The University RecordVolume XV APRIL 1929 Number 2SHALL THE LAW TRIUMPH?1By FRANK J. LOESCHPresident of the Chicago Crime CommissionCHIEF JUSTICE TAFT last year said in substance that the general breakdown of criminal law enforcement throughout thecountry is one of the most disturbing signs of the times; andPresident Hoover, in his inaugural address, strongly emphasized thealarming character of that breakdown. The truth of those utterancesfrom the highest authorities in our country has not anywhere been questioned.So widespread an effect must have had some general causes to produce it. What were some of the causes? What remedies have we to overcome such a condition?The history and development of the administration of the Criminallaw in the United States is unlike that of any other country. In all otherpeoples their beginnings, millenniums ago, dim and shadowy, unletteredand unrecorded, are practically unknown to us. To the contrary, the firstsettlement of the white men in our land barely passes three centuries andis an open book to the student of history and of law. Everything worthwhile in its beginnings was recorded in some manner and found its way,sooner or later, into print.The original European settlers, whether in Virginia, in New England, or in New York, found themselves in a land already occupied bysavage Indians engaged in- perpetual tribal warfare among themselves.They had no mind to yield their possession to the white man. The latterwere separated by thousands of miles of water and months in time from1 An address delivered in the University Chapel on the occasion of the One Hundred Fifty-fourth Convocation of the University, March 19, 1929.5i52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtheir native lands and could expect no effective aid from their home governments. Their backs were to the ocean, with the Indian in front ofthem. If they wished to survive, they must in self-preservation be a lawunto themselves. So for nearly two hundred and fifty years, as the frontier was being pushed back from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains,the frontiersman, ever alert and aggressive in asserting his superior whiteman's right to the land, was waging a bloody warfare with the aborigines,who fought to retain some part of their ancient dominion and yielded finally step by step only to superior numbers.THE FRONTIERSMAN'S TRADITIONThe result of such centuries of conflict, with other conditions and environment, was to create a tradition and a habit of mind in the frontiersman and in his immediate descendants that, by reason of their bloodylosses, their hardships, and struggles to win their homes under unprecedented situations, they had become a law unto themselves. They madeand unmade laws as suited their condition without regard to the homegovernment or even to its successor. They wished to recognize no superior power to dictate to them what laws they should obey if laws werein their judgment unsuited to their frontier situation. In fact, the frontiersman's state was not widely different from that of the Israelites underthe Judges in their contests with the idolaters surrounding them. Thewriter of the Book of Judges ends his history with the comment: "Inthose days there was no king in Israel; every man did that which wasright in his own eyes." There was no king, so there was no law.Our Colonial history is full of the spirit of resistance by the pioneersto the laws of the mother-country as well as to the laws of the respectiveplantations and provinces. Whether the resistance was on economicgrounds or on religious convictions, there was wholesale disobedience tothe law, with consequent forcible exiles and voluntary migrations fromolder to frontier settlements where the objectors could do that which wasright in their own eyes. Finally the colonies rose in rebellion against themother-country because none of them was willing to submit to the lawsenacted by Parliament which in any wise limited their right to trade withany other nation and enforced taxation contrary to their views while restricting their claim to levy taxes as they saw fit. That the Revolution wasa success in no wise mitigates the fact that its basic ground was the refusal of the people to obey the laws of their Parliament and of their ownprovinces when it conflicted with their views of their own economic orsocial interest.SHALL THE LAW TRIUMPH? 53We have strong evidence of the persistence of this conviction on thepart of masses of people in Shay's Rebellion, and in the Whiskey Rebellion in Washington's first administration. The people of western Pennsylvania took to arms to resist the collection of a federal tax on whiskey. The objectors claimed an inalienable right to make whiskey withouthaving it taxed. It took an army of soldiers to convince them of theirerror and that the United States was the supreme power on that subject.Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts after the Revolution was a violent andforceful protest against land laws and laws enforcing the collection ofdebts. It was a social upheaval of quite considerable importance, indicating widespread refusal to obey the general laws. It was one of thecauses which led to the formation of our present Constitution.DISOBEDIENCE TO LAW GENERAL FOR A CENTURYAs we come down through the last century and a quarter, we findthis attitude of resistance to law general enough to be called almost universal at one time or another. The question of state rights and the resistance of pioneers to the attempt to force slavery upon free territories,with the refusal of the people of many northern states to obey the fugitive slave law of 1850 which required every citizen to aid when called onto return a slave to his southern owner, finally led to a gigantic Civil Warbetween the states.The constitutional amendments adopted following the Civil War andthe legislation by Congress to carry them into effect have been quite generally disobeyed; in fact, evaded by reason of ineradicable color linesand social conditions consequent thereon. State legislation contrary tothe spirit of those amendments and laws has been sustained by the UnitedStates Supreme Court. Thus, rightly or wrongly, we have millions ofpeople in many states refusing to obey the law of the land.The wholesale violation by highly placed federal and state officials,sworn to obey the Constitution and the laws, and by a multitude of citizens, of the Eighteenth Amendment and laws passed in pursuance thereof, is too well known to require more than a reference to the fact.The dual allegiance which a citizen owes to his state and to theUnited States of America has been confusing from its very origin, is confusing to the average citizen, and is wholly unintelligible to the foreigner.That the United States is one of only delegated powers and supreme inall relations with foreign nations and in all domestic matters relating tothe army, navy, post-office and internal revenue and interstate commerce,while the state is sovereign on every subject of local concern affecting its54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcitizens from birth to death, is difficult to comprehend. This conditionprevails in no country from which the people of the United States claimnear or remote descent.The only clear fact out of it all which the citizen grasps is that in sofar as the law makes itself felt, it is less of a risk to violate a state lawthan one of the United States. But all that confusion adds to the spiritof disobedience to law.There is another attitude of the American mind which must be considered in this respect. From at least Revolutionary times, each citizenconsidered himself politically equal to every other citizen. From thatview it is not a far cry to considering himself a social and intellectualequal. That attitude is directly contrary to that of the European mind —at least as it was prior to 1918. A man is there a subject and not a citizen. Disguised as it may be, the fact is that rank and tradition, except inrare instances, hold a man to the station in life into which he is born —and the laws are framed to that end. The masses have few opportunitiesto judge their fellow-subjects in legal proceedings. Those two conditions — the citizen in our country, the subject abroad — cause differing attitudes of mind when it comes to enforcing penalties for crime.The social ranks abroad, the laws in conformity thereto, and thetradition of ages of enforced obedience to them by the masses make iteasy to enforce on homogeneous peoples the penal laws in all their formand strictness. The social and business rank and standing of the members of a jury which refused to punish a criminal in accordance with thelaw would be seriously injured by such an act.Not so with us: In almost every instance the jury, and often thecourt, are swayed to leniency or to acquittal of a man guilty of a murderor atrocious crime because they look upon the criminal as a fellow-citizen, not as a subject, and seek to find, for that reason, unwarrantedexcuses for him. Every experienced prosecutor and judge can give instances of such attitude toward the criminal. The defendant is lookedupon as a fellow-citizen for whom excuses are to be found, if possible, toenable him to escape the penalty of his crime.THE ALIEN MINDAnd still another attitude of the public mind must in this connectionalso be taken into consideration. It is the mind of the alien coming to ourshores and to ultimate citizenship from an oppressed European nationality. At the outset, in spite of the economic and social advantage whichAmerican domicile and citizenship give to him, his attitude is one of hostility to the law. It is inbred in him by ages of submission and suppres-SHALL THE LAW TRIUMPH? 55sion and oppression without a voice in the making of the laws. He wouldbe more than human if he could rid himself of it. It persists to the second and third generations unless in the meantime he and his descendantshave been lifted high in the economic and social scale. But while the foreign tradition and influence last, his and his descendants' attitude is oneof hostility to law and law-enforcing agencies. Specific instances neednot be cited to indicate well-known racial antipathies which have disturbed our country's politics for nearly a hundred years, caused difficulties in peaceful relations with other nations, were dangerously hostile toour country's preserving its self-respect prior to and after our entry intothe World War, and were law-defying.I am not here making any argument for or against any of the statesof mind of our people as above set forth. I am stating the facts as Iconceive them to be as the background which must be taken into consideration when we are discussing the failure of law enforcement and areseeking to remedy the confessed evils of it. No other nation has to contend with such diverse attitudes of mind on the part of its citizens orsubjects, which thus make law enforcement as difficult as it is with us.No one not conversant with the actual conditions can realize the difficulty under which even the most efficient of police and prosecutingofficials find themselves in ferreting out and prosecuting crimes amongour alien and foreign-born citizen groups speaking no English and ofdiverse nationalities, races, religions, and languages which are unfamiliarto the police and law-enforcing officials.Many of these foreign groups are led by venal leaders, often publicofficials, who exploit their countrymen while countenancing their criminalactivities and protecting them against prosecution for their crimes. Theresult is a contempt for our laws and an all-abiding faith in some leaderwho by his political power enables them to escape the legal penaltieswhich they have incurred. Hence the contempt for the laws which onefinds so common among the foreign-language groups, especially thosefrom Eastern and Southeastern Europe.The great social changes and upheaval caused by the World War, thetransportation of millions of our men to and from Europe, the trainingof them for and their participation in the war, and the changed values ofhuman life which followed the war are causes of lawlessness which cannot be lightly laid out of consideration. Then the criminally inclined, andespecially those working under gang leadership, have been swift, in carrying out their crimes, to take advantage of every modern death-dealinginvention, like dynamite bombs, machine guns, automatic guns, aided by56 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhigh-powered autos, the aeroplane, and other inventions. The law-making powers, on the other hand, have not provided the law-enforcing officers with adequate men and modern facilities to cope with the criminalseven when the latter are not protected by powerful, corrupt politicians.If a state cannot or does not effectively enforce its laws against crimeand criminals, then it fails in the chief reason for its existence.The state is primarily organized to protect the citizen in his lifeliberty, and property so that he and his family may safely go and comeat all times, and in all places may carry on his business without hindranceor blackmail from criminals, and may live as suits his convenience in thepursuit of happiness so long as he does not infringe upon other's equalrights to pursue those ends. It is but a truism to say that our state hasfailed woefully in fulfilling its duty to its citizens in that regard. Oneneed not, however, limit this accusation to our state. Few states, especially those having large cities within their borders, have even fairlydischarged their duty to their citizens. Murders in open daylight havegone on without detection or prosecution of the murderers in New York,Buffalo, Detroit, and other cities.IN ILLINOISAs we have not time to cover the whole country but may generalizefrom examples in our state, let me recall some recent crimes here. Aconsiderable part of southern Illinois was terrorized for years by a gangof criminals who kidnapped and murdered men and women, often in daylight, and not infrequently on a popular street in some town, until everypeaceably-minded citizen was in daily fear for his life, liberty, and business. The leader of that gang was finally tried, convicted, and hanged,but the law was very slow in finding him and his followers.In Cook County we have had for years, so-called "gang murders" insecret places, in open spaces at night, in open daylight on residencestreets and on crowded streets, in closely inhabited portions of the city.So frequently as no longer to merit extended newspaper comment, murdered men have been found in ditches and wayside places, cast out likethe carcasses of vicious dogs : three men killed in an open car, on a popular, well-lighted thoroughfare in early evening; two men killed on acrowded street corner at high noon; twice, two men murdered at theirdoors as they were leaving for their business places; other men, averagingone man a week, murdered at home or here and there — all with never anarrest and never a prosecution, the state supine and apparently helplessand letting all go by as accredited private warfare in which the people atlarge had no concern.SHALL THE LAW TRIUMPH? 57Naturally, after years of such official neglect on the part of law-enforcing officers, murderers felt safe in committing a massacre of sevenmen in a populous section of the city during business hours and in gettingsecurely away without risk of discovery, arrest, or prosecution.From scores of single unpunished murders — an average of about onea week for nine years — it was not much of a step to murder two at atime anywhere. It was a bold step to murder a trio of men; it was anamazing feat to feel safe in massacring seven men at one time in opendaylight in a congested portion of the city and escape immediate arrestwith faith in their ultimate security from the officers of the law. Themurderers must have had a positive conviction that they would be protected in high quarters before they dared venture upon the massacre.The mere recital of this outline of facts of defiance of law by atrocious murderers should bring a blush of shame for his state to the face ofevery person who hears my words that such a condition of things shouldbe and that we remain indifferent under the rule of the murderer. Towhat causes shall we trace this state of anarchy — this cancer within ourbody politic?THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN CRIME AND CORRUPT POLITICSIn general terms, having in mind the historical and other backgroundabove sketched, it can be confidently assigned to one cause, i.e., the alliance between crime and corrupt politics. The alliance is made manifestby the results which flow from it. Its inception is in the desire of thecorrupt politician for place, power, and plunder of the public purse. Thedesire of the criminal is to feel secure from arrest and prosecution in hiscriminal activities, whether it be the maintenance of a gambling-club, avice resort, the illegal sale of liquor, robbery, blackmail, murder, or othercrime.The alliance is cemented at the primary election. There the indifference of the law-abiding voter in remaining away from the polls is reliedon as a negative aid by the politician. The positive work is done by thecriminal in terrorizing honest voters from going to the polls and, with theaid of faithless judges and clerks of election, to make false and fictitiousregistration of names; vote repeaters; vote the illiterate illegally andunder instruction; mark ballots before the election and stuff the ballotboxes with them; and make false and fraudulent returns of the votescast, so as to give a large apparent majority to the corrupt candidate foroffice.The fraudulent majority so returned puts the corrupt politician intoplace and power where he can dicate the nomination of law-enforcing58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDofficers, including the mayor, sheriff, state's attorney, coroner, bailiff, andjudges and clerks of court. Through them he exerts his undercover influence to protect from interference or prosecution in their criminal careerthe criminals who aided him to secure office.If anyone doubts the truth of the foregoing charges he has but torecall the recent indictment and, after two months trial, the convictionof fifteen men for conspiracy to murder, to attempt to kill, to kidnapwatchers at the polls, to cause repeating, to make false election returnsetc. Included in that number are a present state senator, an investigatorin the late state's attorney's office, a former bailiff of the MunicipalCourt, a former chief of police of the sanitary district police, and otherformer minor officials. The city collector and his son, a judge of the Superior Court, indicted with those fifteen men, escaped trial under thesame indictment by taking a change of venue to another trial judge.Additional support to the foregoing charges is given by the conviction only last week by a jury in the Criminal Court of Cook County offive election-poll officials and their five confederates for stuffing a ballotbox in a precinct of the Twenty-seventh Ward of Chicago at the primaryelection, April 10, 1928, with four hundred pre-election marked ballots.At the recent aldermanic election in one ward, a candidate highlyindorsed for re-election was defeated. In his place was elected a mansaid to have been forced into nomination by one who is, by experts incrime detection, held responsible for many so-called "gang murders,"whose subtle vengeance is dreaded by the underworld, and who is believed to have many police in his pay. That candidate received the activesupport of two city officials, one now under indictment, and both appointed and removable by the mayor. Thus we have in the City Hallitself and in those trials, perfect illustrations of the alliance between thecriminal and the corrupt politician.Most naturally in the rare instances when criminals of wealth andpower or any of their confederates and instruments in their crimes arebrought to trial, able lawyers, versed in every technicality known to ourarchaic criminal laws, appear for them, and every device is resorted towhich may delay the cause and postpone or defeat a trial or secure a miscarriage of justice when a trial is held. The defects of the criminal codeaid the criminal and corrupt politicians in their defiance of, and escapefrom, the punishment due them. Our laws afford too much protection tothe criminal and too little to the law-abiding citizen.The personal-immunity privilege under constitutional guaranties hasbeen by judicial construction extended beyond all reason; and unless itSHALL THE LAW TRIUMPH? 