The University RecordVolume XII APRIL I 926 Number 2NEWSPAPERS AND THE NEW AGE1By WALTER ANSEL STRONGI am deeply grateful to your President, Mr. Mason, for the honor ofbeing invited to address an audience of this nature ; an audience which Isuppose I may consider a sympathetically critical one. At the same timeI am aware that the honor is one extended to the newspaper profession asa whole.The University of Chicago is one of the three or four greatest inAmerica. During recent years it has emphasized the policy of closer relations with our community, recognizing anew its share of responsibility forthe advancement of the best interests of Chicago. By such a public policyit has not only enriched the columns of the press but has extended its educational work to wider circles of people and has contributed to co-operative effort.To this audience, representing such a tradition and policy, it is apleasure to present a few thoughts bearing upon the best principles ofAmerican journalism and a few suggestions as to how newspapers anduniversities may work together for the benefit of a new age. If there is ahigher education so there is also a higher journalism. Both are foundedupon principles of enlightenment and leadership; both have an ethicalmission in that high sense of a search for truth.In a recent issue of the Chicago Daily News there appeared an editorial on education from which I quote the following :The function of a college is to impart knowledge, develop intellectual power,broaden cultural horizons, and make men and women equal to the demands of social,political, and economic life. Whether lectures, textbooks, tutors, professors, required1 Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Fortieth Convocationof the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 16, 1926.89go THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcourses, free or elective studies, or rational combinations of these alleged alternativesbest promote the goal in view is a question to be settled by practice and careful observation.Youth craves inspiration and spiritual guidance. It is eager, enthusiastic, andplastic. It seeks answers to thousands of problems, and college faculties, with the aidof libraries, research departments, and sound tradition should be able to furnish theanswers— tentative or final as the case may be. The college fails in its essential mission if it does not send forth annually a host of intelligent, tolerant, fair-minded, disciplined young men and women prepared to work, to make sacrifices for whatever isnoble, true, beautiful, and of good report.I submit that the same purposes and ideals can be applied as thestandards of higher journalism in this new age and the same processes ofcareful observation control their development.There have been epochs of journalism corresponding roughly to theepochs of civilization and epochs of intellectual advance. In each ofthese periods there have been cycles, some of them almost hysterical intheir effort to gain an advanced place in influencing opinion; some ofthem, one regrets to say, springing from personal motives which have noplace in the publishing of a newspaper.Newspapers began not long after the invention of printing by movable type had become recognized as a tremendous contribution to sociallife. That early period may be called the pioneering epoch of journalism.Experiments in Europe were quickly followed by the first crude but determined tryouts in the American colonies. Those first efforts were largely offshoots and imitations of the institutions of the sort in England.The first daily newspapers in the New World— the very first of whichappeared in Philadelphia nearly 142 years ago — demonstrated nothingcharacteristically American, unless the evident commercial foundationsof the enterprise should be so construed.However, in a time which a European would consider short — butwhich to the eager American eye is not so short — in other words, withinhalf a century, American journalism was assuming distinct tendencies,developing an individuality which not only broke away from Englishtradition but ever since has influenced the Old World profoundly.There came the days of Bennett, the father of news enterprise in themodern sense. It is an interesting commentary on the journalism of Bennett's time that when his boundless ambition led him to use the increasing. facilities of cable and telegraphic communication to print in his paper —the New York Herald — the first stock and market quotations he was condemned by Wall Street and the financial interests in New York. They declared his methods to be a menace to the very foundations of finance.NEWSPAPERS AND THE NEW AGE 9*A little later came the days of Pulitzer, who made his newspaper ahuman document, who developed appeals to the emotions far more thanmost of his predecessors.In Mr. Pulitzer's biography there are many instances of temperamental, almost radical, personal characteristics which had their influenceupon the forms of newspaper publication. If you desire to understandthe motives of a man who so largely influenced journalism, his biographyis well worth reading.Dana and Greeley are familiar names to the present generation andtheir philosophy and convictions played a large part in the making ofcontemporary history.During this mid-nineteenth-century period the personality and character of these great men were definitely stamped upon the editorial contents of their publications. This has often been called the epoch of "personal journalism." The activities of editor-owners were keyed to, if notin advance of, the times in which they lived and were limited by theprejudices and standards of the Civil War and reconstruction period.I cannot pass this point in my address without paying a tribute toVictor F. Lawson, whose life and work reached far back into the beginning of the development of modern standards of journalism and the beginnings of this city, and extended into the present epoch.Quite apart from his abilities as one of the great outstanding journalists of his age he, in my opinion, had one of the great minds of the time inwhich he lived. With all of his rich experiences of the past behind him hefaced the new age with a sympathetic understanding. Quick to take advantage of the new, he was consistently a searcher after truth. And so Ipay my humble tribute here.The third great epoch, beginning in more recent years, is that of thescientific mechanical advancement of the industry. While Pulitzer andothers, and later Mr. Hearst, were reshaping and recoloring the Americanpress the tremendous impetus given to scientific discovery and their application was remaking the whole business on the mechanical side.The invention and comparative perfection of the linotype, the highspeed rotary press, the stereotyping processes, photo-engraving, and all ofthe contributory devices designed to make the mechanical production of anewspaper in point of speed serve the purpose of increasing demands forimmediate and direct contact with daily affairs resulted in a very muchmore complex and highly competitive problem.In effect, newspaper-making has become to a large degree a manu-02 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfacturing business. A single issue of the Chicago Daily News costs from$30,000 to $40,000.One must understand the complexity of the manufacturing problemof the newspaper in order to appreciate more fully the limitations of thepublishing business. Between sunrise and sunset each day the DailyNews organization, comprising over 1,200 people engaged in the editorialand mechanical operations, 7,000 newsboys, 6,000 carrier boys, and analmost infinite number of dealers, train boys, storekeepers, and otherindividuals as the circle of distribution widens must convert, by the process of manufacturing, selling, and delivering, approximately 200 tons ofwhite paper into 400,000 three-quarter-pound to pound packages for asmany individuals. Each one of these individuals has a different habit ofbuying. He or she may pass the corner of State and Madison streets atsix and one-half minutes past five o'clock and is likely to insist upon buying the final edition.The good-will of a newspaper is so dependent upon rendering theservice demanded by the individual paper buyer that the paper must beat State and Madison on time.Once the deadlines are reached, the preliminary mechanical processof giving plates to the pressroom completed, and the wheels start to turn,there begins a complicated system of delivery widening in concentric circles in order that delivery points of varying distances may be reachedsimultaneously and the demands of the public for the latest news be supplied without upsetting the normal scheduled flow of the delivery system.The issue of a metropolitan newspaper when it goes to press is thefocal point of a concentrated effort of literally hundreds of minds whosecontributions to its contents have, by a system of editorial controls, gonethrough a remarkably thorough process of elimination. You must thenconsider the speed required all along the line and the fact that therecomes into a newspaper office each day enough material to fill two papersthe size of the one that is published, 250,000 words, not including the advertising. To accomplish all of this the multiple units of a great printingplant must travel at a lineal speed of fifty miles per hour on many unitsto run through the 7,500 miles of paper which must pass through theirfolders.This perhaps gives but a meager picture of the newspaper as a manu:facturing business, but it must convince you that there are extenuatingcircumstances attending the occasional failure of this system; it mustconvince you, too, that the newspaper that you buy for a fraction of itsNEWSPAPERS AND THE NEW AGE 93cost on the street, when you want it, is the result of a remarkably efficientmanufacturing process.One of the frequent observations of the critics of newspapers who donot take a broad view of the situation is to the effect that "there is toomuch advertising." Their remarks are often prefaced by the sympatheticapology that "of course advertising is a necessary nuisance." Quite thecontrary! Advertising in this generation, this new age, has established aplace for itself in the economic scheme by which increased production anddistribution have been established in the buying markets of the country.There is a vital reader interest in the advertising contents of thepresent-day newspaper and it is governed by the same moral principles asapplied to editorial matter. Reader confidence is the foundation of advertising values. Consider for a moment that in its classified-advertising columns an individual may get a job, may rent a room, buy a house, sell hisautomobile, or buy a baby carriage. In effect, the newspaper is a memberof the family. It shares the family problems and serves the family needs.It is very often true that in a single column of classified advertising a million dollars in value is offered for sale. There are many good stories oflife-struggles and successes and sentiments in the classified columns.In the display columns are offered the household needs of all kinds,luxuries and amusements — yes — educational forces. It has been said thatadvertising has made this nation brush its teeth.I make these allusions to induce the critic to consider with greatertolerance all of the service functions of a newspaper.Obviously, with this growth of interest on the part of the readingpublic, the increased use of telephone and telegraph communication,speedier methods of delivery in circulation, far greater distribution areasin the great metropolitan cities, there came the necessity of creating andreaching a new reading public. To this effort, assisted by far-reachingagencies, there is due much of the confusion in viewpoint and much ofwhat critics call misdirected ambition.It is important to remember that 75 per cent of the people who canread, read nothing but newspapers, and the remaining 2 5 per cent devoteto their newspapers a very large percentage of the time given to readingof any kind. With such figures in view one may better comprehend thegreat responsibility placed upon the press.It can create or destroy, almost at will, not merely individuals, butinstitutions. The press can start wars — though it may find it more diffi-94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcult to stop them. In every community the more powerful newspapers become pocket guides to the public conscience — friends of the people.With this potential power at hand, what a solemn necessity there isthat they be true friends!Having become a gigantic commercial institution in which many millions are invested, and at the same time an influence in millions of lives,the American press is still in the throes of re-establishing itself in accordwith new conditions. Operating in a new age, glistening with new methods of communication, and characterized by salient social changes, puzzling even to sociologists, the newspapers are working toward some goalalmost too dim to be discerned. Yet concerning such a goal one may indulge in a few speculations. It is difficult to define American newspapersor to generalize about them; difficult to state facts. I believe one of yourown distinguished sociologists, Professor Robert E. Park, has written tothe effect that "We do not know much about the newspaper. It has neverbeen studied."A newspaper, after all, is like the nervous system, in which are registered the myriad contacts with life and human action. It is, then, as difficult to study the functions of a newspaper as to study the chemistry ofthought-processes.It may therefore be maintained that a fourth epoch is about to beentered upon, or may already have been, by the American press. Thepioneering days ended years ago. The day of "personal journalism" ispassing. The period of acquiring great mechanical agencies, of establishing bases, will give way — or is already doing so — to a fourth great era, inwhich one may be optimistic enough to think that the newspapers willtake their true place as a social, intellectual, educative force. Certainlypublications which have become so essential and, among some classes, soexclusively employed for absorbing information,, entertainment, and evenmoral principles must erect new structures of greater durability and valueupon the more temporary frameworks of the era of experiment.Having captured the public, the newspapers as a body must now recognize an immense responsibility to the captives. I trust it is not too fantastic to compare this responsibility to that of the invaders and conquerors of new continents. The captors owe to the captives an education atthe very least.Now many of the leading newspapers in this epoch of great circulation have already recognized such a responsibility. The best of them, Ibelieve, divide their conception of duty toward the public into perhapsthree points: (i) information, (2) guidance, (3) entertainment.NEWSPAPERS AND THE NEW AGE 95Information first and foremost. Despite the disproportion assignedby some kinds of papers to other departments, the high average of theAmerican press stands fast upon principles of information, impartiallyand fully presented.Permit me to make at this point an unequivocal statement in defenseof American journalism. I will not debate it. In my opinion it is not debatable.Having demonstrated the fact that personal journalism serving anulterior motive cannot succeed in this new age, and having establishedtheir independence on a sound commercial basis, the great majority ofnewspapers in the United States are serving the people conscientiouslyand uninfluenced and unafraid of the financial loss so often given by theircritics as the reason for so-called subsidized editorial policies or newsstatements of facts with which the critic does not agree.I say it is a great tribute to the development of American journalismthat we have more honest newspapers today by far than existed even fifteen years ago. If you desire to compare this situation with thirty andforty years ago you have only to refer to the files of the then currentissues of great metropolitan dailies to be shocked into the realization thatjournalism today has a more creditable position among those influencesthat contribute to the advancement of culture and the public conscience.A newspaper may be wrong in its judgment, but it must be sincere.The majority of American newspapers are sincere — far less cynical thantheir critics, although their opportunities for criticism are unlimited.I am not afraid, in this public manner, to make a statement, byway of illustration, in answer to the criticism often advanced by manyintelligent and good people: "Crime news — Why do the newspapers printthe stuff?"A newspaper man, if he has a high conception of his duty to the public as a "searcher after the truth," must take the unalterable position thatthe fact of crime is a part of the phenomena of our human relations in theexperimental laboratory of life, and in this laboratory there has resultedan ever increasing accumulation of higher standards.One must have an abiding faith in the eternal Tightness of the massmind (which usually takes ten years to digest a new idea and reduce it toa moral principle of action or belief) — I say, an abiding faith in order topreserve his faith in human nature and the progress of the race. It hasbeen said that it takes fifty years to reduce the facts of contemporary history in the making to a historical record in which the relative value ofthese facts is finally determined. If the mass mind cannot stand the pres-96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDentation of facts of crime there is no hope for civilization. The mass mindis right in its long process of thoughtful analysis, and our puny effort toadd one fact or deduct another is an evasion of the question.Those who would avoid the issue in this manner are propagandists ofdelusion."Yes, but why print so much of it?" That is a fair question. Oncea newspaper exceeds the fact, romanticizes, or colors the story until itassumes distorted, even heroic, proportions, it has failed in its trust. Anda new principle must be adopted by American journalism to control theexploitation of crime and to answer fairly the just criticism on thissubject.I need not develop further the information duty of a newspaper. Itis the best-understood principle in modern journalism and runs back tothe inalienable rights, which include the doctrine of free speech, established in the Constitution.Guidance, second. I recently heard six presidents of universitiesspeak at the same dinner and without exception give testimony to thepartial, if not total, failure of the present university program in the modern educational system.It was very entertaining — even amusing — but hopeful. The realization of the inadequacy of our medium or system is a good beginning. Ipresume^ therefore, I should begin my attempt to analyze the guidanceprinciples of a newspaper with a confession of inadequacy.At best, newspapers are structures exhibiting all the failings of humannature. The intellectual public endows a newspaper with superhumanpowers of influence. That class thinks of a newspaper in terms of its ownlikes and dislikes, not regarding the many varieties of opinion, of taste, upor down the scale. After all, a newspaper can only lead — it cannot push.If it leads too far in the vanguard it is likely to find itself in the splendidisolation of a too-advanced idealism. Cyrus H. K. Curtis on one occasionlistened intently to a friend who congratulated him on the current issueof the Saturday Evening Post, saying, "I read every story with keen interest." Mr. Curtis replied, "There is something wrong. I must speak to myeditors. There was only one story in that issue for you."Remember this with tolerance when you read a newspaper. There isenough for every member of the human family — only a small amount foryou. If you read all of a single issue of the Daily News it would takefourteen hours, and your sleep would be seriously interfered with, if notyour mental stability.NEWSPAPERS AND THE NEW AGE 97But seriously, it is the duty of a newspaper to interpret, to clarify,public events and lead the public conscience in terms that can be understood by the mass mind. A study of the departments of a newspaper suchas those on health, schools, social movements, politics, religion, in a hundred better-class American newspapers, would reveal an astoundingamount of matter distinctly of educational guidance value rather than ofnews or entertainment value.By way of illustration, some such quality may be claimed for the system of correspondence from foreign lands — a very significant movementof the American press of the last thirty years,What great international movements, what political scientists andothers, owe to the foreign bureaus of American newspapers is quite beyond determination.Had not some of the leading American newspapers — among them, Iam proud to say, the Chicago Daily News — recognized such an international duty, the ignorance of our people concerning Europe and worldaffairs would be in this year, 1926, too dense to contemplate withoutshame. And further, in this year 1926 this duty remains for the futureone of the greatest responsibilities of the American press.Locarno, the World Court, the permanent seats on the League Council, the French Cabinet, the English manufacturing and labor subsidies,the underlying economic values of the pound sterling, the franc, and themark — what do they mean?They mean much more in their effect upon the world's solvency,financially, politically, and spiritually, than the American public is awareof. It is the duty of the American press to face the facts whether or notthey lead to bankruptcy in any of these departments, because it is only byour realization of the expanded responsibilities of the United States, thecreditor nation of the world, that, possibly, we can avoid the serious effects of an economic and political war. Such a war would be far-reachingand subtle in its disintegrating influences on the structure of our presentcivilization.A newspaper, in my belief, can be thorough, can be candid, but cannot be iconoclastic.An iconoclast is one who seeks to destroy established beliefs orcustoms.Again, to make liberal use of material already published in the DailyNews:98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDScholarship recognizes the critical mind as its most valuable aid in scientific investigation. The essentials of the mind constructively critical are tolerance, patience,persistence, hatred of propaganda, and unfaltering devotion to the truth. The criticalmind of this type is the first prerequisite to the advancement of science and theachievement of knowledge.There is another type of mind, however, which parades itself as critical andwhich is popular in the fringe about the real world of science, art, literature, politics,and newspapers. An analysis reveals that it is not only essentially negative, but alsodestructive. The destructively critical mind likes to classify itself as radical. It scoffsat institutionalized religion, ridicules organized society, sneers at the motives of allpublic servants, and grows red with rage over the economic system. It condemnseverybody and everything except its own type, yet suggests nothing to take the placeof what it condemns.The destructionist is especially popular today because times are more or less unsettled and changes in all phases of life are rapid. His mind is often keen, althoughsuperficial, and he has a clever phraseology that turns each half-truth into an epigram. He quickly gathers about himself a group of admirers who sing his praises.Soon the destructionist, who may have started on his career with an honest desire toconduct a crusade, imagines himself a supercritic, and so he is bent on smashing everything.He is devoid of the creative faculty. His activities/if measured by his ability toregenerate, build up, would soon be accorded their proper level. To create a desert,to put civilization on a dead center, to throw progress in reverse gear may have spectacular consequences, but they will not be pleasant.If I may suppose there to be a few debutant iconoclasts in the present company, I appeal to them not to become destructionists. It werebetter to risk even being called conventional or pedantic.In the third field, that of entertainment, disproportion is shown bysome newspapers willing to go to any length to amuse or to shock readersinto a rush to the newspaper bargain counter. The better class of editorsor publishers place entertainment third, yet they keep it in the trio because when newspapers are already one of two or three chief mediums ofamusement they cannot turn back — they must, rather, entertain in afashion which does not at the same time debase.Yet with all that even a moderate account may credit to newspapersin being educational mediums, there is opportunity to enter upon a newstage of service to society. It is in this that newspapers need to absorbsomething of what is called the university spirit. If I understand the university spirit of today it is to seek, with free mind and unquenchable zeal,for the facts of life; to place in the hands of man that greatest equipmentfor his own control — knowledge of himself, his past, and his inner nature.NEWSPAPERS AND THE NEW AGE 99In a sense, newspapers are already research institutions, workingwith as much zeal and honesty as the scientist, but under different conditions, and confronted inevitably and constantly by "deadlines." It is atask whose very difficulty thrills some of us. We must approximate results comparable with those obtained by men of far greater leisure andfreedom from interruption.I am sure that we of the press gain by our increasing insight intomethods like that of your own great university in harmonizing a largegroup of men and women in a newspaper organization into a unified effort.It is groups, not individuals or stereotyped systems or paper structures or even monumental explosions of effort, which do the real work ofthe world.I believe that there is growing, among newspaper men of the moreearnest nature, a zeal to build, upon the great achievements of the past,saner and more scientific journals in the new age. Whether or not thisgrowing sincerity and sense of duty will result in modifying the frenzywhich has sometimes attended the business of daily journalism one cannot speculate. Perhaps the wheels cannot be turned back. Perhaps wecannot slow down. But at least so far as modern conditions admit, amidconditions of competition entirely normal in such an age as this, we maymake a more determined effort to understand, and perhaps in some degree to adopt, the careful, methodical, and sane custom and viewpoints ofthe scientists.I say we can seek to understand these things, and then apply them asfar as possible, fn return, may I appeal to this University, to other universities, to intellectual circles of all kinds, to make an effort to understand newspapers — what they mean in society, their limitations, theirvirtues — for I insist that they have virtues.If it is true, as Professor Park says, that the newspapers have neverbeen studied, let them be studied. Accept them, good and bad, as manifestations of a period of which, after all, only a few people despair; aperiod vividly interesting, if only because it is our own new age.After all, we as individuals, and newspapers as a group, must followthe road of human endeavor with all the other individuals and institutions, whether they be churches, universities, businesses, cities, or nations.Some lead out in front where the way is far from clear. Some