The University RecordVolume XI OCTOBER I 9^5 Number 4PRESIDENT MAX MASONBy HAROLD H, SWIFTPresident of the Board of TrusteesThe Spring Quarter of the University closed in the shadow of griefover the death of President Ernest DeWitt Burton. Fortunately, and exactly as President Burton would have wished, the Autumn Quarter opensunder the happy auspices of welcoming the new President, Max Mason.As the result of the energy, devotion, and capacity of a joint Faculty-Trustee Committee, it became possible during the summer to offerthe presidency to Dr. Mason and to secure his acceptance of the office.It is important to realize that the work of selection was by no meanshasty; in fact, when the methods of procedure have been described, wehave been told by many people who have been through similar experiences, that they have not known of so thorough and comprehensive aprocedure. In another place in this issue of the University Record (pages257 and 261) there is a brief description of the scope of the Committee'sefforts and it should be noted that the Faculty-Trustee Committee Reportwas unanimous and enthusiastic in favor of Dr. Mason.President Mason is the fourth President of the University. His twoimmediate predecessors were chosen from within the Faculty and hadbeen at the University from the beginning. Even President Harper, thefirst President, had been studying the situation and had been on theground for some time before assuming the presidency, so that PresidentMason is the first to be called from the outside; thus, he confronts an additional problem, that of "orientation," which did not confront any ofhis predecessors. He has emphasized in public as well as in private utterances the fact that he is a newcomer upon the scene and has asked and253254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhas received generous assurances of full co-operation from his colleaguesin becoming acquainted with the detailed situation at the University.Dr. Mason has an active, vigorous, virile mind. He is not satisfiedshort of complete knowledge in his work. That he will have co-operationis assured. He has a genius for friendship and already has won the wholehearted support and loyalty of the members of the Faculty and of theBoard of Trustees.The President is vitally concerned with the best and most effectiveway of promoting the development of the University. Upon him falls theresponsibility for completing enterprises begun under previous administration and for leading in new ventures. President Mason possesses thecourage and the vision necessary to such a task. To say that he himselfwill develop as the horizon of his effort widens is to predict only the normal thing for a man of his character. To believe that he, a man at hightide, physically and intellectually, and endowed with unusual personalqualifications, will become one of the nation's educational leaders, is toentertain the faith clearly and firmly held by those who know him best.Much more might be written by way of an estimate of the manwhose accession to the presidency has been attended by so much enthusiasm, but in recognition of his modesty and in compliance with his repeated supplication, I refrain; however, I have asked Henry Justin Smith,one of the Assistants to the President, to append herewith fitting biographical material which, in more detail, will further introduce the President to the University "family."SKETCH OF PRESIDENT MASONBy Henry Justin SmithThe family from which Max Mason sprang is one identified with thepioneering and constructive days of southern Wisconsin. His grandparents were active in shaping the community which is now the state capital.His parents, Edwin Cole Mason and Josephine Vrooman Mason, werethemselves known as "old residents" and sterling people. That sturdytype of Americanism which laid the foundations of the Middle Westpassed into the blood of Max Mason. His personality, his tastes, hisopinions, all are expressive of it.He was born in Madison October 26, 1877, the second son in thefamily. He was a boy who grew up imbued with the traditions, and inlove with the charms, of that city. As natural as that he should growwas it that, after attending the public schools of Madison, he should enter the state university built upon the hills above Lake Mendota. HePRESIDENT MAX MASON 255threw himself into college life with the eagerness and the desire to tasteits variety with which he characteristically attacked other adventures.Besides being a good student, he enjoyed taking part in social and musical affairs. He joined the Psi Upsilon fraternity. He was a member ofthe university musical club, and became skilled as a violinist. In athletics he showed the winning spirit in addition to the simple love of agood time, and especially excelled in track athletics, wearing the "W"for three years in token of his record in the high jump. But with all this,he shone most in scholarship, earning admission in due time to Phi BetaKappa and Sigma Xi, and what is more significant, acquiring the ambition to work in the field of learning throughout his life.Mr. Mason was graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1898as Bachelor of Letters. He had taken a general course of study, but bythe time of his graduation he had become especially interested in mathematics, and this subject he pursued at Madison during a term of graduate work. There followed a year of teaching in Beloit College, afterwhich Mr. Mason determined that he would seek European instructionin the higher branches of his subject. He therefore registered in the University of Gottingen, obtaining his degree of Doctor of Philosophy in1903 with a thesis on differential equations. There now followed a periodduring which Mr. Mason enlarged his teaching experience by work onthe faculties of two eastern institutions: The Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology and Yale University. This was also a time when the youngteacher was able to obtain early recognition, through scientific publication, of his research work in mathematics.In 1904 Professor Mason married Mary Louise Freeman, of Madison, daughter of John Charles Freeman, who was professor of Latin andGreek in the old University of Chicago from 1868 to 1879, and who thenbecame professor of English literature in the University of Wisconsin.Three children, two sons and a daughter, have been born of the union.Professor Mason remained for one year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and then was called to Yale University in 1904 asassistant professor of mathematics. In 1908 came a call, gratifying to aWisconsin product, and expressive of the progress Professor Mason hadmade in his own field, to return to his alma mater as a member of thefaculty. It was as professor of mathematics that he was appointed; butafter a time he found his mental tendency inclining away from purelyintellectual mathematics and turning toward the type employed in problems of physics. As a result, he took the chair of mathematical physics,thus entering a field differing from that of his earlier career. He gave it256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis utmost energy and thought, and developed rapidly in his ability asteacher and research worker. Not only was this true, but the amiablequalities of Professor Mason, and his evident capacity for acting as anorganizer and a harmonizer of men made him, in the course of the years,a member of the faculty to whom others turned for counsel in problemsoutside of the classroom. He took a place in activities having to do withthe larger policies of the University. He was a figure on administrativeboards and committees. Furthermore, his warm nature and his ability todeal with a variety of things made it natural that he should continue hiskeen interest in student problems, his support of good efforts on the partof the alumni.Professor Mason was forty years old when the United States enteredthe world-war. And then, with the organization of all of America's resources, there came to him, as also to scientific men