambitions still determine destiny and dominate character.There are certain ideals which underlie the whole process of education,and these may be spoken of as intellectual, social, and spiritual. It is alsomy contention that these same ideals dominate the life into which thegraduates of today are passing, and that success in coming years will bemeasured by the extent to which these same ideals control the individual.THE INTELLECTUAL IDEALUniversity life is built on an intellectual basis. This comes first in timeand in importance. At the threshold of every university stands an officer1 Outline of address delivered in the University Chapel, March 17, 1931, on theoccasion of the One Hundred Sixty- third Convocation.798o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcharged with the duty of excluding unfit applicants. Universities are notsocial clubs or homes for incurable derelicts. Possibly one-half of the students in college remain there in spite of inefficiency that would cost themtheir jobs in any respectable business house. Apparently the new plan oforganization recently adopted by the University of Chicago is meant toseparate the unfit from the fit, and make it possible to discriminate at anearly date between those who are students and those who are merely inmates of the college.The intellectual ideal persists in the life to which these graduates arehastening. In fact, life examinations and tests grow ever more difficult.A grade of 80 per cent wins distinction in college, but spells failure in business and professional life. The present age has been called a scientific age.By this we mean that the achievements in the field of science are morenoticeable than anywhere else, and we mean also that these achievementshave been applied universally to daily living. It is apparent to anyonegiving even a superficial consideration to the world that this scientific ageis the result of intellectual processes. Some of them are remote, dealingwith the discovery of new truth without any thought of practical application. Some of them are efforts to apply new truth in the field of dailylife and personal conveniences.The theories of scientific work today differ from those of a generationago. There is a new chemistry, a new physics, and a new astronomy.Many of the recent discoveries and suggestions strike at the very foundation on which our former conceptions and beliefs have rested. Things thatwe thought we knew are doubted today. At the same time there is a constant effort to apply our new knowledge. Quite recently a large and respectable volume came to my desk bearing the title Chemistry in MedicalScience, and a wonderful story was told. Similarly we might write thestory of chemistry in industry, or chemistry in agriculture.We must remember also that this is not only a scientific age but a machine age, and back of every machine is a laboratory where students areseeking to make improvements and perfect changes. We are told thatthere are now about fifteen hundred research laboratories maintained byindustrial corporations, and that the aggregate expenditures of all of theselaboratories is possibly a hundred million dollars. We had an old list of theseven wonders of the world, but this list is now never referred to. A recentwriter catalogued the seven wonders of the modern world in a very different manner and spirit, enumerating in this new list the telephone; wirelesstelegraphy; the aeroplane; radium; the X-ray and radio transmission;anti- toxin in medicine; and spectrum analysis in chemistry and physics.This is a new world into which the graduates of today are entering. Itis not a static world, but one in rapid motion. New problems await eachTHE PERMANENCE OF SCHOLASTIC IDEALS 81one, and the solution of these problems will not be found in the textbooksalready mastered. If student life has been based on a real intellectualideal, this same intellectual habit will bring mastery of other difficultiesto be encountered.THE SOCIAL IDEALPlato has defined man as a social being, and this applies to the collegestudent as well as to the man in active life. Cecil Rhodes had a great ideain mind when he insisted that his scholarships should be given to studentswith social purposes and social training. Every professional man mustbring to his life's work something more than professional training. Thebusiness man is a public servant, and succeeds not merely by his pricesbut by his friendships. There is no room, no demand, for a self-centeredlife. Every personal problem involves some other individual. Indeed, wemay almost say there are no city problems and no national problems. Allproblems today are world-problems. The whole world contributes to ourdaily comforts. When Mr. Ford wished to extend his plant, he boughtland not in the vicinity of Detroit but in the great forests of Brazil. Whenwe talk about the self-sufficiency of America and the sacred injunctionsof George Washington regarding entangling alliances with European nations, we are in the main talking foolishness. Politically we deny all thetruth that we admit scientifically.THE SPIRITUAL IDEALBy this I mean culture in its highest sense. I mean character; or, if weprefer the language of modern psychology, I mean personality. The intellectual ideal finds its expression in knowledge, the social ideal expressesitself in doing, and the spiritual contributes to being as something distinctfrom either knowing or doing. This spiritual ideal expresses itself in thephilosophic mind, in aesthetic appreciation, and in the reverent and devotional spirit. Take these things out of life, and the result is a hard andcruel warfare. There will be no temples, no shrines, no altars. There willbe no galleries of art, no beautiful Madonnas, no revealing sketches of seaand sky. There will be no hymns, no symphonies, no oratorios, no prayers.These ideals of which I have spoken are permanent factors in living.In beginning this address I emphasized the fact that life is constantlychanging. Let us modify that statement now by the assertion that thereare things that do not change. Discoveries may alter our views of things,but allegiance to truth does not change. There is a beauty that is everlasting. There are duties that are ever present. Love and service are aseternal as life itself. The recognition of these things and the acceptance ofthese ideals is the finest product of university culture.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEEDBy CHARLES TEN BROEKE GOODSPEEDCHAPTER ITO SKETCH the biography of Thomas W. Goodspeed is in asense an inappropriate and even an impertinent proceeding.He did not seek a career. His whole impulse was to identifyhimself with a cause, an undertaking, or an institution, and lose himselfin it, until his life and fortunes could not be extricated from it. The storyof his life is therefore the story of the causes to which he successively gavehimself, and in which he became absolutely absorbed.These enthusiasms were far from visionary; they were very fruitful,not only in definite results, but in human contacts, and they possessedan inner unity of great significance. Early in life he came to feel the valuesof religion and of education, and these interests controlled and possessedhim to the end.He has in a sense written his own biography, in his thirty-four biographical sketches of University friends and donors, most of whom heknew personally, for his own standards and ideals constantly appear inhis estimates of their careers. These biographies on the other hand havecaused Vice-President Woodward to suggest the propriety of making asimilar record of the biographer himself, and in response to that suggestion this sketch has been prepared.As the motorist drives from Plymouth to Provincetown, Massachusetts, on the main motor road, half-way on his journey he passes throughthe village of Barnstable, almost the oldest town on Cape Cod. To thenorth of the road stands a fine old colonial meeting-house, now the Unitarian, but originally the Congregational church, the organization ofwhich dates back to the founding of the town. To the south the post-office and custom-house face it across the highway. The spot is one of themost interesting on Cape Cod. When Barnstable was founded, in 1639,this spot, including the sites of both public buildings with the ancientgraveyard around the church, was included in the home lot assigned toRoger Goodspeed, who was the first individual who ever owned thisproperty. From this Roger Goodspeed all the Goodspeeds in the UnitedStates seem to be descended.In the sixth generation there were one hundred fifty-eight known male82MR. AND MRS. GOODSPEED IN 1866MR. GOODSPEED (STANDING) WITH DEA- MR. GOODSPEED DURING SECONDCONS OF NORTH CHURCH, CHICAGO, CHURCH PASTORATE,W. WATT, ANDREW MacLEISH, 1865 CHICAGO, 1873THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 83descendants of his bearing the name of Goodspeed, among them StephenGoodspeed, born January 21, 1810. Losing both his parents in earlychildhood, the boy Stephen was brought up by his mother's father, a farmer named Millard, living on a farm not far from Glens Falls, New York,in the foothills of the Adirondacks. His grandparents treated him well,but he tired of farm work and ran away when very young, and before hisreturn had learned the blacksmith's trade. He became a skilful workman,soon opening a shop of his own in Glens Falls. In 1832 he married JaneJohnson, a capable girl of seventeen, of Irish ancestry. He had beenbrought up a Presbyterian, but she became a Baptist and all her childrenwent to church with her.They had seven children, of whom five sons grew to manhood —Edgar Johnson, Jerome W., Henry S., George S., and Thomas Wakefield,the last born September 4, 1842, named for an uncle of his mother. Aftermany years of strenuous work as a blacksmith, Stephen bought a farmjust north of the Hudson, a mile and a half west of the town, and movedhis family there. He subdivided the farm into lots, called it Goodspeed-ville, and actually sold enough of the lots so that when he returned toGlens Falls, he was able to buy a small foundry, which he conducted withfair success for several years.BOYHOODThomas, the youngest son, says of his boyhood at Goodspeedville :"I learned to swim and to skate. I was a very light-haired, freckle-faced,venturesome lad— a perfectly healthy young animal, rejoicing in the funto be gotten from the mountains on the one side and the Hudson with itsdam and lock and canal on the other."When they returned from the Goodspeedville farm to Glens Falls, theyounger boys entered the academy in the town which took the place ofthe high schools of our day. Their mother, though of unusual naturalintelligence, had had little schooling; the father, not over a year all toldin the poorest of country schools; but Jane Goodspeed was determinedthat her boys should have all the education attainable and if possible goto college. Her ambition was to see them become clergymen, as she wasan enthusiastic church worker. The eldest son, Edgar, ten years olderthan Thomas, was graduated at the newly organized University ofRochester and later at Rochester Theological Seminary.Perhaps the high point of Thomas' boyhood memories was of the summer of 1854 when he was twelve. His brother, Edgar, twenty- two, camehome for his summer vacation and arranged with a friend of his own ageto go to Fourteen Mile Island on Lake George for a two weeks' fishing84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtrip, living in an abandoned log cabin. By volunteering their assistancein carrying the packs, Thomas and the other camper's little brother succeeded in getting to the lake and eventually spent the two weeks on theisland. The lake was, except for a hamlet at each end, in the unbrokenwilderness. That island vacation in the wilderness developed in the lada life-long enthusiasm for wilderness vacations, always on a lake and ifpossible on an island — an end which he attained for the last thirty-twoyears of his long life.During these later years in Glens Falls, Jerome Goodspeed's eyesightfailed and Thomas read to him the best serious books of the period —Motley's Rise of the Dutch Republic, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico,Abbott's Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, etc. These books read aloud had agreat influence, first in setting a high standard of literary excellence forhis future reading, and second, in creating the habit of reading aloud,which was a source of great pleasure to his family to the end of his life.In 1855, on the urgent advice of relatives who had moved to Illinois, Stephen Goodspeed removed first to Oregon, Illinois, and thento Avon in Fulton County, some twenty miles south of Galesburg. Thehamlet had two or three hundred inhabitants. It was on the treelessprairie. Now the streets of the village are lined with big elms, but thenthere was hardly a tree in the town. It should have been clear that therewas no reason for more than a hamlet there, but Stephen Goodspeed,with several thousand dollars to invest, spent a night at the ShermanHouse, Chicago, and passed on, leaving Chicago, and buried himself andhis capital in Avon where he and his son Jerome opened a generalstore which was unsuccessful.In 1857 Edgar J. Goodspeed, having now settled as pastor of thechurch in Poughkeepsie, New York, which Matthew Vassar then attended, invited the boy Thomas to come there to go to school and himselfsupervised his studies. A revival of religion swept the country in thatwinter of 1857-58 and in the local revival of interest in his brother'schurch, the boy's interest was aroused. Once decided, he soon went onto a decision to go into the ministry, and the whole course of his lifewas set. In the spring he returned to Avon and spent the spring term inthe preparatory department of Knox College at Galesburg. After a summer during which he did three days plowing for a farmer, he returned inthe fall to Knox.THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATEThe great event of the year, perhaps the most notable event in Galesburg history, was the famous debate of Lincoln and Douglas, known asTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 85"The Galesburg Debate." In 1916 Dr. Goodspeed put his boyhoodmemories of that event into writing as follows:Galesburg was one of the places where Lincoln and Douglas met in the famousdebate of 1858 when they were opposing candidates for the United States Senate. Thegreat meeting was held on the college campus. There were three principal college buildings, one main building, "Old Main", flanked on either side by a recitation hall, and backof each of these a long one-story dormitory, forming thus a quadrangle enclosed onthree sides and making an open air amphitheatre for the great audience. The speakers'platform was built against the rear of the main building, and the people were gatheredbetween the long low dormitories. That they might get a good view, as well as a goodhearing place, a number of the younger college boys, of whom I was one, perched themselves on the roofs of the dormitories. We were perhaps a hundred feet from the platform and had an unobstructed view of the two speakers. Mr. Lincoln was very tall andMr. Douglas very short. Aside from this, the most distinct remembrance of the occasion I retain, after fifty-eight years, is that while we could not hear a word Mr. Douglassaid, every word Mr. Lincoln uttered we heard perfectly. Both had been speaking daily,often several times a day for perhaps two months. Mr. Douglas, by his vehemence hadworn his voice out and was so hoarse that he was heard by only a few people who werenear the platform. Mr. Lincoln, who had a more conversational method of speaking,had saved his voice and it was not only clear and distinct, but had a remarkable carrying power that enabled him to reach the most distant hearers without apparent effort.COLLEGE AND SEMINARYIn the fall of 1859 the boy, now just seventeen, took a step that hada controlling influence on his after life. He entered the University ofChicago as a Freshman. The institution, which owed its existence to theinitiative and generosity of Senator Stephen A. Douglas, and the enthusiasm and exertions of the Baptists of Chicago, had held some classesthe previous year in a church downtown, but that fall it opened its doorsfor the first time in its own building on the campus, which consisted often acres lying just west of Cottage Grove Avenue between Thirty-thirdand Thirty-fourth streets. The student body consisted of one hundredand ten preparatory students, twelve Freshmen and eight Sophomores,so that a Freshman had the same relative standing as a Junior ordinarilywould.He had as a roommate a much older student, James Goodman, aSophomore, who had relatives and acquaintances in the city, and therefore introduced him to his earliest Chicago friends. Goodman was a manof the highest character, with scholarly and literary interests, which influenced the clever and lively boy. They remained good friends until Mr.Goodman's death, some sixty-five years later, and at various crises intheir lives each one helped the other. The young undergraduate kept adiary for at least part of his college course. This diary reveals that heset himself the task of leading the class in his studies, a thing easier in86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthose days of no electives. He was second for the first year and led thereafter. He regretted in after life that while required to take Greek andLatin eight of the nine terms that he spent at the university, he had onlyone term of French, two of German, and four of English and rhetoric.While he was in college to study, he found time for every kind of student activity then known — baseball and football of the kinds then common, wrestling and even rowing on the open lake. He was an officer in along list of student organizations in the rapidly growing student body,and one of the editors of the college publications. Some of his escapadesmust have been a sore trial to the excellent and prudent Goodman, aswhen he joined in the sport (then a classic form of college prank) of putting the college wagon astride the ridgepole of the college barn. When,many years later, he told President Burroughs of his part in this affair,the old gentleman grimly remarked that he had always suspected asmuch. His first active service for the cause to which he devoted most ofhis life was when he joined the other students in building a gymnasium.The diary says of it, "It is now finished and is a fine affair."With the interest in politics that was always characteristic of him, hefound a way to get a ticket to the sessions of the Republican NationalConvention in the Wigwam at which Lincoln was nominated. The diarynotes :I have been present at most of the meetings and am amazingly tired. On Fridaynight Goodman and I took the Misses Boggs to the Wigwam. Abraham Lincoln isnominated for president, and H. Hamlin of Maine, for vice-president. Thirty-five orforty thousand strangers have been in the city during the week. Enthusiasm has beenexcited to the highest pitch. I have hearded several great men — Giddings, Schurz,Nye, Van Buren (probably Prince John) and Wilmot (became acquainted with him)and others.The others included William M. Evarts, whose speech nominatingSeward he afterward recalled as the high point, oratorically, of the convention.As Civil War became more imminent, a military company was organized, of which young Goodspeed became orderly sergeant. This companywas the guard of honor at Senator Douglas' funeral, in June 1861. SenatorDouglas' house was between the university and the lake, and he was buriedwhere his monument stands on the lake shore just north of Thirty-fifthStreet. When the war began, Goodspeed wished to enlist. His olderbrother, Henry S., enlisted early, won his lieutenantcy "for gallantry inaction at Shiloh," and became a captain. The parents and all the olderbrothers agreed that the youngest boy must not go into the army, andexerted pressure enough to keep him out.