The University RecordVolume XIII JULY I 927 Number 3MEDICINE AND HUMANPROGRESS1By FRANK BILLINGS, Sc.D., M.D.Professor Emeritus of MedicineIn the development of this theme it is the purpose to indicate, in abroad way and as briefly as possible, the fundamental principles whichhave directed the work that has led to the phenomenal accomplishmentsof modern preventive and modern clinical medicine. From these statements deductions will be made and utilized in a discussion of the character of the general college education and the graduate university trainingwhich are necessary to qualify men and women to be productive workersin the promotion of human progress. For the sake of brevity and without detraction from the purpose, this discussion will be limited to the conditions of the era of modern medicine.Modern medicine dates from the discovery of preventive vaccination, made by Edward Jenner in 1796. This was one of the greatestdiscoveries in the history of medicine. It established the principles of protection given against a disease by inoculation with an attenuated virus.Cowpox or vaccinia is a manifestation in a mild non-fatal form of thedreaded disease, smallpox. A susceptible person will be protected againstan attack of smallpox if rendered immune by inoculation with cowpox.Jenner's discovery was important also because it was one of the firstdemonstrations of the value and importance of observation, experimentation, and deduction in the establishment of real knowledge. Jenner'swork was the only outstanding event of that period including the first1 Delivered at the One Hundred Forty-sixth Convocation of the University,held in Hutchinson Court, June 14, 1927.1611 62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhalf of the nineteenth century which had any influence in the bettermentof preventive and clinical medicine.The invention of the compound microscope stimulated interest in andstudy of the physical and natural sciences including human, normal, andmorbid anatomy. This was the period, too, marked by the establishmentand organization of research laboratories, and with this method of attackdiscoveries were made in the physical and natural sciences which wereand are still fundamental and enduring. As more directly related to medicine, marked advance was made in study and research in human, normal,and morbid anatomy. Virchow, Conheim, and their students establishedthe underlying principles of cellular pathology. The ophthalmoscope, thestethoscope, and other instruments of value in clinical investigation weredevised. In this period, and indeed until the beginning of the last quarterof the nineteenth century, clinical medicine remained a field obscured byignorance in regard to the causes of the infectious and some other general diseases, which was the cause of the adoption of speculative systemsof practice based on philosophic theories and guided mainly by empiricism in the treatment of disease.At this point it seems necessary to relate in a brief way the dangersto the people of the world from the infectious diseases. Many of us canremember and some of us have experienced the harrowing conditionswhich occurred in the prevalence of many of the death-dealing epidemicinfectious diseases and which received the application of no dependablemeans of prevention until the beginning of the twentieth century. Although preventive medicine possessed the means of protection againstsmallpox during the nineteenth century and in many instances thesemeasures were applied with great benefit to communities, prejudice dueto ignorance and the failure to enforce vaccination permitted smallpoxto continue to disfigure, disable, and kill thousands of people. Seriousepidemics of diphtheria, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, typhus fever, cholera, yellow fever, bubonic plague, cerebrospinal fever, dysentery, andother infectious diseases occurred throughout the world. The tragedy ofdeath was appalling, and to that was added the embarrassing influenceon international and interstate commerce of the application of quarantine regulations in the effort to prevent the further spread of theseplagues. Human tuberculosis annually caused one-twelfth of the totaldeaths. The diarrheal diseases of infancy annually caused the deaths ofthree hundred of every thousand babies born. Ignorance of the causesof infection and especially of pyogenic infections surrounded necessarycapital operations with great danger to life.MEDICINE AND HUMAN PROGRESS 163REAL MODERN MEDICINEReal modern medicine dates from the time of the epoch-making discoveries of Louis Pasteur in bacteriology and immunology. The work ofRobert Koch was of the greatest importance and significance in devisinga laboratory technic for the artificial culture of micro-organisms on solidmedia, which furnished the means for the separation and classification ofpathogenic bacteria and also enabled him to establish postulates to provethe specific etiological relationship of a given strain of bacteria to thedisease under investigation. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch were,and remain still, the fundamental basis and guide in the investigation ofthe etiology of the infectious diseases.The last quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of thetwentieth century were notable periods characterized by intensive research by pathologists, bacteriologists, chemists, entomologists, physicians, and others which was productive of an enormous fund of provedfacts in regard to the specific etiological relationship of pathogenic microorganisms to the infectious diseases. During this period, too, all thevaluable knowledge we possess was secured in regard to the mode of action of pathogenic micro-organisms in causing disease in the human andanimal host through the excretion and secretion of antitoxins and toxins.It was learned how the invading living agents caused the formation ofoffensive and defensive substances in the body of the host in the form ofantitoxins and antibodies; how these facts enabled biologists, chemists,and immunologists to obtain these protective substances in the serum ofhorses and other animals when inoculated with the respective specific infectious bacteria; how these serums can be used in a practical way in preventive and curative medicine; that the typhoid fevers, cholera, and thediarrheal diseases, especially of infants, amebic and bacillary dysentery,and some other infections^are caused by the bacterial contamination offood and drink by general and personal insanitary conditions. It wasdiscovered, too, that many infectious diseases are transmitted from theinfected individual to the non-immune person by blood-sucking insects;that measures of sanitation were perfected to control this class of diseases, thus making it possible to prevent malaria, yellow fever, elephantiasis, bubonic plague, trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness,kala-azar, typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and some otherinfectious diseases; that some infectious diseases are transmitted fromthe sick to the well by direct contact, and that isolation and quarantineare still necessary to prevent the spread of diphtheria, measles, scarletfever, and some other infections.164 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThese accomplishments in regard to the discoveries of the causesand means of transmission of the infectious plagues involved frequentlyexpert qualification, splendid courage, and purposeful energy on the partof the hundreds of investigators who carried on this work. The hazardsto health and life were as great if not greater to these benefactors ofmankind than the spectacular adventures of the brave men who havecrossed the Atlantic Ocean in a non-stop flight with the flying-machine.Indeed, some of these research workers acquired permanent disabilitiesor died from the infections they were investigating. Among these wasour own regretted Howard Taylor Ricketts, who died from typhus feverwhich he acquired through the bite of a body louse soon after he hadproved that the louse, infected by biting a typhus-fever patient, maytransmit the disease to a non-immune individual. It is to be regrettedthat the illness and death of these brave investigators have received solittle acknowledgment and reward from governments and from the public.SANITARY SCIENCEWith the acquisition of the knowledge of the cause and the means oftransmission of infectious diseases, sanitary science has been utilizedsuccessfully in the prevention and eradication of the infectious diseases.This application of sanitary science and the means of disease preventionhas been strikingly demonstrated during the early years of the twentiethcentury. Its success has depended upon the efficient work and co-operation of sanitary engineers, entomologists, immunologists, public healthofficials, and physicians with the co-operation of the national, the state,and the municipal governments. The work accomplished justifies thestatement that the knowledge possessed of the cause and means of transmission, with the use of dependable measures of prevention of most ofthe infectious diseases, and sanitary science rationally administered unhampered by politics, with sufficient financial means, could make theworld free of these plagues — the captains of the hosts of death.THE SCIENCES FUNDAMENTAL TO MEDICINEDuring the last fifty years the accomplishments of workers in thephysical and natural sciences have been productive of knowledge of thegreatest importance to medicine. Some of these accomplishments havebeen enumerated in the attempt to describe the valuable discoveries madein pathology and bacteriology and in the development of the specificmeans of disease prevention. Important discoveries have been made inphysiology through animal experimentation and the application of phys-MEDICINE AND HUMAN PROGRESS 165ical chemistry and biochemistry in the study of function and the dynamics of the organs of the body and of the neuro-muscular system. Wehave an understanding of the means by which the acid-base equilibriumis maintained by so-called "buffer" substances, and that a maladjustment through defective lung ventilation and the inadequate functioningof the kidneys may result in a disturbance of the physico-chemical balance of the greatest vital importance. Physical chemistry has demonstrated the fact that the chemical reaction of the colloids of the organisms explains why the colloids may attract water or on the other hand dispelwater, thus changing the physical condition of the colloids, a matter ofthe greatest importance to pathological physiology and to medicine. Bythe aid of chemistry, research in physiology has demonstrated that theexistence of hormones secreted by the so-called "ductless glands77 andcirculating in the blood and lymph exert a great influence on the growthand development of the body, in regulating the rate of combustion of ourfoods and tissues, and in some instances influencing secretion, especiallyof the digestive fluids and their ferments. Chemistry has also demonstrated the principles which govern nutrition and the need of certainfood factors called "vitamins7' for the efficient growth and developmentof the body. These investigations in nutrition have revealed the causeand the means of prevention and cure of scurvy, rickets, pellagra, andsome other less serious morbid conditions.Of untold value to investigations in medicine has been the discoveryand utilization of roentgenology, radium emanations, the ultra-violetlight, the electrocardiograph, the polygraph, the calorimeter (used inbasal metabolism), serological tests, methods of obtaining a knowledgeof the chemistry of the blood, functional tests applicable to the kidneysand liver, means of investigation in psychology, and many other inventions of instruments of precision and of delicate laboratory tests. Chemistry and pharmacology have produced drugs and preparations of thegreatest value in medicine, which may be mentioned, a few only, such asepinephrin, thyroxin, insulin, pituritin, arsphenamin, hexamethylenamin,cocaine and its derivatives, emetin, and recently ethylin — a new and safeanesthetic.CLINICAL MEDICINEIn 1867 Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, recognized the importance of the discoveries of Pasteur in fermentation and putrefaction anddeveloped a technic for the application of this knowledge to surgerywhich was known as "antiseptic surgery,77 or Listerism. Antiseptic surgery gave greatly improved results in operative surgery, but the technici66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas not perfect inasmuch as it was not recognized that wounds were likely to become infected from unclean hands, clothing, and other objectswhich came in direct contact with the wound area. The faults in thetechnic of Listerism led to investigation and the adoption finally of asurgical technic which implied absolute cleanliness. Modern or asepticsurgery has permitted the development of great technical skill by general and special surgeons and by experiment and experience has made itpossible for those qualified surgically to invade all parts of the human oranimal body with much less risk to health and life than ever before. Thishas led to the saving of thousands of lives of injured and diseased individuals and has enabled medicine to acquire a better knowledge of morbid conditions through a study of the living morbid anatomy visible during a surgical operation.A like aseptic technic has relieved motherhood of its terrors. Formerly childbed fever killed as high as 40 or more per cent of the mothersin childbed. At the present time, with the efficient application of absolute cleanliness or asepsis, the danger of septicemia during childbirth is sosmall that when it occurs it may be termed accidental or beyond the control of the physician. The practitioner of medicine has at his command,as never before, diagnostic instruments of precision and dependable laboratory tests, specific preparations and drugs to be applied in the prevention and cure of disease. Today the physician's armamentarium affords him, as never before, the means by which to make observations andscientific experiments, the result of which when rationally utilized maybe productive of great benefit to animals and man, and this work willpromote the physician's steady professional development.COINCIDENT DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCEDuring this era of the development of preventive and clinical medicine and the great advance in the knowledge of the physical and naturalsciences, the accomplishments narrated have had a great influence on thedevelopment of the industries and of commerce. The control of preventable diseases with the improvement due to sanitary science has openedup formerly uninhabitable territory to people who have added to thewealth of the world by the development of the natural resources of theircountries. Freedom from quarantine regulations has led to the steadyand rapid growth of maritime and interstate commerce. The knowledgeof preventive medicine and rational sanitary administration enabled engineers of the United States Armv to build the Panama Canal under theMEDICINE AND HUMAN PROGRESS 167of the United States Army, and the Panama Canal Zone was made andstill is as salubrious and healthy for the white man as any part of thecivilized globe. Facilities for rapid and easy transportation by means ofsteam and electric railroads, the motor-car, motor-boat, and the flying-machine have developed under the favorable conditions of the healthprotection of the people of the civilized globe, which would have been impossible in the days of the frequent prevalence of devastating plagues.Great industries have grown up more rapidly than would have been possible under the former unhealthy conditions due to epidemic diseases.Sanitary science has led to an understanding of the value of personalhygiene as an important factor in the promotion of community health.In this connection the promotion of health by means of an aroused interest in out-of-door exercise and physical education has done much to promote individual and community health. The knowledge of disease prevention has enabled scientists to travel and to make investigations inanthropology, archaeology, geology, and other important subjects of interest to man, in regions which would be dangerous to health and lifewere this protection not available. Aseptic surgery has enabled researchworkers to make more extended experiments on laboratory animals withgreat productive results and with greater safety and less suffering of theanimals.SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGEThe accomplishments briefly mentioned are the result of experimental research, now accepted as the source of all true knowledge. Thenames of the many individuals who have taken a leading part in thework and accomplishments described have not been mentioned in thisessay. This omission is excusable because the mention of their nameswould not add to the value of the accomplishments cited, and besides,their names are enshrined in perpetuity in the available literature of science and in the hearts of all mankind who are their beneficiaries.Among these workers were men educated as physicians and to whoman opportunity came to make important investigations because they werepractitioners of medicine. Mention must be made, too, of the physiciansand surgeons who have made clinical medicine more nearly a science bythe painstaking development of art in medicine by the application to allpractical medicine of the discoveries of the workers in the fundamentalsciences.From what has been related justification is found for the statementthat the accomplishments of the last fifty years in the development ofthe physical and natural sciences and in preventive and clinical medicine1 68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhave been greater and more beneficial to mankind than the discoveriesof all previous recorded time.PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVEDWith acknowledgments of these splendid accomplishments for thewelfare of man, we cannot rest and be idly satisfied, because there arestill hundreds of problems to be solved which are of the greatest importance to us. There are still infectious diseases to be investigated, and wemust learn their microbic causes and if possible find specific means fortheir prevention and cure. Of these infectious diseases, epidemic influenza is probably the most important because we are ignorant of thenature of its etiologic virus, and without this knowledge we are unable toprevent its epidemic recurrence and toll of suffering and death.Other problems of great importance are included in the diseases ofmiddle and late life, such as cancer, diseases of the heart, blood vessels,and kidneys, progressive anemia, leukemia, splenic anemia, and otherchronic degenerative diseases which affect health and longevity.We have no definite knowledge of the cause of insanity or of feeblemindedness. Clinical studies of these conditions have been interesting,but not especially productive of knowledge as to their prevention. It isbelieved that the problem may be solved by an intense clinical and laboratory research utilizing biochemistry, physical chemistry, and biologyin the investigation. To this may be added experimental psychology andespecially experimental psychopathology as promising aids in the investigation. An intensive study of eugenics applied to human families, utilizingthe laws of Mendel and Galton, will be necessary and valuable in thiswork, but will require observation and investigation over a long pejiodof time if definite and satisfactory results are to be obtained. In thisconnection the popular subjects of discussion, namely, birth control andsexual sterilization as acceptable measures of control of quantity andquality in human reproduction, should not be adopted until the underlying problems of heredity shall have been thoroughly investigated. Theseproblems and others relating to sociology have a direct bearing on medicine. Sociology in particular requires thorough investigation and research to establish more acceptable common-sense principles than nowexist, which may be a guide in the endeavor of sociologists to formulateprograms in the promotion of human welfare.Fundamental problems will require solution to give us the definiteknowledge which may be used in aid of the solution of problems alreadymentioned. This fundamental research must be done by the physiologist,MEDICINE AND HUMAN PROGRESS 169the biochemist, and the physical chemist in the investigation of the living cell. We must know the chemical structure of the cell, its function ofsecretion, excretion, development, and multiplication, and its relationshipto other cells. It may be that this investigation of the living cell may leadto a solution of the problems related to the cause of cancer, or arteriosclerosis, of heart disease, of the inherited characteristics of races, and afforda knowledge of eugenics, of insanity, and feeble-mindedness, and of someother obscure conditions. There are other problems which require solution in the promotion of human welfare. But a sufficient number havebeen enumerated to establish the purpose of the thesis.It must be said, however, that the successful solution of these problems will require the co-operative efforts of scientists and of physicianseach willing to utilize his talents and his work in the solution of theproblems for the common good. Co-operation of this character can beattained under university organization, and it is the hope and expectation that the University of Chicago, commanding the facilities and opportunities afforded by the Medical Schools and the Ogden GraduateSchool of Science, will enable the qualified members of its Faculties tofulfil this great objective.GENERAL EDUCATION AND GRADUATE TRAININGCollege education and graduate university training are available nowas never before in this and other countries. Approximately one millionyoung men and women are enrolled in the secondary schools, colleges,and universities of the United States. A general college education is desirable that one may more fully understand, appreciate, and enjoy theaccumulated wealth of all time in literature, art, and science. At thesame time, education should develop memory and reason by the exerciseof observation and stimulate investigation in the desire to verify facts inthe field of nature.REMARKS TO THE GRADUATING CLASSESTo you who are about to receive the Bachelor's degree signifying thesuccessful completion of your work in college, may I offer congratulations and best wishes for your happiness and success in life. Probablyeach one of you had a reason for obtaining a college education. Each oneof you appreciates the fact that your education has just begun. Yourcollege training has qualified you more or less well to obtain additionalintellectual training and to acquire information which will make yourlife-work productive. I hope that each one of you inherited or acquired170 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthat quality of mind I have termed "curiosity," and that you have exercised this function of the mind in your work every day of your residencehere; that in consequence you have developed the powers of observationand the desire to make investigations and to exercise reason and finallyto make deductions therefrom. If you have exercised these mental faculties you are more likely to continue to develop intellectually and productively, whatever your work in life may be. Perhaps some of you willtake up university graduate training in the physical or natural sciencesor in the professions. If you do, these desirable mental qualities will fityou adequately for graduate training.TO THE CLASSES OF THE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOLSIn this address an attempt has been made to analyze the reasons forthe accomplishments of the last fifty years in the physical and naturalsciences and in medicine. The keynote for the success and accomplishments enumerated was the rational use of observation of all phenomenain nature through the unaided mental faculties fortified by scientific research.I also indicated and enumerated some of the problems which requiresolution in the promotion of human and animal welfare. There was presented the opinion that the solution of the problems would require cooperative research. Some problems require the co-operation of the workers in the physical and natural sciences and physicians. Other problemsrelating to human behavior and mental and physical characteristics dueto race, nationality, inheritance, the relation of the individual to societyand of society to the state, will require co-operative investigation by scientists, eugenists, psychologists, political economists, physicians, theologians, lawyers, and others. Just what part the members of each profession will take in the investigation will become self-evident as the co-operative work proceeds. Experimental psychology and psychopathology willbe prominent factors in the solution of human behavior, and it is evidentthat members of the legal profession, who compose the majority of federal and state legislative bodies, should endeavor to overcome the apparent evils of the enactment of too many man-made laws which promote misbehavior and contempt of law. Theologians will be able topromote ethical conduct and teach that there is an existent vital spiritualforce which dominates the solar system; that education and intellectualachievement will promote the development of this spirit to the end thatthere may be peace on earth and good will toward men.MEDICINE AND HUMAN PROGRESS 171TO THE MEDICAL CLASSI feel better qualified to advise the members of the class who havecompleted their graduate education in medicine, for I have been activeas a practitioner and always an interested observer in the medical fieldfor the past fifty years. As a general practitioner or as a specialist, yourchief concern will be clinical medicine. But if you have developed thequalities of mind I have attempted to describe, you are capable of continued productive development, and you will find opportunity every dayfor observation and for investigation of interesting problems which require solution. In this investigatory work you may use your own knowledge of the physical and natural sciences, or, better still, you may seekthe co-operation of your colleagues in these sciences. Always bear inmind that your chief work is that of a physician, and to be efficient inmedical practice you must devote yourself assiduously to the job. Dailywork at the bedside with untiring devotion to clinical investigation willmake you a more qualified physician as each day passes. As a physician,you cannot be at the same time a physiologist, or chemist, or pathologist,and these scientists cannot be productive in their own work and at thesame time act as clinicians.Today you will take the Hippocratic oath, which among otherthings requires you to use your best endeavor to relieve suffering andprolong life. Let me emphasize the fact that in your chief work you aredealing with human beings; that you must cultivate and maintain anattitude of tolerance, sympathy, and patience to the foibles and at timesunreasonable exactions of sick and injured people. It matters not whatthe social status may be, cultivate this sympathetic and helpful attitudein all of your clinical relationships. The profession you have chosen willrequire many sacrifices and hard work, but it will bring you, if you giveefficient service, a contentment of mind and satisfaction which few otheroccupations can give. To judge by the average financial reward receivedby physicians in the United States, you cannot expect to become rich inthis world's goods. In my experience, people in all walks of life are willing and glad to give the physician who brings them mental and physicalcomfort and health more than is requested for such service. There is anaccepted adage hundreds of years old which applies to the members ofall professions and others who give service: "The pathway to the doorof the man who is qualified and who gives efficient service is worn smoothby the passing of many feet."THE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHNMOODY1By PAUL SHOREYThis spring has brought forth an uncommonly fine crop of poets,writes the worthy Pliny — or, as Mr. Louis Untermeyer no less gravelyputs it, "tiffhand one calls to mind Sarah Teasdale, Anna HempsteadBranch, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Zoe Akins, Lisette Woodworth Reese,Harriet Monroe, Margaret Widdemer, Eunice Tietjens, Edith White,Mary Caroline Davies, Amelia Josephine Burr, Louise Imogene Guiney,Jessie B. Rittenhouse, Muna Lee, Olive Tilforth Dargan, Grace HazardConkling, Angela Morgan, Marguerite Wilkinson — another dozen couldbe summoned easily." This recalls to a classicist Homer's catalogue of theNereids, and Hesiod's innocent remark that there are three thousand slim-ankled daughters of Nereus whose names it is difficult for a mortal manto remember, though the neighbors who dwell round about know them.Or we might bring in Herodotus' observation that the summit of Parnassus is flat and will contain a multitude. The index of the 19 19 yearbookof poetry records 819 authentic poets, and I do not doubt that the generalimprovement in American business has far raised that record. We shallsoon attain the democratic ideal of a flivver and a poet for every family.The name of William Vaughn Moody would be out of place in these light-hearted optimistic lists of poets and critics who live by taking in one another's washing and whose erudition consists in the citation of oneanother's names. He belongs to English literature.But he also belongs to us. A son of the westward emigration from theoverteemed loins of New England, born in Ohio, educated at Harvard, ateacher in the University of Chicago, the future only will show whetherhe and in their lesser degree the too-early-lost Hovey, and Neihardt, whois still with us, and Madison Cawein, who is forgotten, may not prove tobe no less typical of the culture of the Middle West — or, as Mr. Chatfield-Taylor bids us say, the Midland — than those whose fathers came to usfrom Poland and Bessarabia and the bards who sing of the frost on the1 Delivered under the auspices of the William Vaughn Moody Foundation inHarper Assembly Hall, February 3, 1927. Written for delivery to an audience. Thewriter, for this printing, has not changed the lecture form.172THE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 173"punkin' " and the genial anarchist over his beer who is such a lover oflife.Moody's premature death, which is still felt as a personal loss by allwho care for American literature, limited his production to one volumeof poems and one of prose plays. But there is little waste, almost no dross,in this sifted and refined product. University of Chicago audiences havealready listened to at least two studies of his work, not to speak of theMaster's dissertation which carries out to three decimal points the percentages of his words of color. Yet I do not think that there is any impropriety or much risk in a Moody lecturer's attempting another characterization from a different point of view. A really clever lecturer on literatureleaves literature out and talks gossip or pseudo-science, the elopement ofHarriet and Shelley, the amours of glorious Apollo, and if not preciselywhat porridge had John Keats, then what chromosomes and complexeshis mother had according to the most recently disinterred documents.But I have nothing to tell of Moody's life that has not been said withmore intimate knowledge and better right by others. And I leave thepsychoanalysis of his sex complexes to European critics, who, as theycannot possibly understand either the language or the thought of thehigher American and English poetry, are driven to talk of something else.The note of Moody, his distinctive poetic quality and his significancefor our present division of opinion about the nature and service of poetry,is that he was an entirely modern vital spirit who found the great, noble,chaste, reserved tradition of English poetical diction quite adequate forcomplete self-expression. As the exuberance of our friend President GeorgeVincent's vocabulary makes it unnecessary — and, as he has been heard tolament, almost impossible — for him to swear, so Moody's genuine andunaffected command of the language of Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, Keats,Shelley, Tennyson, Longfellow, and Lowell enabled him to do full justiceto the unutterables that well up from the poet's subconscious withoutresort to either the American language or the jargon of pseudo-science.In short, we might almost inscribe as the motto of his title-page the admonition of Andre Chenier: "Shape the verse as of old on the thoughts oftoday."This, of course, is my prejudgment of a question still under debate.For many plausible critics are teaching that the new wine must and oughtto burst all the old bottles. As a passionate admirer of the tumultuousBelgian bard, Emile Verhaeren, puts it: "This newborn human conditionally calls for a new morality ; this new union of equals a new beauty ;this new topsy-turvydom, a new system of ethics." And from these nov-174 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDelties the transition is easy to new art forms. Extremely easy. The poetof today, said Miss Amy Lowell, will write a blank verse which does nothesitate to leave out a syllable or put one in when it feels like it. The trulymodern poet, says a disciple of Marinetti, will not anxiously compose andharmonize and adjust in the old forms. He will broadcast handfuls ofessential words. Our present business is not with these controversies.We have only to observe that ityloody found the traditional forms adequate for the expression of the new, if new, ideals.It is good that poetry should be thoughtful as well as sensuous, imaginative, and musical. But a poet's ideas are the least important thingin his make-up. Their chief significance is not for his readers, but forhimself. He needs them as a stimulus and source of inspiration. Goethesaid something like this to Eckermann, and Mr. Lawrence Binyon recently told it to his Chicago audiences. Euripides and Browning were as fertile in ideas as the gallery of the League of Nations at Geneva; but theywere not better poets than Sophocles and Wordsworth. Wordsworth himself was a poet only in the twenty years from 1798 to 1818. But he wenton having ideas and composing ecclesiastical sonnets for a generation.Still, our plan requires us to say something of the modernity ofMoody's ideas before turning to his poetic expression of them. The chieftopic, if there were time, would be the psychological subtleties and refinements in which modern poetry is supposed to surpass the ancients. Examples could be collected from many of his poems, but the best illustration is perhaps the psychology of woman in "I Am the Woman," and"The Death of Eve." All true poets, says Swinburne, speaking of Tennyson's "Rizpah," are bisexual. Miss Harriet Monroe, with whom I alwaysenjoy differing when we talk highbrow shop instead of lowbrow inanitiesat afternoon teas, tells me that "The Death of Eve" is her favorite amongMoody's poems. She likes it most, perhaps, for the reason that I like itleast: because of the simplicity and plainness of the style, because it is notstiff with the gorgeous Miltonic brocade, the magnificent investiture, ofthe other two plays of the trilogy. But we were speaking of its psychology.Moody's Eve embodies what Miss Jane Addams calls "the long road ofwoman's memory" in a book that is on the reserve shelves of the psychological section of the public library. They lived longer in the patriarchaldays, and Eve's memory goes even farther back than the memory of theinteresting old Lithuanian, Greek, Scandinavian, Irish, and Bessarabianladies who take their troubles to Hull-House. Eve does not approve of thelength of Cain's sentence, and wishes him paroled to herself. She has forseveral centuries observed with quiet tolerant womanly scorn the futilitiesTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 175and the fumblings of the sex of Adam. And now "she is through," andrevisits the glimpses of the garden of Eden to give Jehovah a piece of hermind. Omar Khayyam proposes that the Lord should man's forgivenessgive and take. But Eve is less conciliatory.Eve pardons Thee not one, not one, Lord. Dost thou hear?She is not only the last creature to be civilized by man, but the one rebelunsubduable by God.Thine ample tameless creature, —Against thy will and word, behold, Lord, this is she.Lacking time for the serious study of Moody's psychology, we willglance at three among many other topics that might be used to illustratethe modernity of his thought: his sympathy with the other half, his cosmic emotion, his preoccupation with the conflict in man between the senseand the spirit.Moody's sympathy with the other halfSympathy for the economic under-dog is not quite so recent as wesometimes fancy. Not to speak of faint anticipations of the sentiment inVirgil and Homer, Shelley said that he was a nerve over which crept theelse unfelt oppressions of the world. Keats, whom we think of as detachedfrom humanity in the ivory tower of aesthetic contemplation, proclaimsthat none can usurp the heights of poetry butThose to whom the miseries of the worldAre misery and will not let them rest.Matthew Arnold's Thyrsis, Arthur Hugh Clough, could not stay flutingto the shepherd and the silly sheep.some life of men unblestHe knew which made him droop. ....He went, his piping took a troubled soundOf storms that rage outside our happy ground.Moody shares and nobly expresses these modern moods, but not the obsessions, the exaggerations, the affectations of the poets who find a vicarious enjoyment of them in repeating the rhetoric of Victor Hugo. Mr. CarlSandburg rides in the Pullman car, but enjoys at the same time the emotional luxury of pitying the road men who keep the tracks smooth so thatthe lilies on the dining-car table scarcely tremble or shake. Mr. Unter-meyer, who presumably burns anthracite and grumbles at the price,appeals to God eight times in twelve lines to fling a handful of stars tominers who never see the sun and the stars because they work eight hoursa day about two hundred days in the year.176 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMoody does not need these conceits and exaggerations to express thesincerity of his feeling. "Gloucester Moor," for example, blends the sentiment distinctly but not too insistently with the elaboration of the old,but in his treatment fresh, comparison of our steadfast earth to a ship.By her battened hatch I leaned and caughtSounds from the noisome hold —Cursing and sighing of souls distraughtAnd cries too sad to be told. lThen I strove to go down and see ;But they said, "Thou art not of us!"I turned to those on the deck with meAnd cried, "Give help !" But they said, "Let be :Our