throughout the nation, a call to the service of the government. One of the chief problemssubmitted to a group of such scientists was that of defense against submarines. Professor Mason, being named by the National Research Council as a member of a committee to study this problem, took it up with hisusual vigor, and finally produced a device for detecting and locating submarines which later became known as the Mason Hydrophone. This wasa detector in which a large number of individual sound receivers werearranged to focus the sound coming from any particular direction; bywhich, also, disturbing noises from other directions could be eliminated.The development and use of this invention was a fruitful experiencefor Professor Mason; yet it was one which he never emphasizes at theexpense of his purely intellectual studies. He has told intimate friendsof the delight he had in pouring his energy into the strenuous and exhausting "war work"; of the thrill when success was attained. Othershave furnished stories of his intrepidity in the face of obstacles, his patient unraveling of official "red tape"; his quickness to act when theright moment came. Qualities of this sort grew under the emergencies ofthe time. They form part of the Max Mason of today, who is boththinker and administrator.The principles of the submarine detector were outlined at Madisonand the apparatus in crude form was tested on Fourth Lake, near thatcity. In July, 1917, while the submarine menace was at its height, thedevice was taken by Professor Mason to the naval experimental stationat New London, Connecticut, and perfected. The ships at New Londonwere equipped with the detector, following which, in the summer of 1 918,the inventor went to the submarine base at Plymouth, England, and di-PRESIDENT MAX MASON mrected installation on the destroyers and "sub-chasers" of the Americanfleet. During this work he was in command of a considerable force ofmen. His executive powers were again called into play; his diplomacyserved to insure good relations with the British authorities. That theBritish shared the opinion of the Americans that Professor Mason's device was the best that had been developed for the purpose is the testimony of Admiral W. S. Sims. In a letter to the secretary of the Navy,the admiral wrote that the hydrophone had proved its utility as a navigational instrument as well as a means of detecting submarines.Professor Mason's chief interest, however, had been in the fundamental concepts of mathematical physics, both in research and teaching.So he was glad when in 19 19 he was able to return to his study and classroom at Madison. Upon his return he was granted a research professorship in mathematical physics, which was the post he held when elected tothe presidency of the University of Chicago. In a position of especialfreedom he was able to resume his theoretical studies. A list of his publications need not be given here, but it is of interest to University of Chicago men that several of these publications were papers written in collaboration with Professor Gilbert A. Bliss. President Mason's rank inthe scientific world is indicated by his membership in the National Academy of Sciences. With his coming, there are now fifteen University ofChicago men who are members of that society.Parenthetically, it may be noted that the present is the first time thata worker in the so-called natural sciences has been chosen as president ofthe University of Chicago. The fact is not without its significance; but,as more than one leader in university affairs has remarked, the reallysignificant thing is that President Mason demonstrates a profound interest in all departments of study and research, and that his personality isboth dynamic and winning. His Madison friends have pointed out thathis election will mean a revelation of what scientific methods can do whenapplied to problems primarily social; but these friends are even more emphatic about his personal qualities.It was to a man with this combination of traits that the joint committee on nominating a president had their attention called during theirpainstaking consideration of the question. The committee, it should berecorded, met every week beginning early in June, held numerous informal conferences, and carried on much correspondence with educationalleaders of the country. Replies and suggestions were received from manypersons, including members of the faculties of various universities, leading alumni, and others. A list comprising about eighty names was consid-258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDered, and this list was later reduced to about twenty names. These weregiven more intensive consideration, the committee reported, and it felt,says its report, "that in the case of every candidate it had adequate information upon which to base a judgment." When August arrived, thecommittee had reached an agreement upon Max Mason, and voted unanimously to recommend to the Board of Trustees that he be chosen. OnAugust 1 6 Professor Mason accepted election.Of the expressions which greeted public announcement of the choicethere may be selected two, which disclose the position Professor Masonheld in the esteem of his colleagues. The first, from Dr. E. A. Birge, whoretired this year as president of the University of Wisconsin after manyyears of service:I congratulate most heartily the University of Chicago on securing a presidentof great energy and ability in whose leadership I fully believe. Deeply as I feel theloss to Wisconsin of a man so distinguished in teaching and in research, I cannot butrejoice that the qualities that have marked his career at Wisconsin have led him tothe presidency of one of our greatest universities.The other came from Professor Charles S. Slichter, dean of the graduate schools in the University of Wisconsin:The selection of President Mason as president of the University of Chicagomarks a great forward step in the progress of higher education. The universitiesare just emerging from their post-war troubles and the next years should be ones ofgreat advance. Professor Mason has the personal charm and magnetism; he has theunselfishness, the spirit of fairness and the enthusiasm, which will lead to a greatspirit of co-operation in all parts of the University of Chicago — among the trustees,the faculties, the alumni, and the students. I know that Professor Mason has theexecutive power and judgment and the contagious energy that will appeal to thecitizens of Chicago and to all friends of the University. Under his leadership Iexpect to see Chicago unite back of the new president, aiding him in every possibleway in building there one of the great intellectual and cultural centers of the world.To these may be added the following, from a resolution passedAugust 21 by the University of Wisconsin Club of Chicago:That the members of this club express to Max Mason their sincere congratulations and best wishes, and their faith that he will be guided in his great work by thespirit of service that has dominated his career as student, alumnus, and educator atthe University of Wisconsin ; that the board of trustees of the University of Chicagoalso be congratulated upon their choice of Professor Mason as their president.President Mason assumed office on October i, the thirty-third anniversary of the opening of the doors of the University. No ceremony attended his induction except the public but informal presentation to him,by President Emeritus Judson, of a key which, laid in his hand on thesteps of Cobb Hall, symbolized his assumption of responsibility, andPRESIDENT MAX MASON 259which, as President Emeritus Judson assured him, was, as well, "the keyto our hearts." At noon on the same day President Mason spoke to theCommemorative Chapel audience in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, confining his remarks to a brief but earnest statement of his hopes and to anexpression of his profound faith in the ideals of the University.A week earlier President Mason had welcomed the class of 1929, assembled