trudgeIOO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDalong in the beaten path. Some go off on futile excursions of their own,while some look on by the side of the road.What a wonderful picture of opportunity it is to live in our city, ourcountry, today, and help make the road run straight and true far into thefuture. And whenThe tumult and the shouting dies,The Captains and the Kings depart,the memorial which will rise by the side of the road will be carved forhim who searches for the truth in the service of mankind.THE VICE-PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT1In the quarterly statement made at the Convocation held last September mention was made of the recent death of Mr. Victor Lawson, agreat citizen and a great publisher and editor who had, in his lifetime andin his bequests, been a generous supporter of many good causes, particularly of the Chicago Theological Seminary affiliated with the University.Following Mr. Lawson's death there was very general solicitude on thepart of good citizens that Mr. Lawson's great enterprise, so important forthe giving of impartial information and for supporting the best things incivic life, should be continued under management as public-spirited andbroad-minded as had marked its career in the past. Apprehension wasfelt lest it should fall into hands less concerned for the higher standardsof journalism. There was very great satisfaction when it was announcedthat Mr. Strong had not only the disposition but the courage to carry onthe highly responsible task which he saw confronting him, and when wefurther learned that he had secured the needed support. Our confidencehas been strengthened by the address in which Mr. Strong has allowedus to share his ideas and hopes. We thank him for this address and wishstrength to his arm as he takes the sword which Mr. Valiant-for-Truthlaid down.Rev. John Young Aitchison, assistant to the President of the University, died suddenly March 15, 1926, while on his way to his office. Dr.Aitchison was born May 27, 1868, received his Bachelor of Arts degreefrom Des Moines in 1893, was a student in the Divinity School of thisUniversity, 1893-96, served in the ministry and as secretary of varioushome and foreign missionary societies of the Baptist churches, and cameto the University to be associated with President Burton in September,1924. He had co-operated with President Burton and President Masonin plans for the development of the University and in making the University known to citizens of Chicago. His fine spirit, his gracious personality, his devotion to the University, and especially the charm and sincerity of his manner and speech made friends everywhere for himself and1 Read at the One Hundred Fortieth Convocation, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 16, 1926.101102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfor the University. In his death the University has met with a great loss.In accordance with our custom let us rise in memory of our friend andcolleague.During the present Quarter the Development Campaign has madesteady progress and the amount now subscribed is $7,421,550.64, including the $2,000,000 pledged conditionally by the General EducationBoard. The total number of subscriptions for the fund is now more than11,000, and the Committee of Citizens consists of 128 of the leading menand women of Chicago. The Alumni Fund has reached a total of $1,881,-000, leaving $119,000 yet to be obtained if the two-million quota is to bereached. To the above amounts which are available for the DevelopmentFund should be added also restricted gifts which have been made forother purposes. These total $1,199,681.The total attendance this Quarter has been 7,501 (men, 3,874;women, 3,627). This is an increase of 268 over the Winter Quarter oflast year. The principal increase has been in graduate students, of whomthere are 229 more in residence on the quadrangles and in Rush MedicalCollege than a year ago. The registration in our Graduate Schools ofArts, Literature, and Science for the Quarter numbered 1,253. The registration of graduate students in the professional schools brought the totalnumber of graduate students to 2,610. The undergraduate students numbered 4,891. As was pointed out in a recent statement to the Board ofTrustees covering the period of the past three years, there has been asteady increase of approximately 10 per cent annually in the graduateregistration, alike in the Graduate Schools of Arts and Literature andin the professional schools, while the undergraduate registration has remained substantially at the same figures.In conclusion I cannot, on behalf of the University, say farewell toyou who have just received the diplomas, the symbols of your life andwork in the University, without assuring you of the continuous interestwhich the University must have in your future welfare and likewise ofits best wishes for your success as you leave to become citizens of the republic of letters and also, we trust, good citizens of the commonwealth.May you in turn, to repeat the words which you have already heard inanother tongue, cherish your Alma Mater with reverence and affection.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryUNIVERSITY STATUTES AMENDEDOwing to the retirement of Dean Marion Talbot on July i, 1925, theoffice of Dean of Women was changed to that of Chairman of the Women's Council. In order that the Statutes may conform to the presentsituation, they have been amended, and in all places where the words"Dean of Women" appeared the words "Chairman of the Women'sCouncil" have been substituted.Upon the recommendation of the University Senate, the Statuteshave been amended by the addition of the words "The Board of University Extension" in Article XIII, Section I, of Statute 13. The purposeof this amendment is to provide a board which shall give advice to, andshare responsibility for, the work of the Home-Study Department.TUITION FEES INCREASEDTuition fees have been increased beginning with the Summer Quarter, 1926, as follows: Undergraduate tuition, from $75 to $90 per quarter; medical tuition, from $80 to $90 per quarter; law tuition, from $80to $90 per quarter; graduate tuition, from $20 to $30 for one major, and$60 for two or more majors. (Rush Medical College tuition, now $90 perquarter, remains unchanged.)The tuition fees in the Home-Study Department have been increased,beginning July 1, 1926, as follows: For one major, $25; for two majors,$47; for three majors, $65.GIFTSMr. Charles Coit has given to the University the sum of $500, to beknown as "The Clara M. Coit Loan Fund for Medical Students," inmemory of his mother. It is his wish that the "fund be administered toaid needy students who give promise of unusual service in medicine."The Delta Sigma Alumnae Association has given to the University$700 to establish the Delta Sigma Alumnae Educational Fund, as a "perpetual loan fund to assist worthy young women in acquiring an education in the University of Chicago."The Esoteric Alumnae Association of the University of Chicago hasgiven approximately $4,700 to the University to constitute a fund to beknown as "The Esoteric Alumnae Scholarship." It is the intention of the103104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDassociation that the net income from the fund is to apply upon the tuitionof one or more women students. It is the understanding "that the qualifications for the appointment to the scholarship shall not be limited toscholarship alone, but shall include personality and character as well."At the January meeting the Board of Trustees accepted the gift ofMr. Reuben H. Donnelley of $1,500 a year for the next three years tocreate a fellowship to be known as "The Laura Thorne Donnelley Fellowship" in the Department of Physiology, under Dr. A. J. Carlson.The Fleischmann Company, of New York, has contributed $7,000to continue its fellowship under the direction of Professors Carlson andKoch in research in the physiological and biochemical properties of yeast.The Carnegie Corporation has appropriated $3,500 to continue thework in the Department of Art for which it made a similar appropriationin 1925.The Friendship Fund, Incorporated, has extended its grant of $5,000a year for three years from July 1, 1926.The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation has appropriated, for the year beginning July 1, 1926, $30,000 for the study of themethods of civic education employed in various countries.Mr. Walter G. Zoller has given to the University the sum of $5,000to be used "for the relief of the poor from diseases of the teeth," with theunderstanding that it be "applied in defraying the expenses of professional services, teaching or research."A portrait of Professor A. C. McLaughlin, head of the Departmentof History, by Malcolm Parcell, who is also painting the portrait of thelate President Burton, has been presented to the University by membersof the faculties.Mr. Michelson reported to the Board at its February meeting the"important service of Mr. Elmer A. Sperry, of the Sperry GyroscopeCompany," attributing "a large measure of the success of last year'swork on Mount Wilson to the magnificent arc light which Mr. Sperryloaned for the purpose." Mr. Sperry has also donated two revolving mirrors, guaranteed to run at the speed of 46,000 turns a minute, for thework which Mr. Michelson is carrying on in the Department of Physics.Miss Edith Rickert, of the Department of English, has given to theUniversity a collection of approximately 500 photographs and 350 slidesillustrating Chaucer, to be known as "The Croxton Collection of Slidesand Photographs," in memory of S. W. Croxton, of Cleveland, Ohio.A gift of a series of transections of the eye has been received fromProfessor Doctor O. Schnaudigel, director of the Universitate-Augen-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES i°5klinik, Frankfurt, Germany, as an expression of his gratitude for receiving the Journal of Ophthalmology during the past five years. This giftis of great value from the point of view of comparative anatomy.An additional gift from Dr. Frank Billings of $96.55, being a subscription for periodicals for the Billings Memorial Library, has beenreceived.The gift of a set of publications of the Yale Medical School has beenreceived through the General Education Board.APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments to the faculties, in addition to reappointments, were made during the Winter Quarter :F. C. Woodward, of the Law School, as Vice-President of the University, from April 1, 1926.Dr. E. V. L. Brown, Professor in the Department of Surgery of theGraduate School of Medicine of the Ogden Graduate School of Science,on a part-time basis from October 1, 1926.Dr. A. Baird Hastings, Professor in the Department of Physiological Chemistry, from July 1, 1926.D. C. Holtom, Visiting Professor in the Department of Church History in the Divinity School, for the Winter Quarter, 1926.Gustav Krueger, of Giessen, Visiting Professor in the Department ofChurch History in the Divinity School, for the Spring Quarter, 1926.W. C. Graham, Associate Professor of Old Testament Languagesand Literatures, from July 1, 1926.Ernest J. Chave, Assistant Professor of Religious Education in theDepartment of Practical Theology in the Divinity School, for threeyears from July 1, 1926.Dr. Louis Leiter, Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine,for four years from July 1, 1926.Dr. Samuel Dickey, Instructor in the Department of New. Testament in the Divinity School, for the Spring Quarter, 1926.Siegfried Maurer, Instructor in the Department of Pathology, forone year from January 1, 1926.John A. Nietz, Instructor in the Department of Education in theSchool of Education, for the Spring Quarter, 1926.Kenneth H. Collins, Associate in the Department of Pharmacologyand Physiological Chemistry, for three quarters to September, 1926.Dr. Malcolm A. Kemper, Clinical Associate in the Department ofMedicine of Rush Medical College, from January 1, to June 30, 1926.io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGertrude Gilman, Teacher in the University High School, for theWinter and Spring Quarters, 1926.Chauncey S. Boucher, Dean of the Colleges for the Spring Quarter,1926.Harvey A. Carr, Chairman of the Department of Psychology, forone year from April 1, 1926.E. S. Robinson, Secretary of the Department of Psychology, for oneyear from April 1, 1926.Dr. William Bloom, Douglas Smith Fellow in the Department ofAnatomy, under the direction of Professor Maximow, for one year fromMarch 15, 1926.Paul L. Cramer, Research Chemist in the Institute of AmericanMeat Packers, for one year from February 1, 1926.Charles Doak Lowry, Jr., Research Chemist in the Institute ofAmerican Meat Packers, for one year from October 1, 1925.Dr. W. C. Bitting, of St. Louis, to give instruction in Homiletics, inthe Divinity School, during the Spring Quarter, 1926.PROMOTIONThe following was promoted to the rank named during the WinterQuarter:Clarence E. Parmenter, to be Associate Professor in the Departmentof Romance Languages and Literatures, from April 1, 1926.LEAVE OF ABSENCELeave of absence was granted to the following by the Board ofTrustees during the Winter Quarter:Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Dean of the Colleges and Professor in theDepartment of Romance Languages and Literatures, for the WinterQuarter, 1926.ADJUSTMENTSProfessor James O. McKinsey, in the School of Commerce and Administration, has been placed on a half-time basis for five years fromOctober 1, 1926.The following changes in the titles of certain members of the Facultyof the Divinity School have been made during the Winter Quarter:Shailer Mathews, from Professor of Historical and ComparativeTheology to Professor of Historical Theology.John M. Artman, to Professor of Religious Education, omitting"Director of Vocational Training."Charles Thomas Holman, to Assistant Professor of Pastoral Dutiesand Director of Vocational Training; Extension Secretary.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 107RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations were accepted by the Board of Trusteesduring the Winter Quarter:Henry Justin Smith, as Assistant to the President, effective February1, i926-James Hayden Tufts, as Vice-President of the University and Deanof the Faculties, effective April 1, 1926.E. H. Wilkins, as Dean of the Colleges, effective April 1, 1926.RETIREMENTThe following retirement was acted upon by the Board of Trusteesduring the Winter Quarter:Dr. William H. Wilder, as Clinical Professor and Chairman of theDepartment of Ophthalmology in Rush Medical College, effective July1, 1926.MISCELLANEOUSAt the January meeting of the Board of Trustees it was voted to increase the appropriation in the budget for 1926-27 to provide for additional honor scholarships in the Colleges, the amounts of the scholarshipsand the method of their distribution to be arranged by the President ofthe University.The attendance during the Autumn Quarter, 1925, showed a total of7,897 students in all departments of the University, including UniversityCollege and Rush Medical College, but exclusive of the Home StudyDepartment. This is a net gain of 262 students over the Autumn Quarter, 1924, the increase being chiefly in the Graduate Schools and Collegesof Arts, Literature, and Science. Of the 7,897 students reported, 4,051were men, and 3,846 were women. This attendance was the largest inany quarter during the history of the University.At the January and February meetings of the Board the entire seriesof By-laws of the Board of Trustees was revised and amended. In general this was done to make the By-laws conform to present practice andto clarify the language used.Six additional apartments in the building on Fifty-sixth Street, nearUniversity Avenue, have been set aside for the use of married graduatestudents, to be ready for occupancy on April 1, 1926.The Board voted that Monday, April 5, shall be the date for thededication of the Theology Building.On January 6, 1926, the City Council amended the building codeto provide for the building of the proposed grandstands on Stagg Field,the present code having no provision for the adopted type of construction.io8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAt the March meeting of the Board of Trustees it was voted to authorize the letting of contracts for the erection of the additional grandstands on Stagg Field.Of the Committee of Citizens of the Committee on Development,the following persons have been appointed as an Executive Committee:Bernard E. Sunny, chairman; Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, vice-chairman;Joseph H. Defrees, vice-chairman; Mrs. Arthur Meeker, vice-chairman;Augustus S. Peabody, vice-chairman; John F. Moulds, executive secretary; Sewell L. Avery, Mrs. Jacob Baur, Dr. Frank Billings, GeneralAbel Davis, David Evans, Howard W. Fenton, Charles M. Kittle, HarryL. Monroe, Marvin Pool, and Frank O. Wetmore.The remainder, $769.56, of the funds contributed in 1917 for thepurpose of establishing an ambulance company laboratory fund, hasbeen transferred to the Development Fund in accordance with the suggestion of Captain Elbert Clark, who was instrumental in collecting thefund.The University Statutes having been amended to include a "Boardof University Extension," the following have been appointed as membersof the board: Ex-officio, the President of the University, the Recorder,and H. F. Mallory; additional, H. C. Cowles, Algernon Coleman, E. T.Filbey, F. A. Kingsbury, C. H. Judd, H. I. Schlesinger, and J. M. P.Smith.Dean James H. Tufts, at the close of his service as Vice-Presidentof the University and Dean of the Faculties, presented a report to theBoard of Trustees showing some aspects of the educational condition ofthe University. As regards the moral and religious conditions in the University he reports certain improvements, mainly in connection with theuse of intoxicating liquors and in the chapel services for undergraduates.The relations of the University with the city and with the Alumni he believes have been strengthened. His survey of the situation in the variousschools and colleges indicates a steady increase in the numbers of graduate students, and either a decrease, or no change, in the numbers of theundergraduate students. He finds that several departments have beenstrengthened by the addition of new men, and that some have been weakened by the loss of outstanding men through retirement. In concludinghis report, Dean Tufts states that "the general morale of the Universitymade a decided gain at the opening of President Burton's administrationand continued to move on an upward curve until President Burton'sdeath. The general spirit at present is one of cordial support for the administration. The outlook for the future is hopeful."ADDRESSES DELIVERED AT FUNERALSERVICES FOR JOHN Y. AITCHISONAND ALBION W. SMALLFuneral services for Dr. John Y. Aitchison, Assistant to the President, who died suddenly March 15 on his way to the downtown offices ofthe University, were held March 18 at the Hyde Park Baptist Church.Ceremonies for Albion W. Small, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, whodied of heart disease March 24, were held in Mandel Hall on March 26.On both occasions Rev. Charles W. Gilkey paid high tribute to thedeceased. At Dr. Aitchison's funeral Rev. N. L. Tibbetts presided, andDr. Gilkey, W. H. Bowler, and Vice-President F. C. Woodward spoke.President Emeritus Harry Pratt Judson presided at the services for Dr.Small, and addresses were given by Professor James H. Tufts, Dr. Nathaniel Butler, and Rev. Charles W. Gilkey.Pallbearers at Dr. Aitchison's funeral were: Dr. Nathaniel Butler,Professor J. M. P. Smith, John Moulds, W. T. Stout, Professor H. F.Mallory, Dean Emery F. Filbey. At Professor Small's funeral DeanGordon J. Laing, Professor E. W. Burgess, Professor Ellsworth Faris,Professor Robert E. Park, C. T. B. Goodspeed, and Frank McNair actedas pallbearers.A statement concerning Dr. Aitchison's death by Professor James H.Tufts, then vice-president of the University, was as follows:Dr. Aitchison joined the University staff September 1, 1924. When Dr. Burtonbecame president and saw the need for enlarged resources he decided that he musthave a colleague to advise with him and assist him in the task of making the University known. Dr. Aitchison had been a student here in the Divinity School, and socould enter into the work with an intelligent grasp of the situation as well as witha deep loyalty. He at once made friends with all members of the University withwhom he came in contact. He was a man of marked ability in organization; hispersonality was characterized by refinement of manner, geniality, and sincerity, andhe rapidly proved just the man for the place. His death is a very great loss to theUniversity, and I do not know where we can look for a successor.The following addresses were made at Dr. Aitchison's funeral:PROFESSOR F. C. WOODWARDIn the absence of President Mason I desire, briefly, but from theheart, to express the deep sorrow of the University community in the loss109no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof our colleague and friend, and to pay to his memory the tribute of ourgratitude and affection.When, some two years ago, it was determined to make a vigorousand sustained effort to bring home to the people of Chicago and the Middle West a real knowledge of the University and to awaken them to thesplendid opportunity of co-operating in the work here being carried onfor the benefit of mankind, President Burton turned at once for assistance to his old friend with whose eminently successful work for the Baptist church he was thoroughly familiar.Dr. Aitchison, personally devoted to President Burton and sympathetic to the point of enthusiasm with his purposes and ideals, acceptedthe call and entered upon the performance of his duties in September,1924. For only eighteen months was he permitted to serve the University. And for a large part of the time he was sadly handicapped by thedeath of Dr. Burton and the resulting period of uncertainty. One mightsuppose that he had an opportunity to make hardly more than a beginning in the accomplishment of the great task which confronted him. Butsuch was the intelligence, the tact, the energy, the courage, which hebrought to his daily work that it can be said with moderation that hisservice was distinguished— and not only distinguished, but invaluable.Supported by an abiding faith both in the cause which he represented and in the right-mindedness and generosity of his fellow-men, hewould not, in the most discouraging circumstances, permit himself to bediscouraged. With patient courtesy he disarmed hostility. With skilfulclarity and force of exposition he awakened interest; with infectious enthusiasm he converted interest into co-operation. His devoted industryresulted in splendid additions to the resources of the University. Andmore than that — far more than that — he made many good friends for theUniversity. As long as the University endures it will enjoy the fruits ofhis labor.And in making friends for the University he made friends for himself. He won the confidence and affection of us all. Particularly — andthis signifies much — he won the confidence and affection of the young.Nowhere, I venture to say, outside of his own home, has his passingcaused more poignant grief than among the young men and women inthe downtown office where he had his desk. They knew him well; theyloved him well.Not long ago I heard a member of the Board of Trustees express thewish that we had more Dr. Aitchisons. Now we have lost the one Dr.FUNERAL ADDRESSES illAitchison whom we had. But we shall not soon forget to be grateful forhis friendship and his service. We shall not soon cease to pay affectionate homage to his memory.DR. CHARLES W. GILKEYAt the close of a long and difficult Board meeting during those controversial days when Dr. Aitchison was the secretary of our BaptistBoard of Promotion, one of the woman members of the Board remarkedof him: "He is a Christian gentleman if ever there was one." She hadput into words the dominant impression he left upon all those who weremost closely associated with him; and it is remarkable how often thatimpression crystallized into the significant phrase, "a Christian gentleman." His finely chiseled features, his quiet, well-poised manner, aboveall, the fairness and patience of his processes and attitudes even whenmen differed sharply with him or were critical of him, combined to justify the well-earned tribute. "They don't understand," he would sayquietly of those who most strenuously opposed his policies or criticizedhim.But it would have been the greatest of mistakes to conclude fromthis characteristic gentleness of his manner and method that strength ofcharacter was wanting in his make-up. Though he always acted suaviterin modo, he could, on occasion, acquit himself not less fortiter in re —particularly when the issue concerned someone other than himself. Well-authenticated instances of his courageous loyalty to his friends and hiscause under the heaviest pressure and in the face of costs that threatenedto be high are among his most valuable bequests to the denominationthat, through difficult days, he served alike without favor and withoutfear.How very great that service was time alone will fully reveal. But itis already evident that in a critical and formative time his personal qualities and statesman-like leadership turned a paper program into a goingconcern, and quickened into steadier life and progress the out-reach andforward movement of a great Christian communion.Part of his well-earned reward had come to him already in the deepaffection of his fellow-workers. In this University, church, and community it has always been a ready passport to confidence and an assuranceof his personal quality that he was one of Ernest D. Burton's intimateand trusted friends. The grief of his associates in the office these lasthours and days has been more significant of the place he had won in their112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhearts than any eulogy. It is a rare tribute to him that so many of thosewho were unable to make the gifts to the University about which he hadtalked with them should, nevertheless, have urged him personally tocome again and see them. That is not the usual fortune of the solicitor.The religion of such a man is inseparable from his whole way of living— or rather, it is that. One further element in it, however, was socharacteristic of him that even this brief word would be wholly inadequate without this final recognition. There was always something sacrificial about him that was a main secret both of the influence he had andof the affection he inspired. Many of us will always feel — and all themore in the tragic light of these last days — that he gave not only his devoted service, but in some true sense his very life also, on behalf of thecause that he loved. "Greater love hath no man than this . . . ."The following addresses were made at Dr. Small's funeral:DR. NATHANIEL BUTLERAlbion Woodbury Small was my honored and admired colleague during the entire thirty-four years of the University's history. He was myintimate personal friend for more than fifty years. When we were high-school boys his father and mine were closely associated in the Baptistministry in the state of Maine.My first intimate contact with Dr. Small was on the occasion of ourpresenting ourselves, while still in college, to be examined for teachingpositions by the school committee of the city of Portland. The examination was set, and the papers presumably read, by Dr. Shailer, grandfather