The University RecordVolume XII OCTOBER 1 926 Number 4REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENTIN THE LIGHT OF MODERNKNOWLEDGE AND LIFE1By AUGUSTUS RAYMOND HATTONProfessor of Political Science, Western Reserve UniversityThe very subject of this address suggests a presumption that manywill be slow to accept. It suggests that in some way representative government has been, or will be, affected by the nature of the life amidwhich it exists. There is a certain school of politics which insists on regarding representative institutions as founded on immutable principleswhich, politically speaking, are to be regarded as the faith once deliveredto the saints. At times it would appear that such is the view of a majorityof those who in this country discuss the subject of government. Theyreadily admit that everything else has been changed or conditioned bythe new world which has been created since our institutions were founded,but that in some unexplainable manner government is, or should be,immune to these influences. I may as well make clear at the outset thatsuch is not the view set forth in this address. It is not the view set forthbecause there is nothing in what we know of government as it actuallyworks, or in our knowledge of mankind, to justify it. Everything indicates that political institutions, like institutions of other kinds, tend toadjust themselves to the underlying social and economic facts of the society in which they exist.Perhaps I should say at the outset that I see no reason to believethat any other type of government will serve mankind better than repre-1 Part of an address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Forty-thirdConvocation of the University, September 3, 1926.223224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsentative institutions. This is not to say, however, that representativegovernment has not developed its own defects and does not present itsoWn problems and that it cannot be improved. I am making this statement at the outset because some of the things which I shall say later mayappear to be disquieting.Representative government has only very recently achieved what ispractically a world-wide triumph. Seventy-five years ago only England,America, and Switzerland, among the important countries of the world,had proceeded far in the direction of representative government. Untilthe world-war its progress throughout the world, outside those countriesand the British self-governing colonies, was slow. Only France amongthe important nations of the world had been added to the list of countrieswith truly representative government. Then came the world-war. As oneof its results thrones toppled and monarchies disappeared. All of the newnations resulting from the world- war accepted representative institutions,at least in principle. Even the former German Empire, which, because ofthe previous high quality of its government, had seemed to be the verybulwark of monarchical and autocratic rule, as a result of the world-warhas framed and adopted a constitution which as an instrument of democratic government goes far beyond the Constitution under which we havelived as a nation since the close of the eighteenth century.Strangely enough, along with this triumph has come a wave of criticism and pessimism as to the future of representative government. Certainly never before in this country have doubts been so freely expressedas to the soundness of the representative system. It is difficult to accountentirely for this change of front in the very hour of triumph. Perhaps itis due in part to the chaos which seems to exist in some of the new republics of Europe. In part it is doubtless the result of excesses of proletariandictatorship in Russia. It has been accentuated in the minds of many bythe dictatorship of Mussolini in Italy. One has only to listen to the expressions of admiration of the Italian leader which frequently fall fromthe lips of prominent Americans to be led to believe that devotion torepresentative government on the part of many Americans is not deep.If one considers the attitude toward our own institutions it wouldnot be difficult for him to find an impressive amount of pessimism as tothe trustworthiness of representative government. There probably wasnever a time in our history when state legislatures and the national Congress have stood lower in the general public estimation. The movementfor the initiative and referendum which swept the nation only a few yearsago can be taken as at least symptomatic of a feeling of distrust of ourrepresentative system which closely approached despair. Even moreREPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 225recently we have had called to our attention the apparently growing neglect of the ballot on the part of the people whose struggle to attain theright to participate in government has been so ardent. No one can denythat altogether there is enough distrust, doubt, and pessimism to indicate that we need to re-examine the foundations of representative government and to make up our minds whether they are hopelessly faulty orwhether the system can with proper care be made again a satisfactoryinstrument of public welfare.Perhaps the first thing which we need to learn is that for government, as for everything else, this is a new world, unlike any that haspreceded it and particularly unlike the one for which our representativeinstitutions were set up. In all things save government we readily admitthe transformation wrought by the new order. As to government, we areinclined to assume that by some special dispensation it has been madeimmune from the effects of the new civilization. One can get a vivid ideaof the effect of the changed world on representative institutions by examining the work of legislative bodies a hundred years ago and during thelast few years. Only yesterday I chanced to glance at the laws passed bythe legislature of Ohio in 1826. All of the laws of that session occupyabout ninety-two pages of moderate size. Many of these laws are specialiircharacter and would be taken care of today under general legislation.The subjects covered by the legislature in that year were few, and although the state was already twenty-three years old, the total of theappropriations was only $135,000. The fourth item of appropriation inpoint of size was one of $4,000, set aside as a bounty for the scalps ofwolves. The distance from our own times, not in years but as measuredby change, is indicated by an appropriation for candles and quills supplied to the legislature. The legislature of the same state in 191 7 enactedlaws which make a volume of seven hundred pages. This legislation covers a multitude of subjects unknown to the legislators of a hundred yearsearlier. Appropriations had grown from the modest sum of $135,000 toabout $17,000,000.If one examines the laws of the state of Illinois covering the sameperiods he will find a similar situation. The laws of this state enacted in1825 cover about 150 pages, many of them special acts of no importance.The laws enacted by the legislature of 1923 cover 630 pages. If oneturns to the Congress of the United States he will find evidence of thesame kind. All the laws passed by the session of Congress which metduring the year 1825-26 occupy only thirty-seven pages of the printedreport.226 TEE UNIVERSITY RECORDI have not cited these instances as evidence of the superior virtuesof legislators of a hundred years ago. My purpose has not been to indicate the perversity of our modern legislative bodies in turning out suchvolumes of legislation. Those who see nothing more than that in the increased volume of the laws have not looked very deeply nor have theyunderstood the meaning of the phenomenon. More laws are enacted today because in the new world which has developed since our institutionswere founded there are more subjects demanding legislation. The simplelegislation of the earlier day fitted the life of that time. The steadystream of legislation which now flows from Congress and the state legislatures is largely evidence of the complexity of modern life.But there are not merely more subjects demanding legislation. Thesubjects are more difficult than those of the earlier period. The magnitude of the work of government has not only increased, but the work ofgovernment is intrinsically more difficult. This is one of the most important facts to be taken into consideration in any fresh study of representative government. The problem of government has probably increased indifficulty tenfold since the founding of our institutions. Human intelligence has not increased at all. Of course, education has become morewidespread and is of a better quality. That in itself is important becauseeducation helps us to make the best use of such intelligence as we have.But, after all, intelligence, inherent capacity, is of primary importance.I am merely raising the question as to whether one of the difficultieswhich confront us in the working of representative government may notbe that the problem has in a measure outrun human intelligence, at leastthat measure of intelligence which we have been able to entice into government service.I am inclined to think a much more serious consideration lies inwhat I believe to be true: that while the difficulties of governing undermodern conditions have so increased, and human intelligence has not increased, we have, further, been unable to get into our representativebodies as large a percentage of our best intelligence as we secured a hundred years ago. No more important problem now confronts us than thatof adjusting our representative institutions in such a manner as to bringinto our legislative bodies a due proportion of the best intelligence whichwe have.What are we to say of the failure of citizens to vote at elections?How can we account for this increasing neglect of the primary duties ofcitizenship? What is there in modern life to which this disturbing situation can be attributed? No one can give a complete and simple answer.It seems to me, however, that one of the reasons lies on the surface.REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 227After all, government is only one of the interests of mankind. It isdoubtful whether the attention of our fathers to their political dutieswas due entirely to their superior civic virtue. For them political contests furnished an interesting and exciting diversion in an otherwiserather dull and drab life. There can be no doubt that, to a considerableextent, they went to the polls because there was nothing more interestingor exciting to attract their attention. On the other hand, history offers noparallel to the multitude of interesting, exciting, and pleasant things whichliterally fight for the attention of the present-day citizen. In fact, participation in political activity has become a relatively dull and burdensome task. Each of us has a limited amount of attention that he candevote to everything, and it is probably true that at the present timepeople are really giving less attention to government than ever before.Few people in this country feel that their essential liberties are in dangeror that there is any great issue at stake that affects them vitally. Therefore our citizens are readily drawn off into the many pleasant activitiesoffered by modern life, and in this respect government suffers from anadditional disadvantage. No one is calling attention to the pleasure orthe comfort or the excitement that can be had from participation inpolitical affairs. On the other hand, thousands of the most skilled writersof publicity, paid by millions and millions of dollars, proclaim to us dailyin the advertising pages of every newspaper and magazine and fromevery billboard the delights and advantages of the marvelous devices forcomfort, convenience, and pleasure which the modern world affords.It is clear to the most casual student of our representative institutions that they do not fit the facts of modern life. They were set up fora different world and they served that world well. The time has come fora calm, searching inquiry into the manner in which representative government is working in this country. On the basis of facts which can bereadily determined we need the services of the best intelligence and character which the country affords to suggest and devise the changes whichneed to be made to render representative government effective underpresent-day conditions. In this connection it might be worth while tomake a study of some of the new constitutions of Europe. The men andwomen who devised these new constitutions made an honest effort totake account of what the world has learned as to representative government during the last hundred and fifty years. They made a frank attemptto embody their conclusions in the fundamental laws of these new nations.Theirs are interesting attempts to legislate for their own times. We woulddo well to imitate them in their frank inquiry as to the best devices ofrepresentative government to serve the needs of the modern world.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1I. THE CONVOCATION ORATOROn behalf of this assembly, it is my privilege to thank the orator ofthe Convocation for his important contribution toward the sum of ourknowledge of our political system. Doctor Hatton has long been a student of political science, and his productive scholarship has been put topractical use through his authorship of the charter of the city of Cleveland, recently enacted. He has been a member of our staff during theSummer Quarter.II. ATTENDANCE DURING THE SUMMER QUARTERThe attendance of the University on the Quadrangles during theSummer Quarter, as reported by the University Recorder, is as follows:Graduates ......... 3,969Undergraduates 2,579Total . . 6,548III. GIFTSDuring the Summer Quarter the University has been enriched by anumber of gifts. Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Fish have established a graduatefellowship in ophthalmology. The International Association of Fairs andExpositions has contributed $1,500 for certain work to be done underthe direction of the Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration.The Commonwealth Fund has granted $15,000 for the continuation ofthe study of the teaching profession. Their Royal Highnesses, the CrownPrince and Princess of Sweden, have presented a collection of approximately 180 volumes pertaining to the Scandinavian languages, literature, and history. Mr. Charles F. Grey and Mr. Newton F. Grey haveplaced at the disposal of the President the sum of $1,000 to be given toneedy students in the University. The sum of $10,000 has been receivedfrom the estate of the late Frederic Ives Carpenter, who was long a member of our staff, to be used to purchase books for the use of the EnglishDepartment. The Honorable Moises Saenz, in behalf of the Mexican1 Read at the One Hundred Forty-third Convocation of the University, held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall, September 3, 1926.228THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 229Department of Education, has presented to the University a collection of235 photographic reproductions of Mexican architecture. Mr. Charles B.Pike and Dr. Frank W. Jay, individually, have presented to the University important collections of prints of medical interest, among them manyportrait prints, a considerable number of which are rare and valuableitems. The gift from the Chicago Theological Seminary of the formerWilliam Gardner Hale house has made possible the establishment of along-needed adjunct to our student social life. I refer to the establishment of the new Graduate Students' Clubhouse, which will be ready foruse in the near future. Provision will be made for dining-room serviceand opportunity will be given for social life among the graduate studentssuch as the University has never been able to present before. The contributions to the Development Fund this Quarter included the gift of Mr.Lewis E. Myers of $8,500, the gift of Mr. J. M. Hopkins of $5,000, andan anonymous gift of $15,000.IV. NEW BUILDINGSThe building program of the University is progressing rapidly. TheTheology Building and the Bond Chapel are in use, and very shortly theconstruction will be started on the cloister connecting these two buildings.This is the further gift of Mrs. Joseph Bond. The new building erectedfor the Departments of Physiology and Physiological Chemistry will beat least partially in use beginning with the next Quarter. The BillingsHospital and the space to be used by the other departments of the Medical School on the South Side we hope will be occupied within a year.Construction of the Wieboldt Hall of Modern Languages has started.Completion of this structure will alleviate to a considerable degree thecongestion in the libraries and in Cobb Hall.V. NEW ACTIVITIESThe University has taken steps during the past Quarter to establish,under the direction of Dean Filbey, a Vocational Guidance and Placement Bureau for students and graduates of the University. It is hopedthat through the development of this bureau adequate and valuable service, both to our students and to the community, will be consummated.Dean Filbey will act also as chairman of a new University Board ofAlumni Relations, co-operating with the existing Alumni organization.The interest of the University in its Alumni is deep and lasting. Weshall always give our full support to measures well planned to the end of230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmaintaining and promoting the close relationship of the Alumni and theirAlma Mater.You who today have finished your studies are not lost to the University; you have but changed your status within the University. We do notsay goodbye. We welcome you as Alumni into a lasting and cordial relationship with us. You go into the world unusually well equipped for alife of happiness through service to man. There is no higher happiness.In your preparation for life you have been favored far beyond the average. By the successful completion of your work, whether for the Bachelor's, Master's, or Doctor's degree, you have proved your ability. Manyof you are dedicating your lives to scholarship and the search for truth.To all of you falls the responsibility in life due to exceptional opportunity. We congratulate you as you enter upon a life which will both testand reward you, and we bid you, new Alumni of Chicago, carry long inyour hearts the memory of your student days with us.