The University RecordVolume XVI OCTOBER I93O Number 4THE UNIVERSITY AND SOCIALWELFARE1By EDITH ABBOTTDean of the Graduate School of Social Service AdministrationPRESIDENT HUTCHINS likes to describe a university as a community of scholars. In the old days, scholars, here as elsewhere,were interested chiefly in the life of the past; but happily for theworld of today, this is true no longer. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes inspeaking to an eastern graduating class once described a university as "aplace from which men start for the Eternal City. In the university are pictured the ideals that abide in the City of Light. But many different roadslead to that haven, and those who are here have traveled (or will travel)by different paths to that goal." The way chosen by those of us who areinterested in social work lay along the mean streets of the cities of thepoor and at one time seemed to lie in alien territory. But in her wideningsocial interests our own University has been a pioneer, and fields oncealien are remote no longer.MAKING BENEVOLENCE SCIENTIFICIn the latter half of the eighteenth century, with Blackstone lecturingat Oxford and Adam Smith at Glasgow, the universities may be said tohave discovered social science. It was nearly one hundred and fifty yearslater before they discovered social service, and I am afraid most of themhave not discovered it yet. It is in part because our field has been neglected by the scholar that progress has often been so lamentably slow. More1 An address delivered in the University Chapel on the occasion of the One Hundred and Sixty -first Convocation of the University, August 29, 1930.2172l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthan sixty years ago Arnold Toynbee said in speaking to an Oxford audience, "to make benevolence scientific is the great problem of the presentday." But benevolence too often is still considered a matter for the heartrather than the head, and year after year we continue to spend millionsand waste millions generously and incompetently on public and privatecharitable work and still fail to meet the needs of those we try to serve.Social service represents one of the great and one of the growing taxexpenditures, not only in our American states but in Europe and, in fact,in all the civilized countries of the world. In Great Britain the government now issues an annual "white paper'7 showing expenditures on whatare called officially "the public social services."2 And the official estimateof the social service expenditures for 1929 was put at approximately 240million pounds or considerably more than a billion dollars.In our American states public expenditures for social services have beenrising rapidly since the Civil War. If the money were well spent, thiswould be a sign of progress, for rising public expenditures for social welfare are an expression of public concern for the weaker members of thecommunity, for whom a young, vigorous, and wealthy nation is expectedto show grave concern. Since our expenditures are made by the states andby minor local authorities rather than by the national government, it isimpossible to estimate with any reasonable degree of accuracy our national expenditures in this field. Our expenditures for poor relief, for example, on which the tax-payers spend millions of dollars every year, areaccounted for only in the scattered and fugitive records of more than athousand different county boards, most of them making no annual reportsto any central authority.STATE SUPERVISION OVER PRIVATE CHARITIESThe state has not only extended its activities in this field by statutoryprovisions for various important and expensive services that only yesterday, as it were, were not even dreamed of ; but state supervision over private charities by means of such powers as visitation and inspection, certification and licensing has also been made statutory in all but one of ourstates. With the development of the public welfare services, more adequate funds have been provided, the staff has become more professional,and the need for competent social workers has been greatly increased.2 This parliamentary "white paper" for the year ending in March, 1929, accountsfor a period when the Conservative government had been in power for five years, sothat it was not the work of the new Labor cabinet. The estimate quoted above excludes the expenditures for education which in Great Britain also are included underthe Public Social Services (Parliamentary Papers, 1929, 101).THE UNIVERSITY AND SOCIAL WELFARE 219But most important of all, with control in the hands of the state, shouldcome a new emphasis on scientific and preventive work.The first state board of charities was created in Massachusetts in 1863.Since that time forty-four of our forty-eight American states have eachprovided for a state welfare board,3 which in most states has control overthe specialized institutions for the insane, the feeble-minded, the deaf, theblind, for dependent and delinquent children. These boards represent expenditures of something like a hundred million dollars every year; but allthe expenditures that can possibly be made will not provide, adequate careunless these appropriations are intelligently used. In general, the greatstate charitable institutions in all sections of the country have failed toprovide modern scientific care for the unfortunate wards of the state.Many of the children in the state institutions could be cared for much better, and at the same time more economically, by leaving them in their ownhomes or by placing them in carefully selected foster homes and sendingthem to the public day schools. But too often public funds for charitablepurposes represent a charitable impulse rather than a scientific understanding of social needs, and we go on mechanically appropriating fundswithout applying the scientific knowledge that is available for an evaluation of the results.An illustration of this wastage of public funds is found in some of ourstate schools for the deaf. The children sent to them have at times beenpoorly taught in an institution when they might have been kept in theirown homes and provided for in a special class in the near-by publicschools. Many of these state institutions were at one time called "asylums for the deaf and dumb," although it is now more than a hundred andfifty years since methods of teaching so-called deaf and dumb children tospeak were successfully used. And yet state schools for the deaf can stillbe found in this country where children are being taught by the old "signlanguage" instead of the proper oral method of instruction. When my sister went from the United States Children's Bureau not long ago to visitthe public welfare institutions of a middle western state, she was shockedto find that in a state school for the deaf one group of children, who hadbeen well taught by the oral method, could speak without difficulty andwere able to engage in conversation like normal human beings; and in thesame institution another group of children had been taught only the oldsign language so that they could only "talk with their hands" and had8 As a result of having been created by so many different legislatures, these statewelfare bodies are variously called boards, departments, or commissions of charities orpublic or social welfare.220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbeen forever deprived of the power of speech. These unfortunate childrentaught by an antiquated method were not able to pronounce a single intelligible word and made noises more like animals than human beings.The history of some of the state schools for deaf children is a tragic example of the way our public charitable institutions have been left to thepolicy of drift, chance, and fate, instead of being placed under competentscientific management.LACK OF PROFESSIONAL STANDARDSIn many other fields of charitable service where standards of care havelong been formulated, lack of professional equipment and standardsamong those entrusted with the work of spending the tax-payers' moneyfor charitable purposes has meant the neglect of modern methods of socialtreatment over long periods of time. As early as 1865, when certain principles of welfare administration were set out by the Massachusetts Boardof State Charities, one of the principles of treatment which was emphasized was the importance of maintaining the family:"In providing for the poor, the dependent, and the vicious, and especially for the young," they announced in their report written sixty-fiveyears ago,4 "we must take the ordinary family for our model Thefamily has been called the social unit. It is indeed the basis withoutwhich there will be no real society, but a multitude of individuals whoharden into selfishness as they grow older."4 Extract from the Second Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of StateCharities (January, 1866), pp. xlv ff., "The Family System.""We must .... bear in mind (in providing for the dependent poor) that they donot as yet form with us a well marked and persistent class, but .... only a temporary one. They do not differ from other men, except that, taken as a whole, they inherited less favorable moral tendencies, and less original vigor. Care should be takenthat we do not by our treatment transform the temporary class into a real one and apersistent one."In providing for them we are to consider that although there exists in them, as inall men, a strong gregarious instinct, out of which grows society, there are yet strongerdomestic instincts out of which grows the family, and upon which depends the affections and the happiness of the individual. No amount of instruction and mental culture compensates for stunted affections; no abundance of society compensates forpoverty of domestic relations; and the denial of these to the dependent poor, especially to the young, can only be justified by stern necessity "God not only 'set the solitary in families' and made 'blood thicker than water,'but seems to have ordained that the natural institution of the family, growing out ofkindred, and long familiar intercourse, must be at the foundation of all permanent social institutions, and that by no human contrivance should any effectual substitutebe found for it. But the family instinct craves a permanent homestead ; and the lackof that is one of the greatest evils of poverty."THE UNIVERSITY AND SOCIAL WELFARE 221Here was a definite principle of charitable care laid down at the closeof the Civil War and still accepted today as a fundamental principle ofsocial work. But in many of our states, statutes passed long after theMassachusetts declaration, have ignored and even nullified this principleand the tax-payers' money is being used today to subsidize institutionalmaintenance of children who for the most part ought to be taken out of theinstitutions and given real homes and family care.This is not merely a local question but a national question as is alsothe public provision made for the insane wards of the state.SINCE DOROTHEA DIX'S DAYDorothea Dix came to Illinois in a prairie schooner in 1846 and ourstate established one of the early hospitals for the insane as a result of hergreat "memorial" to our state legislature. We took these unfortunate menand women out of the poor houses and the jails where Miss Dix had seenthem chained to the floors, confined in straight-jackets, fed through "grub-holes," locked in attics, cellars, and sheds. Eighty years have passed sincethe visit of Dorothea Dix and the last legislature appropriated more thantwelve million dollars for the up-keep of these so-called hospitals for theinsane. There is no question of our good intentions ; but how far is ourwork modern and scientific? Are we sure that we are now giving our statewards the kind of preventive treatment that modern medicine and socialservice prescribe? The 1929 Illinois legislature was also urged from manyparts of the state to appropriate an additional forty million dollars forthese institutions because they were so overcrowded that patients weresleeping on the floors. But merely building more and larger hospitals isnot the answer of medical science or the science of public welfare administration to this question. What we need is a thorough scientific study ofthe public provision for the insane, with a consideration of the possibilitiesof extra-mural care, more adequate medical and social service, smallerinstitutions, pre-commitment treatment, new commitment procedure andnot merely a huge appropriation taken from the bottomless pocket of thetax-payer and mechanically spent for larger and still larger hospitals.Surely a task like this is worthy of the scientific equipment and scholarship of a great university like ours.Pensions for the blind in various states are also responsible for the expenditure of large sums of money every year but these pensions are granted so indiscriminately and with so little constructive service that the public money so expended is, in part, literally thrown away.Unless we are on our guard the same thing will happen soon in the provision for the care of the aged. Everyone would like to see the veterans of222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDour industrial army spared the humiliating experiences of the poorhouseand see them made comfortable in their declining years, but money alonewithout intelligent social service will not do this.Hundreds of millions are now spent annually out of taxes for social welfare purposes; and if we follow the example of European states and proceed mechanically to undertake the relief rather than the prevention ofunemployment, we may soon see the expenditure of millions more.INCREASE OF STATUTORY OFFICES AND OFFICE HOLDERSIn these great undertakings our American states have been slowly creating a large and growing series of statutory offices in the social welfareservice including:i. The probation officers in the juvenile courts, our adult courts andour federal courts.2 . The parole officers of our prisons.3. The attendance officers, visiting teachers, and vocational guidanceworkers in our public schools.4. The members of the social service departments of our state hospitals for the insane miscalled parole officers.5. The public welfare directors, supervisors, and visitors of organizations like our Cook County Public Welfare Bureau.6. The visitors and the inspectors of our social institutions for ourstate welfare departments, boards, or bureaus.7. The social investigators of a great public research bureau like ourfederal Children's Bureau in Washington and many of our state welfareboards or commissions.The "voluntary benevolent efforts" of an earlier day have become stateservices with large numbers of salaried positions in the field of socialwelfare which did not exist until the latter half of the nineteenth centuryand were few in number till the last decade of that century. It is perhapsa part of our easy-going American democracy that the new personnelwhich should give scientific service to those in need was almost from thebeginning seized and held as a preserve of the politicians. The statutorywelfare services have only too often been used for what the famous"Plunket of Tammany Hall" called "honest graft." And in a large number of states, counties, and cities, this most objectionable form of thespoils system still stubbornly persists. The generous willingness of thetax-payers of the state to make sacrifices for humanitarian purposes canonly be justified when the state substitutes for the political place-holdersof the past, men and women "trained in the scientific method and inspiredby the scientific spirit." Empirical methods based on rude trial and errorTHE UNIVERSITY AND SOCIAL WELFAREexperiments at the expense, alike, of the community and the person indistress yield little in the way of scientific results and that at great expense.WHAT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY DO?The needs of this public field of social welfare are of long standing.But what precisely is the university to do about it? The first and mostexigent demand is one which it is clearly the university's obligation tomeet — the preparation of men and women for scientific leadership in thevarious public welfare services in all parts of the country, to carry out thepurposes for which these services have been established.The growth of public interest in social welfare has been vastly greaterthan the growth of education for the professional practice of social welfare. Our professional schools in this field have become more numerous inrecent years, but the great universities must assume the responsibility forthis work if the general level of education in these schools is to becomeworthy of the cause they serve. We are still in the pioneer stage of professional education in social work when everything is still waiting to bedone. Our curriculum is only in the early stages of organization, our scientific literature is just beginning to be written, our clinical facilities arestill to be developed.THE WORK OF THE GOOD PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLThe work of a good professional school in this field falls into three divisions: (i) the academic curriculum; (2) the clinical social work orfield work; and (3) social research — all three of which can be adequatelystrengthened only by university help.The academic curriculum of more of the professional schools is nowpoor and slight and covers in many schools only the various aspects ofa single field — case work. None of us will deny the importance of casework. It is as necessary to the social worker, as, for example, the study ofcontracts is to the law student. But case work is very far from being thewhole story. There are great reaches of territory some of them as yet unexplored and stretching out to a kind of no man's land — the great fields ofpublic charitable organization, of law and government in relation to socialwork, of social economics, of social insurance and modern social politics —all of which are required if the social worker is to be an efficient servantof the state. In these fields the independent schools will always be limited.It is in the universities where there is well organized graduate work notmerely in one, but in all of the social sciences and where there are co-operative relations with the law and medical schools that the great schools of224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsocial welfare will ultimately be developed. At the present time, particularly in the non-university schools, the student too often becomes a routine technician, sometimes a clever technician, but still a technician andnot a scientific person "with the love of knowledge and the use of thetools of learning."SOCIAL SERVICE FIELD WORK LIKE THE PHYSICIAN 'S BEDSIDE STUDYThe second