The University RecordVolume XIV O CTOBER I 9 2 8 Number 4THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ART INTHE NEW AMERICA1By DeWITT HENRY PARKERProfessor of Philosophy at the University of MichiganK~~% ^HIS situation in which I find myself, of having the honor of ad-1 dressing the graduating classes of the University of Chicago, isJL not without its embarrassing, even its comical, aspects. For Iam no orator, but only in the humblest Socratic sense a philosopher.You rightly expect of your speaker that he say to you winged words ofinspiration, but the only words that I know how to utter are words halting and heavy-laden with knowledge, such as you have been hearing dayby day and hour by hour for so many years, words which, now that youhave won your degrees, you would gladly be rid of, for the time being, atleast. Moreover, I have no mind, as is the wont with commencementspeakers, to exhort you to a life of service to your country ; for I think itcan be taken for granted that the charm of America and the pressure ofher mighty problems will inevitably win your devotion. What I have inmind to speak to you about is a matter somewhat off the beaten track ofsubjects for commencement addresses, a subject which I hope will interest you nevertheless, especially since what I have to say I shall say verybriefly, knowing that what you really want to do is to get your diplomasas soon as possible and then go home and celebrate with your friends.My subject is the significance of art in the new America. This significance at the present time is very great, and in the future will, I believe,become immense.1 An address delivered in Leon Mandel Hall on the occasion of the One Hundred Fifty-second Convocation of the University, August 31, 1928.201202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDART IN THE OLDER AMERICAIn the earlier stages of American culture this was not so. The placeof art in life was narrowly limited. It is a commonplace to say that menwere too busy conquering the material resources of a vast continent tohave much time for the rest and leisure necessary for aesthetic contemplation. Until not so very long ago most Americans were poor men, manyof them ignorant immigrants whose first concern was to earn their living.Or when there was not an unavoidable indifference to art there was sometimes positive hostility. Among large numbers of the better educated andprosperous people there was a tradition of sober-minded Puritanism according to which many forms of art were condemned for frivolity, sensuality, or triviality. Poetry as a vehicle for the expression of moral andreligious truths might find a welcome, but the theater, painting, andsculpture, so pagan and sensuous, were shown the door. Even in what arecent critic of American civilization has called its " Golden Day" thefine arts were not always of the best repute. Listen to what the mosthighly cultivated, genial and philosophic son of that day wrote concerning the fine arts:Already history is old enough to witness the old age and disappearance of particular arts. The art of sculpture is long ago perished to any real effect. It wasoriginally a useful art, a mode of writing, a savage's record of gratitude or devotion,and among a people possessed of a wonderful perception of form this childish carvingwas refined to the utmost splendor of effect. But it is the fame of a youthful people,and not the manly labor of a wise and spiritual nation. Under an oak tree ladenwith leaves and nuts, as under a sky full of eternal eyes, I stand in a thoroughfare;but in the works of our plastic arts, and especially of sculpture, creation is driveninto a corner. I cannot hide from myself that there is a certain appearance of paltriness, as of toys and the trumpery of a theater, in sculpture. Nature transcends allour moods of thought and its secret we do not yet find. But the gallery stands atthe mercy of our moods, and there is a moment when it becomes frivolous. I do notwonder that Newton, with an attention habitually engaged on the paths of planetsand suns, should have wondered what the Earl of Pembroke found to admire in"stone dolls."In addition to the overhigh seriousness of the Puritan attitude thereis another element in the early American attitude to art upon which Iwould particularly direct your attention, namely, primitivism. Duringwhat has been called the "agricultural era" men lived for the most partsimple and well-rounded lives in intimate contact with farm and field,bird, beast, and landscape. Even when men dwelt in the cities they werenot far from the country. Moreover, in those days a man could be allthings at once or in succession: farmer, preacher, poet, teacher, businessTHE SIGNIFICANCE OF ART IN THE NEW AMERICA 203man, patriot, lawyer, orator. Life could have that wholeness which wethink of as characteristic of beauty itself. And so men sought beautywhere they could most directly and obviously find it, in nature and inhuman life. With nature and human life so beautiful they could feel artto be superfluous, or else they could accord to art merely the function ofmaking us more sensitive to the beauty of life itself. It is in this spirit, isit not, that Emerson writes again in the same essay:There is no statue like this living man, with his infinite advantages over all idealsculpture of perpetual variety. What a gallery of art have I here. No manneristmade these varied groups and diverse original single figures. Here is the artist himself improvising, grim and glad at his block. Now one thought strikes him, now another, and with each moment he alters the whole air, attitude, and expression of hisclay. Away with your nonsense of oil and easels, of marble and chisels; except toopen your eyes to the masteries of eternal art, they are hypocritical rubbish.And one final quotation:The sweetest music is not in the oratorio, but in the human voice when itspeaks from its instant life tones of tenderness, truth or courage .... a great manis a new statue in every attitude and action. A beautiful woman is a picture whichdrives all beholders nobly mad. Life may be lyric or epic, as well as a poem or aromance.LOSS OF CONTACT WITH NATUREFor better or worse, we have left the Golden Day behind. Dwellersin towns, most of us have lost the intimate contact with nature of a simpler age. We no longer live with nature; we only visit nature on vacations. Or else our associations with nature are professional in character:nature is our laboratory, our mining or factory site, a sphere for exploitation or real-estate development. Few of us even have a garden of ourown. Our associations with our fellow-men are often as little intimate asare our associations with nature. We meet for the most part only as colleagues, prospects, bosses, employees, not as whole and living men andwomen. To our family at home we show only our domestic face; to ourassociates at the office, only our business face ; to few or none, our wholeselves. Specialization in business, science, and technology has tended tospecialization in human nature. To quote from another poet who, in describing his own civilization of a hundred years ago, described ours sowell: "Eternally chained down to a little fragment of the whole, manhimself forms only a kind fragment; having nothing in his ears but thesound of the perpetually revolving wheel, he never develops the harmonyof his being, and instead of imprinting the seal of humanity on his nature,he ends by being nothing more than the living impress of the craft to204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhich he devotes himself, of the science that he cultivates. " Owing to thegrowing complexity of civilization, the problems of life have become sodifficult and numerous that in order to meet them each man must applyhis whole nature to a single one of them. Great cleverness and efficiencyalong special lines have resulted, but at the cost of integrity of personality. Being only fractions of our possible selves, we are loaded with longings and repressions and disfigured with strange inequalities of character.As a cure for this situation people have advocated now one now another remedy. Sometimes the simple life is proposed as a cure. In ourown country even before the middle of the last century, feeling that citylife was becoming a burden, Thoreau betook himself to his wood and hispond. In Russia Tolstoy exalted the life of the peasant. In England William Morris bade us destroy the machine and return to the handicraftarts. Others advocate a reversion to medievalism. Industrialism, mechanism, the city are symptoms of disease; let us, therefore, get rid of themand re-establish the simpler and more intimate life of former days. Butthese are voices crying in the wilderness, and mechanism goes its unrepentant way. Every year brings some new and more efficient machine.The cities grow bigger and bigger, and their dwellers glory in each onehundred thousand added to the population. Industrialization spreads tothe near and far East, to Africa and Asia, encircling the world.PLAY AND ART THE MEDICINE OF THE MINDLet us grant that civilization is a disease; it is, nevertheless, a disease that has created its own cure. Play and art are the medicine of themind. This was the discovery of Schiller, announced in his letters on theaesthetic education of man. Already in 1795 he foresaw the disintegrating tendencies of modern civilization. He also perceived the futility ofany merely political remedy. A radical in his youth, he suffered the disillusionment of the French Revolution, even as some of us today have beendisillusioned by the Russian experiment. When you mend a clock youcan stop it, take it to pieces, clean and repair the worn parts; but youcannot stop the body politic in order to mend it, for if you stop it youkill it. That is the sinister warning in all revolution. Revolution anddeath go hand in hand. The forces active in social life are too subtle andcomplex to be mastered by us as a whole. Our intelligence is capable ofcontrolling them singly and here and there, but when we try to do morewe make a botch of it, and the last state of the social organism is worsethan the first. For these reasons Schiller renounced his faith in radicalpolitical cures and sought elsewhere for a remedy. He found it poetwise,THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ART IN THE NEW AMERICA 205as I have said, in play and art. Was this the mere prejudice of a poet?In order to answer this question let us briefly consider, following thethought of Schiller, what play and art can do for us, what can be theirfunction in our lives.THE FREEDOM BROUGHT BY PLAY AND ARTFirst of all, play and art bring us a freedom which we lack under theconditions of our civilization. For most of us life presents a round of duties or engagements which we must fulfil under pain of misery, failure, ordisgrace. For many the entire program of the day or the year is fixed inadvance. We live by the clock and the calendar. The alarm clock, thetime clock, the book of engagements tell the tale of our slavery. Whenthe things that we have to do are interesting in themselves we are happyenough; but the rub is that so many of them are either a deadly bore orso much a matter of routine that we hardly know that we are doing them,thus sinking from the level of wide-awake, self-conscious human existence to the level of the machines we are tending. Moreover, much of ourwork has to be continued beyond the point where fatigue sets in and tellsus to stop, so that while we are no longer under the lash of the slave-driver, we are under the whip of our consciences and the pathetic necessity of earning our living. Finally, civilization has put us under government all our lives long. Discipline does not stop when we reach manhood,but continues until the release of death, imposing each year new restrictions upon our behavior, so that we might almost say that civilization isinhibition. To be sure, our intelligence and our love for our fellows approves of most of these restrictions. Yet there is a child within us thatprotests and feels itself slapped and restrained. Civilization has littleroom for the child in us after we are grown, yet the child persists nonethe less.By contrast, how free we are when we play or when we either createor appreciate a work of art. There is no duty to play or not to play, tolook at a picture or listen to music. Here all is at our pleasure. Now orthen, today or tomorrow, it does not matter. No harm will come to us ifwe do not; no prize awaits us if we do. The game of golf or tennis, chess,music, the dance, a poem or a picture — these have their significance andcompulsiveness in themselves ; they do not have to borrow them from rewards or consequences. Moreover, in play and in art we are free fromall contraint of rules. This is the more remarkable because most forms ofplay and art are carried on under very strict and precise rules : there arethe rules of the game, the forms and the conventions of art. Yet we do206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnot feel ourselves constrained by them. In making a sonnet, I have to usejust so many lines and syllables and in just such a metrical scheme; butthat is exactly how I would build my poem. When I dance, I have todance in time and in step and in conformity with my partner, yet I do notwish to do otherwise. When I play chess, I have to move the knight andthe queen just so, but I really do not want to move them differently. Incards I have to follow suit, but that is no hardship. Here is perfect freedom under law: here, as Schiller said, impulse and law are fused; law isthe expression, not the repression, of impulse.WHOLENESS RESTORED BY PLAY AND ARTPlay and art not only give us back the freedom that civilizationtakes from us; they also restore our wholeness. Man, Schiller said, isonly all there when he plays: Der Mensch 1st nur da ganz wenn er spielt;notice how beautifully the German translates into our American language! For when a man plays, he puts off his professional mask, he unbends, as we say, he comes back from the specialized warping that hisnature has received through his work, and is now himself. Observe himat his game of golf or cards — how like a child he becomes, gay, frank, andfriendly! The feeling of constraint, of tenseness, disappears; he is nolonger in a fever; he is calm and cool. While' at work he was consciousof his comparative helplessness before his task and his subordination tohis boss, now he feels himself the master, in perfect control, playing hisown hand, his own game. It is no accident, I think, that in the countrythat has proceeded the farthest along the road of industrialization playhas received its greatest development. Our children remain children longest. Indeed, even as men we give to Europeans the impression of beingstill children. We are famed for making our work itself a kind of play.On our vacations we betake ourselves to wood and stream in the spirit ofplay. Golf courses and ball fields are everywhere. At the meetings of ourfraternal organizations men dress themselves up as knights and Turkslike children at a masquerade. The automobile and airplane are our latest toys. Play is the antibody generated by our diseased civilization.THE HIGHER SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTIf play has so much meaning for us in what has been called the machine age, art can mean as much or more. For through art, too, man becomes whole, and in a profounder way than through play. The harmonythat we achieve through play is what I would call a light harmony. Thisat least is true of the play of adults. When as adults we play, we cast offTHE SIGNIFICANCE OF ART IN THE NEW AMERICA 207the burden of our work and of our worries — and that, of course, is agreat boon — but we also forget for the time being the things that givemost significance to our lives: our religion, our knowledge, our memories,our aspirations. In playing tennis or bridge, for example, all these matters are surely irrelevant. But in the aesthetic appreciation this is not so ;there, literally, all that a man is is brought into operation. Play harmonizes by exclusion; art, by inclusion. And while calling into action thewhole resources of our personality, art enriches us besides. Throughnovel, drama, and poetry we feel ourselves into and appropriate types oflife and modes of sentiment other than, and even alien to, our own.Through the imagination, rich and poor, wise and foolish, learned andignorant, high and low, good and bad, become acquainted.Not only are all ways of life made available to us through literature,but also