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretarySTANDING COMMITTEESFollowing is the personnel of the standing committees of the Boardof Trustees for the year 192 6-2 7 :Finance and Investment: Howard G. Grey, Chairman, Charles R.Holden, Vice-Chairman, William Scott Bond, Robert P. Lamont, andMartin A. Ryerson.Buildings and Grounds: Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman, E. L.Ryerson, Jr., Vice-Chairman, Harold F. McCormick, Martin A. Ryerson,and John Stuart.Instruction and Equipment: Charles W. Gilkey, Chairman, WilliamScott Bond, Vice-Chairman, Wilber E. Post, Julius Rosenwald, and E. L.Ryerson, Jr.Press and Extension: Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman, Robert L.Scott, Vice-Chairman, Eli B. Felsenthal, Samuel C. Jennings, and AlbertW. Sherer.Audit and Securities: Eli B. Felsenthal, Chairman, Charles F. Axel-son, Vice-Chairman, Harry B. Gear, Samuel C. Jennings, and Charles W.Gilkey.UNIVERSITY STATUTESThe University Statutes have been amended as follows:1. By substituting the words, "the Vice-President and Dean of Faculties," for the words, "the Dean of Faculties," wherever they appear.2. By inserting a new article in General Statute 13 (to be numberedV) providing for "The Graduate Faculty," as follows:THE GRADUATE FACULTYSection 1 — Constitution: The Graduate Faculty shall consist of: (a) thePresident; (b) the Vice-President and Dean of Faculties; (c) the dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, the Dean of the Ogden Graduate School of Science,the Dean of Medical Students, the Dean of Rush Medical College, the Dean of theRush Postgraduate School of Medicine, the Dean of the Divinity School, the Deanof the Law School, the Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration, theDean of the Graduate School of Social Service Administration, the Chairman of theWomen's Council, and the University Examiner; (d) the Heads, Acting Heads, andChairmen of Departments in the Graduate Schools mentioned in Section ic of thisarticle; (e) officers of instruction in the Schools mentioned in Section ic of this article substantially half of whose work is in the Graduate Schools.231232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSection 2 — Jurisdiction and Powers : The Graduate Faculty shall have power :(a) to consider the condition and needs of research work in the University by whatever agencies conducted, and to make recommendations regarding it to any Department, School, or Faculty, to the Senate, or to the President and Board of Trustees*(b) to admit to candidacy for the Master's degree and for all Doctor's degreesgranted by the University for research work, and to recommend candidates for thosedegrees, with the jurisdiction and powers denned in Article II, Sections 2 and 3.Section 3 — The present jurisdiction and powers of the Faculties of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, the Ogden Graduate School of Science, the DivinitySchool, the Law School, the School of Commerce and Administration shall remainunchanged except as modified by this article.3. By inserting the words "and the Fellows Club" after the words"Undergraduate Student Council," in Article XIII, Section 2/ of GeneralStatute 13, in order to provide for graduate-student representation on theBoard of Student Organizations, Publications, and Exhibitions.4. By amending Article XIII of General Statute 13 in order to provide for a Board of Alumni Relations.GIFTSPresident Mason reported to the Board of Trusteees at its Septembermeeting that the total gifts to the credit of the Development Fund toSeptember 7, 1926, had amounted to $9,253,654.89.Mr. Julius Rosenwald has given $5,000 toward the publication costsof two textbooks, one on "Public Welfare Administration" and the otheron "Housing."The Medical School has received two collections of interest: one thegift of Mr. Charles B. Pike, and the other that of Dr. Frank Webster Jay.Mr. Pike's gift comprises a collection of 277 prints of medical interest,mainly portrait prints, steel engravings, and lithographs, and Dr. Jay'sgift is a collection of 558 prints of medical interest, a collection of autographs and autographed letters, and a terra-cotta statuette of Boerhaave,the great Dutch physician. Many rare and valuable items are includedin these collections.The University has received from Hon. Moises Saenz, on behalf ofthe Mexican Department of Education, a collection of 235 photographicreproductions of Mexican architecture, largely ecclesiastical.The Crown Prince and Princess of Sweden have given to the University a collection of approximately 180 books pertaining to the Scandinavian languages, literature, and history. The Swedish Academy haspromised such volumes of the Academy's vocabulary as may be publishedin the future.Mr. Frederick H. Rawson has given to the University a Julien FriezTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 233anemometer, sunshine recorder, and wind-velocity recorder, and a Leeds& Northrup temperature-recording device.Mr. Jesse L. Rosenberger has added $1,500 to the principal of theColver-Rosenberger Scholarship Fund, established in 1916, and $410.33to the principal of the Susan Colver Rosenberger Educational PrizesFund, thereby raising the total amount of the latter fund to $3,000.Mr. Charles F. Grey and Mr. Newton F. Grey have placed at the disposal of the President of the University for administration, the sum of$1,000 to be given to needy students in the University during the remainder of the year 1926.A fund for the purpose of aiding needy undergraduates in the University, to be known as the Jane Morgenthau Fund, has been created bythe initial gift of $500 of Mr. Sidney Loewenstein. The fund is in memory of Jane Morgenthau, deceased, an alumna of the University in theclass of 192 1.The Commonwealth Fund has made a grant of $1 5,000 for continuation of the study of the teaching profession which is being made by Professor W. W. Charters.The sum of $1,500 has been received from the International Association of Fairs and Expositions to cover certain work being done under thedirection of the Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration.The offer of the Visiting Nurses' Association of Chicago to contribute$50 per month to the support of the work of Rush Medical College andthe Central Free Dispensary has been accepted.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments have beenmade by the Board of Trustees during the three months prior to October1,1926:Dr. James Bryan Herrick, Professor Emeritus in the Department ofMedicine in Rush Medical College, from the time of his retirement asClinical Professor, August n, 1926.William C. Bower, Professor of Religious Education in the DivinitySchool, from October 1, 1926.Daniel Evans, Professor in the Divinity School for the AutumnQuarter, 1926.Rev. Charles W. Gilkey, Professor of Preaching in the DivinitySchool, on half-time basis, from October 1, 1926.A. H. Newman, Professor in the Divinity School for the AutumnQuarter, 1926.234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Herman N. Bundesen, Commissioner of Health, City of ChicagoProfessorial Lecturer on Public Health Administration in the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, for one year from October i, 1926.Dr. Melchior Palyi, of Handels-Hochschule, Berlin, ProfessorialLecturer in the Department of Economics for the Autumn Quarter, 1926and the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1927.Henry Schultz, of the United States Tariff Commission, ProfessorialLecturer in the Department of Economics, for the Autumn Quarter, 1926,and the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1927.Henry Justin Smith, of the Chicago Daily News staff, ProfessorialLecturer in the School of Commerce and Administration, for one yearfrom October 1, 1926.Philip S. Allen, Chairman of the Department of Germanic Languagesand Literature, for one year from July 1, 1926.Frederick C. Koch, Chairman of the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, for one year from October 1, 1926.Dr. Franklin C. McLean, Vice-Chairman of the Faculty of the Graduate School of Medicine of the Ogden Graduate School of Science, for oneyear from July 1, 1926.Leon C. Marshall, Director of Economics and Business, for oneyear from October 1, 1926.William Henry Burton, Associate Professor in the School of Education, from October 1, 1926.Anna Dryden Wolf, Associate Professor of Nursing and Superintendent of Nurses in the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital, for two years fromOctober 1, 1926.Herbert C. Crisler, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, for one year from July 1, 1926.C. O. Molander, Assistant Professor in the Department of PhysicalCulture and Athletics, for one year from July 1, 1926.Nelson H. Norgren, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, for one year from July 1, 1926.Dr. Ernst Pribram, Assistant Professor in the Department of Pathology in Rush Medical College, for one year from October 1, 1926.Herman Carey Beyle, Instructor in the Department of PoliticalScience, for the Autumn Quarter, 1926, and the Winter Quarter, 1927,on one-third basis.Aaron J. Brumbaugh, Instructor in the College of Education, forone year from October 1, 1926.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 235Philip Grant Davidson, Jr., Instructor in the Department of History,for one year from October 1, 1926.M. Arlyn Eilert, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics,for one year from October 1, 1926, on half-time basis.Erwin Escher, Instructor in the University High School, for one yearfrom October 1,1926.D. L. Hoffer, Instructor in the Department of Physical Culture andAthletics, for one year from July 1, 1926.Normand L. Hoerr, Instructor in the Department of Anatomy, forone year from October 1, 1926.Lloyd B. Jensen, Instructor in the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, for one year from October 1, 1926.Dr. Chester Scott Keefer, Instructor in Medicine and Resident Physician in the Medical Clinic of the Billings Hospital, for two years fromSeptember i3 1926.Catherine Doris King, Instructor in the Romance Department, forone year from October 1, 1926.Henry M. Leppard, Instructor in the Department of Geography, forone year from October 1, 1926.Mary E. Maver, Research Instructor in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, under the Douglas Smith Foundation, for one yearfrom June 15, 1926.Margaret E. Miller, Instructor in the Department of Psychology, forone year from October 1, 1926, on part-time basis.Earl Dewey Myers, Instructor in the School of Social Service Administration, for the Autumn Quarter, 1926, and the Winter and SpringQuarters, 1927.Frederick Millet Salter, Instructor in the Department of English andCurator of photostats and supplies, for one year from October 1, 1926.Winford Lee Sharp, Instructor in the Department of Psychology, forone year from October 1, 1926.Ethel Verry, Instructor in the Graduate School of Social Service Administration, for one year from October 1, 1926, on one-third basis.Dr. M. H. Killip, Clinical Instructor in the Department of Surgeryin Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1926.Dr. Howard C. Miller, Clinical Instructor in the Department ofSurgery in Rush Medical College, for one year from July 1, 1926.Thurston S. Johnson, Research Associate in the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, for one year from September 1, 1926.236 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDElizabeth M. Koch, Research Associate in the Department of Physiological Chemistry, for one year from October 1, 1926.James K. Senior, Research Associate in the Department of Chemistry, for one year from October 1, 1926.Margarete Raeder Gariepy, Lecturer in the School of Social ServiceAdministration, for the Winter Quarter, 1927.Lewis Severson, Lecturer in the Department of Economics, for theAutumn Quarter, 1926, and the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1927.Jesse F. Steiner, Lecturer in the School of Social Service Administration, for the Spring Quarter, 1927.Dr. Thomas D. Allen, to a Traveling Fellowship in Rush MedicalCollege for six months from September 1, 1926.Julius Blumenstock, Laura Thorne Donnelley Fellow in Physiology,for the Summer Quarter, 1926.Sarah Tower, Laura Thorne Donnelley Fellow in Physiology, for theSummer Quarter, 1926.H. H. Downing, to give instruction in the Department of Mathematics, for the Autumn Quarter, 1926.Albert F. Siepert, to give instruction in the College of Education, forthe Autumn Quarter, 1926.Dr. Alice McNeal, Anesthetist in the Department of Surgery in RushMedical College, for four quarters from July 1, 1926.Mary Reed, Dietitian and Matron of the Billings Hospital for oneyear from October 1, 1926.Dr. William F. Edgerton, Epigrapher of the Luxor Epigraphic Expedition, for four years from July 1,1926.Professor Ing. U. Holscher, Architect of the Luxor Epigraphic Expedition, for one year from October 1, 1926.John Albert Wilson, Epigrapher of the Luxor Epigraphic Expedition,for three years from October 1, 1926.Henry Floyd Becker, Teacher in the High School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1926.Jessie Carter, Teacher in the Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1926.Louise Fulton, Teacher in the Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1926.Caroline Garbe, Teacher in the Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1926.Austin W. Kivett, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools^ for one yearfrom October 1, 1926, on part-time basis.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 237Mrs. Kathryn Dean Lee, Teacher in the University High School, forone year from October 1, 1926.John C. Mayfield, Teacher in the High School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1926.Ralph T. Northrup, Teacher in the University High School, for oneyear from October 1, 1926.Robert Shiley, Teacher in the High School, for one year from October 1, 1926.Ailsie Stevenson, Teacher in the High School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1926.PROMOTIONWilliam C. Reavis has been promoted to an associate professorshipin the School of Education from July r, 1926.LEAVES OF ABSENCEThe following leaves of absence were granted by the Board of Trustees during the three months prior to October 1, 1926:Charles H. Beeson, Professor in the Department of Latin, for theSpring Quarter, 1927.Leon C. Marshall, Professor in the Department of Economics, duringthe Spring Quarter, 1927.J. Fred Rippy, Associate Professor in the Department of History,for the academic year 1926-27.Edward S. Robinson, Associate Professor in the Department ofPsychology, for the Autumn Quarter, 1926.