division of the work of the schools, which is clinical socialwork or field work, is imperfectly understood and used at the present time,and inadequately developed. Social service field work is in many respectslike the bedside study of medicine for, like modern medical students, ourfuture social workers must be prepared to assume the grave responsibilities of interfering with the lives of human beings. For the practice of social welfare demands character as well as education and proper servicecan be given only by those who are trained for the responsibilities of action. They need more than the disciplines of the social sciences — morethan political economy, political science, sociology, and psychology canteach them of the science of human relations. They must, like the physician, be trained in the best centers of clinical work under the most expertand judicious supervisors, so that they may safely be sent out, for example, as probation officers to a juvenile court in Indiana or rural Iowa andadvise the juvenile court judge as to what the social disposition of his casesmust be: whether the children must be taken away from their home in thecase of the Smith family or whether there is hope that with help and a newstart, the home can be brought to a decent level in the case of the Brownfamily. This power of making or breaking a family is like the physician'spower over life and death and calls for the same disciplined understanding,the same capacity for competent observation, keen, scientific judgment,courage for swift decisions and effective action. The educational use offield work possibilities and responsibilities will not be realized until thiswork is directed by social workers who are full-time members of university faculties as the hospitals are conducted by the university medical faculties today.THE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL AND SOCIAL RESEARCHThe third division of the work of the professional school should be social research but most of the schools have not had either the funds or thestaff to make any provision for this important method of instructing professional students and advancing the knowledge of social welfare. Scientific data are needed in many unexplored social fields in which preventivemethods must be found of meeting and dealing with the social evils thatTHE UNIVERSITY AND SOCIAL WELFAREnow lie before us. The faculty and the students of a professional schoolof social work should be together engaged in using the great method of experimental research which we are just beginning to discover in our professional program and which should be as closely knit into the work of thegood school of social welfare as research has been embodied in the program of the modern medical school.Finally one word should be said about the opportunity of the universityto provide the men and women who wish to serve their kind, not as socialworkers but as members of other professional or business groups, with acompetent understanding of the social service field. The public servants of the future — the members of future legislative assemblies, countyboards, and city councils — are passing through our university halls today.It is important that they should learn while they are here that the failurein the past to apply scientific method and scientific leadership to the needsof the poor has wasted the taxpayers' money and left behind a trail ofgood intentions and futile efforts.In social welfare work the university represents not only the scientificinterests of the community but it also represents disinterested and non-political motives in the difficult process of meeting the community's socialneeds. For preventive reasons as well as for motives of humanity andgenerosity the average citizen of the modern state wishes to find the mostconstructive method of providing for the unemployed and wishes to offerthe best of care to the destitute widow and her dependent children, thefeeble-minded girl, the delinquent boy, the neglected child of an immoralmother or a degraded father, the insane man or woman, the young prostitute, the vagrant, and the criminal; and the university will not begrudgeher services nor the services of her sons and daughters in helping the stateto find the best method of preventive care for those who are its wards andcharges.THE UNIVERSITY'S GREAT OPPORTUNITYIt is clear that the modern university has a great opportunity beforeher. On all sides the chronicle points to the state's need of help in the social welfare services. Only with the help of the universities can the professional schools of social welfare be led to see that their field of servicelies not merely in meeting the immediate personnel needs of the socialagencies but in devoting themselves to the larger task of developing anddefining the profession itself. The history of the Harvard Law Schoolshows that a somewhat parallel situation existed at one time in the earlyschools of law. We are told, for example, that in the early nineteenthcentury there occurred that famous day in the history of Harvard College226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhen the generosity of Nathan Dane turned the whole current of legal education in Harvard, New England, and the nation at large. Dane "conceived the idea of doing for Harvard what the Vinerian professorship heldby Blackstone had done for Oxford. He offered to the incoming president,Josiah Quincy, $10,000 to establish a professorship bearing his name."But it is important to note that Dane's original and primary purpose "wasnot so much the development of lawyers as of law. With the work ofBlackstone and Kent in mind, he expressly stipulated that Story, the firstholder of the Dane Professorship, should be allowed to publish as well asto teach"; and this is said to be "the origin of the Harvard tradition ofscholarly publication as one of the main objects of the school."The great American university has now a rare opportunity to strengthen the schools of social work and lead the profession forward to the newscience and art of public welfare administration. On this important subjectof public interest Chicago may well have the courage to speak. We have,I think, the first school of social work in a university that is one of thegreat centers of graduate study. We were one of the two pioneer schoolsin the world — New York alone preceded us. And we are here because,when Dr. Graham Taylor proposed a school of philanthropy in Chicago,President Harper's quick imagination saw a vision of future service. It isinteresting that this school which was first founded nearly thirty yearsago as one of Dr. Harper's experiments in university extension work, wascalled at first the "Institute of Social Science." At the beginning of thenew century, the University of Chicago extended the hand of co-operation and fellowship to the members of our new profession; and with thehelp of our Social Science group — and with the saving grace of humility —we look confidently to the time when a professional school of social welfare shall "bring the resources of science, of research, and of a liberal education" to bear upon the social difficulties that lie before us; and thesocial worker shall be the trusted and faithful servant of the commonwealth, and of all the friendless poor and those who are in trouble and indistress; and her influence shall "reach to the very fountains of humanlife."CONVOCATION STATEMENT1DEAN EDITH ABBOTTI AM sure that I express the sentiments of all present when I thankDean Abbott for the most scholarly address on "The University andSocial Welfare." There is no one in the world who is better qualifiedto speak on this subject than Dean Abbott, for there is no one who hasdone or is doing more in this field than she. Through the work of theGraduate School of Social Service Administration, of which she is Dean,through the Social Service Review and the "Social Service Monographs"which she with the collaboration of Miss Breckinridge edits, through thebooks she publishes and the endless conferences in which she participates,she is making a unique contribution to that service to the communitywhich is one of the ideals of the University of Chicago.THE SUMMER QUARTERThe quarter is now in the very article of closing — for after a few wordsfrom me, the singing of the Alma Mater, the briefest of benedictions fromthe Convocation Chaplain, and the recessional march, it will be added tothe other 144 quarters that constitute the history of the University. Notthat I would hasten its departure or speed it on its way with undue expedition or alacrity, for it has proved to be one of the most successful andproductive quarters that we have ever had.One of its notable characteristics has been the presence of an unusuallylarge number of distinguished professors from other universities of theUnited States and of foreign countries. Far be it from me to suggest oreven seem to suggest that the intellectual standard of the University ofChicago is raised by the substitution of scholars from other institutionsfor members of our regular staff. That would of course be unthinkable inview of the fact known to all of us that no one has ever been appointed toa position on our staff unless he rated A in mental power, moral firmness,and social adaptability. But even remembering this we must recognize thefact that a strong influx of alien talent adds variety and stimulus to theacademic atmosphere. Departmental heads and chairmen — not to men-1 Presented by Gordon J. Laing, Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, at the One Hundred and Sixty-first Convocation, held in the University Chapel,August 29, 1930.227228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion deans and the professorial rank and file — have an opportunity oflearning at first hand what is being done or planned elsewhere, and in somecases — though naturally this will occur very seldom — may even come tothe conclusion that their own methods admit of improvement. Modestyand that shrinking, which is so characteristic of Chicago and all its institutions, from anything that the malicious might call boasting, prevent mysaying anything about the benefit that may accrue to these visiting professors themselves from the observation of our methods, the study of ourtheories of education, the realization of our standards of research, andtheir contacts with that eagerness of effort and high degree of intellectualcuriosity that characterize all our students, especially those of the SummerQuarter. I cannot, as I have said, enlarge on these things, and so will onlysay that we offer them freely for their delectation in the same spirit oflofty altruism with which we provide them with all the comforts of ourdormitories and the rich fare of the Quadrangle Club cafe. At any rate,there can be no doubt of the benefit of these visiting professors to us, andthe friction of mind and mind, the grating of intellect on intellect, resultsin such manifold advantages to us that we ought to adopt the same planfor all the other quarters of the year.We have enjoyed other advantages also this summer. There has beenthe weather. For although it is true that on one or two occasions duringthe quarter it felt as if a hot spell were imminent and were even in theneighborhood, the thought that it might reach our Quadrangles had hardly occurred to us, when a crisp, cool breeze from the lake put all fears ofhigh temperature to flight. And even on those days when the crisp, coolbreeze seemed to the more pessimistic a little slow in coming, I wouldpoint out that the weather reports showed clearly that it was much hotterin Florida, parts of Texas, and other points south. As a matter of fact afew hot days during the Summer Quarter make very little difference, forcoolness is one of the essential qualities of intellectuality and the qualityof the intellectuality of our Summer Quarter is so high that eccentric behavior on the part of the thermometer has but little effect on the temperature of the mind. The brow may perspire but the brain is cool within.ENROLMENT OF STUDENTSWe have had here this summer about 5,000 students, of whom morethan 3,000 are registered in the graduate and professional schools. Thatwe have had only a few more than 1,000 in the undergraduate colleges isdue to the fact that in many departments only a limited number of undergraduate courses are offered. I am informed by our statistician that thetotal number of students enrolled is slightly less than it was last summer.CONVOCATION STATEMENT 229Whether this has been caused by the higher standards of admission nowinsisted upon or whether prospective graduate students plunged not wiselybut too deeply in the stock market last fall and in the vain pursuit ofwealth lost the money that would have been more prudently expended onthree majors, or whether it is to be attributed to the general depressionfrom which the country is suffering under the administration of the Republican party I am not in a position to state. The decrease is of negligibleproportions. And if there has been a decline in quantity of student material, there has been the compensation of a far higher quality than we haveever had before. The Quadrangles and the Quadrangle Club have resounded with the professors' loud commendations of the excellent workdone by the students. In general indeed the Summer Quarter is the bestquarter of the year. For we practically always have that dominance ofadvanced students, shown by the enrolment in the graduate and professional schools which I have just mentioned; and further, the undergraduates who take summer courses are a specially selected group, whom nolure of summer vacation, no temptation of summer sports, no charm oflakeside or, mountain resort can divert from the pursuit of their studies.Through all the divisions of the University the intellectual reigns supreme.This is especially true of those who have taken their degrees today. Rumors have reached the Dean's office of oral examinations of amazing brilliancy, at which examiners have been carried even out of their depth bythe subtleties of the candidate's answers and at which more than one professor finally sank back in his chair exhausted by the effort of trying tofind at least one question that the candidate could not answer.TO THE GRADUATING CLASSIn conclusion a word to you who have taken your degrees today. I willnot lecture you because you have already heard too many lectures andeven the most hardy among you must be suffering from some mild form ofintellectual dyspepsia; I will not exhort you for the exhortations of deansare notorious for their lack of efficacy; I will not advise you for you wouldnot take my advice; I will not blame you for things you have failed to do,for the fact that you are here today shows that you have failed in nothingessential; I will not praise you for the successful completion of a four-year, five-year or seven-year course of study in an institution that pridesitself on its high standards of admission and graduation and confers degrees not for accumulation of credits but for knowledge of subjects — I willnot praise you for this, I say, because I have already done so. I will onlyremind you that this day of graduation is not the day on which you leaveus but the day on which you join us. Till now you have been only candi-230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdates and novitiates in the University. But now that you are enrolled asgraduates, you have become members of the University. The union ofalumni and University is permanent and indissoluble. It is for better orfor worse and there is no remedy of divorce. If the University should relaxany of its standards or fall away from any of its ideals you would suffer ;if the failure should be on your side, the University would suffer. For acollege or university is judged by its alumni. And the real criterion of thegreatness of our University does not lie in splendid buildings like thisChapel in which we meet today, or in spacious grounds, or in winning football teams, but in the quality of our output, namely you, our alumni, andin that success which I hope you will all have in your chosen field —whether it be teaching or business or law or medicine or the church — andin the service you render to the community in which your lot is cast.FORTY YEARS AGOIN 1890, two years before the University of Chicago opened its doorsto students, the region in which the University is situated was a partof the broad hinterland of Chicago. Some of this territory had developed from farms into real estate dealers' subdivisions, some of it wasgiven over to industrial purposes, and huge areas were growing from prairie acres to manufacturing sites. These latter areas subsequently werecovered with factories which sent forth their products to the ends of theearth. From Thirty-ninth Street southward and from the lake westwardthe neighborhood was known as Hyde Park. It was chiefly occupied byhomes, business being generally confined to the east-and-west streets onthe section lines of the underlying survey. Hyde Park, until 1889, wasunder village government with village trustees. Police and fire departments and village officers were housed in primitive buildings at Fifty-thirdStreet.From near Thirty-ninth Street and Cottage Grove Avenue there ran,or crawled, once an hour, what was known as the "dummy," a steam-propelled expedient for a locomotive which pulled a single passenger car tothe end of this ridiculous transportation system at Fifty-third Street andthe Illinois Central Railway. The Illinois Central trains ran on a levelwith the streets. Most persons who were obliged to go to the center of thecity used the Illinois Central trains, which during the busier portion ofthe day followed one another at intervals of twenty minutes or half anhour. In 1871 there were only ten trains each day and none on Sunday.Today there are some 475 trains daily, these operated by electric power.Before the World's Columbian Exposition was opened the Illinois Centraltracks were elevated and the "dummy" was succeeded by surface cablecars. Subsequently came the electric street cars.The region was an overgrown country town having something like100,000 inhabitants. It was not until the World's Fair began to take formin Jackson Park, that Hyde Park assumed the aspect of a city, or at leastof a suburb of a great city. The Town of Hyde Park, now a taxing unit ofthe city, has an estimated population of 300,000. It ought to be said thatit is somewhat difficult to estimate the population of today as comparedwith that of 1890, as the Town of Hyde Park has boundaries which differfrom those of the Village of Hyde Park of 1889.231232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHow the University secured by gift and purchase the four blocks nowcovered by the main quadrangles