all shades of opinion and varieties of philosophy, and in a formx concrete and easily understood. For all literature, and not merely poetry,is a criticism as well as a mirror of life. By means of painting and sculpture, artists' dreams of nature and the human body become ours, dreamsmore beautiful than any we could dream by ourselves. If, as Emersonthought, pictures and statues are comparable to toys and dolls, well,things that can mean as much to us men as these mean to a child are notrivialities. And we dwellers in cities have a special need of the plasticarts which men who live closer to nature will never, I suppose, be able toappreciate. Machine civilization makes us dry and thirsty ; music bathesus and refreshes us in a flood of feelings, primitive, subtle, or profound.America's place in artYet while in all forms of play and sport it is conceded that Americastands highest, or if not absolutely highest, the peer of any nation onearth, in art, on the other hand, if we take the sweep of the last hundredyears, she has not matched the most artistically gifted nations of Europe.America has produced no poet equal to Browning, no musician as greatas Wagner, no painter the peer of Manet, no sculptor as fine as Rodin, nodramatist such as Ibsen, no novelist as subtle as Dostoievski. This mustbe admitted despite the high claims of Whitman, Hawthorne, Whistler,Saint Gaudens, O'Neill. Many reasons have been alleged for our inferiority in artistic achievement. Sometimes our youth has been offered as anexcuse. But this will serve no longer, for we are now 150 years a nation,and we had our "golden day" when less than half as old. The pressingand shifting economic situation, together with the break in tradition incident to every migration of peoples, are better reasons. Our semicolonial2 08 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstatus hitherto, compelling us to look to Great Britain or some other European nation for inspiration, is still another reason. I have sometimesthought that our predestined role in the history of art is similar to thatof Rome: to fill our land with the artistic plunder of the Old World, andcreate little that is distinctively our own except in architecture, perhapsthe sole art where we have made a great and original contribution, just asRome borrowed and stole from Greece, except in architecture. But Ihave now come to believe otherwise. We are fast building a tradition anda culture of our own, distinctive even when compared with its nearestsimilar, that of Great Britain, a culture to which all European and evenAfrican strains will contribute. In view of our vast accumulations of capital and material resources under development, the economic situation,while it will bring new and critical problems, will probably never be soobtrusive for the whole people as in the past. The secure hold on economic wealth so necessary for artistic culture has been won. There is aRussian proverb which says that he who prohesies is a fool, but I ventureto predict, notwithstanding, that the greatest artistic era in the history ofAmerica, one that will eclipse the genius of our golden day, is not far off.For history shows that periods of high artistic activity usually coincidewith epochs of political and commercial pre-eminence, and into the latterwe have already come. Need and opportunity will combine to make thefuture of art in America immense.I have argued that the mechanical nature of our civilization has created a need for art and that it will also create the conditions for it. But Iam not unconscious of the menace to art involved in the machine. Thedanger is that art itself will be dominated by the machine, and so ceaseto exist as such. For art and mechanism are antithetical. Already themost popular form of art in our country is under the blight of wholesaleproduction for purely commercial ends, and the same fate threatens thetheater. Yet so long as we have our Chaplins and our O'Neills we haveground for hope. But the future of art in America is in the hands chiefly of our educated men and women who may be counted on to know whattrue beauty is.DEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALLTHE formal dedication of Wieboldt Hall, "Erected by the Wie-boldt Foundation to promote the study of modern languagesand literature, a.d. 1926," as the memorial tablet in the Midwayvestibule reads, took place in Mandel Hall on the afternoon of July 10,1928. Acting President Woodward presided, introducing the first of thetwo speakers, Professor William A. Nitze, incidentally expressing thepleasure of the University community in the presence of Mr. and Mrs.W. A. Wieboldt and paying a deserved tribute to the work performed bythe chairman of the Romance department, who spoke as follows:THE MODERN LANGUAGE BUILDING"There is much greatness in a little truth; and happy is he who canfind it." That is an old saying, but I should like to regard it as an expression of the present and a watchword of the future. The Modern LanguageBuilding in which today we celebrate the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Wieboldt is the symbol, I think, of just such a truth. That truth, peculiarlyAmerican, is the value of co-operation, based on an ever ready spirit ofmutual understanding. We know that Mr. Wieboldt desired, first of all,to give the University a building for the study of the German languageand literature, and, moved by an idealism that is characteristic of him, hesuggested to President Burton to name the new hall after Friedrich Schiller. But when President Burton observed that in so doing the Universitywas not making provision for English and the Romance languages, Mr.Wieboldt at once replied: "Mr. President, suggest a name for the building that will embrace them all: English, French, Spanish, and Italian, aswell as German and her sister-tongues." President Burton was not longin finding a solution, for it was prompted by the magnanimity of the manwho had made that remark. And so we are gathered here to dedicateWieboldt Hall, a structure devoted to the co-operative study of modernlanguages in peace, in mutual understanding and help. The modern languages are bristling with problems, past, present, and future. They areof immediate concern to the world of the present, interested in the besetting question of world-peace. Is there any better way of preparing forit than through a body of investigators "seeking a common understanding of men's minds through their speech and literature"? If we needed atext to inspire us, we could find it in the words of Schiller: "Immer209210 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstrebe sum Ganzen, und kannst Du selber kein Ganzes werden, als die-nendes Glied schliess' an ein Ganzes Dich an."A WORKSHOP FOR INVESTIGATIONThus Wieboldt Hall is a workshop for the investigation of problemsin the modern language field. It is, I believe, the first building of thisspecific type in the United States. If you examine its plan, you will findthat, in addition to adequate, and indeed handsome, reading and socialrooms, the building provides chiefly for three things: space, ample space,we hope, for books and documents, which are the rough material uponwhich scholars work; professors' studies in ready access to this material,so that by opening a door the professor is in contact with the documentshe needs to consult; cubicles and seminar rooms for students, who, nolonger crowded into classrooms as disinterested and somnolent observers,are now active participators in the art of constructing a text, of makinga dictionary, of analyzing a phoneme, of interpreting an author or anage, or any one of the many undertakings in which the modern humanities are concerned.The layman has no difficulty in grasping the "utility," as he likes tocall it, of some of these projects. An American dictionary, expecially ifit records the picturesque humor of our speech, is bound, as planned bySir William Craigie, to make a national appeal. Mr. Mencken's chauvinistic objection that the University had to bring over a Scotchman to direct this enterprise neecj. not disturb us. We affectionately remember thatit was a German, then at the head of the French department, who putSpanish scholarship on its feet in this part of the world. In Moliere's LeBourgeois gentilhomme, the astonished Jourdain cries out: "So manythings in only two words." "Yes," comes the laconic reply, "the Turkishlanguage is like that." To Professor Craigie the history of America is tobe found in its "words"; they are the unimpeachable milestones of ourtraditions and our development. When completed, and when properlyconsulted, his dictionary will reveal the United States in their socialmaking. In the meantime, the method by which the dictionary is constructed, the mere gathering of the vast material, the checks and counter-checks placed upon it — these are some of the things that are of general interest and of permanent pedagogical value.THE PHONETIC LABORATORYAgain, it should not be difficult to open the layman's eyes to the usefulness of our phonetic laboratory, installed behind sound-proof doors onDEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALL 211the fourth floor of the new building. Phonetics today is the handmaid oflanguage, and, as regards poetry, she is the modern reader's tenth muse, asprinting was to the men of the Renaissance. Professor Parmenter, ear andnose specialist, we call him, of the Romance Department, is an adept inthe art of correcting phonetic "mistakes," acquired, I am told, far toooften in our own classrooms. Thanks to the delicate devices he has set up,the University now can send forth teachers equipped with a fluent and,let us hope, "convincing" pronunciation, and quite unlike that foneticledeveloppment from which we ourselves suffered. Remote as is the MiddleWest from Europe, this endeavor deserves the University's undividedsupport. Yet, like other branches of study, pedagogical or "applied" phonetics is dependent on advances made in the science of phonetics, andin this respect also the research now under way in the laboratory is promising of excellent results. Think of what it will mean, merely from a practical point of view, if we acquire accurate knowledge as to the bases onwhich the various modern languages are articulated, as to why certainphonetic changes7 occur at stated periods, as to how it is, for example, thatEnglish or Spanish or French varies so distinctly in its own intonation.THE PROGRAM IN LITERARY HISTORYAll of this appears easy to justify and, given the necessary time andenergy, to render intelligible from a broadly American point of view. Itis when we approach more strictly the program for Wieboldt in literaryhistory — the Chaucer project, the study of Carolingian poetry, the editing of Arthurian texts, the topography of European folklore, the comparison of eighteenth-century ideas, the studies in the technique of Balzac, etc. — that our faith in scholarship is put to the test and that we mustbe ready to explain, time and again, why, for instance, it is useful to knowthe exact text that Geoffrey Chaucer wrote ; the history of an Arthurianstory, like the Tristan or the Lancelot; the elements that constitute theworld, the sociological world, of a Balzac. I need not delay to defend herethe value or to rehearse the details of any of these undertakings. Theycover a wide field, from Cross's excursions into Old Irish and Bloomfield'sinvestigations into linguistic change to David's oscillations on the chi-noiseries of Theophile Gautier. The doors of Wieboldt are now open tothe world, and you are invited to come and judge for yourselves. But Iwish to make one general observation, which is that whenever a great artist expresses himself the world is created anew. Read the last chapter ofProfessor Manly's Some New Light on Chaucer, and you will begin tofeel the pulse and throb of Chaucer's universe. To comprehend such a212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDman as Chaucer is to see him, as Professor Manly does, in his environment, in the circumstances and places in which he lived, worked, playedand wrought. No one of our books has received greater praise than Professor Jenkins' edition of the Roland; as a recent reviewer says, "themore one uses this book the more one is impressed by the wealth of materials and ideas which it incorporates." If research, in which professorsand students have co-operated, leads to results like these, Mr. Wieboldtwill not have made his gift in vain. A common trait of the adolescentAmerican is to pooh-pooh the past. He does not realize how much of theEuropean past there is in him, and that the very gods he worships,the Dreisers, the Sherwood Andersons, and the Menckens, have had theirEuropean forebears. The true way of the artist is neither to reflect norreject tradition, but to accept and transform it.But we are engaged in producing scholars, and the function of thescholar is to understand. He is primarily a seeker after facts. He delvesinto remote and obscure corners, since he alone knows that every littlemay count. In an age that worships quantity, his efforts converge onquality. On the other hand, his object is not to remain isolated but tocontribute his share to the general humanistic background on which allreal culture is based, be it American or European.A NEW OPPORTUNITYIn opening Wieboldt Hall we thus enter upon a new opportunity forco-operation. The recent additional gift by Mr. Wieboldt of a Goethecollection to our library increases our indebtedness to him. He needs noassurance that my colleagues in German will put it to good use. For allhis generosity we are deeply grateful; the more so since it is not only apromise but also a challenge to the productive scholarship for which thisUniversity stands.And now a happy circumstance has brought here today various distinguished representatives of other universities. There are particularreasons for mentioning the names of two of these:Paul Hazard, professor of French Literature at the College deFrance, comes to us from an institution which, since its foundation in thesixteenth century, has consistently stood for research in the humanities.He is the first representative of the modern languages to occupy theErnest Hamill Visiting Professorship in this University, and in the nameof the University I extend to him a hearty welcome.Another of our guests is the chief speaker of today. Teacher and investigator of German literature, adopted son of this country to whoseideals he always has been attached, builder of one of the best GermanDEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALL 213departments in the United States, no one could be better qualified to giveWieboldt Hall its final consecration.Dr. A. R. Hohlfeld spoke as follows:GOETHE'S CONCEPTION OF WORLDLITERATURETo be permitted to participate in so auspicious an event as the formaldedication of the Wieboldt Hall of Modern Languages is to me not only amuch appreciated honor, but also a source of lively personal pleasure andsatisfaction. The short distance separating the universities of Chicagoand Wisconsin has favored the establishment of many bonds of personaland professional association between the two institutions, and I individually have had the good fortune, through many years and in various ways,of enjoying a liberal measure of these advantages and privileges. Withmany of the able scholars and teachers whose distinguished labors, in thelast analysis, have laid what I might call the spiritual foundation of thisnew hall of learning, I have been united by ties of friendship and of comradeship at arms. Of those who are no longer in active service, or indeedhave departed from life altogether, I wish to mention in grateful memory at least the names of Cutting and Pietsch and Schmidt-Wartenberg.Having started out myself in my university work, not as a specialistin German, but in English literature, having likewise given considerabletime and attention to the study of Romanic philology both in Germanyand in France, and indeed having begun my career in this country, not asa professor of German, but of French, I have probably enjoyed wideraffiliations and associations than is usually the case with the men andactivities of all the three great language departments that henceforth areto be housed together in their new building.I trust you may pardon these personal allusions to past and presentassociations of my own with the University of Chicago. In referring tothem I am not indulging egotistically in valued memories of a purely personal character. On the contrary, I feel that these recollections have theirrightful