59is circumscribed and confined within narrower, stricter limits, we shallbe ruled by the criminal living and defying effective prosecution underthe fancifully extended personal immunity clauses of our constitutions.THE GUILT OF THE CITY HALLYet withal, the City Hall is the great refuge and protection of thecriminal. Through the criminal politician and the support he has fromthe mayor and in his influence with and over the corrupted members ofthe police force, crime goes undetected and unpunished when the criminalis not actually sheltered by the police and their sponsors.There can be no great help from the police force as long as it is controlled by a mayor found guilty by a court, at the suit of a taxpayer, ofconspiring to defraud the public of nearly two millions of dollars forillegal real-estate commissions. When the source is polluted, the streamis tainted all the way.It is assumed as a matter of course by many people opposed to theEighteenth Amendment that if the amendment is recalled and the Volstead Act is repealed, all gang murders will end. That is a delusion. Scoresof gang murders were committed when there were seven thousand licensed saloons in Chicago and at least two thousand unlicensed onesknown as "blind pigs." It ought to be known that the men who are murderers in beer and alky gang warfare now are not boys but were archcriminals mostly of mature age before they went into their present murderous activities. If driven out of that form of crime, they will naturallyreturn to their previous criminal activities as burglars, robbers, holdupmen, auto thieves, forgers, bank and mail robbers, and murderers. Bymerely repealing the prohibition law, those criminals cannot be reformedinto a life of usefulness. They have been, they are, and will be atrociouscriminals to the end of their lives. There must be a proper diagnosis ofdisease before a remedy can be applied.That remedies must soon be found before there is a further countrywide breakdown in the law-enforcing agencies goes without argument. Itcannot be repeated too strongly that we are in the hands of arch criminals, country-wide in their law-defying activities, and almost absolutelyfree to do their will upon those whom they mark for vengeance withscarcely any prospect of bringing them to judgment.It has been well said that the ancient civilizations were overthrownby barbarians from without their borders; but as there are no outsidebarbarians now, the destruction of modern civilization will come frombarbarians inside their borders.Are we to sit idly by, pursuing, all unheeding, our ordinary vocations,6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhile these barbarians through the use of modern destructive inventions,the frivolities of the law, and the weakness of law-enforcing agencies arepreparing the ruin of our civilization as the Bolsheviki ruined Russia?ESSENTIAL REMEDIESMay I suggest as immediately applicable to our condition someremedies:We must have an aroused public opinion informed as to the truestate of matters, for without that public opinion little can be permanentlyaccomplished. It must be alert. It must make itself felt by pen andvoice, individually and in association to all law-making bodies and inpolitical quarters. It must do as it did at the April primary and theNovember election : give itself a voice in selecting party candidates andthen choose between the best of each party at the election. In that waythe people who are law-abiding and tax-paying, who uphold the law andthe morale of their city, state, and nation, will make themselves the realforce as they are in theory. The politicians will take such votes as theirguide, and better government will follow. We have that very result ofthe last election before our eyes now in the change made in certain vitallyimportant public offices.We must teach, by precept and example, obedience to law as a national virtue. We must in our lives yield obedience to law as it is. Wemust, as a national policy, restrict our foreign-language immigrants tothe lowest numbers while at the same time taking their education andinstruction in our language, government, and tradition in charge, fromtheir landing, in order that they may not remain foreigners and aliens inour midst for generations. If laws have been passed, or constitutionalamendments have been adopted, which in their enforcement are found tobe productive of vicious or unwholesome results to the people as a whole,then we should be honest with ourselves and aid in creating public opinion to bring about their repeal. The flagrant flouting of one law leavesthe unthinking and the evil-minded to justify themselves in the violationof all laws made for the safety and. security of the public.We must insist that the law-makers bring our criminal code into conformity with those of other states and countries, whereby, without takingaway substantial rights, criminals may be promptly brought to trial.Speedy trials and punishment are of the essence of good law enforcement.We should insist on more experienced public prosecutors who will havethe integrity, capacity, and energy relentlessly to prosecute to convictionand punishment the high criminals now living in security protected bypolice and corrupt politicians.SHALL THE LAW TRIUMPH? 6lThe law-enforcing officers are nowhere given sufficient means or facilities to solve crimes, to detect and prosecute expert criminals, and tobring them to punishment. They should be given sufficient appropriations to meet the enormous calls upon them to follow, detect, and prosecute the modern high-powered criminal with a skill greater than his own.More power must be given to the judges in the examination of jurors andin the conduct of the trial. The waste of time now permitted in the examination of jurors by counsel is a destructive hindrance to the speedypunishment of criminals. The judge should orally instruct the jury inthe state courts as it is done in the United States courts.THE ABSENTEE WITNESSOne of the causes of the greatest failures in our state criminal prosecutions results from the fact that state criminal court subpoenas cannotlawfully be served upon a witness taking refuge in some other state.The subpoena for witnesses issued out of the United States courts haseffect in every corner of our country. Equally, writs requiring witnessesin state criminal courts should have force throughout the whole UnitedStates, so that an Illinois politician hiding in Wisconsin may be compelled to appear here in answer to a subpoena as well as if a warrant forhis extradition were issued by the governor of Wisconsin. Some legalway must be found to correct this defect if state prosecutions are to havethe vitality they should have. It will take away from the criminal hisone great last resort — that of causing a state's material witnesses totake refuge in a neighboring or distant state until all the statute of limitations has run or the prosecution has failed owing to the fraudulent absence of such material witnesses.There should be persistent agitation for a better police force. Morepolice of a higher character, education, and training as crime-detectorsare needed. There should be a reorganization on modern lines of efficiency so as to make it effective for the purpose of its creation and maintenance. A metropolitan police force covering at least the County ofCook should be created. A state trooper organization is as essential tothe safety of our country districts as it is to the rural districts in NewYork, Massachusetts, and other eastern states.To you, as highly educated men and women, each of you certain tobe of great influence in your walk of life, we commit a part of the tasksto be accomplished. Justice should be our guide — justice to ourselves,our fellow-citizens. Nothing on earth is so divine as justice in all ourdealings with our fellow-men. Advocate just laws which secure the well-being of all and abide by them and insist on others doing so.62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBe not dismayed at the task set before us. A famous writer has wellsaid: "History teaches with distinctness that the world is built somehowon moral foundations. In the long run it is well with the good, in thelong run it is ill with the wicked."My life enables me to make a long retrospect :I have seen a one-time corrupt, powerful city official, years after hisretirement to private life, obtain the humble, sorrowful privilege fromthe sheriff of conveying his convict son in a private carriage to the penitentiary under a long sentence. What an unforgettable scene!I have seen the most powerful gambler politician of his time, atwhose frown office-holders once trembled, after his friends had desertedhim, when his fortune was gone, his family wrecked, his wife a murderess, sink into the grave crushed in body and spirit.I have seen a majority of a Board of County Commissioners ofCook County stand up in court after a verdict of guilty found by a jury,receiving sentence for malfeasance and corruption in office, and so havingtheir political careers brought to an ignominious end.I have seen men who had been heard for months publicly advocatingthe forcible overthrow of our government without interference by timidpublic officials fearing loss of the votes they controlled. When theirteaching ended in murder, as was to be expected, I have seen them standing in court to receive sentence of death, which was carried out. Thusthe majesty of the law was vindicated in each of those instances in spiteof the freedom allowed the criminals, in the full tide of their careers, byweak-kneed public officials.The law is a living fact, but it is not self-executing. It needs thehuman touch to vitalize it. That means you and me as well as law-enforcing officers. If religion, learning, art, culture, and all that make upthe best of our civilization are to be preserved, then the law must triumph. Whether it shall triumph depends not upon mere good will andsympathy but upon the actual effective work w7hich every one of us mustdo in our respective places in order that the law shall triumph.THE TRUSTEES' ANNUAL DINNERTO THE FACULTIESTHE annual dinner provided by the Board of Trustees for members of the several faculties has become more than a unique custom — it is an institution, appreciated by guests, enjoyed byhosts. On February 14, 1929, for the ninth successive time the adultUniversity family met in Ida Noyes gymnasium — Trustees, the teachingstaff, the members of which hold rank of instructor or higher, and administrative officers.The gymnasium, although not an ideal place for speaking, was madeas attractive as possible by means of flags and lanterns and plants. Thefaculty folks were seated at thirty-seven tables, while the toastmaster,Mr. Harold H. Swift, President of the Board of Trustees, the four speakers, and Dean Shailer Mathews who invoked the blessing, occupied atable at the east side of the room upon a raised platform. In all 738 persons were invited to the dinner and 425 were present, which numberincluded eighteen of the thirty Trustees, who were seated at differenttables. A considerable number of the Trustees were out of the city.Seats were assigned by an efficient committee of which Mr. E. T.Filbey was chairman. A printed list of persons present was distributed,with the names of those assigned to the several tables — a great aid toacquaintance. Before the dinner the Trustees were each assigned tospecified stations in the library and the parlor with an appointed memberof the faculty at his side to introduce him to the other members of thestaff — a decided improvement upon the reception line method. A reception committee, of which Mr. B. G. Nelson was chairman, brought thefaculty groups to the places where the Trustees were standing. The Trustee's Committee having the dinner in charge consisted of Messrs. C. F.Axelson, J. S. Dickerson, and C. W. Gilkey, although the actual arrangements were under charge of the Secretary of the Board, Mr. J. F. Moulds.The President of the Board, in characteristic manner, a charmingmixture of brevity, humor, and seriousness, presented the speakers whoseaddresses follow.6364 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHOMAS V. SMITH ON THE SOCIAL ORIENTATIONOF RESEARCHNowhere perhaps more than on the south side of the campus and perhaps nowhere more than in my own discipline has the difficulty of guaranteeing sociallyfruitful work been greater — the dilemma of judging research by the criterion of utility without condescending to preaching as a result. It sometimes looks as thoughAuguste Comte was right in saying that all cultures pass through the theological andmetaphysical stages on the way to becoming scientific. But, even if this be true, theworst of our trip is over. My own discipline, philosophy, has learned that extraordinarily important lesson that business men and business as an enterprise have to teachus theorists, that mistakes are costly and oftentimes so irremediable that theoriesfind their first significance in squaring themselves with the facts; and philosophy aspragmatism — the speculative brew that long before my day made the Chicagoschool famous — has with proper refinements been generalized into a logic, into anethics, into a metaphysics, into religion.THE CITY AS LABORATORYWhat is much more important upon this point, the social sciences are no longermerely hortatory or descriptive at the University of Chicago. They have never beenso in ambition; they are not now so in fact. The Local Community Research fostered now for five years at the University can tell a story of research upon the cityitself as a laboratory that will reassure all of us and enhance our scientific reputation abroad. That story will soon be told officially in a volume devoted exclusivelyto it; but I cannot resist the temptation to embarrass my colleagues who haveactually done the work by becoming here an advance trumpet for their as yet inadequately heralded achievements.In guidance for regional planning, in welfare and housing and crime surveys anddiagnoses, in studying family disorganization and reorganization, in prediction ofpopulation trends, in diagnosing and treating political indifference, in measuringpublic opinion, in evaluating the morale of city employees, in criticizing municipalreporting, in cataloguing the repositories of social data, and in becoming ourselves anintelligent and well-organized clearing house for needed knowledge on every phaseof the city's life and growth — in these and many, many other ways, we are becoming eyes to the city that for lack of vision has sprawled geographically and reeledspiritually. What we have achieved in five years under adverse circumstances ofnovelty and meager equipment cannot well but be promissory of still better resultsunder bettering circumstances. Already the city is turning to us to match our resources dollar for dollar in studying social welfare, organized crime, and now the police force. Moreover, this habit of turning to us for research guidance and executionalready outreaches the city of Chicago, as witness the co-operation with us of theassociation of community chests and councils in bringing order out of national chaosin the registration of social statistics and the recent decision of the city managers'association to build their institute of research under our aegis. Within the year therewill be finished and dedicated to the use of our several social research enterprisesthe first building perhaps in the world completely equipped for social research, inhabited exclusively by research workers, and devoted entirely to a mastery and control of social processes as scientific data.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 65THE UNIVERSITY AND BUSINESS MENThus to regard the city itself as a process to be understood and controlled forthe benefit of all its inhabitants rather than primarily as a producer of business menout of whom we can get money when their resistance runs low, seems to me a shift sosupremely important as to deserve celebration. It marks the fine possibility of combining research and service upon an experimental, a scientific, a non-hortatory plane.We have tended too much, I believe, to think of our relations with the city as aunilateral one, with the stream of benefits flowing our way. It is true that we offerto men of wealth the readiest and surest immortality that most of them can findwhen the candle of life flickers ; but it is more nobly true also that we offer to themthe deepest and widest satisfaction while the flame of life burns high if with theirtreasures we can win their hearts also. For we are custodians here, my colleagues,of the light that literature is, of the joy that art is, of the vision that philosophy is,of the power that science is. For a university cynically to accept money from disdained and disdainful sources is for her to become, as it were, a "kept woman," arole that, though it be an age of companionate marriages, I do not covet for myalma mater, even though she be thereby cushioned in Gothic grandeur. It is not, aswe are wise to recognize, that there is any quarrel between wisdom and wealth,between the university and business ; but rather that business represents but one interest, business men but one class — albeit basic both — in a confederacy of not altogether harmonious interests. A university cannot, of course, be partial to any class.Fortunately for us, there are many business men whose nature business does notexhaust. The illiterate Snake King of New Mexico, so one of my colleagues tellsme, testified before the tariff commission that he lost $500 bonus by not deliveringa consignment of snakes in February. The reason he gave was that when he wentto telegraph an acceptance of the order, he did not know how to spell "February.""But, surely you could have asked someone." "What, me? Snake King, ask somebody how to spell a word ! I'd rather lose $500 ; so I telegraphed that they wouldbe delivered in March." Ladies and gentlemen, I'm glad that we have so manybusiness men just like that !THE UNIVERSITY AND THE MIDDLE WESTIt was to further the creation of such business men indeed that our founderwisely in the letter accompanying his last gift to us bequeathed the University toChicago and the West as an institution that, "being the property of the people,should be controlled, conducted, and supported by the people." When we are ableto say that as effectively as Mr. Rockefeller said it sincerely, we shall have found ourinstitutional fortune in the heart of Chicago. The growing success of our University College, the phenomenal interest in our Art Institute Lectures, the increasingutilization of the radio, the friendly terms we now have with the newspapers of thecity, the kindly influence of our School of Social Science Administration in the city,the evolution of our expanding medical plans, the continuation of our fertile researches in natural science, and the maturation of our social research program —these all are promissory of a closer rapprochement with the city of Chicago in whichand through which we make our career.But the city of Chicago no more stands alone than do we stand isolated in thecity. Chicago is not a city set on a hill; but what is better for industrial times, itis a city set at the head of a large and fertile valley with its own potential outlet to66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe sea. Professor Goode's studies upon the Chicago area and his prognosis upon thebasis of his data have attracted much attention. Seen in its potential setting, Chicago becomes the metropolis of the great Middle West and of the South. Half thearea of the nation and nearly half its people are included in this valley, a sort ofnatural ampitheater for the voice of the University of Chicago. The religious andprovincial fear that renders the University suspect in this its natural area is understandable but curable. It is our larger mission to cure it. Whether we welcome it ornot, we are an apostle of learning. Science is not just measurement and description,it is a way of life; literature is not just grammar and dates, it is a way of seeingand feeling. This rich Weltanschauung is after all the largest part of what we giveour students, graduate as well as undergraduate. Without this, whatever else theyget is chaff, is sophistication ; with this, whatever they miss, we count on them withgood reason to acquire a content in action and to reflect credit upon the University.What we do in this regard for our students is more and more demanded bytheir parents for themselves. I read the other night in one of Mr. John Dollard'sunwritten brochures that the heaviest educational fatalities come from the so-called degenerative dogmas whose onset is about fifty or afterward, whose chiefsymptom is pain over new ideas, and whose indicated result, unless arrested, iscephalic atrophy. With so many interesting things happening today, a man is likelyto miss something important through premature ossification; he really ought notto be done for in the brain until he is dead. Education ought to be not a preparationfor life but an intelligent living of life at every stage. If we could play the role ofleader in this movement to make it so, which is the revolutionary counterpart andcompletion of universal suffrage in political evolution, we would constitute for ourselves an elemental substructure of good will that would make the University ofChicago famous and our own morale irresistible.But is such a role compatible with our primary devotion to research? I havethree reasons for thinking that it is. The first is that the social environment of everyinstitution, not excepting a research institution, is both its opportunity and its fate.Fate wisely accepted becomes a vocation for the ambitious. The only way we canprevent our urban and in general our democratic environment from mastering us isby our mastering it ; and the only way to master it is to win it to our way of life.The second reason is that social processes, human problems, are themselves just asvalid data for scientific research as any other, albeit more perplexing. If sciencecannot eventuate as social control, its power may eventuate as social suicide. Thethird reason is that education is after all not the transfer of materials from mind tomind ; it is rather the creation of finer human hungers, the dissemination of ways oflooking at things, the exemplification of methods of work. To deny that literallymillions of people in this city and in the Middle West need the way of life which wecall scientific as well as the machines and inventions we so gladly bequeath them isfor us the great irreligion ; to deny that they are capable of getting it and survivingit and profiting from it is the great academic superstition; and to profess indifferNence toward, or disclaim responsibility for, the matter is for us the great immorality.