of Dr. Shailer Mathews. Small told me, with great glee, that Dr.Shailer told his father that the papers we wrote were of low quality, butthat he thought it well enough to give the boys a chance. In the case ofSmall the event amply justified that judgment.Dr. Small was graduated from Colby College in 1876; he spent threeyears as a student in the Newton Theological Institution and the twoyears following in Berlin and Leipzig. In 1881 he became professor ofHistory and Political Economy in Colby College; in 1889 he receivedfrom Johns Hopkins University the degree of Ph.D., and in the sameyear he became president of Colby College. In 1892 he accepted President Harper's invitation to the headship of the Department of Sociology,and a little later was appointed Dean of the Graduate School of Arts andFUNERAL ADDRESSES H3Literature. He remained in these relations to the University until 1925,when he retired. In 1881 he married Valeria Van Massow, of Berlin.For many years before her death Mrs. Small and her only daughter, nowMrs. Hayden Harris, made his home one of the centers of the social lifeof the University.At a later memorial service more adequate tribute will no doubt bepaid to our friend, especially by those who knew him as a loved and honored instructor and associate in his department. These tributes will emphasize his extraordinary intellectual endowments, his service to societyin his chosen field of research and teaching, and his practical religiousidealism.But from whatever point of view we may recall him, whether in private life or in his public and professional relations, the one outstandingtrait that gives unity to our impressions is his thoughtful and habitualkindness. It was more than temperament; whatever he did, whether itwas merely exchanging a greeting with an associate on the quadranglesor on the street, or an act that required sacrifice of time and convenienceon his part, or the writing of a book — whatever it was served to expressthe wish to make things better for others.The so-called little happenings of daily and private life often displaythe real man more truly than do his reactions to more public and unusualsituations. The experiences of many of us in the University lead us tobelieve that the sort of regard in which a man is held by those who areassociated with him in his office or his department is a fair judgment ofthe man himself.In those relations Dr. Small enjoyed the most affectionate and admiring regard. One who has long assisted him in his office recalls aChristmas season when he bought a gift for his favorite grandson, andduplicated it for the crippled child of an employee of the University.One leading member of his department, being asked soon after his appointment how he liked working under Dr. Small, replied, "He won't letyou — you work with him, not under him." The members of his department were his associates, not his subordinates, and he frankly rejoicedin the honors that came to any one of them.Another dominant trait of his was his cheerful courage. A pioneer inhis special field, he was often misunderstood and misinterpreted, sometimes ridiculed and even opposed. But he devoted himself to things thathe believed in, and he had the resulting courage of his convictions. Inthe same brave spirit he met the physical suffering of these later months.H4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn the very last afternoon of his life, when pain made it impracticablefor him to sit, he stood and conversed with friends with his characteristicwit and cheerfulness, and talked of the future. Thinking thus of him, onerecalls Browning'sOne who never turned his back, but marched breast forward,Never doubted clouds would break,Never dreamed, though right were worsted, wrong would triumphHeld, we fall to rise, are baffled to fight better, sleep to wake.In Dr. Small was illustrated with singular completeness the sayingthat "the boy is father to the man." In high school and college, preciselyas in his maturity, he received from all who knew him respectful admiration and at the same time cordial good will. One both admired and likedhim. He was an example of a companion. He had abundant wit andlaughter, without frivolity or coarseness. Boy and man, he was thoroughly wholesome. He was of this world, and in this world he believed andstood for the things that are true, honest, just, and of good report. Sotruly and so heartily was he of this world that one does not at first thinkof saintliness as his character. But one is very near to saying of him, ashe himself said of his dearly loved friend and colleague, Charles R. Henderson, he was a "red-blooded saint."As I think of his admirable boyhood, his radiant youth, his fruitfuland honored manhood, his rounded life, I see in him the fulfilment of thepromise whose fulfilment we may crave for ourselves, "thou shalt cometo thy grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in in his season"(Job. 5:26).DR. JAMES H. TUFTSMindful of our colleague's wish, we do not at this hour dwell upon hisdistinguished services to the University and to scholarship; but as we sithere memory inevitably runs back and brings up pictures and impressions of the member of our University family whom we knew, admired,and loved. Some of us go back in thought to the beginnings of our lifeas a university community. We see Professor Small sitting in Cobb Hallamid the crowd of somewhat uncertain, would-be university students,patiently helping them to plot their courses. He was quick to discern aman of promise, and gave him kindly encouragement. With equal kindness of heart he was unflinching in setting high the standards which heproposed to follow, and in showing the unfit or ill-prepared their need ofdeeper foundations than they had laid or perhaps could lay. We can seeFUNERAL ADDRESSES 115his earnest and resolute face break into a smile or genial laugh as hegreeted us, his future colleagues, in the halls. We recall him in the discussions of our faculty meetings, bringing past executive experience tobear upon the new problems, whether of graduate standards or of studentathletics. We remember meeting him often in consultation or in happycompany with the young President, whose enthusiasms he fully sharedand to whom he was so whole-heartedly loyal. We think of him, as theyears came and went, filling a larger and larger place in the Universitycounsels and in the confidence of us all. Most of us at one time or anotherdropped in at his tiny office, sure of finding friendly human considerationfor whatever we might propose. We think of him in the Quadrangle Clubas one of our groups, in committee meetings, or at the lunch table, or inthe recreation hour. We see in recent years his face growing still kindlierand more friendly in its smile; his body frail, but his mind alert, his witkeen, his humor quick, his heart warm. And now it seems hard to thinkof our University family without his presence which has been so constant a part of it from the beginning.More than anyone else of the group whom President Harper hadassembled in October, 1892, Professor Small represented confident hopeand enthusiasm for the new enterprise. There were inevitably, in a groupsuch as ours, many divergent opinions, and doubts as well as hopes. Eastand West met. Some from the East were dubious of western educationalstandards; some from the West were more than dubious of eastern traditions; some were disappointed because of limitations in space or delaysin equipment; some were at times inclined to be impatient despite thethrill of creative effort which was the typical characteristic of the periodof foundation. Professor Small never seemed disturbed by differences ofopinion or physical limitations. He could work in cramped quarters orwith few books; he could bear with all sorts of inconveniences and smile.For he saw the future University. He shared to the full President Harper's enthusiasm. He was so confident of the great future that he forgotwhat to others were serious causes for irritation. He had not only puthis hand to the plow and as a good plowman looked not back; he saw thekingdom so sure before him that he rejoiced in his opportunity to prepareits coming.In addition to the inevitable limitations which all have to meet therewere peculiar difficulties for a man who was organizing a new field ofstudy— a field which was not at once accepted by the academic world.But amid all these added difficulties, together with his brave colleague,n6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Henderson, whom I like to associate with him in memories ofthose days, I think of Professor Small as always courageous, cheerfulunwavering, chivalrous, doing the day's work.In all these years of his life and work among us in which he attracted large numbers of advanced students and sent them out to fillpositions of influence, in which he edited his Journal of Sociology andworked steadily in the volumes in which he was contributing to themethods and subject matter of the new department of study, we couldnot fail to recognize in Professor Small a quality of distinction. Its notewas not so much the brilliancy of speculation as it was the absolute sincerity of his scholarship, the single-minded devotion with which he keptsteadily at his task, and the humaneness with which he conceived hisfield. He knew well our present ignorance concerning the most elementary processes and forces of human society; he was dissatisfied with ourneat pigeonholing of so-called "facts" under so-called "laws"; he wasseeking a larger and juster interpretation of human experience than oursciences had yet achieved. The various "isms" which alarm some andcapture the soul of others never swept him from his poise. He was hopeful for a better social order than that which now prevails, but he was notimpatient of humanity's frailties, and his hope looked toward, and notfrom, democracy.The nobility of his aim reflected itself in the nobility of his characterand the fineness of his spirit; or perhaps rather we should reverse theorder and say, with equal or greater truth, the nobility of his characterand the fineness of his spirit shaped the purpose and methods of his intellectual career.This human life is at best tragically short. The life of the scholar iseven shorter than that of his fellows, if measured by the task at whichhe works or by the compass of the horizon in which he dwells. For thetasks of most men are concerned more closely and directly with affairsthat have their beginning and end within the limits of seedtime and harvest, of the period for establishing a business or accumulating a competence, or, at all events, within the limits which nature has fixed of youthand age. The scholar is ranging over farther in time and space and entering deep within the undiscovered regions of mind, or contemplatingforms in which art embodies eternal values. For the thinker who dwellsamid such infinite reaches our noisy years do seem indeed but momentsin the eternal silence.Yet the scholar and the member of a community such as ours hasFUNERAL ADDRESSES 117too his compensations. For though his task is great, he feels that hisown share finds its place along with that of fellow-seekers for truththrough the ages in the enlargement of knowledge and the enrichmentof life. And as a member of the University community he is helping tobuild an institution which will prolong his life and multiply his influence.A university, as we know well, is more than its buildings; it is more thanthe stream of older and younger scholars who pass through its doors insuccessive years; it has an abiding spirit which informs its members andsets for them many a pattern of thought and high emprise. ProfessorSmall has been one of the finest contributors to the pattern and spirit ofthis our University. His real life goes on.DR. CHARLES W. GILKEYIt has been often said that a man is great according as he is able tounite and reconcile in himself those logically opposite characteristicswhich tend in lesser men to fall apart and become mutually exclusive.As I think of Dean Small's relations, for more than thirty years, to thechurch and the community on behalf of which I speak today, there growsupon me a sense of certain such polarities in his own character and service among us. He was continually revealing a two-sidedness that was responsible for not a little of the rare winsomeness of his personality andthe constant helpfulness of his co-operation.Even those of us who were never his colleagues or his students willlong remember the analytic subtlety of his mind, and the intricacy of hisstyle, in speaking as well as in writing. How often his sentences, startingdown the highway of his thought, would stop to explore every possibleby-path, bar it off finally as a false lead or a blind alley, and return thento follow the main road as far as the next fork — there to repeat the exploration. Sometimes, at the end of some such side-trail, his thoughtwould suddenly strike off across-country in some surprisingly new direction, and would even so be waiting at the final rendezvous when ourslower wits caught up by way of the conventional route. The man in thestreet might easily conclude, in his first breathless bewilderment, thatsuch a mind and such a man must be anything but simple; in fact, mustbe elusively intricate and characteristically academic. But those of uswho have come close to Dean Small at some of the crises of his life andof our own found out then what his family and friends have alwaysknown; that at heart he had the human simplicity and lovableness, notat all of childishness, but rather of true childlikeness, which were oncen8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDauthoritatively declared to be marks of the highest character, and havecertainly always been passports to the deepest affection.In this marked contrast between our surface impressions and ourdeeper discoveries as we came to know him lay some, at least, of thesecret of the personal hold he has had on us all. It gave constant charmto his humor— often so solemnly elaborate in manner, yet so delightfully human in its shrewdness and point. It gave force to his publicutterances. Those of us who heard or have read his address to the graduates at the December Convocation in 1923 will hardly have forgottenhis bantering refusal to take too seriously the intellectual results of acollege training— followed by a statement of its social and moral valuesthat might well have satisfied the most enthusiastic of recent alumni.Who that met him on the street, a thick volume or two under his arm,would ever have dreamed that this very academic-looking individual hadbeen for long years the University's representative on the ConferenceCommittee on Intercollegiate Athletics, or that during the baseball season he used to go every evening to the corner drugstore to get the returnsfrom the big league games, because he could not wait for the newspaperreports the next morning? Naturally, he has been a leader in the groupof University professors and their friends, who, by the humanness oftheir attitudes even more than of their counsel, have steered our ownchurch past the town-and-gown dilemma on which so many similarlysituated churches have drifted to impotence, if not to wreck.But it is in his personal relationships that this fundamental humanness and lovableness has reaped its richest reward. Few men in this community have received more widespread and genuine affection than hasbeen given to him. "He was a white soul," said one of the most eminentof his former colleagues on his own initiative to me, adding significantlythat he had not himself fully realized this until their offices were sideby side!Those of us who were occasionally in their home in the years beforeMrs. Small's death, and especially during her last long illness, will always cherish the memory of something peculiarly beautiful about hisdevotion to her, who had left her fatherland for his sake. The cablemessage just received from their only child, who is now in Europe withher own children, seems to some of us almost too sacred to be read, andyet at the same time too revealing to be withheld: "In broken-heartedtribute to the most wonderful of fathers and grandfathers."Dean Small's religion lived and moved and had its being in theseFUNERAL ADDRESSES 119ultimate simplicities and loyalties of his nature. Its roots lay far deeperthan any arguments or explanations that even so wide-ranging andsubtle a mind as his could produce; for it was much more an attitudeand a faith than a creed or a system of theology. In a document that isgreatly valued in our home I find these significant words of his followingclose upon some passages of the most delicious humor: "Come whatmay, I will try to keep a living faith, and to live my faith, and thus toreassure myself and others that this is the victory which overcometh theworld."To those of us who have seen something of him during his own longand menacing illness there is something both prophetic and deeply revealing about those words thus spoken ten years ago. One day lastsummer, as I rose to go, he said: "You understand that physically I ama wreck, but spiritually I am serene." The last time I talked with him,barely two weeks ago, he could not sit down even once during my staybecause of the discomfort it would cause him. On his own initiative,almost all of our talk that day was about religion. He told me that hehad just written a personal letter, in care of the Atlantic, to the anonymous author of its recent poignant article on "The Modernist's Questfor God," suggesting that the main trouble came from the author'ssearch for an Absolute to explain everything; whereas religion offers mennot so much explanations as quietness and confidence with which to"overcome the world." The man who could write such a letter, undersuch conditions, had found what religion has always called "the peacethat passeth understanding," which the world can neither give nor takeaway.WOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO1The organization and conduct of the Women's Houses of the University of Chicago are based on principles of unity, liberty, and social responsibility. The keynote was sounded by Alice Freeman Palmer. WhenMarion Talbot, who accompanied her to Chicago in 1892 to assist inorganizing and administering the new university, spoke of doubtingwhether she had had sufficient experience to justify assuming the dutiesof the office of dean, to which she had been called, Mrs. Palmer said quitesimply, "All that you need to remember is that you will be an older student among younger ones and an older woman with more experienceamong younger ones eager to learn."Even though long months had been given to preliminary preparations, the University did not open its doors on October 1, 1892, with provisions for every contingency. It had, indeed, secured a large apartmenthouse, the Hotel Beatrice on Fifty-seventh Street, for temporary use as aWoman's Residence Hall, but when students began to arrive on September 20, 1892, the building was not furnished, no domestic staff had beenengaged, and arrangements for meals were very simple, almost primitiveindeed. The building was occupied by about sixty students and membersof Faculty families and thirty additional members of the University tooktheir meals in the dining-room. The resident dean of women, Marion Talbot, was placed in charge, and in time order was evolved and modes ofliving were developed on the basis of the utmost possible personal andsocial freedom consistent with the purposes of the building and the socialrequirements of the environment. Serious consideration was given by thedean and the students to the question of creating conditions under whichmight be cultivated the "manners that make men" and the needs of thesituation were carefully studied. The problem was a difficult one, involving as it did a new institution in a new part of the city — in a new cityindeed — many influences tending to draw students apart, such as differentdepartments and types of courses, the quarter system, which increased1 This article was prepared at the request of members of Green House on theoccasion of the retirement of Dean Marion Talbot from the headship after nearlytv/enty-seven years of service. The description of the organization of the Houses wasprepared by Dean Talbot. A committee of Green House secured the historical dataconcerning Green House from the House records.120WOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 121the proportion of those entering for a short time period of study and resulted in frequent changes in the student body, and the attractions of agreat city offering inducements to many, which drew them away fromcommon interests.Each day brought a hitherto untried situation which became interesting because of its significance in the development of the new University.Many problems were of a serious character while some had their humorous aspect. What could be done for the distinguished professor from England who put his "boots" outside his bedroom door to be cleaned? Ofcourse, some plucky American girls saw to it that he was not disappointedand he never suspected how it happened! And he had to be given helpwhen he asked where he could get some "spirits" — not meaning the kindwhich the adventurous young members of the new University had inabundance ! The challenge of the professor in the Divinity School thathis bed springs had to be taken up to the sixth floor was met in his absence by a group of these same pioneers. Another head professor, seeingthem struggle with their load, lent a hand thinking he was helping securea good night's rest for some woman student. His dismay when he discovered that he was doing a porter's work for a huskier man than himselfwell repaid the girls for their part in the incident.Then there was Mr. Stagg's description and demonstration of football and incidentally the rather important question of how much andhow the women of the University were to show their interest in athletics.One of the first decisions was that they could go in a body, accompaniedby Dean Talbot, and see the first football game from the sidelines inWashington Park. It is a far cry to the conditions under which youngwomen go at the present time to football and other athletic contests, butthe change came very slowly during the first years.Problems of social life and conduct appeared constantly in practicalguise and one great source of gratification was the genuine spirit of co-operation and helpfulness shown by the students in reaching decisions whoseinfluence was recognized as likely to be far-reaching. The curiosity andrather sharp criticism which the University's new policies had aroused,especially in the eastern states, stimulated the interest of the students toact in a way which could be thoroughly justified.Educational procedure was naturally woven into the daily doings ofthe residents, and here, too, were many practical questions to be solved ina household made up of students varying all the way from very youngwomen in their first year of college life to women holders of fellowships122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwith years of experience as scholars behind them. An amusing incidenthappened in this connection. A Freshman girl wrote her mother that shewas rooming with one of the fellows of the University. Although themother realized that there were many novel features about the new University, she was quite unprepared for this announcement and wrote inmuch concern to her daughter for further particulars. It is needless to saythat the explanation allayed her anxiety.Too great credit cannot be given to those students who co-operatedin evolving from their experiences very real contributions to the richnessof the common life. In spite of the many difficulties in the new situation,the principles which Mrs. Palmer and Miss Talbot had recognized asfundamental in the rational organization of the social and domestic life ofUniversity women became a part of the conscious life of the group. Underthe influence of young women of fine culture, generous social attitudes,and high scholarship there arose gradually and in accord with these principles a set of unformulated customs. On the removal of the residents ofthe Hotel Beatrice in April, 1893, to temporary quarters in Snell Hall inthe University Quadrangles, the students were asked by Dean Talbot toelect representatives who should serve as a committee to direct the socialaffairs of the household. This led naturally into the House system, anessentially characteristic feature of the University of Chicago. Duringthe year 1892-93 a committee of the Faculties considered details of student life and their inquiries were followed with the adoption by the Trustees of the plan of House organization based on the procedure which hadbeen followed at Snell Hall. This plan was officially announced in June,1893, and has remained substantially unaltered. The general rules governing the organization of residential houses are as follows:1. Composition of a Housea) Members of the University entitled to continuous residence in a particularHall shall constitute a House.b) Residence in a Hall is limited to students in attendance on courses in the University, and officers of the University.2. OfficersEach House shall have a Head, appointed by the President of the University; aCouncilor, chosen from a Faculty of the University by the members of the House;a House Committee, elected by members of the House, of which House Committeethe Head of the House shall be chairman and the Councilor a member ex officio;and a Secretary and Treasurer elected by members of the House. Each House,through its Committee, shall make a quarterly report to the President. A Housemay select, with the approval of the Board of Student Organizations one or morepersons not directly connected with the University as patrons or patronesses.3. Membership. The residents in a Hall shall be members or guests.WOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 123a) Membership shall be determined by election under the respective House Bylaws. Election of members shall take place not earlier than the end of the sixthweek, nor later than the tenth week.b) In cases of vacancies, the Registrar shall have power to assign applicants torooms in the order of application. Students thus assigned shall be consideredguests, and if these guests are not elected to membership during the first quarter of residence, they shall have no further claim upon the rooms occupied.The room rents will be fixed and collected by the University. The privilege ofmembership in a House may be withdrawn by the Board of Student Organizations, on recommendation of the Head and Councilor.4. RulesEach House shall be governed by a body of rules adopted by a two-thirds vote ofthe members of the House and approved by the Board of Student Organizations.For the consideration of any situation which is the common concernof all the Houses a Board of Women's Houses was organized later. ThisBoard originated in 1924 from a Report and Suggestions to the Presidentof the University from the Dean of Women Concerning the Organizationand Administration of Women's Houses. The section on "Co-ordinationin Administration" bears upon this subject and reads as follows:1. There shall be a Board composed of the Heads of Women's Houses and onerepresentative from the student members of each House.2. The chairman of this Board shall be appointed by the President of the University.3. The Board shall meet, at the call of the chairman or of any three members ofthe Board, once a quarter for the discussion of policies and methods of administration.4. Once a year the President shall request the Board to meet with him or withhis representative.5. The suggestions in the quarterly reports made by the Heads of each Houseto the President in accordance with the plan already adopted shall be summarized inthe President's office, and at the discretion of the President submitted to the Boardfor consideration and action.The Board discovered many points in common which could be fruitfully discussed: protection against fire; the use of the Quadrangle drivefor automobiles at late hours; the control of all unnecessary noise; drawing of window shades for protection; absence from the Halls such as toindicate that the Halls were being made a convenience and not a home;methods of registering absence as a protective measure to all concerned;the entertainment of guests; means of developing social life; the use ofthe telephone at night; the many problems to do with the giving out ofkeys; the responsibilities of the heads of tables. The discussion of theseand many other questions is reported to the different Houses and therebyaids in securing a better understanding as to how to maintain standardsof comfort and well-being.124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn accordance with the House plan the students who had been inresidence in 1892-93 and who returned after the Summer Quarter whenthe University buildings had been given over largely to World's Fair useswere organized into three Houses and took possession of the three newresidence halls, Kelly Hall, Nancy Foster Hall, and Beecher Hall. MissMarion Talbot and Miss Myra Reynolds were the heads, respectively, ofthe first two Houses and Miss Elizabeth Wallace and Miss Fanny C.Brown were joint heads of Beecher House.Pioneering days were not yet over. The experience of moving intounfurnished and even unfinished buildings was not ended with the HotelBeatrice or Snell Hall. Candles fitted into empty bottles, a doorless entrance barricaded at night, scanty equipment for toilet purposes, theseand many other conditions were vivid reminders of the past year's experiences. Nancy Foster Hall was so far from completed that its residentswere obliged to go to Kelly Hall for several weeks and seek the hospitality of its dining-room. The open fire-places in certain sleeping-roomsseemed to present undue advantages, but when it was found that the flueswould not draw and masonry had to be torn down in the walls of thenewly furnished rooms in order to remove the obstacles in the flues, theenvious residents retired to their quiet and clean quarters with a feelingthat there were compensations for them.The Halls presented certain common features of physical anddomestic accommodation as well as similar forms of business administration. Each had its separate dining-room, its own rooms for social intercourse, and each provided, in the main, single bedrooms.Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a close friend and adviser of Miss Talbot, suggested that the University should try some improved methods of feeding students. She transferred to the University the equipment of the Rumford Kitchen whichshe had established at the Columbian Exposition as a means of showingscientific and economical methods of preparing food. She gave what wasstill more valuable. Her generous contribution of experience and timemade a success of the experiment of a central kitchen, although it wasconducted under very unfavorable conditions. Aided by Miss Sarah E.Wentworth, she showed that the system promised results in efficiency andeconomy and the experience paved the way to the establishment of theUniversity Commons.The new groups proceeded at once to organize under the House plan.It was understood that each House should have its own traditions andcustoms and cultivate an individual spirit,, bearing in mind the principlesWOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 125on which they were founded, viz., unity, liberty, and social responsibility.The different Houses immediately took on individual characteristics.Special note maybe taken of Miss Reynolds' leadership during a long period of years. She gathered about her personal friends of distinction andcharm. Strangers of eminence visiting the University were frequentlyentertained. There was, created a social atmosphere which was much enjoyed and appreciated by the students. The effect upon them was noticeable. In spite of the fact that many of them had had but limited socialexperience, many observers might be found to corroborate the opinion ofa certain guest that she had never met in any part of the world youngwomen who had more agreeable social manners and at the same time suchmarked mental alertness and serious purpose. In a similar way Miss Talbot in Kelly Hall and Miss Wallace in Beecher Hall were devising waysand means of enriching the House life and at the same time showing howpersonal freedom could be harmonized with the best social standards.The years passed bringing their problems and their interests graveand gay, and experience strengthened the conviction that in the administration of the Halls the break away from the more or less rigid rules andsupervision which were in force in other institutions had been fully justified. Mrs. Kelly's gift in memory of her parents enabled the University tofill the gap between Kelly Hall and Beecher Hall where the foundationsfor a building had already been laid and on November 13, 1898, GreenHall was occupied by a small group of students, with Miss Talbot asHead. No other Hall was opened until the summer of 1909 when Greenwood House across the Midway was organized with Miss Langley asHead. October 11, 1917, Drexel House was formed and an added elementof self-help was introduced. At the beginning of the summer of 19 18,Woodlawn House was organized as an experiment in maintaining a residence without facilities for a common table and in the following yearKenwood Hall was added to the list. The lapse of time has but served toemphasize the demand for more halls, and confirm the desirability ofproviding further means for caring for the domestic needs of the womenstudents of the University.Following out in detail the general provisions of the House plan,when the residents of Green Hall organized on December 5, 1898, theyadopted a constitution which with few changes is the present one.CONSTITUTION OF GREEN HOUSE1. Name. The name of this organization shall be Green House.2. Membership1. Membership becomes active only upon entering the second quarter of residenceand signing the constitution.126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD•2. Membership shall be either non-resident or resident; but unless otherwise spe-fied the term "member" in the Constitution and By-laws shall denote residentmembers.a) Non-resident members shall be those members of Green Hall who no longerlive in Green Hall, and have not accepted membership in another House.b) Resident membership shall be limited to officers and students of the University.c) Members of the University assigned by the Registrar to rooms in GreenHall shall be considered as guests of Green House until elected to membership.3. Eligibility. Guests become eligible to membership at the end of the tenth weekof residence (provided they express their intention of residing in the Hall duringtheir next quarter of residence in the University).4. Forfeiture.a) Membership in Green House shall be relinquished by acceptance of membership in another House.b) Membership shall be forfeited by wilful violation of the House Constitutionand rules of the House, or by such conduct as may seem sufficient cause offorfeiture to the Head and Councilor of the House, who shall under thosecircumstances, make a recommendation to this effect to the Board of Student Organizations.3. OfficersThe officers of the House shall be a Head, appointed by the President of theUniversity, a Councilor chosen from the faculty of the University, and a Secretary and Treasurer elected by members of the House; also a House Committeeconsisting of eight members elected by members of the House, of which committee the Head of the House shall be chairman, the Secretary of the House,secretary, and the Councilor, a member ex officio.4. Term of OfficeThe Councilor shall be elected for the term of one year. Other officers chosenby the House shall be elected for one term of three months, or until their successors are elected.5. Powers and Duties of Officers1. Secretary and Treasurer. It shall be the duty of this officer to keep a fair record of the proceedings of the House and of the House Committee, to handleany funds the House may entrust to her, and serve as the formal medium ofcommunication between the House or the House Committee and the Head ofthe House.2. House Committee. This committee shall be considered the executive and representative committee of the House, charged with the execution of the Constitution and By-laws of the House, the enforcement of any regulations the Housemay create, with power in cases not covered by the regulations of the House tomake provision for the welfare of the House. And when by a vote of three-fourths of its members, the forfeiture of membership by any member, isdeemed to be conducive to the good of the House, such a vote shall be enteredon the record of House Committee and communicated by the Secretary to theHead of the House and House Councilor as a suggestion to recommend thewithdrawal of membership from the offending member.WOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 1276. Elections1. All elections shall be by ballot.2. a) A quarterly meeting for the election of members shall be held during theeleventh week of each quarter, lists of eligible guests and notices of themeeting having been sent by the secretary to the members of the House atleast two days prior to the meeting; the assent of three-fourths of thosebeing present being necessary to election.b) Special meetings for the election of members may be held at any time atthe recommendation of the House Committee on the written request of halfthe resident members of the House presented to the Head.7. QuorumThree-fourths of the members of the House shall constitute a quorum for theelection of members and the amendment of the constitution, a majority constituting a quorum in all other cases.8. FeesEvery member and guest of the House shall be required to pay a fee of 50cents each quarter for the purpose of defraying the incidental expenses of theHouse. The expenditure of these fees shall be in the direction of the HouseCommittee. Provided : That such fees may be remitted by the Head of theHouse.9. AmendmentsThis constitution may be amended by a vote of three-fourths of the membersof the House, notice having been given in writing one week in advance.The House has been privileged in its councilors. Professor Henry H.Donaldson was elected as the first councilor and served five years. Hissuccessors were the following: James R. Angell, 1903; George L. Hen-drickson, 1904-6; Andrew C. McLaughlin, 1907-12; Wallace W. At-wood, 1913; Percy H. Boynton, 1914-17; Algernon Coleman, 1918 -.Various methods of choosing the House Committee have been tried.At first a nominating committee was appointed by the Head and later itwas appointed by the House Committee. Then it was done from the floorin open House meeting. In 191 1 another system was adopted. At thequarterly meeting for the election of officers, each House member ballotedfor two representatives from each floor and the two receiving the largestnumber of votes from all the members became the representatives of eachfloor on the House Committee. Recently the House has again adoptedthe system of having a nominating committee. These changes are evidence of the plasticity of the organization.The duties of the committee are defined in general by the constitution. The method and spirit by which they are fulfilled depends in largemeasure on the personal qualities of the members of the Committee. Aquestion which has been a frequent subject for discussion has been theextent to which individual members of the Committee are to be considered128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDresponsible for enforcing such requests of the House as the hours whenquiet is to be maintained. Some students have shown in their official capacity an extraordinary aptitude for creating a kindly spirit of co-operation, while unfortunately once in a while somebody seems to have a giftof stirring up resentment or even antagonism. Again there have beencommittees which have shown initiative and skill in suggesting andcarrying out plans for the happiness and welfare of the House as a whole.One interesting attempt to harmonize the need for activity which oftencomes at the end of a long evening of intensive mental work with theclaims of those students who depend on going to rest at an early hour wasa plan for a recreation period from 9:45 to 10: 15 p. m. to be spent in theHouse parlor playing games, serving refreshments, and in various modesof relaxation, strict quiet being maintained in the rest of the Hall and atother hours of the evening. The plan was enthusiastically put in operation but after a time died out for lack of participants. A similar projecthas been put into operation recently. Large numbers have met in the parlor at 10: 15 P. m. and under the direction of a young undergraduate havegone through vigorous physical exercises and athletic feats.The House, as an organization, has naturally given much attention toits own concerns. At the same time it has been alive to outside interestsand has borne its share in community duties in a generous spirit. It is significant that within a few months after the House was organized, viz.,May i5; 1899, the members called a meeting of all the members of theWomen's Houses for the purpose of expressing interest in and sympathywith the proposed Peace Congress which was to assemble at the Hagueon May 18, in response to the suggestion of the Rescript of the Czar ofRussia in August, 1898. Resolutions were adopted and cabled to TheHague. In many different ways and at various times the members havegiven thought to movements designed to substitute for war some more rational method of settling disputes and grievances between nations. Atthe same time when the United States was engaged in war, the membersgave very considerable assistance. The members purchased in the nameof the House a hundred dollar Liberty bond which they presented to theUniversity Settlement. In addition, members individually bought bondseven beyond their real ability to pay. Various other forms of financialhelp were given amounting to $83.56. These sums are not large, but itmust be remembered that they were given by students already carryingheavy financial burdens. Other forms of service were rendered includingthe making of 410 garments and 114 hours of work on surgical dressings.WOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 129The House has made several contributions of money to causes whichhave especially appealed to it, including fifteen dollars to the BuildingFund of the Chicago Orchestra Association, five dollars to the Consumers' League, twenty-five dollars to the Alice Freeman Palmer MemorialChimes, fifteen dollars to the Fuel Fund of the University Settlement, anda contribution to a Fund of seventy dollars made up by the Women'sHouses for the Settlement. The custom has become well established ofhaving a Christmas tree following the Christmas dinner and exchangingpresents of toys and money all of which are given later to the Settlementchildren. As much as thirty dollars have been given at one time and thebushel baskets of gifts have added much to the Christmas cheer of thechildren at the Settlement.The House maintains a small library including several current magazines. It also supplies a daily paper at each of the dining-room tables.These papers are distributed after breakfast for use on the different floors.Several gifts have been made through the generosity of individual members, but the House, sometimes aided by former residents, has made itselfseveral presents, including a victrola, casts from the della Robbia Can-toria, linens and draperies, electric irons and stoves, an electric fan for thedining-room, a sewing machine, a dictionary, and a set of chimes. TheSeniors graduating in June, 1924, presented the House with an attractivefloor lamp.Contacts with the outside world have been encouraged through theappointment from time to time of a committee whose duty has been topost bulletins giving information as to attractions in the city in the fieldsof fine arts, drama, and music, as well as meetings for civic, industrial, orsocial ends. The very large number of distinguished foreign and American women who have been guests at the Hall has meant personal contactwith very varied interests.Certain social functions have become an established part of the life inthe Hall. The first year of the University, Dean Talbot invited the littlechildren of members of the Faculties to be her guests at the Hotel Beatrice. This was made an annual custom when Miss Talbot became Headof Kelly House and was again assumed by the members of Green Housewhen Miss Talbot became their Head. It was found necessary on accountof increasing numbers to limit the age and, even though no children overseven years old are invited, frequently more than ninety invitations areissued. The paper hats made by the House members are original andeffective in design and are warmly treasured by the children. The icecream Brownies are another distinctive feature which helps make theGreen Hall Children's Party a much-talked-of and long-anticipated event.130 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDVarious other festivities occur throughout the year as on St. Valentine'sDay, Washington's Birthday, the Fourth of July, Hallowe'en, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day, and birthdays are always noted in moreor less elaborate but always friendly fashion. Floor supper parties haveoften served the double purpose of increasing the friendly spirit of thegroup and of discussing matters of common interest. A recent custom hasbeen the entertainment of the graduates and their guests at a buffet supper immediately after Convocation in June.The most elaborate social function is the entertainment given in theWinter Quarter at which the members of the Faculties and their wivesare guests. Great originality and cleverness in making up the programshave often been shown on these occasions and the guests have frequentlyexpressed their surprise at the qualities shown. A Garden Party, a Circus,a Horticultural Exhibit, a Student Welfare Exhibit, Seeing Chicago,Ladies' Home Journal, An Evening in Greenwich Village, The Mind inthe Making, are some of the themes which have put a premium on ingenuity and with an amazingly small outlay of money and time havegiven much pleasure. It has been the policy of the administration of theHouse to foster these opportunities for self-expression and for the development of ease and graciousness in meeting guests. Very often theHouse has been amazed at the discovery of some talent hitherto hiddenunder a cloak of timidity or slight personal charm and the effect on theindividual has been distinctly advantageous and has well repaid the efforts involved, even if there were no other returns.Plans for receiving new students have always been carefully considered. The old residents have given a cordial welcome to the newcomers. A general meeting has been held at the opening of the quarter atwhich the Head has explained to the strangers and recalled to the mindsof the members the various customs and ideals of the House. This hasbeen followed with floor parties and groups have been entertained informally in Dean Talbot's study. By such methods the House spirit was maintained and even strengthened and there were few cases when freedom inthe intellectual as well as in the social life was abused. The confusion insocial standards which came with the Great War affected the Universityof Chicago as it did all groups of young people though much less seriouslythan in most college communities. Increasingly late hours, an excessiveamount of social life, and various types of failure to appreciate the obligations of membership in the University led President Judson to questionwhether the time had not come to place more restrictions upon the students in the Women's Halls. (Parenthetically, it may be noted that againEve was to be held solely responsible!) Dean Talbot informed theWOMEN'S HOUSES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 131women in the Halls of the action suggested and expressed her profoundregret that the system which had brought much satisfaction and commendation was seriously threatened. The women accepted the challenge andworked out a plan by which more positive measures could be taken to inform the fast-succeeding groups of newcomers of the standards of the University. The plan agreed to by representatives of the different Houses ata very solemn conference was acceptable to the President and was put into operation at once. Its essential provisions were the appointment of asocial committee in each House to take upon itself the responsibility forinterpreting to the new women in each Hall the spirit and traditions ofthe House and for discussing with all residents social standards and conduct. The Green House committee has taken an effective step in carryingout its function by writing letters of welcome in advance to the youngwomen entering in the autumn quarter, the period when there is the greatest change in the personnel of the House. This is followed up by personalwelcome on arrival. The result of the system, or perhaps more truly of theagitation caused by the suggested restrictions, has been entirely satisfactory, even though there are occasionally found in the student groups individuals who lack in good breeding and in willingness to show social consideration for others than themselves. The situation is one which calls forconstant watchfulness. It is true, indeed, that "eternal vigilance is theprice of liberty." In this case the vigilance manifests itself through thegeneral high morale of the group and their appreciation that true freedomcomes through self-control.Green House has been extremely fortunate in having Dr. SophonisbaPreston Breckinridge as its Assistant Head from the beginning, as ActingHead in Dean Talbot's absence, and as Head in succession to Miss Talbot. Not only have Miss Breckinridge's scholarly tastes had a profoundinfluence upon the members of the House, but her generosity in sharingwith them her many friends noted for their gifts and achievements hasgreatly enriched the social life of the House.This account of the salient features of House organization among thewomen of the University of Chicago and the special features of life in oneHall shows but in part the possibilities of the system. President Harperexpressed his opinion of it in the following words: "The time will comewhen every student of the University will be a member of a UniversityHouse. The development of the University life is largely dependent onthe growth of University Houses."That this opinion is generally held by the authorities of the University is proved by the fact that every plan for the increase of living accommodations for women students is based on the House system.ERNEST DEWITT BURTON: HISLARGER LIFEBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDThe opening months of 1906 did much more than lead Dr. Burtoninto his fifty-first year. They marked the end of one era and the beginning of a vastly different one in his career. They introduced him into hislarger life. I have told the story of his first fifty years. I now attemptthat of the nineteen years that followed, and beg the reader to rememberthat I can only sketch the outlines of a very busy life, leaving untold athousand interesting things, such as his connection with many organizations.This second story of nineteen years will be so different from the firstone of fifty years that it will almost seem to be that of another man. Forafter 1906 his life as a professor was curiously broken in upon, his activities began to change, and he entered upon a new career along new lines,leading to a remarkable culmination. He continued, indeed, to be thesame man: the student, the teacher, the productive scholar, he could nothelp being. But after his fiftieth year his studies were seriously interrupted, his teaching activity was interfered v/ith, and his writing of bookswas temporarily brought to an end. This new career, however, constantlygrew greater to the end.In the University world of which he was a part the first importantevent in this new period of Dr. Burton's life was the accession of Dr.Harry Pratt Judson to the presidency. Brought into these new relationsthe two men drew together in constantly increasing intimacy. PresidentJudson found Dr. Burton a wise adviser and a loyal helper and lost noopportunity to utilize his abilities and advance his interests.The thing that now led Dr. Burton out into a larger life was a newappeal to that missionary urge which had always been with him since hisstudent days. It will be remembered that the closing years of the nineteenth century and the opening years of the twentieth saw very remarkable changes taking place in the oriental world, in almost every countryfrom Turkey on the west to Japan on the east. These countries apparently awoke to their need of those things which gave to occidental nationstheir advantages over those of the Orient. They liberalized their institu-132ERNEST DEWITT BURTON *33tions. They revolutionized their educational systems. They sent theirstudents to the West in thousands that they might acquire and take backto their own lands Western learning. Apparently the entire Eastern worldwas holding out appealing hands to the West. These revolutionarychanges in Turkey, India, China, Korea, and Japan seemed to Christianleaders in England and America to open the Orient as never before tophilanthropic service. This was felt to be particularly true of China,which, without knowing how, was trying to avail itself of Western education. There was very widespread sympathy with these efforts. Missionaries, leaders of the International Y.M.C.A. movement, educators, philanthropists began to be interested in methods of helping China and otheroriental countries to the best Western civilization could give them. Thereaders of the earlier part of this story will recall the profound interestDr. Burton had always felt in the oriental world. He was naturally oneof those most deeply interested in what was now taking place. This interest was deepened by letters he began to receive from missionaries andeducators in China and elsewhere, enlarging on the opportunities for,and therefore the duty of, establishing in the Orient Christian institutionsof learning. He was called to Boston by the heads of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society for a conference and was strongly urged tojoin a party of leading men which visited the East in 1907.Another call quickly followed. The whole Christian world wasstrongly moved by what seemed to be the final opening of the Orient toaltruistic service. No one was more interested than John D. Rockefeller,who had already entered on that systematic use of his wealth for the welfare of his fellow-men that has since carried his benefactions all over theworld. He was receiving appeals from every country in the Near andFar East for help in extending the work of the International Y.M.C.A., inproviding new facilities for missionary schools and colleges and hospitals,and in founding new universities, for which there appeared to be anurgent demand and a boundless