place in these remarks if I am to convey to you at least a glimpseof the feelings that animate me at this moment. Having been permittedto watch at fairly close range the marvelous outward and inner growth ofthis great institution, and especially of its three representative modernlanguage departments, I necessarily view this last great consummation ofa distinguished development with peculiar joy and satisfaction, eventhough in expressing this joy and satisfaction and in offering the felicitations and good wishes for the future which such an occasion prompts, I214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDam mindful that in a sense I should convey them to you not only as anindividual colleague from a sister institution, but also as a sort of spokesman for our modern-language men in general, who are all concerned andinterested.CO-OPERATION OF MODERN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENTSI do not know whether at any other of our American universities, orfor that matter at any university anywhere in the world, there exists asimilar modern language building devoted exclusively to the work ofthese departments, and laying the emphasis, as I understand is done here,on advanced and graduate instruction and on the promotion of research.And if it is true, as I assume it is, that this is the first foundation of itskind, I see in this fact a peculiarly appropriate symbol ; for the establishment of Wieboldt Hall to me is far more than a happy accident due to afavorable combination of circumstances. I think I see in it the embodiment in outward form of what has long existed here as an ideal and inactive operation — proof of the power of the spirit finally to build for itselfits adequate outward body; and I rejoice to think that it is institutions ofthis kind, that are born of the spirit, that possess in them the promise ofpermanence and the seed of true success. I am referring of course to thenoteworthy fact that here at Chicago there has long existed an enviablyclose co-operation between the various modern language departments, aco-operation which has produced its finest scholarly result in the jointpublication of a great journal devoted to critical scholarship and originalresearch in the various fields represented. The foundation of WieboldtHall, thus considered, may well be claimed to be the appropriate physicalembodiment of the spirit of "Modern Philology." It is in this sense thatI beg to offer heartiest congratulations to the departments and the University on this admirable achievement, in which civic generosity andscholarly idealism have united in the creation of a splendid new agencyfor progress in an important field of scholarly and cultural activities.THE INSPIRATION OF GOETHEIn my desire to offer as my contribution to the exercises of this afternoon a line of thought which should be representative of my own field ofstudy and at the same time have a range of appeal in harmony with thebroader implications of the occasion, I turned for inspiration to Goethe,than whom, I firmly believe, no better patron saint could be suggestedfor Wieboldt Hall and the activities to be fostered in it. Goethe, with hisalmost universal range of active interests in the life of nature and of man,would have felt at home, or at any rate strongly attracted by what is go-DEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALL 215ing on, in practically every building on this spacious campus, be it activities devoted to the study of the natural sciences or of the humanities.His studies, experiments, and publications would have easily served himas a valid introduction to the departments of anatomy and biology, ofphysics, geology, and meteorology no less than to the men engaged in thestudy of Greek and Roman antiquity, of Russian and Serbian, of Sanskritand Persian and Chinese, in fact in the art and language and literature ofalmost every ancient or modern, eastern or western civilization or people.But after all, I fain would believe that most in his own sphere he wouldhave felt in Wieboldt Hall, and indeed no less so with the English andRomanic departments than with the department devoted to the study ofthe German language and literature. To hear him discuss Shakespeare orByron, or for that matter, Irving or Cooper, with Professor Manly, orMoliere and Rousseau with Professor Nitze, would be fully as delightfuland instructive as to listen to a debate on Herder between him and Professor Schutze.The points of vital, not only accidental or superficial, contact between Goethe's studies and interests and the fields of English, German,French, Italian, and even Spanish literature are indeed far too numerousand far too significant for me to be able to refer to them here otherwisethan in this broad, suggestive way. When past eighty years of age, infact in the very last letter he ever wrote, addressed to Wilhelm von Humboldt on March 17, 1832, that is, five days before his death, Goethe, inanswer to his friend's inquiry, attempted an analysis of the principleunderlying his own development and method of work if viewed in regardto the interrelation of native endowment working from within and foreigninfluences acting from without; and he then formulated the followingsignificant credo: "Das beste Genie ist das, welches alles in sich auf-nimmt, sich alles anzueignen weiss, ohne dass es der eigentlichen Grund-bestimmung, demjenigen was man Character nennt, im mindesten Eintragtue, vielmehr solches noch erst recht erhebe und durchaus nach Moglich-keit befahige." Somewhat freely rendered: "Most happily gifted is hewho is able to receive and assimilate everything, without its weakening inthe least his real fundamental nature or what we are accustomed to callcharacter, but rather strengthening it thereby and developing it to itsfullest possible power."goethe's "world literature"Feeling, thus, during the last years of his long and singularly richand productive life how much of his development and growth he owed tothis principle of a far-flung periphery around a strong controlling center,2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGoethe was convinced that individuals as well as nations would bestreach the fullest and richest development of which they are capable, thatis, come nearest fulfilling their destiny, if they incorporated this principleinto the rule and practice of their lives. In fact, I think I shall be able toshow that it is this characteristically Goethean faith in vital interactionbetween opposite poles that underlies his intense interest during these lastyears of his life in what he called "world literature," using this term ina somewhat unusual and specific sense which, it seems to me, is often onlyimperfectly understood. Let me invite you then for a few moments to aconsideration of what Goethe meant by, and promised himself from, agenuine "world literature," and I dare say at the outset that in so doingwe shall not stray from, but rather come near, the very heart of thoseultimate hopes and expectations that are suggested by the foundation anddedication of Wieboldt Hall.The many admirable remarks which we have from Goethe on thesubject of a "world literature" are unfortunately not easily accessible insome one definite place. Like so many of his best and most stimulatingobservations on various important topics, they are scattered through hisletters, among reported conversations with friends and visitors, and in anumber of reviews and brief critical essays dealing with new publicationsin the field of foreign, especially English and French literature, and theybelong, practically all of them, to the last five or six years of the poet'slife. His first explicit reference to something like a definite program of aninternational cultural exchange occurs, as far as I can see, almost exactlyone hundred years ago, in 1826, in the periodical Kunst und Alter turn,Art and Antiquity, which Goethe published and very largely wrote himself during the last sixteen years of his life. The statement to which Ihave reference was called forth by the publication in Paris of an editionof Goethe's dramatic works in French translation and a friendly reviewof this publication and of Goethe and his work in general in the ParisGlobe, then the leading organ of the young French anti-classicists.Goethe, in his comment on this welcome foreign recognition, hints at thebenefits which he believes will result in welt hiir gerlichem Sinne, in a cosmopolitan sense, when, with open mind and free from prejudice, one nation studies the related products of another, and when thus, in turn, thenation so studied can behold itself reflected, as it were, in a foreignjudgment that is critical without being unfriendly. For one thing it isinteresting to find that in this connection Goethe here applies to the cultural interrelations of two nations the scientific principle of "mirroring,"or of reflected vision back and forth, which had played an important rolein his own optical studies and upon which many of his most interestingDEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALL 217and suggestive experiments in this field had been based. As he often didwith interesting results, so here too Goethe derives from a significantphenomenon belonging to his studies in the natural sciences a principlewhich he makes successfully operative in the sphere of man's intellectualand cultural life. That he was fully conscious of the transfer is provedby an utterance from the very next year, 1827, when he writes as follows:"In the end every literature gets bored with itself (ennuyiert sich) if it isnot revivified, as it were, by a sympathetic interest from outside. Whatscientist does not delight in the astonishing phenomena which he findsproduced by mirroring? And the significance which a mirrored picturemay have in the moral sphere everybody experiences with himself, evenif unconsciously, and as soon as he gives heed to it he will grasp andrealize how much of his development in life he owes to this principle" (ofseeing himself mirrored in others) .THE INTERRELATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND OF NATIONSIt is true, Goethe here speaks primarily of the advantage to be gainedby the individual, but as subsequent quotations will show, there is everpresent in Goethe's mind in the discussion of this question the eithersilent or explicit assumption that the principles that apply to the relations of individuals in social life apply likewise to the intercourse of nations in the life of the world at large.In this same year, 1827, Goethe for the first time seems to have madeuse of the term Weltliteratur, "world literature," in its new and semi-technical meaning. The famous long letter to Carlyle of July 20, 1827,in which the general idea is discussed at great length and to which Ishall return anon, still avoids the term, but Eckermann reports it in twoconversations that he assigns to that year, and in Kunst und Alter turnGoethe for the first time uses it in print. The three statements are asfollows: According to Eckermann, Goethe says: "I am fond of makingexcursions (it is intellectual excursions he means) to other countries andadvise everyone to do the same. National literature does not mean muchat the present time; the epoch of 'world-literature' is at hand, and everybody must now exert himself to hasten its approach." In the passage inKunst und Alter turn Goethe evidently defends himself against reproachesof self-aggrandizement by saying pointedly: "The communicationswhich I have printed from French periodicals are by no means meantsolely to remind the reader of myself and my work. I aim at somethinghigher. Everywhere one hears and reads of the progress of the humanrace, of enlarged horizons in the conditions of the world and of mankind I for my part desire to bring to the attention of my friendsthe conviction that a general world-literature is in the process of forma-2l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion, wherein an honorable part is to be played by us Germans." Andagain to Eckermann: "It is very much to be welcomed that now, withclose intercourse between the French, English, and Germans, we areenabled to correct one another. This is the great benefit resulting froma world-literature. Carlyle has written a life of Schiller and judged himin all respects as a German will not easily be able to judge him. On theother hand, we are clear in our minds about Shakespeare and Byron andappreciate their merits perhaps better than the English themselves."It is evident from even these few brief quotations that what Goethehere calls "world literature" is not understood in a static or historicallyretrospective sense. It does not at all apply to that body of the world'sgreatest literature which in the judgment of posterity has best stood thetest of time and hence represents, so to speak, the classics of the world ascompared with the masterpieces of the various national literatures judgedfrom a purely national point of view. It clearly is not that. Even in so faras this body of literature may be conceived as open to revision from ageto age and, at any rate, subject to enlargement through the gradual inclusion of new works similarly canonized, not even in this wider andmore elastic sense is that what corresponds to Goethe's idea. A body ofworld-literature in the older sense of the word, which has remained tothis day in current use, had of course long existed and been generally recognized. But when Goethe says that the arrival of a world-literature,or, as he expresses it elsewhere, of a universal or at least European literature, is at hand, he clearly means something which in his opinion had notexisted before, at least not in the same spirit and to the same extent.What he has in mind is an active, unhindered intercourse in the domainof letters, broadly interpreted, between the various nations, with England, France, Germany, and Italy in the foreground of his consciousness, though with the distinct implication that in principle, and ultimately in practice, the whole of Europe, yea the whole civilized world, willgradually adhere to this idea of a world-wide intellectual and literary"free trade."LITERARY "FREE TRADE"I use the term "free trade" advisedly, for it is characteristic of whatGoethe means that he parallels his conception purposely with the lawsand customs governing the interchange that nations carry on with thematerial products of their agriculture and manufacture, and I cannot refrain from quoting here in passing a curiously similar thought from Milton, who in his history of Britain writes as follows : "As wine and oil areimported to us from abroad, so must ripe understanding, and many civilDEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALL 219virtues, be imported into our minds from foreign writings; we shall elsemiscarry still, and come short in the attempts of any great enterprise."Not unconsciously or merely accidentally, but systematically and pointedly, does Goethe in this connection use terms that suggest the parallelof trading in exports and imports, as e.g., commerce, business, traffic,market, goods, offering for sale, demand, middleman, and others. So, forinstance, in the letter to Carlyle already referred to he emphasizes the important role which translations and translators will have to play in sucha world-trade or world-exchange of intellectual wares, and uses the following words: "Whoever understands and studies German finds himselfin the market where all the nations offer their wares Everytranslator is to be regarded as though he were acting as middleman inthis general commerce in things of the spirit and as making it his businessto promote the exchange: for say what we may of the inadequacy oftranslating, it is and always will be one of the weightiest and worthiestaffairs in the general life of the world." Aside from stressing the needand value of translations, he commends the importance of periodicals andof reviews of foreign literature, the study of foreign languages, yea, evenall the improvements of modes of travel and communication in his day,as good roads, regular and speedier mails, the newly introduced steamrailroad, new waterways — all of which will play their part, he hopes, inthe better realization and wider extension, not only of economic world-trade, but also of intellectual world-literature. For that in brief is themeaning of world-literature for Goethe: world-trade — and it is to be freetrade to be sure — in the field of letters, jreier geistiger Handelsverkehr.And which are the beneficial results that Goethe expected from suchan era of world-literature? First of all, it is