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 67JULIUS STIEGLITZ TELLS OF THE PAST ANDDESCRIBES THE PRESENTIt was with considerable hesitation that I accepted the invitation to talk toyou this evening for the University faculty. Although the program fof the development and strengthening of the Department of Chemistry is now in a most activeand promising stage, chemistry is not going to be my theme this evening. Afterperpetrating Chemistry in the Service of Man, Chemistry and Human Welfare, andChemistry in Medicine within less than five years, may we of the department notconsider you thoroughly informed of the important place chemistry occupies in thelife of the nation, in the life of every one of you and in the sciences, both naturaland social, represented at the University? Perhaps you are not quite convinced ofits role in the social sciences and before we enter upon the serious work of the evening, the following favorite anecdote of Dr. Arthur D. Little may help to convinceyou. Dr. Little tells how a famous professor in the East heard a hesitant knock athis door, which was followed by the furtive entrance of a farmer with a bulgingcoat from which he presently took a large nugget of gleaming gold. "Fool's gold,"the professor remarked, "made of iron and sulphur," whereupon the farmer wipedhis perspiring forehead and remarked, "By gosh, and I have married twenty acresof it."DR. HARPER'S GREAT DREAMNo, much larger problems than the interests of a single department are confronting the University at the present time, and I am going to venture to speakabout two or three of these. I have chosen as a topic the subject "The Past and thePresent," because recent developments in various directions have suggested to methat some experiences from the past might prove helpful to us in facing our presentproblems.How well I remember the first faculty gathering — called not for the transactionbusiness but to hear Dr. Harper — and the burden of his statement was that the University of Chicago was not intended to be a university like Clark University, with alarge faculty and a handful of students, but that it would be a university, headedindeed by as strong and great a faculty of research men as he could draw together,but planned so as to draw to itself, and give the benefits of its existence to, as largenumbers of qualified students as it could attract and hold. Dr. Harper knew whatwe must realize today, that students after all are the very life-blood of a great university; we may call its faculties its "gray matter." Research institutions can dotheir work without students, but universities, if they do not go under altogetherwithout students, persist only as weak and anemic institutions. I wonder how manyof you men of the younger generation appreciate what the realization of Dr. Harper'sgreat dream has meant for education in the whole United States. Before 1892, wehad in this country one real university, Johns Hopkins, devoted wholly to graduatework, and we also had great colleges — Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, etc. —great colleges with weak and unimportant graduate schools carried as appendagesto the colleges. The University of Chicago sprang into existence at once a greatgraduate school and a great college — the plans of Johns Hopkins and of Harvard orYale incorporated into one great institution. That fact, in my opinion, acceleratedthe development of real universities in this country by at least fifteen or twentyyears. Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, and the great state universities hastened68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto develop graduate schools on top of their colleges, which soon compared so favorably with European universities that by 1900 the great emigration of graduate students to Europe had dwindled to almost nothing.Let us note here, too, that as a result of this chance evolutionary process ouruniversities are different from any type of university Europe has developed. Whenby the chances of evolution a new type is evolved, it represents an opportunity fora step upward in the scale for the organism in question. In my judgment there areinherent possibilities in the American university which could make it superior to anyinstitution the old countries have developed, and it should not be abandoned lightlyin favor of older types until these possibilities for evolving something superior tothem have been exhausted. I shall return to this thought presently, but first wishto go back for a moment to our early history.THE HARD SLEDDING OE THE EARLY YEARSWe all know that the development of the University was not unasso dated withstruggles, disappointments, and setbacks. In particular, the science departments, withwhose history I am most familiar, had hard sledding in the early years, and this inspite of the magnificent group of scientific men whom Dr. Harper had brought together — Michelson, Chamberlin, Nef, Coulter, Moore, Whitman, and many otherleaders; and in spite also of the fact that the great Middle West, looking forwardrather than backward, had endowed laboratory after laboratory for the sciences.The departments found it extremely difficult to get appropriations for supplies, forassistants, for expansion of the staff. And the reason was that our science halls werein an anemic condition — handfuls of students where students should have beenswarming ! Relief to the sciences came from three sources and with that relief theUniversity entered upon its second stage of development. The most important ofthese three factors in the vigorous thrust forward of the science departments wasthe transfer of the first two years of medical study from Rush Medical College toour campus. The students came and they filled our science buildings with the redblood of eager students ! They filled not only the medical laboratories, but medicaland pre-medical students also filled Kent and Ryerson, Zoology and Botany. Thesestudents meant larger staffs of able men who could devote the major part of theirtime to research. They added a Hektoen and a Wells, and in the course of time,Koch, Luckhardt, Tatum, Maximow, and many others, to a Carlson, a Bensley, anda Jordan; they made possible a Millikan and a Cowles next to a Michelson and aCoulter. Students meant assistantships for men preparing for the higher degrees;the graduate work blossomed out and funds became more freely available for research work. As a matter of record, the Trustees of the University felt so encouraged that they forthwith founded the Law School and the University of Chicagohad entered successfully two great professional fields indispensable to any greatuniversity.Dr. Harper himself was keenly disappointed and discouraged that still greaterdevelopments in the medical field did not follow immediately upon the successfultransplantation of the medical Freshmen and Sophomores. Before going to the hospital for his second operation, he called some of us individually to his home and Iwill never forget that his one message to me was an expression of regret and discouragement that his great medical plans had not come to final fruition. With themodesty of true greatness, he spoke only of his one failure and I had to point throughTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 69his window to the University campus and remind him of the truly wonderful results of his short administration.A kind Providence, or the very necessities of the forces of evolution, oftenbuild more wisely if more slowly and more surely than man himself plans. In theinterval between the taking over of the first two years of medical instruction andthe final fruition of its medical program, the University had the invaluable opportunity to raise step by step the level of admission and instruction in its medicalcourses to the highest in the country. It became self-understood that only studentsthoroughly trained in the fundamental sciences of physics, chemistry, and zoologyand with what we are wont to call a cultural background, could enter the University's medical school. When funds finally came in to erect the Billings MemorialHospital and to establish our medical school on the campus as a department of theGraduate School of Science, we were most fortunate that this magnificent experiment could be grafted safely on the sturdy stock of two years of pre-clinical classesand departments cultivated and strengthened by years of effort and self-sacrificeon both the south and the west side. In the medical school of Johns Hopkins University, we have an illustration of what success will ultimately mean. When, afew years ago, I gave the Dohme Lectures on Chemistry and Recent Progress inMedicine, I was astonished to see what a large proportion of vital discoveries haveemanated from its medical staff, a staff culled with the greatest care from all overthe world. Its group of hospitals under experts represent a Mecca for the sick andsuffering. In developing this medical research institution and these hospitals, JohnsHopkins has rendered a unique service to the nation, which I am confident the University of Chicago will be able to equal in our great Middle West.THE TWO MEDICAL SCHOOLSI wish to congratulate the Trustees and the faculties of our University on therecent decision to continue both of our medical schools. I have always been convinced that we need both of them if the University is to accomplish the greatestmeasure of good in the field of medical education and in the development of first-class physicians, medical teachers, and research men. There is an old story that anadmirer of the German poet, Goethe, sought to please the latter by asking which heconsidered the greater poet, Goethe or Schiller; he expected Goethe to claim thishonor, but the great poet answered promptly, "Be grateful that you have both ofus." We should be profoundly grateful that the University has decided to have bothits medical schools ! Important advances in medicine have come from Rush Medical College in spite of altogether inadequate endowment for research. Only two orthree outstanding achievements can be mentioned here — such as the brilliant seriesof investigations on focal infections and their significance in disease, on the treatment of peptic ulcers and of diabetes, and the recent outstanding work in scarletfever. But the most impressive contribution of Rush Medical College is to be foundin its astonishing output of great physicians and investigators. In this service toman, in my judgment, it has surpassed the record of Johns Hopkins University, evenin our own generation. Again, I am profoundly grateful that the University willhave both schools — they will supplement and strengthen each other, and, as Dr.Christian of Harvard emphasized here, research work will be multiplied, not suppressed ; the output of thoughtful physicians will be increased, not reduced. And noone can predict from which school the greater investigators, the greater physicianswill come — because we teachers must not fool ourselves — we can inspire and guide70 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbut we cannot make great leaders — they are born. It was a chemist, Pasteur, whobecame the founder of modern medicine. Billings was born to be a great doctorand Michelson achieved Michelson because fortunately there was no one at theNaval Academy who could claim to know much about light. Nature has taught usthe value of numbers in evolution and with two first-class medical schools, we havemore than twice as great an opportunity for developing men for high service inmedicine.Turning now again to the question of the American university, I wish to express to our President and to the Trustees on behalf of the faculties of the University, our congratulations on the new building plan to provide proper residences andfacilities for our students, particularly also for our college students. It is a peculiarfact that with our hearts unquestionably in our research and graduate work, ourfaculties from the earliest days of the University to this day have always taken themost profound interest in the welfare and upbuilding of our college work. OurHales and Shoreys, Chamberlins and Vincents, and now our Carlsons, Judds, Laings,Gales, and Bouchers, not to speak of our eminent presidents, have been unstinting intheir best thought in problems of the colleges. Personally, I believe that our collegesare vital to the well-being of the University, partly as a rich and strengthening soilin which the roots of our graduate and professional schools find healthy nourishment; partly because the University has in the colleges an opportunity to serve thewhole country in contributing to the solution of that most difficult problem, theproblem of the best type of college education.OUR CROWNING GLORYI believe that no one would deny that the crowning glory of the Universityrests in our graduate and professional schools. That is so well understood that Ineed not dilate upon the fact. But graduate schools in our country rest to an extraordinary degree on a subsidized basis. Not only do they demand the best and,therefore, the most expensive faculty members, expensive laboratories and libraries,rare books and rare research equipment, but even the student body to a large extentmust be paid to attend. The situation is growing worse rather than better and anychairman of a department can tell of floods of letters asking for appointments, someindeed for stipends that will support a man, his wife, and two or three children—fortunately larger families are nowadays rare. A study of this problem for graduate students in chemistry has been made by the National Research Council for 1927-28. In the United States as a whole no less than 57 per cent of the graduate studentsin chemistry received support in the form of fellowships or assistantships. At theUniversity of Chicago close to 50 per cent received support, at Harvard 47 per cent,at Yale 72 per cent. What is true for graduate students in chemistry would probablybe found true in general for all departments. Under wise administrative guidancea fair share of this great expense could be met with the aid of the colleges. Carefulselection of men for college teaching who combine research interest and productivescholarship with teaching power will add to the research strength of departments, notweaken it. That has been true in chemistry, where our Freshmen and Sophomoreshave been taught for thirty-seven years by such men. Three of them ultimatelywere elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences. Our large collegechemistry classes maintain teaching assistantships which greatly strengthen ourgraduate student body. The University of Illinois has built up a graduate department of chemistry with a staff of over fifty, ranking in quality among the first tenTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 71in the United States, on the strong foundations of its large undergraduate body. Noless than 70 per cent of its graduate students received rather liberal financial aid,chiefly as assistants used in the large undergraduate classes.But the advantages of the combination of college and graduate schools must ofcourse be mutual, benefiting the colleges as well as the graduate schools, and therein,in my opinion, lies a great opportunity of the University.OBJECTIVES OF COLLEGE EDUCATIONThere have been many diverse theories of college education, but I believe weprobably could all agree that the most important objectives of college education are,first, to inspire and equip men to think out their own way to the solution of problems confronting them ; and second, to inspire them to exert this power toward thefulfilment of high ideals. Another way of expressing this second objective is to saythat the colleges should give our men and women reverence and understanding forman's noblest achievements, in literature, in his social efforts, in his discovery of thelaws of orderliness of the universe. The percentage of facts learned which a mancarries away from college at best is ludicrously small, except in one special professional field, and in a few years it is likely to dwindle to nothing. But the spiritawakened to the beauty of literature, be it of the Iliad or the works of Shakespeare,Goethe or Moliere, the spirit aroused by the history of the liberation of mankindfrom its slavery to cruel nature, to cruel superstitions, and to cruel tyrants, a spiritawakened to the revelations of modern science, such a spirit lasts through a lifetimeand gives to life a background of reverence and faith in ideals which can never belost! Again, the power of the mind trained to face and solve problems by findingfacts and by marshalling them so that they will lead to dependable conclusions —this power will not be shed as a student leaves college to enter life. Now, who couldbetter inspire our young people from the very outset of their college lives with lovefor the beautiful and reverence for the great than men and women whose productiveand loving work gives them first-hand knowledge of beauty of thought, whose critical work in history or any social science qualifies them to speak with authority ongreatness? I would not take a Shorey, a Laing, or a Breasted from his invaluablegraduate work, but the men who are growing to be Shoreys, McLaughlins, or Man-lys can and must be found, who could well divide their time between the collegeand the graduate school, here where they exist in one institution! Who can betterinspire our young men and women from the very outset of their college life — fordelay is deadening — with the fire of enthusiasm to find facts and assemble them intosome rational formulation than men whose creative work is a daily exhibition of thatvery effort, who add the glamor of discoverers to the ability to teach?There are no deeper, no more powerful aspirations hidden in every youth ormaiden than the ambition to discover, than the wish to produce something fine andlasting. Appeal to these instincts from the very beginning of their college work byplacing them under creative scholars and discoverers, and the students will gothrough the burdens and disciplines of their college lives gladly with enthusiasm andtake away with them something they will never lose.As an essential part of a program of this kind, courses under such leadersshould be open to all students who are prepared to take them. Limiting of collegeclasses to thirty students should be relegated in the majority of instances to high-school teaching, where it properly belongs. The rush for admission and the exclusion of the majority of students from a small unit in the hands of a real leader, are72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDunworthy of university standards. Obviously such a professor will need able assistance in handling large numbers. Instructors will also be required to teach ourFreshmen how to study, how to use our libraries, and how to co-ordinate their workand thus to prepare them as rapidly and as effectively as possible for that self-reliance and independence which is so characteristic of American youth but is nowfound, according to Dr. Flexner, in every walk of life except in school and college.The cost of such a university plan would be no greater and possibly smaller thanthe cost of our present system. The newly planned residence halls would be an invaluable asset in the scheme.This, I believe, is the opportunity of the University of Chicago. Harvard University, we know, is embarking on the great enterprise of transplanting the Englishtype of college and university to American shores — a noble and worthy experiment.Johns Hopkins for some years, we hear, has been playing with the idea of transforming itself into a university of the German type by an amputation of its netherlimbs — a critical operation which I for one would rather observe elsewhere thanundergo here at the University of Chicago. But not a single great American university has as yet endeavered to develop to the utmost its singular opportunity for themost inspiring type of college education, resulting from the coexistence in a singleinstitution of great graduate departments and colleges crowded with eager thousands — the red blood of universities. The University of Chicago in its organizationof the course on "The Nature of the World and of Man," given by men of the typeI have in mind, has already taken an important and most successful step in that direction. Situated in the heart of the American nation, why should it hesitate to trythe experiment of giving to its four years of college life every last ounce of benefitfrom the presence of its great graduate faculties and, reciprocally, of increasing thestrength and research output of its graduate schools in the manning of its collegechairs and thus develop to the utmost the American University ISEWELL AVERY ON THE OBLIGATIONS OF TRUSTEESWith the object of overcoming the lingering effects of the "flu" I was recentlyone of a party of four men to spend two weeks in the spring warmth of the Gulf.My return interfered a little with the inclination of the rest to stay longer. Mybrother, who fives in Detroit, took me aside to inquire what called me back. I mentioned the reasons and included this infliction. He shot at me what is commonlycalled a dirty look, and asked, uYou are going to talk to the faculty?" I admittedit, musculariy. He repeated, "You are going to address the faculty of the Universityof Chicago?" I stood