The University RecordVolume XII JANUARY I 926 Number 1THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AS ANINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION1By CHARLES W. GILKEYIn the diplomatic world one understands that ministers who are returning from foreign coasts or from special missions abroad make theirreports privately to the secretary of state or to the president himself.In the world of the mind and of the spirit, however, there is, or at leastought to be, no secret diplomacy. During the last year, I have had thehigh honor of serving as a kind of academic ambassador to the university. centers of India, upon the Barrows Foundation that was intrusted,thirty years ago, to the University of Chicago to promote internationalunderstanding in things religious, and so I welcome this opportunity tomake a report to my home government in this public assembly.I value my privilege the more because it comes on the auspiciousoccasion of President Mason's first Convocation. He will be among thefirst to understand, however, that for me personally there is one tragiclack in this situation. My appointment as Barrows Lecturer came fromErnest D. Burton, and my lectures in India were counseled by his wisdomand inspired by his spirit. There was opportunity, between my returnlast April and his sudden illness, for only a brief personal statement: henever received even so inadequate a report as that which I shall make toyou today. As I speak to you, therefore, I cannot help thinking of him.My subject is not so much a proposition to be argued, or even athesis to be maintained, as an experience to be reported. I should like to1 Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Thirty-ninth Convocation of the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 22, ^925.2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtell you quite simply something of the process by which the eyes of arepresentative of this University, who happened already to be one of itsTrustees, were gradually opened to the present actual fact that it isalready in some degree an international institution. I should like also toshare with you the evidence that I kept picking up until hands and mindand heart were alike full of it, that this University has an opportunity,and I believe a destiny, to become even more largely and truly an international institution.When we took ship at Port Said for India in November, 1924, Ifound awaiting me on board a brief personal note from the well-knownIndian who had consented to serve as chairman of the national committeeto make all the local arrangements for the lectures. Dr. S. K. Datta isperhaps the most eminent of Indian Christians. He holds his medicaldegree from Edinburgh after ten years of study in Great Britain; he hasvisited America at least once ; he has been from its beginning a memberof the Indian Legislative Assembly, which corresponds to our nationalCongress. My note from Dr. Datta was brief and to the point. He saidthat when I landed in India I was likely to find some prejudice againstmy fellow-countrymen, and against myself as an American; that becausehe did not want me to be too much surprised or hurt by it he was givingme this warning in advance; and that when we met in India we wouldconsider how best to meet the situation.You will understand how seriously one who found himself for thefirst time east of Suez in the enigmatic Orient, and on the most importantmission of his life, would take so frank a warning. When Dr. Datta, withcharacteristic Indian courtesy and hospitality, came all the way to Bombay to confer with me, Tasked him early in our conversation what laybehind his note. His reply was most illuminating. For the last twentyyears he had been hearing it often said in conversation with educatedIndians, and during the last five years often stated upon the floor of theLegislative Assembly, that America has somehow "changed." The differential elements between America and other Western nations had onceseemed to India to lie in such qualities as these: a real love of freedomof thought and speech, leading directly to the spirit of tolerance andbroad-mindedness; an attitude of respect and good will toward othernations and races. He went on to say that educated Indians have theimpression that these formerly distinctive qualities of American life arenow somehow fading out. Of course Americans themselves are not conscious of this, and would no doubt indignantly deny it. But so AmericansTHE UNIVERSITY AN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION 3and America have of late impressed India. He concluded by saying thatif I would take it for granted, as I spoke in Indian university centers,that this impression of my country was in the back of the heads of myeducated hearers, I could render a very real service in India at just thistime; but that if I were ignorant of this impression, or ignored it, therewould be real question as to how much I could accomplish. On this account he had made bold to tell me as a friend, and very frankly, what itseemed to him most important that I should know.Realizing that I had much food for thought in his frank and entirelyfriendly words, I then asked him whether he had any suggestion in soimportant a matter. His very significant reply is my main reason forreporting this incident at such length. He said that if he were in myplace he would put, into the first fifteen minutes of the first lecture inevery university center, a special paragraph about the University of Chicago. He knew enough, he went on, about America already to realize thatthis University, which had sent me to India, is itself a living answer tothe distorted impression of present-day America that is so widely abroadand so deeply felt in India. The University of Chicago stood in his mindfor the very things that educated India fears that America has ceased tocare very much about. If, therefore, I would tell my first audience inevery center something about the University of Chicago, it would beworth an hour's argument, both to me and to my mission.Following this wise counsel I wrote that new paragraph into theopening section of my first lecture. In this way I had the chance to tellmany thousands of educated Indians something of the various ties whichhave linked this University with the Orient: of the Barrows lectures as amultiplying bond, now of six strands, that has for thirty years been drawing us ever closer to India; of President Judson's connections with theNear East, and President Burton's long and intimate acquaintance withChina, which made him one of the conspicuous friends and interpreters ofChina to the American people; of the iiitroduction of baseball to Japanby a present member of the Chicago Faculty, and of the repeated visitsof our baseball teams to Japan — in which I found the Indian studentswere especially interested. I always mentioned the fact that in one recentyear more than four hundred of our students proved to have been bornoutside the United States, coming to us from more than thirty countries.Meanwhile, the lecturer, no less than his audience, was being rapidly educated as to the reality and the importance of the international relationships of this University. I found myself reflecting often on the curious4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfact that a Chicagoan, who had gone to the Orient feeling himself a citizen of no mean city, should there be informed by an eminent Indian thatthe greatest asset Chicago possesses in the Far East is not so much itsbusiness organizations, or even its big statistics, as its University. Thelight that shines brightest half-way round the world these days is thelight of the mind and the spirit, streaming forth across troubled watersfrom such an international beacon as the University of Chicago has already become.The influence of the University as an international institution comesnot only from its general reputation and prestige east of Suez, but fromthe number and importance of the positions which its former studentshold in the Orient. It has been said that there are several well-nigh infallible signs by which one can always tell a Harvard man (even though,as the ancient gibe goes on, one cannot tell him much). Among these is,doubtless, his complacent consciousness of the fact that across the Atlantic or the Pacific his own alma mater is supposed to possess a pre-eminent, if not, indeed, an almost exclusive, prestige among American universities. Speaking for the moment as a Harvard man, however, I musthonestly report that east of Suez I heard more, and saw more, of theinfluence of the University of Chicago than of all other American universities put together.The Madras Christian College, with its nearly two thousand students (the large majority of them non-Christian), its high Scotch standards, and its long-established prestige, has for more than a generation setthe educational pace for all South India. Among its prominent graduatesis the present George V professor of philosophy at Calcutta University,Dr. Radhakrishnan, one of the thoroughly first-class minds that it was myprivilege to meet in India. The only American representative on the faculty of this strategic institution, at least as influential in its councils andamong its students as any of his colleagues, holds his doctor's degree fromthe University of Chicago, and was pleading to me for more fellowships tobring their best students here for advanced work. Among the most influential educational institutions in the progressive Punjab is Forman College, at Lahore; the new president of the Punjab Legislative Council (themost impressive Muslim we met in India) is a graduate of Forman College. Among its younger faculty, of whose spirit and standing any collegein the world might well be proud, two men had recently studied at theUniversity of Chicago, and a third was working here while we were inIndia. At Judson College, in Rangoon, a pioneer in higher education forTHEUNIVERSITY AN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION 5all Burma, at least four of the faculty are Chicago men. When I offeredto tell one of them about our Development Campaign, his quick answerwas that they had all the literature already, and were as keen about it asthe alumni at home.There are so many of us here at the University, and we are all so preoccupied with our special tasks, that we hardly realize the internationalsignificance of the fact that so many missionaries, and especially so manymissionary teachers, are coming here for further training — more, perhaps,than to any other American institution of learning. But when one goes tothe Orient, and finds these same men and women holding high the intellectual and spiritual torch for whole provinces, and sometimes for entirenations, one returns with the conviction that this University, even beyondits own present realization, has become a beacon for the whole world.Nor is this international influence and prestige limited to missionaryeducation. In many ways the most interesting and prophetic institutionwe visited was the new Muslim university at Aligarh, unique in India byreason of its residential character, and therefore much more like ourAmerican colleges. Though of recent foundation, it has already broughtnearly 2,000 students under the continuous influence of an atmospherefar more progressive and broadly aggressive than that of such Musliminstitutions as the university in Cairo, which some of you may have visited. I had the honor of speaking at a convocation there to an audienceof faculty and students that appeared, from the platform, like an archipelago of red fezzes. On a later tour of the buildings I was introduced tothe Indian professor of physics, and asked him whether he knew the nameof my neighbor, Professor Michelson. "Why," he replied, with a smilefor my provinciality, "we have one of his interferometers right here inour own laboratory, and it is working finely." At tea that same afternoon,the pro-vice-chancellor — by general consent one of the ablest educators in the Muslim world — told me that one of his fondest hopes was thearrangement of an exchange by which some man trained in our physicsand chemistry might come to Aligarh for two or three years to teach,while one of their best men comes to us to interpret Muslim civilizationand religion — about which, as a matter of fact, we know much less thanthey know about our science. The fortunate man who goes on that exchange would have one of the best opportunities in the world today, notonly to teach and himself to learn, but to shape the international future.With this international influence of the University of Chicago therego inevitably certain international responsibilities. Perhaps I might6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDequally well describe them as difficulties. There, too, my own experiencesmay serve as evidence of the problems we face in seeking to be an international institution under the present circumstances of the world and the.present state of mind of our own country.While I was giving the lectures in Madras last winter, the secretaryof the Young Men's Christian Association there asked me if I wanted toknow what Indians in America were up against. He then went on to saythat while he was taking his Master's degree recently at the University ofChicago, an Indian student here came to him to report that he could notget his hair cut in this neighborhood. When the secretary expressed hissurprise and incredulity, the Indian student promptly asked for his help.They went together to several barber shops and were refused at everyone. The experience finally became so humiliating to both alike that theygave it up as a bad job, and the secretary told me that the only thing hecould do as they separated was to try to apologize for his own country.Since my own return from India I have found that one of the best-poisedand most patient Indian students who ever came here for graduate worksat in one of our local restaurants unserved until it became all too plainthat they would never give him food there. Worse yet, an Indian youngwoman who came here to prepare herself for medical missionary work inSouth India (her ancestors there were Syrian Christians while our Nordicforebears were still pagans in the European forests) was not even accorded the doubtful courtesy of silence and inattention. She told me herself that when she went to one of our local restaurants last spring shewas unceremoniously told to get out. It need not surprise us, therefore,that a third Indian student, who has been doing advanced work in another Chicago institution for two or three years, told me soon after myreturn that he hoped I had advised students in India who wanted to cometo America for further study not to do so "unless their skins were sowhite that no American could tell the difference." To say the very least,these are real difficulties for a university that wants to be an internationalinstitution.If these facts seem difficult to us when we learn of them, can we,perhaps, guess how they seem when one finds, in talking with educatedIndians, that they are far more generally known and deeply felt there,where they are widely reported, than here, where they happen? An Oxford man who has taught for fifteen years in Madras told me always toremember in speaking to Indian students that they tend to think ofAmerica chiefly as "a country where they lynch Negroes and insult In-THE UNIVERSITY AN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION 7dians." We Americans take our race problems for granted, as difficultfacts that are simply here; having no panacea and all too little programfor dealing with them- — as I, certainly, have none— we find it convenientto forget or ignore them, and go our ways with little concern about them.But an American who stays long enough in India these days to find whatthe Orient is really thinking about comes home unable any longer to takethese matters lightly. The sensitiveness and pride of the Indians whohave come to study or to visit here are like a mirror held up to our American race problems and prejudices for all the rest of the world, and especially for the Orient, to look into. That mirror is doubly sensitive andrevealing: not only because the Indian finds out in his own person howAmerica treats the dark races in her midst, but also because most Indianvisitors to our shores are members of our own Aryan stock and race — afact which probably 95 per cent of Americans do not know. Their experiences among us are therefore doubly bitter, because they spring not onlyfrom American race prejudice, but from American ignorance. Those ofus who have been much with Indian students have discovered that theturban, which they usually wear in this country, is not worn from choiceor habit, but in self -protection. Their hope, too often vain, is that it willidentify them as Indians. And much too often it becomes not simply abadge of nationality, but a scar of wounded pride.But even these are not the only difficulties of an American universitythat would like to be an international institution. When I found, inscores of conversations in India, how true and timely were the warningsof Dr. Datta and the Oxford man in Madras; when I found, too, whatour recent immigration legislation — of which I have not time to speaktoday, nor you, perhaps, the heart to hear — has done to our moral prestige in India as well as in Japan, I prepared a new address on "The Idealsof the Younger Generation in America." I have smiled often to myself,as you doubtless will, at the presumption of that title. Who can speakconfidently or with authority on that theme? But it did seem importantto try to answer the question I met everywhere among Indian students:"What are American students chiefly thinking or caring about thesedays?" And I became increasingly sure in India that our own best hopeas we face these great problems lies in the frankness and the couragewith which our younger generation is facing the facts of life. I gave thataddress in perhaps a dozen Indian colleges, to some 15,000 students andteachers. Shortly after I had given it at the Islamia College, in Lahore, adeputation of its students in red fezzes called on me at my room. One of8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtheir teachers, they said, had studied for three years in a Chicago professional school, and told them after the address that what I had said wasnot typical of American students as he had seen them. He had thoughtthem "self-centered and immoral." I wonder what answer you wouldhave made to that deputation under those circumstances!There are about 10,000 foreign students in America; some hundredsof them in Chicago; many scores of them on our own campus. Most ofthem come from the Orient. The relations between the Occident and theOrient are certainly not the least of the world's great unsolved problemsof the future; possibly they may even prove its most critical problem.Among the crowding thousands in our larger American universities, theseforeign students seem so few that most of us hardly notice them; that,indeed, is in itself part of the problem, for any institution that would betruly international. But neither do you or I notice particularly that littleradio disc hanging yonder in this hall. If we were broadcasting today,however, and if people outside were interested in this occasion, much themost important part of the audience would be the invisible listeners whoseinconspicuous link with us is that little disc. The foreign students amongus are very much like that disc — inconspicuous, but very sensitive andresponsive. The peoples of the Far East are much more interested thanwe realize in their report of their experiences among us. And those of uswho have been recently in the university centers of the Orient have discovered with our own ears that there is a loud speaker at the receiving end!All this makes it plain that the University of Chicago as an international institution, as in all other phases of its life, has before it a task, orrather an ideal, still to be achieved. In this presence it is hardly necessary to point out that a true university is much more than a collection ofbuildings, or even a company of people. Its distinctive inner bond, as ourown university seal well indicates, is a common attitude that seeks theenlargement of knowledge and the enrichment of life. A university canonly be truly international, therefore, in proportion as it maintains andpromotes an international outlook and attitude. The truest test of itsinternationalism will lie not only in the wide diffusion of its students andgraduates, but also in the comprehensiveness of its own attitudes.One of the most striking contrasts between the students of Americaand those of other lands arises at just this point. A member of an Oxforddebating team that has recently visited widely among American collegesremarked on his return that public affairs and problems were a main sub-THE UNIVERSITY AN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION 9ject of interest and discussion among British students, but that he foundthem hardly mentioned among American students. This contrast isequally marked when one goes from an American university to the student centers of the Near and Far East, where the students bring into intense focus the national and international interests and attitudes of theircountry and generation. One feels keenly the difference between thestrong nationalism and marked international curiosity of Egyptian or Indian students, for instance, and the comparative indifference of ourAmerican students to all these things. I carried to the Orient messages ofgreeting intrusted to me by two American student conferences for theirfellow-students of other countries, and quickly discovered, east of Suez,that these greetings were more valuable to me, and more eagerly welcomed by my audiences, than almost anything else I brought. I neverbegan an address of any sort to Indian students without referring tothese messages in my first sentence ; for I found them more valuable thanany other point of contact with my audience — so eager is the youngergeneration in the Orient for understanding and co-operation with its contemporaries in the West.There must be many contributory causes for our American indifference in these matters. I have often wondered, however, whether there ispossibly a wider reference in Dr. Datta's remark to me when I reportedto him my impression that the students of Ceylon were less interested inpublic questions than those of India: "Oh, they are too prosperous overthere to think!"In any case, it is plain that in international affairs, as elsewhere, education consists not only in the discovery and dissemination of facts, butin the cultivation of attitudes. A truly international institution — as ourown Harris Foundation wisely recognizes — will "not only investigate factsabout other countries, but will seek to prombte the international mindand the attitudes that best express it. An Indian now resident in London,who for many years has known intimately hundreds of the Indian students who gather there, remarked to me, on my way home through London, that we have by no means yet solved the problems involved in theincreasing movement of students to other lands for study abroad. If theyreturn to their own country more critical of other nations and culturesand less disposed to co-operate with them, because of their own experience abroad, they have become an international liability, rather than anasset, in a world so small as our world has suddenly come to be. In allfrankness and friendliness, let us all remember that both those who comeIO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfrom other lands to study among us, and we, no less, who know so littleabout them and their background, have alike to learn that internationalism of attitude and spirit which is so easy to recognize and so hard toachieve. It is that attitude and spirit which alone can make any university inwardly international.Therein lay the sharp point of the message to America given me theday before I left India by one of the most eminent of living Indians, Mr.K. Natarajan, the far-seeing editor of the Indian Social Reformer.You have brought us greetings and a message from America. We have been interested and grateful for them, and you have had an unusual hearing in our country.I should like now, if I may, to give you, as you return, a message to your fellow-countrymen. Please tell them that if they would like to do something to make therelations between America and India relations of better understanding and warmercordiality, they don't need to come out here to India to do anything at all, if onlythey will show more of the spirit of Jesus at home.The barb in that message is that it was given by a liberal Hindu to aChristian minister, who had been sent out by the University of Chicagoto interpret the Christian religion to the scholarly and thoughtful peopleof India.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTI. THE CONVOCATION ORATORIn the address to which we have just listened, the Convocation Orator has rendered to the University a distinct and unique service. TheUniversity is fortunate in numbering among its friends, and neighbors,and members of its Board of Trustees, one whose training and experienceenable him to serve the University in this particular way. Himself agraduate of Harvard and of the Union Theological Seminary and a resident at Oxford, Dr. Gilkey has added to his student familiarity with universities an extensive acquaintance derived from his service every year asuniversity preacher in many of the leading universities of America. Inaddition to this, Dr. Gilkey has enjoyed a rare opportunity to form anopinion on international affairs through his presence in India during fourmonths of the last year, where he delivered the Barrows Lectures. Atthis moment I wish to express to Mr. Gilkey the grateful acknowledgement of our trustees, faculties, and students for this one more servicewhich he has rendered to the University.II. CHANGES IN THE FACULTYDuring the quarter now closing, several changes have occurred inthe faculties of the University. These include appointments, promotions,resignations, retirements, and leaves of absence. Full details regardingthese changes will be found in the issue of the University Record of January, 1926.III. STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCEThe attendance of the University during the Autumn Quarter as reported by the University Recorder, is as follows :On the Quadrangles of the University :Graduates 1,769Undergraduates . 3>458Total 5,227University College :Graduates 555Undergraduates 1,879Total 2,434Duplicates ....... 