clear that he is not primarilyinterested in what might be called purely literary results, either quantitative or qualitative. On the contrary, he always lays the chief stress onbenefits accruing to the people themselves, to their national character,their national culture. Thus he hopes for increased self-criticism, as wehave already seen when we spoke of the principle of mirroring. In oneinstance, where he prints two French reviews, one favorable and one unfavorable, of his own Tasso, he ends by saying: "From the way in whichthey [the French] think about us, more or less favorably, we learn at thesame time to criticize ourselves ; and it cannot do any harm if once in awhile we are made to think about ourselves."Then he hopes that through the contact provided by active literaryintercourse with the rest of the world each nation will stress more andmore those elements of its national life and character which are "uni-220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDversally human," and hence capable of readier general appreciation andtransfer, while such peculiarities as lead too easily to misunderstandingand dislike will be softened and subdued.From this increased emphasis on what is "universally human" he, inturn, expects a gradual diminution of international indifference and animosity, of what Carlyle, writing to Goethe about the English, characterizes as "insular pride and prejudice." In its place, Goethe hopes, therewill be a steady, even if slow, growth of understanding and agreement between nations, of a more general good will. Thus he expects the movement to be productive of results contributing toward a broad and noblefraternization of the countries of the world, eine edle allgemeine Lander-und Weltannaherung. Traditionally, by instinct and conviction, an enemy of violence and of war, he even lets his hopes run on to the possibility of eliminating war and promoting world-peace.THE BLESSINGS OF WORLD PEACEIn the ideal vision which thus hovers before his imagination it is apparent, then, that the dominant factors are increased self-knowledge, afiner and richer culture, and all that may be termed the blessings ofpeace. And in this manner only, Goethe would have us believe, can thenations of the earth hope to ascend gradually toward a truly adequateHumanit'dsideal of individual and national culture. Goethe had inherited this concept from the ideology of the early eighteenth century,but with this important difference, that to him it was no longer the un-historical, theoretical ideal of the age of rationalism and enlightenmentthat aimed at a cosmopolitan uniformity of man in the abstract. Goethe,in his youth, had been the admiring pupil of Herder, the first great modern interpreter of the historical evolution of human civilization; andbeauty and perfection to Herder, as indeed to Goethe, never meant uniformity, but rather variety, a concord or harmony resulting from the interplay of intrinsically different elements. Again and again, Goethe, inspeaking of nations in their relations with each other, parallels them withindividuals in society, and just as a worth while, interesting, and productive society depends at least as much on differentiation as on unification, and would be deadly boredom and intellectual lethargy if all itsmembers were to aim at being alike, just so that concert or concord of nations that he hoped for is not to rest on the obliteration of national characteristics and differences of endowment. Goethe was too realistic athinker not to be clearly aware of the difficulties these cultural differencescreated, and on one occasion wrote as follows: "Every nation has peculiarities whereby it is differentiated from others, and it is these peculiari-DEDICATION OF WIEBOLDT HALL 221ties through which the nations feel separated from one another, attractedor repulsed. The outer manifestations of these inward peculiarities mostfrequently appear to another nation as strangely disagreeable and, atbest, ridiculous. Indeed it is on account of these peculiarities that we always esteem a nation less than it deserves." Taken by itself, this statement sounds rather pessimistic and seems to stress only the drawbacksthat result from national differences in manners and customs; but thatthis was not Goethe's ultimate view may be shown by another citationfrom the previously quoted letter to Carlyle:The peculiarities of a nation must be learned, and allowance made for them,in order by these very means to hold intercourse with it; for the special characteristics of a nation are like its language and its currency : they f acilitate intercourse,nay they only make it completely possible The attainment of a genuine, universal tolerance is [therefore] best assured if we do not quarrel with the peculiarcharacteristics of individual men and races, but hold fast to the conviction that whatis most truly meritorious is distinguished by belonging to all mankind.It is true, then, Goethe's attitude in regard to what he calls "world-literature" is characterized by optimistically high expectations; but it isequally true that he never allowed his creative enthusiasm to degenerateinto uncritical self-delusion. No matter how far his spiritual gaze mightsoar onward and upward, his bodily eyes remained soberly fixed onreality. He expected no millennium; he was entirely conscious of all thedangers and limitations that stand in the way of progress and insist onbeing reckoned with. Listen to these words of warning:With the ever increasing rapidity of communication [and this was said a hundred years ago, when it still took the mail coach some three or four hours to coverthe twenty-odd English miles from Weimar to Jena] such a world-literature is inevitable. But when in the near future it becomes established we must not expectfrom it any more or anything else than what it can yield and does yield Thatwhich suits the taste of the crowd will spread far and wide and, as we see even now,it will commend itself in all climes and regions. That which is serious and genuinelyworth while will be less successful Hence, those who take matters seriouslywill have to form a quiet, almost apologetic band (eine stille, fast gedmckte Kirche,are his words), for it would be in vain to try to stem the sweeping tide of the day,but they must seek steadfastly to maintain their position until the flood has passed.Or, in some other connection, speaking of England, or rather Scotland,in connection with the Edinburgh Review, the Foreign Review, and theForeign Quarterly Review, Goethe says: "These periodicals, in proportion as they gradually gain a larger circle of readers, will effectively assist in the establishment of the hoped-for general world-literature. Only,we repeat, there is no sense in expecting the nations to think alike, butthey are at least to become aware of each other, understand each other,222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand, if they are not inclined to love each other, at least learn to be tolerant of each other." And lastly, even though Goethe felt convinced thateverywhere in human affairs a certain degree of gentleness and moderation was slowly gaining ground over what was crude and cruel and selfish,he concludes: "to be sure, we are not permitted to hope that universalpeace is being ushered in thereby, but yet that inevitable strife willgradually become more restrained, war less cruel, victory less insolent."I am at the end of this necessarily brief analysis of Goethe's conception of "world literature" and of what he hoped for from such an enlargement of the world's intellectual and spiritual intercourse and co-operation. At the time when the aged poet was most active in stressing andpromulgating his idea only some ten to fifteen years had passed since theclose of the Napoleonic Wars. It will soon be that long after the close ofthe great war of our own age, compared with which even the far-flungcampaigns of the Corsican resemble that mail coach which in Goethe'sdays plied between Weimar and Jena in comparison with a modern express train or giant airplane. Strife, we must admit, has not become morerestrained, war no less cruel, victory no less insolent. But if Goethe didnot despair after a period of almost uninterrupted warfare of more thantwenty years that he had lived to witness and in part to experience atclosest range, should not we too follow his example and refuse to losefaith? Should not just we who are friends and servants of scholarship,and thus friends and servants of truth and of spiritual advancement, exertourselves only the more actively to contribute the best that is in our subjects and in us as their stewards toward the achievement, still far offthough it should be, of world-peace through world-literature in Goethe'ssense? Let me answer by once more quoting the master's words : "Thosewho take matters seriously will have to form a quiet, almost apologeticband, for it would be in vain to try to stem the sweeping tide of the day,but they must seek steadfastly to maintain their position until the floodhas passed."May the band of scholars whose work and teaching in the fields ofmodern European civilization will constitute the real life of this new hallof learning accept Goethe as their patron saint! May they be such a bandof devoted and determined idealists, and may they be none too quiet orapologetic in proclaiming their faith and in living by it!This is the burden of my birthday wish when in conclusion and, asI fondly hope, on behalf of all the modern language colleagues of ourcountry, I call to them: Vivant, crescant, fioreant!THE DEDICATION OF THE CHAPELBy CHARLES W. GILKEYTHE great event of the Autumn Quarter in the life of the University will undoubtedly be the dedication of the UniversityChapel on Sunday, October 28. The son of the founder of theUniversity and of the donor of the Chapel, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,will be present, with Mrs. Rockefeller, to give one of the addresses; andthe dominating structure of the whole University group, planned forsince 19 10 and more than three years in building, which a visiting architect recently declared to be one of the finest architectural monuments inAmerica, will take its place thenceforward in the daily life of the University.Those who were present at the dedication of the magnificent newPrinceton Chapel on May 30, the ecclesiastical masterpiece of RalphAdams Cram, as our own is that of Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, realized forcibly that in the use of Gothic buildings as imposing and cathedral-like in their dimensions as these, seating each about 2,000 people,pageantry, music, and collective ceremony are all raised to a new and unexpected power and beauty. Accordingly, the committee preparing theservices of dedication has planned for a minimum of speaking and amaximum of general and group participation in both the morning andafternoon services. It is intended that the actual service of dedication inthe morning shall be primarily for the University community itself.Half the available tickets will be reserved for the use of the student body,and faculty members will march in the academic procession. The remaining quarter of the seats will be occupied by officials and special guests ofthe University.At the morning service, the academic procession will enter fromHarper and the Midway to the singing of Watts' hymn "O God, OurHelp in Ages Past." After the singing of a chant of Palestrina's by theUniversity choir and the invocation by the visiting minister, Dr. RufusM. Jones, of Haverford College, a member of the student body will readfrom the Scriptures. Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Acting PresidentWoodward will then make the addresses. The formal service of dedication will be conducted by Professor A. H. Compton, chairman of theBoard of University Social Service and Religion, and will be participatedin by the congregation. After the singing of Whittier's "DedicationHymn," Acting President Woodward will formally instal the Dean ofthe Chapel, Charles W. Gilkey, in his new office. The prayer of dedica-223224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion will be offered by the new Dean. An anthem and recessional hymnwill conclude the service.The afternoon service will be chiefly musical, with a brief address byDr. Rufus M. Jones. Miss Claire Dux will be the soloist, and the ApolloClub will render choral numbers. Tickets for this service also will be reserved for students and faculty, and there will be accommodation for alarger number of guests of the University than at the morning service.On Monday morning, October 29, the ministers of Chicago are to bethe guests of the University at their regular meeting under the auspicesof the Chicago Church Federation. At this meeting, which will be held inthe Chapel, Dr. Rufus M. Jones will speak; and the ministers will be entertained at luncheon afterward bycthe University.The first sermon in the Chapel will be preached by the new Dean,Charles W. Gilkey, on Sunday morning, November 4. There will, ofcourse, be no more Sunday morning services in Mandel Hall after thelast sermon there, by Rev. F. W. Norwood, of City Temple, London, onOctober 21.The later program in the new Chapel is in the hands of the newBoard of University Social Service and Religion, composed equally ofstudents and faculty, of which the new Dean is the executive officer.This program for the remainder of the Autumn Quarter will be announcedsoon after the opening of the University. It is expected that the Chapelwjll be open daily, not only for inspection but more especially for meditation and private devotion; and that there will be a half-hour of organmusic daily as well. Both before and after the dedication of the Chapel,when the number of visitors is expected to be unusually large, the undergraduate Chapel councilors, who have been preparing themselves for thisservice through the summer, will serve as guides over the building, pointing out its features of architectural interest. They will also serve as ushers at the services of dedication on October 28. The interest of this groupof prominent student leaders, both men and women, in the new Chapel,and their active co-operation in the establishment of its place in the lifeof the University, have been very significant.THE LATE WILLIAM GARDNER HALE1849-1928WILLIAM GARDNER HALE1849— 1928By CARL DARLING BUCKWILLIAM GARDNER HALE, Professor Emeritus of Latinin the University of Chicago, died after a brief illness on June23, 1928, at his home in Spippan Point, Stamford, Connecticut, a peaceful end of a long and distinguished career, of a full life, richin human relations and achievement.Mr. Hale was born in Savannah, Georgia, of New England revolutionary stock, his parents' home being in Peterboro, New Hampshire,where he spent his boyhood. He attended Phillips-Exeter and HarvardCollege, where he was graduated in 1870. Between 1870 and 1880 he wasfellow at Harvard; student in Leipzig and Gottingen; tutor in Latin atHarvard; professor of Latin at Cornell, 1 880-1 892; professor and headof the Department of Latin in the University of Chicago from 1892 untilhis retirement in 19 14; president of the American Philological Association, 1892-93; director of the American School of Classical Studies atRome, 1895-96. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Union,Princeton, St. Andrews, and Aberdeen.This is not the place to list his publications or to describe the technical character of his work as a Latinist, nor would this give any idea ofhis influence as scholar, teacher, and organizer. For research he wasequally well known to the scholars of Europe and America. Practicalproblems of teaching, of teaching which should be at the same time simpler and more in accord with scientific analysis, were also his concern fromthe time of his first publication {The Art of Reading Latin, which becamethe best-known guide for reading Latin with accuracy and taste) , throughthe years in which he was chairman of the Committee on GrammaticalNomenclature, and in his teachers' training course here, which wasthronged with actual and prospective teachers of Latin. To his zeal andjudgment as an organizer is due in large measure the early developmentof a notable Latin department in the University of Chicago, and thefoundation of the American School of Classical Studies at Rome, of whichhe was the first director, and the chairman of the managing committee inthe critical years of its organization.Mr. Hale was one of the first chosen by President Harper to serve as"Head of the Department," one of that distinguished group which was togive the new university an immediate standing in the scholarly world andupon which the President relied to build up strong departments. Mr.225226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHale entered upon this adventure (for so it must have seemed to him andothers who left ranking positions in the older universities) with whole-souled enthusiasm. He was one of the most active in the faculty deliberations. One will not forget the commanding figures of Hale and Chamber-lin among the heroes of those early debates on the "Latin question,""entrance examinations, " "admission of fraternities," etc., nor will oneforget the active part of Mr. and Mrs. Hale in the social life of the community, the many gatherings at their home, since moved and now housing the Graduate Club.In his own department Mr. Hale was never content with the initialprestige which his own presence gave to it. He developed a departmentof notable strength, not merely by his judgment in selecting new men, butabove all by his encouragement and stimulation of members of the staff.He was ambitious for them that they should be masters, too, the strongerthe better, each in some special branch of Latin studies. His desire for awell-rounded department was a spurring influence and effective in theissue.Mr. Hale was a man of wide interests outside the academic field.He had a keen appreciation of, and fine taste in, all forms of art, and waspassionately fond of music. He was always conversant with public affairs,and with his idealistic temperament held pronounced views on politicaland social questions.All who knew William Gardner Hale will think of his distinguishedpresence, his personal charm, and unfailing courtesy. Mr. Linn has written feelingly of him under the caption of "A Roman Senator." Apt andvivid. Or, if ever one feels moved to repeat a hackneyed phrase, it is tosuch a man as Mr. Hale that one may apply it in all its serious import —a gentleman and a scholar.FIFTY THOUSAND YEARS AGORECENTLY Dr. James H. Breasted, Director of the Oriental Institute, received from a young pastor in a small far-away mid-_ die-western town a letter which is so typical of many sent himin the course of a year that portions of it and of Dr. Breasted 's reply bearquotation. The pastor writes :I am just a country preacher, without time or opportunity to avail myself ofthe knowledge contained in great libraries, and I know that you can give me this information without hesitancy. I have just been looking over .... your Survey ofthe Ancient World You make it quite clear that you believe man descendedor ascended from lower forms of animal life. Passing over the categorical statementthat human life existed in Europe 50,000 years ago (which I do not believe), I wantto ask whether or not you and historians of your school believe that the same conditions ever existed in Western Asia. If you do so believe, what evidence have you tobolster your belief ?As an evangelical Christian, I believe that God created man by divine fiat andbreathed into him a spirit made after the Maker's image in knowledge, righteousness,and holiness. I believe that man fell from the estate in which he was created by sinning against God, and therefore needs a Redeemer to lift him out of his estate of sinand misery into an estate of salvation. Assuming that our position is correct, nothingwould be more natural than to suppose that the descendants of primitive man whowandered into the forests of Europe and Africa would deteriorate culturally andmorally, being completely isolated from the sources of civilization. Nothing could bemore probable than that their descendants would, in a few generations, be as bestialas any of our Saxon forefathers, or their ancestors, have proved to have been. Icontend that the Christian position has not been demolished until it has been provedthat conditions in what we now call Mesopotamia were similar to what we knowthem to have been in Europe in the earliest days. So far as my reading has informedme, there has been no evidence that the people of the Euphrates Valley were eversavages To this letter Dr. Breasted, who had just returned from some monthsin the Near East, replied as follows :Let me say that in endeavoring to answer your questions I can do so with considerable sympathy for the point of view which they disclose, because I held exactlythe same point of view when I was a young man, and I can therefore appreciate thedifficulties with which you are called upon to contend. But I have long since givenup the effort to salvage my faith by the denial of the facts. A faith that will notstand the facts is not worth having. I have still preserved all that is essential to myfaith, and I welcome and acknowledge all the facts which can be clearly recognizedas such in the universe in which I live — an obligation as sacred as any imposed uponus by theories of revelation, because the Author of the universe has handed us Hiswork without any intervening agency of human hands as in the case of revelation.Now turning to the facts, may I repeat your question : "I want to ask whetheror not you and historians of your school believe that the same conditions ever existed227228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin Western Asia. If you do so believe, what evidence have you to bolster yourbelief?"By "same conditions" I understand that you mean those of Stone Age Europe.In the work of our Oriental Institute one of our five expeditions in the ancient NearEast is carrying out an investigation of the earliest known evidences of man in allthe lands around the eastern Mediterranean. We call this expedition the "PrehistoricSurvey." It has now been in the field for two seasons. The work thus far has beenconfined to the Nile Valley, but will be extended to Western Asia in a short time.The successive stages of the Stone Age in northeastern Africa have been found without a single break, and during the season just passed the expedition found flint implements, human handiwork, in geological levels of the Lower Pleistocene, that is,almost back to the end of the preceding Pliocene Age, or, in terms of our chronology,several hundred thousand years old at the very least.Similar work in Western Asia has thus far been very casual and superficial, butit has already disclosed vast quantities of stone implements in various stages of development corresponding with those in northeastern Africa and in Europe. Furthermore, in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee, one of the caves of Palestine which areonly now beginning to be examined has disclosed a human skull belonging to a manof very low type of intelligence, far lower than any race now existent on earth.There is not a shadow of doubt of the existence of Stone Age civilization allround the Mediterranean, and the Stone Age civilization of the Euphrates Valleyshows quite clearly that the people of that region were once Stone Age savages.Within the next five years we shall have carried out systematic prehistoric investigations of that region and shall have very largely increased the body of evidence already in our hands, for the work already done shows that this body of evidence isvery large. We have only to go out and get it THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, Secretary of the BoardUNIVERSITY STATUTES AMENDEDTHE University Statutes have been amended as follows:i. By substituting the words, "Dean of the University Chapel," for theword, "Chaplain," wherever it occurs.2. By adding, at the end of Section i, Article III, of Statute 13, the words, "oras Deans of Schools or Colleges."3. By substituting for the last two sentences of paragraph b) of Statute 2, thefollowing : "The first half of the curriculum, ordinarily known as the work of theFreshman and Sophomore classes, constitutes the Junior College; and the secondhalf, ordinarily known as the work of the Junior and Senior classes, constitutes theSenior College. Junior College curricula are conducted in the Colleges of Arts, Literature and Science only."4. By omitting in Section 1, Article XIV of Statute 13, the comma after theword "employment" in the first sentence and substituting for the phrase, "The recommendation of teachers," the phrase, "vocational guidance and placement"; andfurther, by omitting "The Board of Student Employment" from the list of Boardsat the end of this Section.5. By substituting for paragraph m), Section 2, Article XIV of Statute 13, thefollowing: "The Board of Vocational Guidance and Placement shall include, besides the ex-officio administrative officers and the eight members appointed by theBoard of Trustees, the Alumni Secretary and the Deans of the various schools andcolleges."6. By substituting in the second sentence of Statute 21 the words, "the Undergraduate Council," for the words, "Senior and Junior College Councils"; changingthe third sentence to be in grammatical agreement with the foregoing substitution ;and by omitting the last sentence of the Statute.STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESThe personnel of the standing committees of the Board of Trusteesfor the year 1928-29, is as follows:Finance and Investment : Charles R. Holden, Chairman, William Scott Bond,Vice- Chairman, Howard G. Grey, Robert P. Lamont, Frank McNair, and EugeneM. Stevens.Buildings and Grounds : T. E. Donnelley, Chairman, E. L. Ryerson, Jr., Vice-Chairman, Sewell L. Avery, H. B. Barnard, Martin A. Ryerson, and John Stuart.Instruction and Equipment : William Scott Bond, Chairman, Albert W. Sherer,Vice- Chairman, Charles W. Gilkey, Wilber E. Post, and Julius Rosenwald.Press and Extension : T. E. Donnelley, Chairman, Robert L. Scott, Vice-Chair-man, Eli B. Felsenthal, Samuel C. Jennings, and Albert W. Sherer.Audit and Securities: C. F. Axelson, Chairman, H. B. Gear, Vice-Chairman,Samuel C. Jennings, and Charles W. Gilkey.229230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSPECIAL COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESThe following persons have been appointed as a special committeeon symbolism for the Bernard E. Sunny Gymnasium: Charles H. Judd,Robert C. Woellner, and H. O. Gillet.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments havebeen made during the three months prior to October i, 1928:Charles W. Gilkey, as Dean of the University Chapel, for one yearfrom September 1, 1928.Thomas Griffith Taylor, now Head of the Department of Geographyin the University of Sydney, as Professor in the Department of Geography, effective January 1, 1929.William N. Randall, as Associate Professor of Library Science in theGraduate Library School, for three years from October 1, 1929.Dr. William Robinson, as Assistant Professor in the Department ofPathology, under the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, for oneyear from October 1, 1928.Dr. Hilmeyer Cohen, as Instructor in the Department of Pathology,under the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, for one year from September 1, 1928.Dr. Edward L. Compere, as Clinical Instructor in the Departmentof Surgery, for one year from July 1, 1928.Arthur S. Fairley, as Instructor in the Department of Astronomy,for one year from September 1, 1928.First Lieutenant N. F. Galbraith, as Instructor in the Departmentof Military Science and Tactics, for one year from July 1, 1928.Charles Hartshorne, as Instructor in the Department of Philosophy,for one year from October 1, 1928.Dr. Dewey Katz, as Instructor in Ophthalmology, in the Department of Surgery, for one year from January 1, 1929.Mrs. Ethel A. Martin, as Instructor in the Department of HomeEconomics, for the Autumn Quarter, 1928, and the Winter and SpringQuarters, 1929.Charles W. Morris, Jr., as Instructor in the Department of Philosophy, for the period from February 1 to June 18, 1929.First Lieutenant Ernest C. Norman, as Instructor in the Departmentof Military Science and Tactics, for one year from July 1, 1928.Willis Conway Pierce, as Curator-Instructor in the Department ofChemistry, for one year from October 1, 1928.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 231Eugene Updyke Still, as Instructor in the Department of Physiology,far one year from October 1, 1928.Lila Welch, as Instructor in the Department of Home Economics,for the second term of the Summer Quarter, 1928.Dorrance S. White, as Instructor in the Department of Latin, forthe Autumn Quarter, 1928, and the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1929.. Dr. Li Sribyatta, as Research Associate in the Department of Physiology, for one year from August 1, 1928.Rudolf A. Clemen, as Lecturer in the Institute of Meat Packing ofthe School of Commerce and Administration, for the year 1928-29.Howard C. Greer, as Special Lecturer in Accounting in the Instituteof Meat Packing of the School of Commerce and Administration, for theyear 1928-29. ,Richard Martin Page, as Lecturer in the School of Commerce andAdministration, for the Autumn Quarter, 1928, and the Winter andSpring Quarters, 1929.Jeanette E. Sawyer, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, for oneyear from October 1, 1928.L. H. Reece, as Placement Counselor of the Board of VocationalGuidance and Placement, for one year from August 1, 1928.Ada Niedermeyer, as Assistant Supervisor of Field Work in theSchool of Social Service Administration, for the Summer Quarter, 1928.Ruth Powell, as Assistant Supervisor of Field Work in the School ofSocial Service Administration, for three months from June 18, 1928.Lelia I. Dickinson, as Social Worker in the University Clinics, Social Service Department of the School of Social Service Administration,for the Summer and Autumn Quarters, 1928, and the Winter and SpringQuarters, 1929.Watson Boyes, as Secretary of the Haskell Museum, for one yearfrom July 1, 1928.Edward Chiera, as Editor of the Assyrian Dictionary of the OrientalInstitute, for one year from July 1, 1928.C. Little, as Draftsman on the Meggido Expedition of the OrientalInstitute, for six months from July 1, 1928.John A. Maynard, as Collaborator on the Assyrian Dictionary ofthe Oriental Institute, for one year from July 1, 1928.^ Philip S. Kao, as Curator in the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, for the Autumn Quarter, 1928, and the Winter and SpringQuarters, 1929.In the Home-Study Department, the following: J. Q. Ames, M.Spinka, and C. E. Van Sickle.232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPROMOTIONSThe following promotions were made by the Board of Trustees during the three months prior to October i, 1928:Ernest P. Lane, to a professorship in the Department of Mathematics, from October 1, 1928.Dr. H. Fielding Wilkinson, to an associate professorship in the Department of Surgery in the School of Medicine, for one year from August1, 1928.Elizabeth S. Dixon, to an assistant professorship in the School ofSocial Service Administration, from October 1, 1928.Lieutenant C. R. Gildart, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Military Science and Tactics, for one year from September1, 1928.Dr. C. B. Huggins, to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof Surgery in the School of Medicine, for one year from October 1, 1928.LEAVES OF ABSENCEThe following leaves of absence were granted by the Board of Trustees during the three months prior to October 1, 1928:Arthur W. Kornhauser, for the period from December 1, 1928, toJuly 1, 1929.William T. Beauchamp, for one year from October 1, 1928.RESIGNATIONS AND CANCELLATIONSThe following resignations were accepted during the three monthsprior to October 1, 1928:L. C. Marshall, as Professor of Economics and Chairman of the Department of Political Economy, and as Director of Economics and Business, effective July 1, 1928.Paul MacClintock, as Assistant Professor of Geology, effective October 1, 1928.Harrie Edna Brooke, as a member of the Library Staff, effectiveSeptember 1, 1928.The following appointments have been canceled during the threemonths prior to October 1, 1928:Dr. Melbourne Clements, as Clinical Instructor in the Departmentof Surgery in Rush.Medical College, effective July 1, 1928.Dr. Marie G. Ortmayer, as Clinical Instructor in Medicine at RushMedical College, effective July 1, 1928.Dr. Clarence L. Wheaton, as Clinical Instructor in the Departmentof Medicine, at Rush Medical College, effective July 1, 1928.