silent. In sincere disgust he said: "Sewall, you do get yourselfin the damnedest bunkers." And you know, as a matter of fact — I do.There is one pleasant thought I can bring you. I know you will enjoy it. Itsvery mention will inspire your imagination — momentarily. Unfortunately the reaction will be severe. A Trustee, a statesman, internationalist, and recent Secretary ofState — that great intelligence, Mr. Charles Evans Hughes — was invited to addressyou at this moment. By intimation, I am trying to convey to you that my appearance here is not my own unassisted impertinence.Mr. Hughes, according to an editorial in the local press, said in a recent addressbefore the alumni of his alma mater, Brown, that many college students do not carefor knowledge or culture; consequently, while wasting their own and their instructors' time, they establish false standards and even put the curse of eccentricity uponTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 73the serious and hard-working minority members of the student body. He said thatthe discipline of outside life would be better for the college loafers than was thelife of the clubs and associations formed and dominated by them. In the minds ofnumerous experienced college professors, many boys and girls go to college who areincapable of profiting by a college training. The consequences are injurious to thecause of higher education.Professor McCann of Lehigh has in all seriousness proposed a gentleman's college for the majority and a scholar's college for the few, the 2 per cent, according tohis gloomy estimate, who seek knowledge and have the brains and industry necessaryto acquire it. These views, by no means new, I offer in this presence on the authorityof others. They accord with my experience and observations as a boy, as a man, asa father, and the friend of fathers when a man.Perhaps these recognized defects in our educational institutions are inheritancesfrom a time when the cultural was dominant. It is reasonable to hope and possibleto observe that since the masterful leadership of Darwin and others in the scientificspirit the educational world, and so the world itself, strides out of the fogs of ignorance and superstition into the sunshine of fact and truth.The aspect of the University's problems that interests particularly now is newto me. I speak from the point of view of a Trustee. Higher education is not self-sustaining. It is made possible because of funds given to this end. These funds, forsafety and use, and that others may add to them, are accepted as a trust by agroup of men : Trustees. What are their obligations to the donor, to the faculty,to the students, and to the community?In the industrial field it is a truism that, assuming a need — an ideal — and goodstandards, success depends, speaking broadly, upon equipment and personnel. Themeasure of success is the service performed. Good performance brings ample reward,which supplies funds equal to the need of growth in equipment and merited compensation, compensation in fair relation to accomplishment, to management and topersonnel. There is at least a general relationship between the problems of a greatuniversity and those of commercial undertaking. The analogy may not be obvious,but on some points it seems to me to hold. On some it fails. Surely a university hasa great service to perform ; surely there is the need. Our ideals, springing first fromPresident Harper, clarified and strengthened by experience and high leadership ineach succeeding administration, are glorious ! Our equipment, rapidly growing, isexcellent, and our faculty — our personnel — is the pride of our community and commands the approving recognition of the intelligent world.Good performance, then, has brought reward. The recognized excellence ofservice has increased the demand — but direct profits from successful operation do notcome to universities. In their stead come buildings and endowment for their maintenance, given in appreciation and confidence and with a desire to participate in theadvancement of learning. These beautiful and necessary structures surround us andwe must have them. They are our equipment. Within their walls is the work done,but the work falls to the student and the teacher. If we are to have better universities, we must have better students and better teachers. The faculty is the spiritand the soul of the institution. It is recognized that the remuneration of the teacheris too frequently inadequate (and not in keeping with contributions). The menace ofthis situation extends beyond the personal sacrifice involved and assails educationitself. A major cause of the condition is the limitation imposed upon the funds of74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe University. Gifts for salaries do not come as readily as for buildings and for research projects. It is permitted that I say to you that the Trustees are alert to thisproblem : that they regard its solution as the obligation of the board to the donor,the students, the faculty, and to the community.ACTING-PRESIDENT FREDERIC WOODWARDWISELY SPEAKS HIS MINDIt is an interesting phenomenon, which I submit should be made the subject ofresearch by our social scientists, that this annual dinner is the only magnet whichwill draw together the entire intellectual strength of the University. Four per centof our strength may be seen at a quarterly Convocation; 5 per cent at a particularly exciting meeting of the Senate; 6 per cent at a lecture by a distinguishedscientist or scholar. But to the invitation to dine with the Trustees there is practically 100 per cent response.This ought to prove something. It might, in the hands of an ingenious graduatestudent, throw light on Mr. Merriam's problem of how to get out the vote, or onMiss Abbott's study on the family budget of the white-collar classes. It might evenhelp Mr. Thurstone to ascertain the average mental age of university professors. Atany rate, I suggest a master's dissertation, which might be entitled : "A QuantitativeStudy of the Social, Economic, and Psychological Implications of Normal Trustee-Faculty Relations, with Particular Reference to the Criteria of Mass Reaction to theStimuli of Gastronomic Hospitality."At least a dozen of my friends have told me, during the last few days, thateveryone was expecting that the name of our next president would be announcedtonight. If I were a sensitive person, this eagerness to see the end of my ad interimadministration would make an unpleasant impression upon me, to say the least.It reminds me of the unexpected reply which I received from a member of the faculty to whom I once lightly remarked that when I died I hoped my funeral wouldbe held in the Joseph Bond Chapel. "You don't suppose, do you," he said, "that theBond Chapel would be large enough to hold all the people who would like to attendyour funeral." But recent experience has hardened my sensibilities, and I am asregretful as you that no definite announcement can be made.It seems a pity, however, to disappoint you completely, and without the permission of my associates on the committee I am going to report the progress we havemade. For one thing, we have agreed upon the kind of man we want. The Trusteemembers have insisted that he must be an outstanding scholar, for he will be calledupon to lead a most distinguished company of scholars. And when they put it injust that way, we of the faculty felt that they were right. But the faculty membershave insisted that he must also be a man who can mingle successfully with philanthropists, real and potential, and kindle in them the fires of enthusiasm for highereducation and research. To this, the Trustees, who are all philanthropists, somewhatreluctantly acceded. With these two points settled, it was readily agreed that in thethird place he must be a thoughtful but facile public speaker; fourthly, an administrator of established ability in the educational field; fifthly, old enough to bereasonably conservative, but, sixthly, young enough to be reasonably liberal; seventhly, he must possess a personality at once dynamic and tactful, so that he canturn a professor down hard, and make him like it ; and finally he must have the rareability to devote one-third of his time to desk-work, one-third to callers and con-THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 75ferences, one-third to outside contacts, and one-third to the study of educationalproblems — saving ample time for those forms of recreation which may be helpful tothe University.In the diligent search for this man we have dined together assiduously, havepractically ruined a copy of the latest edition of Who's Who in America, and throughcorrespondence with our friends in other universities have collected a mass of confidential information so interesting that it could not be safely intrusted to a CalvinCoolidge. We have not yet found him, but we do not despair. There are still a considerable number of men on our list who are batting around 400 in the minorleagues, and we hope to find among them the Babe Ruth of the educational world.Mr. President, the experience of the last eight months, while in some smallways disillusioning, has greatly increased my faith in the University. I know, now,from my own observation, what a surprising amount of time and energy is intelligently devoted to the interests of the University by the Board of Trustees. And Iknow, too, better than ever before, the spirit of high purpose and the pride of genuine accomplishment which pervade the faculties. My only serious concern is lest,confronted with frequent temptations to expand our activities, we may lose sightof the primary importance of doing better and better the tasks which we havealready undertaken. And when I speak of expansion, I refer not only to new schools,but also to the unnecessary widening of departmental programs and the increase ofdepartmental staffs. Do not misunderstand me. I am not opposed to expansion,when special funds are provided adequately to support it. And I earnestly hopethat such funds will continue, from time to time, to become available. I am onlyinsisting that quality, not quantity, of performance must be our objective; and that,with limited resources, the only way to secure quality of performance is by concentrating the funds that we have on the support of first-rate men and first-rate work.Whether, in a given department, we have as large a faculty or offer as many coursesas Harvard or Columbia is not of great interest to me; but whether we have ourshare of the ablest or the most promising men and whether we are paying themsalaries commensurate with their ability is a matter of vital concern.All this may seem trite to you. It ought indeed to be obvious, but the findingsof the Yale faculty committee which recently completed a study of salary conditionsat New Haven confirms me in the conviction that it needs frequent reiteration. Forthat committee found, as you probably know, that increasing endowment has notbrought better salaries largely for the reason that new funds had been absorbed byadditions to the staff — additions urged by the faculties in order to provide for newcourses of instruction.We need large additions to our capital funds — there is no doubt of that. I haveentire confidence that such additions will come to us. But let us be sure that wedeserve them by being ever on the alert to make better use of our present resources —by strengthening our effort rather than by merely broadening it. It is not a novelnor an exciting task, but is there any other which is surer, in the long run, to advancethe cause we serve?THREE NEW TRUSTEESaT THE meeting of the Board of Trustees held January 10, 1929,/\ three new members were chosen. Two of the new Trustees areX iL former students of the University, one of whom is a graduate.Each of the three has accepted his election and all were cordially welcomed to the honors and duties of trusteeship by the President of theBoard at its February meeting.Mr. Laird Bell was bom at Winona, Minnesota, April 6, 1883. He isa graduate of Harvard and received his J.D. degree from the Law Schoolof the University in 1907. He is a member of the law firm of Fisher, Boy-den, Kales & Bell, and a director of the Chicago Trust Company. He isan interested alumnus and has generously participated in the development of the University. He is a member of the board of directors of theChicago Lying-in Hospital, soon to be a significant part of the University's rapidly developing medical project. Mr. Bell was married to MissNathalie Fairbank in 1909, and they have four daughters. He plays tennis, and is the sort of man who is so "clubable" that several clubs havewelcomed him to membership.Ernest E. Quantrell was a student in the University for several years,having matriculated in 1901, when he was in his twentieth year (born inIndiana, in 1 881). He was one of a virile group of youths, engaging inmany student "activities" — one of the track team with a "C" for recognition of his prowess, a member of the Owl and Serpent, senior honor society, of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and president of the ReynoldsStudents Club in 1905. In 19x9 he was appointed eastern manager ofthe Halsey, Stuart & Company investment house, of which he was at thetime a vice-president and director. Last year he established a businessof his own in New York City. He lives in Bronxville, New York. Like somany other wise men, he married a schoolmate in the University, MissLulu Morton, of the class of ?o6. They have three children.During the development campaign Mr. Quantrell served as a memberof the alumni executive committee and district chairman. During the period when the campaign was being actively pushed, one frequently heardof his efficient co-operation and of his liberality.The third Trustee elected was Mr. George Otis Smith, A.M., Ph.D.(Johns Hopkins), Sc.D., LL.D., of Washington, D.C. He is a New Eng-76r,Ww13HliC3oMWXCwKMiz;THREE NEW TRUSTEES 77lander by birth and education, but has engaged in geological work in theWest, and has been director of the United States Geological Survey forover twenty years. He must know his country literally from his nativeMaine to the Pacific Coast. He was graduated from Colby College, Wa-terville, Maine, in 1893. During most of his college course Dr. Albion W.Small served that excellent denominational institution as president. Soextensive had been his field of investigation, so well ascertained hisknowledge of the nation's resources, that for one year he served as member of the United States Coal Commission and for four years has beenthe chairman of the technical advisory committee of the Federal Oil Conservation Board.Mr. Smith was born at Hodgdon, Maine, on Washington's birthday,1 87 1. How he escaped being named after the Father of his Country is amystery which at some Trustees' dinner to the faculties, no doubt, he willduly explain. He was married to Miss Grace M. Coburn, of Skowhegan,Maine, in 1896, and they have three living children. As might be guessedby his college affiliation he is a Baptist. His alma mater conferred uponhim two of his honorary degrees some twenty years ago and elected hima member of its board of trustees. He is a member of numerous scientificsocieties, chiefly those identified with geology and engineering. He hasjust completed a year's service as president of the American Institute ofMining and Metallurgical Engineers. He has been a frequent contributorto scientific and economic publications.The election of these new Trustees adds to the Board two morealumni to the eight already among its members, thus one-third of themembers have "inside information" of the University. Mr. Bell and Mr.Quantrell were elected to the class whose term of office expires in 1931and succeed, respectively, Mr. Harold F. McCormick and President MaxMason, each resigned. Mr. Smith succeeds Mr. Trevor Arnett, class of1930, who, to the regret of every Trustee, recently submitted his resignation.THE JOHN P. WILSON MEMORIALFOUNDATIONA T THE meeting of the Board of Trustees held February 14, 1920^/\ Acting President Woodward presented a communication signedX jL by Mr. John P. Wilson of Chicago and Mrs. Anna W. Dickinsonof Santa Barbara, California, son and daughter of John P. Wilson, Sr., establishing as a memorial of their father, "The John P. Wilson MemorialFoundation." By the gift of $400,000, they have created an endowmentfund the income from which "shall be devoted primarily to the maintenance of a professorship of law at the University, so long as the University maintains a department or school of law, and the incumbent of suchchair shall be known as 'The John P. Wilson Professor of Law.' "The letter transmitting the gift goes on to say:It is our thought in establishing this foundation to provide the University witha sufficient fund so that the income therefrom will at all times during the full lifeof the foundation be adequate to secure an eminent scholar, distinguished for hisaccomplishments in the field of legal education, to occupy the chair.This large and generous contribution to the funds of the Universitywill greatly strengthen the Law School, providing as it does an amountwhich will enable it to secure for its faculty the services of outstandingmen in the legal profession. As Mr. Woodward said in commenting onthis significant beneficence:I hope that the intelligent generosity of Mr. Wilson and Mrs. Dickinson willdraw attention to the vital importance of high-grade law schools as instruments forpermanently improving the administration of justice. After all, it is to law-schoolgraduates that the community looks, in large measure, for leadership in the solutionof the grave social and political problems which are perplexing us today.Mr. Wilson, the father, was one of the best known, best equipped,and most highly esteemed members of the Chicago Bar. He was a participant in litigations of public importance and served as counsel for manycorporations, among them the World's Columbian Exposition (the"World's Fair" of 1893). He was graduated from Knox College in 1865and continued the practice of law from 1867 until his death in 1922.He "was deeply interested in the development and progress of his chosenprofession" and this foundation is a most appropriate monument to hislife and character.78BERNARD A. ECKHART HALLTHE accompanying reproduction of the architect's perspectivedrawing of the soon-to-be-built hall to house the Departmentsof Mathematics and Astronomy as well as some of the work inphysics provides a good idea of the appearance of this building which foryears has been so badly needed. It will be a four-story-and-basement,fire-proof, stone-exterior building, adjoining Ryerson Physical Laboratory on the east, extending east to University Avenue and north to apoint fifteen feet south of Mandel Hall. Provision will be made for apassage into Hutchinson Court from University Avenue just south ofMandel Hall, and also for a similar passage at the west end of the building from the main quadrangle. The building will be connected by corridors to Ryerson Laboratory at the basement and second floors.The entire basement and first floor will be devoted to research andphysics, except for a large lecture-room seating 239 persons. The Departments of Mathematics and Astronomy will occupy the second, third,and fourth floors. In addition to classrooms the building will providethirty-nine offices for faculty and students, and thirty-eight researchrooms for the Department of Physics.On the second floor there will be a reading room, accommodatingeighty-eight readers, which will have double-deck book stacks with a capacity of 50,000 volumes. On the south side of the building overlookingRyerson Laboratory and at the west end of the new building will be acommon room and an exhibition room with kitchenette facilities. It is expected that the work of construction will be completed by the end of thisyear.The building has been designed by Mr. Charles Z. Klauder of Philadelphia. Mr. Klauder has successfully designed buildings for more thanforty schools and colleges. In Eckhart Hall he has provided not only abeautiful structure, but one of the most carefully planned buildings inthe University group.The Department of Mathematics for the first time in its history willnow be given adequate housing facilities. The Department of Physicswill also be provided with modern laboratory and research accommodations. The space in Ryerson Laboratory vacated by the Department ofMathematics will permit an expansion of the work in physics which haslong been badly cramped, and will, for the first time, give adequate classroom and office facilities for both departments.79TWO TABLETSBY THE will of the late Edward Hillman, the University receiveda bequest of $50,000 which creates the Hillman Fund, the incomeof which is to be used in aiding deserving students engaged in thestudy of government, agriculture, and political economy. A bronze tabletrecognizing Mr. Hillman's notable benefaction will be placed in the foyerof the new Social Science building. The inscription will be:This TabletCommemorates the Bequest ofEdward HillmanEstablishing at the University of ChicagoThe Edward Hillman FundFor the Aid of Students of Government,Agriculture and Political Economy1927A bronze tablet in memory of Dr. Charles R. Henderson, for manyyears the beloved chaplain of the University, has been placed upon thewall of the east aisle of the University Chapel. In her will Mrs. Henderson provided for the erection of this memorial. The inscription reads:Charles Richmond Henderson1849-1915Chaplain of the UniversityProfessor in the Department of