is well told by the late Dr. Thomas W.Goodspeed in his admirable biographical sketch of Marshall Field, whichappeared in the University Record for January, 1922. He wrote:It is probably known to all who read this sketch that in 1889 John D. Rockefellermade a subscription of $600,000 for the founding of the University of Chicago, conditioned on the raising of $400,000 more before June 1, 1890. It fell to me in connection with Mr. F. T. Gates to raise the $400,000, which proved to be a work of extraordinary difficulty. Learning from Mr. D. L. Shorey that Mr. Field owned a considerable tract of land on the north side of the Midway Plaisance between Washingtonand Jackson parks, in November, 1889, we went to look at it as a possible site for theproposed institution. Fronting on the Plaisance and between the two great parks itseemed to us an ideal site. Mr. Field had bought here a tract of about eighty acres in1879 for $79,166. It had, of course, advanced greatly in value. We decided to askMr. Field to give us ten acres as a site for the new institution. On December 4, 1889,we went to see him. We went with much trepidation, for we felt that everything depended on our success, and we knew that he was not known as a great giver. Hisstanding in the business community, however, was such that other men would followhis lead. We found him in his office in the wholesale building on Adams Street. Hereceived us at once and listened courteously while we laid the whole case before himand asked him to give us a site of ten acres on the Midway Plaisance. He received therequest with hospitality, but said the firm was about to make the annual inventoryto learn whether they had made any money and asked us to come to see him at theend of six weeks. In the meantime I wrote him a letter that he might have our proposition before him in written form. Promptly at the end of six weeks we called again.We found his secretary, Arthur B. Jones, warmly in sympathy with us and this gaveus much encouragement. When we entered Mr. Field's office the first thing he saidwas this: "I have not yet made up my mind about giving you that ten acres. But Ihave decided one thing. If I give it to you I shall wish you to make up the $400,000independently of this donation." This we assured him we could and would do. Hethen had his maps brought and indicated the tract he had in mind to give. We thoughtwe saw that he had really decided in his own mind to give us the land and thereforefelt that we might safely press the matter. Mr. Gates, my associate, therefore askedif we might not wire Mr. Rockefeller, for whom Mr. Field had great respect, that hehad decided to give us the site. He repeated that he was not quite ready to go so far.We then took our courage in our hands and said, "Mr. Field, our work is really waiting for your decision. We are anxious to push it rapidly ; indeed, we must do so ; andif we can say that you have given us the site, it will help us immensely with everyman we approach." After a moment's reflection (a most anxious moment for us), heanswered, "Well, I suppose I might as well decide it now as at any time. If the conditions are satisfactory you may say that I will give a site of ten acres." He pronounced the points made in the letter sent to him satisfactory and we, on our part,agreed that the donation of the site should be an addition to the sum of $400,000 wewere to secure. A week later Mr. Gates secured from him an option to purchase anadditional ten acres for $132,500. This purchase was later consummated, giving thenew institution three blocks, to which a fourth block was soon added by purchasefrom Mr. Field, making with the vacated streets a site of twenty-five acres frontingoo<<!w>«OfaH>V,5wwHfaowsFORTY YEARS AGO 233south on the Midway Plaisance, between Ellis and University Avenues. This has sinceincreased to a hundred acres, covering both sides of the Plaisance for three quartersof a mile east from Washington Park.Dr. W. P. McKee, late president of Frances Shimer School at MountCarroll, Illinois, and prior to that service pastor of the Olivet BaptistChurch, Minneapolis, of which Dr. Harry Pratt Judson was a member,relates thatOn New Year's Day [presumably of 1890] when the World's Fair was firstbroached, I was with Doctor Harper and Mr. Fred T. Gates at a spot within 100feet of the present Cobb Hall. Mr. Gates I had known as the pastor of a Baptistchurch in Minneapolis. Meantime Mr. Gates had been offered the position of secretary of the recently-established American Baptist Education Society.There were some bushes and weeds, and tumble down fences, and stagnant water ;and three or four cows were contentedly grazing. The Midway was then only a dirtroad. Only a few humble houses in the distance could be seen, and no paved roads.The land was not drained and much of it was swamp.There hangs in the central corridor of Harper Memorial Library a largephotograph which is here reproduced. It gives a general, in any event, atypical, view of the land on which eventually many of the buildings of theUniversity were to stand. The body of water shown in the foreground ofthe picture no doubt was near where Harper Library now rears its twintowers. It must be that to which President McKee refers. This swampypuddle was still in existence when the divinity dormitories began to beused and the croaking of frogs, according to the tales of pioneering students, made dismal the summer nights of the early nineties. It may bethat the accumulation of water at this part of the quadrangles, or whatsubsequently became quadrangles, for years occasioned the seepage ofmoisture through the thick foundation walls of the library building whichsurround its stacks, moisture which did not cease for years to be a nuisance and cause damage. Across the vacant spaces, where not long beforecows had grazed, board walks were laid so that professorial and studentfeet might be lifted above water, mud, or dust — each in its season.What is now Fifty-ninth Street, in 1890 was an unpaved country road,scrub oaks and bushes lining the dirt road with occasional spaces available for "family picnics," as signs announced. Riders of high-wheel bicycles used it for practice. A "header" on its somewhat yielding surfacewas not necessarily dangerous as it was on the few asphalt or macadampavements. It was not until after the World's Fair of 1893 that the Midway Plaisance, Fifty-ninth Street, and Sixtieth Street took their presentform.Mr. C. T. B. Goodspeed, son of Dr. T. W. Goodspeed, recently wroteof the site of the University as it appeared in 1889 and 1890:234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWhen the land was given, there were in the quarter section, bounded by Fifty-fifthand Fifty-ninth Streets, Cottage Grove and Woodlawn avenues, only half a dozenhouses, the principal one being an old farmhouse on Fifty-fifth Street, the farm bellof which remained for several years after the University was opened. Almost all ofthese few houses were located along Fifty-fifth Street. There were few sidewalks,and those largely of wood, and few paved streets. Of course, the approaching World'sFair brought about an active campaign of street improvements. And yet I recall thatfor the first few weeks after the University opened, in the fall of 1892, street lights onFifty-seventh Street ended at Woodlawn Avenue, or possibly a little east of there.Father took Mr. Gates, Edgar [now Professor Goodspeed] and myself down tolook at the property when we were home from college for our Christmas vacation, inour senior year, 1889-90. I well recall climbing the fence from Ellis Avenue into thepasture to the east of Ellis; somewhere about where Cobb Hall and Jones Laboratoryare now located. The next visit to the site that I recall was when Edgar and I broughtMr. Stagg down from the city office and showed him where work was under way onthe first buildings, and then took him through the grounds where the World's Fairbuildings were being constructed, ending with a luncheon at the Rosalie Cafe underRosalie Hall, which was the principal meeting place of the local population in thosedays. It was located at the southwest corner of Fifty-seventh Street and Harper Avenue, then Rosalie Court.In addition to the land covered by the main quadrangles and other lotsin the vicinity, the University owns three entire blocks south of the Midway—those between Ingleside and University avenues, and Sixtieth andSixty-first streets. It also owns the south Midway frontage of the twoblocks between Cottage Grove Avenue and Drexel Avenue and that fromUniversity Avenue east to Dorchester Avenue. This south-of-the-Midwayproperty was bought by means of liberal contributions of the Founderaggregating approximately $1,600,000 in 1903-6, the purchases havingbeen successfully carried to conclusion by Wallace Heckman, the BusinessManager. On one of the full blocks, that between Ellis and Greenwoodavenues, the new residence hall for men will be erected, while that forwomen is to be placed on the front portion of the block between University and Woodlawn Avenues.THE FIRST FACULTY MEETINGOF THE UNIVERSITYBy MARION TALBOTA SHEET of paper headed simply "The University of Chicago"printed in light-blue ink carried this message crudely mimeo-_ graphed to the sixty men and women, more or less, who constituted the first Faculty of Arts, Literature, and Science of the new University of Chicago : Sept. 28, 1892Dear Sir: You are invited by the President to meet the Faculty of Arts,Literature, and Science on Saturday, October 1, at 4:30, p.m. at RoomA 7. Recorder.It may be noted that the building was not designated. There was noneed. Cobb Hall it must have been, since there was no other building savethe three men's residence halls to the south. Even Cobb Hall was unfinished, lacking a front door, and was entered by means of walking overthe threshold on a plank."Room A 7" was the large room at the southeast corner of the firstfloor. For many years it was known as "the faculty room" and in thatroom with President Harper's office adjoining were born and nurtured or,after trial, discarded the policies which were fruit of the extraordinary vision of the young president and the varied experiences of his faculty. Theroom was not merely large but attractive, with leather-covered chairs, along center table, and rugs agreeable to the eye — a room quite differentfrom the hit-or-miss quarters familiar to most of these newcomers asplaces where business must be hurried in order to escape to a more congenial environment.Some of the members of the University faculties had themselves formerly been accustomed to preside at their own staff meetings: Ezekial G.Robinson, of Brown University; George W. Northrup, of the BaptistUnion Theological Seminary; Galusha Anderson, of the old University ofChicago and of Denison University; Thomas C. Chamberlin, of the University of Wisconsin; Alice Freeman Palmer, of Wellesley College; andAlbion W. Small, of Colby University. From many parts of the worldmembers of this group came to cast in their lot with the new institutionunder its stimulating and enthusiastic leader. Several were from Ger-235236 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmany, from England and Scotland, while great universities — Harvard,Yale, Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, California — gave their quotas. Here took place the first of that series of mightyword battles between Professor Chamberlin and Professor W. G. Hale onthe relative importance of the classics and the sciences which continuedas long as the two men met to discuss educational policies, or any otherquestion, in fact!Such was the setting for that first faculty meeting. What happened?The official record is meager. Dr. Charles R. Henderson, the Recorder,was dearly beloved, but his gifts lay in a different direction from that oftaking detailed minutes of a meeting. Possibly, too, realizing the significance of the occasion, his power of expression was benumbed somewhat,as happens when one is called by long distance telephone from half-wayacross the continent. Fortunately some private notes taken at the timehelp fill out the picture. Practically all of the faculty was present as it wastoo thrilling an occasion to miss.President Harper opened the meeting with prayer, and this continuedto be his custom whether official gatherings were large or small. He then,in the words of the minutes, "gave a brief address upon some specialpoints for consideration." The President emphasized the importance ofsecuring unity in spirit, but not necessarily in opinion, as the members ofthe group organized and developed the institution. He said that the burdens involved in the preliminary organization had been carried by a fewand must henceforth be borne by the many. He described in generalterms the lines of separation between the senate, the council, and thefaculty. The several duties and responsibilities of these bodies he thoughtwould have to be more fully defined as the result of experience, but heurged that flexibility should always be their characteristic. Several specific topics were mentioned for discussion but he dwelt chiefly upon secretsocieties and their place in the University and reported that the Trusteeshad already had the subject under discussion and presented the followingsuggestions to the Faculty:1. The rules of each society, the location of its rooms, etc., should bemade known.2 . Special emphasis should be placed on literary societies.3. Societies detrimental to the interests of the University should begiven up or disbanded.4. Restrictions as to membership might be possible.It was "moved by Mr. Howland that under the restrictions named bythe President secret societies be permitted in the University." "On mo-THE FIRST FACULTY MEETING 237tion of Mr. Laughlin this matter was committed to a committee for consideration." The President named in this committee Messrs. Judson,Hale, Small, Tufts, and Stagg.A plan for a University bulletin was announced, and it was stated thaton Thursday at noon of each week the material for announcements for theweekly bulletin should be handed to the Recorder.The Examiner, Mr. Abbott, reported that 510 students had been matriculated, divided as follows: Graduate School, 126; Colleges, in threeupper classes, 85; Colleges, in Freshman class, 85; special students, 61;Divinity School, 153 — a total of 510."The President expresses the hope that the time will come when theAcademy College work may be transferred to some other place and thehigher work be given all our strength on this campus." The meeting thenadjourned, having revealed several outstanding figures and started thediscussion of questions which after nearly forty years are not yet fullysettled. Best of all was the strengthening of enthusiasm and confidence inthe venture with which the members had cast in their lots.PUBLICATIONS OF THE ORIENTALINSTITUTETHE Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, translated and edited byProfessor James Henry Breasted, director of the Oriental Institute, has been published. The initial volume of a series of twelvewhich preserve the historical records inscribed on the Medinet Habu Temple near Luxor, built about 1200 b.c, by Ramses III, has also appeared.The Medinet Habu volume discloses Europe emerging for the first timeas a military and political force and threatening to overwhelm the ancientcivilization of Egypt.Behind these publications is the successful effort of Professor Breastedto establish an organization with resources adequate to the task of salvaging the records of early civilization while the remnants were still available. Thirty-five years ago he began the movement with an expeditionconsisting of himself, his wife, a cheap camera, and a donkey. The Medinet Habu publication represents an expenditure of nearly a third of amillion dollars. Its cost to scholars and libraries, however, will be buttwenty dollars, barely covering the cost of printing. The attitude of Professor Breasted is summed up in the observation that "human experienceis too precious to waste."Though the Smith papyrus dates back only to 1700 B.C., there is evidence that leads Professor Breasted to declare that the original documentwas produced at least a thousand years earlier, in the pyramid age thatextended from 3000 to 2500 b.c It is his conjecture that perhaps the author was the earliest known physician, Imhotep, also a great architect,who lived in the thirtieth century b.cWhoever the author, for the first time in man's history, he was a truescientist, observing and collecting a group of facts and making rationaldeductions from his observations. This early surgeon was far ahead of histime, for he cast aside prevailing superstitions and belief in demons as thecause of physical suffering, abandoning as cures incantations and magicalrecipes for methods that in some cases are used today by surgeons.Although he had the physician's desire to help his patient, as a scientist he had an interest in cases in which he knew himself to be helpless,making his observations and deductions from a purely scientific interest.238PUBLICATIONS OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTEOf fifty-eight examinations surviving in the treatise, which originally discussed the entire body from the head downward, he recommends treatment in forty-two, leaving sixteen without any recommendations, but recording them as interesting scientifically. This ancient surgeon not onlywas the first of whom there is any record to recognize conditions and processes as due to intelligible physical causes but he had literally to createhis own scientific terminology. After his treatise had existed for a thousand years or so some of his language had become so obscure that a laterpractitioner, probably about 2500 b.c, added a glossary explaining dubious terms. The original scientist in one case directs that the treatmentbe to "moor the patient at his mooring stakes." The commentator explains: "He means, put the patient on his accustomed diet and do notadminister to him any medicine."The Egyptian surgeon-author adds the word "brain" to language forthe first time. He obviously had recognized the meningeal membrane, forhe refers to "rupture of the sack containing the brain." Though from theearliest times the seat of consciousness had been regarded by the Egyptians as being both in the heart and the bowels, this pioneering surgeonobserved that injuries to the brain affect other parts of the body, especially in his experience, the lower limbs. He notes the drag or shuffle ofthe foot, presumably partial paralysis, resulting from a cranial wound.Even more remarkable was his observation that the effects of a brain injury on the lower limbs shifts from side to side, according to which side ofthe brain had been injured. This recognition of the localization of function in the brain is an observation which has been more fully developedby modern surgeons only within the present generation.Another remarkable achievement of the surgeon was his recognition ofthe heart as the center of a system of distributing vessels, and he noted,for the first time in medical history, the importance of observing the action of the heart in determining the condition of the patient. Althoughthe manuscript is mutilated in this particular section, Professor Breastedbelieves the surgeon counted the beat of the pulse. Though an intimateacquaintance with a system of muscles, tendons, and ligaments is indicated in the papyrus, it is not likely that the distinguished practitioner hadclearly disengaged the three systems of nerves, muscles, and blood vessels, despite the fact that he evidently practiced dissection.The first known mention of adhesive tape, lint, bandages, splints, andsurgical stitching is made in the manuscript. Some of the more importantforms of bandages were made for the surgeon by the greatest of ancientexperts, the Egyptian embalmers. The lint was made from vegetable tis-PQ>OwpfI.