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 233Hazel Menier, as Teacher in the Elementary School, effective October 1, 192S.Howard E. Wilson, as Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, effectiveOctober 1, 1928.Lillian D. Eldridge, as a member of the Library Staff, effective July1, i928-DEATHDr. Oscar Ellis Chase, Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department of Pediatrics, in Rush Medical College, died September 16, 1928.GIFTSMr. Lawrence H. Whiting has given the funds to provide an electricfootball score board at the University, to be known as the "Lawrence H.Whiting Score Board." The score board was erected and in operationbeginning with the first football game of the 1928 season.Mrs. Gertrude Dunn Hicks has given to the University a collectionof rosaries with suitable cases for their display, a tapestry valued at$25,000, and other articles of interest and value.Mr. Julius Rosenwald has pledged to contribute for a period of fiveyears a yearly sum of not to exceed $5,000 for the purchase of books,periodicals, and other scientific publications for the Medical Library, theyearly contribution to match whatever sums are contributed from othersources, up to the amount of the pledge.Miss Minna Roman, of Clinton, Iowa, has pledged the sum of$5,000 as a subvention to be used by the Oriental Institute for the publication of the Milbank Papyrus.Mr. James Curtiss, Mrs. James H. Marshall, and Mrs. Walter O.Wilson, have pledged to continue the De Laskie Miller Prize in RushMedical College, formerly given by their mother, Mrs. C. C. Curtiss, recently deceased.Mr. Alfred K. Stern has pledged $500 for a fellowship in the Department of History for the year 1928-29, to be awarded to Mr. WilliamGambrell.' The E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company, Incorporated, haspledged $750 for a DuPont fellowship in Chemistry for the year 1928-29.For the purpose of an investigation of the problem of the interrelationship of morphine and thyroid intoxication, the Committee on DrugAddictions of New York City has given the sum of $500 in addition to$1,800 previously contributed.Under the will of Adolph J. Lichtstern, whose death occurred July 6,1928, two-sixteenths of the residue, after setting aside one-third of the234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgross estate for the widow, and after payment of debts, taxes, and administration, are bequeathed to the University without restriction. It is expected that the bequest will amount to $250,000 or $300,000.One hundred dollars has been received from an anonymous donor tobe expended at the discretion of Professor E. B. Frost, Director of YerkesObservatory, and to be known as the "Astranon Fund."MISCELLANEOUSThere has been established through the gift of Mrs. Frederic IvesCarpenter and her son, Frederic Ives Carpenter, Jr., on pledges madeduring the Development Campaign, the "Frederic Ives Carpenter Visiting Professorship in English." The income of the fund is to be devotedeach year to the appointment of one or more visiting professors in anyquarter of the year with the title, "Frederic Ives Carpenter Visiting Professor in English."THE LAYING OF THE CORNERSTONE OF THEGEORGE HERBERT JONES LABORATORYThe laying of the cornerstone of the George Herbert Jones Laboratory was accompanied by an informal ceremony on September 11, 1928,participated in by the donor, Mr. George Herbert Jones, his daughter,Mrs. Walter J. Jarratt, Acting President Frederic Woodward, Vice-President and Business Manager Lloyd R. Steere, Professor Julius Stieglitz,Trustee Harrison B. Barnard, Mr. David Evans, and others. The Secretary of the Board read a list of the contents of the cornerstone box,which included copies of Mr. Jones's letters of gift; photographs of thedonor, of the four presidents of the University, of the two presidents ofthe Board of Trustees, and of Professors Stieglitz, Harkins, Schlesinger,Glattfeid, Rising, and other members of the staff, besides the customaryofficial documents.CARVINGS ON THE JONESLABORATORYA committee from the Department of Chemistry, of which Dr. Julius Stieglitz was Chairman, recommended the choice of the followingsubjects for the carved figures of the building, and these are being putinto position as the construction goes forward.There are three niches, each large enough to hold one figure. For these threefigures we have selected the following men : Lavoisier, the great French chemist ofthe end of the eighteenth century, who is considered the founder of chemistry as ascience ; Wohler, the great German chemist, who was professor of chemistry at Got-tingen University and might be considered the founder of the science of chemistryof life ; and, third, the great Russian chemist, Mendeloeff, whose periodic law for thechemical elements was enunciated about 1869.For the head on the outside of the first floor of the west side of the building,Dalton was chosen, the great English chemist, who is considered the founder of themodern atomic theory.At the entrance of the building a head of Willard Gibbs was selected; and onthe other side, a head of August Kekule. Gibbs was an American and the founder ofmodern physical chemistry. Kekule, a German, is the founder of modern organicchemistry.Other symbols include the Bessemer converter, indicating the fundamental connection between chemistry and industry; the medical caduceus to indicate the connection between chemistry and medicine or life; a balance, of the shape and typeused by Lavoisier; a retort, a common symbol of the science of chemistry itself; apair of crystals of optical opposite faces, which commemorate the great work ofPasteur ; and a spectroscope, commemorating the fundamental work of Bunsen withthe physicist Kirchoff. If the spectroscope should not lend itself to this use, the symbol of a hexagon, an important milestone in the development of organic chemistryby Kekule will be substituted.235AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYBy JULIUS STIEGLITZTHE Department of Chemistry of the University of Chicago wasfortunate in having as its first head the late John Ulric Nef.Three characteristic qualities of Dr. Nef contributed greatly tothe building up of the department and of its traditions. Outstanding washis complete devotion to his research work; for many years he was theonly member of the University Faculty who had the full time services ofa highly trained research assistant (a Ph.D.) ; the daily activities of Nefand his assistant were a continuous stimulus to research for his staff andfor the student body. In the second place, Dr. Nef believed in the autonomy and complete responsibility of the individual members of hisstaff in respect to their own courses and their own research work. The instructors in charge of the different branches of chemistry were given theopportunity to develop their methods of instruction freely and along newlines as desired, experimenting in chemical education. It is no exaggeration to say that the late Alexander Smith as professor of general chemistry contributed more than any other man in the world to the modernteaching of general chemistry. His textbooks, the expression of the results of his experiments at the University of Chicago, secured the widestadoption, not only in this country but throughout Europe and Asia aswell, through translations into a large number of foreign languages. Thefirst volume of Stieglitz's Qualitative Analysis was called a "milestone"in its field when it was published in 191 1.The third characteristic of Dr. Nef, which made him a great organizer of his department, was that from the outset he expected from everysingle member of his staff true devotion to research and self-developmentthrough research. As a significant illustration of this attitude referencemay be made to the fact that in the second year of the department eventhe two "docents" (volunteers, without salary), Lengfeld and Stieglitz,were encouraged to direct independently the research work of two candidates for the Ph.D. degree as an aid in the development of their ownproblems. This was at a time in the history of the University when research men naturally were scarce. One of these candidates, the first manto take his degree with Dr. Stieglitz, was Otto Folin, who is now Hamilton Kuhn Professor of Biological Chemistry in the Harvard Medical236AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 237School, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and, we believe,the only alumnus of the University of Chicago who has achieved an honorary degree from the University without attaining to the presidency ofsome University or research institute.THE STANDARDS OF THE DEPARTMENTThe principles inaugurated by Dr. Nef have continued as standardsof the department. Research work on the part of every member of thestaff has been its keynote. For the college courses men and women havebeen sought and found who have combined in a happy fashion decidedteaching ability with research ambitions and power. In default of eitherof these qualifications, instructors have been allowed to seek other opportunities. Of special interest is the fact that the chief courses forFreshmen have always been in the charge of persons of high standing asinvestigators: Smith, McCoy, Harkins, and Schlesinger, all full professors, and Terry-McCoy, represent a notable succession of teachers andinvestigators to start our students rightly on the path of chemistry. Moreover, in order that every beginner might have the benefit of listening to,and conferring with, a leader in his field, the department has never limited the size of its classes, which have run to 100 and 150 members. Onlyin the organization of the laboratory and recitation work of these largeclasses have sections under younger assistants and instructors, workingunder the supervision of the professor, been used. This policy has workedwell, giving a university tone, in contrast to a secondary school tone, towork in chemistry from its very beginning in the department. It is apleasure to note that this method is now being tried with great success inmany other departments of the University.GRADUATE WORKBut the heart of the department has been in its graduate work, andparticularly in its research work. The investigations carried out by itsstaff have covered a very wide range: Nef's establishment of the biva-lency of the carbon atom opened up new fields in the development of organic chemistry and received world-wide recognition; his thoroughgoinginvestigations of the oxidation of sugars laid an important foundation forthe exhaustive study of the processes of carbohydrate combustion. Investigations have been carried out by Stieglitz of the mechanism of acceleration of chemical changes (catalysis), on problems of stability andinstability of molecules in relation to molecular rearrangements, and onthe source of color in our thousands of beautiful dyes, and related topics.Advances in the knowledge of the chemistry and origin of radium and of238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDother radio-active elements, were made by McCoy, who also prepared thefirst "organic metal" known to science. Studies made by Harkins of surface forces, vital for life phenomena as well as for industrial processes, ofthe structure and evolution of atoms, and of their occurrence in the formof isotopes have been among the most important in these fundamentalfields of work. Investigations of the forces inherent in complex-ion formation by Schlesinger, of catalytic oxidations by Terry, of the existenceof a new order of tautomeric salts by Rising, of photochemical changesby Noyes, and surface tension by Young represent a few of the hundredsof investigations carried out in the Department of Chemistry. All havebeen concerned with the theories of chemistry — almost no work has beendone on problems immediately relating to industrial exploitation. But theresults are also ready for application to the study of the chemistry of lifeand to industrial processes, applications which have been made elsewherein a number of instances.THE GRADUATES OF THE DEPARTMENTThe department has graduated some 240 or more Ph.D.'s, the largestnumber of any department in the University. Naturally a large proportion of these men and women carried out their research work under thedirection of the full professors, notably Nef, Stieglitz, McCoy, Harkins,and Schlesinger, covering the fields of organic, physical, and inorganicchemistry, and radio-activity; but the fact that no less than sixteen instructors of all ranks have participated, each independently, in the assignment of problems to these men, gives point to the policy of encouraging all the members of its staff to engage in research work. The distribution of these Ph.D.'s after graduation indicates the broad fields inwhich the training of the department is bearing fruit: universities, 82 ;colleges, 48; high schools and junior colleges, 5; research institutes, 20;government and state institutions, 11; industrial research, 71. Twenty-eight of these men and women are heads of their departments in universities and colleges. The large number engaged in industrial research isworthy of comment. The department has given no technological instruction but has always taken the stand that thorough and broad training inthe theories and technique of the various fields of pure chemistry is thebest preparation for industrial research as well as for an academic career;the fact is of interest that since the war the great industrial research laboratories have reached the same conclusion, and they now specify exactlythis type of preparation in calling for men. Space does not permit theenumeration of the Ph.D.'s (and of other alumni) who have achievedoutstanding success in every line of effort followed, but it is only rightto say that the department is proud indeed of the record of its alumni.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 239THE FUTUREThe plans of the department for its future development have beenheld back ten or more years by the lack of space and of facilities resultingfrom the congested condition of the Kent Chemical Laboratory. But nowthe new George Herbert Jones Laboratory is rising day by day to thewest of Kent and it will provide ample space for the requirements of thedepartment for growth, as well as for its present staff. Great needs stillremain. Urgent is the need of the expansion of the staff to broaden itspossibilities in the newest fields of chemical research. This further development has been started by the calling of Professor Morris Kharaschfrom the University of Maryland to strengthen the work of the department in the field of organic chemistry. Dr. Kharasch, a Ph.D. of theUniversity, is one of the four or five outstanding men in this field amongthe brilliant younger leaders in this country. The department must nowsecure the services of a physical chemist of international standing in thefruitful line of advance to be found in the application of the latest methods of physics, the X-ray, spectrography, and electro-physics, to the investigation of problems of pure chemistry. Equally urgent is the need ofmore generous financial support of the present staff: the department hasalways taken literally, indeed, too literally, it feels now, the pleas of poverty on the part of the University. Its members have waited patiently,to the breaking-point, for better days. Every present member is now doing high-class work and is needed. A breakdown of this staff wouldmake it impossible for the department to secure promising young material in the future.Endowment for research, to cover the cost of expensive apparatusand supplies, is another important need. Endowment for the securingof highly trained (Ph.D.) research assistants for its professors would beone of the greatest aids to the output of fundamental new work. Wherea German professor of chemistry has as many as six or more men working with him at top speed, our whole department has but one such man,whose time is consumed by the large number of candidates for the doctorate degree. And finally, the department is anxious to secure five orsix fellowships paying $1,000 a year (the endowment for each one ofthese would amount to $20,000). These fellowships would enable it tocompete with other great universities for the best graduate students planning careers in chemical research. It is unfortunate that graduate workin our country is on a subsidized basis, but recognizing the fact that it isso, it seems most unwise that a University should not invest in the bestbrains and highest ambitions in students as it aims to do in the selectionof its professors.240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICSBy H. A. MILLISTHE Department of Political Economy, recently renamed theDepartment of Economics, was one of the original departmentsof the University. A beginning was made with a professor, anassociate professor, and a tutor. At the time the University was founded,economics, as a separate discipline, was taught in few of the higher educational institutions of this country; the United States then ranked far below certain European countries, and especially Germany, in interest displayed in this branch of the social sciences. During the last generation,however, economics has come to be stressed in our universities and colleges and has also been finding increasing place in the secondary schools.GROWTH OF THE DEPARTMENTThe progress of the department in staff and number of students haskept pace with this growing interest. With more and more emphasis uponresearch and with a demand for an increasing number of teachers and foreconomic advisers and experts in business and in government bureaus,the number of graduate students has increased rapidly. As against thirty-two graduate students twenty-nine years ago, when the writer was a fellow in the department, there were eighty-three in 191 5-16. In 1927-28,with those in Commerce included as in the other years mentioned, thecorresponding number was 280. To date the doctorate has been conferred upon seventy-four (sixty-seven in Economics and seven in Commerce and Administration), the Master's degree upon 181 (seventy inEconomics and in in Commerce and Administration). The numbertaking the doctorate has been somewhat disappointing. It is accountedfor, largely at least, by the expanding demand for those trained in economics, which has caused many of our students to leave the Universitybefore completing all of the requirements for the degree. Though this hasbeen done with the expectation of returning for the doctorate, many havebeen so circumstanced or so successful that they have not returned. Thishas been the experience of other graduate schools also.The department has supplied many of the teachers of economics inthe colleges and universities of the Middle West, the South, and the West.Through its elementary texts, "materials," and "readings" it has alsobeen of service in developing economics as a teaching subject. Boththrough those trained by it and its development of college courses andmaterials the department has been a great factor in the development ofeconomics as a college and secondary-school subject.