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 87It seems clear that Thomas Goodspeed was an uncommon student, forat the end of three years he had so far completed the four-year coursethat he was graduated with the class of 1862, making an address at commencement. President Burroughs assured him that if he would returnand study for another year, he should be made an instructor. He wastempted, but as he had resolved to go into the ministry, he decided instead to go to the University of Rochester for another year's study andthen go on into the theological seminary.ROCHESTERIn September of 1862 our young University of Chicago graduate entered the Senior class at the University of Rochester. The class hadthirty-three members. There were no dormitories. He roomed with aclassmate, Moreau S. Crosby of Grand Rapids, Michigan, afterwardlieutenant-governor of Michigan and prominent in religious, business,and political circles in that state. There had been no fraternities at Chicago, but there were several at Rochester. Edgar J. Goodspeed had beenone of the founders of the local chapter of Alpha Delta Phi, to whichCrosby also belonged. The younger brother was asked to join and accepted, finding in the chapter some of the most valued friends of his life.The President of the University was Dr. Martin B. Anderson, an ableman and highly esteemed by the students and the public. Dr. A. C.Kendrick, the Greek professor, was a special favorite, as was the brilliantyoung pastor of the Second Baptist Church, George Dana Boardman.When commencement came, Mr. Goodspeed was assigned the Greek oration. He spent a delightful vacation visiting the family of his mother'sbrother, Thomas Johnson, at Ravenswood, a New York suburb on LongIsland. He visited the "Great Eastern" in Long Island Sound nearRavenswood, as close to New York as a ship of her draft could get.In September of 1863 Mr. Goodspeed returned to Rochester and entered the theological seminary. The institution was then housed in anold four-story brick building, formerly the United States Hotel, the public rooms of which were used for recitation purposes, the rest of the building serving as a dormitory. The seminary had a small but brilliantfaculty. President E. G. Robinson, afterward for many years Presidentof Brown University, taught theology and homiletics,a tall distinguished looking man, with a marked aristocratic bearing and an air ofaloofness and hauteur; but he was a most impressive preacher and an inspiring teacher.He woke students up intellectually and taught them to think. He was himself an independent thinker, with a great contempt for whatever was purely traditional. Hebelieved in a progressive theology and led his classes into new and living lines of thought88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand made his classroom palpitate with interest. The years I spent in his classes wereinvaluable to me. He made a profound impression on all his students and intellectuallyquickened hundreds of men. By most of the members of his classes he was greatly admired; by some he was feared, but in those days of his brilliant maturity and power hewas loved by few.Dr. George W. Northrup was the professor of church history, and, ashe played a large part in Dr. Goodspeed's later life, at least part of adescription of him, written when Dr. Goodspeed was nearly seventy-five years old, must be quoted:He also was tall — and though comparatively young, made a dignified and impressiveappearance in the classroom. He had a fine benignant face, a kind, gracious, sympatheticmanner that attracted me from the first. He was pulpit supply at the First Church andwas conducting during the winter of 1863-64 one of the greatest revivals in the historyof that church. His spiritual experience shone in his countenance and he came to represent to me John, the beloved apostle. There was something indescribably attractive inthe Dr. Northrup of those days, and I was drawn to him with an admiration and affection that continued through his life.In Mr. Goodspeed's class was another student, S. W. Duncan, a member of a family of wealth and distinction, who shared his enthusiasm forDr. Northrup — a circumstance that was to prove of great significancein later years. A. J. Rowland, for many years secretary of the AmericanBaptist Publication Society, was another member of the class.During this year Stephen and Jerome Goodspeed failed in business, sothat no more help came from home. In this crisis, Henry S. Goodspeedarranged to make the young man a regular monthly loan from his armysalary as captain, but even with this aid Thomas had trouble meeting thegreatly increased expenses caused by the war inflation which raised hisannual expenses from $250 in Chicago in i860 to $650 in Rochester in1864.During his first year in the seminary, he had preached a few times, buthis first serious work of that kind was in the summer vacation of 1864.He was asked to supply for a little group of Baptists that was holdingpreaching services in the Congregational meeting-house at Avon. He wasfull of zeal and interest grew rapidly, developing into an old-fashionedrevival. Week-night meetings were called for and a church was organized.IN CHICAGO AGAINHe returned for his second year at Rochester with little money andalready in debt to his brother Henry. By Christmas it was necessary tostop and earn more money. On the recommendation of his brother,Edgar, who had by now begun his long and successful pastorate at theTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 89Second Baptist Church of Chicago, he was invited to act as stated supplyfor an indefinite term for the North Baptist Church, a little group worshiping in a small frame building at Dearborn and Ohio streets. No soonerwas he settled there than he received notice that he had been drafted intothe army both at Avon and at Rochester where he had just cast hisfirst vote for Lincoln. He says:I did not regret being drafted. I rather felt relieved. My conscience had never beeneasy over my failure to volunteer. I now felt that the matter had been decided for me.My friends in Chicago said "No, you must not go; we will give the money needed andsend a substitute in your place." This was urged upon me, but I steadfastly refused,saying that my being drafted in both places where my name was on the lists seemedto me a clear indication that I must no longer refuse my country's call. I probablyshould have gone sooner. Now at last I must go. It was then determined that I mustbe ordained before going, that I might be prepared for any religious service that mightopen in the army. A council was therefore called and I was ordained in the SecondBaptist Church (on April 2, 1865), Dr. Nathaniel Colver preaching the sermon and mybrother giving me the right hand of fellowship.About April 4 he presented himself at Rochester to be mustered in,but Grant's pursuit of Lee was just starting, and the officers in chargetold him to come back in two or three days. On his return he was toldto come again. When he reappeared, Lee had surrendered, and he wastold that he would not be needed. Having nothing to keep him atRochester, he returned to Chicago, found that the church still wantedhim, and so resumed his interrupted duties. Speaking of this trip backfrom Rochester, he wrote:The date of my return is fixed by an incident that occurred en route. I had taken anafternoon train. Late at night somewhere in Ohio, alarming rumors spread through thetrain and about one o'clock in the morning I got out at a station and learned of theassassination of President Lincoln. My journey was begun, therefore, on April 14,1865, one of the saddest days in American history.Mr. Goodspeed remained with the church till October 15, when hereturned to Rochester Theological Seminary. This experience of the responsibilities of a city pastorate, which he seems to have met to thesatisfaction of the congregation, was a valuable part of his education.Andrew McLeish, then twenty-seven years old, afterward a partner ofCarson, Pirie, Scott & Company and for many years vice-president ofthe Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago, was one of the twodeacons. When he began preaching at the North Church, he found MissMary Ellen Ten Broeke, daughter of Rev. James Ten Broeke of Panton,Vermont, acting as organist. She was living with her brother, CharlesO. Ten Broeke, not more than two blocks from where he was boarding9° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDon the West Side. She was twenty, two years younger than he then was,and had been recently graduated from Dearborn Seminary, the fashionable finishing school of the city. They were naturally thrown muchtogether, she was pretty and attractive, and he says: "I came to take itfor granted that she was to become my wife as soon as I was permanentlysettled. It was thus that the real and enduring happiness of my lifebegan." He was urged to remain, but he insisted that he must completehis theological course.In December, 1865, a committee representing the Vermont StreetBaptist Church of Quincy, Illinois, called on Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeed inChicago and asked his advice as to where to look for a pastor for theirchurch. He suggested that they investigate his younger brother. Theydid so, with the result that he spent the winter holidays supplying theirpulpit. Quincy was then the second city in Illinois, and the VermontStreet Church one of the strongest Baptist churches in the state outsideChicago. It had a handsome and dignified church building and a congregation containing some of the most prominent men in the city. It wasa much better settlement than Mr. Goodspeed had hoped for, but, in duecourse, a call was received at a salary of $2,000 a year, his duties to beginat the end of his seminary course.THE QUINCY PASTORATEMr. Goodspeed preached his first sermon as pastor on the first Sundayof June, 1866, and spent the summer there getting acquainted with hisnew congregation. The leading deacon was Caleb Pomeroy, who waspresident of the First National Bank. He and his family became theminister's dear friends. He was their guest at first before finding a boarding place. Mr. and Mrs. Elijah Gove, prominent among the early patronsof Shurtleff College, were old and devoted supporters of the church.Deacon Ceylon Smith and his family also became lifelong friends of thenew minister, Robert W. Gardner, a young man, only a few years hissenior, was the superintendent of the Sunday School then and for manyyears thereafter, and always devoted to the church. He was an inventorand the founder of one of the principal manufacturing corporations ofthe city.Quincy stands on the bluffs that there approach close to the river,which at that point is nearly a mile wide. Mr. Gardner that summerintroduced his new pastor to the fishing and other attractions of the greatriver and especially its bayous. That first summer Mr. Goodspeed organized a Bible-class which he continued to teach during his whole stay.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 9iHe assisted in organizing a Y.M.C.A., of which the Gardners have beenliberal supporters in the intervening years. He also joined the OccidentalBaseball Club, playing with it regularly till one Saturday afternoon hesuffered an accident that kept him out of the pulpit the next day, afterwhich he gave up the sport.At the end of August, he went East, and on his twenty-fourth birthday, September 4, 1866, he and Miss Ten Broeke were married by Rev.Joseph Freeman, whose brother, Allen B. Freeman, was the first Baptistmissionary in Chicago, the marriage taking place in the Panton BaptistChurch, of which the bride's father had been pastor, with the wholeneighborhood present. Fifty-seven years later, on a motor trip, Dr.Goodspeed took his sons and daughter-in-law to visit' the little church.We were admitted by an old woman living near by, and when she learnedwho we were, she said she remembered the wedding and what a beautifulyoung lady the bride was.The Ten Broeke's farm was on the shore of Lake Champlain, frontingthe main heights of the Adirondacks. Mr. Goodspeed rented a boat andthey spent a few weeks there, boating and fishing. Mrs. Goodspeed'snephew, James Ten Broeke, who has long been professor of philosophy atMacMaster University, says referring to this visit, "He was a boy's hero,at least in my case." They visited her numerous relatives. On Sundays hepreached in the Panton meeting-house. The Quincy church greeted them,on the night of their arrival, with a big reception at which the bride scoredan instant success. Dr. Goodspeed wrote long afterward, "She capturedall hearts and from this night commanded the admiration and affection ofthe people. There was never any question that she was a universal favorite to whom all alike were devoted." The next spring President Burroughspaid Quincy a visit and preached in the Vermont Street Church. On returning to Chicago, he reported that Mr. Goodspeed was well liked in hischurch, but that it might be questioned whether he did not owe this tothe popularity of his wife.Mr. Goodspeed always wrote out his sermons and read them. This hadthe advantage that it compelled preparation, but in later years he usedto say that reading had greatly reduced the effectiveness of his delivery,and so prevented his becoming the preacher he might have been. He wasthe kind of pastor who attended the meetings of the board of the cityY.M.C.A.; was active in temperance work, and in denominational activities, his church entertaining the state convention in 1866, and he attending the national "Anniversaries" at Chicago in 1867.In 1868 his congregation built a parsonage on the rear of the church92 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlot, facing the side street — a good ten-room brick house. The membersgave a donation party to help furnish it, at which they contributed, besidegifts of silver and furniture, $550, a substantial help even in those daysof high prices. In this parsonage his two sons were born.In 1869, Mrs. Goodspeed's mother and oldest sister, Miss JaneTen Broeke, both semi-invalids, became members of the Goodspeedhousehold, a condition which continued as long as they lived, in Mrs.Ten Broeke's case until 1891, and in Miss Ten Broeke's until 1907. Mrs.Ten Broeke was a woman of the greatest sweetness and placidity of disposition, whose presence in the home was a benediction. "Aunt Jane"was an able and intelligent woman, who took a great interest in the bringing up and early education of the boys. In the summer of 1869, Mr. Good-speed enjoyed another wilderness island vacation, this time camping onBig Island in Lake Minnetonka, with Mr. Gardner. The vacations of1870 and 187 1 were spent with his family on Lake Champlain and onLong Island with his brother Henry.The Quincy pastorate lasted five and one-half years and was verysuccessful.In the winter of that year, his older brother, Edgar, caught a coldwhich was followed by asthma, from which their mother had long suffered.His congregation gave him a six months' vacation, from which he returnedwithout improvement. Edgar and his church, thereupon, appealed to theyounger brother to come to Chicago and become associated with Edgarin the pastorate of the Second Baptist Church. The younger man wasmuch indebted to his older brother and loved and admired him greatly.He thought that if he could lighten Edgar's burdens, the latter wouldsoon recover his strength, and therefore went to Chicago early in October,1 87 1, and after a conference with the church officers practically promisedto go to Chicago. He says:As we came out of the meeting, we heard fire bells but thought little of them. I wasawakened in the middle of the night by an indescribable din of alarm bells. Every greatbell on the West Side was in full cry. My window was barred so that I could only lookout of it in one direction, toward the south, and there the sky was clear. Towardmorning I was again aroused by a knocking on my door, and was told that the city wasburning up. This was my introduction to the Great Chicago Fire. I rose before daylight and went out at the corner of West Van Buren Street and Center Avenue andfound the whole eastern sky aflame. Without waiting for breakfast, I made my wayeastward a mile or more to the edge of the burning district. [He was to the windward ofthe conflagration as the wind was blowing strongly from the southwest.] I spent theentire day trying to get to the other side of the great conflagration, bringing up finallyat Adams Street and Michigan Avenue, near the carriage establishment of my brother-in-law, C. O. Ten Broeke. Here I found great lines of his carriages and spent some hoursTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 93trying to save them from the rain of sparks and burning fragments of every sort continually falling on them. To get back to my room I had to make a long detour to thesouth, reaching there at nightfall, exhausted, blackened by smoke beyond recognition,and famished, after a day spent in fighting the greatest conflagration of history.The people of the Second Church, though living outside the burnedarea, had lost their businesses and their positions in large part, and Mr.Goodspeed went home comforted by the belief that he need not leaveQuincy. Two months later, however, the call was renewed in such aform that he could not refuse. The church at Quincy protested strenuously against the proposed move, even going so far as to send a formalletter of protest to the church in Chicago. They never accepted the resignation, but the pastorate closed on January i, 1872.CHICAGO PASTORATEThe city to which Mr. Goodspeed came at the beginning of January,1872, was in a curious condition. Eighty days before he arrived, the GreatFire had destroyed the business district, burned the homes of almost100,000 of the population, wiped out most of the accumulations of theleading citizens, and hopelessly ruined many of them. On the other hand,the city was a hive of crowding workers restoring the burned buildings andre-establishing the countless business enterprises that the fire had temporarily broken up. The North Side was destroyed; the South Side fromabout Harrison Street to the river was gone, but on the West Side butlittle damage was done and that close to the river.The Second Baptist Church was located at the southwest corner ofMorgan and Monroe streets, in the center of the great residential districtof the West Side. While its well-to-do members had suffered heavy losses,most of its members were again employed. Their homes had not beenburned. The neighborhood, which is now occupied by factories and oldand shabby dwellings, was then a good residence neighborhood. AshlandAvenue, Monroe Street, and some other streets were in places improvedwith large and costly residences. The church building was large andcommodious. The Sunday morning attendance was good, but in the evening the great galleries were filled with young people, including manywho were not members of the church.When Mr. Goodspeed arrived, he found the senior minister much weaker than he had expected. It soon became clear that practically all thepreaching and pastoral work must be done by the younger man. At thesame time, while he was heavily burdened, he had the great relief of beingable to pass on to his brother the responsibility of making decisions. Theplace that E. J. Goodspeed had in the regard and respect of the congrega-94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion was such that his decision was ordinarily accepted as final, and hisprestige behind a plan assured it the support of the membership. Thisposition was fairly earned, as he had taken charge of the church in 1864,immediately after it was organized by a combination of the old Tabernacle Church and the West Side members of the First Church. It thenhad a membership of 281, and its meeting-house was the old building ofthe First Church which appears in old pictures facing the court house,where the new Foreman Bank Building now stands. This building hadbeen taken down and rebuilt on the West Side when the lot was sold andthe First Church moved south.In the seven years he had built the church up to a membership of 1,140and had led in the erection of a large addition to the building. It was astrong, enthusiastic organization, noted for liberal giving. E. NelsonBlake, afterward the first president of the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago, and Charles N. Holden, three generations of whosefamily have been Trustees of the University and its earlier namesake,were among the leading members.Under the care of the two brothers, the church continued its growthso that by January 1, 1876, it had 1,317 members. Soon after the removalto Chicago, Mr. Goodspeed's father and mother came to make their homewith him and spent their remaining years under his roof.In 1873 Mr. Goodspeed was elected a member of the Board of Trusteesof the Baptist Union Theological Seminary, now the Divinity School ofthe University, to take the place of his brother, whose failing health hadcompelled him to resign. He found the institution, of which his friend,Professor Northrup of Rochester, was now president, in serious financialtrouble. It had no endowment and its building on Rhodes Avenue, justwest of the old University of Chicago campus, was heavily mortgaged.The trustees were becoming discouraged at the failure of their financialagents to raise any substantial sums, and Charles N. Holden, the chairman, advised abandoning the effort and closing the school. Mr. Good-speed was always of a practical turn of mind and as the dire needs of theseminary pressed upon him, he tried to help. He took a collection in his ownpulpit one Sunday of over $2,000, and obtained a contribution of $1,000from one of the large Bible-classes in his own church. He volunteeredto speak for the seminary in the pulpits of other city churches, with encouraging results. The trustees saw in him the man who could save theenterprise, and laid the matter on his conscience as clearly his duty.They told him it was only a temporary turning aside from the ministryfor the centennial year.THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 95Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeed's health was slowly failing, and Mr. Good-speed had made up his mind that if his brother was to regain his health,he would have to resign and take a complete rest, and he opened the wayfor this by offering his own resignation to take effect January i, 1876.The plan was earnestly opposed. Deacon Hoard said to him, "You arestepping down from a throne to make yourself a mendicant." Dr. EdgarGoodspeed said it seemed hard that he should make himself "a peripateticbeggar." The protests were so long and so earnest that he preached afarewell sermon on the text, "And when he would not be persuaded, weceased, saying, 'the will of the Lord be done.' "THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND MORGAN PARKWe have finished the first of the two chief periods into which Mr.Goodspeed's life divides itself. Up to this point it has been a fairly typical story of a young minister of more than ordinary ability and success,prosperous, as young ministers estimate prosperity, hard working, butcomfortable and secure. From this time on for many years he is a leaderof financial forlorn hopes, not a captain of "drives," such as we are nowfamiliar with, but a lone worker striving by his almost unaided personalefforts to meet great conditional gifts. To understand this story, one mustrealize that when his campaigning began, a common laborer got about$1.25 a day. Three dollars hired a house-maid for a week or paid a week'stable board among ordinary people.He began his work for the seminary by arranging a big dinner at theGrand Pacific Hotel, where 300 Baptists from Chicago and the surrounding country sat down. Out of this dinner and another called later in thecampaign, came the Chicago Baptist Social Union. He had arrangedwith Mr. E. Nelson Blake of the Second Church to lead off with a pledgeof $20,000, so that his campaign for an endowment of $250,000 startedwell. A special ministers' fund among the alumni and interested clergymen soon reached $15,000, and by February 17 a total of $60,000 hadbeen pledged. This exhausted the easily reached sources of aid, and fromthat point the effort dragged. He says, of this period, "Fortunately therewere a few who understood and were interested, and my work came toconsist in a slow and wearisome effort to find this chosen few. Outside ofChicago I found them in a few people like the Scroggins of Lexington andthe Patricks of Marengo." His work was further hampered by the greatfinancial depression that culminated in the panic of 1877.One great encouragement came during 1876. The Blue Island Landand Building Company, of which George C. Walker was the head, had96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDshortly before the Great Fire