ship sails faster thus."Jill-o'er-the-ground is purple blue,Blue is the quaker-maid,The alder-clump where the brook comes throughBreeds cresses in its shade.To be out of the moiling streetWith its swelter and its sin!Who has given to me this sweet,And given my brother dust to eat ?And when will his wage come in?This note is just touched again in the soliloquy of the woman in "TheTroubling of the Waters":And all day long the noises of the millWere spun upon a core of golden sound,Half -spoken words and interrupted songsOf blessed promise, meant for all the world,But most for me, because I suffered most.And again more wistfully and imaginatively in "A Gray Day" : •I wonder how that merchant's crewHave ever found the will !I wonder what the fishers doTo keep them toiling still!I wonder how the heart of manHas patience to live out its span,Or wait until its dreams come true.And yet once more in "The Brute," which anticipates in some sort theHairy Ape and much current philosophy about the age of machinery, theRuskinian topic of its destructiveness to all beauty, the Sherwood Anderson yearning for escape, and Mill's lament that machinery had not yetbettered the common lot. But it concludes with the confident hope thatTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 177our command of power will in the end restore the lost beauty and issue ingood,For the Brute must bring the good time on; he has no other choice.THE POET'S COSMIC EMOTIONThe phrase "cosmic emotion" is said to have been coined by theBritish agnostic, Professor Clifford, on whose anti-Christian rhetoricMatthew Arnold's comment was that he stood by the sea of time and,instead of listening to the solemn and rhythmical beat of its waves, choseto fill the air with his own whooping to start the echo. The thing is as oldas the Psalms and the Book of Job. "When I consider thy heavens ....what is man that thou art mindful of him?" "Where wast thou when Ilaid the foundations of the earth?" As a motive of poetry we may extendit to any sentiment about ultimate questions and last things, the infinityof the universe, God as in or above the world, evolution, destiny, whatdoes it all mean? For poetical purposes it is worth just what the poet canmake of it; from the magnificent defiance in the questionings of Job,Lucretius, and Swinburne to the querulous broodings of the bardlets,satirized by Oliver Wendell Holmes, whoseIntrospection sucks its little thumbWith what am I? and wherefore did I come?The cosmic emotion of Whittier finds relief inI know not where His islands liftTheir fronded palms in air,I only know I cannot driftBeyond His love and care.That of Thompson's "City of Dreadful Night" inThe sense that every struggle brings defeatBecause fate holds no prize to crown success,That all the oracles are dumb or cheatBecause they have no secret to express.The form of expression is perhaps a matter of taste. Here is Swinburne'srhetorical vision of creation and the beginning of things:The word of the earth to the spheres her sisters the note of her song,The sound of her speech in the ears of the starry and sisterly throng,When her eyes new born of the night saw yet no star out of reach,When her maiden mouth was alight with the flame of musical speech,Did her heart rejoice and the might of her spirit exult in her then,Child yet no child of the night and motherless mother of men?And here is the vision of Mr. Untermeyer, who is less rhetorical and moreat ease in Zion and makes his unerring appeal to the touch of nature thati78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmakes the whole movie-world kin when the soaped baby in the bath isthrown upon the screen:God, when the rosy world first learned to crawlAbout the floor of Heaven, wert Thou not proud?Those who prefer Mr. Untermeyer's way to Swinburne's will care little forthe dark word of Uriel to Raphael in Moody's "Masque of Judgment":heaven roseAs if from sleep, and lo ! through all the voidClambered and curled creation like a vineHanging the dark with clusters of young bloom.Then from the viewless ever-folded heartOf the mystic Rose stole breath and pulse of change,Delicious pantings.And Freshmen who have been told that the planetesimal theory is thefinal word of science and truth, and that Plato's Timaeus is a crude monument of primitive superstition, will make nothing of the answer to thequestion, Why did God create the world? which Moody distilled out ofold Gnostic heresies and neo-Platonic cosmogonies:Of old the mind of God, coiled on itselfIn contemplation single and eterne,Felt suddenly a stealing wistfulnessSully the essence of his old contentWith pangs of dim division. Long he stroveAgainst his bosom's deep necessityhis hand he still withheld.Till, bathed in brighter urge and wistfulnessHe put forth suddenly this vine of TimeAnd hung the hollow dark with passionate change.But when the planetesimal theory has gone to rejoin phlogiston and thenebular hypothesis and the instability of the homogeneous and relativity,there will still be here and there a student at the University of Chicago,some reader of old books, who will murmur to himself "and hung thehollow dark with passionate change" as he paces the campus by night andlooks away from the electric lights and the howling dogs of the biologicallaboratory up to the everlasting stars.Cold fires, yet with power to burn and brandHis nothingness into man.We cannot delay to construct a systematic philosophy out of Moody'sallegories, or even to compare with other less subtle forms of pantheisticTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 179poetry in Emerson -s "Brahma," Swinburne's "Hertha,"* and Neihardt's« April Theology," Pandora's song: "I stood within the heart of God,"and the description of the battle that raged about the heart of God on theday of judgment.There is time for but one illustration of the art with which Moodyclothed in poetry the kind of ultimate question with which the modernreader is so familiar in Anatole France's Jardin dy Epicure, Robert LouisStevenson's Pulvis et Umbra, H. G. Wells's Last Things ; Stewart EdwardWhite's Credo, and, for that matter, in Omar Khayyam and Ella WheelerWilcox. Is there any meaning to it all? Any child, any rhymester can askthe question, and countless philosophers have tried to answer it. But onlya true — why not say a great? — poet could give it the surprise and thepoignancy of Moody's poem "Old Pourquoi." The walk of the twochums, the vivid description of Norman scenery at twilight, the suddenvision of the old itinerant singer passing by:One moment by the darkening WestWe saw the grand old grizzled head,The stricken face the rolling, red,Quizzical eyeballs, the bared chest,Hairy, Homeric, spread.As for his word,"Pourquoi" was all he said.Moody does not tell us, but I suspect the old minstrel of the incident wassinging the operatic air, Perchb perchb si rapida? But however that maybe, this is what the poet's kindling and transfiguring imagination makesof it:Pourquoi? pourquoi? Yes, that was all!Only the darkest cry that hauntsThe corridors of tragic chance,Couched in the sweet, satirical,Impudent tongue of France.The question haunted Moody as it does all thoughtful passionatepoetical souls who cannot drug themselves with the day's routine. Inanother sense we hear it in the cry of the beautiful lyric, "On the River":God, God, that thou shouldst everPoison thy children's bread !It recurs in "Gloucester Moor":But on, but on does the old earth steerAs if her port she knew.God, dear God, does she know her port?i8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAnd in more theological and symbolic form in "The Fire B ringer":yet behold, O king,I understand not. Wherefore hath Great ZeusThy likeness in the heavens bound like theeTo shepherd his wide people, sent his floodsTo whelm them up?And again with a faint reminiscence of Omar Khayyam, in "The Masqueof Judgment":Thou fiery essence in a vase of fire !What quarry gathered and packed down the clayTo make this delicate vessel of desire?Who tinted it and burned the dross away ?He, He (doth some one say?)Whose mallet-arm is lift and knitted hardTo break it into shard !Were that the Maker's way ?THE PURITAN CONSCIENCE AND PAGAN NATURALISMIf any one idea dominates Moody's poetry, it is the conflict of thesense and the spirit, or, as contemporary criticism might put it, the struggle between the surviving Puritan conscience and the old pagan, or thenew scientific, naturalism. A little ingenuity would suffice to unify thislecture and deduce the whole of Moody systematically and symmetrically from this one antithesis. But I am still innocent enough to prefertruth to ingenuity. The theme, like cosmic emotion, and many other ofthe newest sentiments, may be found in the Bible. It is St. Paul's " Another law in my members warring against the law of my mind," and his"Who shall deliver me from the body of this death?" Thence it could befollowed through modern poetry down to Shelley'sSelf-contempt implantedIn young spirits sense enchanted.And it finds ample illustration in the too familiar rhetoric about the neo-pagan renascence reawakening to life, love, nature, beauty, and theflesh after the long ascetic torpor of medievalism.These large questions exceed our present scope, which is the permeation of Moody's poetry with the sense of this conflict in the human souland in the nature of things — or, as his symbolism puts it, "arounci theheart of God." We shall meet some of the finest expressions of the ideain the speeches of Raphael in "The Masque of Judgment." Its simplestTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 181and most poignant human utterance is the lovely little lyric "On theRiver":Silent she sits outbending,A wild pathetic grace,A beauty strange, heart-rendingUpon her hair and face.O spirit cries that severThe crickets' level drone!O to give o'er endeavourAnd let love have its own !Within the mirrored bushesThere wakes a little stir;The white-throat moves, and hushesHer nestlings under her.Beneath, the lustrous river,The watchful sky o'erhead,God, God, that thou shouldst everPoison thy children's bread !This recalls, for all their superficial unlikeness, Gretchen's cry in Faust,Doch alles, was dazu mich trieb,Gott ! war so gut ! Ach, war so lieb !and Matthew Arnold's in "Marguerite":Ye guiding powers that join and partWhat would ye have of me ?Ah, warn some more ambitious heartAnd let the peaceful be.and Omar Khayyam'sWhat ! out of senseless nothing to provokeA conscious something to resent the yokeOf unpermitted pleasure !One form which this struggle in the mesh of spirit and of flesh assumes in the poetry of Moody has been so grossly and grotesquely misunderstood by European critics that we must not pass it by. It is thepoetry of self -rebuke for lapses from the ideal, failure to fulfil the expectations of a mother's loving .pride and the promises of youth. It is anatural feeling, which all decent human beings know, and which inMoody was intensified by the keener sensibilities of the poet and the inherited conscience of New England. The chief texts, too long to quote,are in "Jetsam" and in that wonderful poem "The Daguerreotype," so182 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmuch more profound than Cowper's lines on his mother's picture, not tospeak of Lloyd Mifflin's sonnet. European critics evoke memories of Alfred de Musset's "Nights" and Paul Verlaine'sQu' as-tu fait, toi qui voila,Be ta jeunesse?And so they go farther and farther astray. For Moody was no Alfred deMusset or Paul Verlaine, and if they wish to understand the New England conscience in a Harvard graduate and poet of the Middle West, letthem repeat, till its full meaning dawns upon them, Dante's lines:0 dignitosa coscienza e nettaCome t'e picciol fallo amaro morso.0 worthy conscience, void of large offense,How sharp the inbite of a little fault.A widespread and persistent propaganda in current American literaturewould suppress this eternal conflict by yielding the undisputed victory tothe flesh. And a large proportion of contemporary criticism is devoted toimpassioned denunciation of the sex-starved Puritan spirit that has condemned American literature to impotence and triviality. I have neithertime nor authority to preach on the moral issue. I merely remind youthat thus far, and as a matter of historical fact, the poetry of the eternalspiritual conflict in man's composite nature is better poetry than thepoetry that bids us always obey that behavioristic, that cave-man, thatnatural impulse. And it is better poetry in Moody than any contemporaryglorification of the other ideal. There is time for but one curious illustration. Henry Adams complains that American literature and thoughtare undersexed and that none of his Harvard professors pointed out tohim the beauty of the invocation to Venus and the renewal of life andlove in springtime in the proemium of Lucretius' poem "On the Natureof Things." The statement I happen to know is false and impossible;for I had the same teachers a very few years later, and two or three ofthem did ample justice to Lucretius' celebration of love as a cosmic force,and one had commented on it in print while Henry Adams was an undergraduate. But the paragraph has been eagerly caught up and quoted bythe denouncers of American Puritanism. And Mr. Sherwood Andersongravely cites it to prove the castration of the student mind by impotent,thin-blooded, dry-as-dust pedants, and the deficiency of American literature in that frank and wholesome sensuality which he himself so bountifully supplies.To crown the absurdity, we need only observe that the one passage,THE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 183apart from mere imitations, the one poem in all modern literature whichcan fairly be matched with the Lucretian prelude as an expression of thelove-life and genial spirit of universal nature and the creative evolutionwhich culminates in man is to be found in Moody's "Fire Bringer," inthat song of Pandora, of which we shall soon quote the beginning for another purpose:Because one creature of his breathSang loud into the face of death.The song continues:The Spirit comes to the Bride again,And breathes at her door the name of the child;"This is the son that ye bore me ! WhenShall we kiss, and be reconciled ?"Furtive, dumb, in the tardy stone,With gropings sweet in the patient sod,In the roots of the pine, in the crumbled cone,With cries of haste in the willow-rod —By pools where the hyla swells his throatAnd the partridge drums to his crouching mate,Where the moorland stag and the mountain goatStrictly seek to the ones that wait, —In seas aswing on the coral bar,In feasting depths of the evening star,In the dust where the mourner bows his head,In the blood of the living, the bones of the dead, —Wounded with love in breast and side,The Spirit goes in to the Bride.THE POET'S STYLEWe have quoted Moody's most ambitious work, the unfinished trilogy, for his ideas, and shall quote it in illustration of his style. The poetryspeaks for itself. But a few words of explanation will make its settingmore intelligible. "The Fire Bringer" and "The Masque of Judgment"will never be widely popular. But it would be a pity to miss their wealthof poetry because they are allegories. As Lowell said of the Faerie Queene,the allegory will not bite you. The enjoyment of no good poem dependson the over-ingenious interpretation of the minutiae of its symbolism.After the Noah's flood of Greek mythology, Deucalion and Pyrrha caststones behind them to re-people the earth with a stony — or, to expressthe Greek pun in American slang, a hard-boiled — breed. For Moodythese stone men become the symbol of apathy, of stagnation of mind andheart, of the low tide of soul, like a stagnant laguna which Shelley de-184 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDplored in Peter Bell or Peter Bell's creator, Wordsworth. And Prometheus' theft of fire is not, as in his great speeches in Aeschylus and Shelley, the bestowal upon mankind of the arts and sciences, all of which, inthe line of Aeschylus inscribed on the Berlin Museum and in the hall ofthe American Council of Research, are the gift of Forethought. The firein Moody symbolizes further and chiefly the fire divine, the fire that inthe heart resides, and that we cannot kindle when we will, the triple madness or passion of Plato's Phaedrus.Dionysus hath the wine,Eros hath the rose divine,Lord Apollo hath the lyre :Three-and-one is the soul's desire.And all desire was dead.Unto the husband was the wife's desireNo longer, nor the husband's to the wife;The young maid lay undreamed on by the boy,The little life that was, was sinking fast."The Fire Bringer" is the rekindling, the reawakening, of desire, the zestof life and all its sublimations. Those who please may carry the allegoryinto further detail, and find in Pandora and her lovely songs the symbolof elect spirits, who, in the dark ages, have kept the fire divine from utterextinction. Moody himself hints at that when he makes Pyrrha saluteher: "Thou spirit bird that sangest all night long." And in her own glorious song that begins:Because one creature of his breathSang loud into the face of death,Because one child of his despairCould strangely hope and wildly dare,The Spirit comes to the Bride again.But we do not need these refinements. And the lesson, if lesson theremust be, is — or rather there are two morals, one, of which I will speaklater, that in the end each of us must be his own Prometheus, first tocapture and then to guard the fire within; and second, the lesson of thefinal chorus to Apollo, sung by the young men. It is possible that theidea glanced at in the linesDionysus hath the wine,Eros hath the rose divine,Lord Apollo hath the lyrecame to Moody directly or indirectly from Nietzsche's famous essay onthe origin of Greek tragedy, with its distinction between the DionysiacTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 185and the Apolline inspiration in Greek myth and literature, and in all human life. In any case, the idea was in the air. And it more concerns usto apprehend what Moody made of it than how he came by it. He greatlyadmired the Bacchae of Euripides, both in the original and in Murray'slovely, if misleading, version. And some critics would find there thekeynote of Moody's interpretation of the Greek spirit and his criticismof life. Woman and love and the Platonic eros kindled and engaged hisimagination as they must that of every young and passionate poet. Hesaid exquisite things of them, and other critics find there the core of hisphilosophy and the fount of his inspiration. But one of the finest, andto cynics and sensualists most disconcerting, things in human life is thefierce reaction and revolt of noble young men, of some of the young menof France and of Italy in the past two decades, away from these things toan austere, intellectual, and spiritual enthusiasm in art, literature, andlife, of which Apollo was perhaps the symbol in Greek poetry, and iscertainly the symbol in such modern poetry as Swinburne's "Hymn toApollo." Moody's hymn is in its different way quite a match for Swinburne's, and is more artistic in its restraint and definitely articulatedthought. And it presents Moody's deliberate judgment and criticism oflife in conclusive refutation of critics who see in him the singer of themadness of Dionysus and Eros, or even of the foul insanity of Freud.Eros, how sweetIs the cup of thy drunkenness!Dionysus, how our feetHasten to the burning cupThou lif test up !But O how sweetest and how most burning it isTo drink of the wine of thy lightsome chalices,Apollo! Apollo! TodayWe say we will follow thee and put all others away.For thou alone, O thou alone art heWho sett est the prisoned spirit free,And sometimes leadest the rapt soul onWhere never mortal thought has gone;Till by the ultimate streamOf vision and of dreamShe standsWith startled eyes and outstretched hands,Looking where other suns rise over other lands,And rends the lonely skies with her prophetic scream."The Masque of Judgment" is more complicated, and, despite itsnoble poetry, less satisfactory in the achievement of unity of feeling. Soi86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI will not try to explain or justify the conflicts, the perplexities, the incongruities of imagery and sentiment that result, as they do also inDante and Milton, from the attempt to blend pre-Christian and Christianmythology in a symbolic and final philosophy and justification either ofthe ways of God to man or of man's rebellion against a vengeful andPuritanic God, and creeds that refuse and restrain. It cannot be done.And the exact nature of Moody's attempt can be understood only by thepatient study of detail. But the more casual reader, who takes Moody'sRaphael, the sociable spirit that deigned to travel with Tobias of Milton,who loves man and nature and the joy of life and sex and passion, andcannot acquiesce in the rigor of judgment — the reader who takes thisRaphael merely as the symbol of a vast pity, will have a sufficient key tothe finest things in the poem. Raphael is the Homeric Zeus, saying to hisown heart:Ah! unhappy pair! to Peleus why did we give you?He is the Pity sitting in the clouds invoked by Juliet. He is the chorusof Pities, invented by Hardy to contemplate the tragedy of world-history."He is not weak," Raphael soliloquizes of his antitype, the militant archangel who embodies the spirit of the God of judgment, vengeance, restraint, discipline, and ascetic self -control.He is not weak,His pinions fail not ; for he never quaffedThe frail and fiery air that mortals drink ;He has not heard when little children laughed ;He has not watched old pensioners break their bread ;To woman's lips he never held the draughtOf anguish, that a man-child might be born ;The May woods never saw him hiding thereHis wings and flaming hairTo watch the young men pluck the budded thorn.And as the soliloquy continues it develops into one of the noblest expressions in literature, of the mood of Pascal's meditation on the grandeur,the weakness, the contradictions of the spirit of man, that reed which isgreater than the universe because it knows itself and the universe knowsnothing. As we read we recall Hamlet's soliloquy — "What a piece ofwork is man!" and the chorus in Swinburne's "Atalanta" paraphrasedfrom the creation of man in Plato's Timaeus: "Before the beginning ofyears there came to the making of man." And another note in the soliloquy reminds us of the poems that have celebrated the indomitable spiritof adventure in this frail and puny creature, from Pindar's roll call of theArgonauts and his "Since we needs must die, why should a man rotTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 187inert in obscurity and nurse an inglorious old age to no avail without partor lot in noble deeds?" to its modern echoes and parallels, "The unpathedwaters' undreamed shores" of Shakespeare, and Drayton'sShe gave him courage as her only keyThat of all creatures as the worthiest heHer glory there and wondrous works should see.and so on down to Drinkwater'sAnd we will set our shining prowsFor strange and unadventured shores.and Henry Lanson'sThey knew not whither nor much they cared, let fate or the winds decide,The world of the great unknown they dared, in the days when the world was wide.After all these, and how many more! Moody's Raphael has somethingto say on the eternal theme, and his manner of saying it is no anticlimaxeven after Plato and Shakespeare and Drayton and Swinburne:O heart of man, how have I loved thee !For deep beneath the clear crystalline watersThat feed the hearts of Heaven's sons and daughters,The roots of thy life go !O dreamer ! O desirer ! Goer downUnto untraveled seas in untried ships !O crusher of the unimagined grapeOn unconceived lips !O struggler in the meshOf spirit and of fleshWhoever is thy foe,I am thy friend, thy friend!As thou hast striven, I strove to comprehendThe piteous sundering set betwixt the zenithAnd nadir of thy fates.Deem not that mighty gamut-frame was setFor wanton finger-fret !No empty-hearted gymnast of the stringsGave the wild treble wings,Or flung the shuddering bass from Hell's last parapet,O deem not that in idlesse or in spiteThe strong knot of thy fateWas woven so implicatei88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDarkly, but O for good, for good !The spirit infiniteWas throned upon the perishable blood ;Sod unto sod moves fellowship,And the soul utters as she mustHer meanings with a loose and carnal lip ;But deep in her ambiguous eyesForever shine and slipQuenchless expectancies,And in a far-off day she seems to put her trust.COLLOQUIAL SPEECH OR IMAGINATIVE DICTIONMoody expressed these modern thoughts and feelings in the language that was natural to him as a student of English poetry from Chaucer to Browning, Tennyson, and Swinburne. He lived before the suddenflowering of the twentieth-century plant of American poetry in 191 1.And he was unacquainted with the attendant new criticism that justifiesslang, drabness, and poverty of vocabulary by a revival, with Americanexaggerations, of Wordsworth's principle that poetry should confine itselfto the words in which men make love, do business, play the game of politics, and break friendly bread.If Moody had lived to read these treatises his comment would probably have been that life is too short to be perpetually reopening thequestion which was settled by Coleridge's illuminating discussion ofWordsworth's theory and practice and Mill's comment on Coleridge. Ifhe had been in a patient mood he might have gone on to explain that thetheory in its extreme form confuses the undoubted right of the poet toget his effects if he can by simple arid colloquial speech, with the arbitrarytaboo of the opulence and splendor of imaginative diction which is ourinheritance from all the greatest poets of Greece and England. Why, hemight have added, should the foxes who have tails hide them betweentheir legs because popular education has created a class of readers whocan understand only the language spoken in bookless kitchenette apartments, and have been actually taught by a fanatical pedagogy to feel asullen distaste for any unfamiliar word, any expression heightened abovethe loose-lipped lingo of the street? Children have to be taught this resentment of beautiful English, for the normal imaginative child left toitself with a few good books will delight in strange, rich, romantic, poetic words which it enjoys for the sound and suggestiveness before it fullyunderstands. As a student of English literature, Moody would certainlyhave been amused at the logic and the historical inaccuracies of thisTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 189school of criticism and the consequences to which their thesis commitsthem. He would have greeted with Homeric laughter Mr. Carl Sandburg's pronouncement that Dante, yes, Dante, and Chaucer, and Wordsworth, and Whitman all settled the question in favor of the simpler colloquial form. When Mrs. Eunice Tietjens magisterially pronounces thatthe verse-writer of today is not worthy of consideration who thinks himself licensed to use such words as "e'en" " 'twixt" " 'mongst" "ere" andthe rest of that ilk, he would have asked what of the prose writer whouses "that ilk" and misuses it?That he could have written the more familiar, colloquial, slangystyle is amply evidenced by the two poems for which his unerring artisticinstinct told him it was suited, "The Menagerie" and "In New York."It is characteristic of the fashions of the hour that these should be theonly poems quoted in LeGallienne's Book of Modern American Verse."The Menagerie" allows such phrasing asIt makes me sick to see a monkey pantA nylghau looking bored and distingueTo freeze your scalp and pompadour your hairA little man in trousers, slightly jaggedIt isn't pleasant when you're stepping highTo catch a giraffe smiling on the sly.and concludes withIf you're a sweet thing in a flower-bed hat,Or her best fellow with your tie tucked inDon't squander love's bright springtime girding atAn old chimpanzee with an Irish chin :There may be hidden meaning in his grin.But beneath the humor, the Browning grotesque, and the slang, the attentive reader discovers a deep strain of reflection on all the problemsand emotions, pre- and post-evolutionary, which our kinship with theanimals presents to the spirit of man. Man was the unconscious goal ofthe long evolution of the animals in the menagerie.They roamed the twilight jungles of their will;But still they sought him, and desired him still,Man they desired, but mind you, Perfect Man,The radiant and the loving yet to be !I hardly wonder, when they came to scanThe upshot of their strenuosity,They gazed with mixed emotions upon me.190 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn short, the distaste for a few uncolloquial grammatical forms, for a fewrare or old words, and for the employment side by side of different forms,is a purely artificial and inculcated feeling. From the Greeks themselvesto Matthew Arnold no intelligent reader has ever been troubled by thefact that Homer has at his command for the convenience of the metersome six distinct forms of the infinitive of the verb to be. The abhorrencewhich the new critics feel or affect for this sort of thing is in their ownlanguage an induced psychosis, an obsession, a complex which they havedeveloped in themselves by argument and reiteration. To take an extreme modern test case, no modern poetically-minded young person, ifturned loose in the garden of verse old and new, uncontaminated by doctrinaire prejudice, would feel any distaste for Ledwidge's pretty verseabout the skylark:The golden news the skylark wakethAnd 'thwart the heavens his flight is curled ;Attend ye as the first note breakethAnd chrism droppeth on the world.The crowning and consummating reductio ad absurdum of this theory is the depreciation as mere bombast of Shakespeare in the goodlycompany of Tolstoi, Mr. Bernard Shaw, speaking with his tongue in hischeek, and King George III saying in all innocence, "Is it not sad stuff?"From the point of view of poems in American and Slabs of the Sunburnt West it is. Nobody in the Loop talks in that way, and none of thecontributors to Poetry write in Shakespearean rhetoric or meter. Don'tyou wish they did?The qualities that distinguish Moody's style from the post-1911models might be summed in the statement that he was a scholar — not inthe technical, but in the Emersonian, sense. He not only knew, but hadassimilated, the best that had been thought and said in English literature,and by study, reading, travel, and from friends, had learned enough ofthe Greek spirit for his poetic purposes. Goethe, said Lowell, turned aprofessional philologian into the rich Hellenic pastures and then milkedhim. So Moody milked his Harvard professors, his friend Stickney, and,in a minor way, the present speaker. Scholarship, in its application tothe literary artist, is an ambiguous term, sorely in need of definition. Hisadmirers talk with bated breath of the prodigious erudition of Mr. EzraPound, who misconstrues Latin poetry and achieves eight misprints andfalse quantities in four lines. And there are still critics who think Browning more scholarly than Tennyson because he writes such things as:Three cuckoos who cry cuckoo ! much I care.Rattaratai, they boil a stone, nablai.THE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 191The scholar, said Pater, is utterly purposed that he will not offend.Moody meets that test. The present lecturer's estimate of his greatnessmay be a matter of opinion. But it is certain that unlike some other greatpoets — Shelley, Byron, Wordsworth, and even Keats, for instance — hegave to posterity no absolutely bad and silly verse, and very little if anythat is plainly weak and commonplace. He must have scribbled muchtenth-rate verse in his apprenticeship. The complete exclusion of it fromthe definitive edition is a remarkable, almost a unique, example of judgment and self-restraint.Another note of his scholarship is that he never talks jargon orpseudo-science. If, in answer to Huxley's denunciation of poetry as mostly sensual caterwauling, he wanted to say that we cannot do withoutpoetry, cannot live without it, he was incapable of expressing the thoughtas Mr. Conrad Aiken does, who writes like an undergraduate who haddrunk too deep of the hip flask of his Freshman survey of all the sciences,or of his Sophomore electives in psychology and sociology: "It startedwith the admirable predicate that after all poetry is a perfectly humanproduct and therefore it must play a specific part in the human animal'sfunctional needs." Moody simply saidHeart, we have chosen the better part,Save sacred love and sacred artNothing is good for long.Or more profoundly, summing up in three lines Tennyson's "vastness"and the frightened confession at the close of Herbert Spencer's autobiography of his terror of infinite space and eternal time:With song I shelter me, who else were leftDefenseless amid God's infinitudes,Bruised by the unshod trample of his hours.This, of course, is only an illustration and proves nothing. The proofwould be the challenge to produce from Moody's volume a single line ofmere jargon English or pseudo-science.Moody's debt to other singersAll well-read scholarly poets, all poets who read at all, betray theirreading by touches of reminiscence, what Poe unfairly called plagiarismin Longfellow, and what is plagiarism in Whitman's unacknowledgedand undigested gobbets of Emerson. Shelley's recent reading revealeditself in his phrasing and in whole lines out of Shakespeare's Othello,Milton, Lucretius, Plato, and the Greek tragedians. Wordsworth paraphrases and sometimes repeats verbatim Milton, Spenser, and other Eng-192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlish poets. That is not Moody's way. At the most we are haunted by afaint familiar aroma, and say not, That is from Marlowe's Faustus, Shelley's "Prometheus," or Keats's "Hyperion," but, That is Moody writingas Marlowe, Shelley, or Keats might have written. Is the following Shelley's "Prometheus" or Keats's "Hyperion" modulating into Milton, or isit the inspiration of all three blending with memories of Plato's Phae-drus and the Norse "twilight of the gods" in Moody's imagination?When each great cycle of Olympian yearsRounds to its end, there comes upon the godsMysterious compulsion.Here gather they, with mute and doubtful looksAt one another, waiting till She comesMnemosyne mother of thought and tearsRemembrancer and bringer out of deathBurden of longing and sweet-fruited song.Then toward the upper windows of the starsThe roof and dome of things, the place supreme,Of speculation inward on the frameOf life create, and outward on the abyssThat moans and welters in the wind of love,She leadeth up their shining theory,And there they stand and wonder on the timeWhen they were not and when they shall not be.Ought the twentieth-century undergraduate to condemn that because hemay not happen to know the meaning ofShe leadeth up their shining theoryor would he be wiser to learn the meaning and the source in Plato'sPhaedrus, and enrich his imagination and enlarge his vocabulary for life?That is for the twentieth-century undergraduate, and not a stodgy oldGreek professor, to decide. We cannot say what, if any, passage ofShakespeare or Aeschylus suggested the line:But yet conjecture clamors at thy heart.We can only say that it is an Aeschylean or Shakespearean line. Wecannot pronounceThe green heart and the searHe feeds with dreams having some purpose in it,Or else His idleness.