47Net Total 7,6141 Read at the One Hundred Thirty -ninth Convocation, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 22, 1925.1112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRush Medical College 283Total of Resident Students 7>897Home-Study Department , 5,096Grand Total . . - 13,017These figures show an increase over the record of the Autumn Quarter, 1924:On the Quadrangles 231Graduates 209Undergraduates 22Off the Quadrangles 50University College 46Rush Medical College 4Total gain (exclusive of the Home-Study Department) 262IV. GIFTSDr. James H. Breasted, in a letter to the Board of Trustees, announced that "since the beginning of our Megiddo enterprise a numberof business houses have been very generous in their/ treatment of the expedition." Sears, Roebuck and Company have given the entire equipmentof beds, bedding, and household furniture, kitchen canteen, dining-roomequipment, etc. There has also been received from the United StatesGypsum Company a consignment of "sheet-rock" for the interior plasterof the headquarters house; from Mr. Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., an International one-ton truck; and from the Johns-Manville Company, metallath for the exterior of the house, at reduced prices.Mr. and Mrs. William H. Gray have presented to the University aportrait of the late Dr. James Adams Allen, professor of Theory andPractice of Medicine from 1859 to 1890, and president of Rush MedicalCollege from 1877 to 1890. The Board voted to hang the portrait in oneof the buildings of Rush Medical College.E. R. Squibb and Sons have given to the University a fellowship inthe amount of $1,200 in the Department of Physiological Chemistry.The Englewood Women's Club has temporarily given to the University the sum of $500 to be used as a student loan fund, preference to begiven to graduates of Englewood, Parker, Calumet, or Lindblom highschools in the administering of it.At the December 10 meeting of the Board of Trustees announcementwas made of the gift of Mr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., of $500, to be expendedfor the benefit of the Journal of Geology.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 13Mrs. Frank R. Lillie has made an additional gift of $4,000 to theUniversity to cover cost of additional items for the construction andequipment of the Whitman Laboratory of Experimental Zoology. Thismakes a total of $94,000 given by Mr. and Mrs. Frank R. Lillie for thelaboratory.An additional gift of $10,000 has been received from Mrs. JosephBond for the Joseph Bond Chapel.The sum of $1,700 has been received from the Carnegie Corporationto provide additional courses in the Department of Art of the University.A gift of $325 from the Society of Colonial Wars to establish a scholarship in colonial history has been received.Dr. Gerard Van Schaick has subscribed $5,000 for endowment ofresearch on the pathology of the eye.The General Education Board has made a grant to the Universityof $200,000 to further and complete certain work of the Oriental Institute.The Commonwealth Fund has given to the University $10,000 tocarry out a special work in the School of Education.It is a matter of great satisfaction to be able to report that the alumniof the University have responded in such large numbers to the appeal ofthe Alumni Development Committee for subscriptions for the Development Fund. Thus far subscriptions have been received from 10,200alumni for a total of $1,800,000, leaving only $200,000 yet to be obtainedto complete the original quota of $2,000,000 which the alumni set up astheir goal. The Alumni Committee is confident that this remainingamount will be obtained within the next few months. The total amountsubscribed for the Development Program thus far, including the conditional gift of the General Education Board, is $6,800,000.V. EVENTSThe cornerstone of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital was laid onOctober 2, 1925, the principal address on the occasion being delivered byDr. Henry A. Christian, of the Harvard School of Medicine.The outstanding events of the Quarter were the ground-breakingceremonies for Wieboldt Hall, on November 6, and for the Field House,on November 14; and the dedication of the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery and the Norman Bridge Laboratories of Pathology, onDecember 17.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryUNIVERSITY STATUTES AMENDEDAt the December 10 meeting of the Board of Trustees it was votedto repeal paragraph 4 of Statute 17 on retirirtg allowances, which readsas follows:4. The Board of Trustees reserves the right to suspend the retiring allowanceof any person who, while in receipt of such allowance, accepts an appointment onthe staff of any other institution of learning.The Statutes have been amended so that Section 1 (in italic) ofStatute 17, on retiring allowances, shall read as follows:17. Retiring allowances. — (1) Any person in the service of the University andsixty-five years of age who holds the position of President of the University, Directoror Associate Director of the University Libraries, or University Examiner, and whohas been for a period of fifteen years in the service of the University, in a rank notlower than Assistant Professor ; and any person in the service of the University andsixty-five years of age, who has been, for a period of fifteen years in a rank notlower than Assistant Professor, a member of the teaching staff of the GraduateSchools of Arts, Literature, and Science, the Graduate Divinity School, the LawSchool, the School of Commerce and Administration, the Graduate School of SocialService Administration, or the Colleges, shall retire from active service of the University at the end of his appointment year in which his sixty-fifth birthday occurs,unless the Board of Trustees specially continues his service (retention in service afterthe age of sixty-five shall, as a rule, be for one year at a time) on an annual allowance to be computed as follows: .... [there follows the remainder of the Statutewithout change.]Statute 17 has been amended also by striking out the following:A person between sixty-five and seventy years of age, eligible to a retiringallowance, may retire, or may be retired by the Board of Trustees; at the age ofseventy years he shall retire, unless the Board of Trustees specially continues hisservice.Statute 18 has been amended by striking out section 7 and substituting the following:A person eligible to participate in the Contributory Retiring Allowance planshall retire from the service of the University at the end of his appointment year inwhich his sixty-fifth birthday occurs unless the Board of Trustees specially continueshis service (retention in service after the age of sixty-five shall as a rule be for oneyear at a time) . In no event shall the University continue its contribution beyondthe age of sixty-five or after a person withdraws from the University, or after a person's relations with the University have been terminated by the Board of Trusteesof the University.14THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 15The Board voted to omit from the printed copies of the Statutes thefollowing interpretive paragraphs:1. That it be adopted as a general principle in the administration of Statute 17that any member of the Faculty who is eligible to a retiring allowance on reachingsixty-five years of age shall be retired at the end of his appointment year in whichhis sixty-fifth birthday occurs, unless by action of the Board of Trustees it is determined that there are adequate reasons for his retention in service for a longer period.In accordance with this principle the President of the University shall, within thefirst six months of the year within which any member of the Faculty, eligible to aretiring allowance, reaches the age of sixty-five years, (and in the case of non-retirement, annually thereafter until he retires) submit to the Board of Trustees a recommendation that he be retired, unless in the judgment of the President there existadequate reasons for exceptional treatment, in which case he shall submit a recommendation to that effect. Retention in service after the age of sixty-five shall as arule be for one year at a time.2. That the adoption of this resolution shall not abridge the right of any member of the Faculty to retire by his own request at the age of sixty-five.APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments to the faculties, in addition to reappointments, were made by the Board of Trustees during the AutumnQuarter:George S. Counts, Professor in the Department of Education, fromJuly 1, 1926.Ovid R. Sellers, Visiting Professor in the Divinity School for theWinter Quarter, 1926.Mrs. Lydia M. DeWitt, Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Pathology (Sprague Institute), from July 1, 1925.William E. Gary, Research Assistant Professor under the DouglasSmith Foundation, from November 1, 1925.Anna D. Wolf, Superintendent of Nurses in the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital, from January 1, 1926.Ellsworth Faris, Chairman of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, from October 1, 1925.Mrs. Edith F. Flint, Chairman of the Women's Council, from October 1, 1925.Henry G. Gale, Chairman of the Department of Physics, from October 1, 1925.Harry Gideon Wells, Chairman of the Department of Pathology,from October 1, 1925.Frances E. Gillespie, Dean in the Colleges of Arts, Literature, andScience, for the Autumn Quarter, 1925.Thomas F. Y^oung, Dean in the Colleges, for the Winter Quarter,1926.i6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDJennie Olga Adams, Instructor in the Department of Primary History, in the School of Education, for the Autumn Quarter, 1925.Frances A. Coventry, Research Instructor in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology, from November 1, 1925.Mary McBirney Green, Instructor, Department of Physical Education, for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1926.Mrs. Mae Horton Langdon, Instructor in Institution Economics,from October 1, 1925.Rosemary Loughlin, Instructor in the Department of Pathology,from November, 1925.Benjamin T. Nelson, Instructor in the Department of Pathology, forone year from October 1, 1925.Clara Schmitt, Instructor in the Department of Education in theSchool of Education, for the Autumn Quarter, 1925.Harris R. Vail, Instructor in Music in the Divinity School, fromOctober 1, 1925.Lucy Graves Taliaferro (Mrs. W. H.), Research Associate in theDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology, from October 1, 1925.David M. Levy, Lecturer, School of Social Service Administration,for the Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters, to July, 1926.Harry L. Lurie, Lecturer, School of Social Service Administration,for the Autumn Quarter, 1925.James M. McCallister, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools, fromOctober 1, 1925.Dr. Arthur R. Colwell, Logan Fellow in Medicine, from November1, 1925.Francis Arthur Jenkins, National Research Fellow in Chemistry,Fellow in the University.Dr. Lee Horace McFarlan, National Research Council Fellow, inthe Department of Mathematics.John A. Moran, Arthur Lowenstein Fellow in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology, for one year from October 1, 1925.Dr. Gregor T. Popa, Fellow by courtesy. Dr. Popa is from the University of Bucharest and the holder of a medical fellowship of the Rockefeller Foundation.Dr. Willis J. Potts, Logan Fellow in Surgery, from November 1,1925.PROMOTIONSThe following persons were promoted to the ranks named, during theAutumn Quarter:THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES J~7J. R. Hiilbert to a professorship in the Department of English, fromanuary i, 1926.Marion E. Clark to an assistant professorship in the Department of[ome Economics, from July 1, 1925.Nell M. Sawin to an assistant professorship in the Department ofnstitution Economics, from October 1, 1925.Mrs. Beulah Morgan Smith to an assistant professorship in the Dear tment of Institution Economics, from October 1, 1925.RETIREMENTSThe following retirement was acted upon by the Board of Trusteesuring the Autumn Quarter:J. W. A. Young, as Associate Professor in the Department of Mathe-latics, effective October 1, 1926.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations were accepted by the Board of Trusteesuring the Autumn Quarter :Ella Clark McKenney, Instructor in Institution Economics.George H. Forsythe, Assistant on the Megiddo Expedition.George F. Howland, Assistant on the Megiddo Expedition.LEAVE OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to the following during theutumn Quarter:W. E. Dodd, Professor in the Department of History for the Winteruarter, 1926.THE DEVELOPMENT CAMPAIGNThe Trustees have revised the program under which the Committee1 Development is attempting to secure $17,500,000 for the financialivancement of the University. The several objectives of the campaign•e now the following :idowment of instruction and research $7,000,000jildings for instruction and research :Modern Languages . . . 750,000Social Science 1,000,000Chemistry 1,285,000Mathematics 1,150,000School of Education 825,000$5,010,000Jtter development of the colleges :Central teaching building $1,000,000Residence buildings 2,000,000Endowment of administration . 500,000$3,5oo,oooi8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDService buildings :General Administration $1,150,000Gymnasium for School of Education 540,000Heating plant addition 300,000$1,990,000Total $17,500,000The figures for all buildings include provision for equipment, also for maintenance and upkeep.MISCELLANEOUSThe cornerstone of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital was laid onOctober 2, 1925, the principal address on the occasion being delivered byDr. Henry A. Christian, of the Harvard School of Medicine.It has been voted by the Board of Trustees that hereafter the word"emeritus," instead of "retired," shall be printed in connection with therank of those members of the teaching staff who have retired.The annual dinner of the Trustees to members of the faculties wasgiven on December 10, 1925. Something like 375 persons were in attendance.Having been authorized by the President of the Class, the remainderof the gift of the Class of 191 1 has been transferred to the DevelopmentFund of the University.At the November 12 meeting of the Board of Trustees, the Committee on Buildings and Grounds was authorized to proceed with negotiations for, or taking of bids for, the construction of Wieboldt Hall, as soonas plans shall have been submitted to the Committee and approved by it.At the same meeting the Committee was authorized to secure detaileddrawings and specifications for developing the seating capacity of thegrandstands on Stagg Field, and when same shall have been approved tosecure bids for the development.Increase in tuition fees, effective at the beginning of the SummerQuarter, 1926, have been authorized.The following committee has been appointed to assist the architectson the details of the development of Stagg Field: Messrs. Bond, Axelson,Arnett, Stagg, and Stuart.A committee has been appointed to act in all matters concerned withsymbolic figures for Wieboldt Hall and the University Chapel, consistingof: Messrs. Mason (chairman), Sargent (vice-chairman), Nitze, E. J.Goodspeed, Mathews, Donnelley, and Swift.(Gifts reported to the Board of Trustees are described in the President's Convocation Statement in this issue of the University Record.)ERNEST DE WITT BURTONERNEST DEWITT BURTONI. THE FIRST FIFTY YEARSBy T. W. GOODSPEEDIn the History of Lynn, Massachusetts there is the following record:"Boniface Burton was a farmer and was admitted a freeholder, 6 May,1635. He was the oldest man who ever lived at Lynn. He died, 13 June,1669, aged 113 years, according to Sewall. Another diarist makes him115." He was one of the first settlers of Lynn and was allotted 60 acresof land. He was the American ancestor of that line of the family to whichErnest D. Burton belonged.His son John, of Salem, had an even better title to distinction thanthat of living to extreme old age. He was born when his father Bonifacewas eighty-one years old, in 1637, and became when he reached manhooda member of the Society of Friends. Being persecuted for his faith, withJohn Small and Josiah Southwick he was arrested in Dedham "whilethey were on their way to Rhode Island to provide a residence for themselves and families. They were released and pursued their journey."Perhaps it was on their return that on December 10, 1661, the Historyof Salem continues, "Several of the Friends are fined as usual. John Burton tells the justices that they are robbers and destroyers of the widowsand fatherless. — Being commanded silence, he commands the court to besilent. He continues speaking in this manner till he is ordered the stocks."Whether Militant Friend John Burton finally reached Baptist RhodeIsland, the refuge of all those who were persecuted for conscience' sakein New England, the record does not say. A hundred years after him, in1739, came his great-great-grandson Judah Burton, who had two claimsto distinction. When the Revolutionary War broke out he entered thepatriot army and became a major in that great struggle.But if the genealogical table, which lies before me as I write, can bedepended on, Judah Burton's unique distinction was that he marriedHuldah Stanton, whose ancestry is traced back through forty-seven ancestors to the Tempests, Talbots, de Warrenes, William the Conqueror,and Charlemagne, and finally to Pepin, the founder of the Carlovingiandynasty, who died in 639. Alfred the Great's daughter married into theline of descent.1920 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThis chart was worked out perfectly in every detail by genealogicalexperts and looks complete and authentic. I am no expert and expressno opinion upon it. But while a biographer must not claim too muchfor the man of whom he writes, he must be equally careful not to rob himof any of his claims to distinction.In submitting to me at my request this genealogical table, Mr.Charles S. Burton, the only surving brother of Dr. E. D. Burton, said,"It has always been a matter of amusement rather than interest to me inview of the mathematical certainty that in the forty-three generationsfrom Charlemagne the fraction of the so-called c royal blood' which Iwould inherit, is," — well it is almost too infinitesimal for computation.The United States is full of people who if their lineage could be tracedfar back would be found to be descended from the great families of thepast.Leaving Judah Burton, we come eighty years later to his great-grandson Rev. Dr. N. S. Burton, who bore the names of both his father,Smith, and his grandfather, Nathan, and who was the father of ErnestDeWitt. Born in Manlius, New York, N. S. Burton spent most of hisboyhood in Middlebury, Ohio, graduated from what is now the WesternReserve University, Ohio, in 1846, and became a successful Baptistminister, serving as a pastor through forty-three years, retiring at seventy-two, and living till 1909, his eighty-ninth year.The maternal grandfather of Dr. E. D. Burton was Micaiah Fairfield, a native of Vermont, a friend of Adoniram Judson in Andover Theological Seminary and with that great man's missionary zeal. Unable toenter the foreign mission field because of some trouble with his eyes, butbent on devoting his life to some kind of missionary work he visited theSouth as an evangelist and distributor of Bibles and tracts. In Virginiahe met and married the widow of Richard Henry Lee Neale — HannahWynne Neale. She was a slave-holder. Her new husband hated slavery.She freed her slaves and they were compelled to leave Virginia at greatloss. They settled in Troy, Ohio, where Mr. Fairfield is believed to havecast the first vote in that state for abolition. They had four children, twosons born in Virginia and two daughters born in Ohio. Micaiah Fairfield was not only a missionary and an apostle of freedom, but he believed that women should have equal educational opportunities withmen, and therefore sent not his two sons only, but his two daughters toOberlin College. One of the sons, Miner, became a Congregational pastor, and the other, Edmund, became president of Hillsdale College,Michigan. Dr. E. D. Burton is said to have greatly resembled him.ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 21The older daughter, Sarah Johns Fairfield, the mother of E. D.Burton, one of the first women graduates of Oberlin, became a teacher.She was a woman of unusual gifts and would have worked out a successful career of her own had she not met N. S. Burton, then a student inWestern Reserve College. They were brought together by a classmate ofMiss Fairfield who was engaged to an intimate college friend of Burton.The engaged couple felt that the two were made for each other and madethem acquainted. It turned out to be a case of love at first sight, and indue time Miss Fairfield became Mrs. N. S. Burton. Not immediately, indeed, Mr. Burton having four more years of study to prepare for theministry. Miss Fairfield spent these years in teaching. They were married in 1850. Through his mother E. D. Burton was third cousin to"Stonewall" Jackson, General Robert E. Lee's great subordinate, whofell at Chancellorsville. Dr. Burton inherited great qualities from hismaternal ancestry.There were five children in the Burton family, four sons and onedaughter. The oldest, Henry F., was professor of Latin in the Universityof Rochester from 1877 to his death in 19 18 — forty-one years — andtwice acting president of that University. The next older was CharlesS., who has for many years been a patent lawyer in Chicago. The thirdwas the only sister, Helen E., who became the wife of W. W. Beman, whowas professor of mathematics in the University of Michigan for fiftyyears. After Helen came Ernest DeWitt, and the youngest of the familywas Edmund, who in his later life became a physician. Dr. N. S. Burtonbecame pastor of the Baptist Church in Granville, Ohio, in 1854 andthere his third son Ernest was born February 4, 1856. Both father andmother were essentially teachers and in i860 they established in Granville a school which they called the Young Ladies Institute, conductingit successfully during the last two years of the father's pastorate.Granville, a village situated a few miles northeast of Columbus, nearthe center of the state, is the seat of Denison University, which, in 1856a small and poor institution, has developed into a large and flourishingone. It was established by the Baptists of Ohio as their contribution tohigher education. Mrs. Burton was deeply interested in the education ofwomen and it was the abiding hope of her life that the school for girlswhich she and her husband founded and which they conducted for twoyears almost or quite without reward would some day become a part ofthe University. She did not live to see it, but her hope has been realized.22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe school lived and prospered, and developed into the Shepardson College for Women, which is now a part of Denison University.The first six years of Ernest's life were passed in Granville. Duringthe succeeding four years the father was pastor in Akron, Ohio. ThereErnest found a cousin, only a little younger than himself, DeWitt G.Wilcox, now a well-known surgeon of Boston. They naturally becameintimates in school and in play. His most intimate playfellow, however,in these days of his childhood was his sister Nellie, who was only a yearolder than he was and to whom he was then and remained through lifedevotedly attached. They were inseparable companions. In Akron hislife in schools began which continued unbroken as pupil and teacher formore than sixty years.When the boy was ten years old his father settled in Ann Arbor,Michigan. It will be a surprise to those who recall the self-control of Dr.Burton's later years to hear that in his boyhood he had a quick, volcanictemper. When he was about twelve years old the principal of the schoolhe attended was a severe and somewhat brutal disciplinarian. One day,for some offense, he seized a boy by the hair of his head and began tomaltreat him before the school. Ernest Burton was a little fellow, smallfor his age, but he bounded out of his seat and, doubling up his fists,shook them defiantly in the face of the burly teacher and cried out in apassion of indignation, "You let that boy alone." The man stared at hisangry assailant for a moment, let go of the boy, said, "Take your seat,"and turned away.Dr. Burton, the father, did not remain in Ann Arbor long enoughfor the boy to prepare for the University of Michigan. At the beginningof 1871, the year in which President James B. Angell began his greatadministration of nearly forty years in the University, Dr. N. S. Burtonreceived and accepted a call to Davenport, Iowa, and took his family tothat city. His two older sons, Henry and Charles, were in the Junior classin the University. In another year Ernest would have been ready toenter.It was in Ann Arbor that he united with the church when he wastwelve years old, in 1868. Though so young this marked in him the realbeginning of a new life. He entered into it with a sincerity and interestthat never changed, except that his Christian faith and zeal increasedwith his years until he developed into what seemed to those who knewhim best an ideal representative of the religious life. Speaking of theseearly years and his later years as well, his sister, Mrs. Beman, says, "IERNEST DE WITT BURTON 23can accuse him of but one serious fault — his life-long habit of overworking. When he was a little boy my mother often reproved him for bringing in such heavy loads of wood. He always wanted to do his full dutyand a little more."In Davenport, after one year in the high school, he entered GriswoldCollege of that city and finishing the Freshman year, in 1873 went toGranville, Ohio, was admitted to the Sophomore class in Denison University and there pursued the rest of his college course.It early became his habit to preserve whatever he wrote himself andevery letter he received. Thus there remain his early essays; in 1870"Ambition," "Strength," "A Grain of Wheat," "The Wonders of theWorld"; in 1871 "Procrastination," and "The Spanish Armada"; in1872 "Power," "The Opening of Japan," and "Denominational Colleges." Of the letters he received there are many thousands carefully preserved throughout his life. These letters I have examined and read largenumbers of them with great interest. The least significant among themthrow light on the circumstances and doings of the time and often on thecharacter of the man who received them. The answers to these lettersare of course lost. In a few instances only, and those in later life, did hemake and retain copies of his answers to the letters he received.The class which young Burton entered in Denison University in thefall of 1873, when he was seventeen years old, was the largest in the history of the institution up to that time. Denison was still a small collegeand this largest class numbered only nineteen. The expenses of an economical student as young Burton was from nature and necessity wereludicrously slight compared with those of the college student of today.His funds came