of 1871 purchased and subdivided fifteenhundred acres of land on and near the Blue Island ridge, some eleven ortwelve miles southwest of the center of Chicago. The fire and the business depression stopped sales at their new town of Morgan Park. Newattractions must be provided, so the company largely financed the erection of a good brick building in which a girls' boarding school, the "ChicagoFemale College," was operated by Mr. Gilbert Thayer for many years.In the same way a military school, the "Morgan Park Military Academy"was founded.Mr. Walker had Baptist connections and was, of course, familiar withthe condition of the seminary. At this juncture he proposed to give it asite and build it a building, if it would remove to Morgan Park. Otherreal-estate owners in the neighborhood, especially William B. Bray ton,of Blue Island, offered land to be sold later for the endowment. Theharassed trustees accepted the opportunity to obtain an unencumberedhome for the school and plans were made which resulted in the removalof the institution to Morgan Park in the spring of 1877.At the end of the year, it was announced that the contributions received, including the Morgan Park properties, were from $150,000 to$175,000; $125,000 would have been nearer the real amount. This was agreat gain, but far from enough. Mr. Goodspeed's year was over. Hehad learned all the difficulties. He might have resigned and returned tothe pastorate, but he was resolved to continue.The financial situation of the seminary was faced seriously, and it wasresolved to cut salaries to figures that could really be met. He and themembers of the faculty moved to Morgan Park, where rents were low.He rented a nine-room house for $25 per month. His own salary changesillustrate not only the desperate condition of the institution's financesbut his own attitude toward the institution. His salary was fixed at$3,000 to begin with. In the middle of 1876 this was reduced to $2,700,all other salaries being also reduced. Soon after he took over the dutiesof secretary of the Northwestern Baptist Education Society, which existed to raise money to help poor students. He at once arranged to havehis seminary salary reduced by the small amount of this second salary.When the Morgan Park church was organized and he became its pastorat a salary of $300, he credited that amount on his seminary salary.Even this did not make it possible to make both ends meet, so thetrustees let the teacher of Hebrew go and got a part-time man at half thecost, and reduced all remaining salaries so that at the lowest ebb Mr.Goodspeed's seminary salary was only $1,200. The total was probablyTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED 97less than $2,000 on which to support a family of eight, including threeinvalids, one of whom required a nurse. This was the lowest point thatthe family finances ever touched. The family could hardly have wonthrough except that during this period Mrs. Goodspeed received $500for her share of her father's estate, and Stephen Goodspeed received afew hundred dollars from the sale of a lot which was the last piece ofproperty he had. Both of these little windfalls had to be used for livingexpenses.Under the general financial conditions then prevailing the campaignfor endowment had to be postponed, and for several years Mr. Good-speed spent his time seeking money to meet the current expenses of theseminary and of the students.[To be continued]ORIENTAL INSTITUTE EXPEDITION TO PERSEPOLISBy JAMES H. BREASTEDIN LOFTY loneliness, high on the Persian mountains some forty milesfrom Shiraz, stands Persepolis, the magnificent capital of the Persianemperors. Its chief founders were Darius and Xerxes, names knownto every school boy as the Persian emperors whom the Greeks fought atMarathon and Salamis in the early fifth century B.C. We are all familiarwith the picture of Xerxes, sitting enthroned on the heights of Aigaleos,and looking down upon the Bay of Salamis, as his international fleet, thegreatest armada the Mediterranean had ever seen, was scattered and destroyed by the little fleet of Athens and her allies. It was chiefly these twoemperors, Darius, the greatest organizer of the ancient world, and his lessgifted son and successor, Xerxes, who built the vast palaces of Persepolis.The spacious terrace, where the silent colonnades of these ruined butstill imperial palaces now stand, is one of the most impressive places in theworld. Relatively few travelers have ever seen it, but it promises eventually to become one of the outstanding attractions for travelers makingthe world tour. Once the power and life which throbbed through its nowburied or tumbled ruins had vanished, Persepolis passed into an oblivionfrom which it is only now emerging as a result of scientific interest on thepart of the Western world and of the annihilation of distance by the modern magic carpet of airplanes. On December 10, 1930, the Secretary ofState at Washington announced to the Associated Press that by unanimous vote the Persian cabinet had granted to the Oriental Institute ofthe University of Chicago a concession to excavate and restore Persepolis.The benefactress whose generous support made possible the Oriental Institute's acceptance of this concession and the dispatch of the first American scientific expedition to Persia desires to remain anonymous.The Oriental Institute hopes not only to disencumber the magnificentbuildings at Persepolis but also to salvage the sculptures now lying buriedin the rubbish and, if possible, to re-erect the fallen walls around one ofthe dismantled palace halls, thus creating an inclosed hall as a place ofsafety where it will be possible to deposit the more important sculpturesand to protect them from vandalism and weather and thus save themfrom the destruction which would otherwise overtake them. In this work98ftSB- -H'H1 3*3 -1 'if'ftBB lit P^ • p \ .. <^yH-V^F <WPiww:/:wccasp-f-<h«caf-ORIENTAL INSTITUTE EXPEDITION TO PERSEPOLIS 99of salvage and restoration all enlightened Persians are greatly interested,and cordially welcome American co-operation.The field director of the Institute's new Persian expedition is Dr. ErnstHerzfeld, who is professor of Oriental Archaeology at the University ofBerlin and is the ablest living specialist in Persian archaeology. As scientific adviser of the Persian government, he has been attached to the German legation at Teheran for the past three years; and at the request ofthe Persian government he drafted the new antiquities law, which wasrecently passed, insuring fair and equitable conditions to excavating expeditions. The director of the Oriental Institute has for a long time pastbeen in close contact with Dr. Herzfeld, whose new affiliation with theInstitute is a source of gratification to him and to the entire organization.Were it not for the marvels of modern air and land motor transportand the speed of modern cable and radio communication, even the steadilyincreasing resources of the Institute's experience, man power, and organization would be unable to operate eleven expeditions widely scatteredthroughout the Near East. It was by air that Mr. Charles Breasted,executive secretary of the Oriental Institute, traveled to Bushire inPersia, where he was met by Dr. Herzfeld, with whom he made all thepractical initial arrangements for the inauguration of the Institute's newPersian expedition at Persepolis. The problems of transport, banking,personnel, machinery and supplies, living accommodations, and all thefundamental needs of such an expedition were settled, as well as the datefor the beginning of operations. A small palace within the larger complexof the ruins of Persepolis will be rehabilitated and roofed over and willserve as the expedition's field headquarters on the site. The climate ofPersepolis is almost ideal— it is between two and three thousand feetabove sea level, is free of malaria or other diseases, and is supplied withexcellent drinking water drawn from melting snows from the surroundinghigher mountains and from springs issuing from the rocks. It is nowestimated that three twelve-month years of work will suffice to completethe expedition's task at Persepolis.America already possesses a number of valuable collections of Persianart, put together by interested Americans of wealth. From these collections many outstanding pieces have been generously loaned to the extensive exhibit of Persian art now being held in London. These collectionsare, however, made up almost exclusively of products of the later periodsof Persian history, reaching down almost to the present day. Survivingmonuments from the beginnings of the Persian civilization and the earlyPersian Empire itself are almost unknown in America. The Persian sec-IOO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion in the new Oriental Institute building at the University of Chicagowill contain the first Persian collections in America ever drawn from theexcavations of an American expedition, and representing the civilizationand the marvelous, refined art and life of the early Persian Empire.Besides the Persepolis concession, the Oriental Institute has receivedfrom the Iraq government a concession for the excavation of a group offour ancient Babylonian cities about thirty-five miles north-northeast ofBaghdad in the culturally important region extending toward Persia.These cities are almost directly on the ancient route which, leadingthrough the Kermanshah Pass, formed the trade connection betweenBabylonia and Persia. There was constant interplay of civilized influences between the ancient Babylonians on the one hand and the Persiansor their Elamite predecessors on the other. Excavations in Eastern Babylonia near the Persian border are disclosing the great importance of thiswhole region in the history of civilization.As the work of clearance of the four city mounds will require a longperiod of time, the Oriental Institute has during the past year been erecting an extensive headquarters building at Tell Asmar, which is the modernname of one of the ancient mounds covering the old Babylonian city ofAshnunnak. Into this new field headquarters building in Babylonia theexpedition has just moved, and the excavation of two of the four citymounds has already begun. The first reports from the field director, Dr.Henri Frankfort, indicate that the uppermost levels in these two citymounds are from the general period of Hammurapi; that is, before 2000B.C. The conclusion is that, if the upper levels are as old as this, the lowerlevels must reach back to a very remote antiquity.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THEFACULTIESTHAT was a wise decision of the Board of Trustees, led thereto by the suggestion of its President, which inaugurated theseries of annual dinners at which the members of the facultiesare the guests of the Trustees and the University. Undoubtedly thatspirit of co-operation which characterizes the faculties, and which waspointed out by one of the speakers at the eleventh annual dinner onThursday, January 8, 1931, has been encouraged by these gatherings.The company which assembled was representative of the teaching groupof the University in its several branches, while a good number of theTrustees were present, including some of the out-of-town members.There were 486 persons seated at fifty tables in the ballroom of the Shore-land Hotel. The arrangements for the pre-dinner reception by the Trustees of members of the faculties were perfected under the general direction of the committee on the dinner appointed by the Board, Mr. C. F.Axelson, chairman. The reception was held in the hotel dining-room,from which the tables had been removed. Secretary Moulds and CashierMather had in charge the thousand and one details of the affair, and theresults could not have been improved. Professor E. S. Bastin, as chairmanof the reception committee, made easy and pleasant the meeting of teachers with the Trustees and the administrative officers. In other words,the whole affair, from reception to President Swift's touching, benediction-like Mizpah dismissal, was characterized by good feeling and socialamenities.The invocation having been offered by Dr. James M. Stifler, of theFirst Baptist Church, Evanston, a Trustee, and the dinner having beenconsumed, the speakers of the evening were presented by the toastmaster,Mr. Harold H. Swift, President of the Board. Before the speech-making,however, Mr. John P. Wilson, recently elected at Trustee, was introducedby Mr. Scott Bond.In introducing Professor H. H. Barrows, who spoke "for the faculties,"Mr. Swift said:Why do you suppose they named Barrows a faculty speaker? He has been aroundhere for a long time. Everybody knows him. How do you suppose they thought a toast-master would have anything startling to say about Barrows? He graduated at an early101102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDage up at Ypsilanti, Michigan, at the Michigan State Normal College. Came to theUniversity for a Bachelor's degree and, except when he has been roaming in the out-of-the-way places of the world, has been here ever since, in geology and geography. Whydid the committee select Barrows as this evening's speaker? I presume he's safe. I don'tsuppose he'll attack the presiding officer and spread calumny all over the place. Incidentally, a new thought occurs to me. Barrows may be good in his subject. We didn'thave to make him chairman of the department if we didn't want to. Perhaps the committee weren't thinking much about the toastmaster and how he would manage hisintroductions. Perhaps they were just thinking about somebody who was good in hisline and who, when he made a speech, would have something to say, and in that category Barrows classifies. I've heard him a good many times. He's always made a goodspeech. I'm sure, even though I may not be able to give Barrows a brilliant introduction,we would all like to hear him.MR. BARROWS' ADDRESSMr. Swift and Fellow-Committeemen:I assume that in using this salutation I am greeting all of you. Surely no one canhave escaped service on at least one of the committees (departmental, interdepartmental, divisional, collegiate, senatorial, presidential, unofficial, and so on) or one ofthe boards and surveys which abound in these restless days of reorganization. In theunlikely event that anyone present has not been drafted for one of these unnumberedbodies, the oversight doubtless can be remedied in making appointments to a new committee which is urgently needed. This is a "committee on committees," which wouldstudy the work of other committees, boards, and surveys with a view especially to arranging for suitable co-operation among them and to recommending to the President'sOffice, with the approval of the divisional deans, appropriate measures for the avoidanceof duplication in their work. Honesty forces me to say at once that I deserve no creditfor suggesting this new committee; the need for it was forced upon my attention by thefact that at least three committees on advanced study have come into existence sincethe appointment of the Senate committee on graduate study and graduate degrees,about the work of which I was asked to say something tonight.ADJUSTMENT TO NEW CONDITIONSTurmoil is the order of the day in all the walks of life; everywhere thinking people aretrying to adjust themselves to conditions which change with unprecedented rapidity.Universities are confronted with the baffling task of preparing men and women forleadership in a new world — the nature of which, even a few years hence, no one canforesee. No wonder that University reform is a subject of earnest discussion both inEurope and America. Undoubtedly it will be very difficult to make the various readjustments in higher education that may be found desirable. Whatever is sound in present practice certainly should be retained, and suggested innovations should be scrutinized from every relevant angle, including that of past experience. I had not realizedtill recently in what remote places or to how early a time one could look for helpful information based upon the experience of others in educational reform. Last week I received a letter from a former Chinese student who is assistant professor of geography inTsing Hua University, Peiping. He said he had been interested to learn from the papersthat Chicago has changed its requirements for graduation from college, and added,"The scheme adopted seems to be very much like the Chinese system of examinationsTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 103for academic degrees that was used prior to the introduction of the modern schoolsystem now in vogue here.,,The particular committee on graduate study which I represent has reached no conclusions with respect to any of the matters about which it has been gathering facts andopinions. I hope the members of the committee are not becoming what have beencalled "questionnaire addicts"; but I must confess that, unsatiated by the answers toour questionnaires to departments and Doctors of Philosophy of the University, wehave recently sought further information by sending a questionnaire to the presidentsof other universities and colleges in which recent Doctors of Philosophy of this institution are teaching. Thus we took seriously the advice of one of our departments, which,in response to the final item ,on the departmental questionnaire, "Please indicate anymeasures not touched upon by the foregoing questions that you think would improvethe training of prospective university, college, or normal-school teachers," said "Sendout some more questionnaires."SPEAKING OF QUESTIONNAIRESThe opinions expressed by different persons in answering the questionnaire todoctors of the University naturally vary much in value. Some blanks appear to havebeen filled out carelessly. The interpretation of many of the statements is difficult, iffor no other reason because the same words may mean different things to differentpeople. For example, the word "research" was used many times. Just what does itmean? Holding that much so-called research is something else, Dr. Flexner, in his recent book on universities, defines real research as "a quiet, painstaking effort on thepart of an individual .... to reach the truth, the severest that the human mind, withall available apparatus and resources, is capable of making at the moment." But surelythere is only one individual, whoever he may be, who could make the severest effortof which the human mind is capable at any given moment, and one may doubt whetherhe could remain mentally quiet when exerting himself to the utmost. And if it be assumed that Dr. Flexner means not what he seems to say but rather that research is anearnest, impartial effort to advance human knowledge through the study of seriousproblems by the best means for the purpose which are available to the individual investigator or co-operating group, then apparently one must recognize the possibility,under the definition, of real research that involves the use of a questionnaire — a thingwhich Dr. Flexner bars and which he characterizes as a "cheap, easy, and rapid methodof obtaining information or non-information." Now the custodian of the President'sfund will assure you that it was expensive, not cheap, to get this particular information;the President himself may confess to some impatience over the slow progress we havemade; and those of you who declared that a severe headache was the only result of youreffort to understand our digest of the answers to the departmental questionnaire willsense the "severity" of our struggle with the original returns. This does not mean, Iassure you, that I am bidding for credit in research for my colleagues on this committeeand for myself when some committee next surveys the research activities of the University. Only this autumn I refrained from entering the matter on an informationblank sent to me by the secretary of the Social Science Research Committee, thoughone of the questions specifically covered research by questionnaires. In spite of theserious shortcomings inherent in most questionnaires, one of which Dr. Flexner' s definition of research may illustrate, I think that the data obtained by means of the question-io4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnaire to the Doctors of Philosophy of the University should prove distinctly helpful inconnection with attempts to improve our graduate work. Some of these data may benoted briefly.CONCERNING DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHYFewer than one- tenth of the 1,065 doctors who returned blanks are engaged exclusively in research, whereas more than one-fourth of them are occupied wholly withteaching. Fewer than three-fifths do more or less research, while more than three-fourths do more or less teaching. Since nearly three-fourths (approximately 72 per cent)of all doctors of the University are on the faculties of universities and colleges, wherenearly all of them doubtless do more or less teaching, those who answered the questionnaire would seem to be fairly representative of the entire group in the particular justmentioned. All other types of work that were reported are of minor importance, so faras numbers are concerned. These facts in themselves raise serious questions aboutgraduate instruction, the general nature of which is obvious.More than two-thirds of those who returned blanks indicated that their programs asgraduate students had afforded satisfactory training for their life-work, while approximately one-sixth stated that their graduate training was unsatisfactory. Though theyregarded their own training as satisfactory, nearly one-third of the entire group nevertheless made suggestions for the improvement of graduate study. These graduates andthose who found their training unsatisfactory together constitute nearly half the entirenumber responding to the questionnaire. It is perhaps significant that the graduatesof the last half-decade covered (1925-29) reported "satisfactory" in fewer cases and"unsatisfactory" in more cases, proportionately, than those of earlier periods. Thesame thing was true of those in research as compared with those engaged in both research and teaching or in teaching only.Nearly nine-hundred suggestions of some fifty kinds were made for the bettermentof graduate study. No other kind was made by so many graduates as the one that moreattention be given to the problems of teaching. More or less closely related recommendations, each of which apparently looked at least in