opportunity. In 1906-7 his representative, Dr. F. T. Gates, began to confer with Dr. Burton regarding a mission of inquiry to the East. These conferences finally resulted in anagreement that the University of Chicago should appoint a commissionof investigation, and that Mr. Rockefeller should meet all the expensesof its work. It was understood from the beginning that Dr. Burtonshould head the Commission, and on April 28, 1908, President Judsonwrote to him a letter of which the following is a part :134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMy dear Mr. Burton :I am instructed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago to informyou that the following action was taken at the meeting of the Board held on Friday,April 3, 1908."1. Professor Ernest D. Burton will be relieved from duty in the Quadrangles ofthe University from April 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909, for the purpose of pursuing investigations on educational, social, and religious conditions in the Far East."2. It is understood that Professor Burton will report from time to time to thePresident of the University, and at the close of his investigation will make a full anddetailed report on conditions as he finds them."In accordance with these instructions it is understood that you will leave thiscountry about the first of July, and that you will visit England and India on yourway to the Far East, obtaining in those countries such data as may seem to you desirable. You will be accompanied by such staff as may be arranged, and it is expectedthat you will be able to resume your duties in the Quadrangles by about the first ofJuly, 1909; Funds wili be provided from time to time by arrangement with theUniversity Auditor.In June Professor T. C. Chamberlin, head of the Department ofGeology in the University, was associated with Dr. Burton in the directorship of the Commission. Professor Chamberlin was to "devote himselfto matters pertaining to the development and maintenance of scientificeducation." He brought to this work an international reputation andeminent abilities. His staff consisted of his son, Rollin T. Chamberlin,who later became a professor in the University, and Y. T. Wang, a student of the University in geology, who acted as Chinese secretary. Dr.Burton was accompanied by Horace. G. Reed, secretary of the Commission, and by Mrs. Burton and their daughter Margaret. The time between his appointment, April 3, and the day of sailing, July 18, was soshort that the work of preparation was overwhelming. To W. K. McKib-ben, a former missionary in China, who had been urging the sending ofthis Commission for several years, he wrote at the end of June: "You caneasily understand that I am driven to death with work. Only three weeksremain before I sail and it seems to me that I have at least three months'work to do in that time. I have a staff of three or four assistants at work,and, even with the help of the volunteer assistance of my friends, it is upearly every morning and late to bed every night." He went to Washington, where he saw President Roosevelt, Secretary of State Root, the Chinese ambassador, Wu Ting Fang, and many men who could give himinformation. He received letters of introduction and commendation fromour own government and from Minister Wu and other representatives oforiental nations, v.The daily journal which he kept from the time of his appointmentuntil his return and the report he finally submitted to the University ofERNEST DEWITT BURTON 135Chicago extended to more than ten times the length of this entire sketch.It is only possible for me, therefore, to give the barest outline of the workof the Commission. Of Professor Chamberlin's work I must say almostnothing, though I could say much. He left Chicago six months after Dr.Burton started, went in the opposite direction, crossing the Pacific, andthey met only occasionally.Dr. Burton sailed from New York on July 18, 1908, and spent amonth in England, conferring with men familiar with the countries to bevisited and securing invaluable letters of introduction. Lord Curzon, former viceroy of India, and Sir Robert Hart, for forty years inspector-general of Chinese customs, were among the many who gave him letters andinformation and advice. Two busy weeks were spent in studying the educational conditions and institutions of Turkey. A week was given toEgypt in the same kind of work. He reached India October 16, and duringthe next forty days traveled 6,000 miles and visited about twenty cities,studying educational conditions and Y.M.C.A. and missionary activities.He was called on everywhere to make addresses. He ordinarily declined,on the plea that he was not on a speaking tour, but on a mission of investigation. Among those he made was one in Calcutta, at which an attemptwas made on the life of Sir Andrew Frazer, the lieutenant-governor, whopresided at the meeting. The heroic interference of Mr. Barber, Y.M.C.A.secretary, who threw himself on the would-be assassin and struggled withhim, saved Sir Andrew's life. This courageous struggle with an armedmurderer was widely attributed in the press to Dr. Burton, who in factdid not reach the hall till three minutes after the attempt on the lieutenant-governor's life was made. He himself later gave a full account ofSecretary Barber's heroic behavior to John R. Mott, the head of the International Committee of the Y.M.C.A. He did give, a number of times,an address on "Why I Am Content to Be a Christian," arid spoke also onother subjects.Dr. Burton arrived in China early in December. As China was thereal field of his investigation, his stay in that country was prolonged tosix months, from December, 1908, to June, 1909. Many cities were visited and a vast amount of work was done. The two commissioners madethe long journey up the Yangtze from Hankow to Chengtu, the capital ofSzechuan, one of the western provinces of China, together. The journeyup and back, including a stay of eleven days in Chengtu, where the founding of a union Christian university was in contemplation, took a littlemore than two months.Professor Chamberlin turned homeward in June, 1909, via Siberia136 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand Russia and the Atlantic; Dr. Burton went the other way, spending aweek examining conditions in Korea, and reached Japan on June 20. Visits were made to Kyoto, Tokyo, and other cities, and after six weeks ofintensive study the party sailed from Yokohama on their return voyageacross the Pacific and reached Chicago August 24, 1909, having beenabsent a little more than thirteen months.The report of this Oriental Educational Commission was submittedto the Trustees of the University of Chicago and forwarded to Dr. F. T.Gates for the information of Mr. Rockefeller's committee on benevolence.Its preparation involved a vast amount of labor. Much work had beendone on it in the houseboat journey up and down the Yangtse River, andmuch more on the homeward voyage, but it also required much of Dr.Burton's time for more than fourteen months after his return. It was amonumental piece of work, and he expended on it more time and toil,perhaps, than on any book he ever produced, only excepting his Commentary on Galatians. It was never published. Calls for its publicationcame from many quarters — from missionaries and missionary societies,from school and college authorities in the countries visited, from the leaders of the International Committee, and from many others. I think itsauthors would have been pleased to see it published. But it had beeninspired by, and prepared for, a committee on benevolence and its wealthof information belonged to them and they made abundant use of it tobless the Near and Far East. Its authors were encouraged to speak of allthey had seen and learned with the utmost freedom, which they hadabundant opportunity to do. Dr. Burton found it necessary to declinemany invitations to make addresses on his mission for lack of time andstrength, accepting only those he could not refuse. This mission to theOrient was one of the great years of his life. It had much to do with hissubsequent career. It was no mere journey round the world. It was ajourney with a great object in view — to enhance the welfare of all thecountries he went to visit. He was still in the formative period of his life,an eager student, a careful observer, in sympathy with the peoples he visited and profoundly interested in his mission. He saw many new countriesand many diverse civilizations. He became acquainted with the leadingstatesmen, educators, and religious leaders of half a dozen countries onthe other side of the globe. With profound interest and ceaseless devotionhe studied social, educational, and religious conditions that were new tohim. Every day he grew in mental stature and intellectual equipment.He returned a greater man than he had ever been before, with a newoutlook on human life and wider mental and moral horizons.ERNEST DEWITT BURTON 137One serious loss came to him while he was absent — the death of hisfather. The news came to him at Hankow on his return from the longjourney to Chengtu, in West China. His father had died on April 20,1909, in his eighty-ninth year.. Retiring in apparent health he had diedduring the night.No sooner had Dr. Burton returned from the Orient than his advicebegan to be sought by foreign-mission organizations of his own and otherdenominations on their missionary and educational problems. To thelimit of his time and strength he responded to these important calls. Hewas appointed a member of various boards and asked to become a member of others. All these he declined. One, however, so engaged his sympathies that he consented to act temporarily as an advisory helper. TheWorld Conference on Missions was to be held in Edinburgh in June,1910, and he had been appointed a member of the Commission on Education and Missions, to prepare an elaborate world-report on these subjects for the great Conference. The matter was of such importance thatin the spring of 19 10 he went once more to England and spent twomonths in unremitting toil on the report of the Commission to the Edinburgh Conference. Such was the confidence of the heads of the Commission in the thoroughness of his investigation and the sanity of his conclusions that on that part of the work on which he was engaged his viewswere considered final and were embodied in the report to the Conference.The demands of his work at home were so imperative that he was not ableto remain abroad long enough to attend the Conference. J. H. Oldham,secretary on Commissions and Programs of the Conference, wrote himbefore he left London: "I don't know what we should have done withoutyour help." He had, while in England, a strenuous period of toil. LordWilliam Cecil had invited him to be his guest, but his labors were so unremitting that he could give little time even to his warmest friends.Returning the first week in June, after an absence of two and a halfmonths, he was greeted on landing in New York by the following telegram from President Judson, "Welcome home. Several library staff suggestions here." This message referred to a new and most important responsibility that had just been laid upon him — the directorship of theUniversity Libraries. He had been connected with library work ever sincehis student days in Denison University, thirty-five years before, where hehad been a library assistant. In the Theological Seminary in Rochesterhe had also been student assistant in the same work, assuming fullercharge when he became instructor. His growing knowledge of the wofkgave him supervising charge of the library when he became a professor in138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNewton, and he quickly came into official relation to the same work inthe Divinity School in Chicago. This long experience led him to studylibrary architecture and, under President Harper, he was made chairmanof the library commission which worked out the problem of the Universitylibrary system. As early as 1903 he made an address before the AmericanLibrary Association at its annual meeting, in which he unfolded the University's plans of library construction, distribution, and organization asthey are being carried out today. He spoke on "The Treatment of Booksaccording to Their Use." In every visit abroad he had made a study oflibrary buildings and administration. He had taken a leading part indetermining the interior arrangement of the Harper Memorial Library.When, therefore, the erection of that building was assured and the timecame for developing the libraries on a great scale, he was recognized byPresident Judson and the Trustees as the one man for director.The cornerstone of the Harper Library was laid by Mrs. Harper June14, 1 910, and Clement W. Andrews, librarian of the Crerar Library, andDr. Burton made addresses. The exercises of dedication were held twoyears later, on the morning of June 11, 19 12, in the open air on the northfront of the building in the presence of more than 4,000 people. PresidentJudson, receiving the keys from Martin A. Ryerson, president of theBoard of Trustees, delivered them to Dr. Burton, who received them withthe assurance that the libraries of the University should be "administeredin the interest of the departments of research and instruction and for thepromotion of culture, knowledge, and scholarship."According to the system which has prevailed in the University fromthe beginning there are the General Library and departmental libraries,the latter being placed as near as possible to the departments to whichthey belong. As for the first twenty years there was no library building,the conduct of the General Library had been difficult and the relations between the libraries irregular and unsatisfactory. With the final completion of the Harper Memorial Library all this began to change. One readswith astonishment in Dr. Burton's annual report for the year 1912-13,that "the administration of the reading-rooms was conducted under greatdifficulties; the catalogues, as far as they existed, being made up largelyof cards prepared by students without library training and without adequate supervision, and the books brought together from various librariesbeing arranged according to some seven or eight different systems ofclassification compiled with no reference to one another or to any generally adopted scheme." Of course he changed 4H this, but it was not theERNEST DEWITT BURTON 139work of a day or a year. The first important thing done was the adoption of the scheme of classification prepared and used by the Libraryof Congress. He secured J. C. M. Hanson, who for fourteen years hadbeen head of the cataloguing department of the Library of Congress, asassociate director, to put the new system into operation. During his firstyear he organized the work of the Libraries into four departments— theAcquisition Department, having charge of the obtaining of books, whether by purchase, gift, or exchange, of which he assumed immediate oversight; the Cataloguing Department, of which Mr. Hanson had charge;the Readers' Department, which has the administration of all the reading-rooms; and the Inspection Department, which is charged with thephysical care of the books. I give these details to indicate the thoroughness with which he conducted his work for the Libraries, as he did everything else he undertook. I cannot follow him through the fifteen years ofthat work, and must content myself with giving a few of the results of it.When he became Director in 1910 there were 70,000 volumes in theGeneral Library and 219,000 in the departmental libraries. In 1925 theGeneral Library had increased to about 500,000 volumes, and the departmental libraries to 500,000. The circulation of books had increasedfrom 20,000 to 414,500 annually. The library staff had grown fromtwenty-three to more than one hundred, in addition to which about 250student assistants were being employed. In 19 10 the salary budget of thelibraries was not quite $22,000, and increased from year to year until, in1924, it amounted to more than $140,000. In 19 10 the expenditure forbooks was a little over $28,000, and in 1924 this had been increased to$67,470. The number of readers had multiplied many times over, untilvisits of readers to the Libraries averaged about 6,000 a day, or 2,000,000for the year. It was no wonder that the Director, in his annual reports tothe President, pointed out the urgent need for the erection of the buildingfor the historical and social sciences on the east of Harper, and that ofthe modern-language group on the west. It was a great gratification tohim, therefore, when, in 1924-25, the Wieboldt Foundation made provision for the erection of the Modern Language Building. In asking forthese buildings, which will be a part of the library group, he urged thefact that "the natural growth of the libraries calls for an average increaseof stack capacity to the amount of about 30,000 volumes a year," a factwhich demonstrates the imperative need of both these buildings in thenear future.140 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOne closely associated with Dr. Burton in his library work tells me:He never seemed to tire. But, surprising as was his physical energy, it could notcompare with his mental gifts. It was almost uncanny to observe how quickly hewould grasp the essential point in some building plan, scheme for rearrangement ofrooms, or improvement of equipment. He would have his estimates, measurementsand sketch plan on paper before the rest of us had really begun to grasp the problembefore us.Whenever possible, Dr. Burton would arrange his day as follows : forenoon forstudy, early afternoon for his committee work, his voluminous correspondence, anddictation. (Exceptions were, of course, days on which his classes and seminars met.)About five o'clock he would appear at the library office. He had by this time completed what for any ordinary man would have been a hard and exhausting day'swork, but he turned to his new duties seemingly fresh and rested. He often said thatthis change from one occupation to another had the effect on him of a good rest.However this may be, there was evidently one who did not altogether share his viewson this point. Around 6 130 p.m. the telephone would ring. What the party at theother end had to say I do not know, but Dr. Burton's answer was almost invariably,"Yes, dear, I shall be along now in a very few minutes." He would then resume hiswork, to be interrupted again after twenty or thirty minutes. This time he wouldlook at his watch and exclaim, "Gracious, I had no idea it was so late!" and with ahurried apology to his secretary, or others who might be with him, for having detained them, he would grab a bundle of letters or papers, evidently intended forafter-dinner consumption, and rush away.Speaking of the service Dr. Burton rendered as Director of the Libraries, a member of the staff calls my attention to what he accomplishedin centralizing and systematizing the work, creating the big, general catalogue and eliminating a vast amount of duplicate buying of books bydepartments. He goes on to say:Before Dr. Burton became director every department considered that it ownedits own books and had to buy whatever books it needed, because there was no wayof knowing what books were in the other libraries. Now, thanks to Dr. Burton, allthe books are considered to belong to the University and they are located where theywill serve the most people. Any member of the University, by consulting the bigcatalogue in the general library, can locate any book the University owns (as far asthe recataloguing has been completed, and it is now nearly 90 per cent complete), andtransfers between the general library and departments or between departments anddepartments are being constantly and frequently made.To summarize briefly: to Dr. Burton belongs the credit for thinking of theUniversity library as a unit and a laboratory for research, for planning and arranginga library building designed to promote research, for convincing the University facultyof the need of some centralization of departmental libraries, for explaining the needof, and securing the funds to build, a large general catalogue of the entire Universitylibraries, for building up one of the largest University staffs in the country, for making the resources of the University libraries so available that the demands upon themdoubled every year for the first three or four years of his administration and haveERNEST DEWITT BURTON 141continued to increase almost every year until the facilities outlined in his report of1902 have been outgrown and he himself was at work upon much larger plans at thetime of his death.Dr. Burton's last annual report to the President of the University asDirector of Libraries was made in 1922, but he continued to hold thatposition to the end of his life, exercising such general oversight as was required. The department was thoroughly organized and, under the associate director and his capable assistants, continued to function efficiently.One of the interesting developments of Dr. Burton's service in thelibraries was the organization, on his suggestion and with his co-operation, of the hundred or more members of the library staff into what theynamed the "Order of the Gray Towers," with its annual banquet andmock convocation, attended with much good feeling and some hilarity, inall of which he was an interested participant, as young as the youngestassistant.No one appreciated the services Dr. Burton had rendered by his1908-9 mission to the Orient more than John R. Mott, the man who hasso long been at the head of the work of the Y.M.C.A. International Committee, He was accustomed to write to Dr. Burton as follows (to quoteone of many similar statements) : "To my mind you are prepared as noother man of whom I know, on either side of the Atlantic, to render theservice most needed during the next few years in the direction of the development of the right policy for educational missions in these two greatand all-important sections of the world, the Far East and Near East."When Mr. Mott arranged that notable meeting in the interest of the international work of the Association held in Washington, October 20, 19 10,and President Taft arranged to have it held in the White House, Mr.Mott urgently pressed Dr. Burton to be present and speak. He wrote tohim as follows:We are most anxious to have you make a fifteen-minute statement (practicallyno address throughout the day will exceed this) expressing your estimate or appreciation of the Association movement on the foreign field and of its secretaries and plans.In view of your first-hand investigation and observation such a testimony will meanmore to us than one from any other one person. I find it difficult to express in writing with any degree of satisfaction the strength of our desire and also of our conviction that you can really render a great service by coming. We have a remarkable listof acceptances, including some two hundred of the leading laymen of from twenty tothirty of the prominent cities of the United States and Canada.Dr. Burton found it impossible to resist this appeal, and went toWashington and spoke at the meeting, which began at ten o'clock in the142 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmorning and ended at five in the afternoon. Among the other speakerswere President Taft, General Leonard Wood, and Mr. Mott. It was probably more gratifying to Dr. Burton than to any other man present whenMr. Mott announced that Mr. Rockefeller had made a subscription of$540,000 for the Y.M.C.A. work in foreign lands conditioned on a likeamount being given by others. It was a great meeting and a great experience for all who were present. No direct appeal was made, but, as Dr.Burton wrote John D. Rockefeller, Jr., "throughout the afternoon, interspersed between the addresses, offers of money for buildings and for thesupport of men kept coming to the desk until, when the meeting adjourned, almost a round million had been promised," including Mr.Rockefeller's gift.In 1 91 2 Dr. A. H. Strong, being then seventy-six years old, terminated his forty years' service as president of the Rochester TheologicalSeminary. He asked Dr. Burton, as one of his old pupils and friends, toattend the commencement and, as he expressed it, "see me off." This Dr.Burton did in May, 191 2, acting as one of the Seminary examiners andreading a paper before the Genesee Ministers Conference. A few monthslater Dr. C. A. Barbour, who himself finally succeeded Dr. Strong in thepresidency, in his own behalf and in behalf of the trustees of the Seminary invited and urged Dr. Burton to permit the board to elect him president. He gave the matter serious consideration. But he did not allowhimself to be elected. He did not even permit the matter to become public, but wrote to his friend, Dr. Barbour, on October 15, 191 2, sayingin part:I am not really as well adapted to fill the position as some other men whowould probably be obtainable. And in the second place, I find myself unable to getaway from the conviction I have held for some time, that in all probability the restof my life's work must be done in my present position. I have thrust my roots downtoo deeply into this soil to find it easy, or, so far as I can see at present, even possible, to pull them out and transplant myself to any other situation. So .... I feelconstrained to say that I cannot accept.It will be seen from this letter that, like his father before him, he lackedself-appreciation.But this was not the end of the Rochester matter. Dr. Strong's successor was not found till 191 5, when Dr. Barbour accepted the presidency. At the beginning of 191 4 one of the professors wrote on behalf ofthe faculty urging many reasons why Dr. Burton should accept the presidency and the headship of the New Testament department, which wasjust then becoming vacant, concluding his letter as follows: "We under-ERNEST DEWITT BURTON 143stand that you refused to consider the presidency of Rochester some timeago. But the situation is completely altered now. I hope you will givefavorable consideration to this new condition of things and permit us torejoice in your coming." But he did not go.It will be seen that I am recording a few events in the busy life ofDr. Burton that were only eddies in the main current of his career.Among these minor happenings was his visit to Oberlin College in June,191 2. The occasion of this visit was an invitation from President HenryC. King to be present at the college commencement and receive the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. He had been a D.D. of Denison since1897. President King wrote, "We shall count ourselves fortunate in including you, if we may, among our honorary alumni." In accepting theinvitation Dr. Burton said:This occasion will have a peculiar interest for me because of the fact that mymother was a student at Oberlin and graduated in one of its courses of study at atime when Oberlin was almost the only college in America where a woman could receive a degree, and when the number of women who cared for a college course wasstill extremely small. Believing, as I do, that I owe to my mother even more thanthe average son owes to his mother, it will be a special pleasure to me to become inthis indirect way an alumnus of her college.The year 191 6 brought the fortieth anniversary of Dr. Burton'sgraduation from Denison University, and the class of '76 had a reunionduring commencement week. It was made memorable to the survivors ofthe class who were present, among them his close friends, Judge HowardFerris and Vinton R. Shepard, of Cincinnati, by an inspiring