Sociology1892-1915Stimulating Preacher and TeacherModerator of Industrial ConflictsOrganizer and Administrator of CharitiesInvestigator and Reformer in PenologyPromoter of International FriendshipBeloved by Students and Colleagues80MEMORIAL OF FREDERICK T. GATESAT THE meeting of the Board of Trustees held March 14, 1929, a/\ committee consisting of Dean Charles W. Gilkey and J. SpencerJ_ JL Dickerson presented a tribute to the life and service of Dr. Gateswhich was adopted and ordered placed upon the records of the Board.Following is the memorial:In the death of Frederick Taylor Gates at Phoenix, Arizona, on February 6,1929, there passed away one of the last of those who, next to Mr. Rockefeller, maybe termed founders of the University. President Harper, Dr. T. W. Goodspeed, Dr.Justin A. Smith, Dr. H. L. Morehouse, President George W. Northrup, and Dr.Gates, not to mention others, laid the foundations of the belief that a great institution of learning might be built in Chicago notwithstanding the disaster whichovertook the old university which was crushed by adversity in 1886. The death ofDr. Gates seems to mark the close of an era in the history of the University. Fourdecades of growth and progress show the rise from a dim hope to a sustained faith,from a small beginning to the present position of stability and usefulness. To Dr.Gates's heroic service the University owes a debt of unforgetting gratitude.Frederick T. Gates was the son of a Baptist missionary pastor whose humblefield of service was the then pioneer state of Kansas. His son was born in Maine,New York, on July 2, 1853, before the family moved westward. The high ideals ofhis parents, their frugality and unselfishness enabled their son to enter the University of Rochester whence he was graduated in 1877; then to become a student inRochester Theological Seminary whence he was graduated in 1880. He was calledto the pastorate of Central Baptist Church, Minneapolis, which he served until hewas chosen secretary of the American Baptist Education Society in 1888. Early inhis ministry he became interested in education. He aided the stabilizing of PillsburyAcademy, Owatonna, Minnesota. He advocated the cause of education, especiallyamong the Baptist churches, so effectively and convincingly that, when the BaptistEducation Society was organized, he was recognized as such a stalwart friend ofeducational progress that he was almost inevitably chosen its corresponding secretary. The society came into co-operation with Mr. John D. Rockefeller. In a senseit might be said that the idea underlying this society was that subsequently embodiedin the General Education Board of which years afterward Dr. Gates became chairman. The association of Dr. Gates with western leaders who, against the strongopposition of others in the East, were attempting to rehabilitate and establish denominational schools, was fortunate for the enterprise of refounding an institutionof higher learning in Chicago.To Dr. Gates, as representative of the Baptist Education Society, was assignedthe task, by some regarded as absolutely hopeless, of creating another University ofChicago. He with Dr. Goodspeed, during the year 1889-90, made the daring effortto secure $400,000. This amount, matched by Mr. Rockefeller's $600,000, establishedthe University, established it as an institution of learning, as one with present andpotential financial backing, as one worthy of the gifts of Chicago's liberal-minded8182 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcitizens. The work thus performed by these two courageous men will ever live inthe history of the University.Dr. Gates was one of the incorporators of the University in September, 1890.He was elected a Trustee in 1896 and remained on the Board until 1910, when, atthe time of Mr. Rockefeller's final gift, he and Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., resigned, thus severing any inferred connection of the founder with the managementof the University. In 191 1 the University conferred upon him the honorary LL.D.degree and in 1924 the name of Middle Divinity Hall was changed to Gates Hall inhis honor. With his intimate knowledge of the University's history and of its needs;with the confidence of the founder and his own familiarity with the latter's hopesfor the University's steady progress and his solicitude for the conservation of all itsassets both those of good will and those inherent in endowment, site, and buildings;with his abiding belief in the perpetuity of the enterprise and confidence in the wisdom of its administrators, the support of Dr. Gates was immeasurably great.The Board of Trustees herewith places upon its records its profound sense ofgratitude for the long-continued co-operation of Frederick Taylor Gates with theUniversity during its infancy and the subsequent years of stabilized growth. It recognizes therein one of the potent reasons for the position the institution now occupiesamong American universities and for its ever increasing usefulness.The Trustees extend to the members of Dr. Gates's family their heartfelt sympathy and in this ail-too -brief tribute to his fife and character, exemplified particularly in his service for the University, they recognize his life-long effort worthilyand constantly to help mankind.THE NEW DIPLOMAa FTER several years' consideration a new diploma — new in lan-/\ guage, new in form — has been prepared. It was distributed forJ_ A, the first time at the December Convocation. The accompanyingillustration shows its phraseology and general form.It will be noticed that it is in English. The diploma, as heretofore, islithographed on parchment, in black ink, save that the three ornamentalinitial letters are maroon in color. The name of the student to whom thedegree is awarded and the department in which his work was done are im-|he University of Hhicagoon -the- recommendation ofthe- faculty- and- byvirtueof the authority- vested in them the trusteesofthe University- have conferred onthe degree ofandhavegrantedthis diploma as evidence thereofGiveninthe-Cityof-Chicagointhe-StateofIllinoisinthe-UnitedStatesof-America-in-theyearofourLordonethousand-nine-hundredandtwenty-eighton-the. ^ ^ EIGHTEENTH-DAY-OF-DECEMBERfacCtAMUO~9Tr*£cO*tAjdUBoartt c/ TnMca JWjufe*/ o/ tAr //»,,rrr*yposed by the engrosser, Mr. C. L. Ricketts, who has admirably donethis work for many years. He has imported the sheepskins from England,being able to secure a shipment even during the war when the supply wasshort. The sheet is ten and a half inches wide and eight and a half incheshigh. When presented to the student it is covered by a neatly printedfolder or envelope about eight and a half inches wide and eleven incheshigh upon which appear, in maroon, the words: "The University ofChicago," and below a copy of the University coat of arms. The diplomain its new form simplifies the distribution at convocation and is of a sizesuitable for preservation or for framing, something which could not besaid of the old blanket-sheet sheepskin.83THE NEW POWER PLANTIN THE University Record for April, 1928, appeared an articlewhich set forth the reasons for building a new power plant and forthe expenditure of so large an amount as $1,500,000 for its construction, including the completion of the necessary tunnels, new boilers,and the rehabilitation of facilities within the quadrangles. A year agoplans had not been sufficiently developed to permit the publication of adesign of the new building. Herewith appears a reproduction of the architect's (Philip B. Maher) drawing of the plant which is approaching completion on the site near the Illinois Central Railroad tracks, at Sixty-firstStreet and Blackstone Avenue. It is expected that the plant with itsconnecting tunnels will be ready for use before next autumn demandsheat. The University community rejoices that the new building, utilitarian as are its uses, does not reflect any of the poorly concealed uglinessof the power plant at Fifty-eighth Street and Ingleside Avenue. Thislatter must still be used but eventually undoubtedly will be razed in order to utilize the land for academic purposes.The department of construction at the University of which Mr. L. R.Flook is in charge reports that the switch track at the new plant is in operation, that the installation of the huge boilers and other equipmentwill be completed this summer. The underground steam tunnel extendingfrom the new plant under and across the Midway has already been connected with the old tunnel system just north of Ida Noyes Hall. The newtunnel is 8 feet wide and 7 feet high. It is of reinforced concrete construction. The program for rehabilitating the heating and electrical servicesincludes rebuilding the old inadequate and worn-out tunnel system. During the next four or five years new main tunnels will be built, one of whichwill run west across the main quadrangle and through the medical court.An important part of this project is the change from the old direct-current system to alternating current. This change involves the replacementof the present generating equipment and the old cables, which are morethan twenty-five years old, with modern alternating current generatingand distribution systems. A considerable amount of alternating currentis being supplied through a new sub-station which was built at Sixty-firstStreet and Blackstone Avenue in the late fall of 1927. The sub-station isarranged so that it will constitute a permanent part of the new turbinebuilding when the University installs its own alternating current generat-84THE NEW POWER PLANTBlackstone Avenue at Sixty-first StreetTHE NEW POWER PLANT 85ing equipment in an extension to the new power plant. Since October,1926, when the medical building required alternating current electricservice, all new building projects have been provided with the new alternating current system. Some of the older buildings have been changedover from direct to alternating current and steady progress is being made.This change requires that all motors, all fans, pumps, etc., be changed.During the past ten years a large amount of rewiring and installing newfixtures has been accomplished so that, in another five years, it is hopedthat all of the permanent buildings will be up to date in this respect. Direct current is being retained only in such laboratories as actually requiredirect current, and each building will be provided with its own motor generator for this purpose.The University is now burning 35,000 tons of coal a year. At presentall of this coal, amounting to some 4,500 truck loads, is carted throughthe streets adjoining the University. The new power plant, with its sidetrack, will relieve the stress of this burdensome traffic and the saving incartage alone will reduce the fuel cost by over $20,000 a year. The equipment in the new power plant is of the latest and most approved design.From the standpoint of operating efficiency, it will rank with the largestmodern central station plants. The building is narrow and high. It isbuilt of dark red brick, trimmed with Bedford stone. The stacks, whichwill be partly hidden by the roof, will be 150 feet high above ground.The building will be large enough to house four 1,200 horsepower boilers, only two of which will be installed at the beginning. Due provisionhas been made, it is believed, for expansion to cover all future needs ofthe University for decades yet to come.ACTING PRESIDENT WOODWARD'SQUARTERLY STATEMENTTHE Winter Convocation having been omitted because of thethreatening epidemic of influenza, it is my duty, today, to review briefly the events of the past two quarters. Outstandingamong them was the stirring ceremony last October which dedicated thisChapel and installed Dr. Gilkey as its Dean. The surprisingly large congregations which have regularly gathered here, the steady increase in thenumber of students in attendance, and the awakening interest of studentgroups in problems of religion and social service have already affordedgratifying evidence of the Founder's wisdom and of our opportunity. Aprinted copy of the dedicatory addresses was sent to every alumnus ofthe University, and many appreciative letters of acknowledgment andcongratulation have been received.It has been difficult for us to be reconciled to the rapid depletion ofthe ranks of our pioneers. Four more have died during the past sixmonths: Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, first Head of the Departmentof Geology; John Merle Coulter, first Head of the Department of Botany; Floyd Russell Mechem, for twenty-five years a Professor of Law;Albert Harris Tolman, for thirty-two years a Professor of English. Another serious loss by death was that of Alexander A. Maximow, the distinguished Russian scientist who was for six years a Professor of Anatomy in this University. The congregation is requested to stand for amoment in silent tribute to the memory of these men.The Board of Trustees has been substantially strengthened by theelection of three new members: George Otis Smith, of Washington, formany years the director of the United States Geological Survey, ErnestE. Quantrell, a New York banker, and Laird Bell, a Chicago lawyer. Itis particularly gratifying to note that Mr. Quantrell and Mr. Bell arealumni of the University.The rapid development of the Medical School of the Ogden Graduate School of Science has made necessary certain administrative adjustments. The most important of these is the appointment of Dr. FranklinC. McLean, heretofore chairman of the Department of Medicine, as di^rector of the University Clinics and assistant to the President in medicalaffairs. Dr. McLean will retain his professorship of medicine, but will86ACTING PRESIDENT'S QUARTERLY STATEMENT 87be forced by his new duties to relinquish the chairmanship of the department. As his successor in that office, I am happy to announce the appointment of Dr. Russell M. Wilder, another alumnus of the University,who returns to us after a period of invaluable experience and distinguished service in the Mayo Clinic at Rochester, Minnesota. His appointment here will become effective May 1 of the present year. Anotherappointment of importance, effective at the opening of the next academicyear, is that of Dr. Karl S. Lashley, as professor in the Department ofPsychology. Dr: Lashley, a Doctor of Philosophy of Johns Hopkins University, who comes to us from the Institute of Juvenile Research, is atthirty-nine years of age president of the American Psychological Association.The number and variety of the contributions which have been madeto the financial resources of the University are encouraging evidence ofthe growing interest and faith of the community. Time permits the mention of only two or three of the most striking gifts, but to all contributorswe desire to express not only our appreciation of their generous assistancebut our determination to administer their funds with the utmost care.From our faithful friend, Mr. Julius Rosenwald, the University hasreceived an offer to pay 40 per cent of the cost of new dormitories, up toa total contribution by him of $2,000,000, thus making feasible the planof the University to erect, on the south side of the Midway, two groupsof dormitories for undergraduates, one for men, the other for women,with dining-halls, clubrooms, and adjacent play fields. The new halls willprobably be built in the form of a number of quadrangles, each quadrangle housing about two hundred students. The plans are in process offormation, and will be carefully studied by a faculty committee with theview not only of providing comfortable and convenient quarters but ofaffording us the best opportunity of enriching the social life of our undergraduates and making our educational program more effective.As we learned from Mr. Rockefeller when this Chapel was dedicated,the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial has provided an endowmentfund of $1,000,000, to be known as the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund "to promote the religious idealism of the students of the University and of all those who come within its gates, through the broadestand most liberal development of the spiritual forces centering in andradiating primarily from the Chapel."From an anonymous donor the University has received an endowment fund of $250,000, in honor of Charles H. Markham, chairman ofthe board of the Illinois Central Railroad, the income to be used for the88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpurposes of the Department of Medicine and Surgery, including the careand hospitalization of patients in the University Clinics.Mr. John P. Wilson, of the Chicago bar, and his sister, Mrs. WilliamR. Dickinson, have created an endowment fund of $400,000 in memoryof their father, John P. Wilson, for many years a distinguished lawyerand citizen of Chicago, the income to be devoted primarily to the support of a professorship in the Law School, the holder of which shall beknown as the John P. Wilson Professor of Law.You who have received your diplomas today will never forget thatyou were the first upon whom the degrees were conferred in this Chapel.I hope that the loftiness and dignity of these surroundings have helpedto impress upon you the solemnity of the hour. You are happy in theachievement of a worthy purpose; this great University has set the sealof its approval upon your accomplishment. I wonder if you realize howanxiously we hope that a seal has been impressed upon you as well — theseal which marks the free and enlightened spirit of every truly educatedman and woman. We hope that you go out from these doors, unshackledby intolerance and prejudice, conscious of the loyalties symbolized bythe two banners which stand before you, mindful of your obligation tobe honest as well as broadminded, courageous as well as just, to fight forthe cause of truth as well as to praise it.Alumni of the University, I salute you and bid you Godspeed. Maythe memories of your student days be an enduring joy, and whereveryou go may you lead useful and happy lives.THE SOCIAL SCIENCE BUILDINGTHIS building made possible by the gifts of the Laura SpelmanRockefeller Memorial is placed east of Harper Memorial Library, filling the gap hitherto existing between it and FosterHall. Accompanying this account of its facilities is the architect's drawing of the south, or Midway, front reprinted from a previous number ofthe Record, as well as a drawing showing the building as seen from thequadrangle. Work began on the new building in November, 1928. Theestimated cost is $665,000.The Social Science Building will be devoted to the research activities of the departments of philosophy, sociology, history, economics, political science, and of the School of Social Service Administration. Thesedepartments comprise the Local Community Research Committee, whichfor the last five years has been responsible for a program of research inthe social sciences, much of it in connection with Chicago problems.The building, under the intent of the gift, will not be used for general teaching or departmental purposes, but will be reserved exclusivelyfor the research activities of the departments concerned. In this respectit will be unique, not only within the University of Chicago quadrangles,but among American universities. It is a striking symbol of recent advance in research in the social sciences.In harmony with the general purpose of the building, it has beenplanned chiefly for workrooms, studies, laboratories, and machine rooms.There will be no stacks in the building, no lecture-rooms excepting fourseminars and one large lecture hall, and no reading-rooms. There arethree laboratories. They will be devoted to laboratory work in anthropometry, anthropology, and archaeology, in psychology and psychiatry, andin statistics. An excellent equipment of statistical machines will be installed, including a harmonic analyzer and a planimeter, specially constructed by a Swiss firm. On the fifth floor of the building will be housedthe six journals now published by the social science departments. Thiswill make an editorial unit of substantial proportions. Other interestingfeatures of the building include a well-designed common room with theusual facilities for social purposes. The administrative headquarters ofthe building will be found on the first floor directly off the main lobby.An interesting experiment in the assignment of space provides for acertain flexibility with regard to portions of the building. Space will beassigned in many cases to projects, which will be released as soon as theprojects are completed and will then be subject to reassignment for otherprojects.89THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, SecretaryWITH great regret the Board of Trustees on March 14, 1929,accepted the resignation of Mr. Robert P. Lamont from itsmembership. Mr. Lamont 's resignation was caused by hisappointment to the cabinet of the President of the United States as Secretary of Commerce.STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARDMr. Laird Bell has been appointed to fill vacancies on the standingcommittees on Instruction and Equipment, and on Audit and Securities.AUDITOR'S TITLE CHANGED TO "COMPTROLLER"The Board of Trustees, at its meeting held March 14, 1929, amendedthe by-laws of the Board by changing the words "Auditor" and "Assistant Auditor," wherever these words occur in the by-laws, to the words"Comptroller" and "Assistant Comptroller." In accordance with thisaction, Mr. Nathan C. Plimpton becomes Comptroller of the Universitywith no change in his functions or duties.STATUTES AMENDEDIn order to make the Director of the University Clinics an Assistantto the President of the University in medical affairs, Statute 1 1 has beenamended to read as follows:11. Directors. — The University Libraries, the Laboratories, the Museums, theSchool of Education, the Observatory, and the Department of Physical Culture andAthletics, and the administration of the University Clinics are each under the general charge of a Director. The Director of the University Clinics shall be an Assistant to the President in medical affairs.The following paragraph has been added to the statutes to cover thenew group insurance plan, and all subsequent statutes have been renumbered accordingly:19. Contributory Group Life Insurance. — On and after March 1, 1929, all persons entering the full-time service of the University shall be required as a conditionof their employment to participate, when eligible, in the contributory group lifeinsurance plan of the University.NEW CONTRIBUTORY GROUP LIFE INSURANCE PLANReport was made to the Board of Trustees that a new plan of contributory group life insurance had become effective as of March 1, 1929,9011 "/ ** * PVf» 'HI Ii C" i. 