hundreds strong in their first college chapel service. From thataddress may be quoted the following sentences, suggestive of the MaxMason whom the University will come to know most intimately and affectionately as the years pass:I hope that you are looking broadly about you for opportunities; that youwill be willing to search. And I am sure if you search that you will find the mediaof enrichment for all sides of your lives, that you will become happy and efficientparticipators in the world's work. I hope that you will not any longer take coursesto obtain credits, but that you will study subjects; that you will be not content tolearn, because one can learn without thinking, but that, as you learn, you will think.And in looking about you, you will find opportunities for intellectual enrichmentoutside as well as inside of the classroom. I hope that you will find among your fellows opportunities of friendship, of social relationships, that will make and give youa background of happiness in which to live; that you will find opportunities to enrich the religious side of your lives, and through the combination you will grow,and obtain those things toward which the undergraduate life of the University ofChicago is directed. I hope that you will learn the technique of living, how to dothings easily, efficiently, and gracefully, and through that knowledge you will mergethe technique of living into a philosophy of life.We are welcoming you into a real brotherhood of learning, and we are surethat you will find us all your very true, your very loyal friends.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryMEMORIAL OF PRESIDENT BURTONAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held August 13, 1925, acommittee consisting of Charles W. Gilkey, Harold H. Swift, and J.Spencer Dickerson, presented the following memorial of the late President Ernest D. Burton. The memorial was adopted by a rising vote. Itwas ordered engrossed and a copy sent to Mrs. Burton.Ernest DeWitt Burton was one of those who have been most influential inshaping the policies which have brought the University of Chicago, within thirty-two years, to its present commanding position among the universities, not only ofAmerica, but of the world. He was one of that brilliant array of investigators, educators, and scholars, whose achievements have not only brought them fame, buthave shed luster upon the name of the University.Called to its faculty in 1892, as Professor of New Testament Interpretation, hewas from the very beginning a valuable aid to President Harper in laying broadand deep the foundations upon which the rapidly growing University has beensteadily built; and was a trusted counselor of President Judson in carrying outthese fundamental policies. Painstaking, open-minded, and fearless, with a passionate desire to know the truth, but equally with a humble reverence for it and a keenenthusiasm to share it, he became one of the foremost New Testament scholars andteachers of his generation.But his work as a teacher was only one part of the great and many-sided servicehe always rendered the University. As Director of Libraries, his plans and administration brought the libraries of the University to an outstanding place in the educational world. His services as editor of University publications were no less noteworthy and his work as an author and writer on subjects in his chosen field had ahigh place in the field of sacred literature.Even here his restless energy did not permit him to stop. The breadthof his interest, and his extraordinary capacity for constructive thinking and achievement, soon carried him out beyond the limits of his own professional field.Early in his career, he became one of the most far-sighted and progressive leaders among American Baptists, not only as a scholar and a teacher, but also in theformation and execution of their educational, missionary, and administrative policies. In his later years, he was regarded everywhere as one of the foremost missionary statesmen of the Christian Church. These notable achievements, however, inthe broader fields of education, religion, and the advancement of human interests,never lessened or compromised his work in the University itself.When he was called to the presidency of the University in 1923, his immediategrasp of the duties involved in the administration of that office proved that these260THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 261thirty years and more of varied experience and achievement had been a remarkablepreparation for the crowning achievement of his career. He gave himself to this lastand greatest task with all the contagious enthusiasm of youth, balanced by the mature judgment and ripe wisdom of age. The period of his presidency — "two gloriousyears" — was all too brief, but will loom larger and larger in retrospect as epoch-making in the history of the University.His inspiring leadership quickened all departments of the University's life andkindled new aspirations for the future. By words and deeds alike, and not leastthrough his winning personality, he led the University into that highroad of development which will be its path of progress for years and even decades to come. His inspiring vision and keen realization of the possibilities of helpful co-operation between the University and the city, brought to the University in new and fuller measure the support and good will of the citizens of Chicago, and he sowed seeds of afriendship and co-operation which cannot fail to bear large fruit in the future.These remarkable achievements were made possible by a combination of personal qualities which we who were closely associated with him on this Board willnever forget. His willing capacity for hard work, his close attention to details combined with his insight into great and guiding principles, his democratic spirit, hismodesty, his high courage, his abiding faith, and above all that rare spiritual quality, springing from his Christian character and personal religion, which made menlove as well as trust him— these will always remain a part, not only of our mosttreasured memories, but of the University's noblest heritage.Such qualities of character and such abiding influence as his, even more thanthe great buildings he planned and the large resources he secured, have made andwill make the University truly great.To him worthily belongs that highest commendation, "Well done, thou goodand faithful servant."ELECTION OF PRESIDENT MAX MASONAt the June meeting of the Board the names of the members of acommittee to recommend a person suitable for the presidency were announced. The committee consisted of Messrs. Charles W. Gilkey, W.Scott Bond, Thomas E. Donnelley, Martin A. Ryerson, Robert L. Scott,Albert W. Sherer and Harold H. Swift. In addition, by a progressiveballot, the University Senate selected five of its members as an advisorycommittee: Professor J. H. Tufts, Dr. Frank Billings, Professors H. G.Gale, J. M. Manly and F. C. Woodward, with Professors J. M. Coulter,G. J. Laing, and C. E. Merriam as alternates.At the August 13 meeting of the Board the committee made its report. It was generally agreed at the outset, in the language of the reportof the committee then submitted, that the committeeshould look for a man of sufficient eminence in the intellectual world to commandthe confidence of the faculty and the respect of the community; that, other thingsbeing equal, preference should be given to a man of sufficient youth and vigor topromise fifteen or twenty years of active and effective administration, that the262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsearch for a suitable candidate should take account not only of University presidentsand deans, but also of presidents of small colleges, of other persons in academic fifewho had shown administrative ability and of leaders in public affairs whose interestin culture and research might dispose them to favorable consideration of such a position as the presidency of the University of Chicago. It was felt that the ability