part toward the better preparationof teachers, would, if added to those first indicated, make the number of suggestionsalong this line almost one-fourth the total number submitted. Perhaps this becomesmore significant when it is noted that nine-tenths of the 860 persons who answered aquestion addressed only to those now engaged in teaching indicated that they hadtaught more or less in one or more kinds of schools (many of them in college) before obtaining the Doctor's degree. Apparently the man who wrote that earlier teaching experience is not enough spoke for many others, as did the one who said, "I now believe itfolly to prepare for teaching without any attention to a teacher's problems." It seemsclear, however, that among those reporting there is little sentiment in favor of givingmore attention to specific preparation for teaching at the expense of training in research.IMPROVEMENT IN THE TECHNIQUE OF RESEARCHOne-seventh of all the recommendations made related to the improvement of training in and for research. More training in the technique of investigation and better direction of research work were the reforms chiefly advocated in this connection. "Anydub," said one dissatisfied graduate with absolute frankness, "can tell the student tofind his problem for himself and then to work it out alone." The opinion that graduatetraining would be improved by less experience in research and more formal study ofsubject matter was expressed by only half as many persons as the contrary opinion thatTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 105improvement would result from more training in research and less formal study of subject matter. So far as one may judge, the suggestion of the Association of AmericanColleges that the research requirements for prospective college teachers be relaxed infavor of some additional mastery of subject matter or other educational resources wouldfind comparatively little favor among those who answered the questionnaire, most ofwhom are themselves teachers in colleges.Of course the foreign-language requirements for the doctorate received their customary share of attention, and the proposals that they be strengthened or that they beimposed earlier in the period of graduate study outnumbered the recommendations thatthey be dropped or relaxed by about three to one. Broader programs of study were advocated by ten times as many persons as recommended more specialized programs.Nine hundred thirty-seven persons answered the question, "What features of yourgraduate training have you found most helpful in your later work?" Two-fifths of themmentioned the influence of stimulating instructors, and more than one-third noted benefits derived from experience in research. These two "features" led all others by a widemargin.Among the score and more of specific weaknesses or omissions in undergraduatetraining that were cited as having marred achievements in graduate study and as havinghampered work later, inadequate training in modern foreign languages and insufficientor unsatisfactory training in the natural sciences were outstanding. The former wasreported by nearly one-fifth and the latter by more than one-seventh of all those whoreturned blanks. Among a similar number of things connected with college trainingthat were said to have contributed notably to success in graduate and later work, theinfluence of outstanding faculty men, personal contacts with instructors, inspirationderived from strong teachers, and the like, were named by one-fourth of those reportingon the question — by more than twice as many as any other feature. In connection withmost of the defects and most of the elements of strength that were noted, the reportsconcerning undergraduate work at the University of Chicago did not differ markedlyfrom those relating to other American universities and colleges. On the other hand, thereports on college work in Canadian institutions were exceptionally favorable.OPPORTUNITY FOR IMPROVEMENTNo one could read the statements of these thousand and more Doctors of Philosophywithout realizing anew that the University depends on men, or the tributes to Michelson, T. C. Chamberlin, Manly, Stieglitz, Carlson, and other great thinkers and teachersamong our colleagues of the past and present without a somewhat better understandingof the loyalty of its graduates. The very fact that it is now fashionable to criticizegraduate schools severely adds weight, I think, to the prevailing note of approval whichruns through most of these reports. They should help us to see, however, that there isabundant opportunity for improvement.It seems to me (I speak for myself alone, not for the committee) that if graduatework here is to be put upon the highest plane possible we must do at least the followingthings: (1) Devise and put into operation effective measures for the rejection or elimination of incompetent students. (2) Create an atmosphere in which all graduate studentswill recognize that responsibility for their educational progress of necessity rests largelywith themselves, one which will breed self-reliance, one which will promote a spirit ofcommon enterprise in intellectual endeavor. Too often in the past, I fear, strain andtension in graduate work have made the air oppressive for both instructors and students.io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD(3) Provide opportunities for growth in knowledge and ability that are better suited tothe varied needs of individuals and more closely related to those distinctive pursuits forwhich graduate study is a preparation. This implies requisite guidance, greater elasticity in requirements, and a larger measure of freedom on the part of students.It is well that our opinions differ sharply as to the measures which should be adoptedto insure improvement in graduate study, for in such matters differences of opinion areessential to wise decisions. I trust that under the dynamic leadership of PresidentHutchins the University will succeed in solving wisely these problems and all the otherswith which it is confronted.The second speaker was Mr. J. Spencer Dickerson, who spoke "forthe Trustees." Mr. Swift referred to him in these words:Our next speaker has been among us for a long time. His life has been one of activeleadership, filled with a ripe and rich experience, and for most of it the University hasbeen the beneficiary of his efforts. In his early career, instead of turning to commercialpursuits of editing and publishing, for which his talents so well fitted him, he chose theaesthetic side of life, sacrificing personal gain to idealism. His editorial work and servicefor The Standard over crucial periods and for many years are rare examples of unselfishness and devotion to ideals. Likewise, his work at the University has been a continuation of the same fine spirit. I think it safe to say that he has been unofficially connectedwith the University from the beginning. Officially, he became a Trustee of the University in 1909, and became Secretary of the Board in 1913, serving in turn in each capacityand sometimes in both; and in 1926, he gave up the active secretaryship to becomeCorresponding Secretary and editor of the University Record. His life has been one ofactivity and service. For all he has done for the University, we respect and honor andlove him. For several years, we have thought to have him represent the Trustees atthis dinner, but because heretofore he has been so busy in the actual plans of the dinneritself, we have not demanded it. Now that he, with Mr. Grey, is an honorary Trustee —honorary in its deepest and fullest sense — having graduated from the ranks, we haveinsisted that he represent the Trustees this evening — Our Nestor, our Pylian sage!Mr. Dickerson.MR. DICKERSON'S ADDRESSMr. President {Mr. Swift), Mr. President {Mr. Hutchins), 'and potential UniversityPresidents {Members of the Faculties):Once, when a boy, I was first mate of a catboat bearing the striking, and in myboyhood opinion the appropriate, name of "Dashaway." It was, however, a namenotably undeserved, judging by the boat's size and speed. Having enjoyed sailing overpeaceful seas and the excitement of repeated rescues from the capsized craft, the crewlooked for a new thrill. Daily a huge steamer made the trip from Oyster Bay to NewYork, driving past the diminutive "Dashaway" in a most spectacular and haughtymanner. The officers decided to dash away into the Sound under sealed orders and asthe steamer passed to give her the benefit of a broadside from the vessel's entire battery¦ — one small cannon. The big steamer came in sight. The "Dashaway" skilfully maneuvered herself into a position close beside the speeding boat. The alert first mate litthe cannon's fuse, the gun belched forth flame and smoke, but, alas, the splash of thepaddle-wheels of the rushing boat created such a roar that the "Dashaway' s" crewthemselves could not even hear the cannon's boom.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 107I am fearful lest the small-bore cannon I have loaded tonight with some of my impressions of the University, impressions of the members of the Board and of the faculties, when fired point-blank at the forward-moving groups gathered here, like the almostsilent shot from the catboat gun, may prove to be merely a well-intentioned gesture.But in any event, the gesture is indeed well intended, for I have known and honoredthe many Trustees of the University for full four decades. One of the original Trusteesfor many years was my partner. With the first and only Recording Secretary of theBoard, Justin A. Smith, I was associated until his lamented death. I knew Dr. Harperwhen he appeared to be almost a boy, notwithstanding his Doctor's degree, a degreebestowed when he was but nineteen. Many of the conferences which led to the foundingof the University were held in the dingy newspaper office in the McCormick Block atDearborn and Randolph streets, where as a young man I had an humble desk. Thatnewspaper for a year or so printed a weekly story concerning the prospective university,a series of articles which led Dr. Harper at a later day to make the declaration that without the aid of The Standard the institution could never have been founded. In thatoffice Dr. Goodspeed and Dr. Gates, before the University possessed a roll-top deck,not to say an office, received some of their accumulating mail. I am quite sure I attended the first convocation held in Central Music Hall on January 2, 1893, and I knowI attended the first convocation reception held in the northwest corner of the first floorof Cobb Hall when Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Field were the guests of honor. When onehas observed a group of men so many years as has been my good fortune, I am sure Iwill be be pardoned if I venture to extol some of their collective virtues, even if for someyears I myself was a member of the Board. I am aware that I am announced to speak"for the Trustees," but I cannot allow such an opportunity as this to pass withoutchanging the preposition and speaking "of" the Trustees. My connection with theBoard since 1909 has been a peculiar one. I have had the privilege of studying itsmembers from two points of view. That gives an excuse, if excuse be necessary, forspeaking both "of" and "for." As most periodicals announce: "This journal is not responsible for the views expressed by its contributors," so I may say, "The Universityis not responsible for the expressions of this speaker."THE TRUSTEES — A CROSS-SECTION OF MIDDLE WEST LIFEOne cannot be associated indirectly and directly with such a body of men as compose the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago without forming a high estimateof their worth as Trustees and as men. The members of the Board have been a cross-section of the better element of the life of the Middle West. While the great majorityhas been chosen from Chicago, other cities — Detroit, New York, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Sioux City, and Washington — have been represented. They have come fromdifferent walks in life. Some of them — thank God! — have been rich. Some have devoted to the University the income of their capital; others have contributed their service; all have given the best they had, whether it was time, or dollars, or both.Since September 10, 1890, the date of the University's incorporation, there have beenelected seventy-four Trustees. In conformity to the requirements of the charter, theyhave been composed of two general groups. One group has consisted of Trustees whohave been members of "regular Baptist churches," according to the original languageof the charter, and later, possibly suggesting the lessening of rigid denominationalism,consisting of members of simply Baptist churches. This elimination of the word "regular" may imply that all Baptist churches are now regular, at least if University of Chi-io8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcago Trustees are members of them. The second group has consisted of members ofother than Baptist churches. In this connection the oft-repeated remark of the lateCharles L. Hutchinson will be recalled. He used to say that the Board of Trustees wascomposed of ten Baptists, one Jew, representatives of other churches, and one Christian.He never specified to whom he referred, but some of us always believed that only modesty prevented him from naming the Christian. After the articles of incorporation wereamended for the third time, the denominational qualifications for the Trustees compelled the choice of three-fifths of the Trustees from Christian churches, of which three-fifths only a majority must be members of Baptist churches. I leave it to the intelligentobservation of the research enthusiasts before me to discover by observing the Trusteespresent who are Baptists and those who are Christians. In any event, the number ofChristians must be greater than in the time of the former honored Treasurer of theUniversity. The charter now declares the fact that the University has not only soughtto broaden the field of general knowledge but has tended to foster a spirit of Christianunity and religious tolerance.The Board of Trustees during its forty years of history has never been dominated bya group or clique of men selected from one profession, or from one business, or from onereligious denomination. It has never been arbitrarily ruled by the Baptists, or theministers, or the lawyers. Thereby the University, maybe, has escaped the fate whichengulfed the old University of Chicago and has caused other institutions to reef theircanvas and slow down progress in order to escape the wrecking storms of opposition.Of its members during the four decades, four have been bankers or in related business;two have been connected with insurance companies; eight have been lawyers; six havebeen judges; twelve have been manufacturers of one sort or another; four have beenministers; three have dealt in real estate; four have been Presidents of the University;five have been connected with publishing, printing, and advertising; four would,doubtless, be entered as capitalists in Who's Who. A noted physician has presumablyprescribed for the health of the institution; three engineers and contractors have broughttheir knowledge of building construction. Two of the Trustees originally chosen andfor forty years useful in high degree are still serving the University. One of these, theincarnation of the spirit of co-operation and a loyal advocate of every plan for progress,is no other than Eli B. Felsenthal. One Trustee, I need not name him, has specializedin executive omniscience. He has given the University for forty years the benefit of histactfulness, his good judgment, his deep fund of general knowledge, his money, and hisskill in determining the value of architects and architecture. I need not name him, butI will — Martin A. Ryerson.A VITAL FORCE OF TREMENDOUS POWERAs I look back over the four decades which cover the period of my observation of themen who have labored to found, conserve, and direct the interests of the University,I have learned to appreciate their service as Trustees — Trustees in a double sense, administrators of the legal and financial trust imposed upon them, and Trustees withmoral obligation to regard the institution not merely as a corporation but as a vitalforce of tremendous power to help and stimulate the people of the Middle West. I haverecognized their individual and their concentrated ability. As Lord Macaulay said ofthe House of Commons, its collective wisdom has ever been greater than the wisdomof its wisest member.Those of us who have been privileged to see the Trustees in action are aware howTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 109time-consuming is their service devoted to the affairs of the University. I am confidentthat one Trustee gives at least as much time to the University as to his business at theYards. In one year the Board held sixteen sessions. There were sixty-five meetings ofits standing committees, and no one, not even the ubiquitous secretary, knows howmany informal conferences were held. I happen to know that he took the minutes of167 meetings of one sort or another. The Trustees surely earn their salaries, which consist of free tickets to the grandstands, where they f reezingly sit and watch the footballteam occasionally win a game, meanwhile realizing that for the players it is "theirs notto command success, but to deserve it."The Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago has been always, as should bethe case of every board of trustees — a conservative body. Perhaps I would better sayit has always been careful. It has ever been willing to let the institution dive off thespringboard of opportunity into the flood of educational advance; but before the diving,it has insisted that the rapidity of the current's flow be measured, the distance to theopposite bank be estimated, and financial life-preservers be examined.The Board, while it has been careful, has not been reactionary. It has not been afraidto say "no" to some eloquently urged plans, nor afraid to say "yes" even when to somethe project appeared to be unwise. Affirmation and negation have been applied tofinancial, as well as to educational, proposals. It has had the courage of its convictions.It unhesitatingly decided in favor of the joint education of men and women at a timewhen the majority of the stronger, privately endowed universities seemed to believethat only men were worth training. When the University Press with its high standardsof printing and publishing was recommended, it hesitated — but created. When thenoted historian von Hoist was invited from Germany to a professorship carrying theunheard of and almost fabulous salary of $7,000, an invitation which implied an equalsalary for all the other head professors, it bravely lifted the profession of teaching toa level where it belonged and has since remained. It bravely adventured, for instance,when it authorized Dr. Carlson to employ as a subject for investigation and research aman whose esophagus has been destroyed and who was a veritable human laboratoryfor the study of hunger. Even though there might be risk of lawsuits and of newspapersensations, the possible results of scientific discovery were deemed more potent thanpossible damages. The hearty approval of the new plan of reorganization is evidenceof both courage and faith in the results of a record-breaking dive.CO-OPERATIONThe Trustees have ever exemplified the spirit of co-operation. The essence of thespirit of the by-laws is that, while the Board of Trustees is a self-perpetuating corporation and of necessity keeps a firm grip on the moneybags, it must act both in financialand in academic affairs in cordial harmony with those who are actually carrying forwardthe work for which the University exists. No President of the University has ever beencompelled to fight for any policy if only he could convince the Board of the soundnessof the idea. The Board has never obstinately shook its fist in the face of the Presidentor the faculties and declared, "We'll show you where you belong." Such gestures havenot been unknown in certain institutions.During two score years, the Trustees in their deliberations have ultimately reachedunanimity. Not that they always were like-minded at first; but after fair presentationof the matter in hand, after postponement of a vote long enough for full consideration,the final action has been taken almost invariably without a single negative vote.no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNot only have the Trustees of the University shown forth the expected qualitiessuch as are taken for granted of all university governing bodies, as well as those qualities which I have named — carefulness, courageousness, unity — they have been, it seemsto me*, unusually sympathetic. It may be assumed, of course, that they have sympathized with the larger objectives of a great university's ambitions. But they have,also, been notably alive to the needs and desires and hopes of individual members ofthe faculties. Time after time they have taken generous action in a case of some teacher's needs when justice demanded only a modest response. In my opinion, they rejoicemore hilariously over the privilege of increasing faculty salaries than in accepting agift for another building.MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIES — NOT EMPLOYEESHaving spoken of the Trustees, may I say a word which may be regarded as for theTrustees? And this word shall concern the members of the Faculty. I suppose I couldanalyze the fields of special activity of all the members of the faculties as I described,in part, the several professions of the Trustees. But so large is the number of the University's teaching staff, into such minute divisions are their labors separated, that thepatience you have exemplified during my remarks would have folded its tents like theArabs and led you to steal away ere the tabulation was completed.I am sure for one thing that the Trustees do not look upon the members of the faculties as so many employees to be hired or fired at will, or to be paid as little as "thetraffic will bear." They are colleagues, equals if not superiors, and indispensable. TheUniversity could exist without its own buildings, but not without its own teachers.A university might exist for research alone without students. To paraphrase OwenMeredith's familiar lines :"We may live without friends, we may live without books,But civilized man cannot live without cooks."Schools may live without football and cut out their bleachers,But none of them prospers if lacking in teachers.The faculties of the University are composed of men and women worthy of highestpraise for their loyalty and devotion to the institution, for their successful achievementsin science and in the humanities. Some of them have been willing — and some now arewilling — to carry on their investigations just for the joy of work, the quest for truth,and the excitement of experimentation; yet no other American university faculty hasbeen so often struck by the spectacular and delightful lightning which fulminates fromthe capital of Sweden. One professor has been knighted and several have receivedawards entitling them to entrance into the educational Nobelity, if such a high honormay be referred to with such an atrocious pun.I have said that the Trustees are characterized by a friendly spirit in working together. This same spirit is dominant among members of the several faculties. TheQuadrangle Club dining-room is exhibit A in the department of faculty co-operation.The members of the executive committee on the administration of the universe, whogather daily at the club, not only adjust the courses of the planets but in amicable discussion attempt to explain, even at times to understand, the whole scheme of reorganization; and President Hutchins assured me the other day that this is more than he isable to do — at least up to date.