— we cannot call that either a parallel passage or a plagiarism. But it tellsus that Moody had assimilated Browning's "Caliban on Setebos." Weneed not quote Marlowe in a foot-note, but we think of Marlowe whenwe readLook where the giant wings rock down the slope.THE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 193Lo ! where God's body hangs upon the cross,Drooping from out yon skyey Golgotha.orLook where the red volcano of the fightHath burst and down the violated hillsPours ruin and repulse.Still more distinct perhaps is the note of Shelley inAll palpitant and doubtful on her headA soft-winged splendour litor inIn barbary bells the green moths supOr where the choke-berry lifts high upSweet bowls for their carouse.And faint echoes of Milton, whom Moody edited, are everywhere.past the wallsRhipean and the Arimaspian cavesI sought the far hyperborean day.I cannot see; the dazzle of his comingMakes blind the place.the frondOf pendant mosses where the live oaks growBeyond Virginia and the Carolines,Or had its will among the fruits and vinesOf aromatic isles asleep beyondFlorida and the Gulf of Mexico.More explicit borrowings are rare.As a fawn from the green windows of a woodSlave of the panic woodland fearrecalls the fawn in Murray's translation of the Bacchae, Moody's favoriteGreek play.Soon shall the Cape Ann children shout in glee,Spying the arbutus, spring's dear recluserepeats the motive of Arnold'sSoon will the high midsummer's pomps come onSoon will the musk carnations break and swell.The blind bulksThat creep the stagnant bottom of the world194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDare probably a reminiscence, conscious or unconscious, of "the blindbulk of the immeasurable beast" in Swinburne's "Atalanta." It pleasesme to believe that the explicit quotation of Pindar in "In the MoonMonth,"as if Pindar heardAnd loved again the sweet fruit of his breastpreserves the memory of the afternoon when I called his attention tothat phrase of Pindar. "Hollow dark," in the lineAnd hung the hollow dark with passionate changeis conveyed directly from Tennyson's "Dream of Fair Women." Andthat reminds me that in his account of Moody's studies Professor Manlysays, "Of Tennyson there is perhaps not a trace for he had long been rejected by the critical spirits of the English club." Professor Manly isspeaking of the earliest poems. But a careless reader may understand itof Moody's mature judgment and practice, and Moody was far too intelligent to allow a temporary fashion of reaction to close his mind to theart of a poet who, whatever his deficiencies in passion and dramaticpower, has influenced English expression more than any poet since Pope.There is evidence, I think, that Moody was interested in that later workof Tennyson's which, when they stumble upon it, excites such naivewonderment in the breasts of those literary critics who have been accustomed to dismiss Tennyson with a gibe at "I'm to be queen, of theMay, mother," and "Lo! I forgive thee as eternal God forgives." Aneditorial critic in the New Republic happened in this way on Tennyson's"Spring Song":Once more the heavenly powerMakes all things new,And domes the red-plowed hillsWith loving blue.And when he, after long search, discovered the name of the author, heexpressed in a later number of the New Republic his innocent amazementthat it could have been written by the poet of "The Idylls of the King."I have prepared a still better surprise for readers who think that therecould be nothing in common between Moody and the idol of the Victorianbourgeoisie; without changing the meter or a single syllable I have tes-selated a little composite poem of four stanzas from "Pandora's Song"and the songs of the Sophist in Tennyson's "Ancient Sage." And unlessyou happen to remember the poems you will not be able to distinguishTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY, 195Tennyson from Moody, or to feel the junctures in the following composition:How far thro' all the bloom and brakeThat nightingale is heard !What power but the bird's could makeThis music in the bird?Along the earth and up the skyThe Fowler spreads his net ;O soul, what pinions wild and shyAre on thy shoulders set !How summer-bright are yonder skiesAnd earth as fair in hue !And yet what sign of aught that liesBehind the green and blue.What sky is there behind the skyFor refuge and for ecstacy ?What wings of longing undeterredAre native to thee, spirit bird?Which is Moody and which is Tennyson? Think it over.Moody was a scholar, too, in his handling of meter. Or, if you prefer,an artist of the rank of Shelley and Swinburne, and the greatest sinceSwinburne. I must be brief, for the public will read and publishers willprint the prattle of unabashed ignorance about cadences and the pseudo-science of the metronome and the poet's heartbeats and the rate of hisrespiration. But the simple truth and the dozen or less of technical wordsthat most conveniently express it, they will not tolerate. Even such ascholar as Lowell sneers at PoeWho talks like a book of iambs and pentametersIn a way to make people of common sense damn metres.and elsewhere says he'd rather a boy should get the spirit of a Greekchorus than scan it, as if there were any opposition, and as if you couldget the spirit of a lyric without knowing how it sounds.Moody's own verse proves him a close and intelligent student of allthe acknowledged English masters of the art. Harvard taught him onlythe simplest Greek meters. But he followed with intense and appreciativeinterest my viva voce reading of a number of odes of Pindar and Greektragedy, and it pleases me to fancy that his swift assimilation caughtsomething from the experience. At any rate the fact of his metrical mastery is obvious to anyone endowed with an ear. I must venture a few ex-196 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDamples at the risk of spoiling them by my imperfect reading, or failingto convince because of the apparent triviality of single instances tornfrom their setting. I need not recite the rhymed lyrics already quoted oralluded to, "On the River," the songs in "The Fountain," "Pandora'sSong," and the choruses of "The Fire Bringer" and "The Masque ofJudgment." Their music, though not commonplace, is simple, obvious,and direct in its appeal.His management of blank verse would be a theme for a dissertation.He is aware of the entire English tradition, yet slavishly follows no singlemaster. He can, when he pleases and it suits the subject, write the plain,bare, meager, stark blank verse of Robinson, or the flexible, not to sayrugged, verse which Robert Bridges praises in the later Shakespeare andtries to write himself, the verse that bends and breaks into every fold andwith every pause of colloquial speech. But his most characteristic passages are in the great central tradition that runs from Marlowe and theyounger Shakespeare through Milton to Keats's "Hyperion," the stylethat Bernard Shaw and the adepts of free verse abhor as stiff, artificial,and rhetorical. I will not stay to argue. We either like or do not like themovement ofpast the wallsRhipean and the Arimaspian cavesI sought the far hyperborean day.Across the quenched Aegean, where of oldThe shining islands sang their stasimon.By Indian Nysa and the Edonian FountOf Haemus long I lurked in hope to findYoung Dionysus as he raced along.As now, blind bulks of sleep, or hunger bittenTo creep the stagnant bottom of the world.'through tragic twilights when the stricken seaGroveled with fear or when she made her throneIn imminent cities built of gorgeous windsAnd paved with lightningsAcross the vault of heavenPlunged down the shadowy furnishment of warMany a dim immemorable yearHis treatment of the English ode in "An Ode in Time of Hesitation"would also repay study. The modernist, seeing the short, apparently ir-THE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 197regular, lines there interspersed, will chatter of free verse, but the artisticintermingling of four-, three-, and two-foot iambs with the normal five-foot and the Alexandrian is from of old the accepted way of giving lyrical movement to English couplets. All depends on how it is done, andMoody does it superbly :Ah no !We have not fallen so.We are our fathers' sons : let those who lead us know !We shall discern the rightAnd do it tardily, — 0 ye who lead,Take heed!Blindness we may forgive, but baseness we will smite.May I refine further and call your attention to some of his exquisitecadences, if we cannot escape the word?Couched in the sweet, satirical,Impudent tongue of FranceWe were speaking of the ideas of that poem, "Old Pourquoi." But whocares for the ideas? Ideas are as plenty as blackberries, and a poet'sideas need not be more profound than a philologian's or a chemist's. Buthow often have I repeatedCouched in the sweet, satirical,Impudent tongue of France.for sheer delight in the calculated effect, loved also by Shelley and Swinburne, of the division of the second epithet from the third by the verse-ending — murmured it to myself as I walked, while pretty campus flappers covertly smiled at the queer old professor talking to himself.And so I might go on to cite the sudden modulation and reversedmovement in the second line ofAcross the palpitant horizon margeCrocus-filleted came the singing moon.or in Pandora'sI made a helmet for my headAnd a floating plume.which is exactly Sophocles'— but I mustn't quote Greek— the divine hesitation dance ofAwes, adorations, songs of ruth, hesitancies, and tears.orThe sleeping weeds, the stars, few over dreaming Greece.198 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Swinburnian mastery of the varied anapaest inWing and wing with my brother the gulland inMust she seek her lover, her king of kings,Naked, stripped of her costly things ?Must she have no garment but love ?and yet again inWe would not find what he whispers of, and we dieif we find it not !And with a more obvious music,Let him never dream that his bullet's scream went wide of its island mark,Home to the heart of his darling land where she stumbled and sinned in the dark.Or lastly, the magical adaptation of the movement to the sense inAnd pointed a slow finger at her shameand in that wonderful nightingale, which makes even Arnold's Philomelatame and unconvincing and Swinburne's brown bright nightingale amorous, half-assuaged for Itylus, seem only a schoolboy's classical exercise:The nightingale, scarce master of his mood,Now after faint essayAnd amorous dim delaySuddenly steeped his heart in song's mad plenitude.Arnold bids Eugenia noteHow thick the bursts come crowding through the leaves.Moody's rhythm makes us feel the very movement of the song.what is Moody's message?But not to conclude on this technical note, let us finally ask againthe naive, old-fashioned question: What is Moody's teaching, his message — what moral, what lesson, can we find or fancy in his poetry apartfrom its chief service to beauty and delight? We have already anticipatedthis question in part. We find one moral in the hymn to Apollo at theclose of "The Fire Bringer": not the intoxication of Dionysus, not thesweet madness of Eros, but the religion of beauty and the calm ecstasiesof thought yield the abiding satisfactions of life. We might find another inthe self-criticism, the self-judgment, the self-restraint, that, as we noticed,have refined away all dross and jargon from his published work. Thatgoes deeper than the mere consideration of style, ^s a literary artistTHE POETRY OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY 199Moody burned his own emotional smoke; as a man, he may or miay notat times have experienced all the moods, abandoned himself to all thedespairs and revolts, indulged in all the morbidities, excesses, conceits,or perversities of feeling which psychoanalysis invents or discovers inpoets. But in his art these things are defecated to a pure transparency;the feeling, the passion are there, but always controlled by the imaginative reason and subdued to harmony with, or final acceptance of, the universal, the social, the moral order— always rationalized I would say, ifpseudo-science had not spoiled the word for all reasonable uses.In addition to these suggestions the universities of America and theUniversity of Chicago, where he taught, may, without straining interpretation, find pregnant significance in the allegory of "The Fire Bringer."I once defined the university spirit as the passionate pursuit of passionless intelligence, and the intelligent reporter broadcasted it to the scornof advanced thinkers as the passionless pursuit of passionless intelligence. Mere knowledge, unquickened by passion, unilluminated by imagination, is a lifeless burden of the soul. And the universities that enrolhalf-trained students by the thousands are continually facing the alternative of the apathetic grind of the treadmill for the few, and the dissipation of student activities for the many. How shall we find or store thefire divine, and in what narthex convey it as the central plant distributeselectricity and heat to our classrooms? By research, the current watchword answers. And for those predestined to research, it solves the problem. They are the elect; their service to humanity is the highest, and intheir own inner soul-life the intellectual fire burns with the hardest,brightest, and most continuous flame. They need and ask for nothingmore. As we all remember Darwin said of himself, "Science and the domestic affections suffice" for them. They do not need poetry and art andmusic and metaphysics and tentative explorations of obscure corners ofliterature and history; they are not solicited by vagrant curiosities thatlure them to acquire a smattering of languages not needed in their business,or to waste their hours in miscellaneous and multifarious reading that hasno bearing on the doctoral dissertation, on the next book, or on the nextstep in promotion — science and the domestic affections suffice. But themajority of mankind, the majority of students, even, are not built in thatway. When Aristotle said, "All men naturally desire to know," a medieval wit added, "But all don't want to study." We may supplement thatwith: All who wish to study do not wish to practice research. There isnot, and never will be, a university in which more than 10 per cent of thefaculty and students are genuine devotees of research. These are, as I200 THE UNIVERSITY RfiCORDhave said, the elect. But shall the others be cast into the outer culturaldarkness of student activities or left in the apathy of Moody's stone menstagnating in the slime at the foot of Parnassus?The noblest of all the gifts of the great institutions of learning, saidthe most cultivated of American artists, the friend of Henry Adams, in asentence that might have come straight out of Longinus, On the Sublime,or Plato's paragraph on the friendship of Pericles with Anaxagoras, thenoblest of all their gifts is a certain fostering of elevation of mind; andwe may take warning and add that a university that does not bring downfrom the citadel of Zeus the Promethean fire to its classrooms is a mereaggregation of brick and mortar, not a carved and marble place of puissant souls, and its students will be the stone men of Moody's allegory,waiting patiently and dumblyfor a wine of fireTo light the passion of the world againAnd fill men's veins with music.When the endowments, the fine new buildings, the fellowships, theopportunities, have done their part, nay, even when a fortunate teacherhere and there has succeeded in kindling the divine fire in our souls, itrests with us to nourish it and keep it alive; in this task each of us mustbe his own Prometheus — the world is ever seeking to extinguish theflame. If you would keep it, you yourselvesmust striveMorning and night against the jealous gods.And no man hath it till he bring it down.Himself the heaven, himself the jealous gods,The sun, the sun-thief and the flaming reedThat kindles new the beauty of the world.Modeled by Hester BremerFirst Row: Emerson, Cervantes, Lessing Second Row: Ibsen, Hugo, SchillerThe Sculptor, with Heads of Chaucer and Dante in PlasterSCULPTURE FIGURES ON WIEBOLDT HALLWIEBOLDT HALLThe cornerstone of Wieboldt Hall of Modern Languages was laidwith appropriate ceremony on December 14, 1926. Since that date building has steadily progressed. The stone has been laid. The roof is on.Work in completion of the interior is now progressing. The building isexpected to be ready for occupancy by October of this year, or surely before January 1, 1928. Its completion will be welcomed by the membersof the group, which for many years has been without permanent abiding-place. It will provide abundant facilities for the department which havelong been needed, particularly for research.The new building, an architect's drawing of which has appeared inthe Record, adds another unit to the William Rainey Harper Librarygroup, which eventually will extend along the Midway Plaisance frontagefor the width of two city blocks: in other words, from Ellis Avenue toUniversity Avenue. It will directly connect with Harper Library by meansof the broad first-floor hallway. With the building for the social scienceswhich will occupy the site east of Harper Library, a building whichdoubtless will rise within a year or two, four of the five units in this connected and unified group — essentially one from the architectural point ofview — will have been completed.There will be a passageway through Wieboldt Hall leading from Fifty-ninth Street to the quadrangle bounded by the Divinity Dormitories,Haskell Oriental Museum, and Joseph Bond Chapel. The quadranglethus completed will provide the most intimate and delightful court amongthe many "quads." This description will be notably true if the practically useless driveway within the quadrangle, as is now proposed, is removed, as was done in the case of the driveway north of Swift Hall.Upon another page will be found reproductions of the carved headswhich are the interesting and appropriate ornaments on both the Midway and the quadrangle facades of Wieboldt Hall. The figures, carvedin limestone, are placed above the third-story windows. As a result ofstudy by members of the Department of Modern Languages the following were the subjects chosen: From the Germanic group, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Ibsen; from the Romance group, Dante, Moliere, Hugo,Cervantes; from the English group, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Emerson.201202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn addition to these carved portraits there are two more conventional heads with mortarboard caps, one on either side of the entrance to thepassageway from the Midway to the quadrangle.Miss Hester Bremer, the sculptor of these figures, occupies one ofthe Midway Studios, Chicago. Her own portrait, photographed duringa cold, blustering March day, is seen above two of the plaster heads,while in the distance may be discovered a University tower. Born in St.Louis, the daughter of a noted physician, she has studied and practicedher art in Paris, Berlin, Munich, and Dresden. She has exhibited at theChicago Art Institute. In modeling these figures Miss Bremer has beeninfluenced by the work of the sculptors of the Gothic period. Particularly she has felt the fitness of the statuary on Chartres Cathedral to exemplify the spirit which should dominate the carvings of a building of theGothic school, even one erected in the twentieth century. As a result ofher observation and her skill, she has modeled these fourteen heads in amanner suitable to their place in the building, to their environment, andappropriate to the architecture. They are done in a "big" manner, andadmirably carry their vigorous and forceful message.THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEMSBy J. C. M. HANSON, Associate DirectorIt may be appropriate to present at this time a survey of the librarydevelopment and problems of the University, as the appointment ofDr. Raney to the directorship of the Library will usher in a new era, onelikely to witness rapid growth and important progress.So far the University Library has passed through two distinct eras orperiods of development: the first from 1892 to 1910, during the presidency of Dr. Harper; the second, 1910-27, under the presidency of Dr.Judson, Dr. Burton (also Director of Libraries), and Dr. Mason. Thewriter has little personal knowledge of the first period. Something he haslearned from Dr. Burton, Dr. T. W. Goodspeed, and others, somethinghe has gleaned from reading the decennial publications and the University Record, particularly for the period 1898-1901.No one not on the ground can have any conception of the difficultiesunder which the University must have carried on its library activitiesduring the first nineteen to twenty years of its existence. From thesources referred to it is apparent that when the University opened itsdoors in the autumn of 1892 there were nearly 200,000 volumes on hand.1But this comparatively large accumulation of books was of little valuewithout an adequate building or a professionally trained staff to administer it.As near as we can discover, each department was allowed to selectbooks and organize its own library without the necessary central controlor co-ordinating influence. The results must have failed to satisfy theFaculty, for by 1898 a strong demand for the grouping of related departmental libraries had made itself felt. As a result we find a series of grouplibraries, e.g., classical group, modern language group, historical and social science group.Judging from the published reports of the many meetings held from1898 to 1901 and the report of the commission of trustees and professorsfinally adopted in 1902, these group libraries had by no means solved thelibrary problems of the University, for the commission finally presented1 Several state universities e.g., the University of Wisconsin, had at that timeless than 35,000 volumes.203204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa plan which involved the further grouping of the humanities along theFifty-ninth Street side of the Quadrangles, and the science departmentsalong Fifty-seventh Street.The plan as formulated by the commission was presented by Dr.Burton at the meeting of the American Library Association at NiagaraFalls in 1903, at which meeting the writer was present. It called for ageneral library facing the Midway and connecting with departmentalbuildings for the humanities extending east, west, and north from thecentral library, the third floor given up to reading rooms, the basementto stacks, the intervening floors to professors' offices and seminar andclassrooms. To use Dr. Burton's own words: "Libraries horizontally;departments vertically."One of the best-known librarians of Chicago recently expressed tothe writer the opinion that President Harper probably had other andmore far-reaching plans than those offered by the commission. Associatesof President Harper, still living, may be able to throw light on this matter. From documents available one would naturally conclude that theplans outlined by Dr. Burton in 1903, and in part carried out during hisadministration as Director, were also those of President Harper.Of the second period, 1910-27, the writer speaks with more assurance, as he has served as a member of the Library staff from November1, 1 910, to date. This second period has been referred to as the administration of Dr. Burton, and properly so. He was appointed Director ofLibraries July 1, 19 10, and held the title until the time of his deathin 1925.That great progress became possible during the fifteen years of Dr.Burton's administration was due largely to the following factors: (1)The Director was a man who ranked high in the Faculty and held someof the most important committee positions. He had grown up with theUniversity and was thoroughly conversant with the details and routineof its administration. (2) For the first time in the history of the University, a building was provided large enough to accommodate the general library and also three important departmental libraries. (3) Agreatly enlarged staff of librarians and assistants with professional training was secured. (4) Increased appropriations for books and bindingwere granted. (5) Important changes in library policy were proposedand adopted.The general library building, while soon to prove inadequate for theneeds of the University, was a tremendous improvement over the quarters previously occupied. It provided for the placing of the general, mod-THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 205ern language, and historical group libraries in one building. Moreover,there were housed in buildings connecting with Harper the libraries ofthe Divinity School, the Law School, and the Oriental Institute. If thisgroup had also included classical antiquities, art, geography, and education, with reasonable room for expansion, the result, while far from ideal,would at any rate have represented something akin to a realization of theplan proposed by the commission of 1902.The rapid growth, about 50,000 volumes a year, which set in soonafter the occupation of the new building in 191 2 made it clear that as faras library facilities were concerned, the University was in the position ofa community with railroads capable of handling only one-half of its traffic and with no means for immediate expansion. As a result, the periodof centralization of book resources which began with the erection ofHarper Library was soon succeeded by a period of decentralization. Every foot of space in Harper having been occupied, overflow had to beprovided for in other buildings, and class after class of books was accordingly removed to departments and basements wherever space for a section of shelves could be found.In spite of these drawbacks there was marked progress as regardsgrowth and use of libraries and organization of their resources. The following tabulation, taken in the main from a joint report of the Directorand Associate Director of Libraries, presented to the Board of Trusteesin January, 1925, perhaps the last official statement signed by Dr. Burton as Director of Libraries, will serve as illustration:1919No. of libraries .No. of vols. . .Circulation . . 19289,000 approx. (in Gen.Lib., 70,000)20,644 (Gen. Lib. only reporting)Interlibrary loansSalary budgetBooks and bindingCatalogues andclassification . 296$21,710$28,000No common system of cat-alogues or classification.No co-ordination oragreement between the19 libraries. With twoor three exceptions inexperienced students or instructors in charge. Theentire holdings of 289,-000 vols, had to be re-catalogued and reclassified. 1926101,100,000 approx. (in Gen. Lib.,500,000)482,910 (Gen. Lib.), 211,128 (in 8of 16 departmental libraries andreading rooms), total, 694,0382,002$168,892$65,645.1,050,000 vols, and pamphlets(not independent bindings) fully catalogued in (a) dictionarycatalogue for the public, (6)dictionary catalogue for thestaff, (c) in. part in departmental library catalogues, (d)classed catalogue for the public, (e) shelf -list for the staff.Library of Congress classification now covering 1,050,000vols.[Continued on page 206I206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD[Continued]1919 1926Reference books andbibliographies . No one collection to speak Collection of reference books andof. In December, 1910, a bibliographies pronounced bylist of 100 titles was se- experts one of the best inlected, representing those America.considered most important for a university library. The checking ofthis list showed that 44of the works were in thepossession of the University, 6 in the General Library, 38 in departmental libraries.It has already been intimated that the usefulness of the Universitylibrary developed under Dr. Burton's administration was seriously affected by building conditions. It may be sufficient to say here that already by 1 9 14 additional space for books in Harper Library had becomea pressing necessity. Dr. Burton, accordingly, in his report for the fiscalyear 191 5-16, calls attention to the existing congestion and its unfortunate results. Conditions brought about by the World War, however,prevented additional building construction. Relief was therefore soughtthrough the erection of book stacks in the basement of the ClassicsBuilding. The removal of several classes of books to this building wasthe first step in that decentralization already alluded to, which has continued to the present day, but, as we hope, will Se definitely checked bythe opening, in the autumn of 1927, of Wieboldt Hall, the link which isto connect the general library with Classics. That under these circumstances the cardinal principle on which a university library must bebuilt, an organism which cannot be dismembered without destroying itsusefulness, was seriously violated, will be readily conceded by observersfamiliar with library administration.In spite of these unfortunate conditions, those in charge of the reorganization begun in October, 191 1, never for a moment faltered in theiradherence to the general principle of treating the books of all departments as one organic whole. As a result there are today 1,050,000 volumes and pamphlets so recorded and organized that, given the building,they can be installed in their proper order in three weeks' time withoutalteration of a single catalogue card or classification number. Every yearadds at least 60,000 to the book resources thus organized.It is the confident belief of the writer that in selection of books,classification and recording of their contents, the development of staff-in his opinion, four of the great fundamentals for successful administra-THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 207tion of a university library — the University of Chicago reorganizationhas followed methods and standards that will stand the test of time andcompare favorably with those applied in other large universities.To work toward an adequate solution of the building problems,which have so far constituted the most serious obstacle in the normalfunctioning of the University Library, will no doubt be one of the chieftasks now confronting the administration. The opening of the graduatelibrary schooland the rapid development of the University in variousdirections, e.g., medical research, history, theology, philology, make itmore imperative than ever that these problems be solved and solvedright.The commission of Trustees and Faculty which in 1923 presented atentative report on the future policy of the University libraries has nodoubt by this time collected material which will prove of much service ina study of the building problems. The report of the commission presented two plans : ( 1 ) A large library building in the center of the Quadrangles, to contain the general library and the bulk of the books now indepartments, (while not expressly stated, it was no doubt intended toprovide also working collections in departmental buildings and laboratories with the best possible communication between the central libraryand the departments) ; (2) expansion and continuation of the plan presented by the commission of 1902.In addition to the two suggestions mentioned, a third, the utilizationof Harper and adjoining buildings as a general library by erection inHarper Quadrangle of a six-story stack building to accommodate between three and four million volumes, was submitted by the undersignedin 1918.So far librarians have pronounced almost unanimously in favor ofcentralization of books in a large library building with small workingcollections in departments and laboratories, certain schools, e.g., Law,being permitted to develop somewhat independently. In 1902 the majority of the Faculty evidently favored a further development of the departmental system to which they had been accustomed since 1892. However,the situation has changed since then. Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins,Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Cornell, and other universities here andabroad have demonstrated or are demonstrating the fact that the moderncentral library is in a position, not only to provide most of the advantagesof a departmental system, but to improve on them; to furnish better service at less cost, better care and supervision of books, better equipment,more and better reference books, and, last but not least, opportunities for208 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthat broadening influence which comes from contact with a large and representative collection of books from association with members of departments other than one's own. This mutual interchange of ideas, the rendering and receiving of assistance made possible by the central library,has not been sufficiently emphasized in the discussions so far published.The idea that the library of a university is a natural center, the onedepartment which touches all departments, has spread rapidly during thelast half-century. With the growing interdependence of various fields ofknowledge and increasing complexity of interrelationships between departments, the importance of the library in the life and work of a university is becoming more generally recognized. The University of Chicago has made great progress, during its first thirty-five years, in theacquisition of books. Since 191 1 it has also made decided progress in theorganization of its' resources. During the era now about to begin itshould solve also the chief remaining problem, the proper housing andcare of its books.THE HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OFAMERICAN ENGLISHBy WILLIAM ALEXANDER CRAIGIEProfessor of the English LanguageI. THE REASONS FOR THE WORKThe main reason for undertaking the compilation of a dictionary ofthis kind is simple. At the present time there is no work to which thestudent of English can turn with the certainty of finding in it the fullAmerican record of any word which has been current in the spoken orwritten language of the United States. For a limited portion of the vocabulary it may be possible to collect sufficient evidence by a comparison oftwo or three obvious sources of information; but for the greater numberof words the existing record is obviously incomplete, and for many it ispractically non-existent. \The explanation of this state of things lies in the history of Americanlexicography. This has been pursued on two main lines, neither of whichhas been sufficient to cover the whole field of research. On the one handwe have the type which begins with Webster and Worcester and is continued in the Century and the Standard. These are, in the main, dictionaries of the standard language common to all parts of the English-speaking world, with the addition of some American words or uses ; in a largework, like the Century, this element is of considerable bulk and importance. This type of dictionary, however, does not profess to illustrate thehistory of a word or use; it merely records and defines it, and any historical information is purely incidental.On the other hand, we have vocabularies or dictionaries of the typewhich begins with Pickering and Bartlett, and culminates in Thornton'sAmerican Glossary. In this type only those words or uses are includedwhich the compiler recognized or regarded as peculiar to the UnitedStates; they are intended as collections of Americanisms only. From thebeginning these works have provided dated evidence for many of theitems included in them, and to this extent their evidence is of historicalvalue. Thornton has made an advance on all his predecessors by the number of his quotations and by the placing of them in order of date, so thatthe earliest evidence for each word or use can be seen at a glance. A com-2092IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDparison of the material supplied by Thornton with that printed in theOxford English Dictionary is at present the simplest method of ascertaining the full evidence for that portion of the vocabulary which is commonto both of these works.This, however, will take us only a short way toward ascertaining thehistory of the English tongue in the United States as a whole. Distinctand clearly recognizable Americanisms form only a small part of thatlanguage even in modern times, and are still fewer and less prominent inthe earlier period. The language of the seventeenth century in New England and Virginia was to a great extent the same as the language of OldEngland, though even then it had taken in some new words and introduced some new uses of the old ones. As matters stand, however, we haveno clear record which enables us to compare the two sides of the Atlantic,and are constantly left in doubt whether a word or use Wjas peculiar to theone or to the other, or was common to both.The only means of obtaining clear knowlege in this matter is to havethe American evidence presented in as complete a form as the Englishnow is in the pages of the Oxford Dictionary. This involves the collectingof sufficient material for each word (not merely for each Americanism) tomake the correspondences or divergences quite clear, and to establish therelative dates in the two areas. While it is true that the early colonistsbrought with them, as has been said, "the language of Shakespeare," theyneither brought nor retained the whole of it. Moreover, they clearly didbring with them much that is unrecorded in English writings of that time,but which has survived to the present day in English dialects. The American evidence for good English words frequently antedates by a century ortwo the earliest instance that can be found in England itself.The question of date is also of importance, for all the words whichentered the English language after 1620. When these had become currentin England, the chances were that they would in time become usual in thiscountry as well; but the time which they took to make the passage wouldvary considerably. At present there are no means of ascertaining the factsin each case. For instance, Macaulay used the word "slogan" in the senseof a party cry before 1859. The earliest American example given in thedictionaries is of 1880. Is this to be taken as evidence that the use required some twenty years to come over here?To sum up, from existing dictionaries the American student of English can learn most of what he requires to know about the English vocabulary as a whole, and a great deal about specifically American words orphrases. For the American history of the greater part of the vocabularyHISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH 211he has at present no means of information. The lack of this also rendersimperfect the record of many good English words, accidentally writtendown here earlier than in England. For these reasons the compilation ofa full historical dictionary of American English will be a valuable contribution to the history of English as a whole.II. THE METHODS OF COMPILATIONA dictionary of this kind must be based on an extensive collection ofmaterial from all available sources, and the methods of collecting must beso contrived that there is little chance of missing anything of real importance. It is obvious that this end cannot be obtained by taking the wordssingly and trying to trace the history of each by a separate investigation;this would be an endless task, and ineffective, however much labor wasspent upon it. The only practical method is that which has already beenemployed in collecting the material on which the Oxford Dictionary isbased — a method which not only is effective, but has the merit of affording opportunities for valuable work to all who are in the least interestedin the study of language and have some spare time to give to it. It maybe most simply explained by quoting from an account which has alreadyappeared in print.The most ordinary method of collecting dictionary material is a simple matterand requires no previous training in language work; the chief points to be observedsoon become familiar by experience. It consists in writing or typing on separateslips of paper such passages from selected works as contain either unusual words andconstructions or good examples of common words or phrases. The extent to whichthis should be done for any single work depends on its value for the language of theperiod at which it was written. Some books will yield hundreds or thousands ofvaluable quotations; others, only a few dozens or scores. Some indication of thevalue of any work for dictionary work can readily be given to the reader who undertakes it, together with clear instructions in the proper method of writing out, orotherwise supplying, the quotations.Those who wish to apply themselves to language study can find ample opportunity for doing so in such a way as will directly contribute to the accumulation ofmaterial for the dictionary. Special studies in the vocabularies of particular authors,periods, types of literature, districts, subjects (e.g., farming, mining, lumbering,names of plants, or animals, or fishes, etc.), can best be made by the same method ofnoting each item on separate slips. When these have been used for the purpose forwhich the study was undertaken, the whole collection, if handed over for the use ofthe dictionary, would form a most valuable addition to its stores. It is to be hopedthat all special studies of this nature made by advanced students in the universitiesmay be done in such a way that the materials collected can afterwards be availablefor this use.Voluntary readers, or students engaged in special research work, will be particularly wanted for the following classes of works :212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDi. Literature (in prose and verse) by authors of repute from the seventeenthcentury to the close of the nineteenth. Selected works by the more prominent authors will be excerpted with considerable fulness to represent the standard literaryvocabulary of each period.2. Literature by minor authors, to be read as a rule for the less usual words orexpressions which may occur.3. Local records, collections of early documents lor letters, etc. For the earlierperiod the material from these is important and will require to be very fully noted.4. Travels in, and descriptions of, the various parts of the United States.