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations were accepted by the Board of Trusteesduring the three months prior to October 1, 1926:J. M. Artman, as Professor of Religious Education" in the DivinitySchool, effective September 30, 1926.John M. Clark, as Professor in the Department of Economics,effective September 30, 1926.L Dr. James Bryan Herrick, as Clinical Professor and Chairman of theDepartment of Medicine in Rush Medical College, effective August 11,1926.Floyd N. House, as Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology, effective October 1, 1926.Dr. Harry A. Singer, as Clinical Associate in the Department ofMedicine in Rush Medical College, effective July 1, 1926.238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHarold B. Lamport, as Teacher in the University High School, effective September 30, 1926.Henry Milton Leppard, as Teacher in the University High School,effective September 30, 1926.ADJUSTMENTSThe following adjustments were made by the Board of Trustees during the three months prior to October 1, 1926:Theodore Gerald Soares' title has been changed from Professor ofPreaching and Religious Education to Professor of Religious Education.Harry B. Van Dyke's title, reported in the July number of the University Record as Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacology, has been changed to Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacology.Florence Farquhar's title, reported in the July number of the University Record as Instructor in the Department of Home Economics, hasbeen changed to Instructor in Institution Economics.Emery T. Filbey, for many years a member of the faculty of theSchool of Education and since 1923 Dean of University College, has beenreleased from instructional duties for a year, beginning July 1, 1926. Hewill represent the University in its relations with the Alumni. The resultsof the efforts of the Alumni in securing their notable part of the Development Fund are indication of their devotion and willingness to serve theUniversity. Mr. Filbey will conserve this spirit of co-operation. Moreover, as part of the proposed effort he will organize and supervise a vocational bureau for ex-students and graduates.MISCELLANEOUSThe office of Director of Economics and Business has been createdby the Board of Trustees, thus co-ordinating the work of the Departmentof Economics and that of the School of Commerce and Administration.The Director is responsible to the President for programs and budgets,serves as the channel of communication with the general administration,and performs such other duties as the President may direct..The tuition fee in University College for undergraduate and unclassified students has been increased from $20 to $25 for a major course, andfrom $10 to $12.50 for a minor course, beginning October 1, 1926.At the August meeting of the Board it was voted "that all futuredonors of gifts of oil portraits, memorial tablets, and similar works intended for preservation in the buildings or on the grounds of the Univer-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 239sity" shall "first consult with the Committee on Buildings and Grounds,through the Secretary's office or the Business Manager's office, as tochoice of painters, sculptors, and other artists before engaging the same,"and "that the Committee on Buildings and Grounds" shall "present itsrecommendations as to the acceptance of all such gifts to the Board ofTrustees for its action."Erection of the cloister connecting the Joseph Bond Chapel with theTheology Building has been approved and authority given to let contracts for its construction.The city office of the University has been moved from the IllinoisMerchants Bank Building to 1300 Security Building, 189 West MadisonStreet.David H. Stevens, Professor in the Department of English, has beengranted leave of absence for a year so that he may serve as Assistant tothe President.William J. Mather, who for a number of years has served as Assistant Cashier, has been appointed Cashier, succeeding Mr. John F. Moulds,who, in co-operation with the Vice-President and Business Manager, hasbeen appointed to direct the business activities of the University whichcenter in the Quadrangles.Harry B. Allin-Smith has been appointed Statistician in the office ofthe President of the University for one year from July 1, 1926.William B. Harrell has been appointed Assistant Auditor of the University for one year from July 1, 1926.ALBION WOODBURY SMALLBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDOn the last day of September, 1925, Dr. Small began to write what hecalled The Life History of Albion W. Small. He began "Chapter I. Introduction" with these words: "My daughter has urged me to write the'Story of My Life.' " He had laid down the heavy burdens of the headshipof the Department of Sociology and Anthropology in the University ofChicago and had leisure for this delightful recreation of reminiscence.He was seventy-one years old. He wrote this first chapter with evidentinterest and had it put into typewritten form. It extends to more than tenthousand words and deals almost entirely with his progenitors; only incidentally with himself. He was not able to write even a second chapter.The purpose which he had in view he set forth as follows: "I shall simplyvolunteer such a picture as I can draw of my past for what it may beworth in the future to anyone who is curious about the incidents thatmade up the careers of my sort of men in my historical period." Thosewho knew him will picture the whimsical smile with which he wrote thewords, "My sort of men," for he never took himself too seriously, andthey will understand also how much of interest and significance has beenlost because he lacked the time to complete the story he belatedly began.He spoke of his ancestors as "the whimsical Smalls," and he habituallyspoke of himself whimsically, half -humorously. At the same time heworked with tremendous industry and earnestness.Both his father and mother were descended from Puritan or Pilgrimstock. His earlier paternal ancestors were of the pioneer spirit and soughta life of hardship and adventure by migrating, about 1632, from Massachusetts to the excitements and perils of the northern wilderness. Theyhewed out of the forests homes and farms in southwestern Maine, inwhat is now the county of York, all the northern part of which they ownedby title from the Indians. The Smalls were all, apparently, farmers fortwo hundred years. David, the grandfather of Dr. Small, died in earlylife, before he was thirty years old, leaving three sons, all of whom wereapprenticed, according to the custom of the times, to farmer relatives toserve during their minority. The youngest of these brothers was thefather of Dr. A. W. Small. He was born August 26, 182 1, on a farm inLimington, York County. Maine had been admitted to the Union in 1820,240ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 241and in 182 1 the governor of the state was Albion Keith Parris. In hishonor, therefore, the boy was named Albion Keith Parris Small. He became an exceptional man in acquirements and character. Apprenticed tohis farmer relative from his fourth to his twenty-first year, he becamepossessed of such an ambition for culture that he had the moral courage,in spite of the most virulent opposition, to leave the farm, equipped onlywith one suit of clothes, a bag of corn meal, and a jug of molasses, andstart out to get an education. He pursued his object under every difficultyand was graduated from Waterville College in 1849 at the age of twenty-eight. He spent a part of one year in Newton Theological Institution. Hebecame one of the leading Baptist ministers of Maine. Dr. G. D. B. Pepper, president of the college from which the elder Small was graduated,which had meantime become Colby University and is now Colby College,"was accustomed to call him the St. Chrysostom of the Maine pulpit."He had married Thankful Lincoln Woodbury, of Cornish, Maine, wherehe had spent the years of his boyhood. She was descended from the Lin-colns of Hingham, Massachusetts, of the line from which Abraham Lincoln came. Dr. Small wrote of her as follows :My mother .... was a tiny little woman. I doubt if she ever weighed morethan a hundred pounds. She was always genial, with a sense of humor that was aconstant contrast with Puritan solemnity. I have no recollection that I ever saw herangry or that I ever heard her raise her voice to a tone that would have been audiblethirty feet away. The nearest to a harsh word that I remember to have heard between my father and mother was once when he was about to discipline me for somemisdemeanor. Mother had, by some word or gesture of expostulation, tried to modify his energy. He stood his ground with the reply, "I think I know how to managethe boy, Mother." Since this was the single discordant note I remember to have beenstruck between my parents during the eighteen years of my life in the home previousto entering college, or during my returns in later years, it is no wonder that I inherita high ideal of marital conduct. Both my father and mother took their religionseriously as a high-minded manner of life.In both father and mother, therefore, Dr. Small was exceptionally fortunate. He was the oldest of three children, being followed by a sister,now Mrs. Sidney B. Paine, of Auburndale, Massachusetts, and a brother,now Dr. Charles P. Small, of Chicago.The father's first pastorate was in Bucksfield, less than fifty milesnortheast of Limington, where he was born and grew to manhood. In thisplace of his father's first settlement the oldest child was born, May 11,1854, and named after both father and mother, Albion Woodbury.Bucksfield was, and still is, a very small village. But the fact that avillage is small does not prevent it from giving to the world great men.242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSixteen years earlier John D. Long, later governor of Massachusetts andsecretary of the navy under President McKinley, had been born there.John Long kept a diary from the time he was ten years old, and not longbefore Albion Small was born he made a census of his native village, complete and exhaustive, which showed it to be a little village indeed, withonly 225 inhabitants, but evidently the center, at that time, of businessfor a wide and thriving agricultural and lumbering community. It was apleasant rural district with its little river and lake, low hills, and fertilevalleys, every hill forest-crowned and every valley filled with farmsteads,the distant mountains adding their touch of grandeur to the quiet beautyof the nearer landscape. No wonder it was so attractive to GovernorLong that he made it his place of retirement and recreation to the endof his life. The Long and Small families were drawn to each other, andthe boy John was largely prepared for Harvard by the elder Small. Inthis quiet village the young minister labored from 185^01858, organizing a Baptist church which remains to this day. There he was discoveredand called from his obscurity to the important church of Bangor whenAlbion was four years old. And so it came about that though the boywas country born, he was city bred. For Bangor was a thriving city, thecenter of the lumber business of the vast pine forest of middle and northern Maine. It is on the greatest of Maine's rivers, the Penobscot, onlytwenty miles from Penobscot Bay, which thrusts its waters fifty milesnorth into the mainland.In Bangor the boy spent his youth from his fourth to his fourteenthyear. Referring to these years he speaks of his grandmother Small, whosemaiden name was Mary Adams, as follows:In my childhood I was told that she was of the Quincy, Massachusetts, Adamsfamily, but I have never verified the statement. Sometime earlier than my fourteenthyear she made a stay of some weeks in our Bangor home. Before I had heard theword "heredity" or anything about scientific theories for which it is a sign, I hadderived the idea that the influence of my grandmother had introduced a gentler element into the Small lineage.In 1909 Dr. Small made an address at a Lincoln centenary service inthe temple Adath Israel, Louisville, Kentucky, on "Abraham Lincoln—the Prophet of Democracy." In the course of this address he tells thefollowing story of this Bangor period.I was ten years old when the report came to us of the assassination of PresidentLincoln. The rumor reached our house just before daybreak. I dressed myself asquickly as possible and ran down town to see if more news could be had. I saw,coming on horseback, perhaps the most prominent citizen of the town. He was theALBION WOODBURY SMALL 243president of the largest bank, a man whom I had often seen. As I recall him now, heresembled, not merely in his social position, but also in his personal appearance,Marshall Field, of Chicago. Under ordinary circumstances, I, a ten-year-old boy,would no more have accosted him than a ten-year-old boy in Chicago would haveventured to start a conversation with Marshall Field. But under these circumstancesmy instincts were reversed. I ran to meet him with the eager question, "Mr. Stick-ney, have you heard the news?" Yes, he had heard the news. He dismounted, andthere, on the footing of equality established by the leveling loss of that great democrat, holding his horse's bridle with one hand, he conversed with the casual boyabout the reason for the nation's grief.The observance of Sunday was of the strictest sort in the Small household. The curious thing about this was that the boy did not rebel at it.He was an active, eager, irrepressible sort of boy. But he says, "I do notrecall that I was ever energetically opposed to the Sunday requirements,at least not in Bangor. I probably took them for granted, like the climate,and felt that it was not for me 'to reason why.' " After the war of 1861-65there was a gradual change, and it became possible to take a walk withother boys on Sunday afternoon. He continues, "It occurs to me, as Iwrite, that I cannot remember ever having taken a Sunday afternoon walkwith a girl until, at the age of twenty-five, I met in Weimar the Germangirl who was afterward my wife. I set this down as an incident of thePuritan mores that were surviving in Maine in the 1870's."And yet this boy was not set against religion, as were so many otherboys brought up under the same system. The naturalness and beauty oftrue religion were so illustrated in the lives of his parents that they madereligion attractive to him, and in due time, while still a boy, he naturally— and, being the kind of boy he was, inevitably— gravitated into thatsame "high-minded manner of life" and adorned it to the end.In 1868, when Albion was fourteen years old, his father became pastor of the Free Street Church in Portland, Maine's largest city. There heentered the high school and prepared for college. There also he had oneof the great adventures of his life. With nine other boys, he essayed theascent of Mount Washington, 6,293 feet. Starting on a fine May morning, they were overtaken by a blizzard. Rescue parties were sent out andthey were finally found alive and brought in. Curiously enough, thiswell-nigh fatal adventure seems to have clothed the White Mountainswith a fascination for Dr. Small which was lifelong and made the regionhis favorite vacation resort even down to old age. The time came whenhe suffered from hay fever, and he found such relief in the air of themountains that he spent many summers at Bretton Woods.During the summers of his years in the Portland high school he went244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinto the country and earned his board working on the farm of a relativehe calls "Uncle Sam," in the original settlement of the family in YorkCounty. Uncle Sam and the boy spent much time together on long ridesabout the country, and the conversation of the old farmer was so intelligent as to make the boy's vacations a valuable part of his education.The father early discerned his son's superior mental gifts and gavehim every educational advantage he could afford. Toward the end of thehigh-school course he taught a term of school. Dr. Nathaniel Butler, ofthe University of Chicago, relates that he and Small presented themselves together to be examined for teaching positions by the school committee of Portland. He relates that "the examination was set and thepapers presumably read by Dr. Shailer, grandfather of Dr. Shailer Mathews." "Small told me," says Butler, "with great glee that Dr. Shailertold his father that the papers we wrote were of low quality, but that hethought it well enough to give the boys a chance." His glee showed hisconnection with the "whimsical Smalls." He would not take himself tooseriously. The chance Dr. Shailer gave him was to teach a school nearthe waterside, and many of the scholars were children of sailors. Forty-three years later one of the pupils of that school wrote him an appreciative letter. In answering it Dr. Small said, among other things: "Therewas a ten- or twelve-year-old little roughneck whose mother said to mebefore the school opened, Tf my boy don't mind, knock him right down!Knock him right down! ' The symptoms indicated that this had been themethod of family discipline with which he had been most familiar, buthe didn't seem to me to be a half -bad sort in spite of it." He wouldn't,with such a human sort of man as Small was.In the autumn of 1872, when he was eighteen, he entered Colby University, of Waterville, Maine, his father's alma mater. It was a small college, but most American colleges were then small. It had gone through along struggle for existence as Waterville College. When Small enteredthe Freshman class it had partly emerged from this struggle as ColbyUniversity. At the time at which I write, fifty-four years later, as ColbyCollege it has greatly increased assets and many more students. Dr.Small, in his later life, recorded his impressions of the college in his student days in an article in the Colby Alumnus, saying, in part: "Thecatalogue . . . . scheduled in the four classes a total of 53 Inspite of its arrested development .... it was still in essentials a college. .... On the whole I doubt if any member of 'Seventy-six' is prepared to assert that his college days would have been spent to betterpurpose if they had been passed elsewhere." He used to recall with de-ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 245light the colored janitor, Sam, one of the most picturesque characters inColby for many years, of whom he said:My first recollection of him was in connection with the ragging bee a bunch ofthe boys was putting up, when they asked, "What do you suppose you'll do, Sam,when the devil gets you?" His quick reply was, " 'Spects I'll do just what I do now,wait on the students." .... He was a born diplomat. One night some of the boyswere up to some mischief which Sam scented. When