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 241GRADUATE WORK AND RESEARCHWhile the department has devoted much effort to the development ofeconomics as a teaching subject, it, like the other departments of the University generally, has always but increasingly stressed graduate work andresearch. The courses have been organized in each field into those introductory to graduate work, truly graduate, and seminar for individual cooperative research. Many contributions of importance have been madeby students and staff. A considerable number of these have found placeamong the economic studies, materials, etc., published by the UniversityPress, while the Journal of Political Economy, started in 1892, and editedby the staff, has been one of the leading economic journals of the world.One cannot write the briefest account of the Department of Economics without referring to the School of Commerce. Professor Laughlin, thebrilliant and untiring head of the department during its first twenty-fouryears, as early as 1894 laid before the University a plan for businesstraining. A few years later the College of Commerce was organized. Thisdeveloped rapidly under the direction of Professor Marshall, who becamedean in 191 2. Perhaps no one in this country has had as great influenceas he upon training for business. The most important fact to be mentioned, however, relates to the co-operative and complementary relationship which has developed between the School of Commerce and the Department of Economics. The two staffs have developed a unified researchprogram and a large part of the training of the two groups of graduatestudents is in common. The School stresses training in economics as foundational; the Department stresses the importance of business organization, practices, and customs as developed in commerce courses and research, in gaining a correct understanding of the nature and functioningof our economic institutions. This much-needed relationship is almostunique and has added greatly to the value of the University as a place forgraduate training in economics.This suggests another point worth noting, viz., that the departmenthas been appreciative of outside contacts. Only with such contacts can itsthinking and contributions be balanced and realistic. And, on the otherhand, some members of the staff have been particularly helpful in solvingeconomic and social problems. This was strikingly so in the case of Professor Laughlin, who had a great influence upon the monetary system andbanking organization of this country. Two members of the staff have frequently served as arbitrators of industrial disputes and are now membersof panels for that purpose, while others are rendering similar service inother connections. In these ways a type of laboratory is secured.242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA TROUBLESOME PROBLEMIt is a matter of regret that this note must be closed with a referenceto a troublesome problem. Of course this particular problem has presented itself elsewhere as well, but it has been an especially serious one inthe Department of Economics. The problem lies in the loss of able mento other universities, to research organizations, and to business. Amongthose who have been members of the staff during the last thirty-five yearsbut have been attracted elsewhere are A. C. Miller, of the Federal Reserve Board; Wesley C. Mitchell, of Columbia University and the Bureau of Economic Research; Thorstein Veblen; Herbert J. Davenport,of Cornell; Henry Rand Hatfield, of the University of California; AlvinS. Johnson, of the New School for Social Research; Walton Hamilton, ofAmherst, the Brookings School, and now of Yale; Harold Moulton, Lev-erett Lyon, and C. 0. Hardy, of the Institute of Economics at Washington; Maurice Clark, of Columbia; and now (and alas! ), L. C. Marshall,of Johns Hopkins. Good fortune in securing new men has not caused usto cease to regret the loss of these former members of the staff. And weshall continue to feel the losses sustained from the untimely deaths ofHoxie and Field, both of them outstanding members of the departmentand irreplaceable in their fields of research and teaching.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERProminent leaders in education tookpart in the program of the Institute forAdministrative Officers of Institutions ofHigher Learning held at the University,July 16-20. Trevor Arnett, president ofthe General Education Board, New YorkCity, spoke on the subject, "Should Students Pay a Larger Part of the Cost ofEducation?" Other subjects discussedwere : "Responsibility of the Administration for the Moral and Religious Development of Students," "Is There a Place inAmerican Higher Education for a Four-Year Liberal Arts College?" "CurrentEfforts to Improve Instruction in HigherInstitutions," and "Co-operation withOrganized Student Activities." A conference on religious and personnel workin colleges formed a part of the program.The following were the Universitypreachers during the Summer Quarter:June 24, Dean Shailer Mathews, University of Chicago; July 1, Professor Theodore Gerald Soares, University of Chicago; July 8, Rev. M. E. Aubrey,secretary, the Baptist Union of GreatBritain and Ireland, London, England;July 15, Professor William WarrenSweet, University of Chicago; July 22,Rev. Preston Bradley, The People'sChurch, Chicago; July 29, PresidentOzora Stearns Davis, Chicago Theological Seminary; August 5, Rev. H. Town-send, principal, the Baptist College,Rusholme, England; August 12, Rev.Bruce Taylor, principal, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario; August 19, Associate Professor Albert Eustace Hay-don, University of Chicago; August 26,Professor Gerald Birney Smith, D.D.,University of Chicago.To express religious life in formssuited to new conditions will be the aimof Dr. Charles W. Gilkey, who recentlyresigned as pastor of the Hyde ParkBaptist Church of Chicago to becomeDean of the Chapel of the University.The Chapel, it is announced, will bededicated October 28. "In the Chapel, anew program, now being shaped, willaim at the same adjustment to modernreligious conditions and problems in thelife of the University that Bertram Gros- venor Goodhue's originality has made inthe Gothic tradition of architecture,"said Dr. Gilkey. "The Chapel waslaunched in a day when compulsory attendance was taken for granted. Weare finding expressions for religious lifein the University in new forms suited tonew conditions. Compulsion is gone forever. We do not regard its abolition asan end in itself. It was done to clearthe way for these new forms. Our models for procedure are not those of a localchurch. There will be no church organization and no church membership.There are no exact precedents and nocopy to follow in this experimentation.We shall have to find our own way." Aboard of religion and social service, consisting of sixteen members equally divided between members of the Faculty andthe student body, has been working formore than a year on the religious program of the University. As Dean of theChapel, Dr. Gilkey will function as executive officer of the board.In reporting on his work in the Vatican Library at Rome, Mr. J. C. M.Hanson, recently Acting Director of theUniversity of Chicago Libraries and nowon leave of absence for recataloguingthat famous collection of books andmanuscripts, says that the authorities ofthe library are attempting to introduce,for the printed books, a more modernsystem of cataloguing and classification.There are at present, including Mr. Hanson, three librarians from America whohave been at work since March. It isnot impossible, Mr. Hanson says, thatout of the present reorganization maygrow a system of library co-operationsimilar to the one that has grown uparound the Library of Congress. PopePius XI, himself an old librarian andformer prefect of the Vatican Library,is reported as keenly interested in theprogress of the undertaking.At the, June, 1928, meeting of theAmerican Medical Association, Dr. B. J.Clawson, a former Doctor of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriologyand now of the University of MinnesotaMedical School, was awarded a certificate of merit, Class I, for an exhibit243244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDemphasizing clinical and experimentalphases of the study of endocarditis.The site of the new Botany group, itis announced, is on the west side of In-gleside Avenue at the corner of Fifty-seventh Street. The group is to be composed of a laboratory, a potting building,and thirteen greenhouses. Contract forthe erection of the greenhouses has already been let.The University of Glasgow on September 10, during the meeting of theAssociation for the Advancement of Science in Glasgow, conferred the honorarydegree of Doctor of Divinity on DeanShailer Mathews.Professor James Henry Breasted, Director of the Oriental Institute of theUniversity, was commissioned by Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg to represent the United States Governmentat the Seventeenth International Congress of Orientalists held at Oxford, England, August 27-September 1. ProfessorBreasted, who returned from Egypt inMay from an inspection of the University's five expeditions in Egypt and AsiaMinor, also represented the AmericanHistorical Society, of which he is president, the Oriental Society of America,the Oriental Institute, and the Smithsonian Institute. The Oxford Congresswas the first meeting of important specialists in Oriental languages, literatures,and history since the war, and in Dr.Breasted's belief was the first scholarlymeeting in England since the war atwhich the German government was officially represented. The congress wasoriginated by King Oskar of Sweden.Professor Breasted read a paper on therelations between early Egyptian andearly Greek medicine, based on the content of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, now in possession of the University.Professor Alan H. Gardiner, professorof Egyptology of the University thoughhe has never been in Chicago, ProfessorEdwin Chiera, Dr. K. S. Sandford, andDr. Adriaan De Buck, all of the University, also read papers.The Disciples Divinity House of theUniversity, at the corner of Fifty-seventh Street and University Avenue, opposite the Quadrangle Club, is ready foroccupancy with the opening of the Autumn Quarter. The new building, whichwas erected in connection with the University Church of the Disciples, costabout $150,000 and has an endowment of $100,000. More than 500 studentshave been identified with the DisciplesDivinity House since its organization in1894 under the presidency of PresidentHarper. Most of the present studentsare enrolled in the Divinity School ofthe University. The Dean of the Disciples Divinity House is Dr. EdwardScribner Ames, Professor of Philosophyand pastor of the University Church ofDisciples, who has been connected withthe University for nearly thirty years."Echoes" of radio signals, as yet inexplicable to scientists, but promising toreveal new knowledge of strata 200 milesabove the earth and to aid in solvingthe conditions affecting long-range radiowork, are being recorded nightly at theUniversity, according to a report prepared by Dr. J. Barton Hoag and hisassistant, Victor Andrew. They havebeen photographing these peculiar "multiple signals" nightly, and they now believe that atmospheric conditions at thegeographical North Pole, at the magnetic pole, and in the aurora borealis region are responsible for the "echoes."Using an oscillograph to picture the low-length waves as they come in from Germany, South America, and California,the two physicists have caught aftereffects to the main signals which cannotbe explained by the fact that the signals often go round the world, becausethey occur .01-.04 of a second after themain signal, too short for the circum-terrestrial path. Neither can they be explained simply by the Kennelly-Heavi-side layer, a strata of electrons createdby the sun, ranging from 75 to 150 milesoutside the earth, which forms the reflecting surface for long-distance "wave-bouncing." "The vagrant waves whichwe are recording apparently take an excursion of several thousand miles morethan the direct path from transmitter toreceiver," says Dr. Hoag. "This path isunknown and we are classifying ourdata in hopes of co-ordinating them withphenomena on or above the earth's surface which are capable of bending orreflecting the waves along paths shorterthan the great circle of the earth." Dr.Hoag has advanced the suggestion thatthese vagrant waves circle the northpole and return. He suggests that at thegeographical pole the Kennelly-Heavi-side layer forms an inverted bowl threehundred miles deep, because of the influence of the six-months' day, the wavesBRIEF RECORDS 245revolving in the bowl. He believes alsothat the magnetic pole and the auroraborealis electrical conditions affect thewaves. According to Dr. Hoag, twoother physicists at the Naval ResearchLaboratory, A. Hoyt Taylor and L. C.Young, have been receiving similar multiple signals and have suggested that theradio waves are reflected from mountains. The Chicago scientists are forcedto do most of their work at night because the "echoes" start failing as thesun rises.The New Graduate Library School ofthe University, which is an outgrowth ofa movement on the part of the libraryprofession for an institution devoted exclusively to research and graduate study,opens with the Autumn Quarter of theUniversity, October 1, according to anannouncement by its Dean, George AlanWorks. J. C. M. Hanson, recently Acting Director of the University Librariesand now in charge of the recataloguingof the Vatican Library in Rome, will beProfessor of Bibliography, Classification,and Cataloguing in the new school;Harriet E. Howe, Associate Professor ofLibrary Science; and Douglas Waples,Professor of Educational Method. Dr.Pierce Butler, of the Newberry Library,Chicago, will be a lecturer for the Autumn Quarter, and the special lecturersalready engaged include J. ChristianBay, librarian of the John Crerar Library; Theodore W. Koch, librarian ofNorthwestern University; Carl M. Milam, secretary of the American LibraryAssociation; Carl B. Roden, librarian ofthe Chicago Public Library ; and GeorgeB. Utley, librarian of the Newberry Library. The positions for which the newLibrary School will give preparation include