topresent successfully to the public the ideals and plans of the University should be aconsideration of the first importance, but that the University should not incur therisk of seeming to sacrifice educational ideals to money-getting by choosing a manwhose chief qualifications were in the latter field.The report goes on to say:After painstaking consideration of the available candidates, the committee unanimously voted to recommend the candidate whose name and qualifications follow :Max Mason was born in Madison, Wisconsin, October 26, 1877, and is the sonof Edwin Cole Mason and Josephine Mason of that city. He grew up in the city ofMadison and entered the University of Wisconsin in 1894, graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Literature in 1898. His record as an undergraduate is a well-rounded one. He not only was a good student, obtaining recognition of his scholarship, but was active in athletic and student affairs generally. He was a member ofthe Psi Upsilon fraternity and of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi honor societies.After his graduation from the University of Wisconsin he taught for one yearin a high school at Beloit, Wisconsin, and then returned to the University of Wisconsin where he took his Master's degree with distinction. He then went abroad forstudy specializing in mathematics and physics and took his Doctor's degree at theUniversity of Gottingen in 1903 ; after which he returned to this country and became instructor of mathematics in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. InJune of 1904 he married Mary Louise Freeman of Madison, a daughter of a member of the faculty of the University of Wisconsin [and formerly professor in the oldUniversity of Chicago]. They have three children — two sons and a daughter, respectively, nineteen, seventeen and thirteen years of age.From 1904 to 1908 Mr. Mason was a member of the Yale faculty ranking asAssistant Professor and teaching mathematics. In 1908 he became Professor ofmathematical physics at the University of Wisconsin, his alma mater, and there hehas been since that time, later being appointed the first research professor on theUniversity of Wisconsin faculty.When this nation entered the war he was summoned with other scientists toWashington to assist in devising some protection against submarines This became a wTork of international importance and Mr. Mason was later sent to Englandwhere he took charge of the installation of his device on our ships there and workedalso with the British Navy, making a record of notable service and accomplishment.After full, careful, and deliberate consideration this committee nominates MaxMason to the Board of Trustees for President of the University of Chicago. Theaction of the committee is based upon the following considerations : He has a distinguished record as a scientist and teacher which will command the confidence ofthe faculty and the respect of the community ; he is a man of strong character andhigh ideals who will give vigorous moral leadership ; he has unusual human qualitiesand breadth of view and a deep interest in the development of the student into aperson of character and usefulness to society; he will enlist the interest and receiveTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 263the cordial support of the students and the alumni ; he will, we believe, through hisintellectual alertness and broad human sympathies be able to secure the interest andco-operation of leaders of thought in the city of Chicago and elsewhere.This nomination is made unanimously and enthusiastically by the undersignedmembers of the committee.The committee was then authorized to offer the presidency to Mr.Mason. This was done, and at the special Board meeting on August 21he was unanimously and enthusiastically elected to take office October1, 1925. At the same time he was elected a member of the Board ofTrustees.Subsequently Mr. Mason formally accepted his election and officially entered upon his work October 1, 1925.STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARDAt the July meeting of the Board the following standing committeeswere appointed:Finance and Investment: Howard G. Grey, Chairman; Charles R. Holden,Vice-Chairman; William Scott Bond, Robert P. Lamont, Martin A. Ryerson.Buildings and Grounds: Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman; E. L. Ryerson, Jr.,Vice-Chairman ; Harold F. McCormick, Martin A. Ryerson, John Stuart.Instruction and Equipment: Charles W. Gilkey, Chairman; William ScottBond, Vice-Chairman; Wilber E. Post, Julius Rosenwald, Edward L. Ryerson, Jr.Press and Extension : Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman; Robert L. Scott, Vice-Chairman; Eli B. Felsenthal, Samuel C. Jennings, Albert W. Sherer.Audit and Securities: Eli B. Felsenthal, Chairman; C. F. Axelson, Vice-Chairman: H. B. Gear, Samuel C. Jennings, Albert W. Sherer.TRIBUTE TO RETIRING MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIESAn unusually large number of members of the faculties has recentlyretired or is about to retire, among them being: Professors John M.Coulter, William D. MacClintock, Frank J. Miller, Karl Pietsch, Ira M.Price, Albion W. Small, Marion Talbot, Benjamin S. Terry, Albert H.Tolman, and Associate Professors C. F. Castle, David J. Lingle, andTheodore L. Neff.In view of the removal from active service of these honored teachersand administrators, the Trustees, at the Board meeting of August 13,1925, adopted the following minute:At this time when several members of the Faculty have retired from activeservice, or are shortly to retire, the Board of Trustees desires to place on record itsappreciation of their long and faithful service. Some of them have been with theUniversity from the beginning, have built up strong departments, which have givendistinction to the University, and have been highly influential in shaping the Uni-264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDversity's policies. All have given their best to the University and to the purpose forwhich it was founded. Their work has contributed to make the present Universitypossible and will be gratefully remembered. The Board extends to each of them itssincere wish that they may continue to find satisfaction in various forms of the educational and scientific work to which their lives have been devoted.GIFTSThe Commonwealth Fund has made two grants to the University,one of $20,000 and one of $12,000. The first is intended to provide foran investigation under the direction of Director Charles H. Judd, of theSchool of Education, of seventh- and eighth-grade systems. The secondis for a study to be made under the supervision of Professor W. W.Charters, of an analysis of the teaching profession.At the meeting of the Board held August 13, 1925, a gift of securities valued at $1,000,000 by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., was announced. The income, by direction of the generous donor, will be usedsolely for the Divinity School. In communicating this large addition tothe funds of the University Mr. Rockefeller's secretary wrote:Mr. Rockefeller, Jr., is, I am sure, happy to share in the development of theDivinity School which you and your associates are conducting so usefully. We allwish that President Burton could have lived to see the completion not only of theamount for the Divinity School but those larger sums for the other University purposes.Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., in a letter dated July 6, 1925, announced an additional gift to the Oriental Institute of $5,000 to coverthe cost of installing an electric light plant in the laboratory of the institute at Luxor, Egypt. Under the same date announcement was madethat he would contribute the expenses estimated at $215,000 during aperiod of five years in order to provide for excavations at Megiddo (theancient Armageddon) under the direction of Professor J. H. Breasted.The same liberal friend of the University has also provided $25,000 forthe purchase of a remarkable collection of Phoenician monuments.Mrs. Anna L. Raymond, of Chicago, has turned over to the University securities of market value of more than $100,000. The incomefrom this trust fund is to support the James Nelson and Anna LouiseRaymond Professorship, the work of which is to concern itself with instruction or research, or both, in the medical department of the University.The General Education Board has appropriated $8,000 to assistrecently-appointed members of the medical faculty of the University topursue studies abroad.