<PL,wH1^PQ3HWBQWa8p^JZJoI— IP*ioCOPUBLICATIONS OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTEsue, and was used to apply external medicaments or as an absorbent ofblood. Bandages and swabs were made of linen. Three specialized formsof splints were employed, one a brace of wood covered with linen, andemployed in cases of tetanus to hold the patient's mouth open so that hecould take liquid food; another of linen impregnated with glue and plaster, and a third, consisting of stiff rolls of linen. When a compound-comminuted fracture of the skull made it necessary, the patient was held upright by supports of sun-dried brick, presumably molded to fit his figureon each side under his arms.At the time the surgeon composed his treatise, there undoubtedly werenumerous surgical implements, but in his directions he mentions only the"fire drill," used to cauterize. A jaw of a skull of the Fourth Dynasty,2900 to 2750 b.c, disclosing a drill hole to drain an abscessed tooth, indicates that specialized surgical instruments of metal, presumably bronze,already existed in the age that produced the treatise.The medicaments used by the surgeon were simple. In many cases herecommends hot applications, followed by honey-ointment on lint. Application of fresh meat to injuries was another favorite treatment. Incases of infected wounds, this pioneer medical man prescribes the earliestknown external application of salicin, in the form of a decoction of willowleaves, as an antiseptic. He also used astringent applications, solutionscontaining copper and sodium salts. An ammonical application was usedto allay inflammation. Because he was a surgeon, the author was interested only incidentally in medicines. That he and his school were successful is indicated by the fact that out of more than a hundred mummiesof this period that have been found with broken bones, only one caseshows an ununited fracture.The papyrus receives its name from its original possessor, Edwin Smith,an American who was one of the first students of Egyptology. He boughtthe papyrus from natives in 1862, and it is now the property of the NewYork Historical Society. In its present state, it is fifteen feet three andone-half inches in length, but at least one column of writing at the beginning, which probably contained the title and name of the author, has beendestroyed. The scribe who copied it stopped suddenly in the middle of aword in a description of a case concerning the spinal column. Later hecopied on the back a hodge-podge of treatments for the complexion, andsome later scribe added a "rejuvenation" treatment, consisting of an ointment that would remove wrinkles caused by age.It is surmised that the papyrus was purchased from the scribe by somepractitioner of ancient Thebes, who used it as a reference book. There isflMMM (INSCRIPTION ON WALLS OF MEDINET HABU TEMPLE— RAMSES IIIPRESENTING CAPTIVES OF THE SEA TO THEGODS AMON AND MUTPUBLICATIONS OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTEalso the possibility that as first written the treatise was a set of lecturenotes used either by the great surgeon in instruction, or taken down by astudent from the surgeon's lectures.The publication is in two volumes, one being a reproduction of thepapyrus, and the other a translation and critical study. The scribe, unfamiliar with medical terms, made numerous mistakes and omissions, and intwo instances inserted corrections in the margin, indicating their properposition in the text with a cross, the earliest known asterisk in the historyof books.In the Medinet Habu publication, which reproduces the temple inscriptions in greater detail and with more exactness that has ever beenaccomplished before, there is little actual narrative, but the reliefs furnishan enormous amount of historical and archaeological information. Thefirst volume attempts merely to. reproduce one series of the inscriptions,as the plan of Professor Breasted is to issue commentaries on the templeinscriptions later. Because the records are rapidly being destroyed, theOriental Institute has had a permanent expedition at Luxor for manyyears to enable this reproduction.The reliefs, propaganda designed chiefly to augment the prestige ofRamses III among both men and gods, disclose his wars and his prowessas a hunter. The first naval battle of which there is any record is portrayed on the walls, and the first known use of grappling hooks, used aslate as the War of 18 12, is shown in this relief. Ramses was beset by foreign invasions, but during his lifetime he was successful in preserving hiskingdom and arresting the decline of the decaying state. The first hint ofthe emergence of Europe is found in the record of wars with the invadersfrom the north, who came as armies and as nations in migration, fleeingfrom the Greek barbarians who were forcing out the older peoples.The temple reliefs show the invaders with remarkable fidelity and attention to detail, each race in its typical garb, armed with its own set ofweapons, and fighting in its particular fashion. The Egyptian artist portrayed the various enemy races with something of the technique of themodern cartoonist, emphasizing salient characteristics. The Chicagoscholars raise the question also whether the artists did not have a certaingrim sense of humor, for they delight in showing the invaders in ludicrousand uncomfortable as well as inglorious, situations.These records of the close of one important phase of human history, thedecline of Egypt and the rise of Europe, were executed with remarkableartistic ability and power. As originally executed, the temple walls blazedwith color, for all the reliefs were painted, the artist adding with his244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbrush many details that the sculptor ignored, but only a few specimens ofthis color work are preserved. Two color plates in the book show a battlewith the Libyans and Libyan captives, the artists adding such realisticdetails as pools of blood and wild flowers that grew on the battle-field.The Medinet Habu temple was selected for study by the Oriental Institute partly because of its relation to the emergence of Europe and alsobecause it was the last of the temples carried to completion on a largescale. It was sketchily studied by Champollion, who was first to decipherthe hieroglyphics, but until the Institute began its work no systematicreproduction of any Egyptian records had ever been attempted.THE COLUMBARIUM IN THECHAPELON DECEMBER 30, 1905, only a little over one month before hislamented death, President Harper wrote a letter in which heexpressed his desire that his body in one form or another mightrest upon the University grounds. This letter of President Harper waspreserved in the custody of the three successive Secretaries of the Boardof Trustees until recently when there was brought before the Trusteesafter the deaths of the first three Presidents of the University the problemof the proper and dignified disposal of their remains. It appeared that,as in the case of President Harper, the bodies of each had been cremated.City ordinances do not permit burials in other than recognized cemeteries.After a full consideration of the matter by a committee consisting ofRobert L. Scott, John Stuart, Frank McNair, Charles W. Gilkey, andJ. Spencer Dickerson, the Trustees formulated a plan and adopted thecommittee's recommendations — one of its members having studied thesolution of the problem as obtained in the Cathedral at Washington withinthe walls of which already repose the remains of President Wilson, Admiral Dewey, and Melville E. Stone.The adopted recommendations are as follows:1. That the ashes of presidents of the University who have died in office or afterreaching the retiring age while still in office, may after cremation be deposited in theChapel, provided their legal heirs consent.2. That the ashes of wives or widows of such presidents may after cremation bedeposited in the Chapel beside those of their husbands, with the consent of the legalheirs, provided they have not re-married after their husband's death, and providedtheir husband's ashes are already so deposited.3. That when a president has an only child who remains unmarried, so that thereare no other close family ties making burial elsewhere appropriate, the ashes of thatonly child may after cremation be deposited beside those of the parents, if parentsand child so desire, provided their legal heirs consent.4. All ashes deposited in the Chapel shall be contained in suitable individual urnsand deposited in niches cut into the inner side of the north wall of the Chapel, in theambulatory behind the reredos; one niche for each family. These niches shall becovered by bronze or marble tablets suitably inscribed. The location and size of theseniches and the design of the urns and covering tablets shall be subject to the approvalof the Committee on Buildings and Grounds.5. Any questions or cases which these provisions do not cover shall be decided bythe Board of Trustees in the light of the particular case ; and these provisions maythemselves, of course, be modified by the Board at any time.Already the architects of the Chapel have made a design for the bronzetablets which are to cover the niches, or columbaria as they are sometimes245246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcalled. When the sacred ashes of these persons already passed from thescenes of their labors shall have been placed in the Chapel in accordancewith the action of the Trustees, some suitable service undoubtedly will beheld.DEATH OF MRS. JUDSONTHE University's flag was often flown from half-mast during theSummer Quarter. On September 12 it silently announced thedeath of Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson who passed away early in themorning after a long sickness. She sailed for Europe last spring in company of friends. While abroad, in July, she was taken sick, almost lostconsciousness (from which condition she never fully recovered mentally) ,was carried aboard ship and thence from New York to the Billings Hospital. The cause of her death was cancer in the abdomen which had involved the brain by extension through the blood stream.Mrs. Judson's maiden name was Rebecca A. Gilbert. She was married,January 14, 1879, to Dr. Judson while he was principal of the high schoolof Troy, New York, which city was her home. She came to the Universityin 1892 when Dr. Judson was appointed one of the first members of thefaculty of the recently organized institution. Always interested in theUniversity it was particularly during the period when she was wife of thePresident of the University that she performed an important service —important alike to the University and the University community, whichwill always be associated with the administration of the second Presidentof the University. She made the President's house a veritable melting potfor the members of the University. Here new teachers and particularlynew teachers' wives met each other and their fellows. Quickly they weremade to feel that they were part and parcel of the University. It is no exaggeration to say that Mrs. Judson in a delightful and useful mannerhelped to create that solidarity and to encourage that spirit of co-operation which have from the beginning been characteristic of the Universityfaculties and officers of administration. She was loyal to all the best interests of the institution. She rejoiced when she knew that a letter she hadwritten was influential in securing from Mr. Laverne Noyes the munificentgift of Ida Noyes Hall. A host of friends mourns her loss.Funeral services were held in the University Chapel on September 13conducted by Rev. Norris L. Tibbetts, associate minister of the HydePark Baptist Church. The remains were cremated and her ashes will repose near those of President Judson in one of the niches at the rear of thechancel of the University Chapel.THE DICTIONARY OF THE"AMERICAN LANGUAGE"OVER 400,000 quotations, culled from American publicationsprinted during the past three centuries, and indicating thegrowth of the "American language" as distinct from the English, are now on file at the University, according to the report of ProfessorWilliam Craigie, who heads a staff which is compiling the first historicaldictionary of the American tongue. With a group of graduate studentssifting available American publications since the seventeenth century, including newspapers, periodicals, official records, scholarly treatises, andliterary efforts of all degrees of excellence, Professor Craigie reports thatthe project, now under way for four years, is at the half-way mark andshould be concluded within a few years more. The method has been torecord sentences in which occur new words and idioms as they have creptinto the language, and new usages of old expressions.The 400,000 quotations, Professor Craigie reports, "already form abasis on which a dictionary could be compiled which would present a fairconspectus of the history of American English. How far it still falls shortof the ideal is not so easy to estimate. One commentator predicted thattwenty-five years would be required for gathering the quotations, andtwenty-five more for digesting the material. Most persons, however,would rather see a usable dictionary compiled within the next few yearsthan content themselves with the thought that the perfect one would beproduced long after they were dead."Many of the expressions unearthed by Dr. Craigie go farther back intoAmerican history than had been previously supposed. The expression"Americanism" has been traced back to what is believed its earliest written use in the Pennsylvania Gazette of 1797. The term "backwoods" occurs first in a letter written by Virginia frontiersmen asking for permission to form a military unit for protection against the Indians. It wasfound among the state papers of Virginia for 1746.The Oxford English Dictionary, which takes the English language backto the seventh century in the same way the Chicago American Diction-ary will record the American back to the seventeenth, contains 10,000,000quotations, with 414,825 words described through the use of 228,000,000letters and figures. Professor Craigie, since knighted by King George,was editor-in-chief when the fifty-year task was completed. As the Ox-247248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDford Dictionary was coming off the presses he arrived in America to startthe new project. His Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue will bepublished shortly by the University of Chicago Press.According to Dr. Craigie, American inventiveness, coupled with thestrange and rich conditions which faced pioneers on the frontier, havebrought forth, in three centuries of American cultural independence,changes of language comparable to the Elizabethan period in England,requiring a separate historical dictionary.RETIRING AGE FOR TRUSTEESf h— ^HE Board of Trustees of the University some years ago set anI age limit for service by members of the faculties. It recentlyB voted to set an age limit for service of members of the Board ofTrustees itself. The action was taken at the meeting held June 12, 1930,after the submission of a report of a special committee appointed by President Swift. The report, which was unanimously adopted, made the following recommendations :1 . That the class of Honorary Trustees be established by by-law.2 . That Trustees who attain the age of seventy in any calendar year while servingas Trustees automatically become Honorary Trustees at the end of their terms of office.3. That Mr. Martin A. Ryerson on the expiration of his term of office becomeHonorary President of the Board of Trustees.4. That Trustees now members of the Board serve out the terms for which theyhave been elected, but Trustees who have attained the age of seventy while in servicemay upon their request be transferred to the class of Honorary Trustees.5. That in the future it shall be the policy of the Board not to elect Trustees whoseterms of office extend beyond the calendar year in which their seventieth birthdaysoccur, and that the nominating committee shall arrange elections for one or two-yearterms whenever necessary to accomplish this result.In accordance with this action, the Board of Trustees adopted a bylaw making this change effective. Honorary Trustees hereafter "shall notbe members of the Board or of the corporation, shall not have the privilegeof voting or holding office, but may attend and participate in regularmeetings of the Board of Trustees and of its standing committees."This action, as already noted in the University Record, removes frommembership two Trustees who have long been members of the Board.Within a comparatively short time several other Trustees will becomeHonorary Trustees. It is expected that new members of the Board willsoon be elected to fill the vacancies created by the adoption of the newby-law.DR. A. D. BEVAN'S OPINION OFALCOHOLDR. ARTHUR D. BEVAN, long a distinguished member of thefaculty of Rush Medical College and since 1924 Clinical Professor and Chairman of the Department of Surgery of the University, recently, in the Chicago Daily News, expressed his opinion on thevalue of alcohol in medicine, or rather the danger of its use in medicine.He asserts:Alcohol is a narcotic and injures the people who drink it. There can be no doubtthat the greatest single factor that we can control in the interest of the public healthof the nation would be the elimination of alcoholic drink. This is not tyranny, it isevolution, it is science, it is civilization, and civilization is often compelled to protectthe individual against himself.Concerned over the matter