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES inI am sure you saw this story the other day:"My wife says if I don't chuck golf she'll leave me.""Hard luck, old chap," remarked his friend."Yes, indeed, I'll miss her."When I shall be completely retired from my connection with the University, andhave to chuck it, which of course is to be expected, "Yes, indeed, I'll miss her."The third and last speaker of the evening was President Hutchins.He remarked that he had explained so often of late the subject of "Reorganization," by addresses, by written articles, by telephone, by telegraph, by radio, even by wigwagging, that there was nothing new to say.However, in a playful manner, he poked fun at the objections and objectors to the University's plans.GRADUATE BUILDING, SCHOOLOF EDUCATIONCORNERSTONE LAIDTHE cornerstone of the new graduate building of the Schoolof Education was laid on January 22, 1931. Mr. E. T. Filbey,of the President's Office, presided during the ceremonies. Mr.J. F. Moulds, Secretary of the Board of Trustees, read the list of documents, photographs, and other material deposited in the cornerstone.Dr. Charles H. Judd, director of the School of Education, in BlaineHall, delivered the address of the occasion, a considerable portion ofwhich is here reproduced :DR. JUDD'S STATEMENTThe motive of the General Education Board in providing the Department of Education of the University with the building of which we lay the cornerstone today was topromote research in the field of education. The officers of the Board are familiar withthe studies which have been made by members of this department and by members ofdepartments of education in other institutions. Most of these studies deal with theproblems which arise in the conduct of elementary and secondary schools. The officersof the General Education Board are also vividly aware of the fact that there are urgentproblems in the field of education which have not been attacked up to this time. A program greatly extending the activities of the Department of Education was presented tothe officers of the Board by the University and was accepted as the basis for a generousgift. This occasion furnishes a welcome opportunity for the Department of Educationto express its appreciation of the contribution of the General Education Board to educational research. The members of the Department pledge that all the energy which theycommand will be devoted to the program inaugurated by the joint action of the GeneralEducation Board and the University.TWO PLANS FOR EXPANSIONThis is not the time or the place for a detailed description of the additions to thestaff of the Department which have been made or are contemplated for the immediatefuture. The plans of expansion cover two fields which have not been cultivated in anylarge measure up to this time. First, studies will be made of the stages of the mentaland physical development of children which precede the kindergarten-primary period.In this study of the early stages of child life and related problems of parent educationthe Department of Education is to co-operate with a University committee that hasbeen organized for the purpose of co-ordinating the activities of a number of departments of the University, all of which are concerned with the study of the early years inthe lives of human beings.112GRADUATE BUILDING, SCHOOL OF EDUCATION 113The second major addition to the Department's sphere of research will be in thefield of college and university education. Some years ago the General Education Boardprovided the University of Chicago with a fund to be devoted to a systematic study ofthe problems of internal organization which confront the administration and the facultyof this institution. That gift, which is quite independent of the endowment given to theDepartment of Education, has recently been increased, and there is now under way ageneral investigation of the institutional activities of the University, which the GeneralEducation Board hopes will result in the establishment of certain broad general principles of administration and instruction that will be applicable to all institutions ofhigher learning. The enlargement of the Department of Education to carry on studiesin higher education is a natural outgrowth of the earlier step taken by the GeneralEducation Board and the University, and it is also a welcome extension of the sphereof the Department's activities.The full realization of the program of the Department of Education will require aperiod of years, but the new program is assured by action of the Board of Trustees ofthe University, which generously supplemented the gift of the General EducationBoard and put the stamp of its approval on the new plans, of which the graduate education building is the first concrete manifestation.The plans now moving rapidly toward consummation have been maturing for someyears. When the Department of Education was first given independent status in theUniversity, in 1909, ideas about the possibilities of research in the field of educationwere relatively vague. It was true in education, as it has been in all the spheres inwhich sciences directly related to human life have been evolved, that the idea of investigating the familiar facts of man's nature and his immediate environment had towait until scientific methods of thought and observation were developed by studyingthings remote. Men studied the stars long before they thought of making the family anobject of scientific scrutiny. Even today, when a college student is first introduced toscientific discussions of the family, he usually thinks of some family other than the onein which he grew up.WHEN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION WAS YOUNGNot only was the science of education very young in 1909, but the School of Education was absorbed in activities other than the cultivation of this science. The chieffunction of the School of Education in its early history was to train teachers and supervisors for the elementary school. At that time state departments of education andstandardizing associations did not distinguish between certificates permitting theholders to teach in elementary schools and certificates permitting the holders to teachin high schools. The College of Education conferred an inferior degree, known as theBachelor of Education. This division of the University was regarded as a somewhatundesirable member of the academic family and as one which certainly never couldcarry on research.In spite of the handicaps resulting from what may be called its unfavorable socialstation in the University, the School of Education went vigorously about its businessand gradually came to be accepted as a member in good standing. Some part of theacceptance granted to the School of Education was due to the fact that this division ofthe University carefully limited its activities to studies in the fields of elementary andsecondary education. There have been difficulties even in these limited fields. It hasbeen the hard lot of the School of Education for many years to try to supply a satis-ii4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfactory education for the children of members of the University faculty. It is no trivialproblem for a student of education to try to decide about the relative importance ofheredity and environment when the heredity is supplied by his next-door neighbor andthe environment is supplied largely by himself. However, as was said, the School ofEducation made progress. It photographed eye-movements and improved methods ofreading. It surveyed school systems and influenced administration and teaching inmany centers. It did other meritorious acts and gained much ground. It secured therespect of other parts of the world and came to be well thought of by a number of peoplein the immediate neighborhood.A DAY OE NEW RESPONSIBILITIESThen there came a day when new responsibilities were thrust upon the students ofthe science of education. So much had been done to measure results in elementary andsecondary education and to survey critically the administration of public-school systems that finally the sacred precincts of the college were opened somewhat reluctantlyto scientific examination. There is not a little waste and inco-ordination in the organization of the colleges of this country, and, when light is thrown on these defects, certainvested interests are sure to be interfered with. I am forced by the rumors which I hearto believe that departments of education in American universities will have to gothrough a second period of distrust and criticism while those who are not in sympathywith the systematic study of the problems of higher education learn that there are scientific methods of analyzing the achievements of colleges and universities. If such aperiod is inevitable, at least we shall have a comfortable home in which to wait for thedawn of a better day.May I inject an illustration of the way in which some of the brightest minds in ouracademic community work. I heard one of the officers of this University who holds ahigh position say in an official conference that he supposed the purpose of the survey ofthe University now in progress is to secure money for its support. I assume that thisbrilliant thinker would hardly accept the statement that the purpose of the astronomerin looking through his telescope is to earn his salary. The point is, everyone knows aboutastronomy, even unscientific academicians. On the other hand, studies of social institutions, such as universities, are contemplated by some of our contemporaries with thesame superstitious misgivings that the medievals exhibited toward studies of chemistryor medicine. It will require time and patience to bring to the minds of some otherwiseintelligent people the idea that a university has a structure which is quite as interestingas the structure of a solar system and that movements within a university need to bedirected by patience and intelligent examination of results.The program of research of the Department of Education has been carried far in thetwenty-two years of its history. During this period there has been a steady growth inits graduate work. It has been the policy of the Department to transfer its energy andresources to graduate work and research as fast as institutional interests permitted.One important step after another has been taken. In June of this year the last step willbe taken. The College of Education will, by action of the Board of Trustees of the University, be discontinued. The Department of Education is thus left free to concentrateon advanced work. It is preparing to be of service to the college by continuing certaincourses which are required of teachers in standard high schools, but it will no longerregister any undergraduates.GRADUATE BUILDING, SCHOOL OF EDUCATION 115THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION IN THE PLANFOR REORGANIZATIONThe Department of Education is a member of the Division of the Social Sciences ofthe University. It has given up its status as an independent professional division of theUniversity. It secures by its affiliation with the other social-science departments theadvantage of co-operation in dealing with many educational problems. For example,there are problems of educational organization which can be solved only when the students of political science, economics, and education join forces. There are many problems of human growth and maturity which demand for their solution the co-ordinationof the social and biological sciences. If time permitted, it could be shown that coordinations of the type described are now actually coming into existence. One verystriking example will serve. The only member of the faculty of the University of Chicago on an important national committee dealing with school administration is a member of the Department of Political Science, who accepted appointment on this committee after consultation with his colleagues in education.THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NEW BUILDINGThe erection of a special building for graduate work in education and the increasesin the staff which have been made possible by the new endowment have already servedto stimulate new activities within the Department. During twenty-two years themembers of the Department have been engaged in pioneering work. The courses offeredby the Department have often been of the exploratory type, in which new materialswere brought together and tried out in a purely tentative way. It cannot be said thatpioneering is altogether at an end. Fortunately, there are frontiers which still invitethe scientific adventurer. On the other hand, so much territory has been broughtunder full cultivation that the Department is in a position to gather a harvest. If Imay now drop the figure, which is growing somewhat distracting, I come directly tothe point by saying that the Department has undertaken, by way of celebrating itsentrance into the new building, a new arrangement of its instructional program. Aseries of fundamental introductory courses will be given, beginning next summer, inwhich the results of scientific studies in education will be summarized by competentlecturers. Following these fundamental courses will be a series of reading courses,organized for the express purpose of cultivating in students ability to compass by independent study the various fields in which there is scientific material. Courses of athird level will be provided in which the instructor and his students will be intimatelyassociated in breaking new ground. During the past year the Department has givenmuch attention to planning its new home and to preparing its new program of instruction and research.The members of the Department of Education are highly gratified that new andample material equipment is being provided for their work. To the General EducationBoard and to the Trustees and Administration of the University they express theirprofound thanks. They look forward with optimism to the development of theirscience and to the steady improvement of all the practical undertakings which will beguided by the findings of this science.THE UNIVERSITY TO BUILDSHOPSTHE University is landlord of many tenants having diversifiedbusiness interests and many kinds of occupation. Its down-townbuildings and its small stores standing on land near the quadrangles held for eventual educational or administrative uses contain almost every sort of enterprise — from the offices where the Anti-SaloonLeague labors to encourage temperance and to stop the activities ofbootleggers, down the list to "shoe-shining palaces." Hitherto the University never has planned to build retail stores for the benefit of students.The completion of the residence halls for men and women south of theMidway which soon will be thronged by students has emphasized thenecessity for providing for the needs of student shopping. Nowhere nearolder dormitories may a student buy a linen collar or obtain a "permanentwave." By the plan imaginatively worked out by the real estate department of the University's business offices these student wants will be met.The old buildings immediately south of the College Residence Hall forMen are soon to be wrecked in order to provide play fields and sunlight.Just across from this open space, facing north on Sixty-first Street, theUniversity proposes to build a row of comparatively small but well-designed shops. They will remind one somewhat of "The Rows" at Chester,England, although they are only one story high. In any event, they willnot clash architecturally with their Gothic neighbor. The shops, it is expected, will house stores for the sale of drugs, stationery, books, wearingapparel, a beauty shop, a barber shop, a tailor and cleaner, a food shop, ashoe-repair shop, a laundry, and a restaurant.The shops will cater not only to residents of the men's halls but eventually to the residents of the halls for 400 University women. An existingbrick store building on the site of the shops will be rebuilt into a one story,steam-heated structure containing one double and nine single shops. Thefacade is to be half timber and stucco above the windows, supported by116william Mccormick blair— newly elected trusteewilliam Mccormick blair— new trustee 117brick piers and wooden posts. The pitched roofs and gables will be constructed of blue and green tile or slate, contrasting with the brown timberand light stucco. Exterior illumination will be provided by wrought-ironlanterns and street lamps of ancient character. Carved and painted signswill impart a note of individual character to each shop.WILLIAM McCORMICK BLAIR-NEW TRUSTEEThe transfer of two of the long-time members who have reachedthe age recently designated by the Trustees for retirement fromactive service on the Board permits the election of two membersof the Board. The first of these two was elected to membership at themeeting of the Board held on February 12, 1931. The new Trustee isWilliam McCormick Blair, member of the well-known and historic firmof Lee, Higginson & Company, the parent-organization of which wasfounded in Boston in 1848, and of which Colonel T. W. Higginson was amember. Mr. Blair has been engaged in the investment banking businessfor twenty years.The new Trustee is a graduate of Groton School and Yale University.He has been president of the Yale Club of Chicago; president of the Industrial Club; a trustee of the Fourth Presbyterian Church and of theChicago Historical Society; a director of the United Charities and of theJames C. King Home for Old Men. For some years he has been treasurerand a director of the Chicago Club and is a member of the CommercialClub, University Club, Racquet Club, Onwentsia, Shoreacres, Saddle andCycle Club of Chicago, and the Racquet Club of New York. Mr. andMrs. Blair are prominent figures in the social life of Chicago.THE UNIVERSITY PRESSRECORDING THE RESULTS OF RESEARCHONE of the most important scholarly projects which the University Press has ever undertaken has, during the last quarter,become a definite part of the Press's publishing program. ADictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue, Sir William Craigie, editor, willbegin its appearance in June of this year when the first of its twenty-fiveparts will be issued. Well over two hundred advance subscriptions for thedictionary have been received by the Press. An analysis of those in handmay be interesting. The three countries subscribing most heavily are, asmight be expected, the United States, Scotland, and England. The interesting difference in these three was the fact that in England and Scotlandmore than half the subscribers were individuals, while in the UnitedStates all but six came from university and public libraries. Germanyfurnished the next largest number of subscriptions, and subscriptions invarying quantities were received from Sweden, New Zealand, Wales,Ireland, Australia, Denmark, Japan, India, Norway, Finland, Czechoslovakia, and Canada. Doctor Craigie and his assistants have been carrying on the work of compiling this dictionary during the last ten or twelveyears, at the same time pursuing their larger project, A Dictionary of theAmerican Language.February and March saw the publication by the University Press ofthree books that are attracting general interest. Making Bolsheviks waswritten by Professor Samuel N. Harper, recently returned from his fourteenth trip to Russia. In it he is chiefly concerned with the psychologicalaspects of the Five- Year Plan. He tells how Bolsheviks are being made,how the Russian people are being led to the goals that have been set forthem. After six weeks of observing Soviet Russia at the end of the secondyear of the Five- Year Plan, Mr. Harper finds himself wondering how longthe people can endure the strain imposed upon them by the "must-or-bust" policy of the Soviet.Crucial problems nearer home have brought about the writing andpublishing of Chicago Police Problems, sponsored by the Citizens' PoliceCommittee, headed by such men as Walter Dill Scott, Frank J. Loesch,118JOHN P. WILSON— RECENTLY ELECTED TRUSTEETHE UNIVERSITY PRESS 119Andrew A. Bruce, and Frederic Woodward. They offer striking evidenceof the extent of maladministration, and trace each practice to its source,whether statutory, political, traditional, or due to corrupting influences.Vigorous in its statements, it says, "The mayor of Chicago, and he alone,can dictate the kind and quality of police administration which the cityshall receive." Chicago Police Problems is an example of the mutuallybeneficial relationship maintained increasingly between the Universityand the city of Chicago.Strange New Gospels is of wide interest on another score. ProfessorEdgar J. Goodspeed, translator of the New Testament, writes of curiousproblems of the literary detection of spurious gospels. Mr. Goodspeed hasfollowed trails leading to the Orient, the antipodes, Paris, and Missouriin his pursuit of these literary hoaxes.UNIVERSITY CLINICSTHE accompanying