(Books by British and other travelers must be included here, as they frequentlymention local uses of words.)5. The early local publications in all the newer states, including newspapers,advertisement sheets, and other printed matter likely to contain words not readilyfound in ordinary literature.6. Early school and college textbooks on subjects which give opportunity forthe current names of animals, birds, fishes, trees, plants, minerals, etc.The general collecting of such material has yet to be organized, butmuch special work has already been done by graduate students in theUniversity of Chicago. Many studies have been made in the vocabularyof typical authors of the nineteenth century, and of New England records of the seventeenth. More extensive investigations are in progress onthe vocabulary of Samuel Sewall, of Benjamin Franklin, of FenimoreCooper, etc. Graduates who have taken part in the work here are nowcarrying the method with them to other universities and colleges, fromwhich steadily increasing contributions may be confidently expected.A very considerable mass of American dictionary material is alreadyin existence, in the proper form, in different quarters, and there is everyexpectation that this can be brought to Chicago in the near future. It isparticularly gratifying that the delegates of the Oxford University Presshave provisionally expressed their willingness to allow the extensive material now in their possession to be used for the new dictionary. Thus thework done by many American hands some forty or fifty years ago willagain prove useful for a purpose then unthought of.III. THE RESULTSBefore any great enterprise is undertaken, it is well to inquire whetherthe results will justify the labor and expense. In such undertakings asthis, the results cannot be estimated from any commercial point of view;the only question is whether the work when completed will be sufficientlyvaluable as a contribution to knowledge.No one who is interested in the history of his own language will beinclined to doubt the value of a dictionary of this nature. Only those whoHISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH 213have given special attention to the matter, however, can have any idea ofthe new and interesting facts which will come to light for the first time inits pages, or of the number of instances in which current guesses will beeither confirmed or disproved when the full evidence is presented. Someinstances of the new facts that will be revealed may serve as a sample ofwhat is to be expected from the dictionary when, it appears.The combination "apple-cart" is registered in at least one Americandictionary, but without any mention of the common phrase, "to upset theapple-cart." A still more recent American "desk-book" (of 1923) recordsthe phrase and assigns it to Great Britain. A search in the Oxford EnglishDictionary will disclose an instance under the verb "to upset," of the date1883. About 1800, however, the American poet Fessenden wrote "hethreatened to overturn the apple-cart," and the word was also used byCarruthers in 1834. Obviously it still remains an open question to whichcountry the word and phrase orginally belongs.The word "arrearages," in the sense of arrears of payment, was inEnglish use from the fourteenth century down to the end of the seventeenth. After that date the Oxford English Dictionary gives a solitaryexample from Washington Irving, of the date 1850. This might be reckoned as one of Irving's archaisms, if it stood alone. But the New Englandrecords show that the word was current there in the seventeenth century,and Fenimore Cooper has it in his Prairie in 1827. On the face of it, itwould appear that the word had survived here long after it had becomeobsolete in England.A well-known authority on English has written, "Of the other slangsynonyms for very .... awfully was British first and now Americanalso." This is probably correct as regards recent usage, but historically itis imperfect. About 1822 Charles Lamb wrote, "She is indeed, as theAmericans would express it, something awful." Pickering, in his vocabulary of 18 1 6, supplies evidence that Lamb's ascription was correct, as hedeals at some length with both the adjective and the adverb, and citesearlier testimony as to the currency of "awful" among the country peoplein New England. The tendency to reduce the words to mere intensivesthus appears earlier in the United States than in England.Almost any volume of New England records of the seventeenth century will furnish examples of the historical material still to be extractedfrom them. The records of Groton in 1706 mention two kinds of brick:"merchantable" and "sarnman" brick. The latter term is still in use inEast Anglia, but is not recorded there till about 1825. In the records ofPortsmouth there are many entries registering the earmarks of cattle, and214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin a number of these the term "half -penny" or "hapeny" occurs. The onlyEnglish parallel to this is a very modern example of "halfpenny-slit,"given in the English Dialect Dictionary as being in use in Norfolk."Draw-bars," as a substitute for a gate, are entered in the Century Dictionary with a quotation from Harper's Magazine. The combination is atleast as old as 1670, as the Groton records show.Even where the dictionary does not succeed in carrying the evidencefor a word backward or forward beyond the dates already ascertained, itwill at least be able to give a clear unmixed record of American usage. Itwill aim at completeness in this respect, so far as completeness can beattained in such a work. How near it may approach to that standard willdepend on the response which is made to the appeal for aid in collectingthe material, an appeal which will be issued as soon as it is certain thatthe results can be utilized to the fullest extent by the creation of a permanent staff of assistants.Modeled by Ulrich EllerhusenFirst Row: Moses, Abraham, Luther Second Row: Amos, Huss, TyndaleSCULPTURE FIGURES ON THE UNIVERSITY CHAPELTHE ARCHITECTURE OF THEUNIVERSITY CHAPELBy VON OGDEN VOGTThe rising walls of the University Chapel begin to indicate somethingof the magnificence of structural composition which the building will display. To say that it will be worthy of its designer is to say much, forthere are many who regard the late Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue as thegreatest architectural genius America has ever produced. Of the twochief aesthetic qualities of the structure, one is typical of Mr. Goodhue'sprevious work in ecclesiastical design, and the other is unique in thisbuilding.The first characteristic is the strong verticality of the extremely loftyclerestory. Many American churches in the Gothic tradition are of theso-called "hall type," with wide-spreading roof lines and no clerestory.If there are side aisles at all, they are sufficiently high to be covered bythe unbroken roof lines of the nave. Our chapel, with comparatively narrow and low side aisles, will have a clerestory of exceptional height. Thiswill give to the main structure the upward-sweeping lines typical of thegreat original Gothic buildings. The vertical lines of the narrow fagadeand the great nave buttresses will be further enhanced by the lofty towerover the east transept. Like the Italian campaniles, the almost freestanding tower will rise from the ground level, giving full effect to theclean, uninterrupted lift of its more than 200 feet of height.The other conspicuous aesthetic effect is the breadth of design accomplished by a system of vaulting units covering two bays of the nave. To onestanding in the nave there will be on either side an arcade of alternatingheavy and light piers, comprising ten bays. Looking upward, it will be seenthat the unit of vaulting is the square space over two bays. The buildingwill thus be composed of five great squares, one for the choir, one thecrossing, and three in the nave. Added to these is the narthex, with itsgreat mass of masonry to take the thrust of the longitudinal arches onone end, and a shallow apse on the other end. Each square will be coveredby a lofty quadripartite vault of modern tiling laid in thin layers, thickened at the haunches, yielding a permanent fireproof and beautiful construction of much less weight than vaults of stone. These vaults will be2152l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsustained by piers of concrete and stone, each pier flanked by a powerfulbuttress set astride, so to speak, of the side aisles of the building. Thewhole structure is being composed in the pure and mighty mode of solidmasonry.The unique design afforded by this system of structure is the arrangement of the total clerestory space in five divisions instead of ten.For such great breadth of composition, there is no old Gothic prototype.The celebrated King's College chapel in Cambridge, England, has tenlofty perpendicular windows in about the same length as our five. Again,in comparison with Salisbury Cathedral, our chapel vaults will be aboutthe same height and our chapel length about the same as the principalnave of Salisbury. But the English cathedral has ten clerestory bays toour five. Owing thus to the low aisles and double bay system of vaulting,our clerestory units will be perhaps the largest in the world, containingwindows among the largest. The building, therefore, viewed from theside, will be notable for a unique breadth of design marked by the strongshadows of the soffits of the five great longitudinal arches of the structure.In the total design of the chapel, by these two methods, Mr. Goodhue has achieved the powerful spirit of aspiration inherent in the geniusof Gothic structures, and added to it a distinguished intellectuality suggested by the breadth and scale of the principle structural units.The decorative details of the building are a study in themselves. Tothe seemingly perpendicular tracery of the large windows, there is addedthe suavity and grace of curvilinear or decorated tracery. To the austerity of the great vaults, there is to be applied the warmth of patterns inbright colors. To the power and simplicity of an almost stark structure,there is being applied the enrichment of intricate carvings on capitals,corbels, and demifigures. On the south fagade there will be free-standingfigures flanking the great window and in a majestical arcade across thegable. These figures will represent not merely persons and movementssignificant to religious history, but also the interest of religion in the artsand sciences and in politics. Certain figures and escutcheons will relatethe chapel to the intimacies of our own University and connect it withother academic institutions. Illustrations showing certain of these figures appeared in the April number of the University Record, and othersare reproduced on an adjoining page. It may truly be said that the definite meaning of symbolism in the building on the one hand, and the major aesthetic qualities of the structure on the other, are together worthyof a university sanctuary and apt to intimate the presiding nature ofmodern religion in the life of a great institution of learning.THE OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONSOF AMERICA TO MODERNARCHITECTURE1By GEORGE C. NIMMONS, F.A.I.A.The true place of America in the field of architecture is a subject thatdeserves special consideration at this time chiefly because there are relatively few people who seem to realize that of all the architecture of theworld our own is regarded as the best that is now being produced; andthere are authorities who go even farther and claim that it is the best thathas been produced anywhere for the last two and a half centuries.Up to forty or fifty years ago, this country contributed practicallynothing to the architecture of the world. Then all at once things began tohappen in the building industry here that made the whole world take notice. Difficulties in building construction were overcome that had seriously hampered and restricted architects in the past. New types of construction and new types of buildings were invented. The whole art of buildingwas revolutionized so that the methods of construction were entirelychanged, and the time required to erect an important building was shortened from the period of a generation or two, to one or two years. Underthese new conditions the people of this country began to erect buildingsthat are unique in the world, and in many respects superior to anythingever erected before. It is these new buildings and the outstanding features of them that have brought about the greatest change of all time inthe architecture of the world. It is these things which are the contributions of America to the architecture of the world, and it is to them that Idesire to call your attention.STEEL SKELETON CONSTRUCTIONThe first great contribution of this country to architecture was theinvention of steel skeleton construction and the development of reinforced concrete construction. Concrete construction was used largely bythe Romans, who had a kind of earth to mix in their mortar that took theplace of our modern cement. Concrete was used in Europe before we tookit up, but it was here in this country that it was developed into a kind ofskeleton construction, reinforced with steel rods, that is the same in form1 A lecture delivered at the University of Chicago, April 22, 1927.2172l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas our steel skeleton construction. The noteworthy characteristic of bothof these constructions is that they are fireproof and contain no substancesthat will feed the flames when the contents of these buildings take fire.They act like a stove in that respect.Another striking feature of these two skeleton constructions is thatthe principal weight of the building and all that it contains is carried oncolumns. In fact, the whole structure of these buildings is a series of columns which carry the floors and all the walls.Consider, if you please, what a wonderful thing concrete construction is, and what power and strength can be developed in it. How magical it is that a pile of gravel, a quantity of sand, and a little of that mysterious powder called cement can be mixed together by the addition ofwater, and that when poured upon a platform, called a form, on whichsmall steel rods are placed in a certain position, this mass will harden andin a short time form a roof or a floor of almost unlimited power andstrength. Such a floor, for example, supported on four columns twenty-five feet apart each way, may readily be made to carry not only its ownweight, but the weight of a railroad locomotive besides. So efficient havebecome the methods of producing this kind of construction that the material for the floors of a building, for instance, 200 feet long by 75 feet wideand four stories high, may be mixed and poured into place within twenty-four hours. At this rate, one may realize how quickly the buildings of awhole city could be erected if need be.It seems as if there could be no better materials or no better usemade of the endless supply of the earth's sand and stone than to use themfor our buildings. It is as if man had improved on nature's stone buildingblocks by discovering a method by which stone can be quickly createdwith steel rods in it that makes it a hundred times stronger for buildingpurposes than nature's own stone building blocks.THE PIONEERSThe steel skeleton construction for buildings was invented here inChicago by the architects W. L. B. Jenney, who first used it in the HomeInsurance Building, which had iron and steel columns and floor beams,but self-sustaining outside masonry walls, and Holabird & Roche, whowere the first to use steel and iron throughout in the Tacoma Building(now owned by the University of Chicago) to carry the outside walls aswell as the floors themselves. Burnham & Root, architects of Chicago,were the next pioneers to use this construction in some of the first skyscraper buildings, as they are called. The Rookery Office Building andthe Masonic Temple of Chicago are two of the first prominent examplesCONTRIBUTIONS OF AMERICA TO MODERN ARCHITECTURE 219of this type of construction. All of these buildings are in the neighborhood of forty years old, and are standing in good condition and earningrentals higher than they ever did before, an interesting fact when it is remembered that buildings of the old types of construction were formerlyregarded as becoming obsolete and of little earning power at the end ofthirty-five years.Along with the development of the skeleton type of fireproof construction came the new type of foundations which were necessary in orderto support without settlement the immense weight of these tall buildings.There came, also, the complicated systems of heating, lighting, andplumbing, and the radical development of the elevator.The method of calculating the size and strength of the various partsof these structures became a most exact science, as it was necessary to beable to produce many of the essential parts of these buildings in factoriesand workshops often far removed from the building's site. In fact, theconstruction of a modern building is a process largely of assembling materials that are prepared elsewhere.The new type of foundations which support these structures consistsof circular drums or columns of concrete that extend down to solid rockor a hard stratum that may overlie the rock. Caisson foundations areconstructed by digging a round hole by hand down to rock or hard pan,and filling the hole with concrete, which becomes the support for a building column. The water which flows in through the wood or metal shellwhile digging proceeds is automatically removed by a pump, and if flowing quicksand makes this impossible, as frequently occurs in the soil ofNew York, the work is carried on in an ingenious way by closing the topof the hole and putting the air in it under sufficient pressure to hold thequicksand back. "Floating foundations," which were used just before theadoption of caissons, caused trouble by settlement, and the worst featureof this settling was that different parts of a building would often settleunevenly.For instance, the outside walls of the Masonic Temple of Chicagosettled so badly that the sidewalks, after a time, pitched the wrong way,draining the water from a rainstorm into the front door of each entrance;while there were some columns on the inside of the building that settledscarcely at all, causing great humps in the floor, particularly in front ofthe elevators. To cure these defects, the inside columns were loaded withpig iron and their foundations forced down to a level with the other foundations, and the sidewalks were rebuilt and made to drain the water tothe gutters. The Auditorium Building of Chicago in one place has settledtwenty-two inches. There is one tall building in Chicago that is fourteen220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinches out of plumb, and there is the unique instance of the Great Northern Hotel, which was built in two parts, the second part being built withjackscrews in the foundations so as to let the new part up or down andthereby keep its floors level with those of the old building. These are instances of some of the troublesome movements which took place in theold type of floating foundations. Now all of these troubles are avoidedby the use of caissons for the taller buildings, which hold the superstructures absolutely at the level at which they are intended to be.The wonderful improvements made in the heating, plumbing, lighting,electrical, and other mechanical equipment of buildings are so marked,considering the primitive state of these things that existed only a fewyears ago, that any adequate presentation of the subject would requirefar more time than may be taken now.THE MODERN ELEVATOROne feature of the mechanical equipment, however, is so closely connected with the development of tall buildings that a brief reference to itwill be made, and that is the elevator. The elevator was not invented byAmericans, but Americans did develop it and provide new mechanicalmethods of operating it that adapted it perfectly to its new uses.There are records to the effect that an engineer of Julius Caesar created a freight elevator, and later on an animal elevator was used tohoist the wild animals up to the floor of the Colosseum. In the sixthcentury the passenger elevator apparently was first installed, and thenlater at Windsor Castle. In 1780 the Empress of Austria used one todescend to the family tomb of her church. There is evidence of this beingof a plunger type and not operated by hand power. Unfortunately oneday the Empress was caught in the hatchway of the elevator, and shetook this to be a forerunner of her death, which really did occur shortlyafterward. A slowly moving, inefficient type of elevator called a lift wasformerly used to some extent in France and England, but was not welladapted to American uses. So the American type, with all of its refinements and safety devices, was created, which travels up to a velocity of800 feet a minute.MOVING SKYWARDThe first skyscraper buildings were nine and ten stories high, theneleven, twelve, sixteen, twenty, thirty, and even forty and more. Nowthere are plans on foot to exceed even this great height. There is nowpractically no limit to the height to which a steel skeleton building couldbe built, except the height up in the sky where the atmosphere becomes toorare to breathe. The design of the construction of such a building wouldCONTRIBUTIONS OF AMERICA TO MODERN ARCHITECTURE 221be simply the result of mathematical and scientific calculation, and thespreading out on the ground of the weight of the structure sufficiently forthe rock under the soil to carry it.What a contrast the present building possibilities are to those of thepast! In designing the old cathedrals, it was sometimes impossible to determine, with their old forms of construction, whether or not the buildingwould stand up when completed. What anxiety the builders must havefelt and what tragedy they must have experienced when, after a lifetimeof building, their structures failed or collapsed, as they sometimes did, atcompletion.By our modern methods we can build almost anything that is desired. We can span almost any distance by beams or trusses; we cancarry almost any weight in our buildings, such as huge loads of merchandise, or even moving railroad trains with their locomotives and heavilyloaded cars. We can build arches, vaults, or great domes as high up inair as desired, and need not experience one moment of anxiety over thequestion as to whether or not they will stand secure when completed. Inother words, we have arrived at a stage in our construction when we candetermine at the outset an adequate strength and stability for almost anyplan or design of building which we may desire to erect. We have in effect cast off the limitations and restraints which held back the architectsof the past in all of their designs for buildings, so that now the architectmay give free rein to his imagination and soar to almost any heights offancy in the creation of the design for his building. In this respect architecture now comes a step nearer to the art of the painter, who has no suchlimitations in regard to the form of what he shall create.WHERE IMPROVEMENTS EXCELAmong the types of American buildings in which the greatest improvements have been made are dwellings, office buildings, hotels, railroad terminals, industrial and business buildings, and educational buildings.The dwelling, whether it be a house or apartment, is now planned soas to afford the most pleasant and convenient combination of rooms.They are a great contrast to the early palaces, which had few, if any, corridors or passageways giving access to their rooms. Even the bedroomswere built so that it was necessary to pass through one to get to another.American office buildings are unique, and they are among the mostinteresting sights for foreigners. The building regulations of London andParis prevent their being built there, but Germany is now much excitedand enthusiastic about them, and German architects are making all sorts222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof designs and plans for future skyscrapers. It appears that it is only aquestion of being able to finance their construction, when skyscraperswill appear in Germany.Our office buildings are our monuments erected to accommodate theadministration of our business, industry, and commerce, and to glorifyand emphasize the importance of these activities in our national life.They are exactly what they might be expected to be from the tendencythat has always existed in every nation, to develop and improve to thehighest degree the architecture of the buildings that represent its highestambitions.At first there was no limit to the height to which these buildingscould go, and as a result a race has been carried on among owners to seewho could build the highest building. In New York several buildingshave been carried up to a height of over 700 feet, and now there is a planon foot for a building over 1,000 feet high. In Chicago the highest buildings are between 450 and 550 feet. In New York the building laws limitthe height of that part of the building which stands on the street line to200 feet or less, but above that limit of height at the street line, the buildings may be carried up higher provided that these parts are set back fromthe street. For every foot that that part of the building sets back fromthe street, it may rise a certain number of feet in height. These set-backshave brought about the creation of new shapes and skylines for the upperpart of New York buildings.In Chicago, buildings may be built 264 feet on the street line andthey may have a tower extending above that, limited in area by the proportion which it bears to the area of the ground on which the building isbuilt. Chicago is now having many new buildings erected with hightowers on them. There are now but few of the largest cities which do notlimit the height of their buildings. The two principal reasons for theseheight limitations are the large amount of sunlight and fresh-air circulation which high buildings shut out from the streets, and the congestion ofstreet traffic which they cause by housing so many people in one spot.The larger ones may have from five thousand to ten thousand people inthem, and when it comes time for these people to go home, it becomes aslow, tedious, and more or less hazardous undertaking. It has been saidthat if for any reason the people in the buildings of lower New York everrushed out into the streets at one time in a state of panic or fear, theywould pile up in the principal streets nine layers deep.These disadvantages of the high buildings no doubt will in time tendto stop the intensive building in the centers of our great cities and bringabout a spreading out of the important buildings over larger areas ofCONTRIBUTIONS OF AMERICA TO MODERN ARCHITECTURE 223land. I think it has been clearly demonstrated by experience with highbuildings that the wise course for a city to pursue is to put a reasonablelimit upon the height of buildings.MODERN HOTELS AND RAILWAY TERMINALSThe modern hotel is a building similar in appearance and construction to an office building, except that the windows of the hotel which lightthe bedrooms are usually smaller than the windows in an office building,and there are usually parts of the hotel where the main dining-room, bailor banquet-rooms occupy two stories in height and make a correspondingbreak in the treatment of the exterior walls. A study is made of every possible thing which the guest might need or want, and service is supplied toprovide it. A thousand-room hotel is now commonplace as to size. Thereare several of 2,000 to 2,300 rooms, and the Stevens Hotel of Chicago,with some 3,000 rooms, has opened. The methods by which the food isprepared and the housekeeping done on such a large scale are most efficient and interesting.The modern railway terminal is a remarkable development of theprimitive railroad station of a few years ago. Formerly there were only afew trains a day to arrive and depart, and now the number may be a hundred or more, carrying thousands of people. All the needs and conveniences of the traveling public at the point of their arrival or departure arecared for in these buildings. The handling of trains and the far-reachingorganization employed in that service, and the questions of baggage, express, and mail, are taken care of in these buildings in a way that hasrevolutionized travel completely.The industrial buildings have also had their full share of this moderndevelopment. Formerly the factory or industrial building was only astructure of four walls and a roof to shelter the activities which took placewithin. There was no attempt to make the building play an importantpart in increasing the production and the quality of the product. In appearance the building and its surroundings were the ugliest and mostobjectionable; little thought was given to making it attractive, and therewas a general impression prevailing that to do so would involve an unwarranted expense. A building, therefore, of this type was only a shelter,objectionable in appearance in its neighborhood and of no practical valueexcept to shelter the industry against the elements. This was the generalcondition of such buildings only about twenty-five years ago. In this connection it is well to consider that the heads of the families of about one-third of the people of this country are engaged in the industries, andtherefore the architecture of these buildings is of national concern. Anindustrial building is now planned and designed to suit the particular224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDkind of industry that is to be carried on inside of it, with just the samecare with which any other important structure is planned.The greatest handicap in keeping down the cost of production hasbeen the turnover of labor, as it is called — that is, the hiring of new mento take the place of those who quit work for one reason or another. Theamount of rehiring of men is larger than is generally known. The chiefcause of labor turnover is discontent; not the expectation of higher wages,because the different concerns in the same industry in a locality pay thesame wages. No one can compel a man to hold his job; therefore theprincipal cure for excessive labor turnover is something that will appealto the workman and cause him voluntarily to remain. The strongest appeal is good workshops and conditions that will all tend to make the workinteresting and diminish its monotony and drudgery, accompanied by thebest provisions for good health, and surroundings that are clean, wholesome, and as attractive as possible. Consequently the up-to-date factoryis no longer ugly, but often attractive and sometimes even beautiful in itsarchitecture.EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGSAs to the development of educational buildings, there is no place inthe world where school and college buildings have been so much improvedand modernized, so as to provide for present-day needs of life, as theyhave been in this country. Great progress has been made in our schoolbuildings, not only in provisions for the educational and technical workdone, but also in sanitation for the health and comfort of the pupils andteachers.In college buildings, the development has been marked in those devoted to science and to physical education, in libraries, recitation andlecture rooms, and in assembly halls. Nearly all colleges have awakenedto a realization of the importance of the proper housing of students.There have been instances where students have been packed into boarding-houses and dormitories like the proverbial sardines; but now I thinkit is generally recognized that comfortable, wholesome, and attractive living quarters are one of the most essential influences in college life. Consequently we have the modern dormitory, which is a model of a collegehome compared with what it formerly was.As to the relative standing of college buildings from an architecturalpoint of view, I wish to speak a word in reference to those of the University of Chicago. There is Oxford, with its gems of architecture in the Collegiate Gothic and Renaissance which distinguish the different quadrangles that make up the group of its various colleges. There are, too, thegroups of buildings at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Leland Stanford, andCONTRIBUTIONS OF AMERICA TO MODERN ARCHITECTURE 225others that are fine in many ways; but there is probably no institutionwhich has as large and complete units done in one harmonious style ofarchitecture and with one kind of building material as right here in Chicago. The most important element of beauty in architecture is harmony,and here we have, to a greater extent than in any other institution, harmony throughout in architectural style, harmony in color and in the universal use of gray stone for the exteriors. These things, together withample space about the buildings for landscape effect, and the increasingbeauty in the design of the buildings as they are added from time to time,are making at the University of Chicago one of the finest, if not the finest, group of college buildings to be found anywhere.THE ARCHITECTURAL TREATMENT OF BUILDINGSFinally, I desire to call attention to the fact that the architecturalstyle of a building is not by any means the only important feature to betaken into consideration in forming a judgment of it. I desire, also, to saya word as to the present status of the architectural treatment of buildingsin this country.The architectural style or manner of the treatment of the exterior ofa building is, so to speak, only its skin, giving form and expression to theheart and soul of the structure which exist within. The far more important characteristics of a building are its plan, the arrangement and designof its interior parts, its construction, its organism, its equipment and accommodations. The manner in which all of these things fulfil the use towhich the building is to be put, and provide for the comfort, convenience,satisfaction, and pleasure of those who use it, are of far greater importance than the mere manner of the architectural treatment of the exterior.Therefore I would recommend that judgment of the architecture ofany building be suspended, in case of doubt, until one has seen the insideof it, as the inside of every building is just as much a part of the architecture as the outside. So, in considering the contributions made to architecture by this country, it is essential to give consideration to theseinterior aspects in order to get a true estimate of the value of these contributions.The exterior treatment of America's buildings is not, however, to beregarded as being inferior in any way to that of any other contemporaneous work. In fact, it is unique in the way of being applied to a newkind of construction.THE INVENTIVE ABILITY OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTSThe criticism, voiced so frequently by the press, that Americanarchitects have simply copied their architecture from the buildings of the226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpast is entirely misleading and is calculated to cause the public to fail toappreciate the true merit of the work. The American architects could notslavishly copy the architecture of the past, as has been charged, becauseit would not fit the American construction, nor many of the types ofbuildings erected. In applying historic architecture to our buildings ithas been necessary on this account to depart widely from the old standards. In fact, it has required far more inventive ability and originalitythan has usually been realized or acknowledged by the majority of recentarchitectural critics. America, for the last twenty-five or thirty years, hasbeen going along with the rest of the world in developing the architecturethat has been handed down to us, and that is really the way in which arthas always developed. Its progress is attained by a gradual growth, flowering forth at some seasons more beautifully than at others.Furthermore, right here in this country have been many of the menwho have taken the lead in applying historic architecture to modernbuildings. Beginning with Richardson and his Romanesque architecture;McKim, Mead & White, with their Renaissance; Cram, Goodhue, andGilbert, with their Gothic; and a number of others, there have been produced buildings, treated architecturally with the historic styles, that areacknowledged today to be among the best examples of the modern architecture of the world. It is therefore well to keep this in mind when confronted with the current criticisms of some of the ultra-modern art critics,who frequently discredit American architecture and fail completely, as arule, to appreciate the great work done in this country. The presentstatus of the architectural treatment of buildings in this country is justnow a most live and interesting subject.I believe there is no question but that we have finally arrived at atime when there will be a decided change in the architectural treatmentof American buildings. In fact, the change has already begun and madeconsiderable headway. I believe it is a fact that there is scarcely a prominent architect now in this country who will continue, in designing his future buildings, to conform nearly as much to conventional lines as formerly. The architects of the entire country have given plenty of evidencelately by the designs of their work that they are at last fairly started onthe way of producing a new style of architecture.That which makes this change seem more likely to come is the factthat the public has reached a point where it desires a change. It seems tohave become tired of the old work and to want something new. Furthermore, the press and current literature devoted to the subject are clamoring for a change, criticizing unfavorably work treated in the historicstyles, and praising the work of the modern and ultra-modern artist toCONTRIBUTIONS OF AMERICA TO MODERN ARCHITECTURE 227the limit. All of these agencies are producing their effect, not only inarchitecture, but in the allied arts as well.We are therefore launched now upon a period of transition in architecture. Where it will lead to, is hard to predict; but in architecture itwill undoubtedly bring about, among other things, a new style that willbe more appropriate than anything formerly used for the new types ofAmerican fireproof construction.The foregoing, then, are some of the outstanding contributions madeby America to modern architecture. In fact, they have practically revolutionized human life and provided the means by which an important partof the advancement of modern civilization has been attained. It seems,therefore, only just and proper that the discussion and criticism of theexterior architectural design of our buildings should not overshadow theirother more important features, which have played such an important partin life.In this connection it should be remembered that a distinct style ofarchitecture, truly representative of America, cannot be created by thearchitects alone. Architecture always has expressed, and no doubt alwayswill