'IH lPC k. ••\SaLJ:- t-J Y,wo -X •r,wut/3 c~-— .U~:y.'S.~-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 91and that more than 90 per cent of the eligible employees had indicatedtheir desire to participate in the plan.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments weremade during the Winter Quarter, 1929:Dr. Franklin C. McLean, as Director of the University Clinics fromFebruary 14, 1929.Karl S. Lashley, now of the Institute of Juvenile Research, Chicago,as Professor in the Department of Psychology, effective October 1, 1929.Floyd W. Reeves, now of the University of Kentucky, as Professorin the Department of Education, effective October 1, 1929.Harold Shepherd, now of Leland Stanford, Junior, University, asVisiting Professor in the Law School, effective October 1, 1929.Dr. Russell M. Wilder, now of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, as Professor of Medicine, effective May 1, 1929, and as Chairmanof the Department of Medicine, for three years from July 1, 1929.John Mann Beal, now Head of the Department of Botany at Mississippi State College, as Associate Professor in the Department of Botany, effective October 1, 1929.Harrison A. Dobbs, as Associate Professor of Social Economy in theGraduate School of Social Service Administration, for three years fromOctober 1, 1929.Reuben Gilbert Gustavson, now of the University of Denver, as Visiting Associate Professor in the Department of Physiological Chemistry,for one year from October 1, 1929.Francis W. Jacob, now of the University of Idaho, as Visiting Associate Professor in the Law School, for one year from October 1, 1929.Arthur E. Murphy, now of Cornell University, as Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, effective July 1, 1929.Clarence E. Ridley, now of the National Institute of Public Administration, as Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science,for three years.Sheldon Tefft, now of the University of Nebraska, as Visiting Associate Professor in the Law School, effective October 1, 1929.George E. Mylonas, as Instructor in Classical Archaeology in theDepartments of Greek and Latin, for one year from July 1, 1929.Harriet F. Holmes, as Research Associate in the Department ofPathology, under the Sprague Memorial Institute, for one year fromJanuary 1, 1929.92 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDC. Delisle Burns, of the University of Glasgow, to give instruction inthe Department of Philosophy during the Spring Quarter, 1929.Romen Dyboski, of the University of Cracow, Poland, to give instruction in the Department of Comparative Literature during the Winter Quarter, 1929.Werner Heisenberg, of the University of Leipzig, to give instructionin the Department of Physics during the Spring Quarter, 1929.Augustus Frederick Kuhlman, to give instruction in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, for the Spring Quarter, 1929.Dr. Louise Overacker, to give instruction in the Department ofPolitical Science, for the Spring Quarter, 1929.Otto Welton Snarr, to give instruction in Education in the Collegeof Education, for the Winter Quarter, 1929.Thomas E. Snyder, now of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, to give instruction in the Department ofZoology during the Spring Quarter, 1929.Ernest H. Wilkins, President of Oberlin College, to give instructionin the Department of Romance Languages during the Spring Quarter,1929.John S. Miller, as Professorial Lecturer in the Law School, for theWinter Quarter, 1929.Alfred Beck, as Lecturer in the Law School, for the Spring Quarter,1929.Harvey C. Daines, as Assistant Comptroller of the University, fromMarch 14, 1929. Mr. Daines is an Assistant Professor in the School ofCommerce and Administration and is to continue teaching in the Schoolon a half-time basis.M. D. McLean, as Assistant to the Dean of the University Chapel,for six months from January 1, 1929.Mrs. Ardis T. Monk, as Computer in the Department of Physics,for one year from January 1, 1929.Mrs. Thelma G. Thurstone, as Statistician in the Department ofPsychology, for nine months from February 1, 1929.Mrs. Grace Giffin Wilcox, as a member of the Library staff, for theperiod from October 1, 1928, to July 1, 1929.Walter Thiele, as a member of the Library staff, for the period fromOctober 1, 1928, to July 1, 1929.PROMOTIONSMilton T. Hanke has been promoted to an associate professorshipeffective January 1, 1929, for one year, with the title, "Associate Profes-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 93sor in Biochemistry in the Department of Pathology." Dr. Hanke is amember of the staff of the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute.Dr. William Bloom has been promoted to an assistant professorshipin the Department of Anatomy, from March 15, 1929.LEAVES OF ABSENCEC. R. Baskervill, Professor in the Department of English, has beengranted leave of absence for the period from October 1, 1929, to April1, 1930-Lionel D. Edie, Professor in the School of Commerce and Administration, has been granted leave of absence for one year from October 1,1929.Louis R. Gottschalk, Associate Professor in the Department ofHistory, has been granted leave of absence for the period from October1, 1929, to April 1, 1930, in order to carry on research abroad on a Guggenheim Fellowship.C. R. Rorem, Assistant Professor in the School of Commerce andAdministration, has been granted leave of absence for the Spring Quarter, 1929.G. W. Sherburn, Professor in the Department of English, has beengranted leave of absence for one year from October 1, 1929.RESIGNATIONS AND CANCELLATIONSThe following resignations were accepted during the Winter Quarter, 1929:Dwight S. Brown as Assistant Auditor of the University.Mrs. Ethel A. Martin as Instructor in the Department of HomeEconomics, effective December 31, 1928.Earl D. Myers, as Assistant Professor in the Graduate School ofSocial Service Administration, effective January 1, 1929.The following appointments were canceled during the Winter Quarter, 1929:Dr. Paul W. Knisker's appointment as Resident Physician in theDepartment of Medicine, effective from the beginning of the appointment, December 1, 1928.Mrs. Letitia Fyffe Merrill's appointment as Social Director of theWomen's University Council, effective January 1, 1929.DEATHSMr. Frederick T. Gates, one of the incorporators of the University,died on February 6, 1929. In another section of this issue of the Univer-94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsity Record will be found the tribute adopted by the Board of Trusteesin appreciation of the services of Mr. Gates for the University.GIFTSThe Julius Rosenwald Fund will contribute the sum of $50,000 ayear for a five-year period beginning July 1, 1929^0 the support of theUniversity Clinics on the condition that a total of $100,000 a year forthe five-year period be raised for the same purpose from other sources.Mr. Max Epstein and Mr. Albert D. Lasker have each pledged thesum of $25,000 a year for five years beginning July 1, 1929, toward thesupport of the University Clinics.Mr. John Hertz has given to the University the sum of $75,000 tobe expended by the University in the study of disorders of the pituitarygland and related conditions, with especial reference to their treatment.The Payne Study and Experiment Fund of New York City has madethree grants aggregating $11,100 for certain studies of the influences ofmoving pictures.The Quaker Oats Company has made two grants: one of $4,500 forinvestigations under the direction of F. C. Koch of the nutritive valueof unirradiated and irradiated farina, and the effect of ultra-violet lightupon the various types of proteins; and the other of $3,600 for a studyunder the supervision of Miss Katharine Blunt of certain properties ofcereals treated with ultra-violet rays.A pledge to contribute the sum of $3,500 has been received from theAmerican Association for Adult Education for the support of researchin reading habits of adults, under the direction of Mr. Douglas Waples,Professor in the Graduate Library School.The Titanium Pigment Company has granted to the University thesum of $1,200 to provide a research assistant for Professor Harkins ofthe Department of Chemistry for the study of "The Total and the FreeSurface Energy and the Surface Electrical Relations of Solids and ofPowders."Mr. James L. Palmer of the School of Commerce and Administrationhas made a brief survey of the men's clothing trade in the city of Chicago and Marshall Field & Company has given the sum of $800 to defraythe expenses.The American Bankers' Association has provided three loan scholarships of $250 each for the year 1929-30.Assistant Professor Gertrude E. Smith has been granted the sum of$150 by the American Council of Learned Societies for assistance in herresearch on "The Administration of Justice from Homer to Demosthenes."THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 95Mr. Edward F. Swift has given the sum of $25,000 to the University to be expended for a purpose to be designated by the President ofthe Board.Mr. Robert L. Scott, a Trustee, has contributed the sum of $10,000to be used as may hereafter be determined by him.The following gifts have been made for undesignated purposes:from Mr. James M. Hopkins, the sum of $5,000; and from Mr. CharlesS. Hayes, the sum of $3,000.Pledges aggregating over $25,000 have been received from the committee in charge of the John M. Coulter Research Fellowship Fund forthe establishment of the John M. Coulter Research Fellowship Fund.The income from this fund is to be used for one or more fellowships inthe Department of Botany for graduate students who are candidates forthe degree of Doctor of Philosophy.The Eli Lilly & Company of Indianapolis has continued the threeEli Lilly Fellowships by a pledge of $2,400 for one year from September 1, 1929.The E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company has provided a Du PontFellowship in Chemistry in the amount of $750 for the year 1929-30.The Stonewall Chapter No. 1038 of the United Daughters of theConfederacy has established a scholarship for a young woman who is descended from a Confederate veteran and who is now a student in the undergraduate colleges by the gift of $75.The sum of $200 has been added to the Elizabeth Chapin MemorialFund by the gift of the Undergraduate and Alumnae associations of thePhi Delta Upsilon Club of the University of Chicago.The Deltho Club has established the Deltho Loan Fund by the giftof $480, to which from year to year a further sum may be added. Thisloan fund is to be available to a worthy undergraduate woman studentor students to be repaid with interest at the rate of 4 per cent per annum.Mrs. Lily MacLeish Day has added the sum of $5,000 to the AndrewMacLeish Fund.Mr. Martin A. Ryerson has pledged the sum of $3,000 to be expended by Professor John M. Manly in the purchase of books and manuscripts for the University libraries.Mr. Henry J. Patten has contributed $700 toward the expense ofbuying additional motor-cars for the Hittite Expedition of the OrientalInstitute.Mr. Hiram J. Halle has given $400 to supplement any other fundsthat may be available for the purchase of out-of-print books and pamphlets on economic theory.96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe University has become a member in perpetuity of the Archaeological Institute of America as a result of the payment of a fee of $250contributed in equal parts by Messrs. Charles F. Glore, William V.Kelley, Frank G. Logan, and Theodore W. Robinson.Mrs. Frank R. Lillie has given a bronze door by Alfeo Faggi to theUniversity. The door is known as the "Door of St. Francis."The following contributions have been made to the Medical LibraryFund of the Billings Hospital: $1,000 from Mr. C. K. G. Billings;$1,000 from Dr. Frank Billings; $257.24 from Dr. Lester E. Franken-thal; $1,000 from the Knapp Fund; and $1,000 from Mr. Charles H.Ruddock.The University has been named in the will of Alice Bradford Wiles,deceased, to receive one-half of a trust fund of $75,000 upon the termination of certain trusts named in the will.The sum of $1,000 has been added to the Edward Olson EndowmentFund by the payment of the bequest of the late Seaver E. Olson, ofMinneapolis, of that amount.Under the will of the late Delia Austrian, the University is to receive her library of reference and research books in the fields of thedrama and short-story writing, together with all of her paintings, etchings, prints, pictures, catalogues, and European and American postal-card collections, as well as such bookcases and furniture as may be selected by a representative of the University, which several collectionsare to be known as the "Celia and Delia Austrian Study." The will alsoprovides for the upkeep, replacement, and replenishment of the study.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICSBy H. E. Slaught and G. A. BlissHISTORICAL STATEMENTHEN the University of Chicago opened in 1892, graduatework in mathematics had been undertaken in only three orfour American universities and only with very meager beginnings in these cases. Yale had given ten doctorates in mathematicsduring the years 1862-92 and Harvard five during 1873-92; but themost notable effort in this direction had been made at Johns Hopkinswhere seventeen doctorates in mathematics had been conferred during1878-92.It was, therefore, a noteworthy day for mathematics in this countrywhen the University of Chicago at the very outset established a full-fledged graduate department of mathematics with three such distinguished leaders as E. H. Moore, Oskar Bolza, and Heinrich Maschke.Their leadership immediately became dominant, and through them highstandards were set which have been maintained at Chicago through thesethirty-six years and which have proved to be an enormous stimulus tomathematical research in America.The department originally consisted of E. H. Moore, O. Bolza, H.Maschke, J. W. A. Young, H. Hancock, J. H. Boyd, and H. E. Slaught(first Fellow). In 1900 Hancock accepted the headship of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Cincinnati, and in 1902 Boydwithdrew to go into business. In 1900 L. E. Dickson became a memberof the department, and from time to time a number of younger men hadtemporary appointments. The death of Maschke in 1908 and the retirement of Bolza from active service in 19 10 were heavy losses, butDickson had by this time become a tower of strength in the department,and the accession of A. C. Lunn (1902 ) in applied mathematics,G. A. Bliss (1908 ) in analysis, and E. J. Wilczynski (1910-24) ingeometry helped materially to maintain the status of the department atits former high level.More recent additions to the staff of the department are: Mayme I.Logsdon (192 1 ) in algebraic geometry, E. P. Lane (1923 ) inw9798 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprojective differential geometry (following Wilczynski who has been disabled since 1924), R. W. Barnard (1925 ) in general analysis, L. M.Graves (1926 ) in analysis, and H. S. Everett (1927 ) as extension professor and now secretary of the department.An important element of strength in our mathematical group at theUniversity has been our close co-operation with the Department ofMathematical Astronomy. The latter, although administratively distinct,has always offered a program of graduate courses whose content was either pure mathematics or theoretical applied mathematics. By this co-operation the conspicuous contributions of F. R. Moulton (1898-1926) andof W. D. MacMillan (1907 ) have added great prestige to the totalmathematical activity of the University. A new member of this groupis Walter Bartky, who was appointed in 1926.Too much cannot be said for the influence on mathematical development in this country which Professor Moore, as head of the department from the beginning (acting head 1892-96), has wielded directlythrough his leadership and indirectly through the men and women whohave gone out with higher degrees from Chicago. At the very outset heorganized a graduate research club in the department which has heldregular bi-weekly meetings to the present day. In 1896 he was a leaderin forming the Chicago section of the American Mathematical Society,and in 1899 he was chiefly instrumental in founding the Transactions ofthe American Mathematical Society, which he edited till 1907 and whichat once occupied a position comparable to the best mathematical journalsin Europe. His presidential address in 1903 before the American Mathematical Society is regarded as a classic among those who are interestedin the improvement of mathematical teaching in the secondary schools.His presence has been dynamic in every gathering of mathematicians,especially where research is the dominant feature, and his personal contributions to mathematical science have been extensive and distinguished.STATISTICS OF THE DEPARTMENTAmong those who have been connected with the staff, six are members of the National Academy of Sciences, ten are starred in AmericanMen of Science, three are ex-presidents of the American MathematicalSociety, one is ex-president of the Mathematical Association of Americaof which he was the chief founder, one is an ex-president of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science, two have been editors-in-chief and three associate editors of the Transactions of the AmericanMathematical Society, one has been associate editor of the Annals ofMathematics, two have been editors of the American MathematicalAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 99Monthly, two are editors of the Carus Mathematical Monographs, twohave been vice-presidents and one honorary president of the International Mathematical Union, two are members of the National ResearchCouncil, three have been winners of cash prizes of substantial amountsfor mathematical publications under wide competition, one has held aGuggenheim fellowship in mathematics and one an international fellowship of the General Education Board. Finally, one, Leonard EugeneDickson, is Correspondant de PAcademie des Sciences de PInstitut deFrance, the only American mathematician ever awarded this honor.The department has conferred the Master's degree upon 202 candidates and the Doctor's degree upon 181 candidates (including eighteenin mathematical astronomy). Almost all of those holding these higherdegrees are in teaching positions, largely in colleges and universities. Ofthe doctors, 145 hold positions of professorial rank, eighty of whom arefull professors and twenty-four of whom hold some administrative officesuch as head, chairman, or dean.Some of the institutions where Chicago doctors in mathematics holdpositions, with the number in each case, are : Chicago eleven ; Californiaseven; Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Northwestern and IowaState College, each four; Wisconsin, Texas, Oklahoma, Oberlin, andMichigan Agricultural College, each three; Columbia, Yale, Princeton,Cornell, Iowa, Washington, Montana, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Lehigh, Swathmore, Toronto, McGill, Manitoba, and the Philippines, eachtwo; and sixty other institutions, including Harvard, Columbia, Vassar,Wellesley, each having one of our doctors.During the past four years the National Research Council hasawarded fellowships for high research ability to seven -of our doctors including two present members of the staff. Holders of these fellowshipsreceive substantial stipends and spend the year or two of their appointments at some other university. Our appointees have usually gone toPrinceton or Harvard, while ten appointees from other universities havechosen Chicago for their sojourns.TEACHING AND RESEARCHThe department has always maintained the high standard of teaching inaugurated in the graduate field by the inspiring influence of Mooreand the lucid and cogent styles of Maschke and Bolza, and in the intermediate field by Slaught. It has also done its turn in general administrative service, having loaned one of its staff as a dean in the colleges fortwo" years, and one as secretary of the board of recommendations whichhe organized in 1901 and administered thereafter for thirteen years.IOO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe reputation of the department rests also largely upon its researchstanding in the scientific world. If the Hughes report, to which reference has twice been made in these departmental articles in the Record,were to be accepted, the mathematical department at Chicago would beaccorded the foremost rank. But a more discriminating interpretation