sketch indicates the present and future location of the several buildings of the University Clinics. Thebuildings already completed are indicated in heavy lines. Thedesignation of the buildings to be built later will be determined definitelywhen funds and endowment for them are obtained. The unit for infectious diseases (Charles Gilman Smith Hospital) will probably be the nextunit to be erected. The several buildings are designated by the lettersas follows:58 th Street1 1 1 i1 1L- I i!1 U111 r ~i1i iiL _1 _i 1L _ ._V_- 10. < .1-1I ft 'I II »|__JL _ _• s w «r--JiI__L_,X i--i-Hiiii. _ JM59 th StreetGround Plan op University Clinics — Present and Future BuildingsA — Albert Merritt Billings HospitalB— Max Epstein ClinicC — Department of SurgeryD — Department of MedicineE — Department of SurgeryF — Department of MedicineG — Department of PathologyH — Department of PhysiologyJ — Department of Physiological ChemistryK — Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital forChildrenL — Gertrude Dunn Hicks MemorialM — Nancy Adele McElwee Memorial N — Department of Obstetrics andGynecology0 — Chicago Lying-in HospitalP — Max Epstein ClinicQ — Mothers' Aid PavilionR — Charles Gilman Smith HospitalS — Health ServiceT — Nurses ResidenceU — School of NursingV — Gynecological ClinicW — Bio-Medical LibraryX— Eye ClinicTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, Secretary of the BoardNEW TRUSTEEMr. William McCormick Blair was elected Trustee at the February 12,193 1, Board meeting.APPOINTMENTSAlfred R. Radcliffe-Brown, of the University of Sydney, as Professorin the Department of Anthropology, for one year from October 1, 1931.A. Adrian Albert, now of Columbia University, as Assistant Professorin the Department of Mathematics, for three years from July 1, 193 f.Dr. Fred Lyman Adair, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology in theMedical School, as Mary Campau Ryerson Professor of Obstetrics andGynecology, from January 1, 193 1.Harry Hoijer, as Instructor in the Department of Anthropology, forone year from October 1, 1931.Beardsley Ruml, as Professor in the School of Education, and as Deanof the Social Sciences Division, for one year from January 1, 1931.William O. Douglas, as Professor of Law, from July 1, 1931, serviceto be distributed between the Law School, the School of Commerce, andAdministration, and the Social Sciences Division.Dr. Maud Slye, as Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology,for one year from January 1, 1931.Dr. M. T. Hanke, as Associate Professor in Biochemistry in the Department of Pathology, for one year from January 1, 1931.Dr. Julian H. Lewis, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofPathology, for one year from January 1, 1931.Dr. Siegfried Maurer, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofPathology, for one year from January 1, 1931.Dr. Leonard S. Hsu, as Research Associate in the Department ofSociology, for the Spring Quarter, 1931.Helen Hunscher, as Instructor in the Department of Home Economics,for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Harold B. Kenton, as Instructor of Preventive Medicine, Departmentof Anatomy, for one year from December 1, 1930.Dr. Samuel V. Abraham, as Instructor in Ophthalmology, Departmentof Surgery, for nine months from January 1, 1931.121122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDArthur Carver, as Lecturer in the Institute of Meat Packing in theSchool of Commerce and Administration, for the Winter and SpringQuarters, 1931.Dr. Hallie Hartgraves, as Instructor and Resident, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, for six months from January 1,I93LHarriet F. Holmes, as Research Associate, Department of Pathology,for one year from January 1, 1931.Jacob Kepecs, as Lecturer, Social Service Administration, for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Mrs. Marion S. Needels, as Instructor, Department of Pathology, forone year from January 1, 1931.Edward F. Rothschild, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofArt, for nine months from January 1, 1931.Dr. Hillyer Rudisill, as Instructor in Roentgenology, Department ofMedicine, for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Mrs. Lucy G. Taliaferro, as Research Associate in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology for one year from January 1, 1931.Dr. Theodore E. Walsh, as Instructor, Division of Otolaryngology,Department of Surgery, for one year from March 1, 1931.A. Wayne McMillen, as Lecturer, Social Service Administration, forthe Winter Quarter, 1931.Dr. Carl W. Apfelbach, to give instruction in the Department ofPathology of Rush Medical College for three months from January 1,I93LDr. Henry R. Jacobs, to give instruction in the Department of Medicine of Rush Medical College for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Dr. Mark L. Loring, to give instruction in the Department of Surgeryof Rush Medical College for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Dr. Earl R. McCarthy, to give instruction in the Department of Surgery of Rush Medical College for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Dr. Albert H. Montgomery, to give instruction in the Department ofSurgery of Rush Medical College for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Dr. Thomas G. Walsh, to give dispensary instruction, in the Department of Medicine of Rush Medical College for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Ernst Emil Herzfeld, as Field Director of the Persian expedition of theOriental Institute, for one year from April 1, 1931.Dr. Margaret Gerard, to give extra service in the Department of SocialService Administration for the Winter Quarter, 1931.E. W. Hinton, as Acting Dean of the Law School, for the Winter andSpring Quarters, 1931.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 123H. S. Everett, as Dean in the Colleges, for the Winter Quarter, 1931.Herbert Blumer, to give extra service in the Department of Philosophyfrom February 16, 1931, to March 20, 1931.S. N. Trevino, to give extra service in the Department of Romance forthe Winter and Spring Quarters, 1931.Howard C. Hill, to give extra service in the Laboratory Schools of theCollege of Education for the Spring Quarter, 1931.Ada R. Polkinghorne, to give extra service in the College of Educationfor the Spring Quarter, 1931.J. Olga Adams, to give extra service in the College of Education for theSpring Quarter, 1931.Bernadotte E. Schmitt, as Acting Chairman of the Department ofHistory, for nine months from January 1, 1931.Irving I. Muskat, as Research Associate in the Department of Chemistry, for one year from October 1, 1931.George A. Coe, as Visiting Professor in the Divinity School, for theSpring Quarter, 1931.W. H. Zachariasen, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofPhysics, for the Spring Quarter, 1931.Leslie Spier, as Visiting Associate Professor in the Department ofAnthropology, for the Spring Quarter, 1931.H. O. Page, as Assistant Professor in the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, for one year from April i, 1931.The following, as members of the Advisory Committee on the Administration of the Lasker Foundation, for the calendar year, 1931 ; Dr. RichardE. Scammon, Dr. F. C. McLean, Dr. D. B. Phemister, Dr. A. J. Carlson,Dr. H. G. Wells, Dr. A. E. Cohn, Dr. A. B. Hastings, Dr. Russell M.Wilder, and Dr. A. D. Lasker.Ernest Kraft, as Instructor in Roentgenology of the Department ofMedicine, for one year from April 1, 1931.H. E. Hayward, Graduate Counselor and Secretary of the Departmentof Botany, for the Spring Quarter, 1931, in the absence of Dr. Kraus.Louis Brownlow, as Lecturer in the Department of Political Science,of the Social Sciences Division, for one year from July 1, 1931.William D. Harkins, of the Department of Chemistry, to the CarlWilliam Eisendrath Professorship, from February 12, 1931, this professorship having been recently created on the William N. and Rose L.Eisendrath Endowment Fund.Dr. George W. Stuppy, as Instructor in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, for six months from January 1, 1931.Dr. William J. Dieckmann, now of Washington University, St. Louis,124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMissouri, as Associate Professor in the Department of Obstetrics andGynecology, for five years from July i, 1931.Dr. Phil A. Daly, as Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department ofMedicine on half-time service, for one year from May 1, 193 1.ADJUSTMENTSDuring the three months prior to April 1, 1931, the following adjustments in appointments were made:Rodney L. Mott on half-time for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1931,to enable him to assist Senator Toll of the American Legislators' Association.Dr. Bertha Klien, Assistant Professor in the Department of Ophthalmology, Rush Medical College, adjusted to half-time basis from January1 through June 30, 1931.The title of Charles H. Judd, Director of the School of Education, hasbeen changed to Dean of the School of Education, effective at once.The title of William S. Gray as Dean of the College of Education hasbeen changed to Director of Teacher Training in the Department of Education, effective at once.RETIREMENTMrs. George S. Goodspeed, Director of Ida Noyes Hall, effective September 30, 1 93 1.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations have been accepted:Edwin A. Burtt, Professor in the Department of Philosophy, effectiveSeptember 30, 1931.Joel S. Georges, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, effective February20, 1931.Arthur E. Murphy, Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, effective June 30, 1931.August Vollmer, Professor in the Department of Political Science, effective March 31, 1931.PROMOTIONDr. Stephen Poljak, Assistant Professor of Neurology in the Department of Medicine, to the rank of Associate Professor, for five years effective July 1, 1 93 1.UNIVERSITY STATUTES AMENDEDStatute 10 has been amended by adding at the end thereof the followingparagraph:In addition to the Deans provided for in the foregoing paragraph there is a Dean ofStudents and University Examiner. Under the direction of the President, he co-ordi-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 125nates all of the University's relations with students, including admissions, recording andreporting, health service, the administration of entrance, placement, and comprehensiveexaminations, the educational and social supervision of residence halls and club houses,the direction of social affairs, the control of student organizations and publications,vocational guidance and placement, student aid, the administration of fellowships andscholarships, and student advisory service in Arts, Literature, and Science. He is ex-ofricio vice-chairman of all boards and committees dealing with student relations, andthe formulation, testing, and administration of entrance and comprehensive examinations, and an ex-ofhcio member of all committees on the curriculum in Arts, Literature,and Science.Statute 9, by substituting the words "The Registrar of the University"for the words "The University Recorder and Examiner" at the beginningof the statute.The words "Recorder," "Examiner," or "Recorder and Examiner,"wherever they occur in the existing statutes, have been changed to "Registrar."Statute 12 has been amended by striking out the third and fourthsentences thereof beginning with the words "The tenure of office" andending with the words "than above stated," and substituting thereforthe following sentences:On and after January 8, 1031, the tenure of office of all members of the faculties,except Professors of full rank, is a definite period, as fixed in each case by the terms ofappointment. The right is reserved to appoint full professors for a definite period.(It is understood that this amendment does not affect members of thefaculties already under appointment on an indefinite tenure.)GIFTSFrom Mr. Edward F. Swift, $25,000 for purposes to be designatedlater by the donor.From the Carnegie Corporation, through the Carnegie Foundation, agrant of $15,000 for the support of research in the training of the highermental processes to be conducted by the School of Education under thedirection of Professor Charles H. Judd.From Mr. J. M. Hopkins, $10,000, allocated to the auxiliary fund.From the Julius Rosenwald Fund, an appropriation of $1,500 towardthe salary of Dr. Franz Alexander, Visiting Professor of Psychoanalysisin the Department of Medicine, for the Spring Quarter, 1931.From the American Association of Hospital Social Workers, throughMiss Ruth Emerson, a contribution of $800 for the support of the BessLind Russell Scholarship in medical social work, during the year 1931.From E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, a pledge to support adu Pont Fellowship in Chemistry, for the academic year 1931-32, amounting to $750.126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrom the Council of the National Academy of Sciences, through Professor Allee, a grant of $500 to the Department of Zoology to aid in bringing about a more rapid publication of an accumulation of worthy material.From Mr. Henry J. Patten, a contribution of $500 designated for theuse of the Oriental Institute.From Mr. Arthur T. Gait, a contribution of $222 for the purchase ofGreek New Testament manuscripts for the Department of New Testament.From Mr. John M. Smyth, a contribution of $50 toward a special fundwhich is to be used for the purchase of a collection of letters by distinguished Irishmen, to be placed in the University of Chicago Library.From Mrs. Frank G. Logan, a contribution of $10,000 as an additionto the Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Logan Fellowship Fund.From Mr. Clarence W. Sills, a contribution of $5,000 for the supportof the University radio program for the year 1931.From the Dearborn Seminary Alumnae Association of Chicago, a contribution of $3,000 to be added to a fund established in 1899 and knownas the Zwinglius Grover Memorial Scholarship Fund.From the Mead Johnson Company, Evansville, Indiana, through Mr.Lambert D. Johnson, a grant of $3,000 for the support of research in theDepartment of Pediatrics.From Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, a contribution of$2,400 for the continuation of three Eli Lilly fellowships in Chemistry forthe year 1931, to be awarded to students working under the direction ofDr. Kharasch.From the Edward W. Hazen Foundation, Inc., Haddam, Connecticut,a pledge of $1,500 for scholarships for selected individuals who registerin the Divinity School during the first term of the Summer Quarter, 1931.From Mrs. George R. Nichols, a contribution of $1,000 to the MedicalBook Fund, for the year 1931.From Mr. A. B. Ruddock, Los Angeles, California, a contribution of$1,000 to the Medical Book Fund, for the year 1931.From Mr. C. K. G. Billings, Santa Barbara, California, a contributionof $1,000 to the Medical Book Fund, for the year 1931.From Mr. Lessing Rosenthal, a contribution of $300 for the support ofa series of lectures given during the Winter Quarter of 1931 by ProfessorWilhelm Kroll of the University of Breslau.From Mr. D. F. Kelly, a contribution of $200 to be applied towardthe purchase of a collection of letters which the University Library isordering from Dublin.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 127From the Knapp Fund (Mr. George O. Knapp, President, Arcadio,Santa Barbara, California), a contribution of $1,000 to the Medical BookFund, for the year 1931.From the American Association for Adult Education, an appropriationof $2,000 for the support of a study of the reading achievement of adults,to be conducted under the direction of Professor William S. Gray of theDepartment of Education.From the American Association for Adult Education, an appropriationof $2,000, for the completion of a study of reading interests under thedirection of Professor Douglas Waples of the Graduate Library School.From the General Education Board, $96,700, or so much thereof asmay be needed, toward the sum required between January 1 and October1 , 1 93 1 , in carrying out the program of reorganization.From the Kroger Food Foundation (Kroger Grocery and Baking Company), $1,000 for the support of a fellowship in the Department of HomeEconomics. It is understood that the fellow is to receive a stipend of$100 per month throughout the year and that an additional sum will becontributed for the support of the fellowship when the cost of neededequipment and material is ascertained.From the Esoteric Alumnae Association, $1,000 to establish a fund tobe known as the Davida Harper Eaton Scholarship Fund, to which theassociation expects to make additions from time to time until a total of$2,000 is reached.From the National Research Council, an appropriation of $500 forfield expenses in connection with archaeological work in Chihuahua,Mexico, under the direction of Professor Fay-Cooper Cole.From the Sandoz Chemical Works, Inc., a pledge to increase by $400,for the year 1931, the annual contribution of $1,200 for the support ofcertain studies of the effects of calcium gluconate, under the direction ofProfessor Luckhardt of the Department of Physiology.From Mr. H. J. Halle, a contribution of $600 for the purchase of booksfor the Department of Economics.An appropriation of $12,250 has been made by the Extension FundCommittee of International House, New York City, for the support ofwork with foreign students for the year 1931-32.From Mr. Charles H. Swift, securities valued at $38,750, the incomefrom which is to be used at the discretion of the Board of Trustees — theprincipal to be a part of the general endowment of the University.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS AT THE QUADRANGLES, AND THE UNIVERSITY CLINICSBy Franklin C. McLean, Professor of Medicine andDirector of University Clinics? ¦ ^HE University of Chicago, as a part of its recent reorganization,1 has incorporated within its new Division of Biological Sciencesm all of the departments concerned with medicine and locatedwithin the quadrangles of the University. The intimate relationship ofmedicine to biology as a whole has thus been symbolized, and given aform of organization capable of expressing this relationship. This administrative reorganization, it is hoped, will go far toward giving clinicalbranches of medicine the same opportunity of developing into productivescientific departments of the University that was given to the "preclinical" branches some thirty years ago, and it is the continuation andextension of a policy which, having this end as its chief purpose, has beenin process of trial and development throughout the practical experienceof some thirty years.HISTORICALThe University of Chicago established Departments of Anatomy,Physiology, Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Hygiene andBacteriology, and Pathology during a period of some twenty-five yearsbefore it undertook to make direct provision for the clinical branches ofmedicine. During this period these departments became firmly intrenchedin their position as "University" rather than as "medical-school" departments, and their success may be attributed, at least in part, to the factthat they were developing as sciences, pari passu with physics, chemistry,botany, and zoology, rather than as "handmaidens of medicine," underthe control of a medical faculty. At the same time some of these departments, at least, have been in need of a more intimate relationship withclinical medicine, which need has now been met.In 1923, when under the administration of President Burton the University prepared to establish its clinics and clinical departments, a committee was appointed from the University Senate "to advise with thePresident on medical development." This committee reported at thattime in part as follows :128AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 129The aim of the University of Chicago Medical School should not be primarily toincrease the number of practitioners Further progress in medicine depends uponthe advancement of medical knowledge, and it is believed that the University of Chicago is in a peculiarly favorable position for promoting research and training investigators in the medical sciences. The strength of the basic departments of physics, chemistry, and biology and the research spirit with which these departments are imbued,the more or less complete organization of the preclinical departments which alreadyexists, the usual opportunity for developing hospitals, research institutions, clinical departments and medical library in close contiguity to the present scientific laboratories,the strategic position of Chicago and its probable influence upon medical developmentthroughout the Middle West and the South are all reasons for believing that a University of Chicago Medical School should be founded, having for its chief aim the advancement of the medical sciences.While it has been found necessary to depart from some of the specificrecommendations of the senate committee as to how the objectives asabove expressed were to be attained, the statement of purpose as expressed in 1923 stands as the policy with respect to medicine, not only ofthe clinical departments but also of the entire Division of BiologicalSciences. Special emphasis is thus thrown on the scientific nature of theenterprise, in contrast with the immediately practical functions of the departments concerned with medicine, including those having to do with thevarious clinical branches; but in all these departments the University aimsto give to its medical students equal opportunities for developing themselves for practice or for research.In so far as the clinical departments are concerned, the University has,in the words of Sir Thomas Lewis,1 "recognized that there is a fertilescience that deals primarily with patients, and that this must be encouraged to a more vigorous growth." The need for this was clearly statedin the report of the senate committee quoted above, and every step takensince that time with reference to the establishment of the clinical departments, and including the recent reorganization, has been designed to makeeffective the meeting of this need.A necessary corollary of the plan, also foreseen, in principle, in therecommendation of the senate committee of 1923, is the provision thatappointments to the teaching staff should be made, as in other departments of the University, on the understanding that the full