things began to look threateninghe went into the bunch and said to the leader, "Mr. Jones, if you don't stop and goto your room, I shall have to recognize you." *The president of Colby was Dr. Henry E. Robins, an able and progressive man. He put Small "on the track of Francis Lieber's two majorworks," of which he said: "They were to me oases in the desert. Theyhelped me to consciousness of my intellectual interests. They were distinct factors among the impulses that sent me to Germany three yearslater." Here, perhaps, we come upon the origin of that interest in thesocial sciences which dominated his life. Dr. Julius D. Taylor, who wasprofessor of Latin in Colby for more than fifty years, says of Small'sstudent days that they gave ample promise of a distinguished career;that he was easily the leader of his class; and that as a Senior he was theoutstanding figure of the student body. He won the first prizes for scholastic and rhetorical honors. He was elected captain of the military company of the college. Dr. Taylor says: "His ardor, his keen interest inideas, as well as his ambition to excel, his skill in debate, and his oratorical gifts, all marked him out for distinction. He was a most interestingpersonality." The agent of the college found him so, told him there wasa future for him as a railroad man, and offered to secure a position forhim. Small says, "I was bound to take it." But his father put his footdown and said no, and the boy remained in college.He was graduated in 1876, when he was twenty-two years old. Hehad not yet decided what to do with his life. He had an ambition to be alawyer. Remembering his oratorical gifts and his skill in debate, onewonders why he did not yield to this ambition. He never seems to havefelt any irresistible call to the ministry, but pending the decision as tojust what profession he should follow, like President E. D. Burton, hebegan a course of theological study. Being a New Englander, he naturally went to Newton Theological Institution, at Newton Center, Massachusetts, one of the leading schools of divinity in his denomination. Therewere some able men in his class, like George E. Horr, who became editorof the Watchman and later professor in, and president of, Newton, andEdmund F. Merriam, who also became an editor of the Watchman and246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe Watchman-Examiner and secretary and editor of the American Baptist Missionary Union. The man with whom he formed an intimate lifelong friendship was Charles R. Brown, who, a few years later, entered upon his life-work as professor of Old Testament interpretation in Newton.Of all the teachers he ever had, none made on him more definite personal impressions than E. P. Gould, professor in Newton of New Testament interpretation. Professor Gould was breaking away from traditional views and his students were beginning to take critical notice of histeaching. There was an intellectual awakening in the class which madethe lecture-room a very interesting place. Speaking many years later, Dr.Small had this to say: "Perhaps our class was exceptionally contentious.At all events we never missed an opportunity to take issue with ProfessorGould's exegesis. It often seemed for a few seconds that he was shrinkingbefore our thrusts. It presently proved that he was merely crouching, andafter the spring there was rarely anything left of the attack. He was athis best under fire." This classroom must have been a lively place. Aspirit of inquiry was awakened in the class that helped to make some ofits members students and investigators. Two of these were Small and hisfriend, Brown.As the spring of 1879 drew on and the class of that year was aboutto be graduated, all were naturally anxious about their future. Small haddone some preaching and received calls to more than one pulpit. By thistime, however, he seems to have decided on teaching as his life-work. Hehad made a study of elocution and was himself an exceptional speaker.He therefore applied for the vacant professorship of public speaking inKnox College, Galesburg, Illinois. When he learned that the positionhad been filled just before his application had been received, he was greatly discouraged. I find the following record of his feeling: "He feared hehad lost the greatest opportunity that would ever come to him! " How absurdly we mistake the significance of passing events! As a matter of factit was the best thing that could have happened. This disappointmentreally opened the way to his career.He and his friend, Brown, had, during their theological course, become real students, enamored of research work — Brown, of Old Testament interpretation; Small, of the social sciences. They now determinedto go abroad together for further study along the lines that most interested them. In 1878 Small's father had settled with the First BaptistChurch of Fall River, a prosperous city east of Narragansett Bay in thesouthernmost section of eastern Massachusetts. The church was one ofthe strong churches of the state. The father was, therefore, better ableALBION WOODBURY SMALL 247than ever before to help his brilliant son to whatever educational advantages he desired. And thus it came about that he was able to plan a threeyears' period of foreign study in history, political economy, and alliedsubjects. The two friends spent the scholastic year 1879-80 in the University of Berlin, and 1880-81 in the University of Leipzig, each pursuinghis own course of study, Small devoting himself to the social sciences.He also studied German and French with such assiduity that his readingwas largely in these languages during the rest of his life. He was fortunateenough to find other students with whom he exchanged lessons in Englishfor teaching in French and German. Some of his time was spent inWeimar and some also in the British Museum in London.The time spent in Weimar turned out to be perhaps the most important of all. For there he met Miss Valeria von Massow, a daughter ofGeneral von Massow. The family belonged to the German aristocracy,and the attentions of an impecunious American student, with no apparentprospects, to a daughter of the house were most unacceptable. When, inspite of objections, she announced her purpose to marry him, she was toldthat she was disgracing her family. Her own pastor refused to officiateat her wedding. The matter became acute when, in the spring of 1881,Small was elected professor of history and political economy in his almamater, Colby University. When this call came he was at work in theBritish Museum. He had been intending to remain abroad another yearand earn his Ph.D. degree in a German university. His election to theprofessorship changed all his plans. It called him home, and he was determined to take Miss von Massow with him. She was ready to go. Thetwo were so devoted to each other that the difficulties in their way werebrushed aside. The family minister still refusing to marry them, theywere compelled to go to one who was a comparative stranger, and weremarried June 20, 1881. It was an exceptionally happy marriage duringall the thirty-five years that Mrs. Small continued to live.The newly married couple found somewhat primitive conditions whenthey settled in their new home. It must be remembered that it was nearlyhalf a century ago. In an address delivered at the Colby commencementin 191 7 Dr. Small indulged in the following reminiscences:When I became a citizen of Waterville in 1881 and wished to walk abroad of anight when the moon was not in session, I always carried a lantern. There was nota street light in town. Neither was there a street car, nor a water main, nor a sewer.Not a lawn mower had ever been in commission. The yards looked like pastures thathad strayed in from the farms There was not a public schoolhouse which anyof the prosperous citizens would have consented to use as a stable; and a little laterI built the second, possibly the third, house in the town that contained a bathroom.248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHe was a young man in a faculty of mature professors, and for someyears found his position peculiarly difficult. One of the senior professorstold him frankly, "None of us believe that history and political economyare proper subjects to be taught in college." This seems unbelievable, butin an article in the American Journal of Sociology, published in 1920, Dr.Small spoke as follows of his experiences as a young professor in a conservative college of a former generation:At the age of twenty-seven I was elected professor of history and political economy in a New England college. The establishment of that roomy department wasat the urgent request of the president and against the united protest of the othermembers of the faculty. During the first year the faculty so strongly insisted on theirprescriptive right to the time of the students that I was permitted to" teach only fourhours per week ! If I were tempted to speak bitterly of this treatment, the impulse ismore than neutralized by the consideration that this very illiberality turned out to bea blessing in disguise. It gave me time to find myself in a way which amounted tothe difference between failure and success. The college had no primary, and pitiablylittle secondary, historical material. At that time economic literature fit for the useof college students was scarce, and the selections from it in the library of that collegewere meager. It was a genuine case of bricks without straw. Thanks to the fact thatfor seven years I was never allowed to teach more than eight hours per week, I waspermitted and forced by the situation to concentrate an amount of time and workupon self-education which laid a basis for my later work that I should otherwisehave lacked.He said again: "I suppose it is true that no one has dug around the historical roots of sociology as much as I have." He had time for this inColby, and did a vast amount ol reading. In all this reading in historyand political economy he was constantly coming on these "historicalroots of sociology," and began more and more to turn his attention in thatdirection and to read everything he could find on that rather unknownsubject. We who knew him were impressed with the extraordinary extentof his vocabulary. I used to wonder how he had acquired it. I am nowsure that he did this during those seven years when he had little teachingto do and read everything he could lay his hands on in history, politicaleconomy, political science, and sociology, and this in three languages —English, French, and German. He accumulated so great a vocabularythat he seemed to have every word in the dictionary at his tongue's end.This sometimes became to him an embarrassment of riches. He couldsay the same thing in so many different ways that, having made a statement, he could not resist the temptation to add, "Or in other words," andhaving repeated it in other words, he would go on, "Or it may be statedthus," and repeat it again in quite different phraseology. One inevitablythinks of him in reading his characterization of Professor Edgerly in theALBION WOODBURY SMALL 249only novel he ever wrote, Between Eras— From Capitalism to Democracy.He says,Edgerly was one of half a dozen men at the University who were adepts at apeculiar art of linguistic legerdemain. It was a manipulation of polysyllabic dictionand rapid fire elocution that might not be admired and might even be resented. But.... it kept the most blase audience taking notice. .... It was a species of audible puzzle-picture. At one moment it was apparently an endurance test of verbal andvocal acrobatics. At the next it had turned the assembly into involuntary clinicalmaterial for measuring capacity to distinguish between opulence of thought and resounding permutations of the vocabulary.He was sometimes like that, but with equal facility he could write inwords of one and two syllables in the style common to intelligent men.Speaking of his professorship in Colby, Professor Taylor says of thereturn of the former student, after an absence of five years, as a memberof the faculty: "He had greatly matured and gave evidence that no lesson of the five years of wide and varied experience had been lost uponhim. His work as a teacher of classes was highly successful, and he wasundoubtedly the most popular member of the faculty, commanding theesteem of his colleagues as well as the enthusiastic admiration of hisstudents."Dr. Shailer Mathews was a Sophomore in Colby when the new professor was appointed, and says of him that "he was about twenty-sevenyears old and full of the characteristics which were always his. His entirepersonality radiated vigor. .... His personality was so stimulatingand his zest in life so irrepressible that he opened up the world as nobody.else did." Before the end of the seven years he added instruction in public speaking to his other work. Meantime he and Mathews began to drawtogether in a friendship which was lifelong. He persuaded the trustees toappoint Mathews instructor in elocution, relieving him of work which wasdistasteful.During the seven years of his teaching of history and political economy he was feeling his way toward the new science of sociology whichincreasingly occupied his thoughts. In 1888 Colby gave him a sabbaticalyear, which he wished to devote to advanced study, particularly in socialscience. Not finding what he wanted in Harvard, he went to Johns Hopkins, in Baltimore. Johns Hopkins was then a new university, and itsestablishment marked the beginning of anew era in American education.In it the real graduate school first appeared in this country, and Americangraduate students found there what they had formerly gone abroad tosecure. Small was welcomed cordially at Johns Hopkins as a student, and250 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis experience and ability as a teacher were recognized by his employment on the teaching staff to give a course in American constitutionalhistory to a class which included men who later rose to eminence in thescholarly world. In speaking late in life of his experience in Johns Hopkins, Dr. Small said:President Gilman was never tired of reiterating variations of his formula, "Auniversity is a company of scholars, each trying to give the most help to every otherin the pursuit of knowledge." The chief impression of President Gilman's personalinfluence and of the moral and intellectual atmosphere of Johns Hopkins which remains to me of the year of my residence there is that it was an intense realization ofthat ideal. Everyone seemed to be an active factor, not in a vain practice of mutualadmiration, but in stimulating reciprocity of intelligent appreciation. Everyoneseemed to want everyone else to do the best work in his power, and everyone seemedeager to know how to give every other one's best its proper place in the scale ofrespect.Naturally in such an atmosphere he worked with great satisfaction. Heearned the degree of Ph.D., writing "a very striking thesis on 'The Continental Congress.' "At the end of the year in Johns Hopkins a great promotion came tothe new Doctor of Philosophy. President Pepper of Colby resigned andDr. Small was immediately elected his successor. He was very young fora college president, only thirty-five, just the age at which Dr. Harperbecame President of the University of Chicago. Professor Taylor says:"When in 1889 President Pepper offered his resignation there was butone voice on the part of faculty and students as well as of the trusteesas to the man best fitted to be named his successor. At Dr. Small's accession a new spirit was at once felt in all departments, in the classroomsand on the campus, as well as in the business administration." As willappear later, the period covered by his administration was a brief one,but one of its achievements has remained a permanent feature in the administration of the institution. It had been coeducational, and this condition had created increasing dissatisfaction among students, alumni, andfaculty. President Small's solution of the difficulty was the reorganizationof the college into two co-ordinate divisions — a men's division and awomen's division — the members of the two divisions to meet in separateclasses. From. that date the young women were known as co-ords, nolonger as co-eds.On Dr. Small's election to the presidency he made Mathews professor of history and political economy. Dean Mathews says: "I remember that it was while we were planning our work at that time that I heardfor the first time the word 'sociology.' He said he wished to teach it."ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 2SIIt was during his presidency of Colby, indeed, that he began to teach it.He got out a small handbook for the use of his classes, and called it AnIntroduction to the Science of Sociology. His study and teaching of history and political economy had awakened in his mind an interest in ascience beyond these which had begun to be known as social science andsociology. His year at Johns Hopkins had increased this interest. Heread everything he could find that had been published on the subject, andhis interest deepened until he became possessed with a desire and a purpose to devote his life to the cultivation and development of this new fieldof inquiry.When, therefore, the new University of Chicago was being founded,in 1890-91, with its emphasis on graduate departments of study and research, the plan awakened in his mind extraordinary interest. PresidentHarper was not long in deciding that he must have President Small in hisfaculty. I am not entirely certain when the two men first talked the matter over. But I have no doubt that Dr. Small revealed to the presidentelect of the new University his absorbing interest in sociology and hishope that Chicago would compel recognition of it as a subject of studyand research. It was a new thought to President Harper. Such a thingnowhere existed. But he had a mind open to new things. The more hethought of it, the more it commended itself to him. He therefore renewedthe negotiation and formally invited President Small to organize and conduct a department of sociology in the University of Chicago. The Trustees, on January 20, 1892, elected him head professor of social .sciencewithout any positive assurance that he would accept. But two things inthe call made a strong appeal to him. In the first place, it had all the elements of a great adventure — large possibilities combined with uncertainty as to the result; excitement and peril; toil and promise of achievement. The founding of the University was a great adventure in education.Many educators were more than doubtful about its future. They scoutedthe idea of its attracting graduate students. They prophesied financialdisaster. But no one could deny there were great possibilities. It was anexperiment of which the issue was most doubtful. And it had an appealfor Dr. Small, in whose veins ran the blood of pioneers, because it was agreat experiment and a great adventure. But, still further, it appealed tohim very strongly because it gave him the opportunity he longed for tolead in the battle to win for sociology recognition as a true science. Andso he wrote to President Harper: "I shall enlist for the war with the mostloyal purpose of doing my utmost best every day for the common cause.I shall be as loyal to you as one man can be to another. You will never252 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcatch me sulking in my tent when there is work to be done for which Iam, either by the literal terms of our contract or by the ideal of our relation, responsible." So nobly did he redeem this pledge that these twomen, President Harper and Professor Small, were drawn together in afriendship which continually grew more intimate down to the last day ofDr. Harper's life.Dr. and Mrs. Small had one child, a daughter, whom they namedLina. She was born while they were still in Waterville, and, as ProfessorTaylor says, "happily combined the salient qualities of both parents."She grew to womanhood and became the choice treasure of their hearts.There was a beautiful relation of mutual devotion and understanding between the father and daughter. She married Hay den B. Harris, a son ofNorman W. Harris, the Chicago banker. Their four children were a greatjoy to Dr. Small's heart.President Harper was so delayed in completing his first faculty,which, in all grades, numbered one hundred twenty, and its completionbecame so urgent, that he sometimes had instructors appointed withoutconsulting the head of the department involved. Dr. Small accepted thisunconventional method of his superior with that whimsical humor socharacteristic of him. When Dr. Charles R. Henderson, that princeamong men, was appointed in this manner, Dr. Small, the head of thedepartment, wrote to his "Chief," as he always addressed President Harper, as follows:One thing is demonstrated, namely, that the Department of Sociology is boundto grow as long as I keep away from it. I had not heard of Henderson until yournote came, but when I consulted the university column of The Standard I felt as theChristmas-pie boy did when he pulled out the plum. By the way, if you should hearanyone intimate that the credit of organizing the Department of Sociology belongsto anyone except to the head professor, will you kindly shoot him on the spot?I wish to emphasize the fact that Dr. Small went to the University ofChicago for the single purpose of establishing a place in the curricula ofuniversities and colleges for sociology as a real science, co-ordinate inimportance and in rank with other sciences. He was one of the pioneers inthat work — a leader among the pioneers. That I may not seem to claimtoo much for him on my own authority, I quote the following from the.address of that eminent sociologist, Dr. F. H. Giddings, of Columbia, atthe memorial services in Mandel Hall, held June 8, 1926. Dr. Giddingssaid:Professor Small was, as everyone at all acquainted with him knows, one of thefirst men in America to be interested in the subject which has come to be known associology, and to participate in bringing it before the students of universities as aALBION WOODBURY SMALL 253subject worthy of their attention and devotion. .... Professor Sumner, at Yale,had been giving courses in sociology before anyone else in this country, as far as Iknow, to college and university students, and Dr. Lester F. Ward had published avery important work in two volumes, and those two names represented practicallythe entire American interest in the subject of sociology. Before the early years of1890 the colleges did not know of such a subject. The universities^ with all thebreadth which is supposed to characterize university work, were ignorant of such asubject. As a matter of fact it had not been taught as an academic discipline inEurope. August Comte had presented the word to the world, and a somewhat labored system of sociology ; and Herbert Spencer, many years later, had begun thepublication of his works on sociology. But these were writings addressed to studentsof philosophy and of the political and economic, and to some extent the moral, sciences also. But nobody had so much as thought of including sociology in the curriculum subjects of colleges.We owe to Professor Small, probably more than to any other man, that single-hearted devotion to, an idea which puts it across, as we say in our American language.He was the first person to hold a university chair of sociology in the entire world, tothe best of my knowledge and belief; and that opportunity came to him when hewas called to Chicago.When the University opened its doors to students in October, 1892,the experience of Dr. Small as a college president led to his being draftedinto service at once as Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. In enteringon his new duties he found himself, in that early faculty, among congenialspirits, some of them scholars of eminence, many of them eager, ambitious young men, all interested in each other and united in devotion to agreat cause. He stood out among them as a unique personality, radiatinggood will. His geniality was most winning, his enthusiasm contagious.In speaking of him in those early days and later, Vice-President Tuftsdrew the following pictures, bringing him before us as those who knewhim well now remember him:We can see his earnest and resolute face break into a smile or genial laugh ashe greeted us, his future colleagues, in the halls. We recall him in the discussions ofour faculty meetings, bringing past executive experience to bear upon the new problems, whether of graduate standards or of student athletics. We remember meetinghim often in consultation or in happy company with the young President, whoseenthusiasms he fully shared and to whom he was so whole-heartedly loyal. We thinkof him, as the years came and went, filling a larger arid larger place in the Universitycouncils and in the confidence of us all. Most of us, at one time or another, droppedin at his tiny office, sure of finding friendly human consideration for whatever wemight propose. We think of him in the Quadrangle Club as one of our groups incommittee meetings, or at the lunch table, or in the recreation hour. We see in recentyears his face growing still kindlier and more friendly in its smile ; his body frail, buthis mind alert, his wit keen, his humor quick, his heart warm. And now it seemshard to think of our University family without his presence, which has been so constant a part of it from the beginning.254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Small went to the University of Chicago with very definite purposes. Those purposes were to win recognition for sociology as a truescience and to establish it as a university study. Thirty years later, speaking to the American Sociological Society of the early sociologists, he said:They were challenging fate by declaring their independence of the older socialsciences, and by proclaiming their faith in a potential something, dormant in thefacts of life, which they proposed to quicken under the name of sociology. Two time-worn symbols fit our adventure. We .... were like Abraham faring forth to seekan unknown country. We were, still further, like Saul on the errand which started toretrieve his father's asses, but ended in founding a kingdom.As the nucleus of the Department of Sociology in the new Universitythere were, at the outset, two men — Dr. Small and Dr. Charles R. Henderson — whose approach to the common problem was from opposite angles. Dr. Small once said: "Dr. Henderson's center of attraction wassocial betterment, and mine was the methodology of social investigation..... We never had the slightest difference of opinion about the division and correlation of our own work and that of our students. Each of usrecognized in the other's program the correlate of his own." Dr. Henderson's heart was in those reforms that would better human conditions, andhe studied and taught sociology and entered actively into these reformswith this end in view. While Dr. Small was of the same spirit and cherished the same purpose, he felt called, as the protagonist of a new sciencefor which he must find "a place in the sun," to devote his own abilitiesto the highest possible development of sociology as a subject of researchthat demanded, and would richly repay, the most serious study.The Department, which included anthropology, started with a staffof six instructors. It ambitiously scheduled thirty courses of study inwhich these six men promised to give instruction. In writing his FiftyYears of Sociology in the United States in 191 6, Dr. Small said: "I mustconfess that a look at this schedule now brings blushes to my seasonedcheeks. It is ocular proof of the boldness of the bluff we were putting up.We were dimly aware of problems not yet investigated, and in our zealwe rushed into the advertising of courses which now stand as an indictment on charge of ignorance. At present I can merely enter a candid pleaof guilty, with prayers for the mercy of the court." This excerpt will berecognized by all who knew him as entirely characteristic and as illustrating his relationship to the "whimsical Smalls."Although sociology was a new study in institutions of higher learning, from the first there was no lack of students. The growing interest inquestions of social betterment which marked the closing years of thenineteenth century, and the opportunity which the new University of-ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 255fered for studying these questions, filled the classes and clearly indicatedthat the establishment of this new department of study and research meta real demand and attracted eager students. The instructors were confronted with one serious difficulty: there were almost no available helpsfor the would-be teachers of the new science. As Dr. Small said, "Therewas no standard literature of any sort which could be used according tothe classroom methods of the older social sciences, Each instructor wasthrown upon his own resources to an extent which made his task desperate as compared with that of the historians, economists, and political scientists." The instructors had to make their own textbooks. As early as1894 Dr. Small and Dr. George E. Vincent, who had joined the staff ofinstructors, prepared an Introduction to the Study of Society, and fromthat time forward the members of the staff were prolific writers of pamphlets and textbooks. This work of production was tremendously stimulated by the establishment, within less than three years after the openingof the University, of a departmental journal. President Harper, in speaking of his plans for the University, had said: "An essential element is theopportunity of publishing results obtained in investigation. To this endit is provided that in each department there shall be published either ajournal or a series of separate studies which shall, in each department,embody the results of the work of the instructors in that department."Dr. Small has left on record in a footnote in his Fifty Years of Sociology in the United States the story of the genesis of the American Journal of Sociology. He says:Among the appropriations in the first budget of the University of Chicagowas a subsidy for a university extension magazine. Late in the spring of 1895 ....Dr. Harper was forced to the decision that the attempt to create a constituency forsuch a journal must be abandoned. It was a matter which had never in any waycome to my knowledge, and I was taken completely by surprise, when, as I wasabout to leave his office after a consultation on routine business, Dr. Harper abruptlyremarked, "We have got to give up the University Extension World. It would be apity for that subsidy to be transferred to anything but publication. Are you willingto be responsible for a journal of sociology?" The audacity of ignorance to which Iconfessed above had never gone to the extreme of imagining that our departmentcommanded the necessary resources for maintaining such a venture. On the otherhand it was no time and place for men who would flinch at a challenge, and therewas no room for doubt that Dr. Harper intended his suggestion as a "dare." Afterbrief consultation with my colleagues—Henderson, Thomas, and Vincent — I reportedto Dr. Harper that we believed there was a vocation for a journal of sociology, andthat we were ready to undertake editorial charge of such a publication. When theannouncement was made, shortly after, that the University Extension World was tobecome the American Journal of Sociology, we had not even promises of materialenough to fill the first number. More than that, some of the men whom we tried to256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinterest as contributors advised us to reconsider our purpose, as there could, not possibly be in the near future enough sociological writing to fill such a journal. Nevertheless, we issued the first number in July, 1895, while it was still uncertain whethermaterial for a second number the following September could be obtained. Withoutthe prompt and hearty co-operation of Lester F. Ward, followed closely by ProfessorRoss, the enterprise would scarcely have survived the first year The Journal was a new venture — for Dr. Small, a new adventure. Itwas the first journal of sociology published in the United States, and, indeed, in the world. He was the champion of a new science which was notyet generally recognized as a science at all, but in the future of which heenthusiastically believed. He proposed to devote his life to the vindication of its claims and to winning the educational world to its recognition.He faced a laborious task— perhaps I should say a great conflict — andthe Journal of Sociology 'gave him the arena in which to wage his war.For that purpose it was incomparably superior to the obscure and narrowlimits of the classroom. The audacity, courage, and ability of the editorssoon won recognition for it. As a man and an associate, its editor-in-chief,Dr. Small, was singularly irenic, always on terms of frank cordiality andfraternal understanding with his colleagues, radiating friendliness andcheerfulness wherever he was. But in the lists for sociology he was a redoubtable warrior, never asking for quarter, and as courageous in assaultas in defense.The Journal was ably conducted. It became one of the chief interests of Dr. Small's life. He wrote much for it himself, the substance ofmost of his books first appearing in its pages. It was conducted, throughall the thirty years of his editorship, in the singularly catholic spirit whichreflected his open-mindedness. As Professor Giddings said in the addressfrom which I have already quoted:He welcomed to the pages of the Journal contributions from men in whose conclusions he did not share, whose ways of approach he did not think right, whoseopinions even he may sometimes have deplored. That made no difference. If theywere real workers, if they had conscientiously, and by careful scholarship and scientific analysis, arrived at conclusions, Professor Small wanted to know what theywere, and he wanted to have them presented to the whole body of sociological thinkers, to let them share with his own views the fate that comes sooner or later to allmaterial of an intellectual character that is freely presented to the intellectual public.It will be recalled that when the Journal was founded the editors werehard put to it to find material to fill its pages. But the number of studentsof sociology increased amazingly. Departments of sociology came to beestablished in all universities and in hundreds of colleges. The sociologists became an army, and triumphantly won their fight for