telegramfrom their old president, E. Benjamin Andrews, sent from Interlochen,Florida, where he was spending the evening of his life. The message forthe class was addressed to Dr. Burton, and, in acknowledging it on behalfof the class, he told Dr. Andrews that when, at the alumni dinner, theycalled on him to speak, he had read the "certificate of character" their oldpresident had sent them. He went on to say:I was strongly impressed throughout the day with the slight change that seemedto have taken place in any of the members of the class. Personally, I felt young, andin many respects I think I am actually younger than when I graduated from college.I am able to do far more work and to keep at it more steadily, and my outlook onlife is decidedly more cheerful and optimistic.Perhaps you know I have a daughter, Margaret, of whom I am very proud.She graduated from the University of Chicago ten years ago. She went with me tothe Orient in 1908-9, and both before and since that trip has been at work chiefly inconnection with the Young Women's Christian Association. She has been general secretary at two universities, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Chicago,and has now been for several years one of the national secretaries for the office in144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNew York. [Miss Burton still occupies this position.] She has published four books,The Education of Women in China, Notable Women of Modem China, The Education of Women in Japan, and Comrades in Service. Of the last-named, 12,000 copieswere sold in the first five months. We are great friends, as I think father and daughter ought always to be. She sent me the other day a little prose poem on "Youth," inwhich is set forth in graceful English the familiar idea that youth is not a matter ofyears, but of attitude toward life ; that no man is old so long as he has faith and hopeand courage. . Across the top she had written, to my great delight, "To my friend andyouthful father, from his less youthful, but not wholly decrepit, daughter." You willsee, therefore, that it is not myself only who believes that I am young : one member,at least, of the next generation also does.That there were others who believed that he retained the spirit ofyouth was made abundantly evident by the extraordinary public serviceshe was called upon to render, and the initiative, energy, courage, andcheerfulness he displayed to the very end of his life proved that they hadabundant justification for their faith.In 19 1 8 Dr. Burton lost his oldest brother, Henry F. Burton, whohad been a professor of Latin in the University of Rochester for forty-oneyears. In 1898-1900, and again in 1908-9, he had served as acting president of that institution. He was a man of the highest personal characterand intellectual gifts. His letters to his brother, five years younger thanhimself, are models of correspondence, deeply interesting even to a stranger. A few years later, in 192 1, he also lost his youngest brother, Edmund. It was a most curious circumstance that these two brothers andDr. Burton's father died in just the same way. They quietly fell asleepand did not wake.I have said that after his fiftieth year Dr. Burton entered on a newcareer in which his writing of books was temporarily brought to an end.He did, indeed, in collaboration with two of his colleagues, ProfessorsJ. M. P. Smith and Gerald B. Smith, publish, in 1909, Biblical Ideas ofthe Atonement. No other book from him appeared until 1917, when hepublished, in company with Edgar J. Goodspeed, of the New TestamentDepartment, A Harmony of the Synoptic Gospels in English. By thattime some of the work of years began to take form, and in 1918 thereappeared Spirit, Soul, and Flesh, in Greek writings from the earliest period to 180 a.d.; in 1920, A Harmony of the Synoptic Gospels in Greek(with Edgar J. Goodspeed) ; in the same year, A Commentary on PauVsEpistle to the Galatians] and in 1923, his last book, Source Book for theStudy of the Teaching of Jesus.Of all his books, that on the Epistle to the Galatians was the greatest.ERNEST DEWITT BURTON 145It was hailed, on its appearance, with the highest commendations. Wehave from his pen the story of the making of the book up to 1916 asfollows:I have never felt any interest in putting out another commentary on Galatianswhich should merely set forth a new type of what had already been published byprevious commentators. In all the twenty years since I promised Professor Bates towrite this book I have regarded it as my principal task, next after the duties which Iam under contract obligations to render to the University. In fact, I have given myannual three months' vacation solidly, or almost solidly, to this work. There havebeen years, indeed, in which illness has prevented my doing anything in such vacations and, occasionally, other causes have interfered with it. My journey to theOrient in 1908-9, of course, interrupted, but in anticipation of this I spent six monthspreviously working steadily on this book, employing an assistant most of this period,and now, for the last two or three years, I myself have paid the salary of a personalassistant whose chief task has been to gather material for this book, and work withme on it.In 1908 I finished writing the Commentary proper, exclusive of the introduction, with the exception that, after four or five points, there remained gaps in theCommentary because I had not yet completed the underlying lexicographical studies.The actual amount of text remaining to be commented upon did not, probably, exceed four or five verses, but the underlying lexicographical studies that remained tobe accomplished were arduous pieces of work. Inasmuch, moreover, as I had thenbeen twelve years at work on the Commentary and had developed my method as Iwent forward, the first half of it by that time called for, and certainly by this timecalls for, somewhat thorough revision. Since 19 10 I have been diligently at work trying to complete these lexicographical studies, and have made some progress, at least,in the revision of the Commentary I am not without hope that I could finishthe studies in another year if I am not too seriously interrupted by unforeseen events.I should then hope to be able to complete the Commentary, revising the text andwriting the introduction in still another year.The lexicographical studies referred to in this statement which engaged him for many years and long delayed the completion of the Commentary resulted in 19 18 in the book known as Spirit, Soul, and Flesh,which was a by-product of the work on Galatians. Dr. Burton proved toooptimistic in expressing the hope in 191 6 that he would have the Commentary ready for the press within two years. It took him four yearslonger. The book was almost the work of a lifetime. His heart was somuch engaged in this work that when he went to the Orient in 1908-9 heprovided for its preservation by putting it in a safety deposit vault andfor its publication by arranging with his associate, Dr. Edgar J. Good-speed, to complete it. Closing the extended letter in which he committedthe precious manuscript to his friend, he said: "While I have been extremely reluctant to ask you to assume the possible burden of completing146 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis work, I have greatly appreciated your generous consent to undertakeit if necessary, and I have great satisfaction in leaving the work in yourhands." It was twelve years after this letter was written before he foundhimself able to write the last page of Galatians and send it to the publisher.It then bore the following most appropriate dedication:To My WifeFrances Mary BurtonWhose Fellowship of Spirit in This TaskHas Been ConstantDr. Burton's work on Galatians is one of the finest illustrations of atrue scholar's devotion to a great piece of scholarly work without theslightest regard to financial results. At the end of a quarter-century'swork he received as his total remuneration the sum for which he hadagreed to write the book, $1,000, and he had spent much more than thatin paying the assistants he had employed. But lest I create a wrong impression I hasten to add that in 1924 he received about $900 in royaltiesfrom the Harmony, published in 1894. A book not only still in print atthe end of thirty years but yielding the author an annual income approaching $1,000 is sufficient proof that Dr. Burton's literary work wasnot financially unproductive.When he came to Chicago in 1892 Dr. Burton became a member ofthe Hyde Park Baptist Church. This was no nominal connection. It became at once vital, creative, and continued to be such for thirty-threeyears, to the end of his life. He never sought prominence, leadership, orpower. He aspired only to serve. He was always ready to give his money,his services, himself, in the progressive development of the church. Heserved as director of religious education in the Sunday school, as teacher,and as superintendent. He was active in the building enterprises of thechurch, on its finance committee, and as one of its deacons. He was theadviser and helper of its ministers. He was chiefly instrumental in securing in 1910 its present pastor, Dr. C. W. Gilkey. He was a prayer-meeting Christian, and for a full generation was recognized in the church, andloved and revered, as a man who in an extraordinary degree possessedand manifested the spirit of Jesus.He carried the same spirit into his relations with the Baptist denomination. His life-long interest in missions brought him early into connection with its great missionary organizations. His first visit to the Orientas head of the Educational Commission made him more active and influ-ERNEST DEWITT BURTON 147ential. His advice on the educational work and other aspects of foreignmissions began to be sought. He was made a member of the board ofmanagers of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, and latervice-chairman and chairman of that board. He was not voluble at theMay anniversaries of the great missionary organizations. He didn't manifest his interest in that way. But when some great constructive piece ofwork was to be done he could be depended on for service.The movement which resulted in the organization of what is knownas the Northern Baptist Convention began in the early years of thetwentieth century. It was an effort to bring into some kind of organicunity the activities of half a dozen missionary societies of northern Baptists and organize ten thousand independent Baptist churches, jealous tomaintain their individual liberty against any sort of ecclesiastical domination, into a denomination which should, in its mission and educationalwork, function as a unit. At the time of the meetings in the three years inwhich this movement assumed shape — 1908, 1909, and 19 10, Dr. Burtonwas out of the country on those great public missions of which I have toldthe story. Thereafter for more than a dozen years he did a unique, perhaps it is not too much to say an unequaled, service for the NorthernBaptist Convention.The most continuous service was done as chairman of the Convention's Board of Education, which, under another name, is that AmericanBaptist Education Society, organized in Washington, D.C., in 1888, nowchiefly remembered because through it the University of Chicago wasfounded in 1890. In the annual report of the Board of Education in 1925his services were summarized in the following statement:Dr. Burton had been a member of the Board since its organization; was, in fact,a member of the commission through whose efforts the Board came into existence,and drafted the agreement under which the Board was constituted. At the first session after its organization, on October 10, 1912, he was elected chairman, which position he held until May 27, 1923, retiring then only because of the arduous duties entailed with his new office as president of the University of Chicago.It is impossible in any adequate way to reflect the service which Dr. Burton, inthis position, has rendered to the cause of Christian education. Only those who havehad most intimate knowledge are in a position to appreciate it. In every respect hewas our chief and leader. Whatever the Board has accomplished in the creation of anew educational interest, in the ministry to our students, in the solution of a multitude of problems, in the upbuilding of our Baptist schools, is due to him more thanto any other man. To all these matters he brought deep interest, great patience, andrare wisdom. He gave himself without reserve. He traveled far and often. He gaveunlimited time to counsel and conference. No problem was too simple to engage hisinterest when it was brought to him for advice. No problem was too difficult or too148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcomplicated to win his earnest consideration. When men came to him with requestswhich he could not grant they never went away without feeling that they had founda friend who had given them something better than they had asked for.His right-hand man during all the strenuous years of his chairmanship of the Board of Education was Dr. F. W. Padelford, the executivesecretary of the Board, with whom he formed one of the closest friendships of his life. Dr. Padelford speaks of his chief's "unreserved devotion" to the work of the Board which led him "to travel far and often"in the interest of the colleges it sought to serve. He once persuaded meto go with him on a journey of 400 miles to visit a rich man in the interestof one of these colleges. Many such journeys of solicitation he madealone. All this public service was given without compensation and inaddition to his regular work as director of the University Libraries,teacher of classes, editor of journals, besides his work of authorship. Theoutcome of his labors on the Board of Education was the addition ofseveral million dollars to the resources of Baptist colleges.In 1918-19 Dr. Burton did a service of far-reaching importance forhis denomination. He was appointed chairman of what was known as theCommittee of Five to report to the Northern Baptist Convention at itsmeeting in May, 19 19, in Denver, Colorado, a plan for securing greaterunity and efficiency in the denomination's missionary and educationalwork. The other members of the committee were Henry Bond, D. C.Shull, F. W. Ayer, and F. P. Haggard, all men of experience and ability.I have no space in which to tell the story of the time and labor this committee gave to its report or to give any details of the report itself. Thereport was half as long as this sketch. Dr. Burton became completelyabsorbed in its preparation. It required much traveling, wide correspondence, many anxious and laborious conferences. Many legal questionsarose which required conferences with his lawyer, C. T. B. Goodspeed,and with the members of the law committee of the Convention. While thechairman had the constant advice of an able committee, the conceptionand preparation of the report was essentially his work. But it was so far-reaching and revolutionary in its character that he found it necessary topresent it to, and secure its approval by, representatives of more than fifty organizations which were affected by its provisions. This work, withthe incorporation of the changes in the report required to make it acceptable to all these interests, took most of his time through January, February, and March, 1919. The committee extended the scope of its report toinclude, in addition to the societies and boards of the Convention, the various state conventions and standard city-mission societies, thus bringingERNEST DEWITT BURTON 149into a new unity all the missionary and educational agencies of northernBaptist churches. It radically changed the organization of the Convention by providing for the General Board of Promotion, a body which represented all the missionary and educational societies, conventions, andboards of the churches and became the administrative board of the Convention. So thoroughly had the scheme been worked out and so fully hadall interests been consulted that when the report was submitted at theDenver Convention in May, 1919, it was adopted with unanimity and enthusiasm, and at once awakened new hope arid led to greatly enlargedplans of progress in missions and education. Some impression of the extraordinary interest in the Convention may be received from a letterwhich one of its members sent to Mrs. Burton from Denver, which said,I wish you could have been present the day Dr. Burton presented his report, to havewitnessed the demonstration tendered him at the close.Someone moved that we express our appreciation for what he is to our denomination and for what he has done in preparing the admirable report of the Committeeof Five. There were about two thousand people present who, with applause andwaving of programs, rose to their feet, thus trying to express their thanks, and manyof them their love and admiration. We thank God for him!Dr. J. Y. Aitchison, recently deceased, wrote to him:Yesterday was the greatest single day in Baptist history of modern times. Thesacrifices which you have made during the past year in order to lead our widespreadhosts to a sweeping victory are crowned with the rewards of victory,, the gratitude,admiration, and love of the whole denomination.It was a great day in Dr. Burton's life, a personal triumph such asfew men ever win. The organization— the General Board of Promotion-functioned so efficiently that during the next five years the northern Baptists did five times as much in missions and education as they had everdone before.They would have done still more had not a small faction paralyzed,to some extent, the efforts of the Convention by thrusting into it doctrinalcontroversies and spreading broadcast accusations of heresy against theforemost men in the denomination. Dr. Burton was pre-eminently a manof peace. In a remarkable degree he exhibited always and everywhere thespirit of Jesus. He preferred to retire from prominence rather than topresent to the world the spectacle of Christians warring against eachother. He tried to give up the chairmanship of the Board of Education,but his associates would not accept his resignation until the great burdensof his closing years compelled him to make it absolutely final. No manever served his denomination more zealously and unselfishly and, may IIS© THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnot say, more usefully, than Dr. Burton. He received much persecutionfrom certain accusers of their brethren, but a thousand times more appreciation and gratitude and love from students and friends and the greatbody of the denomination he loved and served. In the world of scholarshe was everywhere honored. In 1920, the year following the monumentalservice to his denomination, he was called from the meetings of theNorthern Baptist Convention in Buffalo to Cambridge to receive the degree of S.T.D. from Harvard University. It was at this moment also thatthe voice of the united Christian forces of America was conferring on hima new honor and calling him to a great service, as chairman of a new educational commission to China.When Dr. Charles R. Henderson returned in 19 13 from deliveringthe Barrows Lectures of the University of Chicago in the Far East Dr.Burton wrote him a letter of congratulation and welcome home, and said:"I know, unhappily too well, that by the great service which you haverendered in the East you have placed yourself under a new load of opportunities and a new burden of responsibilities from which you will notescape while you live." Dr. Burton himself never escaped and, eight yearsafter this letter was written and thirteen years after his first monumentalservice in the Orient as head of the Educational Commission of 1908-9,he was called upon to continue the work he had then begun. In 19 15 theChina Christian Educational Association expressed its judgment thatthere should be "a careful study of the higher institutions of learning [inChina] by a commission of experts," suggesting that Dr. Burton shouldbe chairman of the Commission. Interest in the proposal grew, and in19,17 it was approved by the representatives of mission boards at a specialmeeting in New York City. The world-war having closed, in 1920 theCommittee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conferenceof North America requested Dr. Burton to serve as chairman of the proposed Commission, and, having obtained the consent of the Universityand leave of absence, he accepted the appointment.The China Educational Commission, as finally constituted, consistedof sixteen members, five representing the missionary societies of theUnited States; one, those of Great Britain and Ireland; and ten membersfrom China, three of them Chinese, two British, and five Americans. Sixteen American mission and Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A. boards, togetherwith the Rockefeller Foundation, made contributions to defray the expenses. To indicate the ability of the Commission it is enough to say thatDr. Kenyon L. Butterfield, president of the Massachusetts AgriculturalERNEST DEWITT BURTON ISICollege, Dr. Mary E. Woolley, president of Mount Holyoke College, andBishop Francis J. McConnell, of the Methodist church, were among itsmembers. The secretaries of the Commission, to whom no salaries werepaid, were Margaret E. Burton, the daughter of the chairman, and Dr.Frank W. Padelford, executive secretary of the Board of Education ofthe Northern Baptist Convention. Dr. Padelford made the journey entirely at his own expense.The purpose of the Commission was "to inquire sympathetically andcarefully into the entire educational situation in China and the relationwhich the educational work carried on in China by foreign-mission boardsand by other Christian forces, either Chinese or foreign, should bear to it,and upon the basis of their studies to suggest the part which the missionboards at work in China might well take in the education of the Chinesepeople."The Commission sailed from Vancouver in the "Empress of Asia"August 18, 192 1. There were also among the passengers the members ofthe China Medical Board and their guests, a distinguished company whowere on their way to Peking to attend the dedication of the buildings ofthe Peking Union Medical College, a number of missionary administrators from America and England going out to study their fields, over onehundred missionaries, and a group of Chinese students returning to theirown country. There were distinguished men in the China Medical Board,among them John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Martin A. Ryerson, Dr. George E.Vincent, and Dr. William H. Welch, some of them old friends of Dr.Burton. The Commission held meetings twice a day to lay out their workand "to confer with some of the above-named on matters of common interest." They reached Peking September 13 and were there joined bythe members living in China and the Commission was organized. After alittle over two weeks spent in Peking, in which every day was given tothe work in hand, the Commission was divided into parties for the studyof education in different regions. I cannot follow these parties in theirtravels, which covered a great part of the empire except West China.One member of the Commission, however, was from that region, andthere were extended conferences with missionaries from the province ofSzechuan. Members of the Commission visited about forty of the citiesof the country and more than four hundred schools, Christian, government, and private. It was decided that Dr. Burton, as chairman, havingbefore traveled extensively in China, should spend most of his time inPeking and Shanghai studying matters which could best be dealt with in152 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthose cities. It was fortunate that he was not called upon to take longand toilsome journeys, as he was overtaken by illness, from which, however, he happily recovered. His personal journeys took him to Mukden,Tientsin, Tsinan, Nanking, and Soochow.After these widely extended journeys of investigation, covering somany cities and schools and taking about sixty days, the members of theCommission assembled in Shanghai for the study of the vast accumulation of information which travel, observation, correspondence, and research had given the different members. The meetings began November22 and, except for occasional interruptions for additional visits to nearbyschools, continued daily until the final adjournment of the Commission,January 24, 1922, sixty-three days. These were days of arduous toil toDr. Burton and his secretaries, for upon them devolved the work of putting the report of the Commission into final shape. This report was published by the Committee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America in a volume of 443 pages, an invaluable mine of information and suggestion on education, and particularlyon Christian Education in China, which is the name the volume bears.Published in 1922, it is still a new book.Mrs. Burton had accompanied her husband and daughter in thisjourney to the Orient as well as in the earlier one. They returned early in1922, after an absence of about six months. Dr. Burton had been hard atwork for a year and a half preparing for leading the Commission toChina, so that he had devoted two years to the undertaking. There werefew among the great services he rendered greater than this.As during his absence on the first commission to the Orient death hadbroken into the family circle and taken his father, so during the time required for this second one two members of the family had died — hisyounger brother Edmund and his brother-in-law, Professor W. W. Be-man, who had taught mathematics in the University of Michigan for fiftyyears, a devout man and a writer of many books, who had continued toteach till the time of his death in 1922, in his seventy-second year.Dr. Burton was greeted on his return from China with requests forarticles and addresses that would have taken far more time and strengththan he had to give. He was, however, so impressed with the outlook forChina that he did prepare and deliver an address in which for the familiartheme, "The Yellow Peril," he substituted "The Yellow Possibilities."He also accepted President Judson's invitation to deliver the September,1922, Convocation address, speaking on "Education in a DemocraticERNEST DEWITT BURTON *53World." Of this address President Hopkins of Dartmouth said, "I wishthat this address or its equivalent in the ground which it covers and thelucidity with which it is expressed could be given before every college inthe country."I have not spoken overmuch in this sketch of Dr. Burton's theology.Of course, his progressive attitude has been everywhere apparent. Thisattitude brought him under severe criticism and subjected him to themost unjust accusations. And I am tempted by an incident which happened in this year 1922, at its very close, indeed, to put on record Dr.Burton's views on certain great questions. One of his critics, who yetmaintained Christian relations with him, as some did not, wrote to himasking for a statement of his views on four points of the highest importance. With entire frankness Dr. Burton, in a long and friendly letter,said on these particular points:(a) I believe that in the Bible we have preserved for us the most valuable recordof the most significant series of revelations which the world possesses. The Spirit ofGod was present alike in the process of revelation and in the record, and both may,therefore, be properly called inspired. (6)1 believe that Jesus Christ is the climax ofthe revelation of God to men; that God was in Christ reconciling the world untohimself; that in him we see God as nowhere else, (c) I believe that Jesus died formen to save them from sin and its consequences ; that in his death he is a revelationof God on the basis of which God can forgive, accept, justify those who have faith.