working timeof the appointee is to be devoted to the University. The various functionsof the clinical departments include teaching, research, the care of patients,and administration. The plan demands complete devotion to the satisfactory fulfilment of each of these functions. The clinical departments are1 British Medical Journal, March 15, 1930, pp. 479-83.13° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnow organized almost exclusively on the basis of "full-time" appointments, and the conviction as to the desirability for this provision has increased rather than diminished.While plans for the establishment of clinical departments at the quadrangles of the University date back to the administration of PresidentHarper, the first concrete steps leading to the present development weretaken in 1916, when, on the basis of a report by Mr. Abraham Flexner, ofthe General Education Board, the University undertook to raise $5,300,-000 to finance a medical program. This amount was quickly raised, butdue to the war and to rising costs after the war the project suffered postponement until it was revived by President Burton in 1923. Building andorganization plans were then begun, culminating in the completion of thefirst group of new buildings in the summer of 1927, destined to house thefirst of the clinical departments, the University Clinics, and the Departments of Pathology, Physiology, and Physiological Chemistry andPharmacology.On October 3, 1927, the first patient was admitted to the UniversityClinics, and on the same day clinical instruction was begun by the newlyformed Departments of Medicine and Surgery. The first year was a periodof further organization and of adjustment, but by the autumn of 1928these departments were firmly established in their research activitiesand their teaching and clinical responsibilities. Since that time progressin establishing additional clinical departments has been much more rapidthan could have been foreseen. As additional clinical facilities have beenmade available, new Departments of Pediatrics and of Obstetrics andGynecology have been formed, and the Division of Orthopedic Surgery,in the Department of Surgery, has been expanded. All the major branchesof clinical medicine and surgery, except psychiatry, are now representedeither by departments or by divisions within departments, within theDivision of Biological Sciences.TEACHINGWith work in the clinical departments well under way, it is now possible to provide within the University quadrangles a complete medicaleducation for a limited number of students, except for psychiatry. Sincethis was impossible at first and much of the work had to be taken at RushMedical College, the development of teaching has been gradual and hasundergone many changes. However, two principles have been adhered tothroughout: the early introduction of the student to clinical work, andas much elasticity of program as possible. In so far as any definite standAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS I31is taken with respect to the methods of teaching medicine, it is that thebest foundation for the practice of medicine, as well as for a career in"academic medicine," is a sound education in the medical sciences,coupled with the study of the problems of the patients and of diseasesat the bedside (including the laboratory), and that after sound principles of observation and of scientific thought have been inculcated, onelearns how to practice medicine best by supervised doing rather thanby means of "ad hoc" lectures and recitations.A series of elementary lectures is given by the faculty of the clinicaldepartments, open to the student in his second year; this prepares theground for the beginning of his clinical work in the first quarter of histhird year. In the third year one quarter may be spent in the Departmentof Medicine, one in the Department of Surgery, and one in the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics as an extern, a termadopted in the University Clinics to indicate the similarity of the student's work to that of the intern. While serving an externship, the studentspends his mornings and most of the afternoon in the wards or in theoperating room. At noon he attends a conjoint clinical lecture course conducted six days a week by the staffs of the clinical departments; this supplements his practical work with informative material. Daily from 4:30to 5 : 30 there are various conferences or lectures which he may attend,including a course in medical jurisprudence, toxicology, and therapeutics.In the fourth year the student may begin his day with a conjoint clinical lecture course similar to that of the third year, but covering more advanced material and particularly the specialties. The rest of his time maybe spent in serving externships in the out-patient clinics of the four departments; he may choose the various subdivisions of the clinics in whichhe wishes to do special work. Before the degree of Doctor of Medicine isconferred, the applicant must have had accepted by the Division of Biological Sciences a thesis on original research work, and he must pass certain group examinations. At least the equivalent of one quarter is spentworking on his thesis, and he is provided with the necessary laboratoryand clinical facilities.Attention should be called to another major point of emphasis in theclinical departments — the continuation of education and training beyondthe M.D. degree. Here, again, the emphasis is upon the selection of menand their limitation in numbers to such an extent that those selected willderive the maximum benefit from the facilities placed at their disposal.Study and research continuing over rather long periods are quite practicable under the University organization and are given every possible132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDencouragement. The physical equipment is provided with a view to itsutilization in such work, and in appropriate instances financial assistanceis available from funds at the disposal of the University. There is provision for the granting of higher degrees. The University is concernedboth with medicine and with men, and in the long run the success of itsmedical enterprise will be measured best in terms of its output of men,qualified to take leading parts in the further progress of medicine — practical and scientific.RESEARCHOne of the main objectives of the entire development, as has beenstated, is the advancement of medical research. The facilities for the newclinical departments in each instance include adequate provision for anintensive program of research, and from the inauguration of the new Departments of Medicine and Surgery the research functions of all the clinical departments have been continually emphasized.This function of the clinical departments has appealed to variousdonors and has attracted increasing support. Research is carried on inpart under the general medical funds, but in addition large funds havebeen provided and designated specifically for this purpose. Of such funds,administered by the University, the following may be mentioned:Douglas Smith Foundation for Medical Research, $800,000 (for investigation of thecauses, nature, prevention, and treatment of disease) ; Lasker Foundation for MedicalResearch, $1,000,000 (for research into the causes, nature, prevention, and cure ofdegenerative diseases) ; A. B. Kuppenheimer Fund, $1,000,000 (for expense in study andresearch in the field of venereal disease) ; Logan Fellowship Fund, $80,000 (for researchfellowships in the medical sciences) ; Coman Research Fund, $200,000 (for scientific research with special reference to the cause, prevention, and cure of disease) ; Van SchaickFund, $10,000 (for investigation of pathology of the eye); Louis B. and Emma M.Kuppenheimer Fund, $250,000 (for study of the structure, functions, and diseases ofthe eye)tIn addition to the foregoing the Sprague Memorial Institute employsthe income from approximately $2,000,000 in medical research, under aclose affiliation with the University.THE UNIVERSITY CLINICSThe University of Chicago Clinics form an integral part of the facilitiesprovided at the quadrangles of the University for the work of the clinicaldepartments included within the Division of Biological Sciences. Certainof the units comprising the Clinics are owned and operated by the Uni-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS J33versity ; others are in close affiliation — in both cases the professional workis wholly under the direct auspices of the clinical departments.The following units are provided for at the University quadrangles:Under University ownership:The Albert Merritt Billings Hospital, 216 beds (Medicine, Surgery, Ophthalmology,Oto-Laryngology, Neurology, Neuro-Surgery, Dermatology, Roentgenology, andGynecology) ; the Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, 80 beds (Pediatrics) ;the Max Epstein Clinic (provides services for out-patients in all branches. Facilitiesfor about 500 visits a day. The Max Epstein Clinic is also extended into the ChicagoLying-in Hospital and into the Provident Hospital); the Gertrude Dunn Hicks Memorial, 50 beds (Orthopedic Surgery. Operated together with the Nancy Adele McElweeMemorial as a hospital for crippled children).Under close affiliation:The Nancy Adele McElwee Memorial, 50 beds (Orthopedic Surgery. Owned andoperated by the Home for Destitute Crippled Children) ; the Chicago Lying-in Hospital,140 beds (Obstetrics. Owned and operated by the Chicago Lying-in Hospital andDispensary, which also operates a dispensary providing for approximately 4,000 deliveries annually in the home).Planned for early construction:The Charles Gilman Smith Hospital, 50 beds (infectious diseases).Total beds at the quadrangles (for which provision has now been made), 586 beds.The following institutions, while not included in the University Clinicsorganization, are in co-operation or affiliation with the University ofChicago, through its Division of Biological Sciences, and appointments tothe professional staffs are made only on nomination by the University:The Children's Memorial Hospital, 275 beds (for all classes of diseases of children,except contagious; has also a large out-patient department); the Provident Hospital,131 beds (in process of reconstruction, has also a Max Epstein Clinic for out-patients);the Country Home for Convalescent Children, 120 beds (Orthopedic Surgery, Pediatrics. At Prince Crossing, Illinois. Staff provided from the University Clinics).Grand total of all beds (available to Division of Biological Sciences), 1,112 beds.The professional medical and surgical services in the University Clinicsare performed by the members of the appropriate departments. In thecase of the Clinics under direct administration by the University no additional appointment is made to indicate the position of a member of adepartment on the staff of the hospital or clinic. In the case of co-operating institutions, appointment to the professional staff follows nominationby the University, which has the exclusive right to initiate such appointments. In the case of the clinical organizations at the University quadrangles, nearly all staff appointees are on an academic, salaried basis, devoting full time to teaching, research, and clinical duties, with all salariespaid by the University.134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWhile patients are being received by various organizations, the generalpolicy with respect to the admission of patients is practically uniformthroughout. Patients of all economic classes are received, and are caredfor by the members of the University's clinical departments. A high degree of selection is exercised when necessary to provide clinical materialappropriate to the needs of the department. After selection for admission,patients are charged for clinic fees, hospital services, and professionalservices, according to the service rendered and the ability of the individualto pay. In the Clinics under direct University management all charges forprofessional services are rendered by and payable to the University.The results of the adoption of the paying-patient policy in both hospital and out-patient department have been very interesting. From theopening of the Clinics in October, 1927, the demand for clinical serviceshas constantly been greater than could be met, resulting in the possibilityof considerable discrimination in admissions. Excellent clinical material,exhibiting a wide range of diseases, has presented itself, and there hasbeen seen an unusually intelligent group of patients, able to co-operate toa high degree in treatment and in the observations necessary for research.No handicaps from the teaching standpoint have been observed. Free andpart-pay beds are maintained; and when necessary, special efforts havebeen made to secure certain types of cases required by departments.Incidental to the policy as adopted, a considerable amount of incomehas been derived from patients — that from clinic and hospital chargesbeing credited to the appropriate budget, and that from professional feesbeing credited to the University's budget for the clinical departments asa group. Patients have thus met a fair share of the cost of their care,releasing an equivalent amount to other University purposes, income fromprofessional fees being treated by the University exactly as is income fromtuition fees from students, no segregation being made as to income fromthe services of individuals or of departments.While this policy has produced interesting results, worthy of furtherstudy, it should by no means be assumed that income from patients mayrelieve the University of the necessity of providing large endowments.While it has been demonstrated, both at the Cornell Clinic and at theUniversity of Chicago Clinics, that out-patient departments adequate forteaching purposes may be maintained on a practically self-supportingbasis, this is decidedly not the case with respect to teaching hospitals. Thehospitals of the University of Chicago Clinics admit a relatively smallproportion of full-pay "private" patients, but they do receive some income from a large proportion of all patients admitted. The net result,AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS i3Showever, is about the same as in the large general hospital with largeprivate services and large free or low-pay services, in that the hospitalmust meet costs far beyond the amounts collected from patients.As to the abstract desirability of the policy itself, there is room for anhonest difference of opinion. In the University of Utopia sufficient endowment will doubtless be provided to avoid all concern over financialmatters. With conditions as they are and as they must be met, the policyappears to afford a reasonable method of aiding in the solving of some ofthe difficult economic problems incident to modern medical education,and at certainly no great sacrifice to the primary objectives of the University.FURTHER DEVELOPMENTThe foundations of the clinical medical enterprise, here incorporatedwithin the new Division of Biological Sciences, now seem secure; andadequate facilities, for the present, have been provided for all of the majorbranches oi clinical medicine, except psychiatry. An orderly and progressive development of the program for medicine within the Division ofBiological Sciences will, however, call for large additions to the University's resources over a period of years; and some of the further needs,some of which are now urgent, may be listed as follows:Endowment for the University Clinics, $5,000,000 (for permanent support for thecare of patients); Residence for Nurses, $1,000,000 (of this sum, $500,000 is alreadypledged, contingent upon a gift of the remainder — the donor of the additional $500,000required to have the privilege of naming the building) ; School of Nursing (for endowment), $1,000,000; Anatomy Building, $1,000,000 (of this sum $500,000 is alreadypledged, under the same conditions as in the case of the Residence for Nurses) ; Hygieneand Bacteriology Building, $1,000,000 (of this sum $500,000 is already pledged, underthe same conditions as above) ; Psychiatric Clinic, $3,000,000 ($1,000,000 for a building,$1,000,000 for endowment of a Department of Psychiatry, $1,000,000 for endowment ofthe care of patients); additional endowment for pre-clinical departments, $5,000,000;Bio-Medical Library (for building and endowment), $2,000,000; University HealthService, $500,000; Gynecological Pavilion, $1,000,000 (to complete Chicago Lying-inHospital, building and endowment); Ophthalmological Clinic, $1,000,000 (building andendowment) .BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERDr. Ozora S. Davis, for many years,and until in 1929 he was smitten with anincurable disease, president of the ChicagoTheological Seminary, died March 15,1 93 1, on a train near Kansas City. It wasduring Dr. Davis' administration that theseminary removed from the West Sideof Chicago to its strategic position nearthe University. Although the removalfrom a site long occupied was opposed bymany friends of the institution Dr. Davis'advocacy of the change eventually wasconvincing of its wisdom and subsequent years have shown the excellenceof his judgment. The seminary has prospered in its new environment and by theliberal bequest of Victor Lawson. Its noble group of buildings stands as a memorial of the perseverance and the tact ofDr. Davis as well as of the generous impulses of the proprietor of the DailyNews. Dr. Davis was a preacher of outstanding ability, a leader among theCongregationalists of the country, a successful executive, a charming friend. Hisfirst money toward an education wasearned in his boyhood home in Vermontby selling papers. His father was a baggageman at the railroad station and during the hours spent there the lad learnedthe click of the telegrapher's keys, andthrough his knowledge of telegraphy heearned his entire way through DartmouthCollege.Without blare of oratorical trumpetsand without much ceremony of any sort,the cornerstone of the College ResidenceHall for Men, facing the Midway andsouth of it at the corner of Ellis Avenue,was laid on March 10, 193 1. A reproduction of the architects' design of the building appeared in the University Recordsome months ago and a reproduction ofthe model of the entire building showingthe inner courts was in the January issue.Included in the contents of the cornerstone box were a photograph and biography of Julius Rosenwald, who is bearing40 per cent of the erection cost. Mr.Rosenwald is also providing the same percentage of the cost of the women's residence halls to be built this fall at Sixtieth Street and Woodlawn Avenue. In all,there will be twelve separate units in thetwo men's quadrangles, eight residencehalls, two clubhouses and two dining-halls.Mr. Frederic J. Gurney, for manyyears and until his retirement in 1928,assistant recorder of the University, hasbeen visiting his son, F. Taylor Gurney,professor of chemistry and physics in theAmerican College of Teheran, Persia. Mr.Gurney will return to Chicago soon afterJune 1.Dr. Franklin C. McLean has been appointed by the officers of the Home forDestitute Crippled Children as director ofthe hospital of the home now in operationin connection with the University Clinics.Greenwood Hall, at 6030 GreenwoodAvenue, once an apartment building but,after alterations, for many years used as aresidence hall for women, is to be torndown. It has served to some extent to relieve the pressure on the limited housingfacilities provided by the group of residence halls on the north side of the Midway. The new residence hall for women toface the Midway between University andWoodlawn avenues is to be begun thisyear. When completed it will markedlyremedy the present shortage of rooms forwomen.The following has been approved asthe wording of the memorial tablet to beplaced in the Oriental Museum to perpetuate the gift of Haskell Oriental Museumby Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell:"In 1894 Caroline E. Haskell presentedto the University of Chicago as a memorial the Haskell Oriental Museum. Forthirty-five years it was a center for thestudy of the ancient civilizations of theNear East and a sanctuary for its records.Out of it grew the Oriental Institute andthis building, which now shelters the expanding research of the University in ancient Oriental civilizations."136J? |fiBflCOLLEGE RESIDENCE HALL FOR MEN ON THE MIDWAY— LAYINGTHE CORNERSTONEBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 137Some time ago it was proposed to namecertain of the main quadrangles of theUniversity after distinguished members ofthe faculties. It was pointed out that fewprofessors could ever expect to provide thecost of buildings and thus perpetuate theservice they had rendered to the institution. Yet, without the work performed bythese men the University would not havebeen known as a notable source of educational leadership. In one instance such abuilding was given, but the donor and hisfamily preferred to name it for the eminent teacher whose early work had sheddistinction on the department in whichthis work was performed. Harper Libraryhappily honors the great president whowas a veritable founder of the University.To some extent this aim to honor educators as well as donors has been accomplished by naming two of the courts of thenew College Residence Hall for Men afterPresident Burton and President Judson,respectively.Clarence Fassett Castle, associate professor emeritus of Greek, died in St.Petersburg, Florida, March 29, 193 1. Hehad been sick for some time. ProfessorCastle came to the University from Buck-nell University and was a member of theoriginal faculty of the University of Chicago, and served until his retirement in1925. President Harper had known himwhile both were at Denison University.He was a faithful, careful teacher and washighly appreciated by his colleagues.The Board of Trustees has authorizedthe placing in the University Chapel of atablet as a memorial of President ErnestD. Burton. The interest he exemplified inthe designing of the Chapel makes such atribute most appropriate. It was duringPresident Burton's administration thatthe long-delayed erection of the chapelwas finally begun. He devoted most of hisvacation during one summer to a study ofEnglish cathedrals and obtained from SirGilbert Scott, the distinguished Englisharchitect, enthusiastic approval of theGoodhue design. There is at present onlyone such memorial