recogni-ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 257tion. Contributions to the Journal from students of the science increased.As the years went on they multiplied, though other journals of sociologywere founded and gave writers opportunities to get their views before theworld. The time came when the Journal was fairly overwhelmed withcontributions seeking publication ; when, indeed, it was two years behindin the publication of accepted articles.The Journal did not escape criticism. I quote Dr. Small's answer toone of these, which is much more interesting and revealing than anythingI can write. It will be seen that it is of very recent date.October 23, 1924Dear Sir :We are always glad to receive the comments of our readers, whether they arefavorable or unfavorable. I have edited the American Journal of Sociology for thirtyyears, come July, and I do not think your point of view has been expressed to us adozen times in all. About six weeks ago, however, we received a letter from a readerin Australia that contained your idea almost in your own words. The two letterstogether considerably raise the batting average for the three decades.The wonder to me is that we do not receive a hundred times as many letters ofdisapproval. I suppose the explanation is that the majority give the Journal theonce-over and adopt a not-f or-me attitude forever after.It would simplify things if we printed on the cover in large type : This Journaldoes not attempt to be popular..It is an attempt of a limited number of people— whose absolute number hasgrown from scores to thousands during the past thirty years — to do their bit towardhuman progress, not by attempting to set the world to rights all at once, but bythinking through, as thoroughly as co-operating human minds can think, all thecountless factors that are involved in the betterment of human society. That is a jobthat cannot be finished in a day, or a generation, or a century, or in the lifetime ofthe human race. Probably more unsolved problems will be in sight the day thisplanet winds up its affairs than ever before. Meanwhile, there will be work for afew men who will have the patience to spend their lives trying to follow out cluesto human fortunes as far as they will lead.This sort of thing doesn't seem to have much bearing on the social, political,and economic ills that are disturbers in our daily lives. We people who have enlistedin this sort of work believe, however, that in the end it will amount to more towardaltruistic human betterment than we, at least, could do in any other way. We emphatically disbelieve that there can be any short cuts to human improvement. Webelieve that every step ahead, if it is not to be followed up by two steps backward,must be taken with an amount of foresight and backsight and all-around-sight ofwhich very few people of the human race are now capable, and of which workingmajorities must become more capable in all parts of the human race which actuallymake progress.We do not know how many thousand years the different sorts of medicine menall over the world have been trying to satisfy the demands of their neighbors forprevention or cure of disease. Meanwhile, after more than five thousand years thatwe can check off, a few men seemed to be dodging the issue by segregating them-258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDselves in laboratories and "amusing themselves," as it looked to the general public.It turns out, however, that within my own recollection these same bacteriologists, byrunning down clues that had no meaning to the general public, have acquired anacquaintance with microbes that has done more to prevent and cure disease than thewhole world had done in its previous expired time.The general sociologists may never have anything of equal importance to showfor their labors, but they are working in the same spirit and with confidence thattheir work will turn out to have been worth while. Even now, when I look back atthe state of mind in the United States when I began to teach, and compare it withthe attitudes of the same sorts of people today, I realize that we are in an intellectual atmosphere almost as different from that into which I was born as today'smedical practice is from that of my childhood. Accordingly, we believe it is ourbusiness to peg away, making such contribution as we can to intelligence about life,meanwhile heartily wishing Godspeed to anyone who thinks he can show a bet-terway.I wouldn't for a moment argue that the American Journal of Sociology is goodreading for everybody. The test that I would advise would be simply this : If theJournal stirs up your thoughts about society, makes you think of factors in socialproblems that you had not thought of before, or makes you see them in relationswhich had not suggested themselves to you before ; if it makes you realize that human society is a more complicated affair than appears on the surface and that it is amighty risky thing for an amateur to meddle with the machinery ; if it makes youfeel that human problems are so serious that it is wicked either to let them alone orto deal with them without first giving them the best thought of which one is capable ;if it tends to make you aware that demands for a conclusive social science or forquick and final solutions of social problems are merely infants' cryings for the moon— if it does any of these things for you, keep on reading it, and it will do more ofthem for you the longer you read, and will help you do constructive, rather thanconvulsive, work at your own post.If it does none of these things for you, don't waste any more time on it. Foryou it is not good reading. That may prove nothing against either you or the Journal, except that you are not affinities. I hope you will not decide the matter offhand,but will do a little more experimenting to see if there is not some virtue in ourposition.Sincerely,Albion W. SmallTo me this letter seems like an apology and explanation and justification of Dr. Small's life. It reveals the motives that moved him, theambitions he cherished, the kind of man he was. Here is courtesy, open-mindedness, magnanimity, devotion to a high ideal — the making of abetter world— and the conviction that he and his associate sociologistswere not only looking for, but beginning to find, the trails that would leadto this better world. Speaking of the very beginnings of his work in 1892,he said in Fifty Years of Sociology in the United States:ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 259I was far enough along at the time to have formed and to have professed thedefinite aim to have a hand in the work of inventing a new way of looking humanfacts straight in the face ; of finding out, without deference to any previous conceptions about the matter, just what people are doing in the world, why they are doingit, why they partially succeed or fail; what means we have of deciding when andwhere it is desirable that men's present purposes should succeed or fail; what meanswe have of deciding what purposes would be more fit for success; what means wehave of procuring the whole or any part of these successes which our best knowledgewould sanction In its spirit this sociological movement was genuinely scientific. It recognized limitations of knowledge in a certain area and set itself to investigate that area. It was in its way as commendable as the scientific efforts of Galileoor Columbus.I seem to see the very spirit of the man, the spirit in which he did hisown work, in the following characteristic lines in General Sociology:The philosophers who try to do the higher thinking for their fellow-citizens inthis country should take virtually the same attitude toward our social problems thatthe wise father takes when he reflects on the future of his ten-year-old boy. Thefather does not put the question, "What is the particular brand of total depravity tobe beaten out of this boy?" He asks, rather, "What is the particular type of goodstuff that ought to get its growth in this boy, and how can I secure him the mostfavorable conditions for turning out the right sort of man?" Our American societyis a case of social childhood. .... Our problem is, How far can we go toward realizing the completest conception of civilization that has yet been formed, and towardmaturing our conception as we go ?His attitude was thus always one of inquiry. He was no dogmatist,but always, to the end, a searcher after truth. And therefore he was always going forward to new ground. No one should go to his early books,but to his latest, to learn his matured views. To one, perhaps to all, thoselater classes which were looking forward to sociology as a career, he said:"Each year I have learned more than I have taught about the relationswith which sociologists must deal, and each year I have reshaped thecourse accordingly." He continued to the end of his life a searcher aftertruth. He was always progressing in his new field of research, but hiswhole life said, "I count not myself to have apprehended, .... but Ifollow after, if that I may apprehend."No one was more ready than Dr. Small — perhaps no one was quiteso ready — to confess and condemn the immature views of the early daysand the large and egotistical plans and expectations of the young andeager sociologists of the nineties of the last century. They were on theirway toward a great and inspiring goal, and they have made extraordinaryprogress. They made mistakes. They sometimes followed false trails.Dr. Small confessed all this in his whimsical way, saying: "This criticism260 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof others is at the same time a confession. For years I was one of the sinners and one of the most convinced sinners." And in another place, speaking on the same subject, he said: "This confession is in the nature of apurgatorial experience, qualifying for salvation." His confessions, indeed,are frank and ingenuous to an amazing and amusing degree. In his bookon The Scope of Sociology he said: "We have been chasing moonbeamexpectations of sociological systems before we have begun to criticize, oreven to collect, our phenomena. In a few years, therefore, some of ourmost pretentious literature will be fit only for the museums of antiquitiesor the pulp mills."And yet the movement he may be said to have begun when he established the Department of Sociology in Chicago in 1892, with the avowedpurpose of making a place for that new science in the educational world,that movement has had a well-nigh incredible development. Five yearsbefore his death, in an address before the American Sociological Society,he was able to say: "Today in hundreds of institutions, from academy tograduate school, sociology is a peer in academic rank of all but the elements, language and mathematics All the signs are that thisgain in a single generation is not a passing spasm, but that it is the beginning of a mighty growth." Of course he did not win the campaign forsociology alone. With a very few other men he had begun the campaign,but this forlorn hope he had seen grow into a great army. Few men havelived to see their one great ambition more abundantly realized. This is agreat thing to say, but it was true of Dr. Small.He presided over the Department of Sociology for a full generation,from 1892 to 1925. With the aid of able associates he placed it at thehead of American departments of sociology. A report to The Associationof American Colleges made in 1925 gave it this comparative standing.So far from attracting no graduate students, this department draws toChicago annually more than two hundred and teaches every year morethan three hundred undergraduates. It has sent out 68 Doctors of Philosophy and 107 Masters of Arts, and 73 are now working for these higherdegrees. There are nine courses of undergraduate, and forty of graduate, instruction. All this is an immense achievement.One of the first students in the department in Chicago was Dr. GeorgeE. Vincent, who later became associated with Dr. Small on his staff ofinstructors and as a writer of textbooks as well as an intimate friend. Inan after-dinner address before the American Sociological Society in Chicago in December, 1924, Dr. Vincent said of his former chief, who wasnot well enough to be present:ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 261As a teacher Albion Small has many of the finest qualities that go to make anideal university teacher. In the first place he is always tolerant, never dogmatic ....nothing of the dogmatist about him, nothing of the man who deals out to a passiveand presumably grateful group the information they should have. Not a bit of it.And then he has a disconcerting way of having confidence in people. You know,you tell a man that he is a perfect ass, and he never believes you. But when you tellhim you have great respect for him .... treat the views he expresses with respect,even with deference — very few people can stand that. .... Good heavens ! Onemust do something about it. So Albion Small's confidence in, and deference toward,students is one of the most valuable means by which he arouses a sense of responsibility. It gives a reasonable degree of confidence and provides a stimulus for individual effort and growth.As an instructor in the classroom he is always interesting, always stimulating,because of the cleverness of his wit, the ingenuity, the flexibility, and the resourcefulness of his phrasing. And his vocabulary! We used to take pride in the rarefelicity of his phrasing. And if at times he has a certain Johnsonian quality in hisdiction, at the same time there is always an effectiveness of antithesis, a cleverness ofqualifying adjective, and a clear analytical insight.His greatest contribution is that he aims at developing individuals, at helpingthem to find themselves Any man in the classroom who would stand upagainst his chief won his respect. .... No matter what traits of asininity the student might be displaying, he was displaying some independence of judgment, andthat was the thing ; if it went on long enough, that might lead to something like apersonality.In a personal letter Dr. Vincent says: "He was a brilliant phrase-maker. His favored students would sometimes venture to make fun ofhis style. This gentle ridicule he never resented, but seemed to enjoy.If ability to see a joke at one's own expense is the ultimate test of humor,Dr. Small possessed this invaluable quality."In speaking, at the memorial service on June 8, of Dr. Small as ateacher, Professor E. C. Hayes, of the University of Illinois, an early student, recalled the aesthetic quality his students saw in him: his fine face,the rich tones of his voice, his dignity, his courage, his sincerity, and hisculture — a culture that came from the home in which he was brought up,from travel, from books, from the Ten Commandments, and from theteachings of Jesus. He spoke of his teacher's open-mindedness, of thestimulating quality of his teaching, of his modesty and magnanimity, andof his unaffected religious quality: "One of those into whose presence onecould scarcely come without wishing to stand more erect; not only physically, but morally and intellectually erect."At the same service one of Dr. Small's colleagues in the Departmentat Chicago, Professor Robert Park, spoke of him as his chief, colleague,and friend; told of his unflagging optimism, his eyes always on the future,262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcontinually looking for new men and new ideas, and constantly advancingintellectually. He gave his colleagues the widest liberty, so that Sociologyin Chicago was never "administered." "It was simply allowed to grow,"and was just on this account an inspiring place to work. There was noeffort to form a Chicago school of sociological thought. Liberty, ProfessorPark said, was imposed on the members of the teaching staff.Then a curious thing happened. It was observed that our studies, carried on inthis independent way, tended to converge about a single integrated concept— theconcept of the social group. .... And so Dr. Small, who had never sought to doso, lived to find himself the founder of a school. It was when he saw .... this integration taking place, not merely at Chicago, but over the whole range of sociological studies here and abroad, it was then that he felt that the faith and the optimismwhich he had shown through so many years, were justified.In connection with this statement of Professor Park, Dr. Small's latestdefinition of a sociologist is interesting. It was made February 26, 1926.He said a sociologist is "an investigator of the functions which group relationships perform in human experience."For a full generation Dr. Small led in Chicago a very busy life. Hebegan by taking on, during the period of University organization, in addition to the work of his department, the deanship of the College of LiberalArts. For ten years or more he served as director of affiliation. In 1904he was appointed Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature,and continued to administer that School for twenty years. He was editorof the American Journal of Sociology for nearly thirty-one years, andwrote for it voluminously. He wrote many books, chief among whichwere General Sociology (1895), Adam Smith and Modern Sociology(1907), The Cameralists (1909), The Meaning of Social Science (1910),Between Eras: From