from his father and his older brothers. For his secondterm of a hundred days at Denison his receipts amounted to less than$100. He kept an itemized account of his expenses from which it appearsthat they were as follows: College tuition bills, $11.00; books, stationery, and postage, $7.25; board, $25.00; travel, holidays, $10.50; repairof clothes, shoes, and watch, $6.20; washing, dentistry, medicine anddoctor, satchel, overshoes, collars and cuffs, necktie and collar buttons,contributions, Sophomore exhibition, and barber, $45-°5; miscellaneous,$2.25 ; total, $97.70, for three and a half months, the expenditures I havegrouped being all carefully itemized! He sent the statement to hisbrother Henry, who for that term had been the chief contributor, addingat the bottom, "I certify this report to be correct, E. D. Burton." Henryreturned it with the following endorsement, "So do I."24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBurton was the youngest member of his class, too young to get allthe good a student ought to get out of a college course. I know becauseI went through college at the same age. It is far from my purpose toidealize him. I wish to represent him as he was in every period of hislife. What was the impression he made on the men who were with himin college? One of them writes me as follows, "With me the splendidcharacter of that boy will always stand out. If you live with a man, sleepon the same straw bed with him, you learn to know him. He was a student. I do not think that anyone in his class stood higher in scholarship.There were many bright men in the class, but none have done so well inscholarship after graduation."Another, who was one of his intimate friends, makes the followingdiscriminating statement:Burton was a slender youth of quiet disposition. Outside the classroom and thezone of influence dependent upon high character, he was in no sense a leader. Thiswas probably in part due to his youth, the class ranging from two to five yearsolder. Our athletics were confined to baseball, and the vigorous physical efforts required by the game, together with catching the hard ball with ungloved hands, hadno attractions for him. Yet he attended the games, and while not a boisterous"rooter" he apparently enjoyed them and admired the good plays.He was far removed from the class of students who enjoy pranks — not that hedid not like fun, but the thought that someone was the victim of such performancesdeprived them of any amusement for him.Those were the days when literary societies flourished, and we had among usgood writers and debaters, but I cannot recall that Burton was often on the programor that his work in that line was notable.There was a strong religious atmosphere in the school, but I do not rememberthat Burton's voice was heard, except perhaps rarely, in religious meetings.In all his associations he was companionable and genuine. His friendships weresincere and lasting. No one was more attached to the class or the school as a whole.He had no special intimates, but there was a group who were near to him and he tothem, and it was an association which was as stimulating and helpful to them asit was pleasant and always to be remembered. Fraternities were under the ban in ourtime, and friends were chosen, not from a limited circle, but from the student bodyand gained in congeniality from that fact. A group of us organized a little club ofseven. Burton was one and the prized companionship which resulted was largely dueto his sterling qualities which served as a leaven for the good points in the others andgave our association together a value it could not otherwise have had. He loved thegroup, which was of course reciprocated, and he held us in the grip of a rare andengaging personality.But it was as a student that Burton excelled. Our Greek teacher was the lateWilliam Arnold Stevens. The long association between Stevens and Burton had itsbeginning when the Greek professor discovered in one of his students an unusualfaculty for comprehending the Greek idioms. The languages and particularly theGreek were Burton's joy.ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 25When we came to Metaphysics and related studies under the late E. Benj. Andrews, Ernest mastered the text, but said little. I know now that it was under thestimulating influence of our beloved teacher of that year that my much lamentedclassmate began to think. And he kept it up to his dying day. When looking forthe influences which produced a man big enough to head the University of Chicagolarge credit should be given to the two teachers I have named — Dr. Stevens and Dr.Andrews.To this I add the following from an eminent jurist who was his classmate and with whom he maintained a close friendship to the end of hislife. He writes:Life is really worth living when one is associated with a man of the characteristics that made Ernest Burton different from any person that I have ever known. Hewas in my room daily and we were together constantly as students. He was easilythe best student in our class and was possessed of an analytical mind that was neversatisfied with proximate causes. He wanted to go to first causes and was never satisfied till he reached the bottom of things. I found him to be mentally honest as aboy. He indulged in no idle dreams and was not speculative, but absolutely sincere,not only in his mental conclusions, but equally so in his friendships. He enjoyed thesociety of the real men of his college days as no man that I ever knew. He wasquiet and unobtrusive in his ways. He made no demonstration at any time that wasalarming, but no one ever felt free with Ernest Burton unless he was in the habit ofusing courteous and gentlemanly language. He never did anything that was not welldone and properly finished. He was thorough in everything he ever attempted. Hewas possessed of a deeply religious nature.I never knew a finer character. It has never been my pleasure to meet a manof such charming simplicity, possessed of such exalted ideals and one more inspiringas a true friend. I know that the influence he has exerted on my life has had a lasting and impressive influence. We were boys together and in our manhood we werenot separated except by distance.In his Junior year in college he was critic in the Franklin LiterarySociety. A fellow-student of that day, now a college professor, writes methat his voice and manner of presenting his criticisms and opinionsalready had the distinctiveness and force of his later years. "It wasthought by many that the influence and impression of Pres. E. Benj.Andrews on his students could be noted in Burton's graduating orationmore than in that of any other of the class of 1876."Dr. Burton in later life frequently emphasized his sense of indebtedness to the two great teachers here named. He once said, "My relationship to Professor Stevens I count among the great things in my life,"and he often said that in Dr. Andrews he recognized the greatest of histeachers.Of the group of seven close associates referred to there is an interesting story. It called itself, for some occult reason, "The Triangle."26 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWhen the class came to graduate it was agreed to begin what the groupof seven — E. D. Burton, J. Howard Ferris, Vinton R. Shepard, C. Judson Turley, Frank P. Swartz, Nahum Hines, and J. W. Osborn— calledthe Triangle Correspondence. Burton was appointed to inaugurate itand his inaugural letter says (with subtle if youthful humor) that it was"to continue its monthly course until we are able to sign ourselves witha c Judge' or an 'Hon.' before our names, or a D.D. or an L.L.D. or anM.C. thereafter." This letter was sent to Ferris, his contribution madeand so on round the group till it returned to Burton. He was the centerand inspiring spirit. But though the Triangle Correspondence did notlast, letters between Burton and individuals Trianglers continuedthrough many years and most of the friendships were life long. Someforty years later, for example, he was sent for from the mountains ofTennessee, near Dayton in that state recently made famous by theScopes trial and the death of William Jennings Bryan, to conduct thefuneral of Turley and responded to the call.In October, 1874, soon after the beginning of his Junior year Burtonhad a serious accident. In trying to jump over a fence he broke his legand was laid up for several weeks, during which his college friends nursedhim back to health. About this time he was much exercised as to his future. What calling should he follow? Should he enter business, or law,or the ministry, or teaching? He wanted to leave college and relieve hisfather and older brothers of the burden of his support. His wise fathertold him he was too young (eighteen years old) to decide these questions,that the first thing to do was to go on with his education and when thetime came his future course would become plain. The small amount ofmoney spent on him was not a burden but a privilege of affection. Thiswas the last time he gave a thought to giving up study. He didn't knowwhere he was going, but he did know he was on his way and intended tocontinue traveling.A great event in Burton's life was the accession of Dr. E. Benj. Andrews, in the autumn of 1875, to the presidency of Denison. It broughtinto his life a really great teacher, impressive, inspiring, who taught asone having authority and roused into new intellectual life every manwho was capable of being a student. Probably no student ever respondedto the appeal of President Andrews' inspiring personality more quicklythan did Burton. He was a boy, nineteen years old, but as his classmatewhom I have quoted says, Andrews "taught him to think, and he kept itup to his dying day."ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 27Mr. Burton was one of the seven members of his class of nineteenwho were chosen to appear at Commencement when the class graduatedin June, 1876, That was the period when members of the graduating classdelivered orations on Commencement day. Considering his essentially religious character it was natural that the subject of his oration should be"God and Human Knowledge." He was twenty years old and still quiteundecided about his future. He felt some inclination toward the law.But the chief interests of his life were religious. His scholarly instinctshad been roused to a controlling influence under President Andrews andhe wished to continue his studies. He was unwilling, now approachingtwenty-one, to allow his father and brothers to support him and felt thathe must accumulate a fund to help pay the expenses of further study.His father at that time had a connection with Kalamazoo College andwhile Ernest was at home on vacation the authorities gave him a positionon the teaching staff. The college, in those days, was very poor and hissalary was $500 for the school year. He supplemented this small stipend by doing some agency work for his brother Charles in securing orders for things Charles was manufacturing. The school year 1877-78 hewas assistant principal of the school in Xenia, Ohio, a position whichbrought him a considerable increase in salary, $800 or $900. Meantimehis college friend, Ferris, interested himself in getting him appointedprincipal of the school in Norwood, a suburb of Cincinnati, where Ferrislived. It is an interesting item in connection with his going to Norwoodthat J. B. Foraker, then known as Captain Foraker, and later very prominent in state and national politics, and United States Senator from Ohio,notified Mr. Burton of his appointment to the principalship of the Norwood School. The salary was $ 1 ,2 00, which was liberal for that day. Thisthree years teaching made it possible for him to repay his brothers theloans they had made to carry him through college, and to accumulatea small fund for further study. Again the problem of his future troubledhim. He seems to have dismissed a business career and the law fromconsideration. The question had narrowed itself down to teaching or theministry. His father once more advised him to leave the decision betweenthese two to the future and meanwhile to go through the theological seminary, assuring him that as he went on with his studies the question woulddecide itself. As his character and interest led him toward some kind ofChristian service, in the autumn of 1879 he entered the Rochester Theological Seminary, Rochester, New York. The fact that his brother Henryhad become a member of the faculty of the University of Rochester no28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdoubt attracted him to Rochester, as did the presence in the faculty ofthe Seminary of Professor Stevens, his former Greek teacher in Denison.The Theological Seminary, which in my time, sixteen years before,had been housed in an ancient and dilapidated hotel far removed fromthe University of Rochester, in Dr. Burton's student days occupied a finegroup of new buildings in immediate proximity to the University. Thebrothers were thus thrown much together and Henry, being five yearsolder than Ernest and a very able man, entirely devoted to his youngerbrother, profoundly religious and deeply interested in all the studies Ernest was pursuing, probably contributed to his development during thethree years of his theological course as much as any of his professors.Seven years before Burton entered the Seminary Dr. A. H. Stronghad begun his presidency of forty years. His friend W. A. Stevens wasprofessor of biblical literature and New Testament exegesis. Fred.Taylor Gates, who twenty years later had so great a part in the foundingof the University of Chicago, was in his last year in the Seminary whenBurton was in his first. In the class one year ahead of him were two menwith whom much of his after life was associated, Dr. Lathan A. Crandall,who became a prominent Baptist clergyman, and Benjamin S. Terry, who,later, was for thirty-three years a professor of history in the Universityof Chicago. In the class below him was my nephew George S. Goodspeed,who, after one year, left Rochester for the Baptist Union TheologicalSeminary of Chicago, now the Divinity School of the University, and became again associated with Dr. Burton on the University faculty, and aclose friend for thirteen years, until Professor Goodspeed's death in 1905.Perhaps his closest student friend in Rochester and the friend of all hisafter life, who was also in the class below his own, was Wallace Buttrick,who, after a highly useful and successful career as a Baptist pastor, became the general secretary of the General Education Board, and later itspresident. In writing me Dr. Buttrick says,I made the acquaintance of Ernest D. Burton in September, 1880, when I entered the Seminary as a student. He was acting as assistant librarian. I went into thelibrary and asked for a book. It will not surprise any of his friends to learn thathe gave me immediate attention, selected the book I wanted, talked with me aboutit, and suggested one or two other books that would be helpful to me. The acquaintance thus made very quickly became a friendship which for nearly forty-five yearswas one of the closest and most valued friendships of my life. Before a great whilewe were taking long walks in the roads and fields about Rochester, talking over ourtroubles and our joys and finding high satisfaction in almost daily communion witheach other.Burton was easily the best student in the Seminary. I do not know that he al-ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 29ways stood at the top of his class ; probably he did, but that doesn't matter. He wasa hard working, persistent, painstaking student. Even then he reached no conclusions until he had made careful investigation. The spirit of research was always inhim. Everybody respected him, everybody admired him, everybody loved him. I donot know that I ever saw him impatient save once, when the faculty were very severe with a poor, struggling student who had cheated a bit in his examinations. Representing the class Burton took his case up with the faculty and so pled for the manthat he was retained in the school and afterward became a useful clergyman. Burton's impatience was with the faculty who proposed to expel the man. I shall neverforget the white heat of Burton's earnestness as he pled successfully for his fellowstudent.I was one class behind Burton, but during the Senior year the students inGreek under Professor Stevens met together. Professor Stevens was the greatestteacher I have ever had, and, with Burton as a member of the class, that year willever be a memorable year in my life. Stevens and Burton, life-long friends, togethertaught the class.This fact, that in his last year in the Seminary Burton was chosen toassist Stevens in teaching New Testament Greek to the combinedSenior and Middle classes, indicates the standing he had acquired in theTheological Seminary. He won this position purely on his merits as ascholar and his promise of teaching ability. He had shown his independent spirit in warmly opposing the professors' purpose to expel a classmate. He manifested the same spirit of independence when one of theprofessors, at the close of a recitation, issued an edict that the next dayevery member of the class should submit to him in writing a statementof how he had spent every waking hour of the day. This Burton refusedto do. He was a man grown, twenty-five years old, and he did not believeany man had a right to make such a demand on him. He was probablyusing his time more conscientiously and intelligently than any other manin the class, but for reasons of his own he refused to obey this command.But notwithstanding this independent course he was made an assistantinstructor before the end of his Seminary course.During these three years in Rochester he began to feel a deep interestin foreign missionary work. This interest came to be so profound thatthis sketch cannot ignore it. It became so marked that he was made thepresident of the Judson Missionary Society. He finally came to feel thathe must become a foreign missionary and seems to have decided to dothis. Two things interfered to prevent the carrying out of this purposefor the time being. First and most decisively his health failed to such adegree that his family and friends insisted that for him to go to theOrient as a missionary would be suicidal, and it became evident that theForeign Mission Society would not appoint him. Moreover, it so hap-3° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpened that his friend, Professor Stevens, received a year's leave of absence for travel and study abroad and his mind turned to his favoritepupil and student assistant to take his work for the year 1882-83.Graduating from the Seminary in the spring of 1882, Mr. Burtonspent part of the summer with his parents and other members of the family at Charlevoix, Michigan, and part of it on the seashore, and so far recovered his health that when the Rochester authorities appointed himinstructor in New Testament Greek during the absence of Professor Stevens he was able to accept the appointment with a fair promise of being» able to do the work. He was beginning to find that his wise father hadbeen right in assuring him that the way to his true career would open tohim as the years passed. He did his work so successfully in the instructorship that Professor Stevens on his return was anxious to retain him ashis associate. But the Seminary was too poor to afford more than oneman in a department and Mr. Burton thought of accepting the care of achurch and devoting his life to preaching. With this in view he was ordained to the ministry at the beginning of the summer of 1883. His inclination still drew him strongly toward foreign missionary service, but theuncertainty of his health seemed to make that impossible. Severalchurches approached him with a view to his becoming their pastor and hewas considering this possibility when, on the twelfth of June, 1883, immediately following the close of his work at Rochester, the trustees of theNewton Theological Institution elected him associate professor of thedepartment of New Testament Greek. They had just unseated ProfessorE. P. Gould, whose theological views had become unsatisfactory. Professor Gould had many advocates who had supported him warmly and theaction of the trustees was disapproved by many friends of the Seminary,among whom were some able and influential men like Dr. E. Benj. Andrews, then a professor in and later president of Brown University. Thedismissal of Professor Gould was a theological sensation forty-three yearsago and it was thought that it would be difficult to agree on a man to fillhis place. But Dr. A. H. Hovey, president of Newton for thirty-one years,was one of the wisest of men. He calmed the troubled waters and wiredMr. Burton on June 12 that he had that day been unanimously electedassociate professor of New Testament interpretation. The salary was$1,500, another illustration of the difference between that day and this.Newton is located at Newton Center, near Boston, and is the BaptistTheological Seminary of New England, though it has always attractedstudents from other parts of the country. In 1883 it was a leading theological school. It was a high compliment for a young theological instruc-ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 3itor to be appointed to the charge of its chair of New Testament interpretation. Mr. Burton received his appointment as an indication that for thetime being at least his work was determined for him. The missionary pullwas still strong and continued to be for some years. This was so wellunderstood that he received more than one urgent appeal to take chargeof specific fields or departments of foreign mission work. Before his firstyear in Newton was half over, Rev. W. H. Roberts, who had recentlyopened the Bahmo Mission in upper Burmah, urgently invited him tojoin him as "bookmaker and scripture translator" of the new mission,although the language of the tribe, the Kachins, was still unwritten.But his health remained poor and he had fallen in love with teaching theNew Testament and preparing an adequately trained ministry for thechurches. The conviction constantly grew on him that he had found thework for which he was fitted and to which he was called. I have madethese frequent references to foreign missions because it seemed the onlyway to make it plain that Mr. Burton's first and very strong impressionwas that he must enter that work, that this conviction continued withhim through several years, that his inclination drew him in the same direction, and that had his health permitted he would certainly have becomea foreign missionary instead of a great teacher of New Testament Interpretation. His "frequent infirmities" made him a teacher and a denominational leader in missionary and educational work at home.Notwithstanding these illnesses which followed him through life hewas a prodigious worker. He once told the following story of a conversation he had with Dr. W. R. Harper which occurred soon after he went toNewton. He said, "Dr. Harper asked me how many hours a day I couldwork, and when I told him that I could not do real intellectual workmore than seven hours a day on an average, he expressed great surpriseand told me he worked seventeen." It was no wonder that Dr. Harpercould fall asleep at any time. I have often seen him in the midst of a conference, when the discussion reached a point that did not require his attention, fall asleep and after ten minutes wake perfectly refreshed andalert.Dr. Burton's story of himself and Dr. Harper is to be received withmany grains of allowance. I have been much interested in what hisdaughter Margaret says about it. "I know," she writes (and no oneknows so well except Mrs. Burton),I know what he meant by his remark that he could do only seven hours intellectual work a day. He meant what is sometimes termed "creative" work — originalresearch, preparation of new material, etc. He did not include under this head the32 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDteaching of the material prepared, attendance on committee meetings, administrativework, proofreading, reading that was solid but not research, nor a hundred and oneother things which filled his days, letter writing, conferences, interviews, etc., etc.My whole memory of him is of almost never ceasing work, except that after a long,hard pull he'd get so tired that he'd sit down with a novel, or play a game of pool.He never took a vacation of more than a few days. Before my memory began tooperate, in the days at Newton, my mother says he worked late every night, on topof very full days, up to eleven, twelve o'clock — even into the morning. At that period he once jokingly remarked that his rules of life were to take no exercise, aslittle sleep as possible, and drink much strong coffee. His work was as remarkable forits incessancy, for the number of hours he gave to it, as for its concentration. Moreover his capacity for long-continued "creative" work increased. He was able tospend much more time on it in later life than at the time of that remark to Dr.Harper.I shall confirm this last statement later on by his own testimony.While in Rochester Mr. Burton had made the acquaintance and wonthe heart of Frances Mary Townson, of that city, and as soon as he hadwhat promised to be a permanent position their marriage was arranged.It took place in Rochester December 28, 1883, six months after his appointment in Newton took effect. Dr. N. S. Burton, the groom's father,went on from Akron, Ohio, to perform the ceremony. On their weddingjourney Mr. and Mrs. Burton stopped at New Haven, Connecticut, wherehis friend Dr. Buttrick was pastor, and visited Mr. and Mrs. Buttrick.To those who knew Mr. and Mrs. Burton I do not need to say that themarriage was a happy one. Three daughters were born to them, two ofwhom died in infancy. The eldest, Margaret, was the pride and joy of herfather to the day of his death and remains to be the solace and companion of her mother.When Mr. Burton began his work in Newton he was twenty-sevenyears old. His faculty associates were congenial. Dr. Hovey, the president, received and treated him with paternal affection. Charles RufusBrown, of the Old Testament department, became his intimate comrade.They were quickly drawn into a friendship, close, affectionate, and enduring. They were both progressive men and were continually conferringtogether for the improvement and advancement of the institution. Theyearly began to urge changes in the traditional course of study and in 1885Mr. Burton was made chairman of a committee to improve the curriculum. He succeeded with Brown's assistance in adding new courses ofstudy and introducing electives. Together they urged on the trustees efforts to increase the funds. It will be recalled that when in Rochester hehad been assistant librarian. At Newton this experience was utilized inputting him in charge of the library, all this preparing him for his greaterERNEST DE WITT BURTON 33future library