(d) I believe that "that which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born ofthe Spirit is spirit," and the goal of human life is achieved only as the soul of manenters into fellowship with the Spirit of God. For the man to whom the Christianrevelation has come the acceptance of Jesus Christ is the natural way into such fellowship with God. He is the way, the truth, the life.Such was Dr. Burton's confession of faith. But he went on to say that hedid not expect other men to answer just as he did, and did not insist, expect, or desire that they should all see the truth just as he saw it. He wasa great-souled man. There was no narrowness in him. No wonder peoplebelieved in him and loved him.On February 4, 1923, Dr. Burton was sixty-seven years old. He hadsold his residence at 5525 Woodlawn Avenue in anticipation of retiringfrom his University work and getting on paper and into print the resultsof forty years of research and of thinking. It was at just this time that hereceived the greatest call to service that had ever come to him.Dr. Harry Pratt Judson, after a connection with the University ofChicago of more than thirty years, during seventeen of which he had beenits president, was retiring and leaving that responsible position vacant.Many months had been spent in trying to find a young man, or a man in154 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmiddle life, as his successor, but the right man was not found. As President Judson had fixed the date of his retirement for February 20, 1923in the emergency the Trustees, on January 9, elected Dr. Burton actingpresident, to begin his duties on the day of President Judson's retirement.This was not a new office for him. In 191 1 the Trustees had appointed him "to perform the duties of the President's office" during theSecond Term of the Summer Quarter, and again in 19 13 they had appointed him "acting president" for the same period. But this new electionto that office was quite a different thing, and it was characteristic of Dr.Burton that when Mr. Swift and Mr. Ryerson notified him of his appointment he at once asked whether the Board wanted an ad interim administration, during which the University was merely to mark time, or whetherthey wished him to inaugurate an active and progressive policy. Theyfound him ready to accept the election only when they assured him thatthe Trustees wished and expected him to initiate policies and pursue themwith vigor.When Dr. Burton accepted the acting presidency he did not lose anhour in fulfilling the hopes of the Trustees. He took hold of his newduties with such extraordinary vigor, and began to develop far-reachingpolicies of startling significance so rapidly, that after the lapse of only sixmonths, on July 12, 1923, he was elected to the presidency. Then onlywas he given full scope for that amazing initiative and aggressive energywhich he began at once to display. He became a new man, absorbed byone thought — how he might, in the few years left him for work, inaugurate a movement which would make Chicago the best possible Universityfor the service of the city and mankind.This absorption in a single purpose was signally illustrated in a visithe made, immediately after his election, to northern Wisconsin to conferwith Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeed, who was then, as he had been for a numberof years, filling the office of secretary to the president. It was hoped thatthe newly elected President had come for rest and recreation among thewoods and waters of that summer land. Not at all ! He had come to discuss the future of the University. Every effort was made to divert hisattention to the wonders of the North. It was all in vain. He had broughta mind full of University problems and nothing interested him outsidethese problems. He didn't care to play golf. He didn't wish to go fishing.He wanted to talk about the multiplied problems of the job he had beforehim. On an automobile trip eighty-five miles north to Lake Superior hismind dwelt only on the University and its future. I doubt if he noticedERNEST DEWITT BURTON I5Sanything on the way or remembered the great inland sea. Back at thecottage he sat on the porch with his face turned away from the water,that his attention might not be distracted by the passing launches, motor-boats, rowboats, and canoes, while he sought answers to questions of University policy. There was never a more striking illustration of Paul'ssaying, "This one thing I do." Four times before he had visited us in thenorth woods and had always entered into the life of the wilderness withzest. But not so now. Now he was entranced with a splendid vision of amission of effort and accomplishment for future generations. New responsibility, combined with large opportunity, had come to him. Asthough inspired by the divine spirit his mental and moral nature rose tothe responsibility and his powers expanded to the full height of the opportunity. He seemed to become a new man. The sudden blossomingforth of his powers astonished even those who knew him. All at once herevealed himself as greater than the man they had known. He began toexhibit the true stature of his greatness.He had large views of what the University should be and do, the initiative and wisdom to devise the great measures demanded, and the courage, determination, and energy to push these measures to accomplishment, to transform his plans into achievements. He possessed and displayed administrative abilities of the first order and, while outstandinglyprogressive, had at the same time so much business intelligence as tomake him a sane and safe, as well as an inspiring, leader. It was notstrange, therefore, that immediately following his appointment as actingpresident an atmosphere of expectancy began to pervade the Universitycommunity. The developments of the next six months, culminating in hiselection to the presidency, increased this feeling of expectation until theair became electric with it. As soon as he took command "the thrill ofnew life ran through the University." So Professor Edgar J. Goodspeedexpressed it when he paid a tribute to President Burton in the Record ofJuly, 1925, and he went on to say:He welcomed the manifold and intricate problems of organization and financewhich awaited him and attacked them with the utmost zest. He at once carriedthrough the Northern Baptist Convention the long-desired change of that clause inthe University's charter which had required that the president should be a Baptist.At the same time the Board of Trustees was increased from twenty-one to twenty-five members, the proportion of Baptist Trustees being changed from two-thirds tothree-fifths. He greatly strengthened the work of the Colleges by doubling the number of deans and enabling them to give much more time to consultation, so thatunder the leadership of Dean Ernest H. Wilkins the morale of the Colleges soonshowed a marked improvement.156 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Burton took an active part in the Sunday services in Mandel Hall, accompanying the preacher to the platform and opening the services himself. He acceptedmany invitations to speak, especially in Chicago, and for all these occasions he madecareful preparation, often actually writing what he wished to say. In his desire tobring the city and the University together he instituted public lectures by distinguished professors from the University at Orchestra Hall, and formally invited thepeople of the city to attend. These lectures proved remarkably successful in interesting the people of Chicago afresh in the University and its work.He carried through the organization of the University's medical work, consolidating the Rush Medical College with the University. He completely revised theplans for the Medical School and the Billings Hospital, fixing on a new site for themof two blocks on the north side of the Midway and securing the vacation of InglesideAvenue so as to throw the two blocks into one.The president took up the University's building campaign with the greatest energy. He found in the treasury great funds for definite building projects, but inalmost no case were these sufficient for the erection of the buildings. It was his taskto bring the funds up, or the costs down, to a point where each building could beerected. The first structure to be begun was the Theology Building. President Burton presided and made the address at the laying of the cornerstone on November 6,1924. On November 17 he presided at the cornerstone-laying of the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery on the site of the Rush Medical College buildings, onthe West Side.The cornerstone of the Joseph Bond Chapel was laid on April 30, 1925, but thePresident was not able to be present. He was unable to be present, when, on May 7,ground was broken on Fifty-eighth Street for the great medical group in which hishopes and efforts had been so greatly engaged. About the same time work was begunat Fifty-seventh and Ingleside Avenue on the Whitman Laboratory of ExperimentalBiology, the gift of Professor and Mrs. F. R. Lillie.Meantime he had been very actively engaged upon the plans for thegreat University Chapel, on which work was begun during the summer of1925, as well as on Wieboldt Hall, for which ground was broken November 6, and on the Field House, the breaking of ground for which occurredon November 14, 1925.All these achievements were a part only of that great plan of development which Dr. Burton called the Program of Advance, and which hasmade his administration forever illustrious in the history of the University of Chicago. When the responsibilities of the presidency were laidupon him the question that presented itself to his mind was, "What is thetask of the immediate future?" The more he considered this question thegreater grew his conception of what that task must be. The conclusion onwhich President, Trustees, and Faculties came to an agreement was thatthe great task of the University was to bring all its work, in all its departments and schools, up to the highest level of efficiency; to give its students the best type of education which can be provided, and, by researchERNEST DEWITT BURTON 157in every department, to make the largest and most valuable contributionspossible to human knowledge. The program contemplated nothing lessthan making the University better, not only than it then was, but betterthan any university in the country then was, indeed, the best that humanintelligence, skill in teaching, and money could make it. The Presidentembodied his views in an attractive publication, The University of Chicago in 1Q40, which was widely distributed.In preparation for carrying out the proposed program President Burton secured the appointment of two vice-presidents: Dean J. H. Tufts,to have special responsibility in education, and Trevor Arnett, in business, bringing the business administration into intimate relation to theeducational. In his statement at the July, 1924, Convocation, after presenting some of the reasons which had moved the Trustees to attempt torealize this forward-looking program, the president said:The University recognizes that it faces an urgent demand for a great development of its work of education and research, and that this in turn calls for a large increase of financial resources. Thanks to the generous gifts of our eastern friends andof the citizens of Chicago, the University's total resources today amount to about$54,000,000. The studies of the last year make it unmistakably clear that to enablethe University of Chicago to make its contribution to the work of research and education which the universities of the country must undertake, to the resources whichwe now possess there ought to be added within the next ten or fifteen years an equalamount, and that no small fraction of it should come to us within the next two years.Further study of the immediate and urgent needs led the Trustees tofix this "no small fraction" at $17,500,000, and to organize and prosecuteari effort to secure the subscription of this fund within the shortest possible time. The sum of $6,500,000, it was hoped, would be raised for further endowment of the work of instruction and administration, and $11,-000,000, for buildings. This was a great sum, but, great as it was, it didnot include the sums needed for the Divinity and Medical Schools.This is the merest glimpse of that great Program of Advance workedout during the first twenty months of President Burton's administration.Perhaps, however, it is enough to indicate how vast an undertaking hewas facing, and to reveal the exalted ideals which inspired its author.The President had risen to that pitch of heroism that led him to ventureeverything in a supreme effort to make the University worthy of theGreater Chicago of which it was always to be a part, and of the ever-increasing body of alumni which is the Greater University.I must here interrupt the narrative for a moment to speak of one academic honor conferred, and another proffered, in the midst of this great153 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDundertaking. At its commencement in 1924 Denison University conferredon Dr. Burton the degree of LL.D. in spite of the fact that he found it impossible to be present to receive it in person.On March 17, 1925, President James R. Angell wrote him, "I havethe very great pleasure of inviting you, on behalf of the Yale Corporation,to be present at our commencement exercise on Wednesday, June 17, toreceive the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Your contributions toscholarship and your outstanding work as president of the University ofChicago have attracted wide attention, and our Board is very desirous ofconferring upon you this recognition of your achievements."When this invitation came President Burton was in the very midstof his great campaign.The raising of seventeen and a half million dollars within two years— one year, if possible, was an achievement stupendous and difficultenough to appall the stoutest heart and paralyze the courage of the boldest. But it did not paralyze the courage of this man who faced it at sixty-eight years of age. He demonstrated that he possessed a courage and apersistent devotion to a great undertaking that were beyond belief. Hedeveloped new and unknown qualities of leadership. First of all he organized great promotion and publicity departments which, in fifteen months,got the University before the Chicago public as never before. For almostthe first time the people came to know the University, its aims, and itsneeds.The first great achievement of the campaign was the proffer of $2,-000,000, from the General Education Board of New York, on conditionthat this sum be increased by other subscriptions to $6,000,000 before theclose of 1926, this entire sum to be devoted to endowment purposes. Tothis great pledge the Trustees immediately responded with subscriptionsaggregating $1,700,000. Then came the Alumni. President Burton's Program of Advance thrilled them with new pride and new interest in theirAlma Mater. The campaign was greeted by them as a challenge and anopportunity. They decided that their share in it should equal the contribution of the General Education Board and, before April, 1926, abouteleven thousand alumni had made subscriptions, carrying the movementto triumphant success.President Burton became very busy addressing meetings of alumni,civic organizations, and representative bodies of citizens, and personallysoliciting help from possible large givers. His administration work wasabsorbingly interesting to him; his mind was full of plans of improvementERNEST DEWITT BURTON 159he intended to carry out, but the time came when he turned over the internal administration to the vice-presidents and deans, practically abandoned his office, and devoted himself almost exclusively to the task ofpushing the financial campaign by personal work. The Wieboldt Foundation gave him half a million dollars for the Modern Language Building,and the fund continued to grow. He was deeply engaged in several promising negotiations and was, every day, busy from morning to night.And then out of the clear sky came the thunderbolt. One day I accompanied him in his work of solicitation. He was cheerful, full of courage, apparently well. The next day, while again at work in the businessdistrict, he was seized with a pain in his side, sought a friend who was aphysician, and, without being allowed to go home, was sent immediatelyto the Presbyterian Hospital. Eminent surgeons, who were also hisfriends, operated for intestinal obstruction. From this preliminary operation he made an apparent quick gain toward recovery. But the surgeonsdecided that there must be another operation. His daughter, Margaret,and his sister, Mrs. Beman, had, meantime, come to him. He was permitted to return home. He became able to sit up and walk about a little andsee some of his friends. I had a delightful interview with him. He toldme he was preparing the President's Statement for the approaching JuneConvocation. But chiefly, he said, he was interested in completing a negotiation, begun some months before, with Mr. Douglas Smith, of Chicago, who was contemplating giving the University a large sum. Realizingwhat a great satisfaction it would be to President Burton to have the matter closed up before he went again to the hospital, Mr. Smith decided notto delay, and three days before that final journey announced to the President his contribution of $1,000,000 in approved securities, for medicalresearch. No one can fully understand the satisfaction that great contribution gave the dying president. The last time I heard his voice he calledme upon the telephone, thanked me for the congratulations I had writtenhim, and told me of the joy he felt in this new assurance that his workwould go forward. And it did go forward. The alumni pushed their effortto success. Early in the summer of 1925 John D. Rockefeller, Jr., fulfilled a deeply cherished hope of President Burton's and gave the University $1,000,000 for the further endowment of the Divinity School, andother helpers continued to appear.The question has frequently been asked, whether President Burtonrealized the seriousness of his physical condition when he looked forwardto his return to the hospital. It may be said that he knew the surgeonsi6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhad diagnosed the inflammation they had discovered as carcinoma andthat it was that they were to remove. His attorney has given me the following statement:On Saturday night before the Tuesday on which Dr. Burton went to the hospital for his second operation he sent for me. I found him sitting up in the east frontchamber of the President's house. He had a copy of the will I had drawn for himafter his return from China, and before his election as acting president. After somegeneral talk he asked me if I thought the will was in such form that it would producethe results which he had in mind, and with which I was familiar. He said he realizedthat there were three possible results that might come from the impending operation.He might, after it, be better than he had been for years ; or he might become a hopeless invalid, never able to do anything again ; or the shock might kill him ; that therefore he wished to make any changes that were necessary in the matter of his will before going to the hospital. I assured him that no changes were necessary. He was ingood spirits, though serious, received me cheerfully, and did not by any break ofvoice or show of emotion give any sign of fear or weakness.And then the end came. Ten days later an official statement was issuedwhich said, after telling of the President's return to the hospital :It was decided to perform an operation for removal of the carcinoma growth,and this operation was performed on Wednesday, May 20.President Burton faced this second operation with the courageous and cheerfulattitude characteristic of him. The operation was successful as regards removal ofthe growth, and at first it seemed that the Presidents extraordinary powers of recuperation would enable him to survive. However, it soon became evident that theshock to his system, especially in view of his age, was very grave. Although hebrought to bear upon his battle for life all the will-power and faith that such a sufferer could muster, he steadily lost strength and, with the development of peritonitislast night it was seen that no hope for his recovery could be maintained. Deathended his sufferings at 9 141 a.m. today (May 26, 1925).As the author said in concluding the article from which I have alreadyquoted, "He fell, like his great kinsman, Stonewall Jackson, at the heightof his powers and in front of his lines. The great task he had set himselfwas only half done, but that half is a magnificent monument."The public funeral services were held in Mandel Hall on the afternoon of May 28. President Emeritus Judson presided. Prayer was offeredby the University Chaplain, Dr. T. G. Soares. The addresses were madeby Harold H. Swift, president of the Board of Trustees, Dean ShailerMathews, and Dr. C. W. Gilkey, his pastor, all of them noble tributes ofaffection and admiration. Mr. Swift expressed the thought that was inthe mind of every member of the University community when he beganand closed his address with these words: "It has been a glorious twoyears." All hearts responded to the words of Dr. Mathews when he said:ERNEST DEWITT BURTON 161"A scholar and an administrator, an indomitable will to righteousness, atender and sympathetic friend, a great soul that never sought its own advancement except in the service of others, he passed from us on a risingcurve, with much work accomplished, but full of zest for larger service."All recognized the picture Dr. Gilkey drew of him in the words which follow: "He met his last and greatest responsibility with all the vigor andenthusiasm of youth, and yet with ail the ripe wisdom and balanced judgment of age No man ever faced more clearly or courageouslythe various possibilities of life and death with which these last weeks haveso suddenly confronted him. Twice during the critical days after his second operation the doctors said to him, 'Now you must help us fight thisthing through,' and twice he replied, simply and characteristically, 'Iwill.' " One of the nurses who was with him in the hospital and at home,from the time of his attack to the end, said, "In twenty years of nursingI have never seen such courage," and again, "He hadn't a selfish atom inhis being." The night before his death he was in great weakness and pain.The attendants were having trouble in finding hands enough to do theother necessary things and also hold the light at the right angle for theirwork. He noted the difficulty and, weak as he was, he said, "I think Icould hold the light for you." Holding the light for others had been thework of his life, and he held it to the end.President Burton served the University of Chicago thirty-three years,almost a full generation. But he was no hireling. He was not in the University for what he could get out of it, but for what he could put into it.He put his life into it as long as life lasted and when his life ended hewanted to continue to serve it forever. That he might do this he left to itmost of the accumulations of his forty-three years of productive labor.After providing for Mrs. Burton and his daughter, Margaret, and remembering some other people and causes that were dear to him he left theresidue of his estate to the University as an endowment fund. He said:"I desire the income coming to the University under this will to be usedfor purposes more directly related to the promotion of vital religion,. . . . and it is my preference that, as far and as long as practicable, theincome shall be employed chiefly through that division of the Universityknown as the American Institute of Sacred Literature." It is believedthat this bequest is likely to exceed $40,000. In the event that Mrs. Burton gives or bequeathes to the University additional sums, the combinedfund is to be known as the Burton Fund. The last years of Dr. Burton'slife were spent in seeking to induce other people to give money to the Uni-l62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD-versity of which he was president. While he was living he and Mrs. Burton joined with others in making such gifts, and when he died he left behind him the best possible evidence of his own high appreciation of theservice the University is doing for the community and for mankind. Hebelieved in it with all his heart.I have mentioned almost none of the clubs and other organizations towhich Dr. Burton belonged. I must speak of one — the Institute of Socialand Religious Research, membership in which gave him an opportunityfor service which he greatly prized. It was almost the only extra-University position he retained after he became president, but he could not relinquish it, and with all the burdens of the presidency upon him he wentto New York almost every month to attend its meetings. His membershipin the Century Club of that city gave him a social center there, and theInstitute and the Club have given eloquent tributes to their admirationof his character, abilities, and services.Few men after their death have called forth so many and such extraordinary tributes of admiration and affection. Many hundreds of suchmessages were received from all over the world. The reading of themwould make it clear that President Burton was a many-sided man. Iasked three or four of his friends to tell me what they considered his dominant characteristics. When these estimates of him were brought togetherthe list of his dominant qualities read as follows : Christian spirit, lovefor truth, devotion to research, world-wide sympathies, intellectual fertility, intellectual integrity, intellectual energy, organizing gifts, executivepower, goodness, infinite capacity for taking pains, loyalty to duty, practical idealism, devotion to righteousness, passion for intellectual freedom,the clarity of his thought, thoughtfulness for others, family affection,open-mindedness, tireless industry, large vision, contagious enthusiasm,courage in the face of difficulties or danger, loyalty to friends, generosity,kindness. All these dominant characteristics from three or four friendsonly! Illustrative pages might be written on each one of them. And if Ihad asked the views of three or four other friends they would have addedto the list.If I were not overwhelmed with a mass of material which lack ofspace prevents me from using I should quote from editorial appreciationsand resolutions of clubs, religious bodies, colleges, and universities tellingof the widespread admiration of President Burton's character, achievements, and services. Of these resolutions forty or more were sent to theUniversity, some of them from 900 to 1,200 words long. Altogether theycontained more than 10,000 words. Even the Chicago City Council, inERNEST DEWITT BURTON 163formal resolutions, expressed the high estimate of the aldermen of "thelife and work of President Burton, as one of the foremost students of theNew Testament, writer on religious subjects, teacher, and great educational administrator," as well as of his "keen appreciation of the possibilities of helpful contacts between the University of Chicago and the city,"and voiced "the deep sorrow of the City of Chicago in his death."The Trustees of the University concluded an illuminating tribute tohis character and achievements with the following characterization:His willing capacity for hard work, his close attention to details combined withhis insight into great and guiding principles, his democratic spirit, his modesty, hishigh courage, his abiding faith, and above all that rare spiritual quality springingfrom his Christian character and personal religion, which made men love as well astrust him— these will always remain a part, not only of our most treasured memories,but of the University's noblest heritage.The letters of sympathy, expressing the appreciation of the writersfor President Burton's character and life and their deep affection for him,would fill a volume. In closing this sketch I will let one who knew himwell through forty years speak for all, President Faunce of Brown University, who wrote as follows :When he became my teacher at Newton I saw at once the clarity of his intelligence, his high ideals of scholarship, his profoundly Christian character. During allthese years I have never met him without being inspired to better living. I have seenhim frequently at meetings of the Institute of Social and Religious Research and atevery meeting I have been impressed by his power of analysis, his swift discovery ofthe strength and the weakness of every proposition brought before us, and his sympathy with all sorts and conditions of men. His influence in China and throughoutthe Orient will abide for decades. The cause of New Testament scholarship in theEnglish-speaking world has been vastly advanced by his study and teaching. TheUniversity of Chicago has advanced more rapidly under his leadership than possiblyany other university in this country in the same period. There is no man on myhorizon with whom I would rather go into the unseen world than with Ernest Burton. To be near him would mean to be very near to God.As I think of him I recall these stanzas of Tennyson's tribute toArthur Hallam:And thou art worthy ! full of power !As gentle, liberal-minded, great,Consistent, wearing all that weightOf learning lightly like a flower.And, doubtless, unto thee is givenA life that bears immortal fruitIn such great offices as suitThe full grown energies of heaven.