of public health as is Dr. Bevan, it is not tobe wondered that he courageously disagrees from those who lay the chargethat prohibition in the United States has increased crime.Opposition to the eighteenth amendment has become with some men a fixed idea,an obsession which makes it impossible for them to treat the subject fairly and intelligently.Some of these people blame all the crimes that have shown increase since the warto prohibition. If they would investigate the subject they would find the same increasein crime in Germany, France and England since the war, and the increase there is notdue to prohibition for they have no prohibition. In England, outside London, crimehas increased 437 per cent since 1911, according to the government reports. It is attributed in England to the "motor age."A favorite statement of those opposed to prohibition is that in France, where thepeople drink wine, and in Germany, where beer is drunk, there is sobriety and drinkis not a problem. As a matter of fact drink is a curse to France. With a population ofless than 40,000,000, the government reports there show 470,672 bistros or drinkingestablishments.This is one to every fifty-three inhabitants, and there are thousands of speakeasiesselling liquor without government license, where connoisseurs still can quench theirthirst with real absinthe, which was prohibited by law in 191 5.Everyone who has spent much time in England knows that drink there is a mostserious problem, and much more so than it ever has been with us. In Bavaria, Germany, where consumption of beer per capita is very large, the post-mortem examinations shows very definite results of this beer-drinking habit in the great frequency ofbeer heart, beer stomach and beer kidneys.The whole world is carrying this drink problem on its shoulder, and today no country is suffering less from drink than we are in the United States.249THE COMPTROLLER'S REPORTTHE annual report of the Comptroller, Nathan C. Plimpton, wassubmitted to the Board of Trustees at its August meeting. Inthe report appears this paragraph:Since the University, as a corporate body, was organized in the summer of 1890, itfollows that it has closed its fortieth fiscal year. The successful termination of the firstforty years in the life of an organization may be considered as testifying to the efficiency of its management and to its standing in the community. As evidence of the regard in which the University is held, it may be said that its financial growth duringthe last decennium overtops the results attained during the three previous decades,while the expansion of the institution's financial resources during the last year farsurpassed that of any former year. It is a pleasure to report that there were large additions to the endowment funds and that the income for the support of the variousactivities was sufficient to provide for the increased operating expenses and at thesame time permit impressive additions to reserves which exceed those at the close ofany other fiscal year.As will be shown in the forthcoming annual report of the President theassets of the University including endowment, buildings, and land nowamount to $103,911,084. Endowment funds amount to $59,015,297.Gifts to the amount of $14,515,494 were received during the year, thelargest in the history of the institution. The expenditures under the several divisions of the budget were $7,199,032. Tuition receipts increased$62,619 as compared with those for the year 1928-29, while the salarycost of instruction increased $108,637. The report contains a facsimile ofthe first annual financial report of the University signed by Fred W. Peck,Martin A. Ryerson, J. W. Midgley, and H. H. Kohlsaat, Trustees, anddated June 23, 1891, which showed estimated resources amounting to$2 56,844. During thirty-nine years, therefore, the assets of the Universityhave increased considerably over $100,000,000.The report closes with these words:Mr. Trevor Arnett is fond of relating an experience with Dr. Harper in New York,where in response to an inquiry from Mr. Rockefeller, it was estimated that a totalsum of $50,000,000 would fully round out the University. Later, at a time when theUniversity's assets were in excess of the amount mentioned by Dr. Harper, Dr. Burton estimated that the University would need an additional $60,000,000. That goalmay be said to be fairly in sight, although possibly not for the specific purposes thenin mind.250THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, SecretaryAFFILIATION OF THE ORTHOGENIC INSTITUTE AND THE UNIVERSITYAN AFFILIATION agreement was executed by the University off\ Chicago and the Orthogenic School of Chicago on July i, 1930,jL JL. for the mutual care, treatment, and education of subnormal children. In pursuance of this objective, the University has leased to theschool the premises at 1360 East Sixtieth Street, heretofore known as the"Ryder Divinity House."UNIVERSITY STATUTES AMENDEDArticle XVI, of University Statute 13, has been amended by omitting from it the provision for a Board of Hospitals.STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARDThe following standing committees have been appointed for the year1930-31:Finance and Investment: Charles R. Holden, Chairman; WilliamScott Bond, Vice-Chairman; Frank McNair, Eugene M. Stevens, andJohn Stuart.Buildings and Grounds: Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman; E. L. Ryerson, Jr., Vice-Chairman; Sewell L. Avery, Harrison B. Barnard, MartinA. Ryerson, and John Stuart.Instruction and Equipment: William Scott Bond, Chairman; AlbertW. Sherer, Vice-Chairman; Laird Bell, Wilber E. Post, Julius Rosen-wald, and James M. Stifler.Development: Sewell L. Avery, Chairman; E. L. Ryerson, Jr., Vice-Chairman; Harrison B. Barnard, Frank McNair, Robert L. Scott, andEugene M. Stevens.Press and Extension: Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman; Robert L.Scott, Vice-Chairman; Eli B. Felsenthal, Samuel C. Jennings, and AlbertW. Sherer.Audit and Securities: Charles F. Axelson, Chairman; Harry B. Gear,Vice-Chairman; Laird Bell, Samuel C. Jennings, and James M. Stifler.251252 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDINTERNATIONAL HOUSEThe following persons have been appointed to serve on a special committee to study and report to the Board of Trustees on the plans for theorganization and management of the new International House, and totake such preliminary steps as may be necessary to provide for such organization and management: Messrs. Charles W. Gilkey, James M.Stifler, George 0. Fairweather, Edward C. Jenkins, President of theY.M.C.A. College, and Frederic Woodward.APPOINTMENTSThe following new appointments, in addition to reappointments, havebeen made during the three months prior to October i, 1930:Richard E. Scammon, now of the University of Minnesota, as Professor in the Department of Anatomy.James W. Young, as Professor of Advertising in the School of Commerce and Administration on a part-time basis for one year from October1, 1930.Mollie Ray Carroll, as Associate Professor of Social Economy, in theSchool of Social Service Administration, for three years from October 1,1930.Clifford C. Crump, now of the University of Minnesota, as AssociateProfessor of Astronomy, and Secretary and Librarian of the Yerkes Observatory, for three years from September 1, 1930.Helen L. Koch, as Associate Professor in the Department of Home Economics, for three years from October 1, 1930.J. A. O. Larsen, now of Ohio State University, as Associate Professorin the Department of History, for three years, from October 1, 1930.Leslie Spier, now of the University of Washington, as Visiting Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology, for the Winter Quarter, 1 93 1.Edmund Jacobson, as Assistant Professor of Physiology, for two yearsfrom July 1, 1930.Louis Nelson Katz, as Assistant Professor of Physiology, for two years,from July 1, 1930.Irene Sandiford, now of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, asAssistant Professor of Biochemistry, in the Department of Medicine, forthree years from December 1, 1930.Milton C. Towner, as Assistant Professor in the Department of Education, for one year from October 1, 1930.Alexander Brunschwig, as Instructor in the Department of Surgery,from July 24, 1930, to July 1, 1931.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 253Paul C. Bucy, as Instructor in the Department of Surgery, for elevenmonths from August i, 1930.James Lea Cate, as Instructor in the Department of History, for oneyear from October 1, 1930.S. W. Halperin, as Instructor in the Department of History, for oneyear from October 1, 1930.Ernestine Kandel, as Instructor in the Department of Medicine, forone year on a four-quarter basis, from July 1, 1930.Dr. Katsuji Kato, as Instructor in the Department of Pediatrics, fromSeptember 1, 1930, to July 1, 1932, on a four-quarter basis.Carl Mauritz Marberg, as Instructor in the Department of Pathology,under the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, for one year from June1, 1930.Dr. M. Lawrence Montgomery, as Instructor in the Department ofSurgery, on a one-half time basis, for one year from July 1, 1930.Herman G. Richey, as Instructor in Education in the College of Education for one year from October 1, 1930.Dr. Julius L. Siegel, as Instructor in the Oriental Institute, for one yearfrom July 1, 1930.Ronella Spickard, as Instructor in the College of Education for the second term of the Summer Quarter, 1930.Clem 0. Thompson, as Instructor in the Department of Education, forone year from October 1, 1930.Rua Van Horn, as Instructor in the College of Education, for the firstterm of the Summer Quarter, 1930.Edward J. Webster, as Instructor in the Department of Sociology, forthe Autumn Quarter, 1930.Alden Kinney Boor, as Research Associate in the Department of Medicine, for one year from August 1, 1930, on a four-quarter basis.Thomas Francis Gallagher, as Research Associate in the Departmentof Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology, for one year from July 1,1930.Dr. George Herzog, as Research Associate in the Department of Anthropology, for one year from July 1, 1930.Corinne Fitzpatrick, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for the Autumn Quarter, 1930.Grace E. Giltner, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October 1, 1930, on a part-time basis.Leslie W. Irwin, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October 1, 1930.2 54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHarold R. Whitby, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October i, 1930, on a part-time basis.Ella Wilkes, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one year from October 1, 1930, on a part-time basis.Eula Sims Williams, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for one yearfrom October 1, 1930.Charles Ray Wilson, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for oneyear from October 1, 1930.Frederick J. Kelly, as Lecturer in the Department of Education for oneyear from October 1, 1930.Fred B. Millett, as Secretary of the Department of English, for theSummer Quarter, 1930.Mrs. Adeline DeSale Link, as Social Director of the Women's University Council, for the second term of the Summer Quarter, 1930.Jessie Dudley, to give service in the Department of Special Methodsof the School of Education, for the Summer Quarter, 1930.Dorothy Winters, to give service in the Department of ComparativeLiterature for the Summer Quarter, 1930.Lorna Harriet Hustel, as Case Worker in Medical Social Service in theUniversity Clinics, for two months and twenty-five days from July 7,1930.Katharine Jane Stuart, as Case Worker in Medical Social Service inthe University Clinics, for one month and twenty-five days from July 7,1930.Leonard Slater Cottrell, Jr., as Instructor in the Department of Sociology for the Autumn Quarter, 1930.Archibald R. Mclntyre, as Instructor in the Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology for the Autumn Quarter, 1930, Winter and Spring Quarters, 193 1.Miss Chi Che Wang, as Lecturer in the Department of Home Economics for the Autumn Quarter, 1930.Edwin P. Jordan, as Instructor in the Department of Medicine fromOctober 1, 1930, to July 1, 193 1, on a four-quarter basis.Salomon N. Trevino, as Instructor in the Department of RomanceLanguages for the Autumn Quarter, 1930, Winter and Spring Quarters,I93LKathleen Allen, as Instructor in the Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration for one year from September 1, 1930.Gladys Baldwin, as Instructor in Nursing in the Department of Nursing for one year from September 1, 1930.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 255Billy Earl Goetz, as Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration for the Autumn Quarter, 1930, Winter and Spring Quarters,i93i-Ralph B. Alspaugh, as Assistant Professor in the School of Commerceand Administration for one year from October 1, 1930.PROMOTIONSThe following persons were promoted to the positions named during thethree months prior to October 1, 1930:Dr. Edmund Andrews, to a professorship in the Department of Surgery from July 1, 1930.Dr. Emmet B. Bay, to an associate clinical professorship in the Department of Medicine from July 1, 1930.W. L. Eagleton, to an associate professorship in the Law School, forthree years from October 1, 1930.Dr. Margaret W. Gerard, to a clinical assistant professorship in Psychiatry in the Department of Medicine for two years from July 1, 1930.Dr. Ruth Elaine Taylor, to a clinical assistant professorship in the Department of Medicine, for one year from July 1, 1930.Willard J. Graham, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration, to the rank of Assistant Professor for one year from October 1,1930.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations have been accepted during the three monthsprior to October 1, 1930:R. L. C. Butsch, as Assistant Professor in the School of Education, effective August 31, 1930.Harold Blue, as Instructor in the Department of Education, effectiveOctober 1, 1930.Dr. J. C. Ellis, as Clinical Instructor in the Department of Surgery, effective June 1, 1930.J. B. Sanders, as Instructor in the Department of History, effectiveOctober 1, 1930.Mrs. Ruth Cowan Clouse, as Instructor in the Department of HomeEconomics, effective October 1, 1930.Mary W. Dillingham, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, effectiveOctober 1, 1930.J. W. Hoge, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, effective October 1,1930.Harry D. Baird, as Placement Counselor, on the Board of VocationalGuidance, effective August 31, 1930.256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLEAVE OF ABSENCEProfessor K. S. Lashley, of the Department of Psychology, for themonth of March, 193 1, in order that he may give a series of lectures atthe University of London.ADJUSTMENTSDuring the three months prior to October 1, 1930, the following adjustments in appointments were made:Franz Alexander, title changed to Visiting Professor of Psychoanalysis.F. W. Clower, changed from an instructorship in the School of Commerce and Administration, to an instructorship in the Department ofEconomics.Ruth Bilger, title changed to Research Technician.DEATHSProfessor Emeritus Addison W. Moore, of the Department of Philosophy, died in England on August 25, 1930. He was a member of the University from 1895 until his death. He retired from active service in 1929.Dr. Ralph Waldo Webster, Clinical Professor of Medical Jurisprudencein the Department of Medicine at Rush Medical College, died July 2,1930. He was a member of the staff of the College from 1908 until hisdeath.Miss Katherine Martin, Assistant Professor in the College of Education, died July 7, 1930. She was a member of the University from 19 10until her death.Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson, wife of former President Judson, died September 12, 1930.GIFTSThe following gifts were received and accepted by the Board duringthe three months prior to October 1, 1930:From Mr. Martin A. Ryerson $3,652.50 for the purchase of a Chaucermanuscript for the University Library.The following contributions from the members of the Faculty of RushMedical College, for the support of the photographic department: Dr.A. D. Bevan, $500; Dr. Vernon David, $500; Dr. N. S. Heaney, $300;Dr. Carl B. Davis, $100; and Dr. W. J. Potts, $100.The Estate of LaVerne Noyes has pledged $7,000 to continue theNoyes Scholarships at Rush Medical College for the year 1930^31.Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., increased his former pledge of $150,000to $290,000 to the Oriental Institute of the University to defray the costof a publication to be known as Ancient Egyptian Paintings.