express, the character of the people; and not until the people take asincere interest in architecture can there be a characteristic national style.When the time comes that the schools and colleges of this countrywill include in their system of education for all students an elementalcourse in art which will arouse their interest in the subject and supplythem with knowledge sufficient to understand and appreciate art, so thatthe people generally throughout the country will give art its proper placein their lives, then and only then shall we develop a style of architecturetruly national in character. By such means we shall prepare the only kindof conditions from which a great national style of architecture can becreated.We shall be better prepared then to express in our structures the nature of the two wonderful fireproof constructions which we have developed, and instead of being content to ornament our buildings with theGreek fret, the fleur de lis of France, or the garlands and cupids of Italy,we shall conventionalize and use the flowers and animals of our owncountry, and glorify our own things by perpetuating them in beautifulornament on the buildings we build.Such an architecture we could really call our own, and by means of itwe should leave to posterity a record in our buildings that would moretruly represent our standard of taste and the customs, habits, and traditions that are dear to every American.FOREIGN STUDENTS ATTHE UNIVERSITYBy BRUCE W. DICKSONThe University of Chicago is in reality an international institution.There are at the University each year between 400 and 500 foreign students from over forty countries who have come to study, returning totheir native land after completing their university work.1 In additionthere are in the University between 200 and 300 foreign-born studentswho reside permanently in this country, most of them in Chicago. Manyof this latter group have not taken out citizenship papers, and are inmany respects just as foreign as the foreign students proper.The foreign students come from all types of institutional and familylife and background, and they are found in every department of the University. There are between fifteen and twenty-five graduates each quarter, their degrees ranging from Bachelors to Doctors. Many of them,too, receive honors, and some are given scholarships and fellowships onaccount of their high scholastic record.Alumni of the University are found in over fifty countries of theworld, the number reaching a total of approximately 1,000, about three-fourths of whom are natives of foreign lands. Many of them are holdingpositions of importance in business, and in educational, religious, anddiplomatic work.Foreign students have all the problems common to American students, and many more. They have the problem of gaining entrance tothis country and to the University; they have the problems of adjustment to a new environment, to different methods of teaching. They havelanguage difficulties, new customs, new food, different climate, and different economic standards, which often give them financial troubles.They also have to combat race prejudice and misrepresentation by newspapers and theaters. They have the problem of making the right sort offriends and of securing suitable places in which to live and eat. Theyhave the problem of employment, which is made more acute by the factthat the Immigration Department requires them to be students. Theyhave personal problems which arise on account of their being away fromfamily and friends.1 Statistics for 1925-26 show 473 students from forty-seven countries.228HCO>PaMHH<COHWQi=Hoo13Oo >¦caUFOREIGN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY 229The University's attitude toward foreign students has been one ofhelpfulness. The first official recognition of the special needs of foreignstudents was made in the appointment of the President's Committee onForeign Students in May, 19 19. President Burton was chairman of thecommittee. The second step was the appointment of an Adviser of Foreign Students on a part-time basis in April, 1923. This was followed in1924 by the grant of a small entertainment allowance and an additionalamount to enable the adviser to live near the University and have a homewhich could be used as a sort of headquarters for foreign students andtheir activities. This relationship continued until July, 1926. At thistime a third step was taken in the appointment of the adviser on a full-time basis, and the continuance of the entertainment fund. The work hasnot only required the full time of the adviser, but also a good share of thetime of his wife.The work of the adviser is many-sided, and requires an infiniteamount of time and patience :1. I have an office in Cobb Hall where students come to talk overpersonal and other matters. This consists of giving assistance at the timeof registration; in financial problems, employment, housing, and a largevariety of personal and other matters.2. Our home is open for use by student groups for meetings, social gatherings, etc. We also entertain groups and individuals from timeto time. In the course of the year we have entertained over 400 students.Our house is now too small to accommodate the larger groups whichmight otherwise come.3. I have given personal assistance to the sick, and to students inlegal difficulty. Identifications and recommendations are also frequentlyrequired. Mrs. Dickson and I have assisted in engagement parties andweddings, and also in funerals. We also assist in dinners, dances, andother social affairs.4. We assist students in making the acquaintance of the right sortof people and institutions, such as clubs, churches, the Association ofCommerce, and the Council on Foreign Relations, where students frequently speak.5. Mrs. Dickson has arranged for students having goods for sale todisplay them and sell them in our home once each year.6. I have sent letters and cablegrams to parents and relatives aboutstudents in trouble, or who for some reason were distrusted.7. I have spent much time trying to satisfy the United States Immi-230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgration Office when students have for one reason or another been forcedto be self-supporting.8. Our house has been used as a temporary lodging-place for students during vacation. <9. We gave a Christmas party at the Reynolds Club last Christmasday, and 150 students attended.10. We have assisted the various national and international students' organizations in arranging programs, plays, etc.Our latest effort, and this constitutes the fourth important step inthe University's interest in foreign students, for it has been sanctioned bythe University, is a movement looking forward to the establishment ofan International House which not only will serve as a place for men andwomen students to live, but also will be the headquarters for all international student activities.The initial step in this direction was taken during the Winter Quarter of 1927. A series of international friendship suppers has been held atIda Noyes Hall on Sunday evenings, to which all foreign students in Chicago and vicinity were invited, together with a selected number of American students. There have been ten such suppers, with an average attendance of 217, the largest number at any one time being 274. Duringthis period 607 different students have been present one or more times.These students represent fifty-three different countries and twenty-fivedifferent universities, colleges, and professional schools in and neat Chicago. The speakers have included President Mason, Mr. and Mrs. H. E.Edmonds, of International House, New York, Miss Jane Addams, DeanHolgate, of Northwestern University, Judge A. B. George, of the Municipal Court of Chicago, Mrs. Katherine Hancock Goode, of the IllinoisState Legislature, Dr. Charles W. Gilkey, and Dr. Jose Vasconcelos.There have also been informal discussions, following the suppers, on"China," "India," "The Problems of the Pacific," "The Problems of Europe," the last two being led by Professor Quincy Wright and ProfessorBernadotte E. Schmitt.The students have been so much interested in this movement thatthey have organized the International Students' Association of Chicagoand vicinity, with a membership at present of 390 from twenty-six colleges, universities, and professional schools, from fifty-three countries. Acabinet consisting of twenty-six members has been elected to work withme in planning programs, etc.The outcome of this movement cannot be forecast, but it seems thatwith such an interest as this on the part of the students, something shouldbe done to make the movement permanent.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORYBy Andrew C. McLaughlinThe briefest survey of the department's history must include reference to its auspicious beginnings in 1892 under the leadership of Professor Herman von Hoist, who had just completed his volumes on the constitutional history of the United States. His successor as head of thedepartment was John Franklin Jameson, who after four years of service(1901-5) resigned to take charge of the department of historical researchin the Carnegie Institution of Washington.The task of the department in the last twenty years has been that ofmaintaining the high standards set forth and exemplified under competent and inspiring leadership in the earlier years, and of enlarging theforce of instruction and of adjusting its energies to new tasks as theyarose. With the founders and active workers in the development wasProfessor Benjamin Terry, who came to the University in 1892 andserved effectively for thirty-three years, retiring from active work in1925. The staff at present includes two men who have been in serviceover thirty years: James W. Thompson, who took his Doctor's degree atChicago in 1895, and Ferdinand Schevill, who entered the faculty as assistant in history and German thirty-five years ago. It is incumbent onthe writer of these lines to acknowledge the debt of the department tothese men who have been associated with its interests so many years.That he may have freedom and time for writing, Professor Schevill hasresigned, and after the present academic year will be listed as a nonresident professor; he will give occasional lectures or brief courses, andwill therefore not be entirely disassociated from the department to whichhe has given so many years of active interest. The writer of this briefsketch, head of the department since July 1, 1906, retires from the headship this summer (1927). The chairmanship has been accepted byWilliam E. Dodd, who came to the University in 1908 as Professor ofAmerican History. There is every reason to expect a maintenance of highstandards, a steady improvement in teaching and research, as the University grows and gives ever fresh opportunity for effective work.DEPARTMENTAL OBJECTIVESThe ambitions of the History Department are not essentially different from those of other departments. Its members desire to carry on re-231232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsearch and to put forth their findings, to stimulate the spirit of investigation in the graduate students, to help in fitting young men and women forthe profession of teaching and of productive scholarship, to care adequately for the undergraduate student and to give him wise and stimulating instruction. Until it reaches perfection in these cherished aims, it cannotbe satisfied.The record of the past decades is encouraging. In the last twenty-oneyears, faculty members of the department have published nearly fiftybooks and pamphlets, over 150 articles, and a large number of reviewsof books. Since the beginning — to, but not including, the Spring Convocation of 1927 — eighty-seven doctorates have been granted. The holdersof these degrees, occupying important positions in universities and colleges, have continued to give evidence of devotion to their task; important contributions have come from their pens. In the past thirty-fiveyears, many scores of Master's degrees have been awarded. The holdersof these degrees have helped to strengthen the work of the secondaryschools, a matter of great importance both because of the immediate influence of intelligent teaching and because without secondary teachingof a high order it is difficult or impossible to develop productive and critical scholarship in later years.The number of registrations in the department has naturally grown.In the autumn of 1906 there was a total registration of 422; twentyyears later the number was 1,013. In the summer of 1926 there were 425graduate registrations and a total of 965.The department has taken serious and conscientious interest in undergraduate instruction. Whatever the energy given to direction of graduate work, no emphasis upon it ought to lead to the neglect of the undergraduate needs. There is no antithesis between teaching and research,unless the hours of the day are too few to do both properly. The department believes that teachers imbued with the spirit of productive scholarship are likely to have force and carrying power in the classroom. During the last two years Dr. Walter L. Dorn has devoted a large share ofhis time to a survey course in social science for undergraduates. In thiscourse lectures were given by various members of the faculty of the social science group. This whole problem of a survey or of furnishing anintroduction to the study of society has been under discussion. The History Department has decided to rearrange the introductory courses inhistory and in some degree change their character, that they may be directed to tracing from earliest times the history of civilization.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS mTHE OUTPUT OF THE DEPARTMENTIt is difficult to mention specifically the publications of the staff ortheir present lines of research without seeming to discriminate or makeodious comparisons. But it may be well to name, as illustrations of thedifferent kinds of work, ScheviU's Siena and his History of Modern Europe; Terry's History of England; Thompson's Wars of Religion inFrance and The Frankfort Book Fair, and various studies in medievalhistory; Dodd's Woodrow Wilson, his Expansion and Conflict, and TheCotton Kingdom; McLaughlin's The Courts, the Constitution and Parties; Jernegan's articles on industrial and social history of the AmericanColonies; Schmitt's articles on recent diplomatic history of Europe;Joranson's Danegeld in France; Gillespie's Labor and Politics in England, 1850-1867; the Sir Francis Walsingham of Conyers Read, who wasat work on these volumes before entering the University and while hewas an active professor here, completing the task while still holding theposition of non-resident professor; Breasted's works on the ancientworld. The naming of these activities suggests some of the lines of research in which the staff is now engaged. Professor Thompson's FeudalGermany, the product of years of investigation, is soon to appear inprint; Professor Jernegan's The Colonies, a book for the general readerand student, but the fruit of long research and documentary exploration,is practically finished. Professor Davies, having just finished an elaborate bibliography of the seventeenth century of English history, is engaged in collecting and editing the letters of Charles II. Professor Doddis at work upon a general history of the South. Professor Schmitt continues investigation on the background of fhe World War.Special administrative service in the University has been carried attimes by so many members of the department that a list would be unprofitable. Professor Boucher has for a year been Dean of the Collegesand is to continue in that position. Professor Huth has just been called totake on the duties of Dean of the University College. Outside of the University, Professor Dodd is serving as associate editor of the AmericanHistorical Review, as did Professor McLaughlin for some years. Variousmembers have been active in the historical associations, either as presidents or in other positions, and have given much time to interests of likecharacter.During the last two years the departments of the social science grouphave been directing a series of investigations into the history of Chicagoand the present social and political conditions of the city. Several of thestudies have been completed, some of them in the historical field; but234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsuch immediate tangible results are not at present so important as thefact of co-operative attack by allied departments on the interlockingproblems or on different phases of the same problem. Probably work ofthis kind will be carried on for some years to come, and the field of investigation will doubtless be widened; its special purpose is to demonstrate the practicability of research in which use can be made of theinformation, skill, and technique of specialists in co-operating and mutually supporting fields of interest.DEPARTMENTAL NEEDS AND HOPESOf the present needs of the department and of the hope for the future, though they bulk large in the minds of the historical faculty, only aword is appropriate here. The department has been working under manydifficulties; the teaching load is heavy; the library, though highly developed in the last twenty-five years, of course needs constant enlargement; workrooms for both students and faculty are really necessary andthe need grows in dimensions; there should be more fellowships, and thestipend ought to be materially increased, if we hope to get the best forour Graduate School; there should be a fund for publication, enablingthe department to put forth the best production of its students and faculty, pieces of research that cannot be published on a commercial basis.The establishment of a historical series like those of other universities,both American and foreign, would be of great value in presenting properindication of actual activity and production; it would make researchmore useful because results would be accessible; it would stimulate themost capable graduate students to productive effort.Every department in the University probably can truthfully speakthe same words: Connected with a feeling of gratification because somuch has been accomplished generally despite real difficulties and withinsufficient facilities, there is a feeling of pressure, of the need for reneweddetermination, of the presence of new demands on scholarship and teaching ability. Certainly the History Department feels this pressure strongly: good undergraduate teaching of the past is not sufficient; it must bebettered, and it must respond to the quickened interest in the affairs ofthe world. There are, of course, lethargic undergraduates; but there isalso a gratifying, almost eager, interest in history when made human andreal. Research probably more than ever before demands insight and purpose, a sense of comparative values, and appreciation of effective reality.It certainly demands more quiet and more uninterrupted time than themodern college professor can usually command.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 235THE POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENTBy Charles E. MerriamThe Political Science Department has prepared the following summary of its activities for the calendar year 1926, including four quartersof instruction. The report is intended to present in summary form theleading activities and interests of the Department.UNDERGRADUATE ACTIVITIESDuring the year 1926 the Political Science Department carried onits regular types of instruction in seven courses, involving the directionof some four hundred registrants during each quarter except the SummerQuarter. These courses deal with significant aspects of American andcomparative government, political parties, and constitutional law.We have been giving a great deal of attention to the analysis and reorganization of our elementary courses in American Government andComparative Government, respectively. Last year we developed and putinto use a somewhat elaborate syllabus for each course, which we havebeen trying out this year. During the last half of the year, we undertookto improve this still further by the organization of elementary instructionin ways more strictly functional than descriptive. Mr. H. C. Beyle haseven undertaken the outline of a course in Political Behavior. Furthermore, with Mr. Leon C. Marshall, of the Department of Economics,we began a series of conferences on a joint course in the Economic andPolitical Order. We took a part — but not a leading one — in an experiment with an orientation course in social science.During the coming year, 1927, we propose: (1) To work out, if possible, an experimental course in Political Behavior or Political Processes,setting up an alternative approach to the traditional method and fundamentally reorganizing the instruction in this field. (2) To continue ourconferences with the economists in the hope of working out experimentally a joint course in the Economic and Political Order, which we may tryin the near future. We are not disturbed by delay at this point, as theproblem with which we are dealing is a fundamental one and will not besolved offhand. The lines upon which we are both working tend to converge, and we believe their projection will be advantageous even if a combined course does not result. Our aim is not a junction, as such, but thedevelopment of newer and more effective points of view and methods.236 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD(3) If the limit on the size of classes is removed and rooms are available,to experiment next year with larger groups of students.The department has maintained for several years a Political ScienceClub for the benefit of undergraduate students in government. Mr. Jerome G. Kerwin has been in charge of this club and has given a great dealof time to supervision and consultation with its members.GRADUATE INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCHDuring the year 1926, graduate instruction in political science wasconducted with established methods. The number of graduate studentsdoing their major work in Political Science is about forty. In additionthe department draws to a substantial extent from the graduate-studentgroup in History, Social Service Administration, the Law School, and theother social science departments. The Graduate Political Science Club,under the general supervision of Mr. L. D. White, furnishes opportunitythrough its regular bi-weekly meetings for the interchange of researchmaterial and for building up an atmosphere of friendly co-operation between students and faculty.During the year 1926 the largest single research project has been thestudy of comparative civic training, under the direction of Mr. Merriam.This study involves an analysis of the processes by which civic interestand loyalty are produced in a number of leading nations, including Germany, England, Italy, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland,and the United States. The basic problem involved is the determinationof the methods of control applicable in a given situation to produce thedesired result in the form of civic response, whether more or less intense.The results of this study will have an important relation to methods ofcivic training in America and elsewhere. This inquiry was organized early in the year with various collaborators from other universities. In thesummer of 1926 a number of these men were visited by Mr. Merriam forthe purpose of conference and more complete co-ordination of plans. Mr.Merriam also accompanied Mr. S. N. Harper to Russia to assist in theinitiation of the study there. Three volumes of this study developing significant phases of the inquiry have been completed and the remainingstudies are progressing satisfactorily. The study is a part of a largerseries*bf studies in the field of civic traits and mechanism.Another significant piece of research during the year 1926 was Mr.White's inquiry into the city manager in the United States as a new typeof municipal personnel. Mr. White spent some six months in field work,AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 237studying the manager at close range in all parts of the United States, usually under very favorable working conditions. Mre White's problem isthat of discovering, describing, and appraising, as precisely as possible,the type of administrative official developed in the management of citiesunder the new situation. This is a cross-section of Mr. White's largerstudies in the field of public administration, upon which during the lastyear he published an important text, Public Administration. The resultsof this inquiry will constitute a very important contribution to public administration in America.With the aid of a Guggenheim Fellowship, Mr. Quincy Wright collected material in 1925 on the mandate system under the League of Nations, particularly in the Arab countries. This material he has been developing during the last year and has advanced it well on the way towardcompletion. Five articles on this subject have already been published inprofessional scientific journals. The results will throw light upon one ofthe most important experiments now being conducted under the auspicesof the League of Nations, and will help to show what may reasonably beexpected of this piece of political invention. Mr. Wright has also projected during the last year, with the aid of members of the department andwith the co-operation of representatives of all the social science departments, a comprehensive study of the situations under which wars arise.This plan is without question the most systematic and scientific formulation of the problem involved in the discovery of the typical conditionsinducing war. If carried through, the study would contribute very materially to the removal of the controversy about war from the field of opinion to that of objective analysis, and it would also serve as a foundationfor a constructive policy built less upon emotion and more upon a technical method. Mr. Wright was sent to Geneva by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in the summer of 1926; and while there, heaided in outlining a plan for a series of thirty studies in international cooperation. He has also been made a member of the Research Committeeof the Institute of Pacific Relations and of the Committee of the American Society of International Law on the Codification of International Law.In addition to these large and more comprehensive inquiries, studiesof a more limited character have also been carried on. Mr. Merriam hascontinued the series of studies in the nature of political leadership whichhe initiated several years ago. In the spring of 1926 he published a volume on Four American Party Leaders, outlining in the introduction someof the most significant outstanding problems. A number of doctoral dis-238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsertations in this field will be completed in the near future. In the fall of1926, with the co-operation of Mr. L. L. Thurstone, of the PsychologyDepartment, and various research assistants, he has been following theprevious study with much more intensive examinations. Campus leadersand non-leaders have been exhaustively studied with a view of determining differentials, if any, and with a further view of applying useful methods discovered in this process to extra-campus leaders either in politicalor related social fields. The outcome of this experiment is, of course, uncertain; but the methods used are the most intensive and exhaustive thathave yet been applied to the study of this problem.Mr. Harold D. Lasswell has been in Boston working with Dr. EltonMayo on the physiological and psychiatric approaches to the study oftypes of personalities, particularly the patriotic and the anti-patriotic.The result of this experiment is also uncertain, especially as it involvesrelations between psychiatry and politics, hitherto almost unexplored.Promising leads have been uncovered, however ; and it is believed thatsignificant developments are likely to be made in this field. These developments will probably follow the line of inquiry into what is called irrational political action, political delusions, obsessions, or hallucinations.During the Fall Quarter Mr. White, with research assistants, undertook an intensive study of the prestige value of public employment. Thisinvolves an exploration of the attitude of various groups of persons toward public or private employment, and when completed will be an important addition to our knowledge of the basic conditions upon whichofficial personnel policies may be developed. The study is already yielding interesting results.In 1926 Mr. Harold F. Gosnell was a Fellow of the Social ScienceResearch Council studying "Factors Influencing Popular Participation inElections" in various European countries. This study is definitely relatedto the investigation of non-voting conducted by Mr. Merriam and Mr.Gosnell. Mr. Gosnell's study Getting Out the Vote, an interesting experiment in the possibilities of vote-stimulation with reference to specialtypes of voters, has been completed and published. Mr. Gosnell returned in the fall and began the work of analyzing and writing the results of his European study. He also initiated an analytical study of certain referendum votes in Chicago. Mr. Rodney L. Mott completed andpublished an elaborate treatise on Due Process of Law. This is a basicstudy of the development of the meaning of due process and its interpretation by the courts. It is an important contribution to juristic analysisof a set of political relations. Mr. Jerome G. Kerwin completed and pub-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 239lished a treatise on Federal Waterpower Regulation. He also co-operatedin the Survey of Civic Agencies in Chicago (just published) undertakenjointly by the University's Committee on Local Community Researchand the Union League Club of Chicago. Mr. Kerwin also worked withMr. Merriam on preliminary studies of the government of the metropolitan area of Chicago. Mr. Harold D. Lasswell completed his study of thetechnique of propaganda in wartime (now in press).In addition to these specific research activities the following shouldbe mentioned. Mr. Merriam has served as a member of the Committee onLocal Community Research and has played an active part in the formulation and execution of its policies, aiding and advising at many points.He has been chairman of the Social Science Research Council of the United States during the last year. He also served as a member of the Committee of the American Historical Association on the Social Studies, andas a member of the Research Committee of the International City Managers Association. Mr. White has been technical consultant to the Bureauof Public Personnel Administration in Washington, and Mr. Wright's research activities in connection with the Institute of Pacific Relationshave already been noted.During the year 1927 we expect to complete the study of comparative civic training. We expect to complete the study of city managers inthe United States. We expect to complete the study of the mandate system under the League of Nations. In addition to these major projects,we expect to complete the study of the prestige value of public employment, and the analysis of referendum votes in Chicago. The basic studyof the causes of war, of the nature and character of political leadership,the inquiry into irrational political action, will be developed but not completed. Likewise, the development of a proposed form of political co-operation or government for the metropolitan area of Chicago will be developed but not completed in 1927.Back of all the detail regarding specific inquiries, what we really areattempting is to blaze a new trail in the field of the technical study ofpolitical relations. We are endeavoring to integrate the study of government more closely with the other social studies and with the natural sciences, and we are struggling to develop a more precise and more effectivetechnique. This is not the task of a day, and we do not expect to finishit offhand, but we are confident that we are making significant progress.We are developing significant research activities, and we believe that weare making real contributions to the more intelligent ordering of political life.240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPRACTICAL AND CONSULTATIVE ACTIVITIESAs we conceive it, one of the functions of a Political Science Department is to act in a consultative capacity for government officials, or forunofficial civic agencies. This is an obligation sometimes interfering withresearch and sometimes aiding research, but in any event one from whichwe cannot escape and which we would not desire to avoid altogether. It isa burden, however, which falls more heavily upon our department thanupon most others, partly from general reasons and partly because of personal situations. Mr. Merriam's interests and activities in the local fieldare well known and need not be described except with a general statementthat he devotes a considerable amount of time to conference and consultation with responsible officials in various governments and with numbersof representatives of civic organizations. A review of these might be interesting but perhaps not significant for the purposes of this report. Mr.Merriam is also a director and member of the Executive Committee ofthe National Institute of Public Administration, whose activities in thereorganization of state, county, and municipal government are well knownthroughout the United States, as it is undoubtedly the leading organization interested in applied political research. He is also vice-president ofthe National Municipal League, and chairman of the League's committeeon elections, which has just published a report on the technical subjectof registration.Mr. White likewise devotes a considerable amount of time to consultation and conference. He is vice-president of the Civil Service Association of Chicago, chairman of the American Section of the InternationalCongress of the Administrative Sciences, a member of the board of editorsof the American Political Science Review, and also of Public Management,and a member of the Executive Council of the American Political ScienceAssociation. Mr. Wright, as already indicated, is a member of the Committee on the Codification of International Law, appointed by the American Society of International Law. He is on the editorial board of theAmerican Journal of International Law, of the Current History Magazine, of the News Notes of the Chicago Council of Foreign Relations, andof the American Year Book. He is active in the work of the ChicagoCouncil of Foreign Relations and is called upon to advise and consult ona wide variety of international questions. He is also a member of theCommittee on Academic Freedom and Tenure of the American Association of University Professors.Likewise, other members of our department are constantly givingtechnical advice to all sorts of local officials and local groups. The enu-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 241meration of all these instances would be formidable in length, but perhaps no more significant than the statement that the duty of consultationis one of the most significant obligations in our group. In fact, the problem raised by these constantly recurring requests is so serious that weare at times disposed to resist them all. Yet in view of our relations tothe community and our obligation to- assist in cross-fertilizing politicaltheory with political practice, there seems to be on the whole no questionthat we should continue our activities in this direction.THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIALSERVICE ADMINISTRATIONBy Edith AbbottThe Graduate School of Social Service Administration completed itssixth year on October 1, 1926, and at the close of this experimental period, it is believed that friends of the school will welcome a report on thework that has been accomplished since the removal of the school to theUniversity, and an account of the efforts that are being made to place iton a permanent foundation. It will be welcome news to old friends thata grant has been secured from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial.This gift of the Memorial, particulars of which have not yet been madepublic, carries with it more than financial assistance. The confidence expressed in the work of the school by the director and trustees of the Memorial should encourage the friends of the school and should make it possible to raise the funds needed to match without too much difficulty thegift of the Memorial. What is needed is not only a remainder of $10,000for the current year, but pledges toward the fund required for matchingpurposes during the remaining four 3^ears of the five-year period duringwhich a search for endowment must be made.REGISTRATIONThe number of students registered during this period is 730. Thisfigure does not include students from other departments of the University who also register for courses in the School of Social Service. Suchstudents are not transferred to the school unless they wish to work fora degree in the school. One significant change in the registration that hasoccurred since the moving of the school to the University has been theincrease in the number of men students. Without counting students registered from other departments, ninety-nine men have registered in the242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDschool. In the old school there were rarely as many as three or four menstudents in any year.In addition to the registration of students on the Quadrangles, 482students have taken courses offered by the school in University College.University College is a downtown branch of the University. The coursesoffered there are University credit courses with University standards ofadmission, fees, etc. These classes are made up largely of social workers,with a few teachers attending. These downtown classes represent an increasingly important part of the extension work of the school to meet theneeds of social workers already in the field, many of whom are now"learning on the job" by the trial-and-error method. These workers arealso being reached by the summer sessions, which have been made moreattractive each year. It is exceedingly important that summer coursesor institutes should be held under University auspices, and the two termsof the Summer Quarter offer excellent opportunities for such extensionwork. Special lecture courses have also been arranged when possible tobring social workers from outside, with national reputations, to givespecial groups of lectures.The summer registration has reached a total of 371. The school has,in the summer session, a great opportunity to reach the more ambitiousof the social workers in this region, and through them to raise the generallevel of social work in the Middle West. During the summer of 1926,nineteen different social agencies outside of Chicago were represented, inaddition to local