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 265Dr. Frank Billings, so often a contributor of funds to the University,has given $25,000 to the University as a permanent endowment fund ofthe Frank Billings Library which will be finally housed in the AlbertMerritt Billings Memorial Hospital. This library was presented to theUniversity in the latter part of 1920.Professor Ira M. Price, who has just retired from active serviceafter thirty- three years' connection with the University, has given $10,-000 to be held as an endowment for the benefit of the Divinity School.At the same time Mrs. Price gave $5,000 for endowment to be used forsome purpose in connection with the Divinity School.Associate Professor W. C. Allee by a gift of $500 has created afund in memory of his son, Warder Allee, the income from which is tobe used to buy books for the library of the Elementary School of theSchool of Education.E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company have again provided $750for the du Pont fellowship in chemistry for the year 1925-26.The Quadranglers, a club consisting of undergraduate women students and members of the alumnae, has contributed $3,000 to constitutea fund to be known as the Quadrangler Scholarship. The income fromthe fund is to be devoted toward the payment of the tuition fees of anundergraduate woman.Dr. John E. Rhodes, an alumnus of the old University of Chicagoand of Rush Medical College, and for many years a member of thefaculty of Rush Medical College in the Department of Laryngologyand Otology, just before his lamented death on September 2, 1925, presented to the University his instruments and the equipment of his officefor use in the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital.The International Association of Fairs and Expositions has contributed $1,500 for a research fellowship in the School of Commerce andAdministration.The University has received the final payment, $1,973.92, fromthe William B. Ogden Estate. The total amount received is $576,899.59.The gift from this estate in 1891 was one of the largest made in theearly history of the University.BUILDING OPERATIONSContracts for the erection of the Billings Hospital and other buildings for the schools of medicine, amounting in the aggregate to $4,234,-768 exclusive of architects' fees, have been executed.Contracts for the erection of the University Chapel amounting to266 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD$1,668,917.15, exclusive of architects' fees, have already been executed.University buildings involving the expenditure of at least $8,000,000are in process of erection. These include the Billings Hospital and otherbuildings for the medical schools, the Theology Building, the JosephBond Chapel, the University Chapel, the Whitman Laboratory for Experimental Zoology, and the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery on the West Side.Ground has been broken for the proposed Field House at Fifty-sixthStreet and Greenwood Avenue, and for Wieboldt Hall, to be placed between Classics Building and Harper Library.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade:Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman to an assistant professorship in the Department of Physiology, beginning October 1, 1925.Fred B. Plummer to an assistant professorship in the Departmentof Geology, beginning January 1, 1927.Helen Rankin Jeter to an assistant professorship in the School ofSocial Service Administration, beginning October 1, 1925.Douglas Waples to an assistant professorship in the College of Education beginning October 1, 1925.James H. Bliss, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing, School of Commerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1, 1925.Arthur Henry Carver, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing, Schoolof Commerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1,1925.Richard Frederick Eagle, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing,School of Commerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1, 1925.Tage U. Ellinger, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing, School ofCommerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1, 1925.Andrew Thomas Kearney, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing,School of Commerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1, 1925.C. Robert Moulton, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing, School ofCommerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1, 1925.Claude W. Schutter, Lecturer, Law School, for the Autumn Quarter,1925.Louis Dwight Harvell Weld, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing,THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 267School of Commerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1, 1925.Edward N. Wentworth, Lecturer, Institute of Meat Packing, Schoolof Commerce and Administration, for three quarters from October 1,1925.Alice Hall Farnsworth, Instructor, Department of Astronomy, forone year from July 1, 1925.Theodore Koppanyi, Instructor, Department of Physiology, for oneyear from July 1, 1925.Helen Lowes, Instructor in the Department of Physical Education,Laboratory Schools, for one year from October 1, 1925.Mrs. Mary S. Shepherd, Instructor, Pathology, for one year fromJuly 1, 1925.Beulah Morgan Smith, Instructor, Institution Economics, Schoolof Education, for one year from October 1, 1925.Lloyd B. Jensen, Associate, Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, for one year from October 1, 1925.J. E. Wakerlin, Associate, Department of Physiology, for one yearfrom October 1, 1925.Dr. William I. Fishbein, School Physician, Laboratory Schools, fornine months from September 15,1925.Goldie Lou Belcher, Teacher, Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1925.Ida M. Brevad, Teacher, Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1925.May Louise Fulton, Teacher, Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1925.Gertrude Gilman, Teacher, High School, for one year from October1,1925-Lucile E. Hunt, Teacher, Department of Physical Education, Elementary School, for one year from October 1,1925.Louise W. Putzke, Teacher, Elementary School, for one year fromOctober 1, 1925.Russell B. Thomas, Teacher, High School, for one year from October 1, 1925.Howard Wilson, Teacher, High School, for one year from Octoberh 1925.The following appointments on the staff of the Megiddo (Armageddon) Expedition have been made: Dr. Clarence S. Fisher, Field Director; Dr. Daniel F. Higgins, Assistant Field Director; Edward L.268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDeLoach, Assistant; George F. Howland, Assistant; Richard Stillwell,Assistant; George Forsyth, Assistant; John Kellogg, Assistant.Roy W. Bixler as Assistant University Examiner.Dr. Margaret Meta Kunde has been given the title of Research Associate in the Department of Physiology, and an appropriation has beenmade to cover her work on the diseases of the thyroid gland.Dr. Charles Philip Miller, hitherto appointed, has been appointedmore specifically as Assistant Professor in Medicine on the DouglasSmith Foundation to do research work abroad.Nellie Florence Pope has been appointed Acting Director of University Commons with rank of Assistant Professor.The following Fellows have been appointed:Dr. Wen Chao Ma, of Pekin Union Medical College, Fellow of theRockefeller Foundation. He will work in the Department of Anatomyduring the year 1925-26.Dr. Hans Gottlieb-Billroth International Fellow in Chemistry bythe International Education Board. He will continue to work in the Department of Chemistry during the year 1925-26.Elmer William Hagens, M. D., Stanton Abeles Friedberg Fellow.PROMOTIONSAssociate Professor J. M. Artman to a professorship in the DivinitySchool.Assistant Professor A. G. Baker to an associate professorship in theDivinity School.Assistant Professor Fay-Cooper Cole to an associate professorshipin the Department of Sociology and Anthropology.Evelyn May Albright to an assistant professorship in the Department of English.Arthur Lawton Beeley to an assistant professorship in the School ofSocial Service Administration.Paul R. Cannon to an assistant professorship in the Department ofPathology.Sidney K. Schiff to an assistant professorship in the Law School.