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 257A number of valuable casts purchased from the British Museum havebeen given by Mr. Lorado Taft for the Department of Art of the University.Mr. Ralph H. Hobart has designated his pledge to contribute $300 annually to the Alumni Gift Fund for the general purposes of the DivinitySchool of the University.An anonymous donor has given $1,000 to supplement the salary of aninstructor in the Oriental Institute, for the year beginning July 1, 1930.A pledge of $500 has been received from Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons forthe continuation of certain anthropological field work in the Southwestunder the direction of Professor Sapir of the Department of Anthropology.Mrs. Sara H. Schaffner has contributed $500 toward the cost of publication of Professor Laughlin's History of Money and Prices.The Committee on Medical Research of the National Tuberculosis Association has granted the University $7,400 for the year 1930-31 to beused under the direction of Dr. Esmond R. Long in the investigation ofcertain phases of the tuberculosis problem.A contribution of $2,000 has been received from Mr. F. A. UpsherSmith for the support of a fellowship to be known as the "Upsher SmithFellowship" for the investigation, under the direction of Professor H. B.Van Dyke, of the active principles of digitalis purpurea.A fellowship to study Squill compounds in the Department of Pharmacology has been made possible by the grant of $1,200 of the GrisardLaboratories, Incorporated (formerly Anasarcin Chemical Company), ofWinchester, Tennessee.The Joint Committee on Food Protection of the American Bakers'Association and the Associated Bakers of America, has pledged $500 forstudies on food poisoning under the direction of Professor E. O. Jordan.Mr. Henry M. Wolf has continued his former pledges in support of thework of the Department of History: $2,500 for 1930-31 toward thesalary of a Professor of Far Eastern History, and $1,000 for the HenryM. Wolf Fellowship in American History for 1930-31.The following contributions have been received toward a special fellowship fund of the Department of History to be used under the directionof Professor W. E. Dodd: $500 from Mr. Harold F. McCormick, and apledge of $250 from Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, to be paid in monthly installments of $50 until January, 1931.The Society of Colonial Wars of the State of Illinois has renewed itsscholarship for 1930-31 by the gift of $225. This scholarship is awardedto that student in the Department of History who is best able to projectthe ideas of Colonial Wars, who is worthy, and in need of assistance.258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe following bequests were contained in the wills of friends of theUniversity, recently deceased: Samuel Blake Willsden has given all ofhis bound volumes of the National Geographic Magazine and set of London Times History of the War; the residue of the estate of Henry C. Fol-ger, if the Trustees of Amherst College fail to install and establish withinthree years from his death, his Shakespeare collection as a permanentlibrary in a building in Washington, D.C., to be known as the FolgerShakespeare Memorial, is to be transferred to the University of Chicagoto be used for the same purpose.From the William Wrigley, Jr., Company, Chicago, a pledge of $1 5,000for the support, over a period of three years, of laboratory research onthe "Effect of Exercise and Training on Cellular Efficiency," under thedirection of Dr. A. Baird Hastings of the Department of Medicine. Thefund is to be known as the Wrigley Research Fund.From the Eli Lilly Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, a pledge of $800for the support of a research fellowship in the field of tissue culture in theDepartment of Anatomy.From the Titanium Pigment Company, Brooklyn, New York, an additional grant of $500 to provide for the continuation of a research assistant for Professor Harkins of the Department of Chemistry, for thestudy of "The Total and the Free Surface Energy and the Surface Electrical Relations of Solids and of Powders."From the Byzantine Institute of America, New York, a grant of $500for the purchase of photographs of miniatured manuscripts for the Department of New Testament.From Mrs. Mabel T. G. Yerkes, widow of Charles E. Yerkes, a portrait in oil of Charles T. Yerkes, by Benjamin Constant, and a bronzebust of Mr. Yerkes by Van der Straeten, both for the Yerkes Observatory.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ANDPALEONTOLOGYBy EDSON S. BASTINA N EDUCATIONAL unit such as the Department of Geology and/ \ Paleontology is a fabric woven of the warp and woof of manyX JL. lives, not alone of its faculty but of its students and alumni aswell. It is easy to personify unduly such co-operative enterprises in termsof their leaders. Realizing this danger, it is nevertheless true that the firstthirty years of the life of the department were dominated by the nobilityof personality and the extraordinary intellectual stature of one of thegreat geologic leaders of all time — Thomas C. Chamberlin — and that he,more than any other influence, was responsible for the position of leadership which the department so early attained.A GREAT GEOLOGIC LEADERThomas Chrowder Chamberlin came to the University of Chicago in1892 at the age of forty-nine with a record of scientific achievement andof accomplishment in educational administration that in itself would haveconstituted a distinguished career. But that record was for him simplythe prelude to his greatest accomplishments through the thirty-five remarkably productive years of his life at the University of Chicago.His first step on accepting the appointment at Chicago was to gatherabout him a group of men of such vitality and productivity as to place thedepartment at its inception among the leaders in geologic education andin research. From Wisconsin he brought his colleague and warm personalfriend Rollin D. Salisbury, one of the most gifted teachers of geology thatAmerica has produced — later to be co-author with him of a series of textbooks that extended the influence of the department far beyond theranges of its personal contacts. From Wisconsin also he enlisted the part-time collaboration of Charles R. Van Hise, eminent in his knowledge ofpre-Cambrian geology and destined to become a leader of Americanthought in the field of conservation of natural resources and finally to become president of the University of Wisconsin. Microscopic and chemicalmethods in the study of rocks were at that time opening new approaches259260 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto an understanding of vulcanism, and Joseph Paxton Iddings was recruited from the United States Geological Survey as adept in this newfield. Iddings entered upon a series of co-operative researches that led tothe establishment of the first comprehensive quantitative classification ofigneous rocks. Iddings continued as a member of the department until1908. Resigning from active teaching he devoted himself to research andwriting until his untimely death in 191 7.THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLIED GEOLOGYThe scientific departments of a great university tend to reflect in miniature the role of their sciences in the life of the times. In geology this involves a recognition of the large role of that science in industrial affairs.The importance of applied geology was recognized at the founding of thedepartment by the appointment of R. A. F. Penrose as Associate Professor of Economic Geology. Although Penrose was able to devote onlybrief periods to teaching in the course of active practice as a mining geologist, he inaugurated the work along sound lines, gave generously of hisown collections to the department and was instrumental in obtaininglarge and excellent collections of minerals and ores from the World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. With the passing years geology has taken on new and increasingly important functions in industry,and economic geology has appropriately assumed more and more importance in the departmental program. From 1909 to 191 2 William H. Emmons, now head of the Department of Geology at the University of Minnesota, devoted his full time to the economic work; he was succeeded byAlbert D. Brokaw from 1912^1918 and in 19 19 by Edson S. Bastin, whocame to the department from the United States Geological Survey.BIOLOGIC PHASESThe biologic phases of geology were early added to the department'sprogram by the appointment in 1895 of Charles D. Walcott, later director of the United States Geological Survey and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, as non-resident Professor of Paleontologic Geologyand of E. C. Quereau as docent in that field. In 1896 Stuart Weller wasappointed assistant in the department and began his distinguished careerin the field of invertebrate paleontology, a career that extended throughthirty-one years of continuous service with the University until his deathin 1927. In 1902 the work in biologic geology was further extended whenSamuel W. Williston was called from the University of Kansas as Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 261GEOGRAPHYThe field of geography found recognition at the founding of the department through the appointment of Rollin D. Salisbury as Professor ofGeographic Geology. Until 1902 all instruction in geography was offeredin the Department of Geology but in that year the work was organized asa separate department under Salisbury's headship and began a rapid development in which J. Paul Goode and the present chairman of that department, H. H. Barrows, played pioneer roles. With increasing emphasison human factors in the teaching of geography, the fields of the two departments have professionally drifted apart but they have continued toshare the same somewhat crowded physical environment in RosenwaldHall with a mutual forbearance indicating that they have not forgotten that they are at least foster brothers.In those pioneer days when the University was built more largely ofhopes than of more material structures, the young department was housedin two brick buildings on the south side of Fifty-fifth Street near what isnow University Avenue, but even in the first year of the University a giftfrom Mr. George C. Walker provided for the construction of a building tobe used as a paleontological museum. From its completion in 1893 until191 5 this building served to house all of the activities of the department.In time it became so inadequate for the growing needs that classes wereheld in halls and on stairways, but in 191 5 through the generosity of Julius Rosenwald, Rosenwald Hall was completed and it became possible todevote Walker mainly to museum purposes as desired by its donor.THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGYChamberlin's wisdom was again manifest in his realization that theusefulness and reputation of the department would be greatly enhancedif the researches of its staff could be published promptly and in good formin a journal maintained by the department. The first issue of this Journal of Geology appeared in 1893. His concept of the functions of his journal were, however, broader than stated above and may best be conveyedin his own words used in launching the first issue:A department journal will be issued, which will not only serve as a medium ofpublication for the results of researches connected with the department, but will bringto the University and its constituency, some of the products of leading geologists inthis and other countries. It will not, it is hoped, be simply a means of communicationbetween the University and the public, but of intercommunication between investigators within and without the University It will not largely be the medium ofpublishing local details, or merely factitions [sic] descriptions, except as these mayhave obvious bearings upon questions of wide interest or fundamental importance, ormay have immediate relations to the environment of the University.262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThroughout the thirty-eight years of its life the Journal of Geology hashewn closely to the mark thus drawn. It has always maintained the highest standards and now has approximately 530 subscribers in the UnitedStates and 364 in foreign countries.RESEARCHThe first twenty-five years of the department's history were characterized by an extremely varied program of research, but out of the many details a few major lines of investigation stand out in relief: Chamberlin'sstudies in continental glaciation, the studies of Iddings and Johannsen inthe classification of igneous rocks, Weller's studies in the paleontologyand stratigraphy of the Mississippian formations, Williston's studies ofthe vertebrate life of the Permian period and above all Chamberlin's development of the planetesimal hypothesis of the origin of the earth, andhis investigation of many fundamental problems of geology along newlines.The deposits formed by glaciers were the subject of Chamberlin's earliest geologic interest and his first geologic paper, printed in 1875, dealtwith this phase of geology. At that time the glacial origin of the "drift"deposits that covered such large areas in northern Europe and NorthAmerica had only recently been established. It was still uncertain whetherthere had been one or several glacial periods in North America and littlewas understood concerning the mechanics of glacial motion. Under theauspices of the recently established United States Geological Survey,Chamberlin began in 1881 a comprehensive study of the glacial depositsof North America, engaging actively himself in field work and directingand correlating the work of a number of other workers. This task he continued after the establishment of the department at Chicago, remaininguntil 1904 in charge of the glacial work of the Federal Geological Survey.Under his guidance the fact of repeated continental glaciation was established beyond peradventure and the limits of the several glaciations wereapproximately determined. His participation with Salisbury in the PearyAuxiliary Expeditions to Greenland in 1894 and 1895 afforded a mosttimely opportunity for direct observation of glacial motion in an ice capof large dimensions and led to important conclusions concerning the mechanics of glacial motion — studies that in recent years have been furtherextended in the Canadian Rockies, Alaska, and the Alps by his son, RollinT. Chamberlin. The elder Chamberlin's studies in glacial geology led himnaturally to a critical consideration of the causes of glaciation on a continental scale and, although this problem remains today unsolved he wasled through it to a searching examination of the current theories of theAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 263genesis of the earth and finally to the development of the planetesimalhypothesis — the greatest accomplishment of his remarkably fruitful life.VULCANISMVulcanism, including not only the more familiar phases displayed today in active volcanic centers but those phases operating deep below thesurface whose results are revealed only by the slow erosion of the overlying rocks, forms one of the most interesting chapters in earth history.Much of this chapter is written in terms of the textural, mineralogical andchemical composition of the igneous rocks themselves. Up to the time ofthe founding of the department most studies of igneous rocks had beendescriptive and qualitative only. The department was privileged to sharein important measure through the researches of Joseph P. Iddings in thedevelopment of the first comprehensive quantitative classification of igneous rocks and to continue this kind of research to the present daythrough the work of his successor, Albert Johannsen.In the field of invertebrate paleontology the outstanding accomplishment of the department has been the series of studies by Stuart Wellerextending through more than thirty years in the stratigraphy and paleontology of the lower carboniferous or Mississippian formations of the Mississippi Valley region. Soon after joining the department in 1895 Wellerrealized that nowhere in the world were fossiliferous rocks of this agebetter displayed than in this part of the United States and his researches,pressed with remarkable energy and persistence, have made the Mississippi Valley section a recognized standard for world-wide comparisons.Soon after being called to Chicago from the University of Kansas in1902 Samuel W. Williston entered upon a series of brilliant studies of thevertebrates of the Permian period that were continued until his death in1 91 8. Persuaded that the Permian was in many respects a critical periodin the evolutionary history of the vertebrates, Williston organized and directed a series of expeditions to Texas and was rewarded by collections ofunsurpassed value. In this work he was fortunate in being able to dependin the field and in the laboratory on the exceptional keenness of Paul C.Miller as a collector and his skill as a preparator.DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESISThe supreme accomplishment of the department was undoubtedly thegradual development by T. C. Chamberlin, through the later years of hisactive service and after his nominal retirement, of the planetesimal hypothesis of the origin of the solar system, culminating finally in the publication in the year of his death of The Two Solar Families, in which his264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmajor conclusions find their ripest expression. This is not the place evento summarize the salient features of this hypothesis. Its progress wasmade exceptionally difficult by the fascinating simplicity of the older nebular hypothesis of Laplace and its general acceptance by scientists theworld over. The time has not come for a final valuation of the planetesimal hypothesis as developed by Chamberlin and his astronomical collaborator, F. R. Moulton. Tested in the most rigorous fashion by its proponents against the facts which it must explain and harmonize, these menwould nevertheless be the last to attach to it in all its details the dictumof finality. It is perhaps sufficient to say that in the light of the facts disclosed by their researches the inadequacy of the Laplacian hypothesis isnow generally admitted by those most competent in the field of cosmogony and the alternative planetesimal hypothesis is receiving in increasingmeasure the unprejudiced hearing to which the rigorously critical methods of its authors justly entitle it.As effective tools for teaching within his own department and as ameans of extending his influence to other educational institutions, booksconstitute one of the greatest aids to the teacher. Many of the membersof the department have been productive writers of books. Of foremostimportance is the three-volume Geology of Chamberlin and Salisbury,published in 1904, in which many of the department's researches werefirst set forth in a fashion easily available to graduate students. The College Geology by the same authors was issued in 1909 for use in undergraduate instruction and has recently been revised — in 1927 and in 1930— by Rollin T. Chamberlin and Paul MacClintock. A text on physiography for moderately advanced students was issued by Salisbury in 1907 andwas followed by a more elementary text. A textbook on rock-minerals andanother on igneous rocks came from the pen of J. P. Iddings, and AlbertJohannsen is the author of three textbooks dealing primarily with themethods used in the microscopic study of rocks.Two books by T. C. Chamberlin, The Origin of the Earth and The TwoSolar Families, are expositions of his views on cosmogony rather thantextbooks.The results of some of Williston's more important researches were published in Water Reptiles of the Past and Present, published in 19 14, andThe Osteology of the Reptile, published in 1925.DURING THE LAST DECADEThe work of the department in the last ten or twelve years cannot yetbe viewed in just perspective, especially as most of the projects are still inprogress. Some of the researches that have already been mentioned wereAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 265continued into this period — notably the cosmogony studies of T. C. Chamberlin and the Mississippian studies of Weller. Of the studies inauguratedin this later period mention should be made especially of the field andlaboratory studies of Rollin T. Chamberlin and his students in the mechanics of mountain making, the study and interpretation by J HarlenBretz through eight field seasons of a unique type of glacio-fluviatile erosion in the Columbia Plateau in Washington, the discovery by E. S. Bastinof living sulphate-reducing bacteria in the salt waters associated with oilin Illinois and in California, and