those of administrators of public,college, and university libraries, teachersfor library schools and of library sciencein teachers' colleges, and librarians ofspecial collections such as law, history,medicine, science, Americana, manuscripts, etc. Chicago has many important library interests that will be invaluable to the school. The American Library Association has its headquartersin Chicago, which makes co-operation incertain types of studies readily possible;and the library science student will findunusual facilities for his work in thegreat libraries for which Chicago is famous — the Crerar, Newberry, Public.University of Chicago, and Northwest ern, and other notable collections likethose of the Chicago Historical Society,the Chicago Law Institute, and the Municipal Library. Alterations in rooms onthe first floor of Harper Memorial Library have been made to provide spacefor the new school.Candidates for degrees at the OneHundred Fifty-second Convocation onAugust 31 numbered 623, one of thelargest Autumn Convocation classes inUniversity history, according to an official announcement from the President'soffice. In the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Science, the College of Education, the School of Commerce and Administration, and the School of SocialService Administration, 213 Bachelor'sdegrees were conferred. For the Master's degree there were 216 candidates inthe Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science; 7 in Commerce andAdministration; 8 in Social Service Administration; and 19 in the DivinitySchool: a total of 250. For the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy there were 81candidates in the Graduate Schools ofAr£s, Literature, and Science; one inCommerce and Administration ; and 9 inthe Divinity School: a total of 91. TheLaw School had 18 candidates for thedegree of Doctor of Law (J.D.) and 2for the degree of Bachelor of Laws(LL.B.), a total of 20. In Rush Medical College there were 29 candidates forthe degree of Doctor of Medicine and18 for the four-year certificate, a totalof 47. Among the graduates were twoCzechoslovakians, two Germans, threeFilipinos, one Hungarian, one Russian,three Japanese, two East Indians, oneGreek, one Syrian, and fourteen Chinese.Two-thirds of the total number receivedeither the Master's or Doctor's degree.Discovery of the famous stables ofSolomon during the excavations of theruins at Armageddon, Palestine, whichhas been announced by the Oriental Institute of the University, is described ina full report by Mr. P. L. O. Guy, fielddirector of the Institute's Megiddo expedition. The 3,000-year-old stables on thetown site of Armageddon, north of Jerusalem and about ten miles inland fromthe Mediterranean Sea, cover half anacre. "Solomon laid out his stables systematically," says the report, "the stalls.being arranged in double rows. Theiorses, about twelve to the row stoodracing each other, with a passage between246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe two rows of heads for the groomsand feeders. In front of each horse was amanger, and the rows of mangers weredivided by massive stone hitching posts,which still contain the original tie holesfor the insertion of the halter ropes."Dr. James Henry Breasted, director ofthe Oriental Institute, declared that"such a discovery will be of the greatesthistorical importance. Few people areaware that Solomon was not only anoriental sovereign but likewise a successful merchant. Not the least of his activities was his enterprise as a horse dealer.His marriage to the daughter of a pha-raoh of Egypt gave him a close connection with the Egyptian court, and hetherefore enjoyed inside opportunitiesfor securing the finest breeds of Egyptian horses." The Megiddo expedition isin the third year of a five-year campaigntoward which John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,contributed $215,000 in 1925. Workingunder the present field director at Megiddo are seven members of the University, a staff of trained Egyptian diggers,and two hundred natives of Palestine,mostly women, who carry baskets ofrubbish on their heads to the dump.Plans for publishing the famousRockefeller-McCormick manuscript ofa complete Byzantine New Testament,which by chance was discovered in aParis antique shop by Professor EdgarJ. Goodspeed of the University, andgenerously purchased by Mrs. Rockefeller McCormick for study by Universityscholars, contemplate the production ofthree volumes. The first will reproducein full-size, colored facsimiles the ninety-eight illuminations of the manuscript.The second monograph will be devotedto the text, and Associate ProfessorDonald W. Riddle is already engaged inits collation. The third volume will bedevoted to the iconography of the manuscript. The textual and aesthetic importance of the Rockefeller-McCormickCodex will thus be fittingly placed before the public. The earliest home ofthe manuscript was the imperial libraryin the palace of the Paleologi in Constantinople. In the chaos at the end ofthe Byzantine Empire it found a refugein a monastic community in the Balkansor in Asia Minor. Sometime in the post-Byzantine period it acquired two splendid, but ill-matched, metal covers whichhave since been its protection. Curious ly enough, in its monastic home themanuscript was used as a magical bookfor the cure of sickness. Water waspoured on the covers, and the patientswere made to drink the water. Toomuch of the water, unfortunately, penetrated the book itself, so that many ofthe fine vellum leaves are in a crumpledcondition. In 19 10 the manuscript wasacquired by the dealer who, after holding it for nearly twenty years, sold it toMrs. McCormick. The final negotiationswith the dealer were intrusted to Dr.Harold R. Willoughby, Assistant Professor of New Testament Literature inthe University, who described the manuscript in a recent issue of the University Record.Asserting that "the criminal careersof adult offenders have their origin, almost without exception, in early childhood and adolescence," a report by EarlM. Meyers, of the University of ChicagoLocal Community Research Committee,suggests several radical changes in themethod of dealing with juvenile delinquents. In analyzing every institutionfor youthful delinquents In Illinois, Mr.Meyers found a widespread lack of scientific appreciation of the problem. "Institutional treatment of delinquency inChicago and Illinois has yet to demonstrate its value in a program of reformation," says the report, published by theIllinois Association for Criminal Justice."Politics rather than training plays themajor role in the choice of officers, anddownstate, the too liberal, and often illegal, use of the county jail as a placeof detention for juveniles is highly detrimental. The public school is not atpresent adequately equipped to studyand to treat the problems of child behavior. And outside the schools, policeofficers rather than social workers makethe investigations in the great majorityof complaints against children." The report urges the development of a comprehensive program of child study andguidance in the schools, and the use ofsocial workers rather than police to makethe investigations, with detention homesrather than jails as the place of observation and correction.Work began some weeks before October on the new power plant at the Illinois Central Railroad tracks at Sixty-first Street and Blackstone Avenue. TheBRIEF RECORDS 247tunnel for the pipes and wires transmitting power and light has been partlycompleted. Of the 3,300 feet of tunnel,2 800 feet have been built. The powerplant, the tunnel, the equipment of thepower plant, and the work of adaptingthe new system to the old will requireeventually the expenditure of $1,500,000.The Secretary of the Home-StudyDepartment reports that 137 of the 491who received Bachelor degrees at theJune, 1928, Convocation took one ormore home-study courses. Only 100 ofthe 491 took all of their college work in residence here. Thirteen of the 491first established student relations withthe University through the Home-StudyDepartment, finishing from one to sixcourses before entering courses at theQuadrangles. Seventeen of the 47 elected to Phi Beta Kappa took one to threehome-study courses. Twelve of thosewho received the Master's degree and 4who received the Ph.D. degree utilizedhome-study courses to make up undergraduate deficiencies or to supplementthe residence graduate work requiredfor these degrees.ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 19281928 1927Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature i, 086681 i,376247 2,462928 1,122672 1,318227 2,440899 2229Science Total 1,767251114100 1,623425149179 3,39o676263279 i,794260IOI119 i,545405152254 3,339665253373 5in102. The Colleges —Senior Junior Unclassified 94Total 4652,232242169618 7532,3763010158 1,2184, 60827226in26 4802,274246249319 8112,3563215812 1,2914,63027839IOI31 10 73Total Arts, Literature, andScience 22II. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate 6Unclassified 13Chicago Theological Seminary —Graduate Unclassified 5Total 372145 6318 435163 382120 6715 449135 28 142. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science —Graduate Unclassified 26 2 28 19 5 24 4Total 171171164017 2011051 191181264518 139151046122 20166 15916no6722 32216Rush Medical College —Post-Graduate Fourth- Year Third- Year 22Unclassified 4Total 19036112221302 173753 20739812724302 20234111723352 13337 21537412423352 243I 8Total Medical Schools (lessduplicates) 3. Law School-Graduate Senior Candidates for LL.B 5Total 17523332 827030273 18329333305 177391244 7194933H 184233105355 60 14. College of Education —Senior Junior 72Unclassified 50Total 58754433 573241749 6319961712 959043148 5983312139 693123552717 "*6" 625. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate 24Senior Junior 20Unclassified 5Total 125113 547517313 1798620313 1551211 675910627 2227in628 159 436. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Senior Junior 3Unclassified 15Total 14 108 122 14 102 116 6Total Professional Schools . . .Total University 1 ,1053,337191 8433,21923 1,9486,556214 1,1643,438166 8743,23022 2,0386,668188 "26" 90112Deduct for duplicates Net total 3,146 3,196248ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1928 249ATTENDANCE IN THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1928— ContinuedGraduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate School of Science. . v Rush Medical College Law School College of Education School of Commerce and AdministrationGraduate School of Social Service Administration Total. .Duplicates .Net total.Grand total . 3,39o3§316318912799864,4371634,274 9395432668231,410231,3876,342 279522818230S121370928681INDEX TO VOLUME XIVAdmission to the Colleges, New Regulations for, inAmong the Departments: Department ofAstronomy and Astrophysics (EdwinB. Frost), 52; Department of Botany(Henry C. Cowles), 117; Department ofChemistry (Julius Stieglitz), 236; Department of Comparative Philology,General Linguistics, and Indo-IranianPhilology (Carl Darling Buck), 113;Department of Economics (H. A.Millis), 240; Graduate Library School(George A. Works), 50; Department ofHome Economics (Katharine Blunt),187; Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology (Edwin O. Jordan), 183; Department of Sociology and Anthropology (Ellsworth Faris), 189; University College (Carl F. Huth), 120Annual Trustees' Dinner to the Faculties,The, 80Angell, James Rowland: Medicine andthe University, 17Art, The Significance of, in the NewAmerica (DeWitt Henry Parker), 201Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Department of (Edwin B. Frost), 52Attendance: in the Autumn Quarter,1927, 67; in the Winter Quarter, 1928,139; in the Spring Quarter, 1928, 198;in the Summer Quarter, 1928, 248Billings Hospital and the Epstein Clinic,Dedication of, 30; Dr. Frank Billings,portrait, facing 26Blunt, Katharine: The Department ofHome Economics, 187Board of Trustees, The (John F. Moulds),45, 126, 172, 229; A.fnliations, Recent,126; Appointments, 46, 126, 173, 230;Deaths, 48, 129, 179, 233; Election ofOfficers and Trustees, 172; Gifts, 48,129,^ 179, 233; President Max Mason'sResignation, 172; Resignations, 48, 128,I79, 232; Retirements, 48; UniversityStatutes, Amendments, 45, 136, 229Botany, The Department of (Henry C.Cowles), 117Buck, Carl Darling: The Department ofComparative Philology, General Lin guistics, and Indo-Iranian Philology,113; William Gardner Hale, 225Building Operations, 99Chapel, see University ChapelChemistry, The Department of (JuliusStieglitz), 236Chicago Theological Seminary, NewBuildings, illus., facing 192Chicago Tuberculosis Institute, 112Clinics, Recently Dedicated University,illus., facing 17Colleges, New Regulations for Admissionto the, inComparative Philology, General Linguistics, and Indo-Iranian Philology,The Department of (Carl DarlingBuck), 113Compton, Arthur H., and the "ComptonEffect," 40Convocation Addresses: Education thatEducates (John Matthews Manly), 1;Mason's, President Max, address, 141;Medicine and the University (JamesRowland Angell), 17; MetropolitanRegions (Charles Edward Merriam),69; Significance of Art in the NewAmerica (DeWitt Henry Parker), 201Convocation Statements, 57, 122Cowles, Henry C: The Department ofBotany, 117Dedication of: Billings Hospital and theEpstein Clinic, 30; University Chapel(Charles W. Gilkey), 223; UniversityClinics and Medical Laboratories, 26;Wieboldt Hall, 209Economics, The Department of (H. A.Millis), 240Education That Educates (John Matthews Manly), 1; portrait, facing 1Faris, Ellsworth: The Department ofSociology and Anthropology, 189Field, James A., May 26, 1880— July 15,1927, 42; portrait, facing 42Fifty Thousand Years Ago, 227251252 INDEX TO VOLUME XIVFreund, Ernst: James Parker Hall, Deanof the Law School, 109Frost, Edwin B.: The Department ofAstronomy and Astrophysics, 52Gilkey, Charles W.: The Dedication ofthe University Chapel, 223Goethe's Conception of World Literature,(A. R. Hohlfeld), 213Goodspeed, Thomas Wakefield, September 4, 1842 — December 16, 1927, 34;Funeral Services of , 36 ; Last Picture of,illus., facing 36; Portrait of, 34; Tributeto, IIIGraduate Library School (George A.Works), 50Hale, William Gardner (Carl D. Buck),225; portrait, facing 225Hall, James Parker, Dean of the LawSchool (Ernst Freund), 109; portrait,facing 109Hohlfeld, A. R. : Goethe's Conception ofWorld Literature, 213Home Economics, The Department of(Katharine Blunt), 187Huth, Carl F.: University College, 120H}'giene and Bacteriology, The Department of (Edwin O. Jordan), 183Jones, George Herbert, Laboratory(Hermann I. Schlesinger), 105; Accepted Design for, illus., facing 105;Carvings on, 235; Ground Breaks forthe, illus., facing 166Jordan, Edwin O.: The Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology, 183Lasker Foundation for Medical Research,The, 107; Albert D. Lasker, portrait,facing 107Manly, John Matthews: Education ThatEducates, 1Mason, President Max : Convocation Address, 141; Hail and Farewell, 149; portrait, facing 141; Resigns, 147Medicine and the University (JamesRowland Angell), 17Merriam, Charles Edward : MetropolitanRegions, 69; portrait, facing 69Metropolitan Regions (Charles EdwardMerriam), 69Millis, H. A.: The Department of Economics, 240 Modern Language Building, The (William A. Nitze), 209Nitze, William A.: The Modern Language Building, 209Nobel Prize Winners — Compton andMichelson, illus., facing 40Oriental Institute, The Past Season'sWork of the, 168Parker, DeWitt Henry: The Significanceof Art in the New America, 201; portrait, facing 201Power Plant, A New, 102President Mason, see Max MasonResidential Halls for Women, 158Retiring Allowances — Amendment ofStatutes, 112Rockefeller-McCormick Manuscript, The(Harold R. Willoughby), 153; illuminations, illus., facing 153Schlesinger, Hermann L: The GeorgeHerbert Jones Laboratory, 105Social Science Building, Accepted Designfor the, illus., facing 99Sociology and Anthropology, The Department of (Ellsworth Faris), 189Stieglitz, Julius: The Department ofChemistry, 236Sunny, Bernard E. Gymnasium, Designfor the, illus., facing 172Trustees' Dinner to the Faculties, TheAnnual, 80University Chapel, The, 162; Dedicationof (Charles W. Gilkey), 223; GroundPlan of, 162; Last Stone of the, Rises,illus., facing 162; Vaulting and Tile ofNave, illus., facing 164University Clinics and Medical Laboratories, Dedication of the, 26; illus., facing, 17University College (Carl F. Huth), 120Wieboldt Hall, Dedication of, 209Willoughby, Harold R.: The Rockefeller-McCormick Manuscript, 153Works, George A.: The Graduate Library School, 50; portrait, facing 50