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignation of the following members of the Faculties:Instructor F. M. Kannenstine, of the Department of Physics, effective in June, 1925.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 269Associate Professor Scott E. W. Bedford, effective July, 1925.Dr. A. C. Ivy, Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology,effective September 30, 1925. Dr. Ivy is leaving to accept the position ofChairman of the Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicologyin the Northwestern University Medical School.Assistant Professor Baldwin Maxwell, in the Department of English, effective October 1, 1925.Assistant Professor Cora C. Colburn, in the Department of HomeEconomics and Director of the University Commons, effective October1,1925.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeaves of absence have been granted to :W. J. Monilaw, of the School of Education, for one year from October 1, 1925.Dr. Ralph B. Seem, Director of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital,from July 10 to December 1, 1925.NEW TESTS OF REPRESENTATIVEGOVERNMENT1By FREDERIC AUSTIN OGGProfessor of Political Science, University of WisconsinProfessor Henry Sidgwick, in his illuminating Development of European Polity, reminds us that as late as the middle of the eighteenth century,absolute monarchy was commonly regarded (at all events, in Continental lands) asthe final form of government to which the long processes of the formation of orderlycountry-states had led up, and by which the task of establishing and maintaining acivilized political order had been, on the whole, successfully accomplished, afterother modes of political construction had failed to realize it.Events destined to upset this easy assumption lay, even in 1750, belowthe horizon. And yet, before the century was out, absolutism was breaking up in every direction ; and when affairs settled down again, after theNapoleonic period, the English representative system was found to havestood the strain better than any other type of polity, and monarchy ofthe old sort had disappeared throughout western Europe, or, if surviving,was plainly on the defensive.Then dawned the great era of representative government in whichwe are now living. France, the German states, the Netherlands, Belgium — eventually United Italy, Spain, Greece, Japan— took over, withmore or less adaptation, the English plan; the British Dominions followed in the footsteps of the mother-country; the United States went itsseparate way similarly equipped; the liberated states of Latin Americacopied as best they could. Revolutions in two hemispheres had representative government as their supreme object; even barbarous peoples hastened to adopt a constitution and set up a legislature as soon as they became ambitious to pose as civilized.Furthermore, it became a matter of firm conviction that representative government — if not, indeed, the solvent of all political ills— is, at allevents, the best and final form of polity. Men generally agreed with Jefferson when he declared that "modern times have the signal advantageof having discovered the only device" by which the rights of man "can1 Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Thirty-eighth Convocation of the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, September 4, 1925.270FREDERICK AUSTIN OGGNEW TESTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 271be secured, to wit, — government by the people, acting not in person, butby representatives chosen by themselves." Carlyle's sneering referencesto "government by windbags" and "constitutional battles of Kilkennycats" were set down as the whimsies of an eccentric genius; Bismarck'scontemptuous characterization of a representative assembly as "a Junebug in a bottle" fell of its own weight.No observing person today needs to be told, however, that the validity and sufficiency of representative government have of late beenbrought widely into question, not alone by people who have no prepossessions in favor of democracy as an ideal, but by writers and thinkerswhose liberalism is beyond suspicion. Indeed, in many quarters thedoubts that attach themselves to the representative plan of governmentextend also to the very existence of the political state; and we find notonly the old-type philosophic anarchist, but the communist-internationalist, the syndicalist, the guild socialist, and various other folk whomProfessor Wilbur Abbott has somewhat cavalierly denominated the "NewBarbarians," contemplating a scheme of human economy under which thepolitical state will eventually be either entirely squeezed out to makeroom for the "economic state," or so restricted in function as to be amere shadow of its present self. There can be no doubt that the state asan institution was losing prestige in the years preceding the late war;or that — although momentarily raised by the war to its "high midsummer of credit"— it is once more declining in esteem; or, finally, that,thus discounted, it will in coming days find some difficulty in maintaining the paramountcy among human groupings and organizations whichit has customarily enjoyed.Current complaint of the representative plan of government is inextricably mixed up with criticism of the political state as an institution.It is, however, the position occupied by representative government- — notthe question of state or no state — that I wish briefly to consider withyou today; and that, not in any particular country, but in the worldgenerally.That, as I have said, the representative system which for a hundredyears men have fondly assumed to be the last word in politics, is beingexamined, questioned, criticized, attacked, and defended today as neverbefore admits of no denial. Take up European (especially Continental)newspapers and magazines, and you will find articles bearing such challenging titles as "Is Representative Government a Failure?" "OurBankrupt Parliaments," "The Collapse of Democracy," "Soporific Governments," "The Decadence of Representative Government." Go to272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEuropean bookstalls and you will find arm-loads of books — French,Italian, Spanish, German — which, often in a most serious and thoughtful way, expatiate on the weaknesses of parliamentary government andspeculate concerning substitutes and remedies. Listen to current political discussion in the byways of both Europe and America and youwill hear the representative institutions that we know — "parliamentarism" is the common European term — querulously challenged or boldlycondemned. Even in England, the home of the Mother of Parliaments,you will find the same thing. Scholars like Maitland and Figgis developarguments that undermine the classic doctrines of sovereignty; Professor Barker writes pointedly of "the discredited state"; Laski, Cole, andother pluralists challenge the whole idea of representative congressesand parliaments as organs of a general public will and urge the substitution of a system of decentralized controlling bodies based on a plan ofgroup, or functional, representation. Even a Lord Bryce, musing on thepathology of existing legislatures, is brought to grave doubts about thesurvival of the representative system as we know