in the Chapel, that tothe beloved Dr. Charles Richmond Henderson. Another in memory of studentswho died in service of their country during the World War has been authorized,this to be placed near the student entranceto the Chapel. Memorials to John D.Rockefeller and his wife, who respectively provided for building the Chapel and endowing its religious activities, are soon tobe installed on the walls of the narthex.One man out of every forty-five malegraduates of the University is destined tobecome a distinguished scientist, providing the University's teaching is as effective now as it was between 1900 and 1910.Data on recipients of the Bachelor's degree during the first decade of the century,recently compiled in a study of the education of America's leading scientists, indicate that the University is becoming increasingly important in the training ofeminent research men. These conclusionsare implied in a new statistical analysis ofthe schooling received by the nation'sgreatest investigators, presented by Dr.Stephen S. Visher, professor of geographyat Indiana University, in the Februaryissue of the Journal of Higher Education.The study is concerned chiefly with the601 new names given "stars" in the twomost recent revisions of the "Men ofScience" list — 1921 and 1927. In the advanced training of these younger distinguished scientists Professor Visher findsthat the University of Chicago was preeminent among all the universities of thecountry.Fifteen thousand dollars will be expended for special alterations, improvements, and equipment in the medicalbuildings, $30,000 has been appropriatedfor alterations and equipment of HaskellMuseum building in order to prepare itfor use of the School of Commerce andAdministration, and $10,000 for the purchase of books and periodicals for thebiochemical library.The group of buildings at the northeast corner of Ellis Avenue and Sixty-firstStreet will be razed this spring in order topermit the landscaping and constructionof playfields on this land that is immediately south of the College Residence Hallfor Men which, it is expected, will beready for occupancy by October 1 next.The University has recently receivedword that the late Albert B. Kuppenheimer left two-thirds of the residue ofhis estate to the University as endowment for study and research in venerealdiseases, and that the value of this bequest is tentatively estimated at about$1,000,000. Mr. Kuppenheimer has sup-138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDported studies made by Dr. Ormsby ofRush Medical College. Mr. Kuppenheimer was a brother of Mr. Louis B.Kuppenheimer, who has given $250,000to the University to establish the LouisB. and Emma M. Kuppenheimer Fundfor teaching and research in ophthalmology.Dr. Charles J. Chamberlain, professoremeritus, was elected president of the National Botanical Association of America atits annual meeting in Detroit.A lovely feature of the orthopedic unitof the University Clinics, comprising theNancy Adele McElwee and the GertrudeDunn Hick memorials, is "Nancy's garden" which has been specially decoratedand equipped by Mrs. McElwee with theassistance of Mrs. Frederic Woodward asa memorial to Nancy. It is the cornerroom on the third floor overlooking theMidway and Ellis Avenue. The wallshave scenic mural paintings apropos to achildren's playroom. Bookcases full oftoys and books, tiny tables, chairs, anddesks are provided in yellow to match thecolor scheme on the third floor. There isalso a miniature swimming-pool.The Renaissance Society of the University under the active leadership of itspresident, Mrs. Martin Schutze, is providing for its constituency, and particularly for the University community, numerous interesting exhibitions of paintingsand other works of art usually of a modernistic character. The latest of the opportunities for study of art progress,conditions, and accomplishments sponsored by the society was an exhibition ofreligious art. It was held in the new skyscraper, on the exterior walls of which appear Fred Torrey's striking carved reliefsin stone, at 333 North Michigan Avenue.The exhibition was on view from March24 to April 15. In Wieboldt Hall, fromMarch 2 to 15 there were shown, underthe auspices of the Society, drawings byMaude Phelps Hutchins (Mrs. RobertMaynard Hutchins), Alfeo Faggi, andJohn B. Storrs.A brief memorial service was held inthe University Chapel on Easter Sunday,April 5, in connection with the transfer tothe columbarium behind the reredos atthe north end of the building of the ashesof the first three presidents of the Univer sity, and those of Mrs. Judson. A briefinscription, besides the names of thosewhose incinerary urns are placed in theseveral niches, is incised in the stone inLatin as follows :HIC IACENT PRAESIDUMSUORUMQUE CINERESThere appears on another page an excellent reproduction of a portrait of Mr.John P. Wilson, recently elected Trusteeof the University. Some biographical factsconcerning Mr. Wilson appeared in theUniversity Record for January.The interior of the Chicago Lying-inHospital is about completed, and it is expected that the first patients will be admitted in May. The hospital is in affiliation with the University. The staff of theDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecologyof the University will have its own laboratories and offices in the section facing onDrexel Avenue, immediately across fromthe Billings Hospital. Gynecological workwill be continued in Billings. The newbuilding contains facilities for 140 adulthospital patients, and an out-patient department designated the "Max EpsteinClinic." The present staff of the Lying-inHospital has been invited to continue itsassociation with the hospital and to usethe facilities for private patients. TheGertrude Dunn Hicks and the NancyAdele McElwee memorials have also beencompleted and equipped, and patientshave already been received. Dr. FranklinC. McLean has been appointed as directorof the hospital which is to be operated inthese units by the Home for DestituteCrippled Children. The home will retainresponsibility for its own administration;the University will provide all professional services for patients. Patients nowbeing cared for in the home, located at1653 Maypole Avenue, are being movedto the new building. The present buildingis to be retained as an out-patient clinic.The Division of Orthopedic Surgery, under Dr. Nathaniel Allison, will center itsactivities in the new building.A twenty-bed addition to the CountryHome for Convalescent Children, PrinceCrossing (West Chicago), Illinois, wasopened January 15. This home is in affiliation with the University Clinics. TheUniversity provides the medical care andthe supervision of the home. There areBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 139now twenty beds for bed patients andfacilities for caring for eighty ambulatorypatients. Now that the new hospital fororthopedic surgery is open, patients willbe operated on in Billings Hospital, hospitalized in the new building, and, whensufficiently convalescent, transferred tothe Raymond Memorial Building at theCountry Home until they are well enoughto enter the main building of the home asambulatory patients. This arrangementprovides the University Clinics with aunique opportunity for the study of casesrequiring orthopedic surgery.One of the eyesores which has offended the vision of visitors to the University quadrangles — the unsightly building, erected in 1902, once used as awomen's gymnasium and for some yearsas an armory for the Department of Military Science and Tactics — has been razed.The offices and classrooms of the Department have been moved to Ryerson Physical Laboratory, while its apparatus hasbeen taken to the recently dedicatedarmory of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Field Artillery of the Illinois National Guard at Fifty-third Street andCottage Grove Avenue. It is hoped thatanother structure, Lexington Hall, thatbelittles its neighbor, the Oriental Museum, will before long be wrecked.Progress is being made on the plans forthe Max Epstein art building which is tobe placed on Sixtieth Street between Kim-bark and Woodlawn Avenues. Some preliminary study has been given to the usesto which the building will be put as well asto definite plans. It is hoped that groundfor the building will be broken this spring.The first children from the Home forDestitute Crippled Children were transferred to the University on February 26,the remainder were transferred to theNancy Adele McElwee Memorial early inMarch. The first group was hospitalizedtemporarily in the Bobs Roberts Memorial.The University Clinics have for sometime been unable, because of lack offacilities, to accept for treatment all whoapply. The admitting office is responsiblefor the selection of patients. The needs ofthe staff for teaching and investigationare the determining factors, and within these limits it is the object of the Clinics toprovide care for the patient of moderatemeans. During the month of January,193 1 , 1 ,584 applicants for treatment in theClinics were interviewed. Of these, 292were rejected, 182 for medical reasons,and no for financial reasons. During thatsame month over 8,000 visits were paid tothe Max Epstein Clinic, and the hospitals,with an official capacity of 239 beds, hadan average of 230 patients a day. Therewere 1,200 patients in February, 193 1; inFebruary, 1930, 1,009.The final meetings of the medical section of the White House Conference onChild Health and Protection were held inWashington, D.C., on February 19, 20,and 21. Dr. F. L. Adair served in thissection as chairman of the committeeon pre-natal and maternal care. Dr. R.E. Scammon, Miss Ruth Emerson, MissFlorence Smith, and Dr. G. W. Bartel-mez are on this committee. There are 115members. It has been unanimously agreedthat the work of the committee has beenmuch worth while and the meetings quitesuccessful. Doctor Adair has been highlycomplimented on the scope of the work ofhis committee and the value of the datait has collected. Dr. E. V. L. Brown, Dr.D. B. Reed, Dr. F. W. Schlutz, and Dr.A. J. Carlson are also members of theWhite House conference committees.In connection with the project for aNew Testament iconography, ProfessorH. R. Willoughby has commissioned Professor Kirsopp Lake, of Harvard, tophotograph miniatured manuscripts inthe monasteries of Sinai, Jerusalem, andPatmos for the University. This arrangement assures the collection of icono-graphic materials from certain of the mostinaccessible of monastic libraries. Professor Lake is to be in the Near East untilSeptember, 1931, directing the Harvardexcavations at Samaria.Miss Lena McCauley, art editor of theChicago Evening Post, in a recent letterwrote: "The Rosenwald portrait by Mr.Johansen seemed to me to be an inspiredwork — in fact, the only canvas worthwhile in the autumn exhibition. Printsand photographs miss the spiritual qualityof the Rosenwald portrait." The portraitwas reproduced in the July issue of theUniversity Record.140 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAdded to the comprehensive list ofperiodicals published by the University ofChicago Press is the new Library Quarterly. It is the sixteenth journal publishedcurrently by the University. It was established with the assistance of the CarnegieCorporation to fill the need suggested bya committee of the American Library Association for a journal of investigation anddiscussion in the field of library science.Among recent articles is an analysis showing the small proportion of foreign-language books in public libraries in relationto the foreign population, and a predictionof great increase in college libraries as theresult of the development of "readingcourses" and the encouragement of student initiative as exemplified by the reorganization of the University of Chicago.William O. Douglas, whose appointment as professor of law is announced inthis issue of the Record, will divide hisservices among the Law School, the Schoolof Commerce and Administration, and theSocial Sciences Division. His appointment inaugurates a program of co-operative research in problems of finance.President Hutchins is quoted as saying:"The University proposes to establish acommittee on finance which will correlateall research projects in the field of privatefinance, initiate new and important research studies, and advise as to teachingin the field." Mr. Douglas was graduatedfrom Whitman College, Walla Walla,Washington, and Columbia UniversityLaw School. He has directed one of themost important studies of the Institute ofHuman Relations of Yale University, theinvestigation of bankruptcy. Under theauspices of the Wickersham Commission,Professor Douglas also has participated ina study of the administration of justice inthe federal courts.Thirty-five policemen, chosen chieflyfrom Chicago, and twenty University students comprised the first university courseof its kind in the country for study ofmodern police practice. The class was under the supervision of August Vollmer,who served for a period at the Universityas Professor of Police Administration. Hewas chief of police of Berkeley, California,before coming to Chicago. His return toCalifornia, April i, 1931, closed a brief butinteresting service which, had it continuedas originally proposed, might have beenconstructively and reformatively helpful to the police situation, especially in thelarger cities.There were 49,634 visits by patients tothe University Clinics in the six-monthsperiod including the last six months of1930.The University has established a clinicof sick business in an effort to ascertainthe causes and remedies for bankruptcywhich is costing the United States $750,-000,000 a year and is steadily becoming aheavier burden on American business.The study of business readjustments is tobe conducted with the co-operation of theUnited States Department of Commerceand with the aid of the Solicitor General.The nature of the business, capitalization,size of the enterprise, income, expense,frozen credit, customer service, pricingpolicy, business experience, insurance, andmany other economic details will be foundin each case filed in the Federal Court,Chicago. All the facts of the personalbackground will be obtained. The investigation will include interviews with thebankrupt's competitors, his bankers, andthose with whom he does business, so thata complete understanding of all factorswill be obtained. A staff of five will assistProfessor John H. Cover and the Department of Commerce representative in thisdetailed study.Bernadotte E. Schmitt, of the Department of History, has been awarded theGeorge Louis Beer prize of $250 by theAmerican Historical Association. The twovolumes of The Coming of the War, 1914,are declared by the association to be the"best work upon any phase of Europeaninternational history since 1895."The friends of George A. Works do notknow whether to congratulate or commiserate him upon his appointment asdean of students and examiner, for hereare some of the duties which have beenassigned to him according to the statutesof the University: "He co-ordinates all ofthe University's relations with students,including admissions, recording and reporting, health service, the administrationof entrance, placement, and comprehensive examinations, the educational and social supervision of residence halls andclubhouses, the direction of social affairs,the control of student organizations andpublications, vocational guidance andBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 141placement, student aid, the administration of fellowships and scholarships, andstudent advisory service in arts, literature, and science. He is ex-officio vice-chairman of all boards and committeesdealing with student relations, and theformulation, testing, and administrationof entrance and comprehensive examinations, and an ex-officio member of allcommittees on the curriculum in arts,literature, and science." Doubtless experience will require the addition of otherkinds of service. In any event his friendsare confident he is competent for thetask.University preachers during the Winter Quarter were the following: Januaryn, Dean Charles W. Gilkey; January 18,Reverend Robert Russell Wicks, D.D.,Dean of the University Chapel, PrincetonUniversity; January 25 and February 1,Reverend Reinhold Niebuhr, AssociateProfessor of Social Ethics and Philosophyof Religion, Union Theological Seminary;February 8, Reverend Miles H. Krumbine,D.D., Plymouth Church, Shaker Heights,Cleveland, Ohio; February 15, Dean Gil-key; February 22 and March 1, ReverendBernard I. Bell, D.D., Warden of SaintStephen's College, Columbia University;March 8, Reverend Clarence A. Barbour,D.D., President, Brown University; andMarch 15, Reverend Albert Eustace Hay-don, Ph.D., Professor of ComparativeReligion, the University of Chicago.Charles H. Judd, dean of the School ofEducation, will attend the internationalconference on university examinations inLondon next May, it is announced.The Summer Quarter this year will beten weeks instead of twelve as in the past.The quarter will open June 22, and thefirst term will end July 24. The secondterm starts July 27 and ends on August28. There will be some 270 members ofthe faculty of the rank of assistant professor or higher in the four divisions, as wellas full staffs in the various professionalschools. One of the events of the quarterof interest to educators will be the sixthannual Institute on Higher Education, tobe held on July 8, 9, 10. The centraltheme will be a discussion of recent trendsin American college education. The eighth annual institute of the Norman Wait Harris Memorial Foundationwill be held June 22-July 3. The generaltopic will be "Unemployment as a WorldProblem."Vice-President Woodward has beengiven a leave of absence by the Board ofTrustees for not to exceed one year fromOctober 1, 1931, in order to serve as amember of the Foreign Missions InquiryCommission which will make a thoroughand disinterested study of the missions ofthe more important American religiousdenominations in India, China, and Japan. The commission has been organizedand will be financed by a group of laymenrepresenting the Presbyterian, Episcopal,Methodist, Baptist, Congregational andother denominations. A group of factfinders is already in Asia gathering information for the commission and preparinga report. It will be the function of thecommissioners to study the data collectedby the fact-finders and then carefully toreview the situation on the ground. Thecommission will sail for India by theMediterranean route about October 1 andis expected to return by way of the Pacificin the following June.At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held March 12, 1931, there wasestablished a new department within thebusiness organization at the Quadrangles.This department will be responsible forco-ordinating all divisions of the businessorganization having financial and business relations with students, including themanagement and operation of residencehalls, Commons, and student and facultyapartments; collection of student fees,administration of student loans, depositaccounts, Housing Bureau, InformationOffice, and other similar functions. Theoffice of cashier will be discontinued. Mr.William J. Mather, who for years has soefficiently managed the Cashier's Office,will be appointed bursar and will be incharge of the new department. Mr.Mather will be assisted by Mr. Albert F.Cotton, who, as assistant bursar, will bein charge of the functions heretofore performed by the cashier, and by MissFlorence Pope, who will continue to serveas director of the Commons and residencehalls.ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1931March, 1931 March, 1930GainMen Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —401541 327127 728668 4035n 349141 752652 '"'16* 24Total 942742812521,6062,5481217648 45456358029 1,3961,3051,39281 91479080123 4905666173i 1,404i,3561,41854 27 82. The Colleges —5i26Unclassified Total 1,1721,626344146 2,7784,174155117814 1,6142,52811136610 1,2141,704425156 2,8284,23215388116 23 5058Total Arts, Literature andIT. Professional Schools:i. Divinity Schools —Chicago Theological Seminary —3Total 200228 5825 258253 190201 6825 2582262. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science —Graduate 272 1 3 5 5Total 230151341183 261114 256161451223 20611126120 25179 23112133129 254123Rush Medical College —Postgraduate Third year 7Total 270498221010412 1642102 28654022010612 257462226153 1742153 274504241156 123623- Total (less duplicates) Law School —Postgraduate 215oCandidates for LL.B 231 231Total 3282 12401 3404211 4034I5 18611 4216525 814- College of Education —231Total 33514195 4112202 444716197 105812645 629192 726714547 "'16'5 285- School of Commerce and Administration —20Junior Total 19022 34841018 2241061018 1931011 30791649 2238917410 1176. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —732Total 227 10313 12520 125 10812 12017 537- G raduate School of Library Science . .Total professional schools . . .Total University (in quad- 1,2483,796339 3031,92931 i,55i5,72537o 1,2753,803364 3402,04428 1,6155,847392 6412222Net total (in quadrangles) 3,457 1,898 5,355 3,439 2,016 5,455 100[Continued on page 143]ATTENDANCE TABLES 143ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1931— Continued" ~March, 193 i March, 1930Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalIII. University College:1833312492135 474657197319 18807781289454 1927312579174 521687288366 19794812327540 13 1313886Total 7024,15948 1,6473,54541 2,3497,70489 6704,10924 1,8223,83833 2,4927,94757 32 143243Net total in the University 4,111 3,504 7,6i5 4,085 3,805 7,890 275ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1931Graduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts Literature and Science 1,396233253283222 2,697 812SGraduate Schools of Medicine—Ogden Graduate School of Science "RhqIi MWliral Colleere 3311843170nCollege of Education ISchool of Commerce and Administration . .Graduate School of Social Service Adminis- 4710620 78Graduate School of Library Science Total (\n the auadraneles) 2,560264 3,039105 1283Net total in the quadrangles 2,296807 2,9341,070 125TTniver^itv College 472Grand total in the University. Duplicates 3,io342 4,00443 5974Net total in the University 3,061 3,96i 593Grand total in the University 7,6i5From the painting by Louis Betts To hang in the new Graduate Education BuildingDEAN CHARLES HUBBARD JUDDHead of the Department of Kducation — Charles F. GreyDistinguished Service Professor