ofthat report shows that three universities, Harvard, Princeton, and Chicago, should share the honor together without naming any one as foremost.While it is not quantity but quality which counts in measuring theresults of research, yet it will be of interest to anyone who may havesupposed that mathematics is a closed subject to learn that there havebeen published by members of the staff during the years 1892-1928more than 600 papers and seventy-five books, not including reviews andsemi-popular articles. The following reports from present members ofthe staff indicate the activities completed or in progress which have engaged their interest:The principal researches of Mr. Moore are in general analysis. Puremathematics is applied logic. In mathematics analysis is the theory offunctions. In general analysis a theory relates to a basis containing atleast one general class of elements (a general class being an arbitrarilyparticular class) over which vary certain of the variables of the functionsinvolved, and the theory emerges deductively from the fundamental hypotheses of the basis.Linear and quadratic forms have played a significant role throughoutpure and applied mathematics and they led to the initiation of generalanalysis. The first theory secured — denoted for brevity by LQ — wasa generalization by abstraction of three known theories, LQi, LQ2, LQ3.The algebraic theory LQi relates to a class Pi of a finite number of elements, the part Li relating to systems of simultaneous linear equationsand the part Qi relating to the orthogonal normalization of quadraticforms; and the non-algebraic or transcendental theories, LQ2, LQ3 —due to Fredholm, Hilbert, and others — relate respectively to a finiteinterval P2 of the real number system and to the class P3 of all positiveintegers. The theories 2 3 were built in analogy with the theory 1 ; hencethe theories 123, although quite dissimilar in details, have neverthelesscertain essential features in analogy. This state of affairs was of thenature of a challenge to those interested in axiomatics, a challenge toformulate a general theory LQ by suitable particularization of whichthe theories LQi, LQ2, LQ3 appear as instances of the theory LQ. Mr.Moore developed such a general theory, and thus was validated in thisAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS IOIcase a general heuristic principle of scientific procedure: "The existence of analogies between central features of various theories impliesthe existence of a general theory which underlies the particular theoriesand unifies them with respect to those central features."Two observations A E led to the development of a theory AE in general analysis, a theory with basis simple and powerful, a theory logicallyindependent of classic analysis. This independence was induced by theobservation A that a theory Li', closely analogous to Li, holds forHamilton's quaternions Q, in which the commutative law of multiplication does not hold, whereas classic analysis relates throughout to thereal number system R or the complex number system C, in each of whichthe commutative law does hold. The basal power was induced by theobservation E that an integration process on the linear range P2, a process due to Hellinger and applied by him in the development of thetheory Q3, is definable in terms of a matrix E2' closely analogous to thediagonal matrix D3 so fundamental in the theory LQ3. The resultingtheory AE has the simple basis: the number system A of type B 13, theabstract form arising by unification of common features of the numbersystems R,C,Q; the general class P; the general matrix E on PP to Aof positively hermitian type. This theory AE has as instances thetheories LQi and LQ3 and also theories LQi' and LQ2' (the latter withthe Hellinger process), but not immediately the theory LQ2 with theclassic integration process. Perhaps the nature of the theory AE may besuggested by regarding it as a reflection in the abstract domain of ananalytic geometry of space of arbitrary dimensionality.Mr. Dickson's researches in recent years have been: (1) in Algebra,culminating in the books Algebras and Their Arithmetics (University ofChicago Press), later revised and published in Zurich as Algebren undihre Zahlentheorie ; and Modern Algebraic Theories (German editionnow in press by Teubner) ; (2) in the theory of numbers, culminating inthe books History of the Theory of Numbers in three volumes (CarnegieInstitution), The Theory of Numbers in preparation (University of Chicago Press), and Researches in the Theory of Numbers in preparation(Carnegie Institution).The researches of Mr. Bliss have been in the calculus of variations,which as a mathematical theory had its origin in the famous old problemof finding a curve down which a heavy particle will fall from one fixedpoint to another in the shortest time, a problem publicly proposed in1696 by the Swiss mathematician, John Bernoulli, and solved soon thereafter by himself and several other prominent mathematicians of his pe-102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDriod. From the studies thus inaugurated there arose a doctrine which isnow fundamental for many applications of mathematics in neighboringsciences, foremost among which at the present time are differential geometry and theoretical mechanics with their interpretations in the newtheories of relativity and quantum mechanics. The researches of Mr.Bliss have been for the most part in the domain of the calculus of variations, but also in the theory of differential equations associated therewith, and it has been his purpose to extend these theories where possibleand to simplify and make accessible to neighboring scientists parts ofthem which have hitherto been within the reach of specialists only.Mr. Slaught has been an important intermediary between the mathematical department of the University and that numerous group of menand women whose principal responsibility is the teaching of mathematicsin the universities, colleges, and high schools of the country. In 19 13 heresuscitated the American Mathematical Monthly which was in financialstraits, and in 1916 he took a leading part with others in organizing theMathematical Association of America of which the Monthly became theofficial organ. The association now has more than two thousand membersand has seventeen sections organized and holding regular sessions atwhich groups of members meet for the discussion of mathematical questions. The national meetings of the association are held in co-operationwith those of the American Mathematical Society which represents themathematical research interests of the country. The association has beeneffectively responsible, with the society, for the recent large increase inmathematical research in America. In 1925, Mr. Slaught secured theactive co-operation of Mrs. Mary Hegeler Carus in the publication bythe association of a series of books called the "Carus MathematicalMonographs," whose purpose is the dissemination of modern mathematical theories in a form which will make them accessible to as large agroup of readers as possible. Three of the monographs have appearedand the series has already proved to be an inspiring influence in Americanmathematics.The chief interest of Mr. Lane is in differential geometry, more particularly in projective differential geometry. One of the two well-recognized methods of investigation in this branch of geometry is due to Professor Wilczynski, of the University of Chicago, and it has received anextensive development at the hands of Wilczynski and those inspired byhim. The other method is due to the Italian school of geometers. Mr.Lane has recently spent a year in Italy familiarizing himself with theItalian methods and conferring with Italian geometers. He is now en-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 103gaged in preparing the manuscript of a book which will correlate the mostsignificant results obtained in recent years by both the American andItalian schools of projective differential geometry.Mrs. Logsdon's research interest is in the field of algebraic geometry,certain topics of which are the basis of projected papers. She is at present working out a survey course in junior college mathematics. Mr.Graves has been carrying on researches in the calculus of variations, thetheory of functions of lines, and certain aspects of general analysis, witha view to obtaining generalizations of the calculus of variations theory.Mr. Barnard is interested in the development of necessary and sufficientconditions for the similarity of matrices when the elements are quaternions or more general types of non-commutative numbers. He is alsoassisting in the work of preparing for publication the material of Professor Moore's second General Analysis Theory.THE FUTURE OF THE DEPARTMENTIn 1892 the classrooms and one or two small offices of the Mathematical Department were located on the top floor of Cobb Hall. WhenRyerson Laboratory was completed, the Department was assigned fourclassrooms and two offices on the third floor, which space was afterwardsupplemented by a library and two offices on the fourth floor. We havethus been the temporary guests of the Physics Department for more thanthirty years, during which time our hosts have been most gracious andcordial.But a new day is soon to dawn. The Bernard A. Eckhart Hall forthe Mathematical Sciences, located east of Ryerson and south of Mandel,is to provide a home for mathematics and mathematical astronomy together with liberal laboratory space in the basement and first floor forthe enlarging needs of physics. There will be a large auditorium on thefirst floor for demonstration purposes and for national scientific meetings, and on the second floor, besides ample provision for years to comefor library stacks and reading-room, an exhibition room, a social room,and rest rooms, to be shared by all three departments. There will beclassrooms numerous enough and spacious enough to accommodate thegrowing needs of mathematics and astronomy, a great contrast to presentconditions where classes of forty to seventy, especially in graduatecourses in the summer quarters, have been crowded into rooms with normal capacity of thirty-five to forty. There will be ample arrangementsfor administrative offices and a private office for each member of thestaff where he can have his workshop and hold consultations without104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinterruptions, a great innovation for this department. Finally, there willbe a number of smaller offices for the use of Fellows and other advancedgraduate students, for research assistants, for visiting National ResearchFellows and other scientific guests of the department. This magnificentprovision for these three departments seems to us a most inspiring recognition by friends of the University of the scientific standing attained bythe group of men who have worked in the mathematical sciences at theUniversity. It is a challenge to us to maintain that standing in the futureand to push forward, if possible, to still greater achievements. iBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERIn introducing the Convocation orator on March 19, Acting PresidentWoodward said : "Mr. Frank J. Loesch,for fifty-five years an active member ofthe Chicago Bar, whose devotion to thehonest administration of justice is in thebest tradition of his profession andwhose courageous leadership in thestruggle now being waged for good government in this community commandsthe admiration and gratitude of us all."Two recent appointees to the University faculties include professors from foreign countries. Griffith Taylor, known asan authority on Australian and antarctic geography and geology, who has beenassociate professor of geography at theUniversity of Sydney, has been appointed professor of geography. Professor Roman Dyboski, professor of Englishliterature in the University of Cracow,Poland, has been teaching during theWinter Quarter. Professor Taylor wassenior geologist on Scott's last expedition, and led parties to the antarctic in191 1 and 1 91 2. He will conduct coursesin the geography of Australia, meteorology, and environment and race. ProfessorDyboski, who was brought to Chicagolargely through the efforts of the PolishNational Alliance and the KosciuskoFoundation, gave courses on comparativeliterature and on the social and literaryhistory of nineteenth-century Poland.He also gave a series of downtown public lectures on Poland.The President's report for the pastacademic year as usual contains interesting statistics. Different students whoattended classes numbered 14,474 andthe number of degrees granted was 1,713.The University continued to lead in theaward of Doctor of Philosophy degrees.Assets of the University reached a totalof $77,812,221, an increase of $7,284,870over those of the previous year; giftsrecorded showed $6,858,042. The annualbudget expenditure was $5,591,034.47,expenditures mounting to $2,297,151 overthose of five years ago. Student fees forthe year provided 34.18 per cent of the expenditures. For the school year 1928-29 the budget is set at $6,120,000. Boundvolumes added to the libraries duringthe year numbered 32,000, increasing thetotal number of volumes and pamphletsnow catalogued in the libraries to 1,150,-000. University faculty members published seventy books during the schoolyear. Articles published in leading scientific, scholarly, and literary periodicalsnumbered over 800. The UniversityClinics, opened in October, 1927, treated34,666 patients during the period fromthe opening to November, 1928, an average of 123 a day. In the studenthealth service 5,363 different studentsreceived treatment. In the Central FreeDispensary, maintained by Rush Medical College, 107,187 applicants receivedattention, including 20,000 new patients.Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed writesthat the statement made in the accountof the dedication of the UniversityChapel in the January Record that theUniversity owned six blocks of land in1 89 1 is incorrect. He points out that atthat time it held title to but four blocksand cites as proof of his assertion thestatement made in the History of theUniversity of Chicago, than which noauthority can be more dependable. Inthe tribute to the life and character ofthe late Professor Thomas W. Chamberlin, there was an unpardonable blunderin the date of his birth. It should havebeen 1843 not 1848. These errors cannot honestly be placed at the door ofprinter or proofreader nor can the editor's pneumonia altogether excuse hisoversight of these two misstatements.The University for several years hada representative upon the bench of theUnited States Supreme Court when Hon.Charles Evan Hughes, a Trustee of theUniversity since 1914, served as associate justice. Subsequently he was appointed secretary of state in the cabinets of the late President Harding andformer President Coolidge. In the cabinet of President Hoover the portfolio ofthe Department of Commerce formerlythat of Mr. Hoover himself is now held105io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDby Mr. Robert P. Lamont, a Trustee ofthe University until his resignation inMarch, 1929. Mr. Lamont was a mostefficient member of the Board's Committee on Finance and Investment.The attendance upon the services heldin the University Chapel during thequarter just closed was large. It is evident that the chapel is providing thekind of religious exercises desired by theUniversity community, both by the people of Chicago and by the student body,thus realizing to a considerable degreethe hopes expressed by the Founder andby his son in his noteworthy address atthe dedication. Undoubtedly many ofthose who come are moved by a desireto see the splendors of the building, butthe number of students who flock intothe chapel come for other reasons thanto study architecture and decorations.There was an exceptionally large audience present to hear Dr. Fosdick's sermon on January 27. Practically all thetickets entitling the holders to admissionwere given to students and members ofthe faculties. Other University preachers found the chapel crowded while atleast 300 persons were turned away onthe Sunday when Rabbi Wise was thepreacher.University preachers during the Winter Quarter were as follows : January 6,President Clarence A. Barbour, Rochester Theological Seminary (president electof Brown University) ; January 13, Reverend Albert W. Beaven, D.D., LakeAvenue Church, Rochester, New York;January 20, Reverend Miles H. Krum-bine, D.D., Parkside Lutheran Church,Buffalo, New York; January 27, Reverend Harry E. Fosdick, D.D., LL.D.,Park Avenue Baptist Church, New YorkCity; February 3, Rabbi Stephen S.Wise, Ph.D., Free Synagogue of NewYork; February 10, Reverend Robert E.Speer, D.D., LL.D., Secretary, Board ofForeign Missions of the PresbyterianChurch; February 17, Reverend CharlesW. Gilkey, D.D., Dean of the UniversityChapel; February 24, Reverend CharlesE. Jefferson, D.D., LL.D., BroadwayTabernacle, New York City (two Sundays) ; March 10, Bishop James E. Freeman, D.D., LL.D., Epiphany Church,Washington, D.C.; March 17, Convocation Sunday, Reverend R. W. Sockman,D.D., Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, New York City. The Rhodes Trustees are embarkingupon an important experiment at Oxford, England. They have just completed a building to be known as RhodesHouse which, it is intended, shall becomea research center for the study of the history, modern conditions, and problemsof the English-speaking world. To carry out this purpose a specialized libraryis being formed at Rhodes House whichwill be a department of the BodleianLibrary. Seminar rooms have been builtaround the library, part of which willbe under the control of the HarmsworthProfessor of American History and partunder the Beit Professor of ColonialHistory. The trustees are most anxiousthat Rhodes House shall become notonly a center for research into problemsaffecting the British Commonwealth andthe United States, but shall by thatmeans further the cause of understanding between the various English-speakingpeoples. They feel that an importantmeans of achieving this end will be byestablishing personal contact with American scholars coming to England for purposes of research. The keeper of RhodesHouse Library, Mr. V. T. Harlow, wouldmuch appreciate it if he may be put intouch with visiting American scholars,so that he may be able to prepare theground for them both before and during their stay in England.Dean Shailer Mathews has beenelected president of the Chicago ChurchFederation. He is also chairman of thecommittee of direction of the westernheadquarters of the Federal Council ofChurches.Edmund Giesbert, for several recentquarters an instructor in the Departmentof Art, was honored by the award ofthe Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Logan prizeand medal for his large canvas entitled"Uphill," shown at the recent exhibitionof works by Chicago artists at the ArtInstitute. The picture portrays a hugePercheron horse attached to a cart forcing his way along a rough road guidedby the driver who walks at his side. TheLogan prize, $500, is the highest awardmade at this annual exhibition. The picture was shown in the art gallery of theClassics Building for some months lastyear.Frank Joseph Loesch, Chicago lawyer, the convocation orator, whose ad-BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 107dress appears in another part of thisissue, has won a nation-wide reputationas investigator and prosecutor of crimein its connection with politics in Chicago and Cook County. He has been formany years counsel at Chicago for thePennsylvania Railroad system and wasalso general counsel for the ChicagoUnion Station Company from 19 13 to1926. He was appointed special state'sattorney for Cook County to prosecutefrauds committed at the first direct primary, 1908-09, and during the last twoyears has been in charge of the investigation and prosecution of crime in itsalliance with corrupt politics in Chicago.Mr. Loesch, who has held many positions of honor and responsibility, hasbeen a member of the Chicago Board ofEducation, president of the Chicago BarAssociation, trustee of the Chicago Historical Society, president of the UnionLeague Club of Chicago, and is nowpresident of the Chicago Crime Commission.For the first time the new GraduateLibrary School of the University will offer Summer Quarter courses. Candidatesfor degrees in this school must have aBachelor's degree equivalent to that conferred by leading colleges, a year oftraining in an accredited library school,and a year of library experience. TheGraduate Library School is an outgrowth of a movement on the part ofthe library profession for an institutiondevoted exclusively to research and tograduate study at the higher levels inthe field of librarianship. The SummerQuarter Faculty will include JamesChristian Meinich Hanson, professor ofbibliography, classification, and cataloguing, formerly acting director of the Harper Memorial Library; Douglas Waples,professor of educational method; Dr.Pierce Butler, of the Newberry Library,Chicago ; and Henry Bartlett Van Hoes-en, assistant librarian of Princeton University.Among the 160 members of theSummer Quarter Faculty at the University who will come from other institutions are the following of full professorial rank: Edward Cooke- Armstrong,professor of the French language, Princeton University; Carl S. Becker, professorof history, Cornell University; Lotus D.Coffman, president of the University ofMinnesota; Arthur Byron Coble, pro fessor of mathematics, University of Illinois; Marshall Blakemore Evans, professor