it, and even of democracy itself.Or, look upon the political scene as it is spread before the eyes ofeven the most casual observer. Consider Russia, where the events ofthe past eight years have brought the utter disintegration of a societywhich, in spite of the appalling defects of its political structure, didfunction after a fashion previously. Consider Italy, where, indeed, Fascism originally aimed, not to overthrow the constitution, but only tosuperimpose itself upon the existing political order— yet in doing so hassignificantly followed the precedent of the political revolutions of ancientRome, which began with the dictatorships of Marius and Sulla and culminated in the Empire. Consider Spain, where, as in the sister Mediterranean land, a dictatorship set up by force has supplanted a discreditedparliament and, while vigorously restoring much-needed public order,has blotted out whatever of popular government there was before. Consider other lands, too numerous to mention — in Europe, in Latin American, in Asia — where representative government has never been, and isnot today, more than a sheer fiction or, at best, an instrumentality ofdemagogy or a cloak of absolutism.Let it be emphasized that the criticisms of representative government come in all lands today not merely, or chiefly, from the recognizedfoes of political liberalism. The monarchists, the arch-conservatives, thereactionaries could not be expected to entertain any very exalted opinionof the principle or the machinery of popular control. The significant andNEW TESTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 273startling thing is that the most advanced political liberalism, whichthroughout the nineteenth century gave its support so wholeheartedly tothe upbuilding of representative institutions, has in many places becomeimpatient with, and even hostile to, those institutions as they now exist.When the initiative, referendum, and recall were more novel in theUnited States than they are today, we witnessed a long-drawn-out debate (not yet entirely closed) between the advocates of purely representative government and the partisans of direct democracy; and those whoattacked the representative system as being deficient and disappointingformed the left wing of our political cohorts. They called themselvesnot only liberals, but progressives. Similarly, in contemporary Europethe challengers of the present representative system are commonly of theliberal and radical elements. They are university professors and other intellectuals. They are Labor party men, trade-unionists, syndicalists, guildsocialists, and what not. They are people who hate inertia, defy convention, and glory in reconstruction, or revolution, as drastic as may benecessary to accomplish the ends they have in view.The present reaction against representative government is, of course,only a phase of world-wide unrest and desire for change. To a degree,it is attributable to experiences arising directly or indirectly out of theGreat War. The pull and haul of that struggle put governments ^to anextreme test; and although it was the popular governments of Britainand France and Belgium that stood up best under the strain — ratherthan the autocracies that had commonly been deemed peculiarly fittedto make war — still, even in the countries mentioned, the cataclysm leftthe people in an inquiring mood concerning their political heritages andprepossessions. In a period in which all possible changes were beingrung on the problems of human association and conduct — even in a timewhen new constitutions were being made and representative systems constructed at an unprecedented pace — it was natural that the stereotypedconcepts of representative democracy should be questioningly re-examined. Considering the inability of representative institutions to prevent the war and the indifferent capacity exhibited for prompt, judicious,and conclusive handling of the problems which the contest left in itswake, it was inevitable that men should query whether, after all, theseinstitutions possess a peculiar virtue and a universal applicability.The war and its aftermath stimulated the spirit of criticism, raisedfresh doubts, and suggested some drastic remedies and departures. Butthe condition of which I am speaking, namely, the deep-seated uncertainty about the validity and finality of the representative style of gov-274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDeminent, antedates 19 14 and springs from considerations with which,in some cases at all events, the war had little or nothing to do. Theseconsiderations had already, before a shot was fired, raised the querywhether representative government is only an episode, a fugitive incidentin the evolution of political life; or whether, as one writer has put it, itis "exclusively a British product, impossible to acclimate on the Continent, thriving only in the hands of Englishmen and immersed in thefogs of London and under the Gothic arches of Westminster"; or, finally, whether it is a permanently feasible and universally adaptable formof polity.If the instructions of history are worth anything, it would be follyto try to give an answer to this question. One observation may, however, be offered with confidence, namely, that if representative government, on its present lines, survives and flourishes and further overspreads the earth, it will be only by virtue of its capacity to withstandterrific stresses and strains — to meet certain exacting tests — not encountered (at least on so great a scale) in the past. Let me mention,with only a word of comment, some six or seven of these tests.The first is the test of numbers. There is a problem of governmentin sheer bigness. Xenophon marveled that Cyrus found obedience inhis subjects, "though some of them (he says) dwelt at a distance whichit would take days and months to traverse, and among them were menwho had never set eyes on him, and for the matter of that could neverhope to do so, and yet they were willing to obey him." Such far reachesof political control were possible, as the astonished Greek goes on to explain, because "Cyrus was able so to penetrate that vast extent of country by the sheer terror of his personality that the inhabitants were prostrate before him."Far more marvelous — when we stop to think of it — is the techniqueof holding together in voluntary, republican, twentieth-century bodies-politic of many more millions of men and women than Cyrus ever ruled.Until late in the eighteenth century, men did not consider that this couldbe done. Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and many another political philosopher looked upon republicanism as ideally the best form ofgovernment, but also thought that it was adapted only to small, non-populous, and presumably poor, states. In time, this notion was refuted, notonly by the experience of the United States and of France, but also bythat of Britain herself, whose government has for a hundred years beento all intents and purposes republican. Popular, representative govern-NEW TESTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 275ment — whether or not bracketed with the forms of monarchy — has become the order of the day, in large states as in small.The eighteenth-century philosophers were not wholly astray, however, when they discussed republican, representative, government interms of numbers. On the one hand, it is numbers that makes a representative system a practical necessity. But on the other hand, increasingnumbers progressively complicate the business of government, just asthey regressively diminish the power and importance of the averagecitizen. They aggravate the difficulties of laying out and rearrangingelectoral districts and increase the cost of elections; they mean largerrepresentative assemblies, with all the unhappy consequences that areso keenly felt in the British House of Commons, the French Chamber,and even our own House of Representatives; they multiply party groupsand increase the chances of factional strife. They make, in