the microscopic studies by A. C. Noeand his students of the floras of the great coal-forming period — the Penn-sylvanian— as preserved in remarkable perfection in certain concretionsknown as "coal balls."Of prime importance in the research program have been the department's field expeditions to the western and southwestern United Statesfor the collection of vertebrate fossils. These expeditions carried onthrough sixteen successive summers with remarkable assiduity by Mr.Paul Miller have yielded a rich reward in fossil remains which have beenstudied and described by Williston and by his successor, Alfred S. Romer,who joined the department's staff in 1924. In 1929-30, as a result of special gifts, it was possible for the University to send Dr. Romer and Mr.Miller to South Africa to collect from the Permian beds of the KarrooDesert; and the varied and numerous specimens brought back by this expedition are yielding scientific results of great interest and importance.Romer's thorough training in anatomy has led him to unique studies inthe interpretation of the muscular anatomy of fossil reptiles.IN CLASSROOM AND IN THE FIELDThe advanced residence teaching work is done in the Autumn, Winter,and Spring Quarters and it is the policy of the department to encourageits advanced students to spend the summer in the geologist's laboratory,out of doors. Through the generosity of one of the distinguished alumniof the department, William E. Wrather, a tract of land and buildings hasbeen acquired in Ste Genevieve County, Missouri, in surroundings of exceptional geologic interest and of natural beauty. Here both elementaryand advanced field instruction has been given, first under Weller and laterunder his successor, Carey Croneis. The state park at Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, has almost from the foundation of the department furnished analluring field for its Summer field classes, and of recent years at least oneand sometimes two classes have encamped there each summer for fourweeks of intensive training.266 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe department has maintained close and mutually helpful relationswith the geological surveys of Illinois and some neighboring states andwith these surveys many of the advanced students have obtained fieldtraining of inestimable value, while at the same time earning somethingtoward the expenses of their professional education.The advance of the science into new fields of usefulness have led toexpansion in the teaching program to include the creation of a well-equipped laboratory of micropaleontology under the direction of CareyCroneis and of a laboratory for the critical study of sediments and thelaws governing their formation under the direction of Francis J. Petti John.The work of the department in the important fields of mineralogy andthe economic geology of coal and petroleum has developed rapidly in recent years under the leadership of D. Jerome Fisher.As an institution primarily for the training of the younger generationsof geologists the influence of the department is perhaps best evaluated interms of the accomplishments of its alumni. The heads or chairmen ofthe departments of geology at Chicago, Harvard, Stanford, Cincinnati,and Beloit and at the state universities of Iowa, Kansas, Ohio, Indiana,Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Colorado, and Nevada are among itsgraduates. Two college presidents are among its doctors. Nine of itsgraduates are directors of state geological surveys. During recent years,with the growing utilization of geological knowledge in the discovery anddevelopment of oil fields, the oil industry has absorbed more of the department's graduates than has any other field of activity.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERFriends of the University were saddened by news of the death in Londonon August 25, 1930, of Addison WebsterMoore, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy. Mr. Moore began his service withthe University as assistant in Philosophyin 1895 and was steadily advanced inrank until in 1909 he was appointedProfessor. He served in this capacityuntil 1929 when he was retired. Of a delightful personality, with outstandingability as a teacher, he made a place forhimself in the University and his passingis deeply mourned. Professor Moorewas graduated from DePauw Universityin 1890 and received his A.M. in 1893.He was born in Plainfield, New Jersey,July 30, 1866. Among his publicationsare several books on philosophy, including Pragmatism and Its Critics, Existence, Meaning and Reality, Studies inLogical Theory, and Creative Intelligence, and a series of monographs onlogic. In 191 7 he was president of theWestern Philosophical Association.Aldo Lazzarini whose mural decorations in the reception lobby of the BobsRoberts Memorial Hospital for Childrenwere produced in the University Recordfor July is an Italian artist. He receivedhis art training at the Academia Carrarain Bergamo. He has been a frequent exhibitor in art exhibitions in Italy andhas illustrated several noteworthybooks. He came to America in 1923 andwhile associated with the Barnet Phillips Company of New York has executed a number of murals for bankbuildings, club-houses, steamships, andschools.The University's flag hangs withthose of many other American universities and colleges in the reading-room ofthe library of the University of Louvain,Belgium. There are sixty-five such flagsfrom American educational institutions,the names of which are carved in thestone of the lower colonnade of the building. The Louvain Library, it will be recalled, is the gift of the American people to the Belgian nation in testimony oftheir admiration for the late CardinalMercier and the gallant conduct of theBelgian people during the World War. Itreplaces, on a much larger site, the library building destroyed by the invadingGerman troops in 1914. The architect,Mr. Whitney Warren, in his design ofthe new building has happily combinedthe best elements of Flemish architectureof the time of the Renaissance with Italian and Spanish features and even someGothic details in the decoration. The ensemble has been judged by no less anexpert than Cass Gilbert as "one of thefinest pieces of modern architecture erected since the war." Cardinal Mercier visited the University of Chicago during thewar period and to him was presented ata notable gathering a group of valuablebooks for the Louvain Library.During the Summer Quarter the University preachers were the following:July 6, Shailer Mathews, LL.D., Deanof the Divinity School; July 13 and 20,Dean Gilkey; July 27, Rev. Albert W.Palmer, D.D., President of the ChicagoTheological Seminary; August 3, Rev.Henry N. Wieman, Ph.D., Professor ofChristian Theology, University of Chicago; August 10, Rev. Carl S. Patton,Ph.D., D.D., Pastor, First CongregationalChurch, Los Angeles, California ; August17, Rev. Albert Eustace Haydon, Ph.D.,Professor of Comparative Religion, University of Chicago; August 24, Convocation Sunday, Rev. William CreightonGraham, D.D., Professor of Old Testament and Literature, University of Chicago.The cornerstone of the Oriental Museum of the University was laid July 28,1930. A full description of the buildingwith the architects' design of the structure appeared in the University Recordfor July. The stone was "laid" by Dr.J. H. Breasted, director of the OrientalMuseum in the presence of members ofthe faculties and administrative officers.267268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Edwin O. Jordan, Professor ofBacteriology of the University, has beenelected a member of the Board of Scientific Directors of the InternationalHealth Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.The Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, pediatrics unit of thenew medical center for children in theClinics of the University, was formallydedicated June 9. Colonel and Mrs.John Roberts of Chicago gave $1,000,-000 to establish the hospital, which is amemorial to their five-year old son,Bobs. Rising at three- and six-floor levels to the west of the Billings Hospital,the Bobs Roberts Memorial is regardedas one of the most successful buildingson the University quadrangles. It provides eighty beds, various playrooms,and an extensive series of laboratories.Every effort has been made to make itattractive and pleasant for the small patients. Advances made in the preventionand control of children's diseases duringthe past twenty years have been thegreatest the medical world has known,Dr. Frederic Schlutz, Chairman of theDepartment of Pediatrics, said in hisaddress at the dedication. Announcement of the appointment of Dr. BengtHamilton, formerly of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, as professor in theDepartment of Pediatrics, and of Dr.W. W. Swanson, formerly of the University of Minnesota, as associate professor in the department, was made atthe time of the dedication.The names of the winners of the thirty-two honor scholarships awarded annually by the University to enteringfreshmen have been announced. Thescholarships, which give two years' tuition, a total of $600, are given on a basissimilar to the Rhodes scholarships.Scholarship, personality, and leadershipare the qualities considered. Severalhundred candidates were nominated byschool authorities and University alumniin various parts of the country for thehonor. Seven of the winners are fromthe Chicago metropolitan area, and one isfrom the city. Twelve states are represented in this year's selections.Miss Katharine Martin, AssistantProfessor of Kindergarten-Primary Education, died July 6, 1930. Miss Martin was born in Keokuk, Iowa, July 4, 1871.She was appointed an instructor in kindergarten-primary education in 19 10 andbecame an assistant professor in 1925.The funeral service was held in Keokuk,Iowa, July 9."The Current Situation" is the subject of the seventh Conference of MajorIndustries held October 22 at the University, under the auspices of the University and the Institute of AmericanMeat Packers. Mr. Julius H. Barnes,chairman of the Board of the UnitedStates Chamber of Commerce, Mr. C. S.McCain, chairman of the Board of theChase National Bank, and Mr. M. H.Aylesworth, president of the NationalBroadcasting Company, accepted invitations to address the Conference.William Duncan MacMillan, Professor of Mathematical Astronomy in theUniversity, received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science at the Junecommencement of Lake Forest College.In addition to his professorial work atthe University, Dr. MacMillan has accepted an appointment on the staff ofthe Adler Planetarium in Grant Park.Changes in the policy of the University Law School, designed first to weedout unlikely candidates for admission,and to give unusual students unusual opportunities; then to bring the professional curriculum into closer harmonywith modern economic conditions, andto enlist the aid of social scientists in legalresearch have been adopted. Severalsteps in the initiation of the new policieshave been announced by Dean HarryBigelow. They are: the institution of asurvey of the school's professional training, looking toward an up-to-date reorganization of the courses; adoption of arule requiring prospective students topass a "legal aptitude" test ; appointmentto the law staff of four experts in non-legal fields and of two new law teachersto the faculty of the school ; and the establishment of seven seminar-researchcourses in problems of law for smallgroups of able students. The latter twoinnovations are in accord with PresidentHutchins' plan of encouraging co-operation between the various University departments in the solution of major problems. Dr. Franz Alexander, noted German psychiatrist, has been appointedVisiting Professor for the year. He willBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 269become one of the five non-legal expertsin the Law School, and will also teach inother divisions of the University. Formerly professor of psychiatry at theUniversity of Budapest, Dr. Alexander isnow lecturer at the Berlin Psycho-Analytic Institute and adviser to the courtsof Berlin in criminal cases. He is to givea seminar for a limited number of third-year law students which is described as"Psychoanalytic Aspects of Criminology— the application of psychoanalytic theories, especially of the neurotic charactertype, to criminal behavior." The coursewill be open to medical as well as lawstudents. "Obviously the legal aspect ofthe activities of the world in which welive is of far-reaching importance," declares Dean Bigelow. "The Law Schoolplans to take a prominent part in thepursuance of such investigations. Fivefaculty members of other departmentsare engaged on schemes of investigations,co-operating with members of the Lawfaculty." In addition to Dr. Alexander'sseminar, an informal course in the psychology of evidence will be offered in theautumn jointly by Professor Edward W.Hinton and by Dr. Mortimer Adler, nowof Columbia University, recently appointed Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University.Recruiting of June graduates by largeindustrial organizations resulted this yearin the immediate placement of 125 University of Chicago men in positions. Thisfigure was given by the University'sBoard of Vocational Guidance andPlacement, which arranged interviewsbetween representatives of forty concerns with the new "bachelors." Part-time positions secured for men and women in residence during the academic yefaramounted to 2,500. In its most important function, the placing of teachers, theboard placed well over 1,000 Universitygraduates and alumni in teaching positions, according to Dr. Robert Woellner,Executive Secretary of the board. TwoUniversity graduates were appointed college presidents it was reported.Seeking the long-buried remains oflife in Illinois as far back as 2,000 yearsago, so that they may reconstruct thestory of the ancient mound-building Indians in time for the Century of Progress fair in 1933, a party of fifteen menand women archaeologists spent the summer excavating the mounds aroundLewiston. Their first objective was the5,700-acre estate of Joy Morton, nearthe juncture of the Illinois and Spoonrivers, where no less than nine moundshave been discovered. Co-operating withthe University in the project were theSmithsonian Institution of Washington,the Laboratory of Anthropology of Santa Fe, Mr. Rufus G. Dawes and Mr. Morton, who threw the mounds open for thefirst scientific exploration, and set asidea lodge as headquarters for the party.Professor Fay Cooper-Cole, Chairman ofthe Department of Anthropology at theUniversity, headed the expedition. Hewas assisted by Dr. Wilton M. Krogmanof the University and by Thorne Deuel,professor at Syracuse University. Theexpedition constituted the fifth year'swork of a ten-year project to describeminutely the prehistory of Illinois fromits earliest occupancy. The previous fouryears were spent largely in the northwestpart of the state, and around Joliet andin the vicinity of Quincy. Over 900mounds have been mapped, 655 in JoDaviess County alone, and over 100 havebeen analyzed inch-by-inch by troweland nail-file methods. The greatest ofthe mounds so far found, outside theCahokia mound, which rivals the Egyptian pyramids in size, was a 1,100-footaffair near Galena. "In some states, likeOhio," said Professor Cooper-Cole, "thestory is very complete, but for most ofthe Mississippi Valley, we have as yetonly glimpses of man's long struggletoward civilization. We have evidencesof trade and of invasions and migrations,and soon we hope to have the wholestory."The American Magazine of Art in arecent issue printed the following paragraph:Among the recent portraits presented to theUniversity of Chicago for permanent placementin its buildings are those of Bernard Eckhartby Louis Betts; Eliakim Hastings Moore, headof the Department of Mathematics, by RalphClarkson; Professor Herbert L. Willett, retiredDean of the Disciples Divinity School, byCharles W. Hawthorne; Edgar Johnson Good-speed, Chairman of the Department of NewTestament and Early Christian Literature, byPaul Trebilcock; and Julius Rosenwald, Trustee, by John C. Johansen. It is to be notedwith interest and satisfaction that all five ofthese portraits are by American portrait painters.Associate Clinical Professor JohnBernard Ellis of the Department of Oph-270 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthalmology, Rush Medical College, diedJuly 30, 1930. He was a native of Canada and was fifty -three years of age. Hewas graduated from Rush Medical College in 1889 and he became a memberof its faculty in 1903.Sketches for the memorial windowsof the University Chapel submitted byWright Goodhue have been approved sofar as general treatment and design areconcerned. Further study of the symbolism and color is to be given by theCommittee on Buildings and Groundsbefore the design is finally accepted.It is expected that the men's residencehall to be built on the lot facing theMidway and between Ellis and Greenwood avenues will be ready for occupancy in September, 1931. The plans arepractically complete and contracts forerection of the building have been closed.Ground "was broken" for the buildingon August 26.The Byzantine Institute of America,through the kindness of its president,Professor John Shapley, Chairman ofthe Department of Art of the University,has contributed $500 in support of a project to create and publish a corpus of NewTestament iconography as illustrated byminiatures in manuscripts of the GreekNew Testament Department of the University and the departments of art inChicago and Princeton. Associate Professor Harold R. Willoughby is servingas director of the project and editor ofthe corpus.Although two members of the firstfaculty of the University have recentlybeen retired, eight of the original groupare returning this autumn to begin theirthirty-ninth year of teaching and research. The two faculty members whohave concluded their active service areProfessors A. A. Michelson and JamesH. Tufts. "Professor Michelson andProfessor Tufts are eminent scholars andhave been notable contributors to theprestige of the University," Vice-President Frederic Woodward said in announcing the retirement of the two men."While they have decided to take therank of Professor Emeritus, we are gladthat Professor Tufts will continue to dosome teaching in the Department of Philosophy, and that Dr. Michelson will continue to carry on his researches inRyerson Laboratory." Of the eight members of the original faculty who remainin active service, seven are heads of departments. They are Professor JuliusStieglitz, Chemistry ; Professor Frank R.Lillie, Zoology; Professor Carl D. Buck,Comparative Philology; Professor Edwin O. Jordan, Bacteriology and Hygiene; Professor Eliakim H. Moore,Mathematics; Professor Paul Shorey,Greek ; and Professor A. A. Stagg, Physical Culture and Athletics. ProfessorGeorge C. Howland, Comparative Literature, also has been on the faculty since1892. Twenty-seven of the 120 membersof the first faculty are still living. Ascore of those who were members ofthe first class, which numbered 520, arenow teaching in the University. J. C. M.Hanson, Professor of Cataloguing, Classification and Bibliography, in theGraduate Library School, who as a student played on Director Stagg's firstfootball team in 1892, and who developedthe library recording system now standard throughout the world; ProfessorStorrs B. Barrett, for thirty years secretary of Yerkes Observatory at WilliamsBay, Wisconsin; Walter A. Payne, Recorder and Examiner, who served theUniversity continuously since his graduation in 1896; Dr. Theodore GeraldSoares, late Professor of Religious Education and Head of the Department ofPractical Theology in the DivinitySchool, have also retired. Dr. Soares isnow Professor of Ethics in the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology and pastor ofthe Pasadena Union Church. He was thefifteenth matriculant in the University,and held a fellowship. He joined the faculty in 1899, and was chaplain for tenyears.In the four convocations during theacademic year of 1929-30 the Universityconferred 1,993 degrees and certificates.Nine hundred forty-three graduates received the degree of Bachelor of Arts,Philosophy, or Science; 15 received theBachelor of Laws degree; 437 the Master's degree, 6 the degree of Bachelor ofDivinity, 105 the degree of Doctor ofLaw (J.D.)