of German, Ohio State University ;Raymond M. Hughes, president of IowaState College; Leverett Samuel Lyon,professor of economics, Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government, Washington, D.C.; and WaltonBrooks McDaniel, professor of Latin,University of Pennsylvania. Other instructors for the Summer Faculty includeFrank LeRond McVey, president of theUniversity of Kentucky; John AdamsScott, head of the department of classics,Northwestern University ; William Barnard Sharp, professor of bacteriology andpreventive medicine, University of Texas; Selatie Edgar Stout, dean of the colleges of arts and sciences, Indiana University; and Henry Suzzallo, of theCarnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Recent hospital patients who havebeen appalled at times with the size oftheir bills will be glad to know that aninvestigation of the relationship of hospital financing to the public is to be conducted by C. Rufus Rorem, assistantdean of the School of Commerce andAdministration of the University. Mr.Rorem will spend the next four monthsin field work. He was engaged to makethe study by the Committee on the Costof Medical Care, with headquarters inWashington, D.C. The survey will begin with an investigation of capital investments in hospitals and clinics andlead to a consideration of the relationship between hospitals and communitychests, and also will concern itself withprinciples of hospital cost accounting.Ray Lyman Wilbur, president of LelandStanford University, is chairman of thecommittee. Mr. Rorem 's study is one ofa group included in a five-year programoutlined in 1928.The Renaissance Society has continued to serve the University communityby securing lectures and exhibitions ofpaintings and other works of art. During February Alois Lang gave a demonstration and talk on "EcclesiasticalWood- Carving." He is the designer andexecutor of the carvings in the University Chapel. In March an exhibition ofoil paintings by Arthur V. Churchill,profesor of art history, Smith College,Northampton, Massachusetts, was heldin Wieboldt Hall. While the paintingsio8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwere upon the walls Edmund Giesbert,of the Department of Art, spoke in appreciation of their merits.Longmans, Green & Company havejust published The American Colonies,by Marcus W. Jernegan, professor ofAmerican history in the University. Itis one of the series of "Epochs of American History." The book fills the need fora detailed history of the colonies, beforethe American Revolution. One purposeof The American Colonies is to set forththe factors, forces, and events that produced a new society in America. Professor Jernegan gives much space toeconomic changes and tendencies affecting the relations of the colonies to theEmpire, to England, and to each other.An analysis of colonial society is made —its structure, racial elements, religiousorganization and movements, sectionalproblems and intellectual life. ProfessorJernegan gave a series of six lectures under the auspices of the Anson G. PhelpsLectureship on "Early American History" at New York University duringMarch.Last September Humphrey Milford,publisher to Oxford University, issued inthe "Oxford Miscellany Series" a littlebook edited by Mr. George L. Marsh ofthe Home-Study Department of theUniversity, entitled John Hamilton Reynolds, Poetry and Prose. In the LondonTimes Literary Supplement of October1 8 there was an article of nearly two columns on this book, under the heading,"The Friend of Keats." The book is aselection from the work of a man whowas one of Keats's closest friends, preceded by an introduction in which Mr.Marsh presented quite a bit of new material about Reynolds. Most of the reprinted material by Reynolds has neverbefore been reprinted. The Oxford University Press, American Branch, at NewYork, will also have the book, althoughthe American edition is not yet ready.The Valz prize of the Paris Academyof Science amounting to 1,000 francs, hasjust been awarded to Professor GeorgeVan Biesbroeck, of the Department ofAstronomy, Pour U Ensemble de SesTravaux.One of the most important collections of source material in early American history, containing original letters, documents, and newspaper clippings onthe settlement and development of thegreat Indiana Territory, has been givento the University by Willoughby Walling, Chicago banker. Gathered by William E. English, for many years a political leader and a historian of Indiana,who was preparing a history of thestate, the collection has been turned overto the University by his grandson, Mr.Walling, for research purposes. Amongthe several thousand items in the English collection are a gracious letter written in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson, thenPresident, to General George RogersClark, who was at that time discreditedand discouraged; and a letter dated 1778in Jefferson's handwriting from the Commissioners of Virginia to Clark authorizing the start of the Indian campaignwhich resulted in the occupation of theIndiana Territory. There are a numberof letters and documents written byClark and others. The earliest statutesof the territory, which included Illinois,are in the collection, as well as the finestavailable accumulation of newspaperclippings on the incidents and personalities in Indiana history between 1830 and1890. Biographical material on fifty Indiana statesmen for that period is nowmade available to the University historians. The acquisition of the Englishcollection is an important step in theUniversity's attempt to make the documentary history of the Middle Westavailable for analysis. The famous Dur-rett collection on Kentucky history, already in the University Library, hasprovided material for a number oftheses, and the English collection, whichsupplements and interlocks with theDurrett material, is already under thescrutiny of graduate students.Two members of the Department ofEnglish of the University, ProfessorCharles R. Baskervill and ProfessorGeorge W. Sherburn, have been invitedto carry on research work in the famousHenry E. Huntington Library at Pasadena, California. This library is one ofthe greatest in the world, and its collection of English books published prior to1640 is the largest and most complete inAmerica. Mr. Huntington provided inhis will for the maintenance of the library and for research in the materialprovided by the collection, approximately $12,000,000 being available forthese purposes. The research work isBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 109now being organized, and the two Chicago Faculty men are among the first toreceive invitations to do their work inthe library. Salaries of those engaged inthe research are paid by the endowmentfund. Professor Baskervill is an authority in the literature of the Elizabethanperiod, and plans to work with theShakesperean material. The Huntingtoncollection has a group of first folios andvarious unique quartos of Shakespere'sworks. Professor Sherburn has been engaged for several years in the study ofPope, and will continue in this field. Thelibrary has an unusually complete collection of eighteenth-century books andmaterials, and various unpublished Popeletters.At their recent meetings four learnedsocieties have chosen University men astheir presidents. ,Dr. Ludvig Hektoen,Chairman of the Department of Pathology and director of the McCormickInstitute for Infectious Diseases, waselected president of the Society of American Bacteriologists. Professor WinfredErnest Garrison of the University Divinity School has been honored withthe presidency of the American ChurchHistory Society during the coming year,and Professor William A. Nitze with thepresidency of the Modern Language Association. At the annual meeting of theAmerican Sociological Society, held recently in Chicago, Professor WilliamFielding Ogburn of the Department ofSociology was chosen president. Professor Ogburn is also a member of the National Social Science Research Council,of which Professor Fay-Cooper Cole, andby recent appointment Professor EdwardSapir, are also members. ProfessorGeorge Herbert Mead, a member of thePhilosophy Faculty since 1894, has beenchosen Carus Lecturer before the American Philosophical Society for the year1929. This award is regarded as thehighest honor an American philosophercan receive. The only two to be awardedthis lectureship heretofore are ProfessorJohn Dewey of Columbia University,and Professor Arthur Lovejoy of JohnsHopkins University. The lectures aregiven every three years at the joint meeting of all divisions of the AmericanPhilosophical Society, and are publishedby the Open Court Publishing Companyof Chicago.As added protection to present pro visions for retiring allowance and deathbenefits, group insurance totalling $3,-566,000 has been offered by the University of Chicago to all Faculty members,officers of administration, and employees. The University is to bear considerably more than half the cost of thepremiums. For Faculty members participating in the present retiring allowanceplans the insurance will supplement suchallowances, giving the largest measureof protection in earlier years of servicewhen the allowance is smallest. Fornon-academic employees, the insurancewill replace the present death-benefit system, with the University paying all premiums on an amount equal to the present death-benefit coverage. The planprovides assistance also for total andpermanent disability of employees lessthan sixty years of age. The insurancewill be issued without medical examination. It will terminate with terminationof employment, but conversion privileges are provided.Over 750 courses for the SummerQuarter, which opens June 17 and closesAugust 30, have been announced. Thecourses are the same in character andcredit value as in other quarters of theyear. The Faculty for the quarter willnumber 370, with 160 of the group coming from other institutions. Two hundred are of full professorial rank, fifty-five are associate professors, and sixty-sixare assistant professors. Leading American universities will be represented byfaculty members, as well as such foreigneducational institutions as the universities of Vienna, London, Leipzig, Toronto, Berlin, Edinburgh, Cardiff, and British Columbia.Two paleontologists of the University's staff, Dr. Alfred S. Romer and PaulC. Miller, left Chicago in April on anine-months' expedition into South Africa, in an effort to forge more stronglyone of the weaker links in the knownchain of animal evolution. Attemptingto clear up certain obscure points in thestructural process by which mammalsfirst appeared in a world dominated byreptiles, about 200 million years ago,they will explore a thousand-mile stretchof Upper Permian and Triassic strata inthe Karroo Desert.Another University research worker,Miss Dena Shapiro, twenty-one-year-oldno THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgraduate student in anthropology, hasleft for Palestine to spend a year gathering material for a Doctor's thesis onthe ethnology of the Holy Land. Because Jerusalem and its environs havebecome the center for an influx of mixedracial and cultural strains during thepast eight years, University anthropologists believe that the district provides arare oportunity for a study of what happens when established groups with varying cultures come in contact with oneanother and exchange ideas and customs.Professor Robert E. Park of the Department of Sociology will spend a yearof research work and observation in theOrient. He has been invited to study thereconstruction problem in China. Enroute he will lecture before the PacificScientific Conference at Java in May on"The Marginal Man."Plans for the building of the Lying-in Hospital which is to be erected onDrexel Avenue west of Billings Hospitalhave been approved. It is expected thatbuilding operations will begin in the nearfuture.The first number of the Journal ofModern History, a new quarterly intended to cover the range of Europeanhistory and its expansion from the Renaissance to the close of the World War,has been issued by the University Press.Established at the request of the American Historical Association, this journalbecomes the fifteenth of the periodicalspublished currently by the University.Articles dealing with intellectual historyand the history of the arts and scienceswill come within the scope of the publication, as well as the more familiar political, religious, economic, and social aspects of history. "Historical revisions,"showing how traditional views havebeen modified by historical research, willbe a leading feature. The Journal willalso publish documents of importancenot easily available and will have departments for bibliographical surveysand reviews of historical publications.Dr. Bernadotte E. Schmitt, Professor ofModern History at the University, is themanaging editor, and Louis R. Gotts-chalk, Associate Professor of History, isassistant editor.Two international authorities on theproblems of population, Shiroshi Nasu,of the University of Tokio, and Corado Gini, of the Royal Statistical Institute,Rome, will be the principal speakers atthe sixth summer institute conducted atthe University upon the Norman WaitHarris Foundation. This year's instituteis announced for June 17-28, with "Population and Migration" as the centraltheme. Italy and Japan are the twocountries which at present face the mosturgent population problems and Professors Gini and Nasu are the leading authorities on the movements of peoplesand population statistics in their respective nations. Three American authoritieswhose names are not yet announced willcomplete the lecture personnel, whilefifteen other American experts fromevery region in the country will lead theround-table discussions.In connection with the Convocationaddress of Mr. F. J. Loesch, which isprinted in this issue, the proposal of Professor Ernest W. Burgess of the Department of Sociology is significant. He suggests the establishment of a centralbureau of criminal statistics to maintainpublic interest in Chicago's crime predicament and stimulate law-enforcingagencies. Pointing to the twenty-five-year history of crime-reform waves inChicago, all of which were lost in thepolitical maze or rendered futile whenthe public's temporary emotional interest was spent, he calls for a programof intensive publicity, with regular anddetailed "crime accountings" furnishedby the proposed bureau. "No one todayknows how much crime there is in Chicago or in any other large city of thiscountry," he declares. "No one knowsthe total cost of crime to the community. Improvements in crime preventionand control may be expected from systematic and accurate reports of crime asgreat as have resulted from similar publicity measures in the field of publichealth."The Department of Sociology andAnthropology has been divided into twoseparate departments.Mr. Emery B. Jackson, of New YorkCity, has been appointed consulting architect of the University, his services tobegin May 1, 1929. He has been employed from time to time to study architectural problems of the University withacknowledged benefit. Mr. Jackson,then connected with Shepley, Rutan &BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER IIICoolidge, was largely responsible forplanning Ida Noyes Hall. Recently hehas been employed as designing architectto the great improvement of numerouschurch buildings by the American Baptist Home Mission Society. He is a graduate of Beaux Arts, Paris, and was onceassociated with James Gamble Rogers,whose artistic triumphs in designing theHarkness Dormitories at Yale Universityare everywhere acclaimed.John A. Reichelt, for many years amember of the Board of Trustees of theBaptist Theological Union, died February 8, 1929. Upon this board he servedfor more than fifty years until deafnesscompelled him to resign in 1925. He wasone of the earliest friends of the University, making a subscription to the first$400,000 founding fund. He also rescuedfrom the sheriff the library of the olduniversity, which ceased to exist in 1886,and presented its 10,000 volumes to thenew University, thus forming a notablepart of what has grown to be the greatcollection of books housed in Harper Library. Long before the present University was formed, Mr. Reichelt was a firmbeliever in education, his help, however,being chiefly given to the theologicalseminary. He was a friend and admirerof the young instructor in Hebrew at thetheological seminary at Morgan Parkwho subsequently became the great president of the University, William RaineyHarper. At one time when InstructorHarper appealed to the TheologicalUnion Trustees for an increase of his salary from $1,000 to $1,200 and the debt-harassed board had been obliged to decline to give the increase, Mr. Reicheltpaid the $200. And this is but one incident out of many which no doubt couldbe cited were it possible to scan the stubsof his check-books. Mr. Reichelt wasborn in Gersdorf, Prussia, in 1847. Helived in Chicago or vicinity for sixty-fiveyears. He was a successful salesman. Itis estimated that during the fifty-odd years he was in the employ of one firm,he sold over $12,000,000 worth of itsgoods.Progress has been made on the several buildings now under construction.The Botany greenhouses and potting-shed are nearly complete. The stonework upon the George Herbert JonesLaboratory (chemistry) is complete andthe building is under roof. The foundations are poured for the Social ScienceBuilding and the steel is being placed.The B. E. Sunny Gymnasium is wellalong. The Power Plant is on its way tocompletion. Work on the Bobs RobertsHospital will soon be resumed, while abeginning will be made this spring uponthe Bernard A. Eckhart Laboratory(physics and astronomy), the GertrudeDunn Hicks and the Nancy Adele Mc-Elwee hospitals. Preliminary sketchesfor the dormitories south of the Midwayhave been drawn.During the Winter Quarter the Men'sCommission of the University of Chicago was organized to carry on and expandthe service given to the University menfor many years by the Young Men'sChristian Association. The change indirection of this work was made withthe assistance of the metropolitan organization, and has every promise ofgreat usefulness. Acting President Woodward invited seventy-five men of thestudent body to a meeting at whichthese men were asked to name prospective members of the new commission.The group has been organized to haverepresentatives from the undergraduateand graduate schools and from the faculty and friends of the University, witha student chairman and an executiveofficer. The University is to supply office equipment as well as to assist in theoperation of the plans of the commission, but the students themselves areeager to take the initiative in their special plans for work among men.ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1929March i8, 1929 March 13, 1928GainMen Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —400486 332146 732632 389505 367in 756616 '"16* 24Total 88669380610 47854458430 1,3641,2371,39040 89462883527 47860960335 i,3721,2371,43862 82. The Colleges —Senior 48Total 1,5092,3951444765 1,1581,636213208 2,6674,03116579613 1,4902,3841732731 1,247i,725364103 2,7374,1092096834 1139 707844Total Arts, Literature, andII. Professional Schools —i. Divinity School —Chicago Theological Seminary —Unclassified Total 229195 5223 281218 249211 5323 302234 212. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science —Graduate 16Unclassified 3 1 4 5 1 6 2Total 19817140991 242158 222191551071 216151531124 24109 24015163±214 4 18Rush Medical College —Post-Graduate 8Third-Year 14Total 25745o241143413 2547113I 2824972521464i4 284496225H5632 1942116 303538236121632 16252Total Medical Schools (lessduplicates) 413. Law School —Candidates for LL.B 22Total 4285 154624 4435i26 40552 174852 422. 5354 2124. College of Education —Senior 2Junior 3Unclassified 2Total 75213165 5211181 596314966 75314391 5511241 626416792 4 3I5 . School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate 18Junior 3Total 1941521 30681895 2248320105 20692 367i1967 242802167 34 186. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Senior IJunior Unclassified 2Total 181,3273,722344 100306i,94229 1181,6335,664373 111,3743,758338 1033062,0313i 1141,6805,789369 447 . Graduate School of Library Science —Total Professional Schools . . .Total University (in the Quadrangles) 47125Deduct for duplicates Net total (in Quadrangles) . . 3,378 i,9i3 5,291 3,420 2,000 5,420 129[Continued on page 113]ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1929 113ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1929— ContinuedMarch 18, 1929 March 13, 1928Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalIII. University College —4226112397137 406703252446 42667826349583 4420711294140 " 428'637237437 44635749331577 3277186Graduates Total 6604,038393,999 1,8073,720413,679 2,4677,758807,678 5974,oi7393,978 1,7393,739333,7o6 2,3367,756727,684 13128Grand total in the University. .Net total in the University 6ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1929Arts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science Rush Medical College Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration . . .Graduate School of Social Service Administration Graduate School of Library Science Total (in the Quadrangles) .Duplicates Net total in the Quadrangles .University College — Grand total in the University.Duplicates Net total in the University.Grand total Graduate1,3^42612182812526383II2,5332312,3026672,969192,95o Undergraduate2,62718753155303,0521452,9071,2174,124614,0637,678 Unclassified40204146686482583665665PRESIDENT ROBERT MAYNARI) HUTCHINS