activities. From the beginning Mr. Burton's teaching workin Newton was successful, so successful that in 1886, at the end of threeyears, he was promoted to a full professorship, and in 1887 he was givena year's leave of absence for study abroad, for the most part in Germany. His brother Henry deciding to go with him, they arranged to havetheir father, who was just then leaving Akron, Ohio, accompany them.The party, including Mrs. Burton and Margaret among others, sailedfrom Boston on June 16 and landed at Liverpool nine days later. Theyhad hardly cleared Boston harbor before Mr. Burton was taken sick andcontinued so for substantially the entire voyage. He was not well afterlanding and during a trip through Scotland suffered much from chills andfever. On July 1 2 they reached London, when, a competent physician being consulted, he was told that he had had pneumonia but had passed thecrisis. Compelled to seek rest he found refuge in the village of Red Hillin Surrey. Later, crossing the channel they visited various cities, finallyreaching Leipzig, where Professor Burton spent some weeks in the University, trying to secure the advantages for which he had gone abroad.All too soon he was compelled by his bodily ills to give up the effort andflee to Italy. Two weeks of the stay in Italy were spent in Rome, but assoon as spring opened he was back in Leipzig for a few more weeks ofstudy. While his year abroad secured for Professor Burton and his family such benefit as could be derived from visiting Scotland, England, Belgium, Germany, and Italy, and many famous cities, his hope of a year'sstudy in German universities was, for the most part, disappointed.He found his health sufficiently restored, however, to go on with hiswork when the Seminary opened in the autumn. He and his friend Brownbegan now to urge the trustees to appoint additional teachers to justifythe policy of additional courses of instruction and the principle of electivestudies. They agreed that they would for the present be content to shareone man between their two departments and in 1888, '89 and '90 werehappy to secure Shailer Mathews, then teaching, in the beginning of hiscareer, in Colby University at Waterville, Maine. Mathews had been astudent of theirs in Newton, graduating in 1887.In 1889 President Taylor invited Mr. Burton to deliver a course oflectures at Vassar College and during the first months of 1890 he lecturedon the life of Paul every other Sunday. He did this work so successfullythat he was invited to continue it the following year, which he did withstill greater acceptance, rivaling the success of Dr. Harper, who was thena professor in Yale and had been lecturing at Vassar on alternate Sundays during the winter quarters for two or three years.34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe connection between these two men, Harper and Burton, beganin 1882, when Harper, hearing that Burton, a student in the RochesterTheological Seminary, was so much interested in Hebrew that he was doing extra work in it, wrote him a letter, telling him that he was intendingto conduct a class of a few students, not exceeding twelve, for the intensive study of Hebrew during some weeks of the summer vacation, in theBaptist Union Theological Seminary building at Morgan Park, near Chicago, where he was then the professor of Hebrew. Later a second letterfollowed, saying that the number of students applying for admission tothe class had become so large that the proposed class would become aschool and inviting Burton to attend. This he was inclined to do, but theenemy that so often interfered with his plans throughout his life, a breakdown in health, finally made this impossible. This connection was somewhat remote, but when in 1886 Harper went to Yale and became acquainted with Burton's work in Newton he asked him to write a Greektextbook for his summer schools, which had become a very great success.This Burton arranged to do in 1887, but his trip abroad and his breakdown in health made it impossible. After his return they came togetherpersonally under rather interesting circumstances. Dr. L. C. Barnes wasat the time pastor of the church in Newton Center and Mrs. Barneswrites me thatwithin a year or two just previous to Dr. Burton's leaving Newton for Chicago,Dr. Harper gave a course of lectures in Boston. It gave us joy to have Dr. Harperas a guest in our home during the time of his giving that course of lectures. Dr.Burton and his friend Dr. Brown breakfasted, lunched and dined with us while Dr.Harper was there. I never can forget the devout, earnest, absolutely frank discussions which formed the background of the table talk. It was while these discussionswere fresh in the minds of all four of us that Dr. Burton came in one day and, afterrelating some recent classroom experiences, said deliberately, "I know of no workwhich is going to require greater moral courage in the next ten years than the workof teaching the New Testament." Those who knew him best are most ready to testify how completely he met the requirement. In connection with some discussionwhich was on at that time, Mr. Barnes declared "Burton is conscience incarnate."Never was a man more graphically described in two words. Already hewas beginning to see that he could not continue to teach the New Testament in the traditional way, that it must be newly examined, and that histeaching must follow the results of the most scholarly research.It was while passing through this phase of his development that heand Dr. Harper came together in that intimate relation which continuedtill President Harper's death fourteen years later, at which time, as Ishall relate at the proper place, it had a remarkable culmination. DuringERNEST DE WITT BURTON 35the years 1889 to 1892 the University of Chicago was getting itselffounded. Dr. Harper entered on the presidency July 1, 1891, and had ayear of overwhelming labor in securing the great faculty with which theUniversity opened in October, 1892. While he was looking for a professorfor the New Testament department his intimate friend Dr. Wallace Buttrick suggested to him that Burton was the man he was looking for. Aftersome discussion he agreed that Burton was the man he must have, and onDecember 28; 189 1, he wrote to Professor Burton asking him for an interview on a subject of the first importance. They met and President Harperasked Professor Burton to join him in Chicago as head of the New Testament department. He received little encouragement but would not take"No! " for an answer. A struggle between the two men began and a conflict in Professor Burton's own mind intense, almost tragical, which continued through three months. I cannot here give the details of Burton'sexperience through those three months. He loved Newton and his workthere, but he fully appreciated the largeness of the opportunity Chicagopresented. A paper is still in existence in which with his usual thoroughness he set down all the considerations for and against a change. Meantime the trustees, faculty, and students of Newton sent him petitionsurging him to remain with them. He found himself unable to decide thequestion on its merits and after two months of indecision, he felt that itwas unjust to President Harper to keep him waiting longer and wired tohim this message: "Find myself unable to break away from opportunitiesand obligations here." To this President Harper answered, — "Give meone more chance." He immediately wrote to me, "Burton has declined..... What we shall do now is a mystery .... I can think of absolutely no one to put in this chair." He suspected however that the negative decision was sent to him, not because Professor Burton was convinced that he ought not to go to Chicago, but because he felt he oughtnot to keep President Harper waiting so long that he would not have timeto find another man. This surmise proved to be true and when the wholecase was again laid before him the two men came to an understanding andat the end of March, 1892, he was elected professor of New TestamentInterpretation in the Divinity School and professor of New Testamentinstruction and head of all New Testament work in the University as awhole.It will already have appeared from this narrative that Dr. Burtonwas of a peculiarly sensitive and delicate physical organization. Mentalconflict worked havoc with his bodily health. At that interesting periodin his life to which we have come his father and mother were living near36 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhim in Needham, a nearby suburb of Boston, the place of his father's lastpastorate. He was in frequent and anxious consultation with them on theabsorbing question of his casting in his lot with President Harper in whatwas generally regarded as the promising but perilous educational experiment in Chicago. They wanted him to enter on the great adventure, butleft him to decide the question himself. In a letter his mother wrote atthe time she said:Ernest was over Tuesday evening talking about the Harper proposition. He sawDr. Harper Monday evening and he has not done much sleeping since. He willdo an immense amount of thinking in a short time. He has lived nearly two yearssince he was here last Tuesday. He has his plans and questions all ready to send toDr. Harper. His face is so thin that I could see clear through to the back of hishead ! He is not anxious to go, but must have it settled.Through the kindness of Frederic J. Gurney, assistant recorder ofthe University, there has come to me a copy of the answer of Dr. Burtonto the letter expressing "the earnest desire of the whole student body thathe remain in Newton." In this response to the students he said, amongother things:Few occurrences, if any, of my nine years connection with this school have beenso grateful to me as this expression of the esteem and regard of those whom I havehad the pleasure of counting among my pupils and friends I can only sayhere briefly that as I pondered and prayed over the matter night and day for weeks,out of much doubt and indecision there issued at length a conviction, which hasgrown clear and strong, that my duty for the immediate future, perhaps for the remainder of my life, lies in the West rather than here. If I read the signs of the timesaright, the battle of Christianity in this country for the next quarter century is to bewaged somewhat more fiercely in the Mississippi Valley than on the New Englandcoast. And in the Mississippi Valley, perhaps no place will be so nearly the veryheart and center of the conflict as the city of Chicago. A Theological Seminary connected with a University in that city holds a position of peculiar importance, and hewho is to teach the New Testament in such a School occupies a place of most solemnresponsibility. A sober minded man could hardly choose for himself such a responsibility. Only when he believes that there is a call of Divine Providence could he venture to accept it. But when he believes this, then it is equally true that he dare notrefuse it. When my students have done me the honor to ask my advice about theirplace of future service, I have always advised on the principle that, other things being equal, the place that was nearest the edge of battle furnished largest evidence ofbeing the one to which Providence called. On this principle I have felt compelledmyself to act in the present case. There was a time, indeed, when I felt that mypresent relation to this school formed a counter consideration more than outweighingthose I have suggested above, and that conscience and preference combined to holdme here. But I found little peace of mind in this decision. And when, without myaction, and indeed in the face of a reiterated declination on my part, the door whichI had shut was opened again, I felt driven to a reconsideration, which in the end ledERNEST DE WITT BURTON 37to the decision to go West, a decision in which, since it was reached, my mind hasfound increasing satisfaction and assurance.In leaving Newton I by no means depreciate the importance of the work to bedone here, still less the strong attraction which this Institution offers to students and,indeed, to instructors. I believe that there must be and will be a strong Baptistschool of theology in New England. It has been a sore pain to me to leave the workhere at a moment when the outlook seemed to me peculiarly bright and attractive..... Few will rejoice more heartily than I in seeing Newton's class rooms crowdedwith men, gathering here for study and going hence to do valiant service in many afield of battle or of harvest. May the Lord of Hosts and the God of Harvest leadand empower us all in his blessed work.I have given these details because his removal to Chicago was anevent of the highest importance, in introducing him to the principal andfinal work of his life, and of large significance in the history of the University itself. His appointment took effect July i. During the summerthree assistants, one of them an associate professor, were secured, the departments organized, and the courses of study arranged preparatory to theopening of the University, October i, 1892.Dr. Rush Rhees, who has had so great a career as president of theUniversity of Rochester, succeeded Professor Burton at Newton. Speaking in 191 o he made the following reference to his predecessor: "When Ifirst assumed the responsibility of teaching in the New Testament, Ifound myself the successor of a man whose work and character alikewere a challenge, the equal of which I had not dreamed of, the inspirationof which was continuous and exalting and the worthy following of whomwas one of the most exacting ambitions of my life." Dr. Rhees went onto say that Professor Burton was "a man of preeminent greatness" andthat there would "be none who will question the correctness of that description of Professor Burton." This was the impression made on themind of his successor of the man and his work in Newton, where he hadlived and taught for nine years.On going to the University of Chicago there was an immediate enlargement of the scope of his activities. As all the world knows PresidentHarper was a teacher of Hebrew and of Old Testament Interpretation.In founding a new University he gave the teaching of the Bible, the OldTestament and the New, a place of prominence in the curriculum. Although the Divinity School of the University existed for this kind of instruction he made it also a part of the work of the University itself andorganized the two departments of Oriental Languages and Literatures, ofwhich he was himself the head, and of New Testament and Early Christian Literature, of which Professor Burton was head, as University de-38 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpartments. As has been said Professor Burton was also head of the samedepartment in the Divinity School. Under him in these two departmentsthere were at first three other teachers and later five others, three ofwhom were full professors, one an assistant professor, and one an instructor. This was a larger corps of teachers than was required for theentire work of a Theological Seminary twenty-five years before the University was founded and they taught a far larger number of courses. Thechoice and teaching of these courses, about fifty in number, were underthe supervision of Professor Burton, as head of the departments in bothUniversity and Divinity School.President Harper had high ideals of what a university professorshould be. He must be a teacher indeed, but first and foremost he mustbe a scholar, in love with learning, with a passion for research, an investigator who would search new fields of knowledge and who would give theresults of his studies to the world. He found in Dr. Burton his ideal ofwhat a professor should be and loved him and rejoiced in his work as longas he himself lived. He made him at once associate editor of the BiblicalWorld, a journal established at the opening of the institution. Later Dr.Burton became editor-in-chief. In 1897 the Journal of Theology was issued and he temporarily left the Biblical World to become its editor. Toboth these journals he was a contributor of articles, and in connectionwith them did a vast amount of work.He early became a writer of books and continued to publish one volume after another throughout his life. In 1893, a few months after goingto Chicago, he published Syntax of Moods and Tenses in New TestamentGreek, a revision and enlargement of a pamphlet issued while he was atNewton. In 1894, in connection with his long-time friend W. A. Stevens,of Rochester, he published Harmony of the Gospels for Historical Study.There followed a year later, Records and Letters of the Apostolic Age,and in 1899, Handbook of the Life of Paul.Leaving his later books to a later page I return to the spring of 1894,when he took his family abroad for six months, spending a part of thattime in study in the University of Berlin. I must here call attention to thefire of criticism which, with others of his colleagues, Dr. Burton wascalled on to endure for many years. This had already broken out and violent attacks had been made upon him in so-called religious newspapers,his crime being that he adopted that method of study known as the highercriticism, that is to say, the historical study of the New Testament — asthough it were a criminal offense to make any and every kind of searchERNEST DE WITT BURTON 39after new light on the Scriptures. I speak of this here that I may relateProfessor Burton's reaction to these attacks at just this time as well asthroughout all his after life. Answering a letter from his father on August12, 1894, he said:I am profoundly indifferent to the remarks of the —, and the onlymakes me laugh. So long as they let me work on and the Lord graciously preservesme from grievous error, I am quite indifferent to their remarks. The only thing I amseriously concerned about is that I may honestly seek for truth and really be enabledto find it and wisely teach it We shall have students to teach, and I for my partshall have all that I can do to learn how to teach them well What I should doin a time of real trial I perhaps do not know, but I think I know quite well whatI ought to do, now, and then, viz. : seek for truth with all my power, teach it calmlyand wisely, entirely unmoved by what the papers say or what the effect on mypersonal interests may be.Those who knew him, also knew that what he believed he ought to do hewould do in any and all circumstances. The attitude he stated above hecontinued to maintain through years of misunderstanding and opposition.But during all these years he never for a moment lost the confidence,sympathy, and approval of devout scholars, nor of his denomination.It was during these years of trial that Dr. Buttrick wrote this to him,"I begin to understand why you are the best man in the world. I say thisto you in all seriousness, for Mrs. Buttrick and I often to each other saythis of you. If anyone in the world occupies the first place in our esteemyou are the man. Don't let this be painful to your sensitive soul, but giveour love free course." Another eminent pastor wrote to him as follows,"D. D. means simply Teacher of Divine Reality. You are that, if anyman in the country is, — I never got free from a sense of thraildom to traditional conceptions of religion until a few months ago. It came almostsuddenly at last, after long processes of loosening, thanks to your influence more than that of any other quickener. Now, for the first time religion is a great and blessed reality which I long to bring to the help ofother lives." Dr. Henry G. Weston, president of Crozer Theological Seminary, was accustomed through many years to consult him — a muchyounger man — on translations of New Testament passages from theGreek, and express his lively sense of gratitude for the help given him.He said for example :I beg of you never to take the time and trouble to give the reasons for yourview. Your opinion on a Greek construction is with me decisive and I should not bemore certain of its correctness if I read a folio volume You have again laid meunder obligation to you for which I am grateful. You know that I never feel reallysatisfied that I am correct until you have pronounced on the grammar of the sentence I am studying. When you reply my doubts all vanish, I am perfectly at ease40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand rejoice in the better, stronger, more blessed idea I have than what the commentators tell me. I know you are better authority than any of them.He was often spoken of by men who were themselves eminent in thescholarly world as "our most eminent New Testament scholar."This extraordinary confidence was awakened in those who knew himbest by the principles on which he guided his life. In a notebook of 1888he wrote them out as follows:There is no object so desirable to be gained for myself or others that it is worththe employment of misrepresentation, meanness, or violent language to get it.Do not speak harshly of others or impute to them unworthy motives. Thereis sure to come a time when you will regret it.Speak the truth, uncolored and unexaggerated — but always with kindness — inlove.Be modest, but never let your modesty deter you from undertaking the tasksthat Providence sets you.Be gentle toward everyone — wife, child, friends, strangers.Be unselfish. In other words apply the Golden Rule toward everyone; it is asgood in a railway car or on a steamboat as it is in the home or in society.Do not be jealous or envious of other men's attainments or successes. Ratherrejoice in their attainments and in their successes, if these are deserved. If they areundeserved leave time and Providence to correct the error, and remember that youtoo have had undeserved success.Count no man your enemy till he is clearly proved to be so ; and then do notspeak harshly of him but repay him with kindness.Be cheerful. If you suffer in body or mind suffer quietly and maintain not onlya calm but a cheerful face and manner. Cultivate cheerfulness of heart too, by considering reasons for gratitude and by keeping your mind occupied.These great principles of life and conduct which we all approve andwish we could attain to, Dr. Burton illustrated every day in all his relations and in all conditions.At the beginning of 1896 he lost his mother, a remarkable woman,devoted all her life to Sunday-school and missionary work, deeply lovedby her husband and children. A very tender relation existed between herand her son Ernest. In every important change in his life he visited herand talked it over with her. It seemed to clarify his views to lay them before her, while she listened with affectionate sympathy.In the closing months of 1896 he gave a series of lectures on BibleStudy in the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church of New York City, where hisfriend Dr. W. H. P. Faunce was pastor; and a series on the Epistles inVassar College. These last addresses gave such satisfaction to PresidentTaylor that while he acknowledged that Dr. Burton's field was "a farwider one at Chicago" he seriously approached him on the matter of going to Vassar permanently.ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 41In 1897 the honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him, as it hadbeen on his father, by his Alma Mater, Denison University. His fatherhad been acting president of Denison in 1886 and but for his incurablemodesty might, perhaps, have been president. The indebtedness of Denison to him and his wife was later acknowledged in the name of one of theresidence buildings for women — Burton Hall.In 1900 Dr. Burton published a pamphlet — The Personal Religion ofJesus — one of the most interesting and illuminating pieces of writing heever did. Soon after the opening of the year he was taken seriously ill.He was somewhat run down, but went to bed on the first Sunday eveningin March as well as usual and on Monday came down with pneumonia.He happily survived the attack, but unhappily Mrs. Burton was also ill.He recovered more rapidly than she did and they spent the summer inNewton Center. He had become so well that he not only preached occasionally but also delivered a course of lectures at the Harvard SummerSchool.Two interesting events occurred in the Burton family in the winterof 1901. February 4 of that year was Dr. Burton's forty-fifth birthday.His aged father, Dr. N. S. Burton, celebrated it by writing and sendingto his son a series of verses half of which I quote, which he called —WHAT MAN SAYS TO HIMSELF ON HIS FORTY-FIFTH BIRTHDAYThis is the day, which, though unsoughtThe rushing tide of time has brought,And well I know 'twere vain to striveTo turn it back, I'm forty-five.My early birthdays came and wentTill more than half of life was spent.By no device could I contriveTo stay the years, — I'm forty -five.My hair, once black, is turning gray,My grinders failing day by day,And just as sure as I'm alive,I'm growing old, I'm forty-five.Till now my task has been to sow,The reaping time will come I know,For what I've sown will grow and thriveLong after I am forty-five.The other event of interest was the eightieth birthday of the father,on the day after that of his son Ernest, February 5, 1901. The family42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas always a closely united one, the five children holding the father inthe most reverent affection. They all came together on his eightiethbirthday, with the wives of Henry, Charles, and Ernest (the wife of Edmund, the youngest son,. was recently deceased), and gave their father asurprise visit at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Professor W. W. Beman,with whom he was living in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The children hadbrought a fine photograph album in which they had placed the picturesof every member of the family living and of some who had passed away,and also a complete family record of each family. They all went togetherand had a group picture taken, including with the grandchildren presentthirteen persons.But even then Dr. Burton's health was again failing. He was compelled to give up teaching in the middle of the quarter and went withMrs. Burton to Asheville, North Carolina, and later to Charlevoix, Michigan, where the summer was spent. Returning to work at the beginningof the Autumn Quarter, not entirely recovered, he found the work toomuch for him and again left before it ended. With this failure of his ownhealth came the physical breakdown of his younger brother, Edmund,who had a severe attack of tuberculosis and fled to Tucson, Arizona. Hiscondition became so critical that Dr. Burton felt compelled to go to Tucson to care for him, though ill himself. Edmund was a physician andperhaps his medical knowledge was of service to himself and his brother.At all events both soon began to improve. In January, after two monthsin Arizona he went on to Los Angeles. Writing to a friend on November18, 1901, he said, "I think I have never carried quite so heavy burdens,certainly not quite so heavy in proportion to my strength, as those thathave come upon me in the last three months." In large part these burdens were connected with his devotion to his brother, whose illness hadcalled him back from Charlevoix early in September, filled him with anxiety, and greatly taxed his time and strength.Mrs. Burton joined her husband in Los Angeles and he so far recovered that he returned to the University for work in the Summer Quarterof 1902. But he did not get well, and when in September his physicianstold him he must again stop work he was much discouraged. Such washis depression that he was apparently near a nervous breakdown and thedoctors strongly urged a few months abroad in congenial companionship.Dr. E. B. Hulbert, the dean of the Divinity School, was his devotedfriend and was one of those men whose company is a tonic. Virile, cheerful, optimistic, he did one good like a medicine. When Dr. Burton askedERNEST DE WITT BURTON 43Dr. Hulbert to leave his own work and go abroad with him, he answeredat once, "Of course, I will do anything in the world for you." Theystarted in September. Their colleagues followed them with letters designed to cheer the invalid. Dr. Shailer Mathews, then associate dean anda member of Dr. Burton's department, said in one of his letters:I have been meaning to write you a good letter telling you how sorry I am thatyou had to leave and how glad I am that you left. Your letter written on board thesteamer did me a world of good. I really think that the department is improving,if you can be so little seasick, and I can be so little also ! for my last trip I was notmore than three quarters miserable. I am very glad to notice that in your programyou plan to bathe as well as eat, to make calls as well as take on flesh and culture.You need some of these things, but I hope you will not think that I think you needthem all, — though I am not saying anything about Hulbert.Tell that itinerant martyr that the price of cambric handkerchiefs has gone upin the bargain stores because of the demand for them by people who miss him, andif I don't get every fellow of Church History [Hulbert's department] into the NewTestament department, examine, and plaster a PhD. on him, he may thank hislucky stars.My health is simply obstreperous, and I am tickled to death to be able to bossthe New Testament fellows. They will be a browbeaten lot, as well as henpecked,when you come back.The travelers visited London and Oxford and Carlisle and Edinburghand other places in England and Scotland. They met eminent scholarsand received many attentions. Dr. Burton improved in health and spirits.But when he returned to Chicago and proposed to take up his class workagain, January i, 1903, President Harper said, — "No, you are not yetwell enough, I have another job for you," and set him to work on thebuilding plans of the University, with special reference to the distributionof future buildings and the location and character of a library building.This new task was a most congenial one. Dr. Burton was interestedin architecture and particularly in library buildings. He had been connected with library administration in Granville, in Rochester, in Newton,and in Chicago, and wanted to see an ideally arranged library buildingerected. In all his visits to colleges and universities he had made a studyof their buildings. He entered on the commission President Harper hadgiven him with enthusiasm. As early as the middle of February he laidbefore Dr. Harper and Mr. Ryerson, the president of the Board of Trustees, tentative plans for the location of proposed new buildings. He madea tour of inspection of about twenty groups of college buildings throughout the country. One of the problems being the construction of a woman'squadrangle he visited Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, Holyoke, andSmith. He studied the library of Congress and of every large university.44 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrom that time on he became increasingly interested in the building program of the University and increasingly influential in it.The breakdown of Dr. Burton's health was, of course, widely knownand his eastern friends got the impression that the climate of Chicago wasunfriendly to him. While he was on this tour of inspection of eastern universities, the authorities of Crozer Theological Seminary, of Upland,Pennsylvania, made strenuous efforts to induce him to come to them. Hehad himself begun to fear that he could not work in Chicago and live, andfor a moment he was tempted to try what was represented as a milder andmore friendly climate. But he was already so built into the life of theUniversity that, when he came to think of it, he found that he could nottear himself away from it. And curiously enough his health improvedfrom that day. He had apparently become acclimated and the Chicagoclimate became as friendly to him as it is to three million other people.At the end of March he submitted to the president a comprehensivereport of about six thousand words "of my observations and the recommendations suggested by my observations on my recent trip to easternlibraries, universities, and colleges." The report covered the library group,cataloguing, the librarian, classroom seating, buildings on the east side ofthe main quadrangle, and the administrative building. Little did he oranyone else then know the bearing of these investigations on his ownfuture and the future of the University. This did not begin to reveal itselfuntil years had passed, and has not yet ended.But all consideration of buildings was rudely interrupted by the tragedy of the sickness and death of President Harper. The illness of thatremarkable man began obscurely in 1903 and culminated in his deathfrom internal cancer in January, 1906, after many months of suffering.It was a wonderful expression of the confidence the dying president felt inthe Christian character and spiritual insight of Dr. Burton that he, withhis colleague Dr. Albion W. Small, was asked to talk with Dr. Harper onreligious matters. He said to them, "Talk to me out of your own hearts,what you yourselves believe." In successive conversations, continuingthrough the final two weeks, they talked of the life to come, of fellowshipwith God, of what Jesus Christ did for us, of God as our Father, and ofthe forgiveness of sins. Dr. Burton wrote out at the time a detailed account of these conversations, which is in my hands. The last occurredjust a week before the president's death. There were present Drs. Burton, Small, Hulbert, and that very intimate friend Professor Charles R.Brown, of Newton. In closing this interview he asked all these closefriends to pray with him and then prayed for himself. Dr. Burton, at hisERNEST DE WITT BURTON 45request, conducted the private funeral service at the president's house.The two men were of almost the same age. President Harper was bornJuly 26, 1856, and Dr. Burton February 4, of the same year. He was notquite fifty years old when President Harper died.The years immediately preceding his fiftieth birthday had been, notwithstanding his frequent illnesses, years of extraordinary intellectual activity and accomplishment. He had been associate editor of the BiblicalWorld and managing editor of the Journal of Theology. He was head ofhis departments in the University and the Divinity School and instructedhis classes. He had made many public addresses. He had been directorof instruction in the Sunday school of his church, tie had carried on alarge correspondence with pastors, students, strangers seeking advice, andfriends. And he had been a prolific writer of books. In 1901, in connection with Professor Shailer Mathews, he published Constructive Studiesin the Life of Christ, and in 1908, also with Professor Mathews, Principles and Ideals of the Sunday School. In 1904 he published three books,Short Introduction to the Gospels, Studies in the Gospel of Mark, andPrinciples of Literary Criticism and Their Application to the SynopticProblem. He also published American Institute Studies in the Life ofChrist in 1904 and later American Institute Studies in the Apostolic Age.He had written many essays and articles and editorials in the BiblicalWorld and the American Journal of Theology.Dr. W. R. Harper very early in his career, as far back as 1880, became possessed with the idea of carrying the systematic study of theBible beyond the restricted limits of the schools. Year by year his viewsenlarged, and in 1889 the American Institute of Sacred Literature wasorganized. When Dr. Harper became president of the University of Chicago, the headquarters of the Institute were transferred to Chicago. Itswork gradually developed until it sent out to thousands of students Outline Study Courses, Reading Courses, informal correspondence courses,and popular religious leaflets and pamphlets designed to enable readers toget "in a nut shell" what they would search long for in books. About tenthousand people distributed all over the world annually take the Institute's courses. To this effort to popularize the study of the Bible Dr.Harper devoted himself most zealously as long as he lived. He securedendowments for it amounting to a little over $10,000, and before hisdeath brought it into connection with the University. He committed thework of the Institute to his associates in the Divinity School, and underthe immediate direction of its Executive Secretary, Miss Georgia L.Chamberlin, it has continued to do a work of extraordinary value.46 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNo one was more interested in this effort to popularize the study ofthe Bible and religion than was Dr. Burton. He labored zealously withPresident Harper as long as that great man lived, and succeeded him asexecutive head of the Institute. I think it may be said that Dr. Harperbequeathed this favorite child of his heart to Dr. Burton, who, he knew,had for it all his own affection. Dr. Burton wrote the very first of itspresent popular Outline Study Courses as far back as 1893 and preparedothers later. He was chairman of the Executive Committee for nearlytwenty years, when Dr. Shailer Mathews relieved him. Under his leadership courses for ministers were particularly emphasized and traveling libraries inaugurated. He was much interested in what the Institute mightdo for those missionaries who, in remote corners of the world, had no easyaccess to books and like sources of inspiration and growth, and for theirsake fostered its work in foreign lands. Through eighteen years he devoted much time and toil to raising the funds needed for carrying thework on, doing this while he was overburdened with other tasks. The Institute circulates about 5,770,000 pages of literature on the Bible and religion every year. As will appear later, Dr. Burton left behind him themost eloquent possible expression of his interest in the work which theInstitute represents — the popularization of the constructive study of religious literature under the guidance of able instructors.In 1906, his fiftieth year, he had been teaching the New Testamentsome twenty-four years. In 190 1 he said to a fellow-professor in anotherinstitution, "My favorite way of teaching may be described as a combination of a textbook, lecture, and seminar method, — the proportions ofthe three processes varying according to the nature of the case." It doesnot need to be said that he was a highly successful and useful teacher. Icould fill all the space devoted to this sketch with expressions of the admiration, gratitude, and affection his students addressed to him, like thefollowing in 1899, "I want to say to you for your encouragement in yourwork with the students that come under you, that you have .made adeeper impression on me than any other professor I have ever studiedunder. I owe more of the good habits of mind, methods of study, andspirit of work to you than to any other teacher." In 1904 a missionarywrote from the other side of the world:In the heart and at the very center of all the University gave me stands, in mythought, your instruction and example. I was hungry for clean-cut, fearless and reverent scholarship. I enjoyed the work of your classes as I have never enjoyed anyother studies. I was surprised to see myself moulded and given my intellectual content by the University. In addition to this, the peculiar privilege you gave me of getting nearer to your own life was a gift too deep for me to express in feeble words.ERNEST DE WITT BURTON 47It is well known that Dr. Burton was one of those scholars and teachers who came to take what is known as the modern view of the Bible andChristian truth. To one of his most merciless critics, the editor of a religious paper, he rendered, at the time at which we have arrived, when hewas fifty years old, the following account of his life. I think he would liketo be permitted to speak for himself to all his critics. He wrote:Suppose you had been educated in a school which inculcated the views whichare usually considered strictly orthodox ; suppose you had set out upon your work ofteaching and preaching with a strong predilection for the maintenance of thesepositions, yet intending also to face fairly the evidence upon every question and toaccept such conclusions as the evidence, carefully and cautiously weighed, seemed torequire ; suppose that it had happened to you again and again that, as the result ofthe studies undertaken in the hope and expectation of being able to confirm andstrengthen the case for a position previously regarded as probable and generally regarded as conservative, you had been constrained to abandon the position you hadthought to defend and, in faithfulness to the evidence, to accept a different one;suppose that while you viewed such changes in yourself and in others with apprehension, you had yet lived to see large numbers of young men go out from theclassroom in which these views were taught and engage in the work of the Christianministry with marked success, judging of success by every test that can be appliedto it ; — suppose that it had become gradually evident to you that the effect of thesemodern views, as they are sometime called, is not to hinder the progress of truereligion and the victory of Christianity, but to remove obstacles which have been,hitherto, and are still hindering men from joining heartily in the work of the Christian church ; suppose that the conviction had gradually, but with increasing strength,established itself in your mind, that it was by precisely this process that Providencewas preparing the way for a great forward movement of Christianity, creating abody of men, fitted by the emphasis which they lay upon the central elements ofspiritual Christianity and their retiring to the background of the accidental and unessential, to present the gospel of the New Testament most effectively alike to thinking men in Christian lands and to the influential minds of non-Christian countries;suppose that as a result of all these things you had come to feel that the Christianchurch is now passing through an experience, the outcome of which is likely to beof greater importance and more beneficent than any similar movement since the firstcentury, the Protestant Reformation not excepted; suppose all these things had happened to you, what would you do?You would know that to be faithful to those convictions which you had reachedwith utmost caution and carefulness and even through anguish of struggle withyourself, yet which reached, you could not surrender or forsake, would bring griefand distress to many of your brethren, including some of those who are personallydearest to you. You would know that such a time calls for the utmost caution thatone may escape the danger of putting forth as truth what in fact only seems to besuch, and yet you would not dare to be silent when your judgment was clear. Andwhile you might shrink from occupying any place of responsibility, and be temptedoften to take to the woods, you would not in the end dare to shirk your responsibility, which had come to you unsought.48 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI am putting to you in this hypothetical form my own experience, of course.Precisely this is what I have lived through in the twenty-four years that I have beenteaching in theological seminaries. All my predilections have been for the traditionalviews. My sympathies have been always most strongly with those who held theconservative positions, and who are pained and grieved by any departure from them.I have moved in my own thinking, but never save under the stress of evidencewhich seemed to me impossible to resist. If I have erred in this matter I thinkit has been from over-caution and over-reluctance to accept the evidence which required modification of view. ....As I look out with such vision as I have upon the problems which confrontthe church today, both in this country and in non- Christian lands, it is not the menwho with conscientious caution and courage are accepting and teaching what arecalled modern views who are hindering the progress of Christianity, but those whoare in many cases refusing to examine the evidence, and denouncing those who havedone so, and have in consequence modified views formerly held. I have no denunciations myself for these more conservative brethren, for I can remember easily whenI occupied most conscientiously their present position. I could wish that they werewilling to believe that we also are honest, conscientious, and sincerely devoted to thesame ultimate end they are seeking. That differences of opinion should disappearis not to be expected. That for a long time to come these differences must be wideseems certain. That they must strain to the utmost our confidence in one another,our charity and judgment, is also clear. I could wish that we might all endure thestrain To all criticisms of myself I have only the answer that I stand whereI do in my convictions because I am forced to stand there as an honest student of theevidence and that the views which I hold do not diminish but increase my enthusiasm for Christianity and my hope for its rapid progress in the world.This apologia from his own pen is a true picture of Dr. Burton's life,the story in brief of his inner life, his intellectual and religious history.[In the April number of the University Record Dr. Goodspeed will completethis, the first fully comprehensive and authoritative biographical sketch of the latePresident Burton.]DEDICATION OF RAWSONLABORATORY1ADDRESS OF FREDERICK H. RAWSONThe first thing I wish to do is to congratulate very warmly the Trustees of the University of Chicago, and particularly those members of themedical staff who have given so much time and thought to the planningand construction of this building. I have watched its construction fromthe laying of the cornerstone up to the present time, and it seems to meadmirably adapted to the various purposes for which it is to be used.The exterior appearance is dignified and it fits in beautifully with theother buildings in the block with which it is connected and in conjunctionwith which it is to be used.I am going to tell you briefly some of the reasons which persuadedMrs. Rawson and me to furnish funds to erect this Research Laboratory,and in doing this I must go back some forty-three or more years. Atthat time, Rush Medical College was a small but ambitious medical college with a splendid staff. About that time, they commenced to feel thelack of ample clinical material which a hospital could supply, or betterstill a hospital connected with the college, in order that they might have atall times ample resources at hand for the teaching of medicine. So theRush Medical faculty, under the inspiration of Dr. Joseph P. Ross, decided that a hospital should be built next door to the north. It so happened that Dr. Ross was our family physician, and as a boy I wellremember the many, many evenings he and my father spent together discussing the hospital and planning for its management. I remember that1 Dedication of The Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery, which housesalso The Norman Bridge Laboratories of Pathology, took place on December 17,1925. In the large library of the building, whose erection was made possible by thegenerosity of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H. Rawson of Chicago, and by that of Dr. andMrs. Norman Bridge, there was present at the ceremonies of dedication a largeaudience of members and friends of the University, and especially medical men ofdistinction. After prayer by Professor Theodore G. Soares, the University chaplain,Mr. Rawson was introduced by Dr. Frank Billings. At the close of Mr. Rawson'saddress, President Max Mason accepted the building on behalf of the University.Appreciations were spoken by Mr. Frank Sargent Shaw, president of the board oftrustees of the Presbyterian Hospital; by Professor Anton J. Carlson, of the University; and by Dean Ernest E. Irons, of Rush Medical College. The addresses ofMr. Rawson and Dean Irons are here printed in full.49So THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmy father usually took a walk in the evening, and would invite me toaccompany him. I soon discovered that these walks generally led us intothe vicinity of Washington Boulevard and Ada Street where Dr. Rosslived and they would spend the evening together discussing the hospital.It was not long before I learned that if I had anything on hand I wantedto do, I should avoid these walks.THE BEGINNING OF THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITALThe first money obtained for building the hospital was $10,000contributed by Mr. Tuthill King, Dr. Ross's father-in-law. A small building was commenced on Wood Street, adjacent to the old Rush Medicalbuilding which occupied this site. At that time Chicago was very short ofhospitals, particularly on the West Side. An appeal was made to prominent citizens for funds to complete the building. Dr. Ross was a strongPresbyterian, and it was no doubt due to this fact that the hospital wasincorporated as the Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago. It was incorporatedJuly 21, 1883, and in the following December a meeting of those sponsoring the movement was held to complete the organization. At a latermeeting this organization agreed to take over, complete, and maintainthe unfinished hospital, and Rush Medical College reserved the rightto nominate the medical staff and to control its clinical resources and alladditions thereto.The hospital was opened for patients in September, 1884, with acapacity of eighty beds; however, owing to the fact that the nurses andhospital force had to be housed in the building, not more than forty-fivepatients could be cared for at a time.This marked the beginning of the present large hospital occupyingthe rest of this square block. Its buildings are entirely paid for and areworth $2,000,000, in addition to which it has an endowment fund of$3,200,000.The first Trustees of the Presbyterian Hospital, numbering some ofthe foremost Chicagoans of that time, were: Dr. Daniel K. Pearsons,president; Charles H. Henderson, vice-president; Cyrus H. McCormick,Jr., corresponding secretary; George H. Hale, treasurer; William A.Douglass, recording secretary; Tuthill King, Dr. Robert C. Hamill, JohnB. Drake, Dr. Henry M. Lyman, Samuel J. McPherson, William Blair,Samuel M. Moore, Henry Waller, John H. Barrows, W. H. Wells, JamesH. Horton, Jacob Beidler, Abbott E. Kittredge, Richard T. Crane, WillisG. Craig, Dr. Joseph P. Ross, Dr. Herrick Johnson. Of this number theonly ones now living are Mr. McCormick and Mr. Douglass. My fatherDEDICATION OF RAWSON LABORATORY 51was elected a member of the Board in 1885 and continued to be a member until the time of his death in 1906.At that early period there were no buildings in the vicinity of theMidway. I remember along in the eighties, probably about 1885, ridingon horseback through what is now the Midway. The trail was so sandythat one would have run a good chance of getting stuck in the sand witha horse and buggy. A little later the trees were removed, streets openedup, and the territory commenced to grow. Then came the World's Fair,which changed the appearance of the whole section, and with it came the.inception of the University of Chicago and its rise to its present eminence.About 1 9 14 or 191 5, the Rush Medical College seemed to be on thethreshold of a change. Larger medical colleges had been established, andRush found itself with its own limited physical and financial resourcesunable to maintain a leading position without outside assistance.THE CONSOLIDATION OF RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE WITH THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOAt the same time, the University of Chicago appreciated the necessity of a medical unit. A drive for funds was inaugurated which resultedin sufficient money being subscribed to build a medical school for undergraduates and a hospital on the Midway. The University, realizing thepotential possibilities of Rush Medical College, entered into a seriesof negotiations with its authorities in order to effect a consolidation ofthe two institutions, and this was ultimately accomplished.Curiously enough, the necessity of having a hospital in conjunctionwith the college, a situation which confronted the Trustees of Rush Medical College almost half a century before, was now reversed, and thegreat Presbyterian Hospital in 191 5 and 191 6 found itself threatenedwith the loss of Rush Medical College as a neighbor, and working associate, the removal of which to the Midway would have meant a seriousloss to the hospital.No one has done more for the Presbyterian Hospital or appreciatesbetter its needs than Dr. Billings, and as is usual in emergencies, hispractical mind and wonderful vision presented a solution to this dilemma.It was he who conceived the idea of a research laboratory to be builtand maintained by the University of Chicago for graduate students onthe site of the old Rush Medical College, with a continuation of theagreement then in force between Rush Medical College and the Presbyterian Hospital; and it was he who first interested me in giving considera-52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion to the building of the laboratory. My father always had the keenestinterest in the Presbyterian Hospital, but never felt in a financial position to do what he desired for it. Several times he mentioned to me thatif I ever found myself able to aid the Hospital he hoped I would do so.The idea of a research laboratory appealed to me at once as the wayin which I could best fulfil his wishes as well as my own, and at the sametime it would be especially helpful to the University to provide the necessary funds for the creation of such a laboratory, in this location, surrounded, as it is, by so many medical institutions which provide amplematerial for study and observation by those working in a laboratory ofthis kind.VALUE OF RESEARCH IN EVERY FIELD OF ENDEAVORIn my business, that of banking, one