agencies.WHAT THE UNIVERSITY OFFERS TO STUDENTSThe six years of work under University auspices have in part madeit clear that educational opportunities are much greater under the newconditions than under the old. The advantages of the new organizationmay be summarized as follows: (1) It is now clear that a much moreadequate curriculum can be developed in close relation with the socialscience departments of a university than is possible in an independentorganization. Programs of students can be individualized and broadened,and undergraduate deficiencies met, by using other departments of theuniversity while the student is taking professional courses. (2) The student receives "credit" in the form of a university degree, which is ofsubstantial value. That this is appreciated is shown by the number of students coming here for degrees after they have had work in the independent schools of social work. This has been especially important for socialworkers who had gone to work without completing a college course andwho are enabled here to obtain a university Bachelor's degree while ob-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 243taining a professional education. (3) The awarding of degrees is a meansof holding students to definite standards of work that must be measuredby those approved in other departments of the university. (4) Researchwork and the publication of teaching materials that are greatly needed inall schools of this character can be carried on more successfully in connection with a university organization. (5) Great economies are possiblein conducting such a school in connection with a university which provides library facilities, the greater part of the "overhead," and the supplementary courses already mentioned in the social sciences.Finally, the University of Chicago enjoys certain peculiar advantages: ( 1) It is one of the few, perhaps the only one, of the great centersof graduate study in the United States in which both men and women areadmitted to all its schools and colleges. (2) The University has the advantages of location in a city which is itself a great social laboratory, andthe University and the school have enjoyed a close relation to the numerous social agencies which are close at hand.FIELD WORKThe school has been fortunate in being able to keep Miss Dixon, theexperienced field-work director of the old School of Civics, in continuouscharge of the field work at the University, and there has been no disturbance of the friendly relations with the Chicago social agencies. During the past year students have been assigned to field work, not only tothe offices of the United Charities, but also to the juvenile court, Children's Home and Aid, Jewish Social Service Bureau, Institute for Juvenile Research, Chicago Orphan Asylum, and Michael Reese Dispensary.It is one of the policies of the school to help to standardize and improve the work of the social agencies in the community. An interestingopportunity to be of service was offered last spring, when the presidentof the Board of the Chicago Orphan Asylum asked Miss Breckinridge tomake a survey of the institution. As a result of the findings and recommendations in this survey, great improvements have been made in theinstitution. Out of this work has also come the opportunity to assist indeveloping a joint service bureau for children's institutions in Chicago.Another graduate assistant of the school, Miss Hosford, who had beenmaking a study of the orphanages in the Chicago region, in co-operationwith the Illinois Department of Public Welfare, has been appointed secretary of the joint service bureau on a part-time arrangement with theschool. This plan will also strengthen the agencies as well as the field-work opportunities of the school.244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLOCAL COMMUNITY RESEARCHMany opportunities for service to local agencies have come throughthe participation of the school in the work of the Local Community Research Committee of the University. This committee, which is composedof representatives of the social science departments of the University,administers a considerable fund given to the committee by one of the eastern foundations. Representatives of the school are members of the committee and share in the benefits of the fund. One of the pieces of work justcompleted is a study of the Juvenile Detention Home, made at the requestof the Citizens' Committee appointed by President Cermak of the Boardof County Commissioners. A member of the Faculty of the school laterserved on the committee to conduct a civil service examination for a newsuperintendent of the home.Still another committee, appointed by President Cermak to makerecommendations for the reorganization of the county social services,asked for help from the school, and two of our graduate students,' MissWilliams and Miss Schaffner, spent six months in the summer and autumn of 1925 on this investigation, handing in their report to the committee in December, 1925. The plan for reorganization worked out bythe committee on the basis of this survey was finally adopted, and a member of the Faculty of the school served on the committee to conduct thecivil service examination for the chief of the new bureau. The committeeand the school have also co-operated with the federal Children's Bureauin a study of the Lincoln State School for the Feebleminded.Another important contribution to the work of the social agenciesmade possible through a grant of the Local Community Research Committee was a study of the "Income and Budgets of the Families of Unskilled Wage-Earners in Chicago," undertaken at the request of theCouncil of Social Agencies. Other research projects undertaken in cooperation with, or at the request of, the social agencies include reportson the bail system and criminal statistics for the Cook County Jail Survey Committee, on begging in Chicago (on a fellowship provided by theWieboldt Foundation), on employment of children in street trades (atthe request of the Juvenile Protective Association) , on the Social ServiceExchange (with funds contributed by the Helen Crittenden Memorial),on mental hygiene cases (with funds given by a friend of the MichaelReese Dispensary), on population growth in the Chicago region (withfunds given by the Commonwealth Club) . Other research projects carried by the school with assistance from the Local Community ResearchCommittee include a survey of "The Immigrant in Chicago" (in co-operation with the Immigrants' Protective League) ; a series of studies ofAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 245the public welfare work in Illinois, including particularly problems ofadministration in connection with the hospitals for the insane, the stateprisons and reformatory, and the parole board; and the "Social ServiceSeries," which is described below as one of the major undertakings of theschool.SOCIAL SERVICE SERIESThe importance of this series may best be understood by those whoknow the great lack of scientific material in the social service field. Inthe study of the work of schools of social service published by the Russell Sage Foundation in 1923 (Education and Training for Social Work,by James H. Tufts), attention was called to the lack of "source material" for critical teaching. "There is general complaint," said the Tuftsreport, "of the lack of sufficient source material in form which can beplaced in the hands of all students." The preparation of a series of suchsource books was one of the first tasks to which the members of the Faculty of the school gave their attention in 1920 after the five-year programof the school had been guaranteed. Four of these volumes of approximately 800 to 1,000 pages each have already been published, and afifth is in progress. The publication has been an expensive project andhas been made possible by two generous gifts of Mr. Julius Rosenwald of$5,000 each. This gift also provides for the publication of the volume onPopulation and Housing Conditions, which is now being prepared for thepress.The successful conduct of graduate courses in the field of social service administration has been greatly retarded by the dearth of scientificmaterial for study and classroom use. In the past, little has been doneeither by the social workers or by the schools to organize the experienceof the field into a scientific body of material. This will ultimately be donefor the field by the professional schools, and it is one of the great opportunities of service lying before these schools at the present time.THE FUTURE PROGRAM OF THE SCHOOLThe funds made available by the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial will be used, first, as a substitute for the basic fund given by theold contributors to the school; second, to provide for strengthening theeducational work. The program includes: (1) the appointment of additional members of the Faculty ; ( 2 ) provision for a social service department in the new Billings Hospital, which shall provide field work in medical social work for the students of the school; (3) additional extensionwork to meet the needs of social workers already in the field, particularlythe enlargement of the summer session; (4) additional provision for su-246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpervised field work — in particular, supervision of child welfare corresponding to what is now done in the United Charities training district;(5) the continuation of the program of research and publication; (6) cooperation with the School of Nursing (to be established at the University) in the training of public-health nurses.As one part of its new program, the school began this year the publication of a new quarterly, the Social Service Review, under the editorshipof Miss Abbott and Miss Breckinridge. A scientific journal in this fieldhas long been needed, and the generous response in subscriptions to thenew Review promises generous support and appreciation of this particular undertaking.By way of summary, it may be said that the experience of thepast six years has shown that sounder educational work can be developedunder present conditions at the University than was possible at the oldschool, and it is important to emphasize the fact that this does not meanstrictly academic work in a narrow sense. It applies to field work and toall the contacts with the social agencies which are mutually helpful tothe agencies and to the school.The need that the school is trying to meet is greater than at anyperiod in its history. The demand for liberally educated social workersexists not only in Chicago but in all our more progressive communities.Our American states, counties, and other local authorities are spendingmillions of dollars annually on public work that is done so incompetentlythat the money is worse than wasted, because positive harm results fromunintelligent relief -giving, unscientific institutional care, incompetent parole work, and inefficient budgeting. In all parts of the country there areprivate social agencies doing the same kinds of wasteful, though well-intentioned, social work. Legislation is now urged and passed through theinfluence of social workers who do not know the first principles of sociallegislation and social politics. This situation results from the old theorythat social service work called only for good intentions and a kind heart,and from the further fact that the early experiments with professionaleducation in this field were along narrow lines giving the so-called "techniques" of family case work, probation work, etc., without a sound disciplinary education in fundamental principles.A great opportunity lies before the University of Chicago to trainthe liberally educated leaders of this important professional group. Thegenerous offer of new funds from New York will make possible the development of a vigorous educational policy. The school therefore appealsfor sympathetic co-operation and, if possible, financial support from itsold friends in trying to develop its new program.First Row: Trousseau, Billroth, Ludwig Second Row: Lister, Jenner, Harvey Third Row: Fenger, Pare, BernardFourth Row: Heart Tract, Hygeia and Aesculapius, Nervous SystemSCULPTURE FIGURES ON NEW MEDICAL BUILDINGSTHE PHYSIOLOGY BUILDINGA DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL CARVEDHISTORICAL FIGURESBy ARNO B. LUCKHARDTThe Physiology Building as seen from the north (Fifty-eighth Streetfront) is impressive but can hardly be said to be particularly beautiful.The abundant windows give it the appearance of a modern factory. Itsstraight walls are devoid of any ornamentation. On closer approach,however, one notices on its walls the seals of the University of Chicagoand of Rush Medical College cut in stone and placed to the right and leftof the arch of the tunnel through which one passes on to the court between the physiological group of buildings and the medical group proper.Before passing through the tunnel attention ought to be given to thebeautiful representations in stone of some of the common laboratory animals used in physiological research which embellish the arch throughwhich one first enters. Passing to the center of the court, one sees thatthe court aspect of the physiological group is far more ornamental thanthe street aspect of that structure.The selection of ornamental tablets and busts of distinguished physiologists of the past was made on the basis of the following considerations : ( i ) There should be an international representation in the choiceof illustrious men and universities made prominent by illustrious scientific men; (2) the men whose busts were chosen to ornament the buildings were to represent pioneers in particular fields of physiological endeavor; (3) a few men of national or local prominence were added inexpression of appreciation of our particular national, international, orlocal medical indebtedness to them.Looking at the court aspect of the physiological group one sees alarge English Gothic arch quite high above an ornamental balcony. Abust of William Harvey forms the keystone to this arch. At its base tothe left is a bust of Calude Bernard, and to the right one of Carl Ludwig. Certainly, the importance of these three scientists to physiologicaland medical science will be questioned by no one. Incidentally, they represent, according to the scheme alluded to above, the foremost investigators of England, France, and Germany, respectively, in physiological andmedical science. One observes also two busts over the court entrance of247248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDphysiological chemistry. They are of Lavoisier and Emil Fischer. Thework of the former in establishing the importance of oxidation in livingprocesses cannot be overestimated. The latter is honored chiefly for hismonumental work in elucidating the chemistry of our foodstuffs, particularly the proteins and the sugars.Before the court entrance to physiology, above the entrance, onenotes busts of Frans Cornells Bonders (Holland) and William Beaumont (America) . The former is honored for his important contributionsto our knowledge of vision ; the latter for his scientific zeal in attemptingto elucidate the physiology and pathological physiology of gastric secretion and hunger. The seven busts on this building represent, then, notonly men from different nations (England, France, Germany, Holland,and America), but pioneers in physiological research. Higher up on thebuilding are a number of tablets representing the seals of the universitiesof Padua, Leyden, St. Petersburg (Petrograd), Berlin, Paris, and Cambridge.Returning again to the court, but facing the south, we are before themain entrance to the building devoted to pathology, with the court entrances to the departments of medicine and surgery at the extreme leftand right ends of the building. There are six tablets in honor of illustrious men and also of Hippocrates and Galen. Between these are tabletsin honor of Morgagni and John Hunter (Italian and English), and to thefounders of modern bacteriology and cellular pathology, Louis Pasteurand Rudolf Virchow (French and German).Over the court entrance to the Department of Surgery are symbolical tablets indicating that modern surgery owes its success to anesthesiaand asepsis. To the right and left are busts of Ambroise Pare and Billroth, respectively, to whose scientific attitude and technic modern surgery is so much indebted. To the right and above, there is the bustacknowledging indebtedness to Lord Lister for the introduction of modern asepsis into the practice of surgery. To the left a bust of ChristianFenger indicates our gratitude to this local pioneer who introduced thescientific principles of modern surgery and pathology into the Chicagocommunity and was the apt teacher of the older generation of Chicagosurgeons. In the corners of the niche near the court entrance to the Department of Surgery are busts of Benjamin Rush, American clinician,signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Edward Jenner, founderof the practice of active immunization, as exemplified by vaccinationagainst smallpox.The court entrance to the Department of Medicine bears symbolicalTHE PHYSIOLOGY BUILDING 249tablets showing Aesculapius with his daughter Hygeia and the veneratedsnake, and the chemical symbol of the benzene nucleus representing symbolically the thought that modern medicine expects much from hygiene(preventive medicine) and chemotherapy (synthetic chemistry as opposed to exclusively empirical therapeutics). Above these tablets arebusts of Trousseau and Sydenham, master French and English cliniciansof the past, and in the corner of the niche to the left, the heads of RobertKoch, founder, with Pasteur, of modern medical bacteriology, and of SirWilliam Osier, great Canadian and American scholar and educator.No apology is offered in justification of the selection of the distinguished scientists and clinicans whose memory is here commemorated bytablets and busts. It is furthermore certain that no two individualswould ever select precisely the same list of men even if the selection wererestricted by the arbitrary considerations, mentioned above, which directed the present choice. On the other hand, it seems probable thatmost of the men selected would appear in every list irrespective of thelines of choice.THE COUNTRYHOME FOR CONVALESCENTCHILDRENAFFILIATION WITH THE UNIVERSITYUnder contract of affiliation (dated June 7, 1927) the CountryHome will turn over to the University, as agent, all of its endowmentfunds now amounting to approximately $1,050,000 and which will laterbe increased by payment of pledges now in hand to approximately $1,-200,000. The income from this fund is expected to be amply sufficient todefray all of the expense of operating the Home. This fund will be managed and invested by the University in the same manner as it managesits own funds, and the income received will be devoted to the purposesof the Home under the direction of a board of seven trustees, which inthe first instance will be composed of Mrs. W. J. Chalmers, Max Mason,W. J. Chalmers, Frederic C. Woodward, Mrs. Charles H. Schweppe, Albert W. Sherer, and Frank McNair.The Home will continue as a separate corporation and will retaintitle to its physical plant under the new board of trustees just mentioned,but will have in addition a board of managers of thirty-two members toconsist of the trustees and the following: Miss Eleanor Donnelley, Mrs.Lester Frankenthal, Mrs. Frank Hibbard, Mrs. E. R. Graham, Mrs.Frank Johnson, Mrs. Thomas R. Lyon, Mrs. Charles H. Morse, Mrs.William C. Pullman, Mrs. Edward F. Swift, Mrs. Joseph O. Watkins,Mrs. Howard H. Spaulding, Miss Marjorie Ward, Mrs. Charles Wrigley,J. O. Armour, J. O. Watkins, Mrs. Logan A. Gridley, Mrs. Frank McNair, Mrs. Edward R. Ferriss, Mrs. Arthur W. Cushman, Mrs. C. W.Sills, Mrs. Dallas B. Phemister, Mrs. P. B. Palmer, Jr., Mrs. A. W.Sherer, and Mrs. Bruce MacLeish. The board of managers will co-operate with the trustees in the management of the Home and in all mattersaffecting its financial and physical welfare. The University will assumedirection and responsibility for the educational work and the medical andsurgical treatment of the children, and will place the facilities of its business and accounting organizations at the disposal of the trustees of theHome.It is expected that the Country Home will prove to be a most valu-250THE COUNTRY HOME FOR CONVALESCENT CHILDREN 251able adjunct to the work of the hospital and medical schools of the University, particularly in connection with the new Bobs Roberts MemorialHospital for Children and the Department of Pediatrics. The faculty ofthe School of Education and of the Medical Schools, as well as the medical staff of the hospital, will co-operate in the service to be rendered theHome by the University.The physical plant of the Home remains at Prince Crossing, nearAurora, Illinois.CHANGES IN THE CHAPEL REQUIREMENTSBy CHARLES W. GILKEYOn the recommendation of the Faculty of the colleges and of theUniversity Senate, the Board of Trustees at its meeting on May 12, 1927,made certain important changes in the statutory requirements with regard to chapel attendance. Since the early days of the University eachundergraduate has been required to attend chapel one day a week, withthe other members of his college or class. These brief weekly exerciseshave thus become, as college life has grown more complicated, the natural occasion for the giving of notices and the transaction of class business often rather widely at variance with the spirit of a religious service.The inevitable result has been that, while there has been little of thevigorous protest against compulsory chapel that has been much in evidence at several eastern colleges where daily attendance has been required, there has been a widespread feeling among both students andFaculty that the chapel requirement was, on its religious side, the ratherperfunctory keeping up of an old tradition that had not been readjustedto the changing conditions and needs of the university life of today.When during the winter Professor T. G. Soares resigned as ActingChaplain after many years of effective service, President Mason appointed a special committee representing both Faculty and students to studyand make recommendations on the whole chapel situation. After severalweeks of careful consideration this committee presented a report the mainrecommendations of which have been unanimously approved both by theFaculty of the colleges and by the Senate, and underlie the final actionof the Trustees.The central point in the new program is the frank and clear separation between the social and academic values of a college or class assembly, and the religious values of a service of worship. It is believed thatthe former are important enough both to the individual and to the institution to justify some requirement of attendance, but that the spirit essential to the latter is neutralized or destroyed where students matureenough to be in college are required to attend religious services. Accordingly the new program provides for a series of weekly assemblies for newstudents during the Autumn Quarter, with attendance required of all stu-252CHANGES IN THE CHAPEL REQUIREMENTS 253dents entering the colleges with less than nine majors of credit. The addresses at these assemblies will aim to orient the new student in the lifeof the University and the city, and to put him into a better position tomake the most of his college course. Special assemblies with a similaraim for the entire student body will also be held from time to time at thediscretion of the President of the University, at varied hours when otherclasses will be omitted — but attendance at these will be voluntary.Meanwhile it is proposed to constitute a new Board on UniversityReligion, equally representative of students and Faculties, which shallhave direction of all general religious services and activities within theUniversity, including both the Sunday and the week-day services of worship. This board, at the earliest possible moment, is to have as its executive officer a full-time director or dean. It will maintain the presentSunday morning services in Mandel Hall, and also week-day services inJoseph Bond Chapel. The present thought is that the latter will be heldat least once a week during the Summer, Autumn, and Spring quarters,and oftener during the Winter Quarter — probably in the late afternoon.In character they will vary widely, from musical and ritual services toaddresses on religious themes. Meanwhile, the Divinity School is conducting a daily religious noon service in Joseph Bond Chapel for all members of the University.In the background of this whole program stands the magnificent newUniversity Chapel, now mounting upward rapidly and likely to be completed at some time in 1928. The vision of its generous donor was of asymbol and expression of the central place of religion in any comprehensive education for life. If this vision is to be fulfilled — and no Americanuniversity has a larger opportunity for its fulfilment — the new chapelmust be more than a stately setting for the mere carrying on of an oldtradition, or for the special interest, personal or professional, of an ecclesiastically minded few; it must be the home of a living spirit. Theyear before the completion of the chapel will thus inevitably be a veryimportant one in the religious life of the University. It is the hope andfaith of all those who have shared in the planning of this new programthat it will both express and stimulate a spirit of responsibility and participation among students and Faculty alike.In his personal announcement of the new program to the undergraduates at the four last required chapel assemblies, President Mason gavestriking expression to that same hope and faith:This policy was decided upon with the feeling that, far from weakening the opportunity for religious thought in the University, voluntary attendance will mean a254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgreater appreciation of such opportunity. The new University Chapel will be oneof the most beautiful Gothic buildings in America. It will be the center of religiousthought and life in the University community, and a program is being planned forthe services there which will be substantial, giving opportunity for sincere and earnest participation in religion. In that new chapel we shall be concerned with the spirit of religion, a phase of life which no human being can neglect and not suffer. We areall brothers in a common existence, the mystery of which is still a closed book, andthere must be the opportunity for a broader view of life without which no man orwoman can be a part of society. Religion is the spirit of a university; all intelligence and knowledge should add together in an attempt to answer the question allhuman beings must ask.For these services we have two ideals, first that they shall be true to the technique of living in a scientific manner, and second, that they shall be true to thephilosophy of life in the most reverent manner. This chapel will be yours, whateveryour creed or manner of thinking; one place where the knowledge of human lifeand of nature will be drawn together in an attempt to answer the question we mustall ask.THE PRESIDEN'TS CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1THE CONVOCATION ORATORThe address of our colleague, Dr. Frank Billings, has been a scholarly presentation of that phase of medical investigation to which he hasgiven all his own energies and one that will be pursued with new vigorin one division of the University Clinics. This is a singularly happy timeto have this definition of a major function of the University of Chicago inits expanding plan for research in medicine, a plan that will take intoaccount features of greatest importance for our work at Rush MedicalCollege as well as in the University Clinics on the Midway. To Dr.Billings I extend the thanks of the entire University and the congratulations of us all upon his own great contribution to medical education inthe city of Chicago.STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCEThe present Spring Quarter shows an enrolment in the entire University comparing favorably with similar totals as given by the University Recorder for the Spring Quarter of 1926:On the QuadranglesGraduates ....UndergraduatesUniversity CollegeGraduates ....Undergraduates and unclassifiedDuplicates ....Rush Medical CollegeTotal of resident studentsHome-Study Department1 Read at the One Hundred Forty-sixth Convocation of the University, held inHutchinson Court, June 14, 1927.255 19271,7833,0884,8714951,3826,748946,6542606,9144,858 1926i,7343,0364,7704291,4026,6011016,5002536,753256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPERSONNELDuring the quarter, death has removed from our number one heldin high honor, Professor Daniel D. Luckenbill, of the Oriental Institute.We shall stand for a moment of silent tribute to the memory of ourcolleague.Additions to the higher ranks of the Faculties during the year include Professors Ezra J. Kraus, of the University of Wisconsin, in Botany; Leonard Bloomfield, of Ohio State University, in Germanic Philology; William F. Ogburn, of Columbia University, in Sociology; FrankH. Knight, of the University of Iowa, in Economics; M. L. Raney asdirector of the Libraries; L. D. Edie, of Indiana University, in Finance;George A. Works, of Cornell University, as Dean of the Graduate Library School; Major Thomas J. J. Christian, U.S.A., Chairman of theDepartment of Military Science and Tactics; Dr. Joseph L. Miller, Dr.Joseph A. Capps, Dr. Friedrich Hiller, Dr. Paul C. Hodges, and Dr. Oswald H. Robertson, in Medicine; William W. Sweet, of De Pauw University, John T. McNeill, of Knox College, Toronto, and Henry N. Wie-man, of Occidental College, in Divinity.GIFTS AND NEW PROJECTSMany of the major divisions of the University have been stimulatedby generous support. Great aid has come to our program of clinicalmedicine. An exceptional program for work in the social sciences hasbeen made possible. Assistance has been offered to the productive workin arts and letters which will strengthen this work materially. One gratifying aid from the undergraduates is the continuing of support to theErnest DeWitt Burton Memorial Professorship by the present Seniorclass. It is now possible to establish this professorship, to which the classof 1928 has also voted to contribute, completing the group of the fourclasses of 1925, 1926, 1927, and 1928 that have joined with other friendsto make this professorship possible.The physical and biological sciences will be provided shortly withnew buildings, equipment, and some endowment. Physics, Astronomy,and Mathematics will soon have space in a new structure east of RyersonLaboratory. Botany is to be given additional facilities for research investigation in modern greenhouses and a new laboratory. The generousgift of Mr. George Herbert Jones, of Chicago, providing a new unit forChemistry, has been announced, and since making his first gift the samedonor has increased this support so that we soon shall see the completedGeorge Herbert Jones Laboratory in a structure that will care amply forall the immediate needs of Chemistry.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 257The medical group has developed in two ways that will make thata far more unified and useful center for treatment and research. Twoother Chicago citizens, Colonel and Mrs. John Roberts, have given amillion dollars to establish at the University the Bobs Roberts MemorialHospital for Children in memory of their son. To supplement this unitfor pediatrics we have now to add the affiliation of the Country Home forConvalescent Children, an institution that has been brought to high efficiency by its board of trustees, under the leadership of Mr. and Mrs. W.J. Chalmers.These additions are important steps in the development of the medical program to a harmonious and organic whole.An agreement between the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and the University provides for co-operative effort in adding the unit for obstetricsand gynecology to our medical group. The directors of the hospital havemade splendid progress toward completing their share of this program,the building of a new hospital among the University Clinics, and theUniversity likewise has the assurance of funds for endowment of thedepartments of obstetrics and gynecology. By January, 1929, the actualoperations on this program should be under way.The original plans for the University Clinics have been gaining excellent support for the clinic of internal medicine to honor the name ofour Convocation speaker, Dr. Frank Billings. Subscriptions from onehundred and one contributors now reach a total of nearly a quarter of amillion dollars. The manner in which these gifts have come testifies tothe loyal friendship of men and women who realize deeply the publicand private services of Dr. Billings to our community.Contributors of larger sums to the Frank Billings Medical Clinicendowment fund are: Mr. John Bain, Mr. Lucius K. Baker, Mr. BruceBorland, Mrs. Mason Bross, Mr. Reuben G. Chandler, Mrs. W. W. Cummer, Dearborn Chemical Company, Mr. and Mrs. Moise Dreyfus, Mr.Thomas Fisher, Mrs. William O. Goodman, Mr. and Mrs; Howard G.Grey, the late Mr. Ernest A. Hamill, Mr. F. G. Hartwell, Mr. Frank K.Hoover, Mr. James C. Hutchins, Miss Gwethalyn Jones, Mr. Thomas D.Jones, Mr. George O. Knapp, Mr. and Mrs. Frank O. Lowden, Mr. August C. Magnus, Mr. Harold McCormick, Mrs. Frank H. Montgomery,Mrs. George R. Nichols, Sr., Mr. James A. Patten, Mr. A. B. Ruddock,Mr. Charles Ruddock, Mrs. Joseph H. Schaffner, Mr. Charles H. Swift,Mr. Harold H. Swift, Mr. Charles Tanner, Mr. A. S. Trude, Mrs. Frederic W. Upham.For the departments in social science there are equally importantchanges in prospect. Support is assured for initiating new work in the258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprogram of research involving our departments of Economics, PoliticalScience, Sociology, History, and Psychology in co-operative study ofsocial problem's. The necessary building east of Harper Library will bebuilt next year, and additions to the staff have been made possible.Gifts to the humanities are of various kinds. The Carnegie Corporation has supported a new course on the meaning and value of the arts.The Oriental Institute has assurance of support over a five-year periodfor the Hittite expedition. To this same project help has come from Mr.James A. Patten, Mr. Henry J. Patten, Mrs. Murray Crane, Mr. FrankG. Logan for the Beloit Historical Museum, and others. Mrs. Ira M.Price has offered to give the last thousand dollars of five thousand towarda special library of books on art, a proposal that should attract others tomake this library possible at once. Mrs. Henry T. Martin has given fivehundred valuable volumes on art, a collection gathered by her father, thelate Mr. C. F. Jilson.Notable items added to the general library collections are the publications of the Hispanic Society of America, 193 volumes; the Fehling Library of Medicine, 452 volumes, from Mr. Lester E. Frankenthal;through the Farr Manuscript Fund, important Balzac proof sheets withhis autograph corrections and additions; works on law from the libraryof our late President Emeritus Harry Pratt Judson; from the alumni, amanuscript of Biship Burnet's History of Burlesque Verse; and fromMrs. J. H. Dunnels a valuable edition of Josephus.Through the bequest of Mr. George F. Porter, the sum of $200,000is added to the productive funds of the University. Mr. W. G. Zoller hasgiven $5,000 for a special fund established by him a year ago.LOAN FUNDS AND SCHOLARSHIPSLoan funds and scholarships increase steadily, a form of aid thatmore and more puts education within the grasp of ambitious and deserving students. A fund in memory of Elizabeth Chapin has been established by the Phi Delta Upsilon Club, with $300 as the initial amount forloans to women. The friends of Harry O. Ginsburg have given $2,000for annual gift of the interest to an undergraduate medical student inPhysiology; the Kiwanis Club of Woodlawn has provided $1,500 as aloan fund, and the Froebel Association Alumnae of Chicago an endowment of $3,500 for an Alice H. Putnam Scholarship Fund to advancework in primary and pre-primary education. The Edward Hillman Fundof $50,000 is to give support to needy students working in agriculture,government, and economics.An anonymous donor has put in the hands of the President the sumTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 259of $15,000, for gifts or loans to members of the University, either activeor retired, in times of peculiar need. The wisdom of such unrestrictedaids is recognized by all who know the frequent failure of ordinarymeans to protect our staff and employees against sudden misfortune.MISCELLANEOUSThe building program of the University has been sketched in preceding references to the plans for physical sciences, medicine, and socialsciences. Wieboldt Hall will be ready in September and will greatly relieve our needs for graduate facilities in modern languages. The medicalgroup as now under construction should be completed in midsummer andin full operation before the formal dedication in October. It is supposed that another year will be needed for completing the great structureof the new chapel. Our pressing needs for both buildings and endowmentare based on the standard of performance implied in our presentprogram. That program requires a central administration building. Facilities for such sorely hampered departments as Home Economics, a graduate building for Education, a gymnasium and high school, and a comprehensive dormitory plan for all our students now living in lodgings areurgently needed. These needs are fully recognized by us all and are toodetailed for full definition at the moment.Beginning with the Summer Quarter of 1927 adequate health service for all students has been arranged. To cover the cost of this serviceas well as special library and laboratory charges, an inclusive fee hasbeen provided.The summary of present tendencies within the University may befound most definitely in the personnel of the classes now receiving theirdegrees. The University is not losing its power to produce men andwomen trained to do the work of the nation. In undergraduate workwe believe that this year has seen notable improvements, and that thecoming year will be still more satisfying. Survey courses and better instruction in other respects have benefited the work of the first two years.The last two years have gained something from the stimulation towardintellectual interests in preparation for either graduate studies or activeaffairs outside the University. In the many phases of its graduate workwe believe that the entire University has made advances. Our increasingpurpose is to bring the work of our productive scholars to the higheststandards of efficiency and importance, and to give the undergraduateand graduate students the opportunity of happy participation in a fellowship of learning.