> 161 the four-year certificatein Medicine, 150 the M.D. degree, and186 that of Doctor of Philosophy. Arecord was set by University College,which offers afternoon and eveningcourses in the downtown district, whenBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 271eighty-eight of its students received degrees at the June Convocation. Nine ofthe graduating group, which ranged inage from twenty-two to fifty-six years,averaging thirty-three years, receivedPhi Beta Kappa award.Credit for originating the atom-building theory, and the theory that the universe rejuvenates itself by the condensation of radiation into atoms, both ofwhich are now exciting wide attentionamong British physicists, belongs to agroup of Chicago scientists who firstdiscussed them twenty years ago, according to Dr. Robert A. Millikan, President of the California Institute of Technology. Writing in Science, he describesDr. W. D. MacMillan, Professor ofMathematical Astronomy of the University, as the pioneer in these speculative theories. "If there is anyone besidesEinstein who was a pioneer in the development of the theoretical ideas for whichwe have found experimental proof it isW. D. MacMillan. Anyone who since1 9 18 may have sought to write the history of the atom building processesshould have given him a deserved recognition." "Atom-building" was definedby University physicists as the process bywhich simple atoms combine to formcomplex atoms, giving off radiant energyat the same time.Dr. Ralph Waldo Webster, a memberof the University and of Rush MedicalCollege faculty since 1901, died July 2,1930, after an illness of six months. Hewas born at Monmouth, Illinois, April16, 1873. He became a student at theUniversity in 1893, received the bachelor's degree in 1895, and the M.D. fromRush Medical College in 1898. Dr. Webster was a recognized authority on medical jurisprudence, especially in the fieldof medical-legal chemistry. He had justcompleted a volume on toxicology at thetime of his death. After completing postgraduate study in Vienna, Berlin, Frankfort, Paris, and London, he became assistant in the University's Department ofPhysiological Chemistry in 1901, and received the Doctorate of Philosophy in1903. He served as Assistant Professorof Pharmacological Therapeutics at RushMedical College from 1908 to 1921, andwas Associate Professor of Medicine andMedical Jurisprudence in 192 1 and Clinical Professor in 1925. He served as pathologic chemist in Cook County Hospital from 1905 to 1 91 1, and had beendirector of the Chicago Laboratory sincethe former date. During the war he wasa major in the medical corps.The manufacturing department of theUniversity Press has inaugurated a system of instruction for apprentices. Theinstruction will cover a period of sixyears during the first two years of whichthe apprentice will receive special instruction by a teacher employed in the "Layout Department" and during the remainder of the term under the supervision ofthe head of the department to which heis assigned.Dr. Jacob Speicher, of Swatow, China,who presented to the University in 1915a unique collection of ancient Chinesecoins, died in Swatow on July 17, 1930.He was a devoted and successful missionary and in charge of a large church.Progress is being made on various University building projects. Architects'studies are being made for the FieldHouse which is to be erected at the corner of University Avenue and Fifty-sixth Street. The apartment buildingsnow on the site are to be wrecked. Plansfor International House have been completed and contracts are about to be let.The plans for the women's hall south ofthe Midway have been partially completed and building operations will beginbefore long. The men's hall is in processof erection. Preliminary plans for theEducation building of the School of Education have been approved.Raymond Dickinson, blind student,who won election to Phi Beta Kappalast year for his high scholastic record,received a degree at the August Convocation, also Mrs. Zoe Singer, who likewise was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.The latter took all but three out oftwenty majors of her work in UniversityCollege downtown, evenings, and madea record of seventeen "A's" and three"B's." The first degree of Doctor ofMedicine awarded from the medicalschool on the University's south sidequadrangles, as distinct from Rush Medical College, was conferred on WilliamW. Redfern, graduate of Michigan StateCollege and Johns Hopkins University.272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDegrees to the number of 576 wereconferred at the One Hundred Sixty-First Convocation. Of these 226 wereBachelors degrees ; 2r, Bachelors of Law ;217, Masters of Arts; 5, Doctors of Divinity. There were twenty-one four-year certificates in medicine ; twenty-oneDoctor of Medicine degrees; twenty-oneDoctor of Law degrees, and sixty-threeDoctor of Philosophy degrees.At the autumn meeting of the American Chemical Society at Cincinnati,September 8-12, the following membersof the University's department of chemistry presented reports: Professor M. S.Kharasch, Associate Professor Mary Rising (two reports), Assistant ProfessorWarren C. Johnson, and Dr. IrvingMuskat. Professor Schlesinger attendedas a member of the council of the society.In 1927 President Burton recommended the adoption of the policy that thedevelopment of the colleges should besouth of the Midway. While never formally acted upon by the Board of Trustees, after these years the suggested planis approaching realization. Thanks tothe liberal gift of Julius Rosenwald, residence halls for men and women studentsare soon to rise. On August 26 excavation for the foundations of the hall formen on the block between Ellis andGreenwood Avenues began. Plans forthe building, the architect's sketch for which appeared in the University Record for January, 1930, have been completed and contracts let. The cost of thishall and that for women, plans for thelatter having been completed, will besomething like $3,000,000. The women'shall will be placed on the lot betweenUniversity and Woodlawn Avenues.At the annual congress of the interallied veterans association, familiarlyknown as "Fidac," held in Washington,September 20, a peace medal was awarded to the University. Two other American universities received similar medals— Columbia and the University of California. Professor William E. Dodd, chairman of the Department of History, received the medal on behalf of theUniversity. The presentation was madein front of a phalanx of allied flags andin the presence of the delegates to thecongress from ten countries. In awardingthe medals, Lieutenant Colonel Abbot,president of the organization, expressedthe world war veterans' appreciation ofthe accomplishments of the universitiesin promoting international good will andunderstanding among their students.Each of the university representativesresponded briefly in accepting the medals.More than one hundred colleges and universities were nominated for the awardsand all were invited to submit reports toa jury.ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 19301930 1929Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 92347o 1,103188 2,026658 1,011639 1,192246 2,203885 177227Total.. 2. The Colleges-Senior Junior r,39329486 1,291415137164 2,684709227250 1,65029910873 i,438405150160 3,088704258233 517 40431Unclassified Total 4701,863190197818 7162,007397117 1,1863,870229268925 4802,13022787513 7152,153452154 i,i954,283272109017 "*i6*""s 941343Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. PrOFESSIONAL SCHOOLS ti. Divinity Schools —Graduate Unclassified Chicago Theological Seminary —Graduate Unclassified Total 30S149 6414 369163 323140 6615 389156 72. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate Schoolof Science —Graduate. Senior Unclassified 17 0 17 14 14 3Total 16619105336 140610 18019111346 154141023510 161121 170151143610 104Rush Medical College —Postgraduate Fourth-year Third-year 32Unclassified 4Total Total (less duplicates) ...3. Law School —Graduate 1633261453514 7211111 1703471563615 1613H16230382 14308 17534i17030382 "6""6 514Senior Candidates for LL.B 23Unclassified 2Total 19422 131719163 2071939193 23225618 819126225 24021632243 334. College of Education —Senior 23Junior 23Unclassified 30 5oTotal 52793217 343231438 39510246415 4987357 442141324 49110148211 124 965. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate Senior 2Junior Unclassified Total 1198210 4810918221 167H720321 1291311 338919712 16210220713 5156. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Junior ""$ 4Unclassified Total 116 15014 16120 154 12710 14214 1967. Graduate School of Library Science —Total Professional Schools . .Total University (in quad- 1,0162,879 6552,662 1,6715,541 1,0633,193 7162,869 x,7796,062 108521Deduct for duplicates Net total (in quadrangles) . . . 2162,663 152,647 2313,3io 1833,010 162,853 1995,863 32553[Continued on page 274]274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1930— ContinuedGraduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts, Literature, and Science 2,684318163164156 936 250Divinity School 51Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science Rush Medical College 176Law School 512025023College of Education 193School of Commerce and Administration . .Graduate School of Social Service Administration 10211720 1521Graduate School of Library Science Total (in the quadrangles) Duplicates 3,725I78 1,26336 55317Net total in the quadrangles Grand total in the University 3,547 1,2275,3io 536INDEX TO VOLUME XVIAbbott, Edith: The University andSocial Welfare, 217; portrait, facing217Afternoon Organ Music (Althea Bass),138; illus., facing 138Alumni, First Midwinter Assembly of the,S7"American Language," The Dictionaryof the, 247Among the Departments: The Department of English Language and Literature (Napier Wilt), 61; The Department of Geology and Paleontology(Edson S. Bastin), 259; The Department of Physiology (Anton J. Carlson), 193; The Department of Psychology (Harvey Carr), 121Annual Dinner to the Faculties, Trustees'Tenth, Addresses by Professor AntonJ. Carlson, Eugene M. Stevens, andPresident Hutchins, 100Attendance: in the Autumn Quarter,1929, 72; in the Winter Quarter, 1930,133; in the Spring Quarter, 1930, 215;in the Summer Quarter, 1930, 273Bass, Althea: Afternoon Organ Music,138Bastin, Edson S.: The Department ofGeology and Paleontology, 259Bevan's, Dr. A. D., Opinion of Alcohol,249Board of Trustees, The (John F. Moulds),53, 115, 197, 267; Affiliation of theOrthogenic Institute and the University, 251; Appointments, 57, 116, 197,252; Deaths, 54, 205, 256; Department of Pediatrics, 53; DistinguishedService Professorship Appointments,53; Election of Officers and Trustees,53, 197; Gifts, 54, 118, 205, 256; International House, 252; Promotions, 59,118, 201, 255; Resignations, 59, 204,255; Retirements, 53, 115, 204;Samuel Deutsch Professorship, 53;Standing Committees of the Board,251; University Statutes Amended,115, 251Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital forChildren, 149; Mural Decorations ofReception Lobby, illus., facing 150 Breasted, Charles: New Buildings of theOriental Institute, 169Brief Records of the Quarter, 66, 124,209, 267Carlson, Anton J. : Address at Trustees'Dinner, 100; The Department ofPhysiology, 193Carr, Harvey: The Department of Psychology, 121Chicago House at Luxor, Egypt, Architects' Design for New, illus., following152Chicago House of the Oriental Instituteat Luxor, Egypt, illus., facing 75Chicago Lying-in Hospital: CornerstoneLaid, 40; The Cornerstone Ceremonyof the, illus., facing 40Columbarium in the University Chapel,The, 245Comptroller's Report, The, 250Convocation Addresses: The CulturalFunction of the Fine Arts (HenrySuzzallo), 80; Some Educational Questions (Robert Maynard Hutchins),158; The University and Social Welfare (Edith Abbott), 217; What IsScience? (Edwin B. Wilson ), 75Convocation Statement (Gordon J.Laing), 227Cultural Function of the Fine Arts, The(Henry Suzzallo), 80Dedication of New Buildings: BernardEdward Sunny Gymnasium (RobertWoellner), 48; George Herbert JonesLaboratory, 49; Social Science Research Building (L. D. White), 50Degrees, When the University Confers,184Dictionary of the * 'American Language,"The, 247Eaton, Cyrus S., New Trustee, 44; portrait, facing 44En Route: The John Billings Fiske PrizePoems (Alice Winifred Finnegan), 156English Language and Literature, TheDepartment of (Napier Wilt), 61275276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFinnegan, Alice Winifred: En Route:The John Billings Fiske Prize Poems,156First Faculty Meeting of the University,The (Marion Talbot), 235Fiske, John Billings, Prize Poems: EnRoute (Alice Winifred Finnegan), 156Forty Years Ago, The University, 231Gale, Henry Gordon: Professor Michelson Retires, 94Geology and Paleontology, The Department of (Edson S. Bastin), 259Glattfeld, J. W. E.: John Ulric Nef, TheMan and Teacher, 1 10Goodspeed, Edgar Johnson — A NewPortrait, facing 183Group Insurance, The University's, 190Handman, Max S.: Address at Dedication of the Social Science ResearchBuilding, 97Hicks, Gertrude Dunn, Memorial, The,154Hutchins, Robert Maynard: Address before Alumni, 87; Address at Trustees'Dinner, 104; Convocation InauguralAddress, 8; Inauguration of, 1; Address — Some Educational Questions,158; The New President and Two NewHonorary Doctors of Laws, illus.,facing 1; When Robert MaynardHutchins Was Declared President,illus., facing 8Hutchins, Mrs. Robert Maynard, portrait, facing 13Inauguration of President Hutchins, The,1: Within the Chapel Walls, 1; TheCeremonies of Inauguration, 2; President Hutchins' Inaugural Address, 8;The Luncheon to Delegates, 16; TheInauguration Dinner, 23; PresidentHutchins Greets the Students, 34Insurance, The University's Group, 190Iraq Expedition Field House at Tell-Asmar, Architects' Sketch of the, illus.,171Jones, George Herbert, Laboratory:Dedication of, 49; illus., facing 50;Bronze Bust of the Donor in the Lobbyof, illus., facing 124Judson, Mrs. Harry Pratt, Death of, 246King Sargon's Bull, 164Laing, Gordon J.: Convocation Statement, 227 Manuscript Acquisitions, A Year of(Harold R. Willoughby), 139; TheArgos Lectionary, illus., facing 142:Cover of the Praxapostolos, illus.,facing 142McElwee, Nancy Adele, Memorial, The,151Medicine, Further Advance in, 147Medical Group, The University's — TheMidway Frontage of Clinics and Hospitals, illus., following 152Medinet Habu Temple, Inscriptions from,illus., 240, 242Men's Hall on the Midway, 46; TentativeDesigns for, illus., facing 46Michelson, Professor Albert Abraham,Retires (Henry Gordon Gale), 94; Professor and Head of the Department ofPhysics since 1892, portrait, facing 94Morrison, Hugh S.: The RenaissanceSociety of the University of Chicago:Report of the Season 1929-30, 166Nef, John Ulric: The Investigator(Herman A. Spoehr), 173; The Manand Teacher (J. W. E. Glattfeld), noNew Buildings Begun, Two: The NancyAdele McElwee Memorial, 151; TheGertrude Dunn Hicks Memorial, 154Northern Baptist Convention and theBoard of Trustees, The, 180Oriental Institute, New Buildings of the(Charles Breasted), 169; Publicationsof the, 238; New Syriac ManuscriptsAcquired by the, 52; Architects'Design for the, illus., facing 170; Dr.Breasted Begins Excavations at Home— Ground-Breaking for the InstituteBuilding, illus., facing 170; ChicagoHouse at Luxor, illus., facing 75;Iraq Expedition Field House, illus.,171; New Chicago House at Luxor,illus., facing 152Pediatrics, Department of, established, 53Physiology, The Department of (Anton J.Carlson), 193Psychology, The Department of (HarveyCarr), 121Renaissance Society, The: in 1929-1930(Eve Watson Schlitze), 42; Report ofthe Season 1929-30 (Hugh S. Morrison), 166Rockefeller Boards, Reorganization ofthe, 191Rosenwald, Julius, Philanthropist, 135;portrait, facing 135INDEX TO VOLUME XVI 277Sargon, King, Bull of, 164; excavatingKing Sargon's Bull, illus., facing 164Schutze, Eve Watson: The RenaissanceSociety in 1929-1930, 42Site of the University Forty Years Ago,illus., facing 232Social Science Research Building: Address at the Dedication of the (Max S.Handman), 97; Dedication of (L. D.White), 50; from the Quadrangle,illus., facing 52Spoehr, Herman A. : John Ulric Nef, TheInvestigator, 173Stevens, Eugene M. : Address at Trustees'Dinner, 101Sunny, Bernard Edward, Gymnasium:Dedication of (Robert Woellner), 48;for Laboratory Schools Pupils, illus.,facing 48Suzzallo, Henry: The Cultural Functionof the Fine Arts, 80Syriac Manuscripts Acquired by theOriental Institute, 52 Talbot, Marion : The First Faculty Meeting of the University, 235Trustees' Tenth Annual Dinner to theFaculties, 100Trustees, Retiring Age for, 248University and Social Welfare, The(Edith Abbott), 217University, Site of, Forty Years Ago,illus., facing 232University, The First Faculty Meeting ofthe, 235University Chapel, The Columbarium inthe, 245What Is Science? (Edwin B. Wilson), 75When the University Confers Degrees,184Willoughby, Harold R. : A Year of Manuscript Acquisitions, 139Wilson, Edwin B.: What Is Science? 75Wilson, John P., portrait, facing 70Wilt, Napier: The Department of English Language and Literature, 61