is constantly impressed withthe necessity of commercial organizations maintaining a skilled staff ofresearch workers in order that they may have the benefit of new discoveries and inventions, for otherwise they run a good chance of findingthemselves surpassed by some competitor who has had more foresight.There is not a line of commercial endeavor that has not been vastly benefited by scientific investigation. Scarcely a day or a week goes by thatthe press does not advise us of the discovery of some new synthetic orsubstitute for natural materials. This is true of foodstuffs, rubber, cement,the making of silk, that new substitute for silk called Rayon, and themarvelous dyes made from coal-tar products, which are far superior tothe natural dyes our grandfathers used.From this wonderful band of men came the telegraph, the telephoneas we used to know it for short distances, and then long-distance telephony due to the invention of the marvelous vacuum tube through thegenius of DeForest, Pupin, and others. Then Marconi and others appliedthe same vacuum tube to the wireless telegraph; this was ancestor of theradio, without which no home is now complete.Possibly no field of research work has done more for civilizationthan has chemistry. In the late war the chemists played a very importantpart not only in devising marvelous explosives, but also in sustaining lifethrough the substitution of synthetic fertilization, which had to be usedin some countries by reason of their inability to procure the natural fertilizer. -The wonderful research laboratories of the General Electric, theAmerican Telephone and Telegraph, and the Eastman Kodak companiesprobably have done more for the advancement of applied science thanall other industries combined. Most of the gentlemen here are morefamiliar than I am with what the General Electric workers have done forDEDICATION OF RAWSON LABORATORY S3surgery and medicine in their invention of X-ray devices, their perfectionof the quartz lamp, and other medical appliances.In other fields research workers are spending their lives, patientlyand tirelessly, striving to discover the causes of disease and the serumsand other antidotes with which to combat them.It frequently happens that the workers engaged in industrial laboratories discover something of immense value to the medical profession,and the opposite is equally true, that those working along the lines ofpure medicine stumble on to something of equal value to the industrialworld. So it does not make much difference whether these men are working in colleges or hospitals or in the great industrial laboratories, forwhatever any of them discover, it is placed at the disposal of the worldas soon as it is perfected.It has been estimated by Dr. Arthur Lyttle that this band of expounders, workers, experimenters, and analysts, whom he calls the FifthEstate, does not exceed a hundred or one hundred and twenty-five thousand people. It is to this group of quiet, self-sacrificing men and women,working often in cramped quarters and without proper facilities, withoutexpectancy of fame or great financial reward, that the world owes itsadvancement step by step from the time of Newton, on down throughHuxley, Pasteur, the Curies, Faraday, Edison, Marconi, Jenner, Behren,Ehrlich, Widal, and Banting, to the splendid men of our own University,whose staff includes such as Michelson, Millikan, Luckhardt, Dick, andcountless others.The discoveries and inventions of these men and their co-workershave brought us the comforts of home, lessened disease, and reduced thecost of production so that hundreds of articles which a few years agowere regarded as priceless luxuries are now within the reach of everyone.They have increased the yield of crops, discovered the benefit and use ofvitamines, and given us an insight into scientific food values.THE PROBLEM OF MAKING A DONATIONIn making a donation, I think the donor is faced with much thesame problem as in making a financial investment. My experience hastaught me that it is far safer to invest in the securities of a large corporation which has been in existence a sufficient length of time to proveits ability than in a smaller one recently organized. The reasons for thisare obvious. The larger organization, if it has succeeded at all, has developed its physical equipment to a high point of perfection, and what is farmore important than the physical side, the character and ability of themanagement.54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe large manufacturing companies, the large railroads, and thelarge banks always have sufficient prestige to command men of the highest ability to manage them. The changes in their directorates are notfrequent or radical, and the new blood coming in from time to time iscarefully and wisely selected. It is readily seen that such agencies havea much easier time in getting the proper kind of men to manage themthan the smaller and unknown companies.To my mind the same thing is equally true, if not more so, of colleges, hospitals, and all other human welfare agencies. An invitation tobecome a trustee of a great foundation or university is considered a markof distinction and would not be refused without most careful consideration and urgent reasons. There is some honor attached to being a directorof one of our large corporations, railroads, or banks, but far more in beingchosen on the Board of such institutions as I have just mentioned, organized and maintained without profit and solely for the advancement ofcivilization, the alleviation of suffering, and prolongation of life.It is estimated that it takes about $500,000 to equip even one research worker properly. Such a sum is beyond the means of most of us.For this and other reasons, it seems to me far wiser for the average personto make his contribution to the best agency of the kind desired alreadyin existence, with every expectancy that the money so given will be wiselyand judiciously expended for the uses and purposes intended.What better answer to socialism can be found than in this greatUniversity of ours, or in the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations,founded and maintained by the wealth given by private individuals?This wealth has been amassed through the free play of the individual'sinitiative, and in the accumulation of wealth he has the reward of his ownefforts. Socialism or communism deprives one of the benefit of his ownendeavor, and consequently there is no goal for which to strive.It is a well-known economic axiom that the benefit of wealth accruesnot only to the possessor of it, but is shared by all others of the community. One's income is first used to provide the necessities of life andperhaps some luxuries, but the balance, however, is the far greater part,and is invested in securities the proceeds of which have built factories,railroads, sawmills, and other commercial and industrial institutions. Allof these are large employers of labor and the competition between themis keen. This causes constant attention to be given to the reduction ofcosts, in which the research men play an important part, and all of thesethings result in the lessened cost of production, thus placing many commodities within the reach of greater and greater numbers of people.DEDICATION OF RAWSON LABORATORY 55THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OWNERS OF WEALTHWhen one of our captains of industry passes away, he cannot takehis wealth with him; and, in a large number of cases, a very considerablepart of his wealth is consequently devoted to the benefit of future generations. It is becoming more and more generally recognized that the possession of a large fortune is in reality a great responsibility, and theowner of it is only a trustee. If Mr. Rockefeller and Mr. Carnegie hadbeen compelled to divide their wealth equally with everyone it wouldhave done little good and their great foundations, the benefits of whichhave already extended to every part of the globe, would never haveexisted.Almost ten years have elapsed since the erection of this laboratorywas decided upon. Immediately thereafter, we were involved in theworld-war, which, of course, compelled the postponement of the medical unit on the Midway as well as this laboratory until the present time.It is a source of great satisfaction for us to find here today that the samereasons which prompted Dr. Billings to suggest this research laboratoryare even more compelling and obvious than they were at that time, andthat this laboratory is destined to be even more useful than it was firstsupposed it would be.My father came to Chicago a poor boy from a Massachusetts farmand lived here all his business life. I was born here and likewise havealways made this my home. I received from my father the pricelessheritage of a good education and a fine business training. Both my fatherand I have received many advantages from Chicago and it is only rightthat we should do, as best we can, something in return for the blessingsreceived. I have seen Chicago grow from a provincial town to a greatcosmopolitan city. Chicago is considered by thoughtful New Yorkersand others as the great listening post of the United States, where one isable to get better than anywhere else the pulse of the nation.THE GROWTH AND PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITYI have in my short life seen this University grow as if by magic. Iremember its inception, and have seen all of its buildings as they wereerected. A few evenings ago, at a meeting of some of us interested in itsdevelopment, I sat spellbound listening to the story of the University'spast as told by Mr. Swift, Chairman of the Board of Trustees; and of itsfuture aims and purposes as told by your President, Mr. Mason.I have known all the presidents of this University, and rememberas if it were yesterday the wonderful inspiration of Dr. Harper. I have56 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDseen the University round out, come into early maturity, and square itsbudget under the direction of the careful Dr. Judson. I held many conferences about this laboratory with the beloved and far-visioned Dr. Burton, and learned to admire and respect him. When he passed away Ifelt a keen sense of isolation and regret in the thought that 1 shouldprobably never again know another of the University's presidents as wellas I had known those who had gone before. But even during PresidentMason's short incumbency, I have been fortunate in having the opportunity of knowing him and of thus realizing how wise the Trustees werein the selection of this man whom all Chicago has learned to trust. I amconfident that under your new President's guidance, this University isgoing to measure up to its finest traditions, and that it will continue to betruly representative of Chicago and the great Middle West. The University will continue under his leadership to point the way and light the pathto moral, intellectual, and civic advancement, and will rightly continue tobe fondly known as the brilliant and favorite daughter of her cosmopolitan mother, Chicago.Now I have tried to give you briefly some of the reasons whichprompted this gift. I congratulate the Presbyterian Hospital on havingthis laboratory adjacent to it and working in co-operation with it for alltime under the management and direction of the University. I congratulate the alumni and staff of Rush Medical College for their splendidvision and judgment in embracing the opportunity to be a part of theUniversity. I know it must be a source of genuine satisfaction to them torealize that they are now a very important part of this great Universitywhich will for all time be able to afford them means and facilities, secondto none, for the advancement of their endeavors. I congratulate theUniversity upon having acquired Rush Medical College and the Presbyterian Hospital as working partners. Mrs. Rawson and I rejoice with youtoday in the completion of this building, and have every hope and confidence that it will fulfil a hundred times over every wish and predictionmade for it.ADDRESS OF DEAN ERNEST E. IRONSThe dedication of this building today marks another period in theera of service to medical education in which Rush Medical College of theUniversity of Chicago has a part. Again there is emphasized the onenessof aim and interest of the University on the Quadrangles and the University on the West Side. The active interest of those whose work ischiefly on the Quadrangles, in our problems and also in our troubles, forDEDICATION OF RAWSON LABORATORY 57now and then we do have troubles here at Rush, makes our efforts here apleasure, and is an inspiration to new endeavor.The immediate problems before us concern: (i) the operation ofRush Medical College in teaching undergraduate medical students; (2)the organization and operation of the Rush Postgraduate Medical School.The two projects are complementary and with proper additional facilities for postgraduate teaching and research can be carried on simultaneously in the same plant to the profit of both types of work. An effortto solve the problem of the Postgraduate School, therefore, need notawait any determination with respect to undergraduate teaching. Thecontinuation or the organization of one will not interfere with the work ofthe other.During the period of affiliation of Rush with the University, postgraduate teaching was undertaken in Rush Medical College with thedouble object of supplying opportunity for study to a number of postgraduate students in special departments and of increasing the efficiencyof the undergraduate teaching program.The past three years have been a period of transition; of efforts bythe University, by Rush, by the Hospital, by the Dispensary, and by theother associated institutions to become acquainted with, and understandeach other, and to get some conception of the great opportunity which isoffered for their joint realization. To appreciate how much has beenaccomplished, we have only to look back over these three years, to thattime of uncertainty, and hope, and indetermination which had continued,one year much like the preceding, for twenty-five years. During thesethree years we have proceeded cautiously, taking those steps whichseemed safe and most likely to lie in the path of ultimate progress.Now, however, we are well acquainted, and we have faith each in theother. There is grave danger in being willing longer to let things grow,and see how they will come out, in being satisfied to get along with inadequate facilities and funds. Something good would, no doubt, come out ofeven such a program, but the waste in time and brains would be enormous. The time seems to have arrived when a definite plan should beformulated, for which each participant may make plans to take advantageto the full of the opportunity.The several organizations represented here are like the industries ofa great commonwealth. They each have special functions, and at thesame time are closely interrelated. The success of one contributes to theprosperity of all.The Trustees of the University have authorized the organization of58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe Rush Postgraduate School, the central idea of which will be to furnish an opportunity to graduates in medicine who are willing to devotefrom one to three years in study and research in some special field ofmedicine of a grade corresponding to that in other graduate schools of theUniversity. Later it is hoped that it may be possible to offer opportunitiesfor shorter periods of study for those who wish to improve their knowledge of some branch of medicine. These latter courses will contributemuch to the medical welfare of the community, but must not interferewith the more serious central program of research and study.To be successful the plan for such a program must have vision, itmust be economically sound, it must afford opportunity to both facultyand students, and must provide for close co-operation between hospitals,dispensary, and school.Your Committee, Mr. President, has already given much thought tothe general requirements of an ideal plan. While a scientific program hasnot been agreed upon, and if agreed upon, could only be tentative untilconsidered fully by each organization represented, the general view hasbeen expressed that there are necessary:i. A co-ordination of the work of dispensary, college, and hospital inwhich the staff of the dispensary will virtually be identical with that ofthe hospital.2. The operation of departments, and of clinical units within thelarger departments, so that the clinician at the head of each unit canorganize his dispensary, hospital, research, and teaching facilities into asmoothly operating unit.3. An increase in hospital facilities to include 200 clinical wardteaching beds, and additional private rooms, so that both older andyounger men on the staff can concentrate their work. The hospital andcollege will then become the center of activities of the faculty for theentire day. This will call also for consulting rooms at the hospital wheremembers of the staff may hold a consulting hour, and thus maintain themedical contacts with the public necessary to the successful operation ofthe hospital, and to the proper growth of staff members in clinicalmedicine.4. Adequate funds for equipment and for payment of techniciansand caretakers necessary to the proper operation of laboratories.5. Fellowships and small salaries for the support of the younger menduring their critical first years.While this program is sketchy, incomplete, and evidently not realiza-DEDICATION OF RAWSON LABORATORY 59ble in its entirety at the present time, we believe that an earnest effortwill secure early realization of a much larger part of the program than atfirst glance seems possible. With the central plan arranged for on a firmeconomic basis, an extension of relationships to other hospitals for thestudy of special problems readily follows.In the medical work here, there are associated a number of socialagencies which include Social Service, the Visiting Nurse Association —the West Side station of which will be housed in Senn Hall — the InfantWelfare Society, a section of which operates as a part of our Departmentof Pediatrics, and agencies for the prevention and control of tuberculosisand social diseases. All these activities contribute to the public welfare,and identify the work of the University intimately with the life of thiscommunity. A fertile field is here offered for constructive studies by departments of the University other than those concerned directly withmedical education.In the consideration of our mission as a force in this community itmay not be amiss to turn aside for a moment from the strictly educationalproblem, to look at our physical surroundings. This immediate district istaking on a character of its own; it is dominated by educational andcharitable institutions with invested capital of many millions. The relatively little remaining property is chiefly occupied by old houses andbuildings with depreciating rental returns. Now is the time when a concerted effort of the several hospitals and universities to make of this section a park district in which noise and confusion could be largely reducedmight well succeed as a part of the program of remaking the city andplanning for a greater Chicago. It is a duty which we owe to the manythousands of sick whose life in the hospitals might be made more endurable at a relatively small expense.One of our great difficulties arises, of course, by reason of our geographic separation from the University on the Quadrangles with the resultant lack of daily contacts, the luncheon round-table, the atmosphereof quiet scientific enthusiasm. The reality of this difficulty is not by anymeans offset by the enumeration of local advantages, nor by pointing tothe clinical facilities offered by 4,000 hospital beds within a radius oftwo blocks. But the difficulty is not nearly so irremediable as it appears,and if a complete cure cannot be attained, there seems to be nothing toprevent the application of palliative measures. After all it is the spiritand ideals of the men in an institution which determine its success. Thespirit of devotion and service which has characterized the Rush Faculty6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthrough the years has continued in these recent months of union with theUniversity, and there has come in addition a sense of desire to progress,to do this or that better; a restlessness for a further sight of the vision, tothe creation or realization of which they themselves must largely contribute. The Board of Managers of the Hospital are restless — not therestlessness of dissatisfaction with things that have been done, but therestlessness of as yet unrealized ambition — the restlessness of progress.Such ambitions and spirit, fostered by increasingly intimate contactswith the Quadrangles, by frequent interchange of students and faculty,by the enlargement of facilities for individual and co-operative research,must eventually intensify the scientific University atmosphere here.One other factor peculiar to our situation has perhaps not been notedin that it has not yet become fully operative. The lack of daily contactsconstitutes one of the recognized barriers to the full growth of medicalschools geographically separated from their universities, not alone because of the absence of personal stimulation of thought and ideas betweenman and man, but to a large extent because the university, so separated,has no active living appreciation of the kinds of problems and difficultiesencountered daily by the medical school. There is then no commonground for discussion, and misunderstandings arise and opportunities forprogress are not seized upon. The medical work on the Quadrangles andthat at Rush will offer many problems in common, and this very fact willdiminish the effect of geographic separation.By your generosity, sir, in making possible the erection of this beautiful and serviceable building, you have laid upon us a serious obligation.We acknowledge this obligation. There are here at Rush a group ofphysicians, of inquiring mind, who desire to understand better some ofthe problems which abound in medicine. The prosecution of this inquiryis part of their lives. It is part of the satisfaction which they propose toobtain in living. The search for truth and the further medical incentive,that this truth will mean added health and happiness to others, urge thephysician to make research and teaching a part of his life-program.In the words of Osier, at the dedication at McGill, "There remainsnow to foster that undefinable something which, for want of a betterterm, we call the University Spirit, a something which a rich Universitymay not have, and with which a poor one may be saturated, a somethingwhich is associated with men and not with money, which cannot be purchased in the market, or grown to order, but which comes insensibly withloyal devotion to duty and to high ideals."WIEBOLDT HALL GROUNDBREAKING EXERCISESGround was broken on November 6, 1925, for Wieboldt Hall, whichis to be devoted to the work of the departments of modern languages.This building is made possible by the generosity of the Wieboldt Foundation, established by Mr. and Mrs. William A. Wieboldt of Chicago to aideducational and benevolent enterprises. The new structure will be situated between the Harper Memorial Library and the Classics Building.Among those attending the ground-breaking exercises were many representatives of the Affiliated Germanic Group, the organization which hasbeen formed to foster, through the development program of the University, the culture traditional among the nationalities represented. Theceremonies in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, over which President Masonpresided, included addresses by members of the central committee of theAffiliated Germanic Group.Professor John Matthews Manly, head of the department of Englishof the University, spoke of the significance of modern languages. He said,in part:"The event which we are here assembled to celebrate signalizes thefulfilment of a dream cherished by the members of the Modern LanguageDepartments for many years. A beautiful building is to be erected, specially designed to house the books and manuscripts and other illustrations of literature and life which are both our objects of study and ourworking implements. It is to be a laboratory of research in which instructors and students will labor together upon problems of language, ofliterary history, of criticism, and of interpretation."We owe the building to a single benefactor — one who has in manyways clearly manifested his desire to be of service to the community, toexercise the stewardship of his wealth with enlightened benevolence bycaring for both the simple, daily inexorable needs of struggling men andwomen, and also for those equally indefeasible needs of the human mindand heart for a finer life, an ampler ether, a diviner air."Only yesterday morning, as I read of another building of whichMr. Wieboldt had laid the cornerstone, I thought that he must by now bea little tired of such ceremonies. But I believe there can have been few or6162 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnone of them in which he has participated with greater satisfaction orlivelier hopes than this which we celebrate today."In the first place, his noble gift is devoted to a university. A university is a corporation dedicated to the increase of human knowledgeand the cultivation and care of the community's highest aspirations andideals."In the second place, he has acted as a member and representative ofthe great group of Germanic peoples, who here in the center of a newcontinent are manifesting the same qualities of clear thinking and highcourageous enterprise which have been emblazoned on more than a thousand years of history. Germans and Hollanders and Frisians and Danesand Swedes and Norwegians and Icelanders, they call themselves in theirhome lands, but philologians know that they are all one people and theirlanguages all the descendants of one great mother-tongue. And English —philologians know that it too, not only in its origins, but even today in itsstructure and in that part of its vocabulary which speaks most intimatelyof its hopes and needs and loves is also Germanic. And it is a notableevidence of the broad and truly American spirit of this group of MiddleWestern Germanics that the building which one of their number erectsfor the University of Chicago and as an instrument of culture for thewhole people is to be dedicated to the teaching of the languages and literatures not only of the Germanic peoples but of those of all WesternEurope and America."To cultivate a love for literature and a capacity for deep and permanent enjoyment and inspiration from it is the task of the collegerather than of the graduate school. By the time the graduate school hasbeen reached this should have been accomplished, and the graduateschool is properly a school not for the dissemination of culture but for theincrease of human knowledge. In our case this means principally studiesof two sorts: (i) attempts to see the past as it really was and thus togive to the great literature of the past the setting of rich and vigorouslife in which it arose; (2) attempts to understand and to explain to othersall the technical processes involved in the production of literature, toseize if possible the relations between great literature and the social conditions which produced it."Much has been done in both these fields in recent years. We havenot yet attained to the formulation of general laws as the natural scienceshave, but we do not yet despair even of that, and meanwhile we canboast that there is no great epoch of the past, no great poet or otherWIEBOLDT HALL GROUND-BREAKING EXERCISES 63literary artist, who is not more truly understood and more correctly valued than a century ago. In this work the Modern Language Departmentsof the University of Chicago have borne their due part. To boast wouldbe unfitting to this occasion, but I cannot refrain from recording thatmembers of the departments are to be credited with achievements of thehighest order in at least five great literatures. And it is no presumptionto say that the enthusiasm kindled in both instructors and students bythe advent of a new epoch in our fortunes gives fair promise of evengreater things in the near future. To carry out these plans we shall neednot only our new building, but liberal gifts of money for books and manuscripts, for professorships and fellowships, and last but not least, for thepublication of the results of our researches. But for all this we believethat we can confidently look to the citizens of Chicago. The enlightenedcivic spirit which is beginning to create the great material vision anddream of the city beautiful which has conceived and executed the outerdriveway with Soldiers' Field and the Field Museum, the Tribune Tower,and the Wrigley Building and which has permanently dowered the citywith the spiritual resources of the Art Institute and the Chicago Orchestra will help the University also to realize its dreams of civic usefulness as a center of the best and noblest aspirations of man."Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, chairman of the central committee of the Affiliated Germanic Group, spoke briefly, describing the aims of the organization and expressing appreciation of the University's plans. Charles S.Peterson, vice-chairman of the organization, next was called upon. Hesaid:"We speak of the University as spreading knowledge, but in that onework is included all that separates man from his brother, the beast. Auniversity is the custodian of all that the human race has ever learned,of the sum total of human thought and human experience that has comedown to us through the ages, from the first discovery that by rubbing twopieces of dry wood together, or striking two pieces of flint against eachother, man could create something that gave him light and warmth, downto measuring the diameter of nebulas a million light years away."It is in connection with this passing on of the knowledge gained bythe past that we are here today. With the magnificent gift of Mr. Wieboldt as a foundation, we expect to make the great contributions to human culture of the Germanic races better known and more available inAmerican cultural development. We hope thus to be of some service,some aid, to the university in its great work.64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"But passing on this store of knowledge inherited from the past isonly half of the University's work. The other, and equally importanthalf, is adding to that store — bringing more light to the human mind. Ithas been said that money is the root of all evil. Is it not rather true thatignorance is the root of all evil and that the day to which our race is looking forward, the day whose coming we hope the work of the Universitywill hasten, is that in which men shall be competent because they knowtheir tasks, just because they know each other, and happy because theyknow of what happiness consists?"President Mason introduced Mr. and Mrs. Wieboldt to the audience,and Mr. Wieboldt responded in these words:"It is a great satisfaction to Mrs. Wieboldt and myself and a remarkable token of interest in the University of Chicago that so manyrepresentative people of Chicago have come to witness the formal exercises in connection with the breaking of ground for the Modern LanguageBuilding."I regret that he who conceived the idea to link together the interestsof the Germanic Nationalities in the University of Chicago is not with ustoday to see the ripening fruit of the work which he began. I say this inreverent memory of the late Dr. Ernest D. Burton, former President ofthe University of Chicago. I hope that the plan for the development ofthis great institution will progress rapidly and that we may all be invitedto Leon Mandel Assembly Hall again to attend similar exercises ofbreaking ground for other buildings required to make the University ofChicago the best in this country, even in the world."Now that the shell for the School of Modern Languages has beenprovided for, I am very anxious to have the fund for equipment andmaintenance of same made very adequate and also trust that a sufficientendowment fund may be raised to enable the University to attract distinguished professors from all parts of the world and to provide an exhaustive library. I hope that the Germanic Group of Nationalities will inthe near future make to Dr. Mason, the new President, a gift of a mostcomplete Modern Language Building, with full provision for the endowment of the Department."Following these addresses and selections by the Chicago Singverein,the assembly proceeded to the site of the new building, where the firstearth was turned by Mr. Wieboldt, President Mason, and Charles Anderson, representing the student body. Benediction was pronounced by Rev.Jacob Pister.STUDIES IN THE NATURE AND IN-HERITABILITY OF CANCERBy MAUD SLYECancer Laboratory of the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute and theDepartment of Pathology of the University of ChicagoNo single disease, perhaps, has received more intensive study thancancer, and in none have the results of diverse researches been more difficult of unification into an unassailable theory of etiology.It is probably for this reason that students in this field almost uniformly neglect the results of researches other than their own in drawingtheir conclusions concerning the nature of cancer. Nowhere in the entirefield of diseases is there more need for a synthetic consideration of thefacts than in the results of cancer research.While this report must be brief, it is my desire to present the resultsobtained in this laboratory in synthetic relation to some other researchesin cancer along similar lines.These studies in the nature, the inheritability, and the behavior ofcancer have been carried on continuously for sixteen years. During thistime a very large amount of data has accumulated and all conclusionshave been based upon numbers so large as to be beyond all possibility ofmere coincidence. For example, these conclusions are based upon over50,000 necropsies, involving over 5,000 primary spontaneous neoplasmsincluding nearly every type found in human pathology.The method of studying the inheritability of cancer in this laboratory has been the same as that which would be followed in studying theinheritability of any character whatever, and the criterion of the inheritance behavior of cancer has been identical with the most rigid criterionthat can be applied in any study of heredity.In 1865 Mendel worked out with garden peas a study of the methodof heredity. Later Cuenot and others, working with mice, found that themendelian method applies also in the inheritance of the animal characters tested.A few diagrams will show the standard mendelian method of heredityas applied to coat color in mice.Thus, if we mate a pure-bred house mouse (gray) with a pure-bred6566 TEE UNIVERSITY RECORDo 13 if<'asso ¦ O W) •¦d ria>. bOK P4T3<u+->^J-l a>, bflw P-i >tfl o^ a&<-d«u^ a.^ 0)£3>.MWPn+J*tfrig¦§aC kJQfiS73 fl•a §>> &JJw Pm¦El£.1^PMW U3 O£3£3T3<D^ a• r=i O^fr'PWp^4jTJ§ao.£PQ& '.-S8£aMPhPid o o oSTUDIES IN CANCER 67albino, the first hybrid generation will all be gray; pigmentation is dominant over the lack of pigmentation: therefore the mice are gray. Butsince one parent was albino, these first-generation grays are hybrid andcan transmit albinism as well as pigmentation. When two of these hybridgrays are mated they produce three types of offspring; dominant grays,hybrid grays, and recessive albinos, in about the proportion of 1 : 2 : 1.The dominant grays, if mated with other dominant grays, will produce only dominant grays. The recessive albinos, if mated with otherpure-bred albinos, will produce only albinos. But the hybrid grays, ifbred with other hybrid grays, will again yield three types: dominantgrays, hybrid grays, and recessive albinos, in about the proportion of1:2:1. (Diagram A.)If a dominant gray is mated with a hybrid gray, the first generationwill all be gray, but one-half of these will be dominant grays, like one parent, and one-half will be hybrid grays, like the other parent. The dominant grays will breed true. The hybrid grays, if mated with other hybridgrays, will yield three types of mice: dominant grays, hybrid grays, andrecessive albinos, in about the proportion of 1 : 2 : 1. (Diagram B.)DIAGRAM BG. ParentG. 1G. 2 DominantPigmentedDominantPigmentedDominantPigmented HybridPigmentedHybridPigmentedDominantPigmented HybridPigmented RecessiveAlbinoNote, then, that when a dominant gray is mated with a hybrid graycarrying albinism, it is possible to derive albinos whose ancestry for twogenerations shows no frank albinism.When a recessive albino is mated with a hybrid gray, the first generation will yield one-half albinos like one parent, and one-half hybridgrays like the other parent. The recessive albinos, when mated withother pure-bred albinos, breed true. The hybrid grays, when mated withother similar hybrid grays, yield again the standard three types: domi-68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnant grays, hybrid grays, and recessive albinos in about the proportionof i : 2 : i. (Diagram C.)DIAGRAM CG. ParentG. i RecessiveAlbinoRecessiveAlbino HybridPigmentedHybridPigmentedG. 2 RecessiveAlbinoR.A. DominantPigmented HybridPigmented RecessiveAlbinoNote, then, that when a recessive albino is mated with a hybrid graycarrying dominant gray it is possible to derive dominant pure-breedinggrays whose ancestry for two generations showed no dominant gray.In studying the inheritability of cancer exactly this same method wasused. Hundreds of tests have been made, covering now over 50,000 mice,and in all tests uniform results have been obtained.Out of the many hundreds of these tests a few typical ones have beenselected and charted here to show both the method of procedure and thekind of results obtained. Note how exactly these results follow the mendelian expectation in heredity from the given type of cross made, andhow rigid is the method of analysis by which the mice are classified in regard to their cancer tendency.In this strain (Strain 145; Chart I) the parent female was 168. Shewas the daughter of parents neither of which had cancer. Her mother,female 499, died in old age of Bright's disease and her father, male 250,died of pulmonary infection. Female 168 herself died of uncertain causesbut had no tumor. She had, therefore, been selected for this cross as sheapparently was an extracted non-tumorous mouse.The parent, male 2 74, died of carcinoma of the lung. He came of afamily which showed at autopsy 100 per cent lung tumor, primary orsecondary (Strain 139). His mother, 158, died of carcinoma of the mammary gland with metastases in the lungs. His father, 193, with primaryo o oP4 (0 *>a vJ z.2 <;<u zCI0J> 0 6S 2 o+«o ,— — ,•<-> o. ftoP4a ^fc— ' <u+j ^HH £H o+ .sP^ 3 c3<! P wW O "u a sp3 .aH £a ^,o <u£ PQJ.1«u< a>sre_ oa ^8 cflPiHGO iJ IS4oo+ $i «¦ .&i SS0 J vfi40'CL 0sp t:z <fii;u ^^Ki<r»Pz0 O (J*^ 1I_ x.0.z0 _kJJ HisD Z of~*1Of;£xo3 <V Of(0Q *2 *o N1K)2D-I0 0C^ w<u JlI <oIdzul W»-?30tooD if«/>< <SOfdo <0ID<-a mofaz J?D VO <0X£ N<otOOz0^ NX-> «0oi^5c? N< + HO **j Ofoi|0or *< J1"K)OfAho 6 6 o7° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcarcinoma of the lung. He was, therefore, used in this cross because hewas an analyzed extracted cancerous individual.We have here, then, a typical mendelian cross between the presenceand the absence of a character; that is, male 274, with the cancer tendency present, and female 168, with the cancer tendency absent. The firsthybrid generation showed no cancer whatever, which is the typical behavior for a mendelian recessive. The non-cancer tendency, then, wasdominant over the cancer tendency in this cross, just as pigmentation wasdominant over the absence of pigmentation in the standard mendeliandiagram.When two of these first-generation hybrid non-cancerous mice weremated, namely, female 434, who died with edema of the lungs withoutcancer, and male 946, who died of pulmonary hemorrhage without cancer,the resulting offspring showed an almost perfect mendelian ratio of fourdominant non-cancer to 6 hybrid non-cancer to 3 recessive-cancer mice.The cancer representatives were females 1483 and 2426, with carcinomaof the mammary gland, and male 4920, with a carcinoma of the lung.In the second generation female 2672, who died of subacute ascending nephritis, was analyzed to determine whether she was dominant non-cancer or hybrid non-cancer by being mated with male 4920, with cancerof the lung. Cancer appeared in her immediate offspring, female 4794dying of carcinoma of the lung, and female 3383 with two primary carcinomas of the mammary gland. Female 2672 was thus shown to be ahybrid non-cancerous mouse, capable of transmitting the disease, thoughnot herself frankly showing it. This mating also demonstrates the factthat when hybrid non-cancer is mated with recessive cancer, cancer appears in the immediate offspring, just as recessive albinism appeared inthe immediate offspring from an analogous cross.In the effort to derive an analyzed extracted dominant non-cancerousmouse, two others of the offspring of the same first-generation hybridswere selected, namely, female 3387, who died of chronic nephritis withoutcancer, and male 3257, who died of wounds without cancer. Their son,male 3904, shown in this chart, and who died of a mesenteric abscess without tumor, appeared to be an extracted dominant non-cancerous mouse.As all these mice were autopsied, as are all others dying in this laboratory, and as every suspicious tissue is examined microscopically, it isabsolutely known which mice have and which have not any form of neoplasm.By this cross, then, there was obtained an analyzed cancer female,3383, and an analyzed extracted non-cancer male, 3904, for further test-STUDIES IN CANCER 71ing. Note that the types of tumor which appeared in this strain, and theorgans in which they occurred, were identical with those bred in, namely,carcinoma of the mammary gland from ancestral female 158, and carcinoma of the lung from ancestral male 193 and parent male 274. Moreover, no other types or locations of neoplasms occurred in this family, justas in the standard mendelian diagram it was the same color that wasbred in (namely, gray) that appeared in the pigmented offspring, and noother color.The behavior, then, of the non-cancer tendency and the cancer tendency are here identical with the behavior of the pigmentation tendencyand the non-pigmentation tendency shown in Diagram 1. The non-cancertendency, like the pigmentation tendency, behaved like a mendelian dominant; and the cancer tendency, like the non-pigmentation tendency, behaved like a recessive.Chart II (not presented here) shows the inbred test which was givenmale 3904 to prove whether he was certainly an extracted dominant non-cancer mouse. He was mated with his sister, female 3903. She died ofsuppurative nephritis without tumor, and appeared to be an extracteddominant non-cancer mouse also.No fraternity of this branch of Strain 145 has ever shown a neoplasmeither malignant or benign, although the strain still persists in the laboratory and has been in existence for fifteen years, this cross having beenmade in October, 1910.To further test male 3904 (Chart III) as an extracted dominantnon-cancer mouse he was hybridized with absolutely unrelated female711, who was an analyzed non-cancer member of Strain 71, and who diedin old age of an aortic rupture, without tumor. No fraternity of thisstrain, 224, ever showed a neoplasm either malignant or benign, althoughthe strain persisted in the laboratory for five years.Chart IV shows a part of Strain 150, which resulted from the crossbetween analyzed cancer female 3383 and analyzed extracted dominantnon-cancer male 3904. The first hybrid generation from this cross wasall non-cancer. That is, again the non-cancer tendency was dominantover the cancer tendency, but cancer appeared in the second generation,in female 9778, with a carcinoma of the mammary gland, and in male5695, with a sarcoma of the mammary gland. Again, when cancer male5695 was mated with non-cancer female 5786 no cancer appeared in thenext generation. In both tests, then, shown in this chart, the non-cancertendency was dominant over the cancer tendency. Male 193, the ancestor of this strain, had one daughter, in Strain 139, with sarcoma of the72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDo 6 o o o otoeng.a>>i.•aCO 0>s cq8 °s *e? aillw- ffiP dfi-gM«0 PL|3O JO 240- H""b+" <0hnria. |f>ui "0 .•Oh!Z<j? lOulO *K2 *zo*-PZ \fto2 as40<nV-a'Taui *±9*o»-azO2& '-. +7 iftZ £lS3o o o o o oSTUDIES IN CANCER 73mammary gland. Sarcoma of the mammary gland came out in male 5695in Chart IV, thus proving male 193 a hybrid carrier of sarcoma, thoughnot himself frankly showing it.This chart shows also the origin of Branches I, II, III and IV of thisstrain. Branch I is made by the mating of two first-generation hybrids,female 6488 and male 5426. Branch II is derived from mating two otherfirst- generation hybrid carriers, female 10852 and male 8035. Branch IIIis made by mating two hybrid carriers of the second generation, female12148 and male 11246. Branch IV is derived from mating two second-generation extracted dominant non-cancer mice, female 109 n and male1 1346. Note how in every case the inheritance behavior is in exact accord with the standard mendelian expectation. That is, the mating of acancerous and a dominant non-cancerous mouse gives hybrid carriers,with cancer appearing in the second generation. The mating of two hybrid non-cancerous mice gives the standard three types: dominant non-cancer, hybrid non-cancer, and recessive cancer. The mating of two dominant non-cancer mice gives dominant non-cancer only, no cancer everappearing again in such branches.Chart V gives the continuation of Branch I and shows the result ofmating analyzed dominant non-cancer female 5786 with her cancerousbrother, 5695, both of the second generation shown in Chart IV. Noneof their immediate offspring ever showed tumor of any nature, cancerthus again behaving like a recessive. Note that four branches of thisfamily were made by mating four pairs of these hybrid non-cancerousmice, and in every case some cancer occurred in the next generation(generation 4 in the chart) . The non-cancer members of these branchesare not here shown for lack of space. Hybrid non-cancer female 16273produced cancer in her immediate offspring, both when tested with male1 745 1 and with male 16350.It is interesting to note that throughout these charts the only tumors,both primary and secondary, which occurred were tumors of the mammary gland and of the lung, like the ancestral tumors of the strain, shownin Chart I.Chart VI shows how two third-generation hybrid non-cancer mice,female 172 14 and male 17327, also gave the standard three types in theirimmediate offspring. (Female 172 14 is also the parent of Line IV shownin Chart V.) This demonstrates that just as in the pigment cross so alsoin the cancer cross, wherever these hybrid carriers occur, whether in thefirst, the second, or any other generation, when mated with similar hy-o¦a< NboaJCO55BCO 8O o<0oiOh J'JS SLJ?. <o5.x*o din<noP5oo,(A •0 .'O **:S £z<<0 H<0£Jjo55 Xoa.01o Hh& SzV) HOh2WD 0NO -* —u -»I< H<oJ<3i in<v 0"< «-<o2OPoul >U.2— *o .^ to -4z N-23 10OfJO£J coof K.< »-hO ao<0D o2 +o 5T* 31"1z 1"2 £ iul +u -*z ^iD _Hfi oof*2OS1o*- i ift3 $0- 3*40_,o? t-.-<y «d + Ho «4Ot-Oho oSTUDIES IN CANCER 75brid carriers they give the mendelian standard three types. (This chartis omitted for lack of space.)Chart VII shows Branch II with an extracted dominant non-cancerline B, derived from the two hybrid carriers of the first generation shownin Chart IV, female 10852 and male 5035. Nowhere in this branch of thefamily has a tumor of any kind ever occurred. This line B shows howimmediately and how completely cancer can be bred out of a family bythe right selective mating. (Chart not shown here.)Chart VIII shows an extracted 100 per cent cancerous family, apart of Branch V, Strain 338. Note here the presence of both sarcomaand carcinoma, as well as pseudo leukemia, also the location of tumorsin many different organs.These charts are typical. Whenever, in this laboratory, two cancerous mice have been mated, it has always been possible to. secure 100 percent cancer families, except for those mice that die in infancy or that arecarried off by infections earlier in life than the normal age for the type ofcancer to which they are predisposed. Occasionally a mouse in one ofthese 100 per cent cancer strains derived from double cancerous parentage will develop a cancer when only two weeks old, although six monthsis an early cancer age in mice, and corresponds to about thirty-two years,an early cancer age in man.In the hybridization tests, also, cancer has uniformly proved itself tobe inheritable. It has followed almost with exactness the standard expectation for a simple mendelian recessive shown in Diagrams A, B,and C.It is this hybridization test which proves beyond dispute the inheritability of any character, for nothing but heredity could explain the segregating out and the transmission unchanged of characters in which thetwo parents are unlike, and the perfect mendelian pattern which theyfollow. This pattern, by every test that can be made, the cancer tendencyand the non-cancer tendency have uniformly followed. The type of cancer and the location where it is likely to occur have also proved to be inheritable, both by the inbred and by the hybridization test.OTHER STUDIES IN CANCER HEREDITYThe heredity studies in this laboratory are the only extensive onesmade with spontaneous animal cancer. Most other studies have beenmade with experimentally produced tumors. But whatever the type ormethod of development of these experimental tumors, they have all fol-o o o o& 7*Xi rQCfi ubxnO w HHJh 1— 1O HH< 8 1— JCO H-TCD.a co <u.a.>1-1 Cfi3O}-<o c3a CDft S a3 ft bO eeH <J S3 <Di »H O T3o CD *-< dV orousaow a "ft•3.1g COCD -»PI dco <oH |or3< 2 Or*W oO bo CO .§ If^ •£.a CO «3+3 coo enOto gg a r^•2 a •43 H13 0fl o3co O>W ><co3 T3c3el 13a i%o CD «4-« ajO &4 Picfi Oo 3 #43to So£ a 85tf COoHCO eloO £Ph P NHa uj5Z^1 00N m'y r>*o 40oX£ <0£h <0 £HOf o*-o o aSTUDIES IN CANCER 77lowed the laws of heredity in their occurrence when any sort of extendedtest has been made, even inadvertently, by the experimentor. For example, Murray, of the Imperial Cancer Research Laboratory of England,working with small numbers of mice, announced that heredity seemed toCHART VIIIContinuation of Strain 338 — BRY Aw2Carc. P).Gi~. Adenoma Liver.LG4 2CAR.C l*).Gl-.9112II Adenoma Liver-102-50 G4LCar.c.^.Gjl.Adenoma W.GJ-.lOOfefc Adenoma Liver.11130G6 2Carc.M.Gj_.Sar.cM.GL.122.01Adewoma LungG7 £ HG81Gg Cab-c. LuP. Leukemia| 3 Cab-c. M. Gl.