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, Secretary of the BoardUNIVERSITY STATUTESThe Statutes of the University have been amended as follows:The following section has been substituted for Section 2/ of ArticleXIV of Statute^:The Board of Student Organizations, Publications and Exhibitions shall includesuch administrative officers, members of the faculties and representatives of thealumni and students as the President of the University may appoint.The following has been substituted for Statute 23 :Religious services and student assemblies. Religious services are maintained bythe University in one of its chapels, both on Sunday and during the week. Assemblies for new students entering the colleges are held during the Autumn Quarter.General assemblies for the entire student body are held at the discretion of the President. Attendance at any of these services or assemblies may be required of studentsby the Faculty of the college or school in which they are registered.In all places where the words "University Hospitals" appear, thewords "University Clinics" have been substituted.ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND TRUSTEESAt the annual meeting of the Board held June 9, 1927, the followingofficers were elected to the respective offices for the term of one year:President, Harold H. Swift; First Vice-President, Howard G. Grey; Second Vice-President, Thomas E. Donnelley; Third Vice-President, RobertL. Scott; Treasurer, Eugene M. Stevens; Secretary, John F. Moulds;and Corresponding Secretary, J. Spencer Dickerson. At the same annualmeeting the following Trustees were re-elected to Class 2, the term ofwhich expires with the annual meeting in 1930: Trevor Arnett, WilliamScott Bond, J. Spencer Dickerson, Charles W. Gilkey, Howard G. Grey,Charles R. Holden, Robert P. Lamont, Frank McNair, and John Stuart.The following officers have been appointed for the term of one yearfrom June 9, 1927: Lloyd R. Steere, Business Manager; George 0. Fair-weather, Assistant Business Manager; John F. Moulds, Assistant Business Manager at the Quadrangles; Nathan C. Plimpton, Auditor; WilliamB. Harrell, Assistant Auditor; William J. Mather, Assistant Secretary;and Thomas W. Goodspeed, Historian.Mr. Lyndon H. Lesch has been appointed an additional Assistant260THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 261Secretary of the Board, his duties to be limited to the attestation of signatures.APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments, in addition to reappointments, weremade by the Board of Trustees during the Spring Quarter, 1927:Dr. Rollin T. Woodyatt, Chairman of the Department of Medicinein Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Major Thomas J. J. Christian, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Military Science and Tactics, from July 1, 1927.E. M. Dodd, Jr., Acting Professor in the Law School for one yearfrom October 1, 1927.Lionel Danforth Edie, Professor of Finance in the School of Commerce and Administration for five years from October 1, 1927.H. S. Everett, Extension Professor of Mathematics for five yearsfrom July 1, 1927.Emery T. Filbey, Director of the Institute of Meat Packing and Professor in the School of Commerce and Administration, for three yearsfrom July 1, 1927.Frank H. Knight, Professor in the Department of Economics, fromJuly 1, 1927.Dr. Dudley B. Reed, Director of the Health Service and Professorin the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology from October 1, 1927.Dr. Oswald H. Robertson, Professor of Medicine in the Departmentof Medicine, from July 1, 1927.Dr. Frederick Tice, Clinical Professor in the Department of Medicine in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.George Alan Works, Dean of the Graduate Library School, with therank of Professor, from July 1, 1927.Dr. Francis Raymond Dieuade, Associate Professor of Medicinein the Department of Medicine, effective at the date to be determined bythe President.Louis R. Gottschalk, Associate Professor in the Department of History, for one year from October 1, 1927.A. H. Kent, Associate Professor in the Law School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1927.Dr. Solomon Strouse, Associate Clinical Professor in the Departmentof Medicine in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Emmet Blackburn Bay, Assistant Director of the Health Service, and Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine in the Department ofMedicine, for two years from July 1, 1927.262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDW. L. Beauchamp, Assistant Professor in the Department of Education in the School of Education, for one year from July 1, 1927.A. G. Bills, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology, fortwo years from October 1, 1927.Ralph Mason Blake, Visiting Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Philosophy, for the Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters, 1927-28.Dr. Ruth E. Boynton, physician in the Health Service and AssistantClinical Professor of Medicine in the Department of Medicine, for twoyears from October 1, 1927.William Willard Burke, Assistant Professor of Social Economy in theSchool of Social Service Administration, for one year from October 1,1927.Thomas P. Cobb, Assistant Professor of Spanish in the Junior College Division of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures,for one year from October 1, 192 7.W. L. Eagleton, Assistant Professor in the Law School, for one yearfrom October 1, 1927.R. W. Gerard, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physiology,for two years from January 1, 1928.Dr. Bela Halpert, Assistant Professor in the Department of Pathology, for three years from July 1, 1927.F. C. Hoyt, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics, forone year from October 1, 1927.John G. Kunstmann, Assistant Professor of German in the JuniorCollege Division of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, for one year from October 1, 1927.Glenn A. McCleary, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, for one year from October 1, 1927.Fred B. Millett, Assistant Professor in the Department of English,for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Walter L. Palmer, Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Department of Medicine, for one year from October 1, 1927.Dr. Fielding Wilkinson, Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology in theDepartment of Surgery, for one year from August 1, 1927.Carroll H. Wooddy, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, for one year from October 1, 1927.F. R. Bamforth, Instructor in the Department of Mathematics, forone year from October 1, 1927.Rae Blanchard, Instructor in the Department of English, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 263Herbert Blumer, Instructor in the Department of Sociology, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.Gail Borden, Instructor in the Department of English, for one yearfrom October 1, 1927.Hayden Boyers, Instructor in the Department of Romance Languages, for one year from October 1, 1927.Russell L. C. Butsch, Instructor in the College of Education, for oneyear from July 1, 1927.Elsa Chapin, Instructor in the Department of English, for one yearfrom October 1, 1927.T. F. Cope, Instructor in the Department of Mathematics, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.Norman Endicott, Instructor in the Department of English, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.Joseph G. Fucilla, to give instruction in the Department of RomanceLanguages, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Mary McBurney Green, Instructor in the Department of PhysicalEducation, for one year from October 1, 1927.H. E. Hay ward, Instructor in the Department of Botany, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.Marshall Knappen, Instructor in the Department of History, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.Mildred E. Lambert, Instructor in the Department of English, forone year from October 1, 1927.Elinor Nims, Instructor in the School of Social Service Administration, for one year from October 1, 1927.P. G. Perrin, Instructor in the Department of English, for one yearfrom October 1, 1927.John C. Rogers, Instructor in the Department of Preventive Medicine for the Spring, Summer, and Autumn Quarters, 1927, and the Winterand Spring Quarters, 1928.Dr. Howard J. Shaughnessy, Instructor in the School of Education,for one year from October 1, 1927.C. E. Van Sickle, Instructor in the Department of History, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.George Watson, Research Associate in the Department of English,for one year from October 1, 1927.Dr. Alexander Garegin Gabrielianz, Clinical Associate in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Rush Medical College, for oneyear from July 1, 1927.264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLuther Lee Bernard, Professorial Lecturer in the Department of Sociology, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Dr. William E. Cary, Lecturer in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Harrison Allen Dobbs, Lecturer on Social Economy, in the School ofSocial Service Administration, for the Autumn, Winter, and SpringQuarters, 1927-28.Dr. Jesse R. Gerstley, Lecturer in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Dr. Alice Hamilton, Lecturer in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Rowland Haynes, Professorial Lecturer in the School of Social Service Administration, for one year from July 1, 1927.Josef Schneider, Lecturer in the Department of Economics, for theAutumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters, 1927-28.Henry Simonds, Lecturer in Economics, in the Department of Economics, for the Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters, 1927-28.Jose Vasconcelos, Professorial Lecturer on Hispanic American History in the Department of History, for the Winter and Spring Quarters,1928.Dr. William C. Woodward, Lecturer in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Dr. Alfred D. Biggs, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Pediatrics, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Wayne Brandstadt, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Pediatrics in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Eduard L. Chainski, Clinical Assistant in the Department ofLaryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for one year fromJuly 1, 1927.Dr. Louis T. Curry, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Laryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1, 1927.Dr. John Ellis Hodes, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Rush Medical College, for one year fromJuly 1, 1927.Dr. William J. Jonkers, Clinical Assistant in the Department ofLaryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for one year fromJuly 1, 1927.Dr. Alva A. Knight, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 265Dr. Harry E. McGuire, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Pediatrics in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Arthur E. Mahle, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Clarence W. Rainey, Clinical Assistant in the Department ofOphthalmology, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Jesse H. Roth, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Laryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. George C. Turner, Clinical Assistant in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Robert Woellner, Principal of the University High School, for oneyear from July 1, 1927.Helen B. Knight, Teacher in the University High School, for oneyear from October 1, 1927.Lenore John, Teacher in the Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1927.Grace D. Phillips, member of the staff of the University Libraries,for one year from July 1, 1927.Svend Wandelin, member of the staff of the University Libraries, forone year from July 1, 1927.David H. Stevens, Director of the Summer Quarter, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.Kathleen Allen, Assistant Director of Social Service Department ofthe Albert Merritt Billings Hospital, for one year from September 1,1927.Carter Taylor, Supervisor of Field Training in Community Organization in the School of Social Service Administration, for one year fromApril 1, 1927.W. C. Allee, Secretary of the Department of Zoology, for one yearfrom January 1, 1927.John F. Norton, Secretary of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, for one year from July 1, 1927.Carl F. Huth, Dean of University College, for one year from July 1,1927.Merle C. Coulter, Acting Dean of the Colleges for the Summer Quarter, 1927.Dr. Granville A. Perkins, Research Chemist in the Research Laboratory of the Institute of American Meat Packers, for one year from May1, 1927.266 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Charles O. Molander, part-time physician in the Health Service,for two years from October i, 1927.Dr. Charles E. Shannon, part-time physician in the Health Service,for the Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters, 1927-28.Dr. Thomas G. Walsh, part-time physician in the Health Service, forone year from October 1, 1927.PROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties were promoted by the Boardof Trustees during the Spring Quarter, 1927:Ernest W. Burgess, to a professorship in the Department of Sociology, from July 1, 1927.G. T. Buswell, to a professorship in the Department of Education inthe School of Education, from October 1, 1927.Fay-Cooper Cole, to a professorship in the Department of Sociologyand Anthropology, from July 1, 1927.A. J. Dempster, to a professorship in the Department of Physics,from October 1,1927.Edward Sapir, to a professorship in the Department of Sociologyand Anthropology, from October 1, 1927.T. V. Smith, to a professorship in the Department of Philosophy,from October 1, 1927.Martin Sprengling, to a professorship in the Department of OrientalLanguages, from October 1, 1927.William Taliaferro, to a professorship in the Department of Pathology, from July 1, 1927.L. L. Thurstone, to a professorship in the Department of Psychology,from October 1, 1927.Dr. Joseph Louis Baer, to an associate clinical professorship in theDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, in Rush Medical College, forone year from July 1, 1927.E. A. Burtt, to an associate professorship in the Department of Philosophy, from October 1, 1927.Merle C. Coulter, to an associate professorship in the Department ofBotany, from October 1, 1927.C. H. Grabo, to an associate professorship in the Department of English, from July 1, 1927.Einar Joranson, to an associate professorship in the Department ofHistory, from October 1, 1927.Dr. Edward Allen Oliver, to an associate clinical professorship inTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 267the Department of Dermatology in Rush Medical College, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.Nellie F. Pope, Director of the Commons, and to an associate professorship in the Department of Home Economics, for one year from October 1, 1927.Dr. William George Reeder, to an associate clinical professorship inthe Department of Ophthalmology in Rush Medical College, for oneyear from July 1, 1927.Maud Slye, to an associate professorship in the Department of Pathology, for fifteen months from October 1, 1927.B. H. Willier, to an associate professorship in the Department ofZoology, from October 1, 1927.Dr. Louis Botham, to an assistant clinical professorship of Ophthalmology.A. J. Brumbaugh, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofEducation, for one year from October 1, 1927.W. L. Dorn, to an assistant professorship in the Department of History, for two years from October 1, 1927.Dr. Clark Wylie Finnerud, to an assistant clinical professorship inthe Department of Dermatology in Rush Medical College, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.Frances E. Gillespie, to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof History, for two years from October 1, 1927.W. T. Hutchinson, to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof History, for two years from October 1, 1927.Dr. Harry J. Isaacs, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Medicine in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1,1927.H. D. Lasswell, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofEconomics, for two years from October 1, 1927.H. M. Leppard, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofGeography, for one year from October 1, 1927.Earl D. Myers, to an assistant professorship in the Graduate Schoolof Social Service Administration, for one year from July 1, 1927.S. H. Nerlove, to an assistant professorship in the School of Commerce and Administration, for one year from October 1, 1927.Dr. Carl O. Rinder, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1,1927.268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDC. R. Rorem, to an assistant professorship in the School of Commerce and Administration, for one year from October i, 1927.Dr. Kamil Schulhof, to an assistant clinical professorship in the Department of Medicine in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1,1927.Lillian Stevenson, to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof Home Economics, for two years from October 1, 1927.Otto Struve, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Astronomy, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. William Alexander Thomas, to an assistant clinical professorshipin the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.W. W. Watson, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofPhysics, for one year from July 1, 1927.T. F. Young, to an assistant professorship in the Department ofChemistry, for two years from October 1, 1927.Dr. Edward Dudley Allen, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, in Rush Medical College, for oneyear from July 1, 1927.Dr. Emmet Blackburn Bay, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1, 1927.Dr. Faris Franklin Chesley, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Arthur Ralph Colwell, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Gerritt Cotts, to a clinical instructorship in the Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology, in Rush Medical College, for one year fromJuly 1, 1927.Dr. Michael Higgins Ebert, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Dermatology, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1,1927.Dr. James Bryan Eyerly, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Elmer William Hagens, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Laryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 269Dr. George Fielding Hibbert, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, in Rush Medical College, forone year from July 1, 1927.Dr. William George Hibbs, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1,1927.Dr. Malcomb A. Kemper, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Vernon Mayne Leech, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Ophthalmology, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1,1927.Dr. Will Ferson Lyon, to a clinical instructorship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Thomas Gervase Walsh, to a clinical instructorship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July1, 1927.Dr. Fred Ball, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. George Alvin Barnett, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Pediatrics, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Carl Philip Bauer, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynecology, in Rush Medical College, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.Dr. William L. Buhrman, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Pediatrics, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Jay McKinley Garner, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Ralph Lee Harris, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. John Jacob Hesser, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Jacob William Holderman, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Laryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for oneyear from July 1, 1927.Dr. Ross Stanley Lang, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.270 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Eleanor Leslie, to a clinical associateship in the Department ofPediatrics, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Meyer R. Lichtenstein, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. George E. Miller, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Arthur Sophus Juul Peterson, to a clinical associateship in theDepartment of Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year fromJuly 1, 1927.Dr. George J. Rukstinat, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Pathology, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1,1927.Dr. Abraham M. Serby, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Idel Treiger, to a clinical associateship in the Department ofMedicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Howard Wakefield, to a clinical associateship in the Departmentof Medicine, in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1927.Dr. Richard W. Watkins, to a clinical associateship in the Department of Laryngology and Otology, in Rush Medical College, for one yearfrom July 1, 1927.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations were accepted by the Board of Trusteesduring the Spring Quarter, 1927:Thomas G. Allen, as Secretary of the Oriental Institute and Assistant Professor of Oriental Languages and Literatures, effective June 30,1927. Mr. Allen remains in the Institute as Editorial Secretary.Nellie X. Hawkinson, as Associate Professor in the Department ofNursing, effective May 12, 1927.J. F. Rippy, as Associate Professor in the Department of History,effective April 14, 1927.E. S. Robinson, as Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology) effective May 12, 1927. Mr. Robinson goes to Yale University.LEAVES-OF- ABSENCEThe following leaves-of-absence were granted during the SpringQuarter, 1927:C. E. Merriam, Chairman of the Department of Political Science, forthe Winter and Spring Quarters, 1928, in order that he may carry onTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 271work in European countries for the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial.A. H. Compton, Professor in the Department of Physics, from October 1 to November 10, 1927, in order that he may attend the SolvayCongress.Frank H. Knight, Professor in the Department of Economics, forthe Winter Quarter, 1928.A. C. Noe, Professor in the Department of Botany, from May 9,1927, until the end of the Spring Quarter, in order that he may serveupon the American Commission appointed by the Soviet Government ofRussia for the investigation of the coal fields in Southeastern Russia.E. A. Burtt, Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy,for one year from October 1, 1927, so that he may accept a special appointment for the next academic year at Harvard University.Arthur P. Scott, Associate Professor of History, for the month of December, 1927.D. S. Whittlesey, Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, for the Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters, 1927-28, in orderthat he may take charge of the work in geography on the second round-the-world cruise to be conducted by New York University.Dr. L. C. Gatewood, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine inRush Medical College, for six months from April 1, 1927, in order thathe may study abroad.Dr. James B. Eyerly, Clinical Associate in the Department of Medicine in Rush Medical College, for one year from April 1, 1927, in orderthat he may study abroad.DEATHSDr. David Fiske, Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department ofLaryngology and Otology in Rush Medical College, died on April 2, 1927.Daniel D. Luckenbill, Professor in the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures, died on June 5, 1927, while in London.GIFTSMr. Frederick A. Ingalls has given to the University the approximate sum of $100,000 on an annuity basis, the fund to be known as the"Frederick A. Ingalls Endowment Fund." When released from paymentof the annuity the income will be used and applied for such educationalpurposes as the Trustees of the University may from time to time determine.The special committee on the Rollin D. Salisbury Memorial Fund272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhas turned over to the University the funds collected up to this time, andthe unpaid pledges. The fund totals $14,797.10, and was collected withthe following understandings: ( 1 ) That the fund should be known as theRollin D. Salisbury Memorial Fund for the promotion of research in thefields of geology and geography; (2) that the income from this fund beused for the following specific classes of projects: (a) field research expeditions; (b) office and laboratory researches; (c) research fellowshipgrants to graduate students of especial promise for the conduct of specific researches; (d) aid in the publication of research results when suchpublication cannot be otherwise arranged; and (e) other projects thatcome appropriately under the caption of promotion of research.Mr. Henry J. Patten and Mr. James A. Patten have each given thesum of $2,500 to be applied on the cost of the second Hittite expeditionin Asia Minor.Mr. J. Paul Goode has added the sum of $375 to the J. Paul GoodeLoan Fund for graduate students in Geography.Mr. John M. Smyth has given to the University a collection of 153manuscripts, containing material of great importance for study in the history of Ireland. It is the major part of a collection formerly belonging toJohn d'Alton, a distinguished Dublin barrister and anticjuary of the earlypart of the nineteenth century.Mrs. George F. Porter has given to the University a copy of theGeneva Bible of 15 99.Mr. Julius Rosenwald has made a further contribution of $7,500 toward the cost of the library of the Oriental Institute at Luxor; also$5,000 toward the budget of the School of Social Service Administrationfor each of the years 1927-28, 1928-29, 1929-30, 1930-31, provided thebalance of the budget for each year be raised before December 31.The Trustees of the Estate of LaVerne Noyes have continued thegrant of $12,000 for LaVerne Noyes scholarships at Rush Medical College for the year 1927-28.Mr. Henry M. Wolf has given to the University the sum of $1,000 toprovide a fellowship in American History for the academic year 1927-28.The Kiwanis Club of Woodlawn has contributed the sum of $1,500to be used as a student loan fund.Under the will of Mrs. Mae Manford Bridge the University has received a portrait in oil of her husband, the late Dr. Norman Bridge, to behung in Rush Medical College; and also one-fifth of her residuary estate,to be used for the furtherance of the work of the Norman Bridge Pathological Laboratory.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 273Under the will of Willey S. McCrea, the University will receive, uponthe termination of certain life-interests, one-half of his estate, estimatedto be about $600,000. The funds when received are to be added to theFrank Billings Medical Clinic Endowment Fund, one-half to be knownas the Coralinn Johnson McCrea Fund, and the other half as the WilleyS. and Vera D. McCrea Fund.The University of Chicago has been made the beneficiary of a fundof $50,000 under the will of the late Edward Hillman to be known as the"Edward Hillman Fund." The net income resulting from this fund is tobe used by the University for the purpose of aiding deserving studentswho may be engaged in the study of government, agriculture, and political economy.Additional contributions are mentioned in the quarterly statement ofthe President of the University.MISCELLANEOUSThe Board of Trustees has voted that the name "University Clinics"shall be used as the all-inclusive term for both clinics and hospitals of theUniversity's medical school.On April 19, 1927, the agreement between the Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children and the University was executed coveringthe gift of the Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital of funds to care for theconstruction and equipment of a hospital building and/or endowment ofsuch hospital for children.The Board of Trustees, at its meeting held June 9, 1927, approvedthe execution of the agreement between the University and the CountryHome for Convalescent Children whereby the Home is affiliated with theUniversity, and it was reported that the following persons were electedas trustees of the new board of trustees of the Country Home for Convalescent Children, namely: Mrs. W. J. Chalmers, Mr. W. J. Chalmers,Mrs. Laura Shedd Schweppe, Messrs. Max Mason, Frederic C. Woodward, Frank McNair, and Albert W. Sherer. The following officers of theboard have been elected: President, Max Mason; Vice-President, FrankMcNair; Secretary, John F. Moulds; Treasurer, C. E. Estes; BusinessManager, L. R. Steere. It was also reported that the by-laws of the Homehad been so amended as to provide for the appointment of a board ofmanagers consisting of thirty-two persons to co-operate with the trustees in serving the interests of the Home.The Chancery Court of Cook County entered a decree on June 3,1927, approving the contract between the University and the Illinois274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTraining School for Nurses which provides for the transfer of the properties of the training school to the University to be used toward the establishment of a school of nursing by the University.The name of the Department of Systematic Theology of the DivinitySchool has been changed to the "Department of Christian Theology andEthics."The tuition charge in the kindergarten has been increased from $125to $175 annually, effective with the Autumn Quarter, 1927.The appointment of a special committee to consider the general matter of patenting discoveries made by members of the University Facultieshas been authorized by the Board of Trustees.THE NORMAN WAIT HARRISMEMORIAL FOUNDATIONBy QUINCY WRIGHTThe fourth institute under the Norman Wait Harris Memorial Foundation took place between June 21 and July 7, 1927. The lectures andround-tables were confined to a discussion of problems of the British Empire, and an unusually distinguished group of visitors was present.Sir Cecil J. B. Hurst, who has been connected with the British Foreign Office for twenty-five years, and legal adviser thereof since 191 8,spoke for the British Empire as a whole. In his lectures he stressed especially the evolutionary character of that remarkable institution. Thenormal course of British dependencies, he pointed out, was from crowncolonies through responsible government to Dominion status, underwhich they enjoy full equality with Great Britain. Sir Cecil Hurst hashad no small part in drafting the legal formula arrived at in the BritishImperial Conferences, the League of Nations meetings, and other international conferences, consequently his expositions of the complicated legal relations of the Empire, both internal and external, were recognizedas authoritative.Sir William Harrison Moore is the dean of the faculty of law of theUniversity of Melbourne and has been constitutional adviser to the government of Victoria. He has written a number of authoritative books onthe constitutional problems of Australia and the Empire, and his exposition of the federal structure of Australia, which has many analogies tothat of the United States, was listened to with interest.Canada was represented at the institute by Mr. J. W. Dafoe, editorof the Manitoba Free Press and a member of the Canadian Departmentof Public Information at the Paris Peace Conference. He approached theproblems of his country from the standpoint of public opinion. The people of Canada, he felt sure, were opposed to annexation by the UnitedStates, though on cultural and industrial lines there has been and doubtless will continue to be a considerable assimilation between the two countries.The Honorable Timothy A. Smiddy, minister of the Irish Free Stateto the United States, gave a lecture emphasizing the material progress ofIreland since its acquisition of Dominion status in 1922. South African27s276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDproblems, of which the race question is the gravest, were dealt with byMr. Angus Fletcher, a South African attorney and now in the BritishForeign Service, attached to the British Library of Information in NewYork, and Mr. Eric Louw, South African trade commissioner to theUnited States and Canada.India was not included in the lectures during the institute, but inthe fall three important lectures on India, under the auspices of theHarris Foundation, were given at the University by Sir Frederick Whyte,who was just returning from five years' service as first president of theLegislative Assembly of India.The public lectures delivered at Mandel Hall were well received byaudiences which averaged about three hundred. They will appear inbook form from the University Press during the fall.The round-table conferences attracted unusual interest. Besides thelecturers, the Honorable F. W. Eggleston, formerly attorney general ofVictoria, and Mr. H. Duncan Hall, formerly of the University of Sydney,now at Syracuse University, and an average of forty-five men and womenfrom the University, the city, and neighboring institutions took part inthese discussions. The round-tables were devoted successively to racial,party, constitutional and legal, foreign, military and naval, and commercial problems.