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED FORTIETHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Fortieth Convocation was held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Tuesday, March 16, at 3 :30p.m. The Convocation Statement waspresented by Vice-President James Hayden Tufts, while Walter Ansel Strong,publisher of the Chicago Daily News, delivered the Convocation Address on"Newspapers and the New Age."The award of honors was as follows :Honorable Mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges : GeorgeHubert Allison, Lawrence Edward Apitz,Hal Watson Arden, Ruth Atwell, ErieKing Baker, Helen Augusta Benson,Archie Blake, Dorothy Helen Bloom,Catherine Charlotte Boettcher, EdithElizabeth Brock, Anne Smith Bryan,Samuella Grace Caver, Eugene AlmarChangnon, Helen Church Crews, SidneyFrank, Carleton Howard Graves, EdnaLeona Gross, Daniel Thorval Gundersen,Charles Elwyn Hayes, John VaughanHoffacker, Gertrude Fay Holmes, FriedaJacobsohn, Frances Kendall, Po-GoanKho, Haksoo H. Kim, Matthew Lewison,Grace Anne Lindquist, Alvin ThomasLund, W. James Lyons, Carl MauritzMarberg, Masaji Marumoto, Ruth ZadaMoore, Karl Allen Mygdal, Alvred Bayard Nettleton, Rose Muriel Perlove, Margaret Emerson Pollard, Edgar Carl Rein-ke, Alfred Henry Reiser, Marian JoyceRicheson, William Buell Scace, Louis Se-vin, Maurice May hall Smith, Anna Sva-tik, Herberta Lillian Van Pelt, AlexanderLawrence Whitfield, Allen Paul Wikgren,Bertha Reola Woods.The Bachelor's Degree with honors :Helen Othelia Aseman, Wallace RichardsAtwood, Frieda Bachmann, Harry Ho-bart Bingham, Sidney Bloomenthal, Henry Ferdinand Boettcher, Ralph SteeleBoggs, Pei-Yiian Chou, Edwin J. DeCos-ta, Benedict Seneca Einarson, EstelleBernstein Galpern, Carl Leonard Gast,Samuel William Halperin, Sophie Hold-engraber, Wilton Marion Krogman, William Charles Krumbein, Marjorie Olson, Alfred Musgrave Paisley, George Baldwin Powell Schick, Abraham Schultz,Emily Lillian Sedlacek, Regina FannieStolz, William Eaton Strandberg, OttoHermann Windt, Albert Meyer Wolf,Maude Yeoman, May Yeoman.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges areawarded to the following students : Harry Bryan Allin-Smith, Political Economy; Helen Othelia Aseman, PoliticalEconomy; Wallace Richards Atwood,Geology; Frieda Bachmann, German;Harry Hobart Bingham, English; HenryFerdinand Boettcher, English; RalphSteele Boggs, Spanish; Pei-Yuan Chou,Mathematics; Pei-Yiian Chou, Physics;Edwin J. DeCosta, Anatomy and Zoology; Benedict Seneca Einarson, Greek andLatin; Elsie Elfreda Erickson, Botany;Frances Sybilla Grauten, Art; SamuelWilliam Halperin, History; Samuel William Halperin, French; Sophie Holden-graber, Sociology; Winifred Ora Jones,Home Economics; Bernard EvanueKane, Botany; Wilton Marion Krogman,Sociology and Anthropology ; WilliamCharles Krumbein, Political Economy;William Charles Krumbein, Commerceand Administration; John Robert Mat-tingly, Greek; Saima Sippola Monto,Education; Emma Ullman Newfield, Education; Marjorie Olson, English; Marjorie Olson, Greek; Agnes Fraser Rice,Kindergarten-Primary Education; Norman Louis Samuelson, Mathematics;George Baldwin Powell Schick, French;Emily Lillian Sedlacek, Greek; EmilyLillian Sedlacek, Latin; William BrooksSteen, Anatomy; William Eaton Strandberg, History; Florence Marie Strohm,Botany; Otto Hermann Windt, Chemistry; Albert Meyer Wolf, Chemistry;Maude Yeoman, English; May Yeoman,Psychology.Election of members to the Beta ofIllinois Chapter of Alpha Omega Alphafor excellence in the work of the Juniorand Senior Years at Rush Medical College : Alexander Eichel Brunschwig, Le-land Charles Dietsch, James Conrad Ellis, Charles Benjamin Shaffer Evans,164EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 165Elma May Fry, Frank Ralph Guido,Harold Bertrand Hogue, Louis BernardKartoon, Norman Leshin, Fredric MaxNicholson, George Francis O'Brien, Samuel Louis Perzik, Mary Tenney Phy,Frank Kenneth Power, Margaret GarrettSmythe, Dwight Tedcastle Vandel.Election of Associate members toSigma Xi on nomination of two Departments of Science for evidence of promiseof ability m research work in Science:Wallace Richards Atwood, May Margaret Beenken, John Francis Blackburn,Francis Edward Cislak, Ruth StevensColeman, Paul Sidney Dealup, WilliamRussell Fredrickson, Charlotte Day Gow-er, Kiichi Jo, Marion Alvin Johnson,Frances Angeleni Johnston, MildredKaucher, James LeRoy O'Leary, SharatK. Roy, Emory R. Strausser, MagnhildMinerva Torvik.Election of members to Sigma Xion nomination of the Departments ofScience for evidence of ability in researchwork in Science: Myron Call Barlow,William Bloom, Janet Macfarlane Bourn,Londus Baker Brannon, Ko Chung Chen,Edward Lyon Compere, Jr., DorothyGladstone Downie, Wesley Norman Herr,Yun Hsuan Ho, Thurston Leown Johnson, Louis Stevenson Kassel, RosemaryLaughlin, Kinzo Nakashima, Isabel Til-ton Noble, Shuh Pan, Winford LeeSharp, Edna Helen Shaver, Mary Sawyer Sheppard, Jack Herzl Sloan, ArleHerbert Sutton, Myron McDonald Weaver, Harold Wolf son.Election of members to the Beta ofIllinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa onnomination by the University for especialdistinction in general scholarship in theUniversity: Frieda Bachmann, RalphSteele Boggs (June, 1925), May Burun-jik, Virginius Frank Coe, Edwin J. De-Costa, Benedict Seneca Einarson (March,1925, Samuel William Halperin (June,1925)? Wilton Marion Krogman, WilliamCharles Krumbein, Marjorie Olson, Emily Lillian Sedlacek (March, 1925), OttoHermann Windt (December, 1924), Albert Meyer Wolf (June, 1925), MayYeoman.Degrees were conferred as follows:The Colleges: the degree of Bachelor ofArts, 4 ; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 58 ; the degree of Bachelor of Science, 27; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Education, 14; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Commerce and Administration, 7; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in the College of Social Service Administration, 1. The Graduate School of Arts and Literature: thedegree of Master of Arts, 15; the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy, 1. The Graduate Divinity School: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 4; the degree of Doctorof Philosophy, 2. The School of Commerce and Administration: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 2. The Graduate Schoolof Social Service: the degree of Masterof Arts, 2 ; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1. The Ogden Graduate Schoolof Science: the degree of Master of Science, 5 ; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 6. The Law School: the degree ofBachelor of Laws, 1 ; the degree of Doctor of Law, 8. Rush Medical College:the Four- Year Certificate, 55 ; the degreeof Doctor of Medicine, 37. The totalnumber of degrees conferred was 250.The Convocation Prayer Servicewas held at 10:30 a.m. Sunday, March14, in the Reynolds Theater. At 11 :ooa.m., in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,the Convocation Religious Service washeld. The preacher was Rev. Harold Edwin Balme Speight of King's Chapel,Boston, Massachusetts.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theWinter Quarter were : January 10, Rev.Charles W. Gordon, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.(Ralph Connor), St. Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Winnipeg, Canada; January 17, Rev. David Jones Evans, Th.D.,First Baptist Church, Kansas City, Missouri; January 24, Dr. Evans; January31, Rev. Joseph Fort Newton, Litt.D.,D.D., Church of the Divine Paternity,New York City; February 7, Robert Elliott Speer, D.D., Secretary, PresbyterianBoard of Foreign Missions, New YorkCity ; February 14, Gerald Birney Smith,D.D., Professor of Christian Theology,University of Chicago ; February 21, Rev.Richard Roberts, D.D., American Presbyterian Church, Montreal, Canada;February 28, Rev. John Snape, D.D.,Euclid Avenue Baptist Church, Cleveland, Ohio ; March 7, Right Rev. JamesEdward Freefnan, D.D., Bishop of Washington, Washington, D.C.; March 14,Convocation Sunday, Rev. Harold Edwin Balme Speight, D.D., King's Chapel,Boston, Massachusetts.i66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDConcerts were given at the University by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,on the following dates: January 5 and26, February 23, and March 9. On theafternoon of February 16 Joseph Szigetigave a violin recital in Mandel Hall.Eleven thousand alumni of the University have contributed $1,880,000 to itsdevelopment fund, leaving only $120,000to be raised of the alumni quota of $2,-000,000. Alumni chairmen in all parts ofthe country expect to bring their campaign to a successful conclusion withinsixty days.Although President Max Mason isin California for a March vacation, heis taking an active part in the alumnicampaign by outlining the developmentplans of the University before alumnimeetings in San Francisco, Los Angeles,and San Diego.Alumni chairmen in Dayton, Ohio,and Rochester, Minnesota, report thatevery Chicago alumnus in their respective cities has subscribed to the development fund. Missionary alumni in Chinareport that fifteen teachers in ShanghaiCollege at a chop suey dinner subscribeda hundred dollars to be sent to the University.A Citizens' Committee on Chemistry, to assist the University in the development of its Department of Chemistry,is made up of twenty-six of Chicago'sprominent business men, the chairmanbeing Charles H. MacDowell, presidentof the Armour Fertilizer Works. Thecommittee will undertake to raise, in cooperation with the University, $3,235,000for a new laboratory building and theendowment of instruction and researchin chemistry. The new laboratory building for research and graduate work, costing $1,285,000, is the immediate objective. The vice-chairman of the committee is Harry Gottlieb, secretary of S. W.Straus & Company, and the secretary isDr. H. I. Schlesinger, Professor of Chemistry at the University.Among many recent notable acquisitions of books and manuscripts to theUniversity libraries are three famous Bibles — one an unusually fine copy of thegreat German Bible printed at Zurich in1690 and 1 69 1. It is a large folio, the Old Testament covering 848 pages, theApocrypha 199 pages, and the New Testament 268 pages.Two other famous Bibles, the Bishops' Bible of 1568 and the first DanishBible of 1550, are also to be added to thelarge collection of Bibles already in thepossession of the University.Recent purchases on the fund presented to the University by Miss ShirleyFarr, of the class of 1904, include theWendel Collection of sixty-eight volumescontaining specimens of early writing onvellum, some of them dating back to theeleventh century. Another recent acquisition of great importance for students ofmodern history and politics is the 255volumes of the German Reichstag Ver-handlungen.Dr. William A. Craigie, Professor ofEnglish at the University, formerly aprofessor in Oxford University and editor of the Oxford Dictionary, who is nowin charge of compiling the dictionary ofAmerican English at Chicago, has recently been elected foreign member ofthe Royal Bohemian Society of Scienceand Letters. Dr. Craigie's election came"in consideration of the eminent servicehe has rendered to science."Dr. Charles Joseph Chamberlain,Professor of Morphology and Cytologyin the University, has recently been notified of his election as CorrespondingMember of the Botanical Society ofGeneva, Switzerland, for services rendered to botanical science.Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography, was electedpresident of the Association of AmericanGeographers at its recent meeting at theUniversity of Wisconsin.Professor Charles C. Colby, of theDepartment of Geography, was re-elected secretary of the Association of American Geographers at its last meeting, andProfessor Wellington D. Jones was madea member of the council.A new portrait of the Head of theDepartment of History at the University, Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, was recently unveiled at theQuadrangle Club to mark the twentiethyear of his service to the University.The portrait is a gift of his students andcolleagues.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 167A scientifically trained man, Mr.Simon Benson, with degrees in philosophy, arts, and science, has been added tothe staff of the Department of PhysicalCulture and Athletics at the University.In addition to being a student of surgeryand medicine, he has filled variousteaching and coaching positions in highschools and colleges, and is a graduate ofthe University.The Morris L. Chaim Prize of $250for the best piece of original research in acontest conducted by the First DistrictDental Society of New York has recentlybeen awarded to Wilton M. Krogman, aUniversity student in anthropology, whohas been working his way through college as head waiter in the Universitycommons.From his study, under the directionof Professor Fay-Cooper Cole, of overthree hundred Melanesian skulls in theField Museum from groups in NewGuinea, New Britain, and New Hebrides,it was found that among the children ofthese peoples, who nurse their offspringfor about three years and are not familiar with methods of artificial feeding,there were considerably more cases ofnormal occlusion, or normally developedteeth and mouths, than among Americanchildren, many of whom are artificiallyfed in infancy. On the basis of previousrecords the investigator found less abnormality among the Melanesian skullsthan among American subjects.A recent examination of 350 American children, both boys and girls, showedthat in the bottle-fed group normal occlusion existed to the extent of only 3per cent, while 90 per cent had variousforms of malnutrition or malformation ofthe teeth. Eighty-three cases of the Melanesian type revealed nearly 80 per centnormal occlusion, according to the University investigator.Ninety per cent of the undergraduates at the University are doing eighty-five different kinds of work in the city ofChicago, earning all or part of their waythrough college. Public attention wasfirst drawn to the employment bureau atthe University when it reported a yearago that one student commuted fromCleveland, Ohio, to the University on amail plane.This year a Chicago baking company has employed fifteen students on a Friday night shift to fill Saturday's extraordinary demands for bread. Thesemen start at two in the morning, workfor eight hours, and turn out about 2,000extra loaves. Private detective agencieshave hired a number of men as nightwatchmen and as extra "shadow workers"; and during the winter several students served at fashionable parties asguards against "second-story" thieves.The Federal Reserve Bank in Chicago employs a number of men to doclerical work at night, preparing for thenext day's business. One student has beenappointed manager of a rooming house,operated by a real estate firm. He advertises rooms, collects the rent, andpays the help. Another, hearing that thesale of a local hotel was pending, boughtthe building and resold it at a profit of$2,500. A woman student from Mexico,pressed by financial needs, entertains atneighborhood social functions with native dances in costume.Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino students are regularly hired as translatorsby advertising companies. Athletes areemployed by express companies to guardthe transportation of cash, and other menwith strong voices are hired by sightseeing bus companies. An expert in chemical analysis has been added to the staffof a famous restaurant, and takes timeout from his studies to direct the preparation of canned food products.In accordance with a comprehensiveplan of giving to the general public illustrations of its work and the results of research, the University gave a varied program of radio lectures and concerts during March. "International Relations"was discussed over the radio from Mitchell Tower on the evening of March 5 byProfessor Quincy Wright, of the Department of Political Science, who has recently returned from an investigation ofpolitical conditions in the Near East.On March 7 a radio concert wasgiven by the University Choir.March 8, "Terminal Marketing"was discussed by Assistant Professor Edward A. Duddy, of the School of Commerce and Administration.March 10, "Saving Time in Managing the Home," Mrs. Mary K. Heiner;March 11, "Alexander the Great and theBible," Professor Ira M. Price; March12, "Trends of Modern Thinking," Assistant Professor T. V. Smith; March 13,i68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDradio photologue, "On the Trail of theWandering Folk-Story," Assistant Professor Martin Sprengling; March 15, "Industrial Relations and the Trend of Business," Associate Professor Raleigh W.Stone ; March 18, "The Early Theater inChicago," Dr. Napier Wilt; March 19,"The Drift of Modern Religions," Associate Professor Albert E. Hay don ; March22, "The Central Banking System andBusiness Activity," Assistant ProfessorLloyd W. Mints; March 23, "HungarianFolk-Songs," violin selections, BernardFischer.The University Glee Club gave aradio concert March 24 over KYW; andon March 29 Professor Paul H. Douglasdiscussed "The Recent Movement ofWages and Its Effect on Business" overWLS.There was a large attendance ofalumni and friends of the University atthe University of Chicago dinner givenin Washington, D.C., at Rauscher's Restaurant on the evening of February 24.The speakers for the occasion wereDirector Harold G. Moulton of the Institute of Economics at Washington ; Professor George S. Counts, of Yale University, who is to become a member of theUniversity Faculty in July; and Professor W. W. Charters and Director CharlesH. Judd of the School of Education. Thedinner was given in connection with themeeting of the Department of Superintendence.A University expedition to Honduras, Central America, to make a scientific study of malaria in order to find amore accurate diagnostic test of the disease will be made early in April by Dr.William H. Taliaferro, Associate Professor of Parasitology. He will be accompanied by Mrs. Taliaferro, who is alsoengaged in research. They will maketheir headquarters at one of the camps ofthe United Fruit Company in the heartof Honduras, and will be gone aboutthree months.This research on malaria will be acontribution to the work that has beengoing on in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology at the University for along time, and is being supported by aninternational health board which is interested in the control of such diseases asmalaria, hookworm, and yellow fever. One of the features of the comingSummer Quarter at the University willbe the courses offered to librarians by anexpert group of lecturers. These courseswill be under the immediate supervisionof Sydney B. Mitchell, associate professor of library science and chairman ofthe department at the University of California. He will be assisted by William F.Russell, professor of education, TeachersCollege, Columbia University, and educational supervisor of the American Library Association; Giles M. Ruch, associate professor of psychology and education, State University of Iowa; and Professor W. W. Charters, of the University,who is director of the curriculum studyfor the American Library Association.The courses which have been plannedare designed to meet the needs of fourgroups of students, namely, teachers inlibrary schools; teachers of library training classes; teachers of library sciencecourses in colleges and universities, inteachers' colleges, normal schools, andhigh schools ; and inexperienced teachersunder appointment for similar positions.Of the regular staff of the University Faculties, over two hundred willgive instruction during the coming Summer Quarter. Of this number about onehundred and seventy are of professorialrank.More than one hundred will comefrom other institutions to give coursesduring the summer and of these morethan eighty are of professorial rank.Among American universities represented on the Summer Quarter Facultyat Chicago will he Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Pennsylvania, Michigan,Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Stanford, Washington, and California.Educational institutions in othercountries represented on the summer Faculty will be St. Andrews University,Scotland ; the University of Utrecht, Holland; the University of Lund, Sweden;McGill University, and the universitiesof Toronto and Manitoba, Canada.An atlas of the Milky Way has beenpublished by the Yerkes Observatory ofthe University, according to an announcement by its director, Professor Edwin B.Frost. The publication, made possible bya grant from the Carnegie Institution ofWashington, contains selected prints frommore than 3,500 photographs of theEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 169Milky Way made by the late ProfessorE. E. Barnard, of the Observatory staff.Professor Emeritus T. C. Chamberlin, for over twenty-five years Head ofthe Department of Geology and Paleontology at the University, gives a new interpretation to the construction andpresent condition of the earth, in continuation of his authoritative volume onThe Origin of the Earth, which contains the planetesimal hypothesis developed by the author in collaboration withProfessor F. R. Moulton, the astronomer.Three important curriculum studiesare under way in the University Schoolof Education under the direction of Professor W. W. Charters. All three studiesuse variations of the same technique. Thecurriculum is determined, first, by making an analysis of the duties and traitsinvolved in a profession ; second, by collecting the methods utilized in performing the duties; and third, by derivingfrom the two foregoing steps the fundamental information necessary to performthe duties intelligently.The study of the curriculum of colleges of pharmacy which has been madefor the Commonwealth Fund has been inprogress for nearly three years, and theresults are now ready for publication. In this study the raw material for the pharmacy curriculum has been collected andpresented to faculties of the colleges ofpharmacy in the form of specifications ofthe minimum essentials for courses insuch colleges.For the Carnegie Corporation andthe American Library Association a curriculum for library schools is being developed, and for the Committee on Administrative Units of the CommonwealthFund, a teacher-training curriculum. Forthe latter purpose, during the summer of1925, rough analyses of teachers' dutieswere secured from 10,000 teachers in residence in summer schools and representingthe forty-eight states.Characterized as the most exhaustiveanalysis of teaching in the field of general education which has thus far appeared in English, a new book on ThePractice of Teaching in the SecondarySchool, by Professor Henry C. Morrison,of the School of Education at the University, criticizes especially the "lesson-learning" theory as it is found today inthe schools — the theory that emphasizesthe learning of lessons and allows theteacher to be content with the hearing ofthem.ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1926IQ26 1925Gain 'Men Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 392460 293109 685569 347405 267112 6145i7 7i52Total 85262273916 40253659644 1,2541,1581,33560 75260867433 37948653732 1,1311,0941,21165 123641242. The Colleges-Junior Unclassified 5Total 1,3772,229124742 1,1761,5783736 2,5533,8071611048 1,3152,067no843 1,0551,43427610 2,3703,5oi1371453 18330624Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —45Total 173176151 46211 219197161 161134S6 43275 204161576 1536*2. Medical Courses —Graduate Senior 415Unclassified Total 192131211042 22n192 214131321234 192IO122983 321516 224101371143 39I3. Rush Medical College —Post-Graduate Fourth- Year. 5Third-Year Total 24017796541 3294I 272186100551 23316370804 3153 26416873804 818274. Law School —Graduate *Senior 253Unclassified Total 32820561601814 141141214422 342134681742236 31716381452073 8174521351 325190431662424 1725825. College of Education 566. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate Junior 19Unclassified Total 40172 704723 4715425 39315 6235*5 4555o15 164107. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration — ¦Graduate Undergraduate Total 91,3633,592290 703681,94631 79x,73i5,538321 151,3273,394269 ' 5o4001,83439 651,7275,228308 144310Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplication Net Totals in Quadrangles. . .University College 3,302623 1,9151,740 5,2172,363 3,125570 1,7951,775 4,9202,345 29718Total 3,92552 3,6553i 7,58o83 3,69520 3,57o12 7,26532 315Deduct for Duplication Net Total in the University. . 3,873 3,624 7,497 3,675 3,558 7,233 264170ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, IQ26ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1926 171Graduate UndergraduateArts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Medical Courses : . Rush Medical College Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service AdministrationTotal Duplicates Net Total in Quadrangles University College Total Duplicates Net Total in the University Grand Total 1,25419719726818668542,2242072,0176052,622112,611 2,55322*i74*156134403253,3H1143,200i,7584,958724,8867,497* Unclassified students./'. &¦ A. PhotoCONFERRING THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF LAWS UPON HIS ROYALHIGHNESS, GUSTAF ADOLPH, CROWN PRINCE OF SWEDEN