— Peritoneal Sar.c-MetaS. LiVER. - T>ANCR.EA6222 63 Uterine WaulGar.c . M.Gl. Sar.coaaa HeadAND NECKJ2.C2.3-97CAR.C. AA.Gl. — ' Liver. Adeno/v\aLung Adenoma — Uterine FibroidDiffuse . £ndoth. Hyperplasia, of304-GO Glands and Spleen 2- Cab-c. M.GlLiver, nearw R.EPLACPDOY AAETA'i. G6G7G«G9be an influence in the occurrence of cancer, but did not work out the definite facts.Lathrop, of Granby, Massachusetts, and Loeb, of St. Louis, workingtogether, reached similar conclusions. Little and Tyzzer, of the HarvardCancer Laboratory, working with grafted tumors, found that the tendency to accept a graft of cancer and support it was inheritable. Bullockand Curtis, of the Crocker Cancer Laboratory in Columbia, have recently concluded that heredity controls the occurrence of the type of neoplasm78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfound in the liver of rats that have been fed experimentally with tapeworm eggs, where the larvae become encysted in the liver.Fibiger, also trying to prove that so-called "spiroptera" cancer coulduniversally be produced in the stomach and intestines of rodents by feeding them nematode larvae, found that a predisposition to this type of behavior was also inherited, and that cancers could be induced by thismethod only in the susceptible members of susceptible strains.IRRITATIONThere are, apparently, two factors necessary to produce cancer, firstan inherited susceptibility to the disease, and second, irritation of theright kind applied to the cancer-susceptible tissues. For example, in thesemice that inherit susceptibility to breast cancer only, cancers do not occur from irritations other than those applied to the breast tissues. Thishas been in some measure shown, though inadvertently, by workers withexperimentally produced tumors. Fibiger, infesting his mice and ratswith spiroptera larvae, with the expectation of uniformly producingstomach and intestinal cancers, had animals who showed only breast cancer and no tumors whatever from the experimental infestation, that is,they developed in due time the type of cancer to which they were predisposed.Bullock and Curtis, attempting to produce liver sarcoma in rats byinfesting them with tapeworm larvae, which become encysted in the liver,found in some cases other locations of tumor, but none in the liver evenwhere these cysts occurred, as, for example, a myo-sarcoma of the tail.In this laboratory the same type of irritation applied to variousstrains of mice produces entirely different results. One type of irritationstudied was a wound on the face, leg, neck, or tail, caused by a cuttingblow from a cage door.a) If the mouse is a member of a non-cancer strain, such a woundproduces only scar tissue which eventually is partly or wholly absorbed,leaving no bad results.b) If the mouse is a susceptible member of a breast carcinomastrain, no tumor arises unless the breast tissues are injured by the blow.The healing takes place exactly as in a.c) If the mouse is a susceptible member of any type or types of internal tumors, either thoracic or abdominal, and to no other locations,such a blow produces no cancer. The healing takes place exactly as in a.d) If the mouse is a susceptible member of a sarcoma strain carry-STUDIES IN CANCER 79ing subcutaneous tumors, such a blow generally will be followed in brieftime by a rapidly growing sarcoma at the site of the wound.e) If the mouse is a susceptible member of a strain carrying squam-ous-cell carcinoma of the skin, such a blow will often occasion squamous-cell cancer of the skin in the region injured./) The experience of this laboratory has seemed to indicate thateven the susceptibility to skin cancer is localized. This means if a mousesusceptible to skin cancer of the face is struck on the tail, or anywhereexcept on the face, normal healing occurs. If the mouse is struck on theface, with exactly the same type of blow, face carcinoma or sarcoma (according to which susceptibility the mouse carries) will occur at the siteof the injury. A notable case of this was mouse 7618, a member of astrain carrying both carcinoma and sarcoma. When she was struck onthe face by a cage door this mouse developed a carcinoma..over a sarcomaat the site of the injury.These facts seem to indicate that avoiding chronic irritation of locally susceptible tissues will do much toward avoiding cancer.APPLICATION TO THE HUMAN SPECIESIn the present state of our scientific information, we lack the exactfacts concerning the heredity of any member of the human species.There is, therefore, no scientific material at hand for the study of humanheredity, and all our statistics along this line contain partial facts andinclude many items which are certainly not facts. In this lack, then, offacts for the study of human heredity, we must get our facts concerningthe method and behavior of heredity from study of animals lower in thescale than man. The fact of evolution justifies us in applying to the human species the results of mammalian heredity; for if evolution meansanything, it must mean that down the full line, from the unicellular animal to man, similar tissues, derived from ancestral tissues, have responded in the same way as the ancestral tissues to the same types of stimulation. Only so could an unbroken series of organisms evolve, each fromthe preceding. We find marked similarity in such types of tissue behavioras we are able to study in man and in the lower mammals. Tissue reactions in the fundamentals are notably similar. Heredity is one of themost fundamental of all basic biologic facts, and plays the leading rolein evolution. The methods and facts of heredity in man must be likethe basic methods and facts of heredity in lower mammals, unless thereis a break in the evolutionary line between man and all forms that preceded him.8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMoreover, the spontaneous cancers under study in this laboratoryarise in the natural life of the animals without any artificial procedurewhatever except that of selective breeding, exactly as man's spontaneouscancers arise. They arise in the same tissues and in the same organs assimilar tumors in man; they cause death in the same ways. Under themicroscope they present the same appearance as similar tumors of similar organs in man. By every criterion they are the same biologic entity assimilar tumors in man. Therefore if we concede evolution as a fact, andif we concede that heredity controls evolution, we must concede thatthose characters which are hereditary in lower mammals are hereditaryalso when they occur in man.THE CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF CANCERCertain other studies carried on in this laboratory should be outlined briefly here because they have a marked bearing upon the bafflingproblem of the nature of cancer. It is of interest to note these facts atthis time, particularly in the light of the recent announcement by Gyeand Barnard, of London, of a germ that produces cancer when accompanied by a given chemical. The results of studies in this laboratory areof interest because they seem to conflict with the theory of cancer beingcaused by a germ such as any we know.The clinical course of several thousand breast cancers has been followed closely in this laboratory, and they all have shown certain pointsin common. Every mouse in the laboratory is examined once a week fortumor nodules, and most of these external tumors, such as breast cancer,are found when they are very small, measuring usually from 1.5 to 5 or6 mm. in diameter. The mice carrying these early tumors are almost uniformly among the largest, most healthy, and in every way the most perfect specimens in the laboratory, and they show at this time no symptomswhatever of illness. If these mice are isolated, are well fed, and bear noyoung, their tumors grow with great rapidity, a test group of these tumors showing an average growth of 999 cm. daily. The tumors grow tobe very large, frequently measuring from 45 to 60 mm. in the longestdimension.If there are no secondary tumors interfering with the mechanism ofany internal organ, the mouse is able to support these large malignantgrowths with little or no systemic changes until the tumor extends intosome vital organ, or some portion of the tumor is cut off from the bloodsupply and becomes infected, or secondary infections get in through anSTUDIES IN CANCER 81eroded and ulcerating surface. The cachexias in cancer mice in this laboratory seem to be caused by secondary infections, not by the living tumor. There is no germ disease known which is thus free from toxemiasand consequent systemic changes. But this freedom from toxemia istypical of breast cancer in this laboratory, where the tumor is not interfered with by therapeutic measures of any sort, and not secondarily infected.CANCER AND REPRODUCTIONThere are two points to be especially stressed in the relation of cancer to reproduction, (i) Cancer does not interfere with reproductionunless the cancer is in the reproductive organs themselves, or in some internal organ whose vital mechanism is interfered with. Many thousandsof mice have been born in this laboratory of mothers carrying cancers atthe time of conception. The litters are of normal size, often as many asten or twelve. The young are brought to birth, normal in every way inappearance. They are well nourished by the cancerous mother, and unless secondary infections have set in, are nursed by the mother until theyare self-sustaining, at which time they appear in every respect to be normally grown, perfectly well mice, in no way different from the young ofnon-cancerous mothers. They live to bear many strong young in theirturn, and their life-span is as long as that of mice born of non-cancerousmothers.This is a strong argument against the germ theory of cancer. Thereis no mouse infection known in this laboratory which does not interfereseriously with reproduction. The infected mother does not often carrythe young to birth, or, in the few cases where the young are brought tobirth, they are either dead or so badly infected that they soon die, evenif given to a healthy foster mother for nursing. No mother with any mouseinfection known in this laboratory has ever brought to birth a large litterof strong, normally developed young that lived to maturity. The cancermothers, previous to the time when secondary infections set in, uniformlybear strong young with a normal life span.2. The other point to be stressed is the retardation of tumor growthby reproduction. In hundreds of cases in this laboratory the growth ofbreast cancer has been greatly retarded by reproduction. In fact, it isuniformly so retarded unless there is some accessory factor beside tumorgrowth. In a test group, cancer mothers kept constantly bearing young,grew an average of only 7.75 cm. of tumor daily, as compared with thesame number of cancer females of the same strains, same age, and same82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgeneral physical condition that were not reproducing, and that grew anaverage of 999 cm. of tumor daily. The reproducing mothers lived, onthe average, 5 months and 28 days after the appearance of their tumors,while the non-reproducing females lived, on an average, 1 month afterthe appearance of the tumor.In other words, the reproducing mother lives nearly six times as' longas the non-reproducing females. Some of these mothers lived a year afterthe appearance of their tumors, while they bore six or eight litters ofyoung. This is another strong argument against the germ theory of cancer. No mouse infection known is retarded by reproduction. On the contrary, few infected mice bring any young to birth. If a mouse becomesinfected after the birth of her young, she infects them while nursingthem, and all die.These, together with other facts, such as the non-contagious natureof cancer, and the diverse ways in which experimental cancer can be induced, seem to point away from the germ theory of cancer. Moreover,the type of inheritance behavior of cancer resistance and cancer susceptibility is an argument against the germ theory.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-NINTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Thirty-ninthConvocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, December 22,at 3 130 p.m. The Convocation Statementwas made by President Max Mason, andthe Convocation Address was deliveredby Charles Whitney Gilkey of the HydePark Baptist Church, Chicago.The award of honors was as follows :Honorable mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges : BernardBaruch, Wilson Boetticher, Harriet Bor-man, Bertha Redfield Brady, Elva Elizabeth Brown, John Harold Byers, JackPosner Cowen, Laura Veturia Cushing,Leon Mathis Despres, Rudolf TychoEricson, Elwood Ernest Gaskill, JuliusEmanuel Ginsberg, Lena Laura Heath,Arnold Maurice Holmes, Florence LucilleJeffers, Elliott Amos Johnson, IsadoreKaufman, Alice Lee Kinsman, Hanna Elsa Krueger, Lester Kaufman Leserman,Zulina Lois Myerhoff, Helen MurrayPalmer, Arthur Mordecai Rabinovitz,Sylvan H. Robertson, Laura WhitmanRockwood, Max Donald Rosen, ArminFred Schiek, Kathryn Louise Schultz,John Ross Slacks, Irma Elizabeth Stadt-ler, Ernest Richard Stoehr, Gordon Bart-ley Strong, Estella Sigrid Swenson, PaulMaurice Thiele, Dorothy Evelyn Thompson, Joseph Herzog White, EleanorChandler Wilkins, Yue Kei Wong.The Bachelor's degree with honors :Louise Alexandria Anderson, Max Hil-yard Braun, Leonard Carden, EvangelineNaomi Colburn, Mabel Frances Evans,Mildred Ethel Friduss, Mary LouiseHutchinson, Mary Rachel Marshall, Wesley David Mitchell, Claude Owen Pauley,John Magnus Pearson, Susan LouisePerkins, Peter Per Person, Elmer WalterPowers, Ernest Hocking Runyon, Edward Boucher Stevens, Anna MabelSmith Stokes, Benjamin Morrow Washer,Ruth Elizabeth Wentworth.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges areawarded to the following students : Lou ise Alexandria Anderson, Botany andZoology; Max Hilyard Braun, Commerce and Administration; EvangelineNaomi Colburn, Education and Kindergarten-Primary Education; Mabel Frances Evans, Political Science and History;Mildred Ethel Friduss, French and Spanish; Regina Augusta Haas, Botany;Charles MacMillan Houser, Divinity subjects; Mary Louise Hutchinson, English;Mary Louise Hutchinson, History; Evelyn Alma Linner, English* Mary RachelMarshall, Commerce and Administration; Mary Rachel Marshall, PoliticalEconomy; Wesley David Mitchell, Commerce and Administration; Wesley DavidMitchell, Political Economy; John Magnus Pearson, Physics and Mathematics;Josephine Valberg Pearson, Botany; Susan Louise Perkins, Greek; Susan LouisePerkins, Sociology; Elmer Walter Powers, Education; Ernest Hocking Runyon,Botany; Bernice Blanche Shannon, History; Edward Boucher Stevens, Greekand Latin; Benjamin Morrow Washer,History; Benjamin Morrow Washer,Law.Election of members to the Beta ofIllinois Chapter of Alpha Omega Alphafor excellence in the work of the Juniorand Senior Years at Rush Medical College : John Everett Gordon, Esmond RayLong, Charlotte McCarthy, CarolynMacDonald, Eloise Parsons, Charles Edward Shannon, Howard Wakefield.Election of associate members toSigma Xi : Caroline May Bensley, GladysChristian Mary Cameron, Stanislos Chy-linski, John Charles Clark, Donald Doo-ley, Florence Pauline Eckfeldt, VerneOvid Graham, George Frederick Harsh,Herman Eliot Hayward, Yu-Ming Hsieh,Jerome Isenberger, Elbe Herbert Johnson, Richard Nevile Jones, Ralph Brand-reth Kennard, Ben Adolph Madson, PaulSidney Martin, Harold Lawrence Mason,Joseph Paul Eldred Morrison, IsidoreElkanon Muskat, Lemuel Clyde McGee,Minette Dorothea Newman, Ruth MaudeWatts, Leslie A. White.Election of members of Sigma Xi:Frederick Whipple Appel, Lowell FairleyButler, Walter Pace Cottam, George Rus-S384 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsell Crisler, Opal Ruth Hart Davis, Richard Lloyd Doan, Frank Marshall Dur-bin, Charlotte Dell Easton, John ArthurGlaze, Normand Louis Hoerr, Lloyd B.Jensen, Arthur William Kornhauser,Marion Monroe, Bernard Radcliffe Mortimer, William Grovenor McGinnies,Thomas Harris Osgood, Walter Raymond Pendleton, Gregor T. Popa, MartinRemp, Lee Miles Roderick, Edward Sa-pir, Osborne Williams, John Williamson,Willard Leo Wood, John Yesair, WilliamCaldwell Young.Election of members to the Beta ofIllinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa forespecial distinction in general scholarship : Louise Alexandria Anderson, Leonard Cardon, Bernard Ginsberg, Antoinette Marie Killen, Clara May McFran-cis, Ernest Hocking Runyon, Louis Scala,Edward Boucher Stevens (June, 1925),Benjamin Morrow Washer, BeatriceWatson, Winifred Ellen Williams.Degrees were conferred as follows:The Colleges: the degree of Bachelor ofArts, 2; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 57; the degree of Bachelor ofScience, 27; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Education, 9; the degreeof Bachelor of Philosophy in Commerceand Administration, 8; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Social ServiceAdministration, 1. The Graduate Schoolof Arts and Literature: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 21 ; the degree of Doctorof Philosophy, 8. The Graduate DivinitySchool: the degree of Master of Arts, 9;the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 3.The School of Commerce and Administration: the degree of Master of Arts, 1.The Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration: the degree of Master ofArts, 2. The Ogden Graduate School ofScience: the degree of Master of Science, 10 ; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 15. The Law School: the degreeof Doctor of Law, 2. Rush Medical College: the Four- Year Certificate, 9; thedegree of Doctor of Medicine, 28. Thetotal number of degrees conferred was212.The Convocation Prayer Servicewas held at 10 :3o a.m., Sunday, December 20, in the Reynolds Theater. At11 :oo a.m., in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, the Convocation Religious Servicewas held. The preacher was ProfessorShailer Mathews, Dean of the DivinitySchool of the University of Chicago. GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter were : October 4, Professor Theodore Gerald Soares, Ph.D.,D.D., University of Chicago; October 11,Dr. Henry Howard, Melbourne, Australia; October 18, Dr. Howard; October25, (Settlement Sunday) Professor Gerald Birney Smith, president of the University Settlement Board ; Miss Mary E.McDowell, head resident of the University Settlement ; and Miss Lou-Eve Lon-gan, executive head resident of the University Settlement; November 1, Rev.Lynn Harold Hough, D.D., Th.D., Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, Michigan; November 8, Dr.Hough; November 15, Rev. WilliamColeman Bitting, D.D., Second BaptistChurch, St. Louis, Missouri; November22, Rev. Wallace Petty, D.D., First Baptist Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;November 29, Dr. Petty; December 6,Professor Albert Parker Fitch, D.D.,Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota ;December 13, Rev. William H. Boddy,Woodlawn Presbyterian Church, Chicago; December 20, Convocation Sunday,Professor Shailer Mathews, D.D., LL.D.,dean of the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.Concerts were given at the University by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the University Orchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,on the following dates : October 20, November 3, and December 1.Ground was broken November 14,1925, for the Field House for IndoorSports and Intramural Athletics, whichis to be erected at Greenwood Avenueand Fifty-sixth Street. The speakerswere President Mason, Judge HugoFriend, William Scott Bond, of theBoard of Trustees, and Director A. A.Stagg. Mr. Bond briefly reviewed thegrowth of athletics, particularly indoorathletics, and pointed to the need of alarge building, not only for basketballand athletic practice, but for large University assemblies. He announced thatthe Trustees had authorized preparationof detailed plans for increasing the seating capacity of Stagg Field so as to accommodate from 60,000 to 70,000.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 85Director Stagg said in his address :"This Field House will be the indoorplay field of the University, where informal, rather than formal, play will bestressed, and where our students willhave freedom, with just enough directionto make their play recreative. This alsowill be the indoor athletic field of theUniversity, where those ambitious tomake specific teams will receive valuabletraining. This, further, will be the gathering-place for great meetings of ourfaculty and students, and alumni andfriends, whenever, in years to come, tento fifteen thousand of us come togetheron special occasions. The completion ofthis Field House will be one more step inthe realization of the original dreamsand hopes of the Athletic Department,and it will immeasurably assist the workof the Department of Physical Cultureand Athletics in looking after the students' welfare, physically and mentallyand morally. The building to be erectedhere will be a lasting monument to ourUniversity's regard for the all-around development of its students."New excavations in the Nile Valleyby the Oriental Institute of the University have just been made possible by anappropriation of $200,000 from the General Education Board. The purpose ofthe work is to determine the chronological sequence of prehistoric occupation inthat part of the world, and to link upthe Nile Valley with prehistoric Europeand preceding geological ages. Part ofthe funds will be devoted to enlargingthe staff already at work on the epigraphic expedition in Luxor, and part tocompletion of the archives now beingexamined at the University. ProfessorJames H. Breasted, of the University,who is now in Egypt, will direct the entire project.The appointment of Dr. W. W.Charters to the Committee on ReligiousPublications is announced by the University Press. Dr. Charters, who succeedsthe late Ernest DeWitt Burton on theCommittee, will be associated with Dr.Shailer Mathews and Dr. Theodore G.Soares in the editing of books in the"Constructive Studies," "Principles andMethods in Religious Education," and"Handbooks of Ethics and Religion" series. Dr. Charters has been dean of theschools of education of the universitiesof Missouri and Illinois and director ofthe research bureau for retail training atthe Carnegie Institute of Technology^ aswell as dean of the graduate school there,and later in the University of Pittsburgh. He is now professor of Educationat the University.A Women's Council, composed ofseventeen women holding administrativepositions in the University, and with anExecutive Committee of five, will dealwith questions affecting women studentsat the University, formerly under thejurisdiction of the Dean of Women. Itwas from this post that Miss MarionTalbot recently retired. Mrs. Edith Foster Flint, long a member of the Facultyin the Department of English and a deanin the Colleges, has been appointed thefirst Chairman of the Council.The Executive Committee of theCouncil consists of Katherine Blunt,Chairman of the Department of HomeEconomics; Gertrude Dudley, AssociateProfessor of Physical Culture; EdithRickert, Associate Professor of English;Elizabeth Wallace, Dean in the Collegesof Arts, Literature, and Science; andDean Flint as chairman.Among honors recently received bygraduates of the University is the appointment to the chairmanship of thedepartment of geology and geography atHarvard University of Dr. Kirtley F.Mather, who received his Doctor's degree from the University in 1915. DavidM. Robinson, a graduate of the University in 1898, has been given the honorarydegree of Doctor of Letters by TrinityCollege, Hartford. He is now professorof archaeology in Johns Hopkins University.Professors Anton Julius Carlson andArno Benedict Luckhardt of the University were recently elected members of theDeutsche Akademie der Naturforscher.This "Academy" was the first scientificsociety to be founded and is therefore theoldest scientific organization in existence.Founded in 1652, it antedates the RoyalSociety of London by ten years. Amongthe foreign members of the past are to befound such names as Lancisius, Morgag-ni, Berzelius, A. Haller, Louis Agassiz,86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCharles Darwin, Th. Huxley, and S. J.Meltzer.Professor Leonard Eugene Dicksonhas been elected an honorary member ofthe Union of Mathematicians and Physicists of Czechoslovakia. His book onAlgebras and Their Arithmetics, whichwas published by the University Pressand was awarded the first prize by theAmerican Association for Advancementof Science at Cincinnati, is being translated into German for publication atZurich in the series of books edited byleading Swiss mathematicians."Resolved, that the future of thehuman race depends more on the sciences than on the arts and humanities"was the subject of debate between Cambridge University and the University ofChicago in Mandel Hall, Chicago, onNovember 23. Dean Gordon J. Laing, ofthe Graduate School of Arts and Literature, presided. The debaters appearingfor Cambridge were Michael Ramsey ^ officer of the Cambridge Union; GeoffreyLloyd, former president of the Union, attached in 1924 to Prime Minister StanleyBaldwin's secretariat; and Patrick Devlin, honor history reader of Christ College. The University representatives wereJ. W. Errant, Bindley C. Cyrus, DavidWollins, and Henry Weihofen.The English style of debate wasused in the discussion of the subject. InEngland there are neither teams norjudgments on the merits of the debate.A judgment is passed by the audience onthe merits of the question."The Scientific Remaking of American Education" was the subject of a lecture in the series provided for citizens ofChicago by the University in OrchestraHall, Chicago. Director Charles Hubbard Judd of the School of Educationat the University discussed the subjecton the evening of December 7.The outcome of scientific studies ofeducation is a complete transformationin the way in which schools are conducted, according to leading educational authorities. There has never been a methodof continuous aggressive improvement such as is now supplied by the science ofeducation. This science is peculiarlyAmerican. America has been the home offree experimentation, and there has neverbeen a time when far-reaching changeswere in progress in any such measure asthey are at present. In this illustratedlecture Director Judd showed how science helps in the solution of many important school problems.The Modern Language Associationof America, meeting at the Universityfrom December 29 to 31, was welcomedto the University by President Max Mason in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,Tuesday, December 29, when PresidentHermann Collitz of the Modern Language Association delivered the presidential address, on "World-Languages." Atnoon of the same day a joint luncheonwas given at the Del Prado Hotel for themembers of the Association and of theAmerican Association of University Professors.Simultaneously in China, India, andAmerica there is soon to be issued an edition of the New Testament that will notonly give the reader the message of thiswork, but serve him as a textbook ofmodern English, according to an announcement made by the UniversityPress. In Shanghai, China, Madras, India, and Chicago this edition, Edgar J.Goodspeed's "American Translation," isbeing published as the "Tyndale Memorial Edition," in commemoration of theman who first translated the New Testament into English from the Greek justfour hundred years ago.An important new volume in political science, Our Federal Republic, byHarry Pratt Judson, President Emeritusof the University, has been issued by TheMacmillan Company. The volume isdedicated to "The State whose union under the Constitution forms the most successful federation in history, because thecentral government has been granted nomore than the powers essential for thecommon good, and because lawful staterights are jealously cherished."ATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 1925_1925 1924 Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 386443 322108 708SSi 35i392 295125 646517 6234Total 829S8785230 43049874348 1,2591,0851,59578 74356486242 42046864734 1,1631,0321,50976 96538622. The Colleges-Senior. Junior Total 1,4692,298126734 1,2891,7193835 2,7584,0171641039 1,4682,211109847 1,1491,5692539 2,6173,78oi341156 14123730Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified 17Total 167149242 46191 213168252 164134574 • 37218 201155654 1213*2. Medical Courses —Graduate Senior 40Unclassified Total 175121051294 2011193 195121161487- 19581141223 291517 22481291393 494 .293. Rush Medical College —Post-Graduate Fourth- Year 13Third- Year Unclassified Total 25017198581 33841 283179102591 247IS©77884 3263 27915680884 423224. Law School —Graduate Candidates for LL.B 29' Unclassified Total 32824591402203 131401218473 3411647i1582676 3192338121261S 9198419407 3282214214030112 132918 576. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate Senior Junior . 34Unclassified 6Total 42262 806223 5026825 42511 7o3017 4954117 72787. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Undergraduate Total 81,3743,672269 854172,13629 931,7915,8o8298 111,3843,595276 474221,99135 581,8065,5863H 35222Total Professional 15Net Totals in Quadrangles. . .University College 3 ,403670 2 , 1071,764 5,5io2,434 3,319552 1,9561,836 5,2752,388 23546Total 4,07322 3,87i25 7,94447 3,87115 3,79213 7,66328 281Net Total in the University. . 4,OSI 3,846 7,897 3,856 3,779 7,635 26287THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 1925GraduateArts, Literature, and Science. . '. Divinity School Medical Courses. Rush Medical College Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service AdministrationTotal Duplicates Net Total in Quadrangles.University College Total.Duplicates .Net Total in the University. i,2591981682761797i682,2191742,0455552,600112,589Grand Total. 7,897* Unclassified students.Photo by Pirie McDonaldWALTER ANSEL STRONG