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERIt is expected that Wieboldt Hall ofModern Languages will be ready for occupancy by September i or soon thereafter.Elm trees have been planted on thelawn extensions on Fifty-ninth Streetbetween Ellis and Woodlawn avenues,that is, in front of Harper Memorial Library and the University Chapel; alsoon Ellis, University, and Woodlawn avenues north of Fifty-ninth Street. Afternew sidewalks shall have been laid inthe quadrangles near Swift Hall andBond Chapel, shrubs are to be planted.Little has been done in the way of tree-planting and grounds improvement ofthe quadrangles since the acacia hedgeswere planted ten or twelve years ago.This new beginning of adornment haslong been needed, for many of the veteran oaks which originally were foundon the site of the University are dyingof old age. An even more noticeable improvement is the high board fence erected around the coal pile on Ingleside Avenue at Fifty-seventh Street. Coal is anessential, but, as hitherto stored, hasbeen an offense to the eye. These areonly a few of many additions to thesightliness of the grounds which are tobe made. Much more is required, especially for the improvement of the University's neighboring vacant property,on which buildings may not be erectedfor years.Under the auspices of the Renaissance Society of the University, a seriesof illustrated lectures on the architecture and sculptural decorations of thenew cathedral Chapel of the Universityhas been given. The lecture on "TheStructural Character of the UniversityChapel" was given April 19 by Rev.Von Ogden Vogt, the president of thesociety. This lecture connected the Chapel building with certain historic prototypes in Europe and with other currentwork, and was illustrated by a model ofthe Chapel plans, and the completed design. On May 5 Professor Edgar J.Goodspeed spoke on "The Decorative Plastics of the Chapel," with plastermodels and some finished works incarved stone for inspection. The symbolism of the sculptured figures selectedby the University was explained. Photographs of some of these sculptureswere reproduced in the University Record for April.In its central site among the groupsof University buildings, the Chapel willbe sufficiently high and massive to holdits own among them. Its tower is to becarried high above their pinnacles to apoint 207 feet above the Midway. Thebuilding is 265 feet long and 73 feetacross the nave and aisle. There is a 41-foot span between the piers of the nave,this great width being necessary to theaccommodation of ^nearly 1,750 people,exclusive of the sanctuary, choir, andchoir gallery, so that all members of theaudience may be within hearing distanceof the speaker. The crown of the vaulted ceiling is 79 feet above the floor,while the ridge of the copper roof is 102feet above the sidewalk.Special attention has been given tothe color decoration of the ceiling vaults,which are of glazed acoustic tile.Professor Charles J. Chamberlain,of the Department of Botany, deliveredan address on "Botanical Experiences inthe Tropics" before the Indiana StateUniversity chapter of Sigma Xi on April14. He also addressed the Chaos Clubon March 12, on "The Evolution of theCycads," and on March 22 lectured atRosary College on "Botanizing in Cuba."One hundred fifteen fellowships inthirty-four departments of the University for the year 1927-28 have beenawarded.Over sixty different institutions arerepresented in the award, including, outside of the United States, the universitiesof Toronto, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, of Canada, the University of Oxford, England, and the University ofLiege, Belgium. Of those appointed tofellowships, more than half have alreadyreceived the degree of Master of Arts or277278 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof Science. Twenty-four of the appointees are women.Psychological tests at least as well ashigh-school grades predict what a student will do in college, according to Professor L. L. Thurstone, of the Department of Psychology, who has just completed a correlation of college marks atthe University with the grades made inpsychological tests given to enteringFreshmen. Professor Thurstone has alsogiven out the list of twenty-five members of the 1926 entering class who rated highest in the tests. The Universityof Chicago has participated, under Professor Thurstone, director, in the comparative psychological test program being carried out by the American Council on Education and the National Research Council. In the autumn of 1926the examination was given to about 50,-000 students in 166 colleges.Plans to establish the University ofChicago as a center of artistic influencecomparable to that of leading universities of the east were recently presentedby Professor Walter Sargent, Chairmanof the Department of Art, before twowomen's organizations which have beenleaders in furthering an appreciation ofthe fine arts — the Public School Art Society, and the conference of women'sclub presidents. More than a thousandmembers of the two groups were guestsof the University at an all-day programon April 21. Professor Sargent, who hasachieved great success with limited facilities, outlined four main objectivesin his program : To offer all students anopportunity to develop an intelligentenjoyment of the world's artistic inheritance; to reach a much wider constituency by training teachers in the history,theory, and practice of the arts who willbe able to present art in such a waythat it will enter into the daily life ofstudents; to offer some experience withthe materials of art ; and to forward appreciation of industrial art and co-operate with the rapidly growing interestin giving to possessions and surroundings greater charm and distinction.Professor Max Mason gave the address of welcome in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Secretary of the UniversityRowland Haynes made brief introductory remarks, and Professor Sargent presented his plans with a short illustratedtalk. Various phases of art were dis cussed by other members of the University. Mr. Sargent himself gave theclosing address, on "Modern Art."Nearly one thousand women ofthese two groups were served luncheonin five University and other buildings,an address of welcome being extendedby representatives of the University toeach of these five companies. They werethen guided through the quadranglesand various buildings.Dr. A. A. Michelson will be in residence during the Summer Quarter at theUniversity, offering a graduate course inphysical optics. This will be the firsttime for many years that ProfessorMichelson has been on the SummerQuarter teaching staff. He will not bein residence during the Autumn Quarter.By this arrangement many of the summer students who are not on the quadrangles during the rest of the year willhave an opportunity to study under Professor Michelson. With an internationalfame as a physicist who has measuredthe diameters of stars and the velocityof light, Professor Michelson in his seventy-fifth year still continues his elaborate and difficult experiments in thescience of optics, particularly at MountWilson in California; and the methodsand results of his work will soon appearin a volume published by the University of Chicago Press entitled Studies inOptics.The massive group of new structures for use of the Medical Clinics ofthe University, which have requiredthree years and five million dollars tobuild, were opened for occupancy inJuly. Dr. Franklin C. McLean, Professorof Medicine and Chairman of the University's Department of Medicine, whohas been a guiding observer of construction, was recently interviewed as to thesignificance of the whole vast project ofmedical education and research. And hisreply was: "To create a medical schoolconducted on a university basis; and tocreate such an atmosphere that if a student has any talent — genius if you like— it will come out. To breed thinkers.Not to stuff a man with knowledge butto teach him to use knowledge; notalone to educate a student in certainfacts of medicine but in facts of the patient; to teach him to do things with hisown head and hands instead of traveling on reports and being lectured to allBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 279day. The whole idea is to incorporatehim with the whole University as a seatof research and a means to the individual's development instead of setting himapart from the whole University. In noother university in this country has thisunification idea been so thoroughly carried out, for that is the central idea towhich we have built."In addition to the regular Facultyof about two hundred who will give instruction in the Summer Quarter (June20 to September 2) at the University,fifty of full professorial rank from otherinstitutions will give Summer Quartercourses. They will come from Harvard,Yale, Columbia, Pennsylvania, Michigan,Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota,Texas^ Stanford, and Washington. Institutions in France, Canada, Scotland,Switzerland, and Germany will also berepresented on the Summer QuarterFaculty.Professors from other institutionsfor the Summer Quarter Faculty includeEric Temple Bell, mathematics, California Institute of Technology; CephasDaniel Allin, political science, Universityof Minnesota ; Raoul Blanchard, geography, University of Grenoble, France;Harold G. Blue, education, ColoradoState Teachers College; Charles Frederick Tucker Brooke, English, Yale University; Ernest Bernbaum, head of thedepartment of English, University of Illinois; Cesar Barja, lecturer in Spanish, University of California, SouthernBranch; and Samuel Paul Capen, education, chancellor, University of Buffalo.Other instructors of full professorial rank include: Marion Griffin Dana,public health, Yale University; Norman W. DeWitt, dean of the faculty ofarts, Victoria College, Toronto; LionelDanforth Edie, economics and sociology, University of Indiana; John Robert Charles Evans, geology, BrandonCollege, Manitoba; Arthur LlewellynHughes, physics, Washington University,St. Louis; Gilbert Newton Lewis, chemistry, University of California; JohnEdgar McFadyen, Hebrew, Free ChurchCollege, Glasgow; Curtis Fletcher Mar-but, chief of the division of soil survey,U.S. Department of Agriculture; Robert Michels, national economy, University of Basle, Switzerland; HowardHawks Mitchell, mathematics, University of Pennsylvania; George Edward Osborn, law, Stanford University; andMelchior Palyi, economics, Berlin Han-delshochschule, Berlin, Germany.In addition to the mention made inthe report of the Secretary of the Boardof Trustees, on another page, of the giftof Colonel and Mrs. John Roberts ofone million dollars for the founding ofthe Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital forChildren, it may be said that the hospital is created and endowed exclusivelyfor charitable purposes in memory oftheir son, Bobs Roberts, who died in1 pi 7 at the age of five. In accepting thegift, President Max Mason said that theUniversity of Chicago recognized theprimary purpose of the hospital as aninstitution for the most modern treatment of sick children, adding that "thegift makes available to the University,as a part of its medical program, facilities not only for this purpose, but alsofor intensive research into the cause, prevention, and treatment of diseases peculiar to children. A modern universityclinic will be established similar to thosein the great medical centers of Viennaand Berlin, where the training of specialists will go hand in hand with theadvancement of knowledge." PresidentMason also announced that the hospitalwill be intimately associated with thecare of children born in the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, which will adjoin it,and both hospitals will have free accessto all of the facilities and physicians inthe group of University clinics.About half of the gift, according tothe present plans, will be used to buildand equip a hospital of about one hundred beds; the remainder being used forendowment. Plans for the hospital willbe drawn immediately, and it is hopedthat building will begin before the endof the year on a site at Fifty-ninth Streetand Drexel Avenue. The hospital willhave a memorial room in which an appropriate memorial to the son of Mr.and Mrs. Roberts will be maintained.With the Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, the Chicago Lying-inHospital, and the Albert Merritt BillingsHospital, the University of Chicago willhave three great hospitals, each costingapproximately a million dollars, standing side by side and overlooking theMidway Plaisance between Ellis Avenueon the east and Cottage Grove Avenueon the west.280 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDUniversity of Chicago and WasedaUniversity of Japan ball teams met intheir eighth international series thisspring. Professor Takusugi of Wasedaaccompanied the Japanese team on itstrip.The first of the international serieswas played in 1910 in Japan, and thesecond in 191 1 in Chicago, the rest alternating between the two countries in1915, 1916, 1920, 1921, and 1925. Eachcollege generation the two teams exchange visits. The Japanese gave Chicago's team close competition in 1925,their hitting being noticeably improvedas compared with that of other series.Coach Topite was in charge of the Waseda club.One of the special features of theSummer Quarter in the University ofChicago School of Education will be thecourses for administrative officers ofhigher institutions which will be givenby Chancellor Samuel Paul Capen ofthe University of Buffalo, and ProfessorFloyd Wesley Reeves, of the University of Kentucky. In addition to thesecourses there will be a series of conferences during the week of July 18 towhich administrative officers of universities, colleges, and normal schools aremost cordially invited. The morning sessions of the conferences will be devotedto the discussion of some of the important problems in college and universityeducation, such as orientation courses,student personnel, and junior college curriculum. The afternoon sessions will bedevoted to the interests of administrative officers of various types, such aspresidents^ and vice-presidents, deans,registrars, auditors, and other financialofficers.Another special feature during thesecond term of the Summer Quarter willbe the Institute of Library Science underthe directorship of Ernest J. Reece, associate professor of library administration, Columbia University. He will beassisted by Professor W. W. Chartersand Professor Frank N. Freeman, of theCollege of Education. The Institute willprovide courses for teachers in libraryscience schools. All of the courses in thisfield will be given in the College of Education during the coming summer, pending the organization of the graduateschool of library science, financial provision for which was announced somemonths ago. Some four hundred high-school andacademy Seniors competed for scholarships in the examinations held in tenhigh-school subjects as a part of theThirty-ninth Educational Conference atthe University of Chicago, held on May6 and 7. The subjects included languages, mathematics, and science, withtwenty-five scholarships of the value of$300 each as prizes to the winners.Among the important new booksannounced by the University of ChicagoPress are Public Welfare Administrating,by Sophonisba P. Breckinridge; Lawyers and Litigants of Ancient Athens, byRobert J. Bonner; The Physiography ofthe Region of Chicago, by F. M. Fryx-ell; Out of Doors with Youth, by J. W.F. Davies; and The Modernity of Milton, by Martin A. Larson.Getting Out the Vote, by Harold F.Gosnell, just published, has proved to beof especial value and timeliness.Dr. Frank Billings, who deliveredthe Convocation Address on June 14,received the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Master of Science from Northwestern University and was also a student in Vienna, London, and Paris. Hewas Professor of Medicine at Northwestern University from 1891 to 1898, andat Rush Medical College from 1898 to1924. He served also as Dean of theFaculties at the latter institution fortwenty-four years. In the University ofChicago he was for four years Professorial Lecturer on Medicine and fornineteen years Professor of Medicine. Hehas been Shattuck Lecturer in Boston,Lane Medical Lecturer at Stanford University, chairman of the American RedCross Mission to Russia, and colonel inthe Medical Corps of the United StatesArmy. During the war he also servedin the American Expeditionary Forceand in the offices of the Provost Marshal General and the Surgeon General.Honors conferred on Dr. Billings includethe presidencies of the Illinois StateBoard of Charities and of the StateCharities Commission, the Chicago Medical Society, the American Medical Association, the National Association forthe Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons.In 1 91 5 Harvard University conferred on Dr. Billings the honorary degree of Doctor of Science, and in 1927BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 281the University of Chicago named themedical clinic in the new hospital "TheFrank Billings Medical Clinic" in hishonor. He was recently decorated bythe French government with the crossof Officer of the Legion of Honor in recognition of his work in connection withthe Pasteur memorial to be erected inChicago.An additional gift of $250,000 forthe George Herbert Jones Chemical Laboratory has been made to the Universityby Mr. Jones, who in December gavethe University the sum of $415,000 forthe chemistry building which is to bearhis name. The added gift will make possible a larger structure, with consequentextension of facilities, and the new laboratory will house all the research andgraduate work in chemistry at the University. The original plans are now being revised by the architects, Coolidge& Hodgdon, and building operations willbe started as soon as possible this year.The best features of the modern laboratories of the country will be incorporated in the plans. Professor Herman I.Schlesinger, of the Department of Chemistry, and Mr. Lyman R. Flook, superintendent of building and grounds, haverecently completed an inspection trip tostudy the ideas developed at other institutions. This additional gift makespossible extension of research projects toimportant fields and much better provision for instruction of graduates takingadvanced work, but not engaged in research. Research in colloidal chemistry,so important in its relation to medicine,investigations requiring high temperature and similar equipment, and largepieces of apparatus are only a few of thenew opportunities afforded by this newcontribution. The Jones Laboratory willprovide facilities for about 300 graduatestudents, in addition to the researchwork. The donor of this great gift tomodern science was one of the foundersof the Inland Steel Company, and formany years was its president, and is nowa director. He is also president of theHillside Fluorspar Mines, and an officerand director of numerous other companies.Scientists at the University disclaimed any ability to "produce life" onthe basis of experiments in which starfish and sea urchin sperm were stimulated into growth with violet rays. "There is no 'creation of life' in suchexperiments," said Dr. Anton J. Carlson, chairman of the Department ofPhysiology. "Life is there to beginwith." Dr. M. A, Hinrichs, who performed the experiment under the supervision of Professor Ralph Lillie, saidthat although the violet ray had beenused as a means of stimulation for thefirst time in the experiment, similar experiments employing other stimuli hadbeen carried on for more than thirtyyears. Dr. Hinrichs' experiment wascompleted and the results published fouryears ago in the Anatomical Record.Dr. H. Hackett Newman, Professorof Zoology in the University, explainedthat the first investigation of the sortoriginated with the late Jacques Loeb,formerly a member of the University ofChicago Faculty. "Dr. Loeb's hope wasto produce chemically or mechanically asimple form of life, but he was unableto do so, and so far no one has accomplished such a result," he said. "Sea urchin eggs and other eggs of like classescan easily be stimulated without actionof the male sperm. Simply by placingeggs of some species in sea water, or bypricking with a pin, growth can be started. Theoretically, it is possible to do thesame thing with the human ovum, butthere are technical difficulties for onething, and realization of that possibilitylies a long way in the future, if it is everto be accomplished. The male sperm isnot essential to the development of manyforms of life."At the opening session of the Thirty-ninth Educational Conference of Cooperating Academies and High Schoolsat the University on May 6, the generaltopic, "Curriculum Reorganization inSecondary Schools," was discussed byrepresentatives of the Denver, St. Louis,and Chicago school systems, and byDouglas Waples, of the University. Atthe other general session the topic fordiscussion was "Personnel Problems ofHigh-School Pupils," and William S.Gray, Dean of the College of Educationof the University, presented the openingpaper. Some four hundred high-schooland academy Seniors competed fortwenty-five scholarships in the examinations held in ten high-school subjects,and following the examinations luncheonwas served in Bartlett Gymnasium forthe contestants and their teachers, visiting superintendents, and principals. In282 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe important departmental conferences,which included those on Art, Biologyand Agriculture, Commercial Education,English, Germanics, Greek and Latin,History and Civics, Home Economics,Manual Arts, Mathematics, Physics andChemistry, and Romance, representatives from the University of Chicago included President Max Mason, who discussed "The Electro-dynamic Universe,"I. S. Falk, Carl H. Grabo, B. L. Ullman,Fay-Cooper Cole, G. T. Buswell, andHoward Keniston. The fourth annualmeeting of the Mid-West Conference onSupervision was held on May 7 in conjunction with the Educational Conference.University Preachers during theSpring Quarter were as follows: April3, Dean Shatter Mathews; April 10,Dean Charles R. Brown, The DivinitySchool, Yale University, New Haven,Connecticut; April 17 and 24, BishopFrancis J. McConnell, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; May 1, Professor Gerald B.Smith, University of Chicago; May 8,Rev. Herbert Brook Workman, Principal, Westminister Training College, London, England; May 15, Rev. A. W.Beaven, Lake Avenue Baptist Church,Rochester, New York; May 22, Rev.Mcllyar H. Lichliter, First Congregational Church, Columbus, Ohio; May29, Rev. Carl S. Patton, Chicago Theological Seminary; June 5, Elijah A. Han-ley, D.D., First Baptist Church, Berkeley, Calif.; June 12, Rev. J. Fort Newton, The Memorial Church of St. Paul,Overbrook, Pa.Mr. Bernadotte E. Schmitt, of theDepartment of History, gave the PhiBeta Kappa address at Indiana University, Bloomington, on May 23. His subject was "Revolutions of the ModernWorld, 1776-1927."The gold medal of the AmericanInstitute of Architects has been bestowed upon Lee Lawrie, of New York,who is modeling the free-standing figures for the exterior of the UniversityChapel.The oil painting of Judge JosephM. Bailey, painted by Franklin Tuttle,and presented to the University soonafter his death by his widow and son,has been hung in Hutchinson Hall. Itwas originally placed in the DivinitySchool offices. Judge Bailey was one of the justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois. It was he who drew the originalcharter of the University.The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial. Foundation announces that thefollowing persons from the Universityof Chicago have received fellowships under the conditions of this trust: Dr.Frank C. Hoyt, Research Associate, forresearch in the new forms of the quantum theory, and their application to radiation and atomic structure, principallywith Professor E. Schrodinger, at Zurich, Switzerland; Dr. Bernadotte Ev-erly Schmitt, Professor of Modern History, for research into the origins of andresponsibility for the World War; Dr.Archer Taylor, Professor of German Literature, for a study of methods used intracing the history and dissemination offolk-lore materials with special reference to the application of these methodsto the popular ballad, principally withProfessor Kaarle Krohn, at the University of Helsingfors, Helsingfors, Finland; Dr. Leonard Dupee White, Professor of Political Science, for a studyof the trade-unions and professional organizations in the public service ofGreat Britain.Announcement is made of plans fora centennial history of Chicago underthe auspices of the Local CommunityResearch Committee of the University.This committee has already been atwork for three years and has completednumerous studies which will be important sources for a centennial history.The history will be written by men ofnational reputation, who have alreadystudied the city in "many of its aspectsand who will direct the work and contribute sections of it. Among these maybe mentioned Professor William E.Dodd, chairman of the Department ofHistory; Professor Charles E. Merriam,chairman of the Department of PoliticalScience; Professor Marcus W. Jerne-gan, of the Department of History; Professor Chester W. Wright, of the Department of Economics. If sufficient financial backing is forthcoming it is plannedto publish an exhaustive work in severalvolumes telling the story of Chicagofrom its beginning to 1933, coveringevery field of its history from pioneerdays — its political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, and cultural history— including the contributions of variousBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 283racial groups and biographical sketchesof leaders in every phase of life.It is intended in this history to apply for the first time on a large scale theprinciple of co-operative research andtechnique, and to give an opportunityfor the various social sciences to contribute their knowledge and method to anunderstanding of a particular period.History, philosophy, economics, sociology and anthropology, geography, andother departments will contribute to thisunique and significant history. This willbe one part of the University of Chicago's contribution to the Chicago Centennial of 1933.Preliminary sketches for the SocialScience building have been approved,and the architects, Coolidge and Hodg-don, are proceeding with the preliminarydrawings. The space east of Harper Memorial Library has been selected as thesite.During the meeting of the NorthernBaptist Convention in Chicago, on June3, there was held one of the most largelyattended meetings of former studentsand alumni of the Divinity School inthe history of the institution. Includingwives and a few visitors, 237 persons enjoyed the luncheon served in Hutchinson Hall. Rev. M. F. Sanborn, of Detroit, Michigan, president of the association, presided. The new president of theDivinity School Alumni Association isRev. J. W. Hoag, of Detroit. PresidentMason happily welcomed the visitorsand spoke of some of the underlyingideals and principles of the University,principles which knit the fundamentalsof knowledge with the pursuit of thegood of humanity. There were otherspeakers, including Professor Ira M.Price and Dean Mathews. Many ofthose in attendance were guided throughSwift Hall and shown the new "battle-mented towers" rising "beneath thehope-filled western skies." Rev. H. C.First, of Rock Island, Illinois, the firststudent of the old theological seminaryin 1866-67, was in the city, and Rev. R.R. Coon, of Grand Island, Nebraska,celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of hisgraduation in the Class of 1877, wasgreeted with cheers as he was asked torise.• Spring Quarter registrations show avery considerable increase over that ofa year ago. In the Graduate School of Arts and Literature there were enrolled698 students, and in the Ogden GraduateSchool of Science, 546, a total of 1,244.In the Senior Colleges there were 1,289,and in the Junior Colleges (including theUnclassified) 1,234, a total of 2,523. Inthe Professional Schools there were 259Divinity students, in the GraduateSchools of Medicine (including the Ogden Graduate School of Science andRush Medical College) 443, in the LawSchool 369, the College of Education107, the School of Commerce and Administration 400, and the GraduateSchool of Social Service Administration86 — a total of 1,664. In University College (downtown) there is an enrolmentlege (downtown) there was an enrolmentexclusive of duplications, was 3,686 menand 3,228 women, a grand total of 6,914,which is a gain of 161 over the attendance a year ago. Of the total number,2,517 were graduate students and 4,397undergraduate.Preliminary plans for the George H.Jones Chemical Laboratory have beenapproved. The architects have been instructed to prepare working drawingsand specifications. The building will occupy a site west of Kent Chemical Laboratory.At the annual meeting of the Boardof Trustees of Frances Shimer School,Mount Carroll, Illinois, Mr. John F.Moulds, Secretary of the Board of Trustees of the University, was elected atrustee. At the same meeting Mr. J.Spencer Dickerson was elected Presidentof the Board, succeeding the late Dr.Nathaniel Butler.Since its reorganization in the springof 1924, the Department of Art has beengrowing. At the end of the year 1924(including all four quarters) there were632 registrations; at the end of 1925 (thefirst year of reorganization) there were636 registrations; of 1926, 872 registrations; and for the present year, 1926-27,910 students have registered for thecourses. It is interesting to note thatmore men have been taking work in theDepartment in the last year or two. Asover against the 63 men of the year1925-26, there were 205 men who tookcourses in art, theory or history, in1926-27.The Magazine of Art, organ of theFederation of Arts, the outstanding art284 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDorganization of the United States, republished in the June issue a portion ofthe survey of the Department of Art ofthe University which appeared in theJanuary issue of the University Record,making it the basis of a commendatoryeditorial.Brown University conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Arts uponProfessor Walter Sargent, of the Department of Art, at the June commencement.Nearly 40,000 volumes, classed as theology and religion, have been removedfrom the William Rainey Harper Library and from Haskell and Classicsbuildings, to Swift Hall. The libraryin Swift Hall now comprises about 100,-000 volumes.There are in the University libraries739,213 bound volumes, exclusive of unbound and uncatalogued books andpamphlets. During the year 1925-26,45,625 volumes were added to the libraries. During the same year 694,038persons used books. This number is exclusive of books on open shelves and ofthose consulted in the stacks by members of the Faculties and the nearly 700graduate students.Motion pictures that will constitute apermanent and unbiased record will betaken of the "interference fringes" in therepetition of the Michelson-Morley experiment now under way at the University of Chicago under the direction ofProfessor Albert A. Michelson, head ofthe Department of Physics. The experiment is of great interest to scientists because it will either confirm or cast serious doubts on the famous theory ofrelativity. Another experiment of thesame sort is being carried on at MountWilson Observatory, California, underProfessor Michelson's direction and withhis apparatus. The essential differencein the equipment in the experiments inChicago and at Pasadena is that the apparatus used in Chicago is much larger,the arms of the interferometer being 75feet, while those at Pasadena are onlyabout 10 feet. The principle involved inthe experiment is the problem of measuring the speed of the earth and with itthe whole solar system through space.If the experiment shows that there is adifference in the measurement of light ina direction of the motion of the solarsystem and light moving at right anglesto this solar system motion, the Einstein theory would be practically impossibleto substantiate.Development of a new photographiclens which will depict as many as 100,000stars on a plate has been completed byProfessor Frank E. Ross, of the YerkesObservatory of the University of Chicago. The new lens covers twenty-fourdegrees of the sky.A new appointment at the Universityis that of a grandson of "Stonewall"Jackson, Major Thomas Jackson Christian, to be head of the Department ofMilitary Science and Tactics. MajorChristian succeeds Major Frederick M.Barrows, who has been promoted to aninstructorship in the General Staff Schoolat Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.Opportunities for summer work listedat the University of Chicago's Bureau ofEmployment offer the widest range sincethe bureau was established, includingeverything from the selling of cemeterylots to acting in the movies. Between 70and 80 per cent of the male students ofthe University work during the summer,but not all find employment through theUniversity.A communication from London bringsnews of Professor John M. Manly, Headof the Department of English, who hasbecome famous as an authority onChaucer and the originals of the characters in the Canterbury Tales. He hasbeen continuing his researches in London in this field since the opening of theyear with the co-operation of AssociateProfessor Edith Rickert and ProfessorR. S. Crane, who are also from the University. They have found many newrecords of Chaucer — more than havebeen found for the last twenty years—and have met everywhere evidences ofthe esteem in which the University ofChicago is held. In recognition of hisunique and successful research in earlyEnglish literature Professor Manly wasrecently elected a Fellow of the RoyalSociety of Literature, and early in Mayhe delivered a lecture before the Societyon "The Miracle Play in Medieval England."The Alumni Reunion to celebrate thethirty-sixth anniversary of the University of Chicago had many special features. In addition to the "C" dinner inBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 285Bartlett Gymnasium and the Women'sAthletic Association dinner in Ida NoyesHall on June 9, there were special anniversaries on June 10 of the classes of1887, 1897, 1902, 1907, 1912, 1917, 1922,and 1926. Class reunions and militarydrill of the University R.O.T.C. precededthe Alumni Dinner, which this year washeld on the greensward of Dudley Field.One of the chief attractions of ClassDay, June 10, was the University Lecturein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall by oneof the Faculty's most effective speakers,Dean Gordon J. Laing, of the GraduateSchool of Arts and Literature, whosesubject was "The Function of a University." Rounding out the evening informally wTas the alumni dance in theReynolds Clubhouse.Features of Alumni Day, June 11,were the Alumnae Breakfast in IdaNoyes Hall ; the annual luncheon of theDoctors of Philosophy ; and the AlumniConference in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, when "The Aspects of a GreaterUniversity" was discussed by PresidentMax Mason and three of his colleagues,Emery T. Filbey, chairman of the Boardof Alumni Relations; Rowland Haynes,Secretary of the University; and LloydR. Steer e, Vice-President and BusinessManager. Following the conference wasthe novel feature of "Open House," whenthe President of the University and manyof the Faculty took part in a campustour to visit the various departmentsand laboratories, many of which had exhibits of special interest.The Alumni Athletic Carnival, theParade of the Classes to the historic"Shanty," the University Sing in Hutchinson Court, and the award of athleticemblems by Director A. A. Stagg completed the celebration of Alumni Day.The Convocation Religious Service onJune 12, Senior Class Day events onJune 13, and the starting of the week ofRush Alumni Clinics on the same day,were followed on June 14 by the OneHundred Forty-sixth Convocation, whenDr. Frank Billings was the ConvocationOrator.The first holder of the Ernest A.Hamill professorship at the Universityof Chicago is Dr. Gilbert N. Lewis, headof the Department of Chemistry at theUniversity of California. Dr. Lewis, whois considered one of the most distinguished American chemists, will give advanced courses at the University during the current Summer Quarter. The professorship which he will hold was endowed by the late Ernest A. Hamill tobring leading men to the University ofChicago from other universities. Professor Lewis's most notable contributionshave been to the knowledge of the forcesholding atoms in the molecules whichcompose the substance of the organicand inorganic world, and in this field heis recognized as the leader throughoutthe world.Dr. Arno B. Luckhardt, Professor ofPhysiology in the University of Chicago,who, upon another page, describes thesculptures of the new medical buildings,was recently honored at Washingtonwhen the Society of Anaesthetists ofthe United States and Canada presentedhim a scroll recording his discovery ofethylene.A large and valuable collection ofbooks has been transferred to the University of Chicago Library from the office of the late President Emeritus HarryPratt Judson, as a gift from the family.The books deal largely with the FarEast, general history, American history,and political science.More than eight hundred degrees wereconferred at the June Convocation onJune 14. Of this number more thanthree hundred were professional or graduate degrees. The Convocation Oratorwas Dr. Frank Billings, former Dean ofRush Medical College and one of thedonors of the Albert Merritt BillingsHospital. President Max Mason presided and conferred the degrees.In the Colleges of Arts, Literature,and Science, the School of Commerceand Administration, the School of SocialService Administration, and the Collegeof Education, 506 Bachelor's degreeswere conferred. In the Divinity Schoolthere were 15 candidates for the Master's degree, 4 for the Bachelor's, and 2for the Doctor's; in the Law School, 50for the Doctor's degree (J.D.) and 5 forthe Bachelor's; in Commerce and Administration, 2 for the Master's degreeand 1 for the Doctor's; and in SocialService Administration, 6 for the Master's degree. The Graduate Schools ofArts, Literature, and Science had 115candidates for the degree of Master ofArts or Science, and 52 for that of Doctor of Philosophy, a total of 167. In286 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRush Medical College there were 56 candidates for the degree of Doctor ofMedicine and 48 for the four-year certificate, a total of 104. Among the graduates were 3 Filipinos, a Hungarian, aPole, an East Indian, an Armenian, twoGreeks, an Italian, a Jugo-Slav, and 10Chinese — a total of 19 from foreigncountries, 14 of whom took the higherdegrees.The new medical buildings of theUniversity will be opened by formal exercises on October 31 and November 1.President James R. Angell of Yale University will deliver an address. Othermen distinguished in the world of medicine will be on the program, which willalso include clinics and conferences.President Max Mason has just received from Dartmouth College the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. At thesame time President Mason's eldest son,William, received the degree of Bachelorof Arts. Other honorary degrees thathave been conferred on President Masoninclude those of Doctor of Laws fromColumbia University, Doctor of Lawsfrom Yale University, and Doctor of Science from his alma mater, the Universityof Wisconsin. In 1903 President Masonreceived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Gottingen.The award of the John BillingsFiske Prize in Poetry, in the eighth annual competition at the University ofChicago, was made at the June Convocation. The committee of award— Professor Robert Morss Lovett, acting headof the English Department ; Miss GladysCampbell, editor of The Forge, publishedby the Poetry Society of the University ; and Dr. Keith Preston, literary editor ofthe Chicago Daily News — were unanimous in awarding the prize of fifty dollars to Stanley Stewart Newman, whograduated at the June Convocation withhonors in general scholarship, departmental honors in English, and election toPhi Beta Kappa. The poems submittedby Mr. Newman will be printed in theOctober issue of the University Record.Professor Ernest H. Wilkins, of theDepartment of Romance, has been elected president of Oberlin College.Among members of the Universityfaculties upon whom honorary degreeswere recently bestowed are : Rev. CharlesW. Gilkey, of the Divinity School, D.D.,by Yale University ; Professor Albert A.Michelson, of the Department of Physics,ScD., by Princeton University; Professor Walter Sargent, of the Departmentof Art, Doctor of Arts, by Brown University; Professor Tom Peete Cross, ofthe Department of General Literature,LittJD., by Hampden-Sidney College,Virginia. On Paul C. Miller, AssociateCurator, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, was conferred Knighthood ofthe Order of Dannebrog by the King ofDenmark.Heads of women's halls during theAutumn Quarter are as follows : Foster,Miss Elsa Chapin ; Green, Miss Breckinridge; Beecher, Miss Storm; Kenwood,Miss McAuley; Greenwood, Mrs. Logs-don; French House, Mile Perrenoud;Drexel, Miss Shultz; and Kelly, MissGeneva Drinkwater ; of the men's halls :Goodspeed, H. R. Willoughby; Gates,Fred B. Millet; Blake, Godfrey Davies;Snell, D. Rowland; and Hitchcock, F.H. O'Hara.ATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, 19271927 1926Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 358442 340104 698546 39445o 29699 690549 83Total 80067367518 44461651328 1,2441,2891,18846 84462362918 39557655i33 1,2391,1991,18051 59082. The Colleges-5Total 1,3662,16612865810 1,1571 , 601375105 2,5233,767165116815 1,2702,11413133411 1,160i,5553662 2,4303,66916734013 9398'""8*282Total Arts, Literature, andII. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate 1Unclassified Chicago Theological Seminary —Total 20216613 57191 25918514 17916173 4422 22318373 36212. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden Graduate Schoolof Science-6Total 17013861353237402219798572 20113923411021 190149914432604432207100582 17111831233220384 22II1933354 19311941426253438 35275 3Rush Medical College —Post-Graduate Fourth- Year Third- Year 3Total Total Medical Schools (Less3. Law School —16083521 94 16987521 401361Total 3569 1371224 36980225 2961315 1390264 309103279 604. College of Education —Senior 235 .1 4Total 1045153142 971115322 107561681742 19551651572 1201313321 139681781893 325. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate 12Senior 10151Total 340103 60481364 400581666 37961 59541089 438601099 ""6 386. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate 2Senior Junior 3Unclassified 2 3Total 15 71 86 7 81 88 2287288 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, 1927- Continued1927 1926Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalTotal Professional Schools. . .Total University (In Quadrangles) 1,3253,49i278 3391,94022 1,6645,43i300 1,2643,378252 37i1,92629 1,6355,304281 2912719Deduct for Duplication Net Total in the Quadrangles.University College —Graduate 3,21320511884in 1,91829059o176303 5,i3i495708260414 3,12617510688156 1,89725452818434o 5,023429634272496 1086674- Senior Junior 12Unclassified 82Total 5i8 i,359 1,877 525 1,306 1,831 46Grand Total in the UniversityDeduct for Duplication 3,73i45 3,27749 7,00894 3,65158 3,20343 6,854101 1547Net Total in the University. . 3,686 3,228 6,914 3,593 3,160 6,753 161ATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, 1927Graduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts, Literature, and Science 1,244233185257209 2,477 46Divinity School. 26Graduate Schools of MedicineGgden Graduate School of Science I 4Rush Medical College . 3Law School 10234222 2College of Education 526School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration 56Total (in the Quadrangles) 2,242202 3,102IOI 944Duplicates Net Total in the Quadrangles 2,040495 3,OOI968 90414University College Grand Total in the University 2,53518 3,9^974 5042Duplicates Net Total in the University 2,517 3,895 502Grand Total 6,914PROFESSOR DANIEL EVANSConvocation Orator