Capitalism to Democracy (1913), Origins of Sociology (1924). These books, however, were the smallest part of his literary activity. He wrote and published more than seventy smaller books-and pamphlets, to some of which I have already referred. He was a forcible and popular public speaker, and was in demand for addresses on allsorts of occasions. He was drafted into public services that added to hislabors. To one instance of this I must refer.In 1903 Dr. Small and Professors Simon Newcomb and Hugo Miin-sterberg were appointed as a scientific organizing committee to arrangeand conduct the program of the Congress of Arts and Science of the St,Louis Exposition of 1904. The committee went abroad and personally invited more than two hundred prominent scholars to participate, and 117of them accepted. Dr. Small was vice-president of the Congress. Ameri-ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 263can scholars presented 203 leading papers. There were 102 ten-minuteaddresses. The proceedings were published, and Dr. Small writes: "Ahigh authority has said that coming generations will rate the eight volumes of proceedings of the Congress a more adequate conspectus of thestate of knowledge at the end of the nineteenth century than the writingsof the encyclopedists furnished for the eighteenth."For many years Dr. Small was the faculty representative of the University for the Intercollegiate Conference on Athletics, in which he had agenuine interest. He loved to see professional baseball. If he did notattend a game, he did not wait till the next morning to learn the result.The inspiring principles of Dr. Small's life were religious. The sociology he taught was based on the teachings of Jesus. For this some foolishmen have criticized him, as though there could be any sociology worthyof the name that is not so based. The spirit of Jesus was in all that hewas and all that he did — the spirit of reverence, love, loyalty, service, andhope. Two or three years before his death I was greatly interested toreceive from him the following brief statement, of which he said, "I amsubmitting it to one hundred men interested in the problem":MY RELIGIONMy Religion is my attempt to make Jesus Christ the pattern and power ofmy life.It is my attempt, by all the means at my command, to find out what the pattern and power of Jesus Christ mean in terms of my own daily work.It is my attempt to frustrate the tendency of my theology to displace myreligion.It is my attempt to co-operate with all men of like mind everywhere in tryingto make this the religion of every individual and of every group of men of good willthroughout the world.These principles he illustrated in his life. His religion was so vitalthat when President Harper saw the end of his own life approaching, thelong friendship of the two men ripened into the most intimate spiritualfellowship. Dr. Small was a member of the Hyde Park Baptist Churchfor more than thirty-five years, serving it as trustee and deacon, liberal inhis gifts to all its enterprises, devout, faithful, depended on by his ministers, trusted and loved by the people. He belonged to the liberal wingof theologians, but his religious experience was essentially that of hisfather and of the apostle Paul.A great bereavement came to him in 191 6 in the death of Mrs. Small.They had been married thirty-five years and were devoted to each other.264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Small survived his wife ten years, always carrying ^ith him a littlenote written to him by Mrs. Small a few weeks before her death.For many years he spent his vacations with his family at BrettonWoods, in the White Mountains, where he found relief from the hay feverwhich came upon him every summer. There he took up golf late in lifeand became an enthusiast. His daughter writes me: "He usually playedeighteen holes every morning, and I followed around, deriving greatamusement from the derogatory remarks he would make about his shots."How vividly this brings the whimsical side of him before us. It wouldhave been a rare treat to listen to those derogatory comments on his ownplay. Father and daughter climbed all the mountains in the vicinity,some of them up trails which took many hours.It is one of the tragedies of our world that such men as Dr. Smiall,who so glorify humanity, grow old and die. The first time I took real noteof his mortality was at the time of the "big snow" in Chicago in thewinter of 19 17-18, when great drifts blockaded the streets. He wadedthrough the drifts from his house to the University, several blocks, andwas completely exhausted by the effort and exposure. It was a reminderthat thereafter he must "go slow" and care for a weak heart. He filled outseventy-one years, and then, in 1925, after forty-four years of teaching,thirty-three of which he had given to the University of Chicago, retired inbroken health. Most of the last years were spent in the home of hisbrother, Dr. Charles P. Small. More and more frequently his failing heartwarned him of his approaching end. He continued able to walk, but sitting down became more and more difficult. When his friends called onhim he would see them comfortably seated, but he himself would walkabout the room and talk in the same cheerful way they had known solong. His son-in-law, Mr. Harris (they were then living in the samehotel ) , writes me this :He had frequent very painful attacks of his disease, an average of one an hour,but never once did he utter a word of complaint. The last day of his life he registered to vote in the precinct to which he had recently moved. He explained to hisoldest grandchild, N. W. Harris II, the details of voting and something about municipal politics. That afternoon he wrote out the precise directions as to what to do inthe event of his death and inclosed it with a note to me (as also to his brother,Charles), saying, "You may have use for this presently." His courage never waveredfor an instant.He retired to sleep as usual. The next morning they found his dead body.The great soul had departed. He was not quite seventy-two years old.The funeral was held two days later, March 26, in Mandel Hall,where President H. P. Judson, Dr. Nathaniel Butler, Vice-President J. H.ALBION WOODBURY SMALL 265Tufts, and his minister, Dr. C. W. Gilkey, spoke. I have already referredto the largely attended memorial service held in Mandel Hall June 8,1926, at which Vice-President J. H. Tufts presided and the addresseswere delivered by Professors Giddings, Hayes, and Park. His ashes weredeposited in the cemetery at Newton Center, Massachusetts, where hisfather, mother, and wife had been buried.When his will was read it transpired that he had left what will eventually amount to $25,000, practically his entire estate, to the University,the fund to be known as The Albion W. Small Publication Fund, to beused for the support of publications within the field of social science. TheUniversity was also given all the books, pamphlets, and papers of hisworking collection in the Harper Memorial Library. In making his willDr. Small showed how profoundly he believed in the faith in which hehad lived and the work to which he had devoted his life, saying: "Thelonger I have studied human experiences the more convinced I have become that people can live together with satisfactory and reciprocal advantages only in the degree in which they learn to maintain a consistentChristian attitude toward one another, and it is my hope that this fundwill have a part in converting the world to the same belief."I cannot tell of the learned societies to which Dr. Small belonged,but I must not omit to say that he was one of the founders and mostactive promoters of the American Sociological Society, and for two yearsits president.On hearing of his death, President William C. Gordon of HowardUniversity wrote to President Max Mason of the University of Chicago:"He had won the admiration and affection of all the students who hadstudied with him or who had in any way come under his influence. Hewas a master soul. His smile was more vocal than another man's speech.He left the mark of his fine, scholarly, inspiring personality upon everylife he touched."I add a final word to this sketch from that great, good man, Dr. Wallace H. Buttrick. Writing to Dr. Charles P. Small on the last day ofMarch, 1926, he said:In my long life I have known many good men. Albion W. Small belonged inthe front rank of them all. As I think back over years of friendship I can find nofault in him. He was absolutely genuine. And it was not a negative sort of genuineness, an over-good kind of goodness. His goodness was vigorous and assertive, theunforced abounding of the large soul of a great man.A few days later Dr. Buttrick followed his friend in death. In a kind ofunconscious prophecy he had added to the words above: "Albion Small,I hail you as a citizen of the Eternal World! "EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED FORTY-THIRD CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Forty-Third Convocation of the University was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall at 3 130o'clock on the afternoon of Friday, September 3. The Convocation Address,"Representative Government in theLight of Modern Knowledge and Modern Life," was delivered by AugustusRaymond Hatton, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Science in the WesternReserve University. President Max Mason presented the Convocation Statement.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable Mention for excellencein the work of the Junior Colleges:Laurence Fletcher Arnold, Helen Byan-skas, Mae Jessie Ivey, Ethel Irene Jensen, Charles Satinover, Olga Smith, IreneMary Zehren.The Bachelor's Degree with honors: Simon Agranat, Rebecca April,Frances Lorene Beckwith, ElizabethHumes Chapman, Virginius Frank Coe,Cornelia Drolsom, Julia Huldine Duen-weg, George Barkley Evans, Ottilie Anna Elsa Fleischmann, Kellam Foster,Calvin Souther Fuller, Bernard Ginsberg, Meyer Goldberg, Eleanor HarrisGoldsmith, Hazel Kathryn Grant, Martha Lucile Harrison, Myrtle MelissaHeard, Daniel Milton Kaufman, Mineo-la Kirkland, Beulah Delight Kobler,Leonard Joseph Lea, Marie Hajek Mud-ra, Ruberta Maria Olds, Frances MariaPircher, Hallie Evelyn Rice, Alcide LouisRosi, Louis Scala, Isabel Laska South-worth, Nila Banton Smith, Edna RachelStewart, Helen Ruth Strouse, Pearl MayTiley, Helen Beatrice Tupper, BeatriceWatson, Max Richard White, Shih TungWu.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Collegesawarded to the following students : Jackson Barzillai Adkins, Jr., Education;Simon Agranat, French; Simon Agranat,History; Miriam Brennwasser, Botany;Miriam Louise Buettell, Art; ElizabethHumes Chapman, History; Virginius Frank Coe, Economics; Mark HenryCoyne, Art; Cornelia Drolsom, French;Julia Huldine Duenweg, Art; Harry B.Eagan, Education; George Barkley Evans, English; Janice Lillian Fink, English; Ottilie Anna Elsa Fleischmann,French; Bernard Ginsberg, Chemistry;Meyer Goldberg, Law; Hazel KathrynGrant, History; Martha Lucile Harrison,Kindergarten-Primary Education; Martha Lucile Harrison, Education; MyrtleMelissa Heard, Education; Daniel Milton Kaufman, Zoology; Mae TheresaKilcullen, Education; Mineola Kirkland,Education; Leonard Joseph Lea, English; Clyde Hugh Leathers, EducationMathematics; Marie Hajek Mudra, English; Mary Ann McAdams, History; Ruberta Maria Olds, Spanish; Frances Maria Pircher, History; Ethel Irene Preston, English; Hallie Evelyn Rice, History; Francis Rochford, Spanish; RhodaSigne Sletten, Kindergarten-Primary Education and Education; Nila BantonSmith, Kindergarten-Primary Education;Isabel Laska Southworth, English; IreneSpitz, History; Helen Ruth Strouse, Kindergarten-Primary Education and Education; Pearl May Tiley, Education andKindergarten-Primary Education; Beatrice Watson, French; Shih Tung Wu,Philosophy ; Roland Yoder, Economics.Members elected to Beta of IllinoisChapter of Alpha Omega Alpha for excellence in the work of the Junior andSenior Year at Rush Medical College:Eustace Lincoln Benjamin, Allan Tits-worth Kenyon, Edward Frank Koter-shall, Mabel Garden Masten.Associate Members elected to SigmaXi on nomination of two Departmentsof Science for evidence of promise ofability in research work in Science:Tomas Padilla Abello, James McClellanBradford, Lucile Capt, Helen Dixon,Mary Alice Goddard, Edith SawyerHammond, Clifford Holley, John LeslieHundley, Sybel Ellen Lee Liu, AlexanderWatt Thomson Loveless, John MorrisonMichener, Robert Gerald McDorman,Felix Nolte, George Joseph Raleigh,Ernest Hocking Runyon, Willie KuhnWeaver, Hsioh Ren Wei.266EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 267Members elected to Sigma Xi onnomination of the Departments of Science for evidence of ability in researchin Science: Charles S. Barrett, MilesLeslie Brewster, George Thornhill Caldwell, Stanislas Chylinski, Clytee RebekahEvans, James Robert Fryer, Joel SamuelGeorges, Roland Wendell Harrison* ElbeHerbert Johnson, Harold Lawrence Mason, Beulah Alexia Plummer, Jesse FrankSchuett, Charles Francis Severin, Cleveland Gillespie Sharp, Bernal RobinsonWeimer, Roger Arliner Young.Members elected to the Beta ofIllinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa onnomination by the University for especialdistinction in general scholarship in theUniversity : Simon Agranat, FrancesLorene Beckwith, Virginius Frank Coe(March, 1926), Calvin Souther Fuller,Bernard Ginsberg (December, 1925),Julius Emanuel Ginsberg, Meyer Goldberg, Daniel Milton Kaufman, MasajiMarumoto, Alcide Louis Rosi, LouisScala (December, 1925), Nila BantonSmith, Eugene Stephens, Beatrice Watson (December, 1925).Degrees were conferred as follows:The Colleges: the degree of Bachelor ofArts, 2 ; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 99; the degree of Bachelor ofScience, 33 ; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Education, 47; the degreeof Bachelor of Philosophy in Commerceand Administration, 10; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Social ServiceAdministration, 3. The Graduate Schoolof Arts and Literature: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 135; the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate DivinitySchool, 14; the degree of Master of Artsin the School of Commerce and Administration, 5 ; the degree of Master of Artsin the Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration, 3. The Ogden GraduateSchool of Science: the degree of Masterof Science, 39. The degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy: In the Graduate School ofArts and Literature, 42; In the OgdenGraduate School of Science, 41 ; In theGraduate Divinity School, 8. Professional Degrees : In the Law School : the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 2 ; the degreeof Doctor of Law, 12. Rush MedicalCollege: for the Four- Year Certificate,20; the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 31.The total number of degrees conferredwas 546.The Convocation Prayer Servicewas held at 10:30 a.m. Sunday, August 29, in Hutchinson Hall. At 11:00 a.m.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, the Convocation Religious Service was held. Thepreacher was Ozora Stearns Davis, Ph.D.,D.D., LL.D., President of the ChicagoTheological Seminary, Chicago, Illinois.ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS'INSTITUTEAt its twelfth meeting, held in Chicago in April, 1924, the American Association of Collegiate Registrars requestedthe University of Chicago to offer a summer course that would enable registrarsto learn, in more detail than was possiblein a three-day convention, what is generally considered to be good practice andprocedure in a well-conducted collegeregistrar's office.At the fourteenth meeting of the association held in Minneapolis last April,the University of Chicago announcedthat it would offer a course for collegeadministrative officers during the firsthalf of the next Summer Quarter, andalso that the last week of this coursewould be an "institute for administrativeofficers of institutions of higher education." Printed programs were mailed toa wide circle of college officers, cordiallyinviting them, in the name of the University, to attend and participate in theconference.On the morning of July 19, in theReynolds Clubhouse, over one hundredcollege administrative officers met for thefirst session of the institute, at whichPresident Mason, of the University ofChicago, extended the official greetings ofthe University, expressing his appreciation of the large attendance.Seven sessions of fifty minutes wereheld daily, similar subjects being assignedto the same hour each day. The firsthour was given over to the technique ofcollege . surveys, when discussions wereled by Professor F. W. Reeves, of theUniversity of Kentucky, who used as histopic his survey of the colleges undercontrol of the Church of the Disciples.The ten o'clock sessions were devoted tosuch subjects as orientation courses forFreshmen and Freshman- week programs.The four discussion leaders were President Elliott of Purdue University, andDr. Charles H. Judd, Dr. L. L. Thur-stone, and Mr. Walter A. Payne, of theUniversity of Chicago. Mr. Ezra L. Gillis,registrar of the University of Kentucky,conducted a series of instructive confer-268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDences on the registrar's office and dutiesat eleven and four-thirty each day.The first two hours of the afternoonsessions were devoted to a series of lectures and discussions especially plannedfor college financial officers. PresidentElliott explained the budget system andits administration, and Mr. Raymond N.Ball, treasurer of the University ofRochester, discussed productive endowment and the care of invested capital.Mr. N. C. Plimpton, auditor of the University of Chicago, presented a detailedexposition of the university balance sheetand the construction and operation of auniversity's budget. Professor H. C. Morrison, of the University of Chicago, gavea discussion of free education and theeducational revenue. At 3 :30 each day aseries of conferences especially plannedfor the college presidents in attendancewere conducted by the chancellor of theUniversity of Buffalo, Dr. Samuel P.Capen. Such subjects as boards of control; indirect control by outside agencies;duties and powers of college presidents;the recruiting, tenure, and administrativefunctions of college faculties; and thespecial problems of the arts collegesformed the basis of the discussions ledby Dr. Capen.One hundred and twenty persons,representing eighty-three different colleges, attended the institute. Among thosein attendance were twenty-two college oruniversity presidents and vice-presidents,twenty-seven deans, thirty-one registrars,twelve financial officers, and twenty-eight employed in various administrativecapacities such as college examiner, director of personnel, and secretary to thefaculty. The geographical distributionof the institutions represented stretchedfrom Middlebury College, in Vermont,to the University of the Philippines andGingling College, Shanghai, China, andfrom the University of British Columbiato the University of Porto Rico.The outstanding feature of the institute was the continued attendancethroughout the day, during the record-breaking hot weather of the week, of allwho had enrolled.Another gratifying feature of theinstitute was that college officers of onegroup showed a commendable interest inthe work and problems of other groupsof college administrators. For example,college presidents attended Mr. Gillis'conference for college registrars, and the registrars remained for discussions dealing primarily with the work of collegefinancial officers and executives.SCIENTISTS HONOREDSeveral University scientists havereceived noteworthy recognition in honors recently accorded them. Dr. ArthurH. Compton, Professor of Physics, hasreceived notification from Rome of hisnomination to the section on Astronomy,Geodesy, and Geophysics of R. Accade-mia Nazionale de Lincei. The nomination will be submitted to the King, andin due time Professor Compton will receive the token and publications of theAcademy. The Academy was founded in1601, and has since been recognized bythe Italian crown.Professor Compton, who receivedhis Doctor's degree from Princeton University in 1 9 16, has been instructor inphysics at the University of Minnesota,research physicist for the WestinghouseLamp Company, national research fellowin physics at Cambridge University, andhead of the department of physics inWashington University, from which hewas called to the University of Chicago.For two years also he was chairman ofthe Committee on X-Rays and Radioactivity of the National Research Council. Dr. Compton is associate editor ofthe Physical Review and author of amonograph on Secondary RadiationsProduced by X-Rays. He is now absenton leave for a year as a GuggenheimFellow.At a recent commencement of theUniversity of Cincinnati, Dr. CharlesJudson Herrick, Professor of Neurology,received the honorary degree of Doctorof Science. Professor Herrick, who is amember of the International Commissionof Brain Research, is the author of a newvolume issued by the University of Chicago Press under the title of Brains ofRats and Men. > ¦ 'Professor Gilbert Ames Bliss, of theDepartment of Mathematics, who hasbeen president of the American Mathematical Society and is a member of theNational Academy of Sciences, was recently elected a member of the AmericanPhilosophical Society in Philadelphia.Dr. Anton J. Carlson, Chairman ofthe Department of Physiology, who is acontributor to the new volume on TheNature of the World and of Man and theauthor of Control of Hunger in Healthand Disease, has been elected to succeedEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 269Professor Julius Stieglitz (resigned) onthe council on pharmacy and chemistryof the American Medical Association. Dr.Carlson was for two years president ofthe American Physiological Society.PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENTL. L. Thurstone, Associate Professorof Psychology, attended the Social Science Conference held at Hanover, NewHampshire during the latter part of thesummer.E. S. Robinson, Associate Professorof Psychology, is to teach at Yale duringthe first semester and at Harvard duringthe second semester of the present academic year.C. W. Darrow, Instructor in Psychology, has joined the staff of the Chicago Behavior Research Institute.Professor Carr, Chairman of theDepartment of Psychology, taught at theintersession of the University of California during the first part of the summer.LIBRARIANS HONOREDAt the recent Fiftieth AnniversaryConference of the American Library Association the following resolutions werepassed."To James Christian Meinich Hanson, long Chief Cataloger of the Libraryof Congress, whose patience and determination as Chairman of the Committeeengaged on a cataloging code finally produced the present Anglo-American Rules.Under his diligent direction were foryears prepared the cards which all libraries have used to such advantage. To hisunwearying industry and genius for detail the work owes its high quality fromthe first and its constant output."To Charles Martel, the presentChief of the Catalog Division of the Library of Congress, a worthy successor toMr. Hanson, who year in and year outhas kept the card work at its high level.True to all the traditions of scholarshipof the National Library, he has allowedneither war nor its aftermath to lowerthe quality or the quantity of the catalogs prepared under his care."DR. CARLSON LECTURESA. J. Carlson and Theodore Kop-panyi attended the International Congress of Physiology in Stockholm inAugust and reported on research work.A. J. Carlson lectured before theAcademy of Medicine in San Franciscoon September 25; before the biological students, University of California, onSeptember 24; and before the medicalstudents and faculty of the Stanford University Medical School on September 23.September 28 he gave two lectures to thestudents and faculty of the University ofColorado Medical School, Denver.NOTED BOTANISTS HEREDuring the week of August 16-23the following members of the Department of Botany attended the International Congress of Plant Sciences at Ithaca, New York : Cowles, Chamberlain,Shull, Link, Noe, Fuller. Papers wereread at the Congress by Cowles, Chamberlain, and Noe. Later a number of thedistinguished European botanists attending the congress were entertained by theUniversity of Chicago. From Chicagothese botanists were conducted on awestern excursion through the RockyMountain and Yellowstone NationalParks by Dr. Geo. D. Fuller.CONFERENCE ON EDUCATIONAND INDUSTRYThe third annual public conferenceon education and industry, at which leaders of some of the nation's greatest industries discussed the outlook for 1927,was held on October 27 at the University under the joint auspices of theUniversity and the Institute of AmericanMeat Packers, the educational, trade, andresearch association of the AmericanMeat Packing industry, and with the cooperation of the Chicago Association ofCommerce, the Commercial Club of Chicago, the Industrial Club, and committees from leading industries of Chicago.Dwight W. Morrow, a member ofJ. P. Morgan and Company, New York,spoke on the "Outlook for Finance."The other speakers and subjects were:W. S. Farish, president of the AmericanPetroleum Institute, "The Oil Industries"; Ernest Robert Graham, memberof Graham, Anderson, Probst and White,"The Building and Construction Industries"; Edwin S. Jordan, president of theJordan Motor Car Company, "The Automobile Industries"; Fred W. Sargent,president of the Chicago and NorthWestern Railway Company, "Transportation." Vice-President Charles G. Dawesintroduced Mr. Morrow as the firstspeaker of the afternoon.Among the industrial and bankingleaders of Chicago who served on a270 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDco-operating committee are John J.Mitchell, president of the Illinois Merchants Trust Company, representing finance; R. R. McCormick, president ofthe Chicago Tribune Company, representing the printing and publishing industries; Robert W. Stewart, chairmanof the board of directors of the StandardOil Company of Indiana, representingthe oil industry; Robert P. Lamont,president of the American Steel Foundries, representing the metal industries;and B. E. Sunny, chairman of the boardof the Illinois Bell Telephone Company,representing the communication industries.HASKELL LECTURESThe Haskell Lectures for this yearwere given August 9-19 by S. Radhak-rishnan, professor of philosophy at theUniversity of Calcutta, upon the generalsubject, "Hinduism." The Haskell Lectures have not customarily been given inthe Summer Quarter. The experimentproved highly successful. The lectureswere well attended by an audience whichcontinued through the series. The subject was treated sympathetically yet objectively, and called out marked appreciation. The lectures may be published bythe University Press.UNIVERSITY PREACHERSOn October 24 and 31 Dr. HaroldL. B. Speight, of King's Chapel, Boston, Massachusetts, was the UniversityPreacher.In November Dr. Lynn HaroldHough, of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, Michigan, willpreach the first two Sundays, and Rev.Wallace Petty, of the First BaptistChurch, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, willpreach the last two.In December Dr. David Bryn Jones,of the Trinity Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota, will preach on thefirst two Sundays, and the ConvocationPreacher on December 19 will be President Bernard I. Bell, of St. Stephen'sCollege, Annandale- on -Hudson, NewYork.SUMMER REGISTRATIONFigures on Summer-Quarter enrolment are given as follows :In the Graduate Schools of Arts,Literature, and Science there were 1,608 men registered and 1,199 women : a totalof 2,807. In the Senior Colleges therewere 615 students, and in the Junior Colleges (including the unclassified), 590: atotal of 1,205.In the Professional Schools therewere 316 Divinity students enrolled; inthe Medical Courses, 154 students; inRush Medical College, 183; in the LawSchool, 173; in the College of Education,746 ; in the School of Commerce and Administration, 199; and in the GraduateSchool of Social Service Administration,80: a total of 1,851.The total for the University, exclusive of duplications, was 2,900 men and2,783 women: a grand total of 5,683, ofwhom 3,467 were graduate students and2,216 undergraduate.FREE EDUCATIONIn a recent address on "Where FreeEducation Should Stop if at All," beforethe Institute for Administrative Officersof Higher Educational Institutions meeting at the University, Professor Henry C.Morrison, of the School of Education,challenged the policy of free or partlyfree higher education for those who canor may become able to pay the entire' cost."We certainly cannot justify freeeducation of children of wealthy families," Professor Morrison asserted. "As Isee students drive up in elaborate automobiles I haven't very much patiencewith the idea that they should be gettingeducation at perhaps a third or half cost.It is not good for them; it is not goodfor the poor boy; and it is bad for thepublic."The argument of keeping tuitiondown is an argument that the professorsshould pay the bill in low salaries," thespeaker declared.A new basis for financing education,termed a "risk plan," was advocated byProfessor Morrison, by which the student would be evaluated as a risk and,after entrance on the selective admissionplan, he would be given aid so that instead of "toiling eight hours in the loopand burning the midnight oil for a sortof college education," he could devote allof his college years to study. He wouldassume a definite obligation to pay theentire bill later if able.a-oftS3- w t-» H t^ t- H O fO a 04 OO • « • lO CO 00 04 ' H . . ¦. . 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I>- VO ^i" tr 1 vo 1> "5f CM tO CO H vC OC t- c IN 00a CO COh »?On m • O 00 CM 0 O On Ov© h vo CM VO VO "<t OC c ^ oc£ H CM .•<*• CN On M H CO CO H 3 t- 0 t- a¦ Q§U H M 04 ^ t- c 00vo On tj- C\ H -sJ-JT-. 0 H t^ -sf H VO t^ to H • • VC 3 C ^ o- t>.w S O 04 04 3 t- lO CO 04 H • • vo OnC/2 H H H • • c ¦*co OnvO 01 O H .t-vov 5 to On Tt" to CO OnvO 00 CM 3 r; ¦• ^ r C (\ lOCO i-oo On "sf co cs O ^ CM CC OC L oc toS Eh H H CM H C 3 W 04 OC c ^ i- ^« 3 tow OH- H CO rj- O V M OO 04 CM VO 00 H tOOO CM vO 3 O C oH £ H On On cr 3 co CM M H M VO -3- CM t> . OC 00 VOH cr 3 VO OC 00 00CMcOOO vo O. ON co co t- CO NNN O lO 00 M • • c IN H ^ i- c&4 S H 04 04 vo rj- H v 3 H CO • • 0 VO VC OnH H H H • • 0 O 003 CM. a ....'31 '£tn< _xi •§fl o: | et5 rji 73%: '.pq :|•idX 03oS3oXI '.'6 #cft2 a0 O-Sta :£'%E § s a 5:tJOwUt 3*3 ft)J5 3*s ii ; 03 '&£"££ :.*a "« 3 "« Ho <u~<U O *"*n Eh o.e¦a HiiJ O Pi'3 «* • ." m 1 Eh ?H %*M&CO 4 to vdATTENDANCE IN SUMMER QUARTER, 1926Graduate UndergraduateArts, Literature, and Science 3,197304138167127 IJ391Divinity School Graduate Medical Schools:Ogden Graduate School of Science 108*27Rush Medical College *19*Law School 62College of Education 869School of Commerce and Administration. 10557 117Graduate School of Social Service Administration. . . 43TotaL 4,095140 2,636Duplicates 59Net Total 3,955 2,577Grand Total 6, ^2* Unclassified students.273INDEXAddresses Delivered at Funeral Servicesfor John Y. Aitchison and Albion W.Small, 109Albion Woodbury Small (Thomas W.Goodspeed), 240Attendance: Autumn, 1925, 87; Winter,1926, 170; Spring, 1926, 221; Summer,1926, 271Award of Fellowships, 1926-27, 210Board of Trustees, The (J. Spencer Dick-erson): adjustments, 106, 238; appointments, 15, 105, 183, 233; the Development Campaign, 17; gifts, 103, 232;leaves of absence, 17, 106, 188, 237;miscellaneous, 18, 107, 190, 238; promotions, 16, 106, 1.85, 237; resignations,17, 107, 189, 237; retirements, 17, 107,189; standing committees, 231; tuitionfees increased, 103; University Statutesamended, 14, 103, 231Burton, Ernest DeWitt, Portrait of, following 176 'Convocation Statement: (President's) ,11, 173, 228; (Vice-President's), 101Cornerstone-Laying of the UniversityChapel and the Dedication of the Whitman Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, The, 197Dedication of Rawson Laboratory (Frederick H. Rawson and Ernest E. Irons),49Ernest DeWitt Burton: The First FiftyYears (T. W. Goodspeed), 19Ernest DeWitt Burton: His Larger Life(Thomas W. Goodspeed), 132Events: Past and Future: alumni reunion, 219; general items, 84, 165, 219,267; the One Hundred Thirty-ninthConvocation, 83; the One HundredFortieth Convocation, 164; the OneHundred Forty-first Convocation, 215;the One Hundred Forty-third Convocation, 266Fellowships, Award of, 1926-27, 210Gilkey, Charles W., The University ofChicago as an International Institution,1 Goodspeed, Thomas W.: Ernest DeWittBurton: The First Fifty Years, 19;Ernest DeWitt Burton: His LargerLife, 132; Albion Woodbury Small, 240Hatton, Augustus Raymond, Representative Government in the Light ofModern Knowledge and Life, 223Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws Conferred upon His Royal Highness theCrown Prince of Sweden, The, 192Illustrations: Bronze Plaque in Honor ofPresident Emeritus Harry Pratt Jud-son, following 176; Bronze Tablet inMemory of Charles L. Hutchinson,facing 176; Ernest DeWitt Burton,facing 19; Conferring the Degree ofDoctor of Laws upon His Royal Highness Gustaf Adolph, Crown Prince ofSweden, facing 173; Charles WhitneyGilkey, facing 1; Portrait of the LatePresident Ernest DeWitt Burton, following 176; Albion Woodbury Small,facing 223; Walter Ansel Strong, facing89Irons, Ernest E., Dedication of RawsonLaboratory, 49John Billings Fiske Prize Poems, The:Village Poems (Sterling North), 294Memorial Exercises for Albion WoodburySmall, 196Newspapers and the New Age (WalterAnsel Strong), 89North, Sterling, Village Poems: TheJohn Billings Fiske Prize Poems, 204President's Convocation Statement, The,11, 173, 228Rawson, Frederick H., Dedication ofRawson Laboratory, 49Representative Government in the Lightof Modern Knowledge and Life (Augustus Raymond Hatton), 223Slye, Maud, Studies in the Nature andInheritability of Cancer, 65Small, Albion W., Addresses Delivered atFuneral Service for, 109Small, Albion Woodbury, Memorial exercises for, 196275276 TEH UNIVERSITY RECORDStrong, Walter Ansel, Newspapers and theNew Age, 89Studies in the Nature and Inheritabilityof Cancer (Maud Slye), 65University of Chicago as an InternationalInstitution, The (Charles W. Gilkey), 1Vice-President's Convocation Statement,The, 101 Village Poems: The John Billings FiskePoems (Sterling North), 204Whitman Laboratory of ExperimentalZoology, Dedication of the, 197Wieboldt Hall Ground-Breaking Exercises, 61Women's Houses of the University ofChicago, 120