general, forunwieldiness, diffusion of responsibility, wastefulness, and extravagance.Nevertheless, representative government must face the certain prospectof increased, and steadily increasing numbers, in consequence of theterritorial augmentation of states, the natural growth of populations, and— what comes to the same thing politically — the enfranchisement, inseveral countries, of yet larger portions of the citizenry.The second test is more serious. It is that imposed by the multiplication of the tasks and functions which government undertakes. It sohappens — though I do not mean to imply that it is a mere coincidence —that the century which has witnessed the ripening and spread of representative government has also bridged the gap between the politicalphilosophy of an Adam Smith and a Thomas Jefferson and that of aTheodore Roosevelt and a Ramsay MacDonald, and has seen the transformation of simple political societies, discharging few functions exceptthose of defense and police, into huge regulative establishments touchingand controlling the life and effort of each of us on every side and at almost every moment. Representative government is nowadays requiredto function in the "great state" which transformed economic conditionsand a new social outlook have called into existence; and the enormouslyincreased number and complexity of the problems with which it has todeal — demanding ever higher intelligence and efficiency — will in futureplace upon it a greater strain than it has yet borne.A third test is of a different sort. It is the test of publicity and intimate familiarity. Time was, not so long ago, when the machinery ofgovernment not only was very rudimentary and easy to operate compared with now, but was remote, mysterious, semi-sacred. The halo of276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDroyalty, the awesomeness of absolute power, the buttressing of government by ecclesiastical connections, the majesty of great inherited systems of law dazzled the subject, fended off criticism, and simplified thetask of statesmen. As recently as a century and a half ago men werethrown into dungeons in England for trying to find out what the Motherof Parliaments was doing and reporting their discoveries to the people.Now all is changed. The sun of publicity beats pitilessly upon legislatures and courts and administrative authorities. The machinery ofgovernment is examined and tested and discussed with irreverent familiarity, and its minutest operations are open to the inspection of thecritical, the malevolent, or the merely curious. Even our so-called "invisible government" is but half -concealed from those whose business or interest it is to know what really goes on in legislatures, courts, and administrative bodies. All this (although not without disadvantages) is eminently desirable; we need even more publicity in some places than wehave; and it has been the growth of representative government that hasgiven us the present measure of freedom and intelligence on the part ofthe public in discussing and criticizing their rulers. But the point is thatthis new state of things subjects the representative system to stresses andstrains which other systems have been able to escape. As one writer hasput it, "our critical generation of today clearly perceives the shortcomings of representative government, and modern freedom of discussionmakes these shortcomings a matter of universal knowledge." If representative institutions are to survive, they will have to meet the test ofpublicity which, by their very nature, they impose upon themselves.A fourth test is that which springs from the revolt against theegalitarianism of the later eighteenth century and the growing assertive-ness of the group as the basic unit in political organization and action.Perhaps this is a test of the kind of representative government to whichwe have been accustomed, rather than of representative government inessence. But if the pluralistic ideas with which much current politicalphilosophy is shot through gain final dominance we must expect to seean end of parliaments and congresses of the present sort and the emergence of a federalistic structure of control, through the medium of tradeunions, churches, professional bodies, guilds, associations of whatsoevernature. The pluralist denies the efficacy of parliamentary institutionsbased upon the predication of an ascertainable general will to which thewill of every individual citizen contributes one ten-thousandth or one-millionth part (as the case may be). He refuses to believe that satisfactory government can ever result from selecting a group of persons toNEW TESTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 277represent the wills of all — representing them for all sorts of questions,merely by majority rule, in a miscellaneous body such as a Chamber ofDeputies or a House of Commons. If the present scheme of representative government is to endure, it will have to demonstrate that it is notsubversive of the rational interests of rapidly growing numbers of group-conscious, and at present dissatisfied and incredulous, men and women.A fifth test to which representative government is in these days subjected is that arising from racial, religious, and cultural cleavages which,in many lands, so divide the people as to divert all political action andthinking from their proper courses. To a degree — as is evidenced by theturbulent history of the Swiss republic prior to the middle of the nineteenth century, this is not a "new" test. Nevertheless, it is a stress orstrain which has acquired a wholly new importance in post-war Europe.In some countries, indeed, it is now, perhaps, the most threatening ofall — for example, in Czechoslovakia, in Yugoslavia, in Rumania, wherelarge and important sections of the population are at odds with thedominant racial elements and the solidarity, tolerance, and mutual respect requisite for the successful functioning of democratic governmentare conspicuously absent.Time fails to speak of still other tests, or stresses, to which representative institutions are being specially subjected in these latter days.There is the racking strain imposed by the sudden, impetuous adoptionof a representative system by peoples unprepared by training and experience to receive it. You will at once think of China and Turkey, withwhose efforts toward democratic political reconstruction we can havenothing but sympathy, even while we speculate upon the effect whichthe experiments will have upon the repute and permanence of representative institutions generally. Equally serious is the case of a countrylike Italy, where the representative system was administered a terrificshock by the wholesale enfranchisement of a vast illiterate population in19 1 2 and is still staggering from the blow; or certain of the CentralEuropean and Balkan states (notably Poland and Yugoslavia) wherelarge elements of the population have yet to learn the fundamental lesson that in a democracy the individual must bow to the popular will, evenwhen it expresses itself in crude and unpleasant forms.Finally, there is the strain imposed in numerous European countries by certain direct consequences of the war. The dead hand of debtlies heavy on many peoples, and — whether in France or in Germany orin Austria — the satisfaction of men and women with their political system will at all events not be increased by the tax measures and other278 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfiscal policies that will be required. Furthermore, the new democraticgovernments of the defeated states must shoulder the crushing burden,and the equally crushing odium, of fulfilling peace treaties against whoseconditions the people rebel. There are reasons for thinking that even inthe case of Germany this is the most serious present obstacle to thestability of the new political order.In thus calling attention to some of the newer and weightier difficulties with which representative government has to contend in our time(over and above the stresses and strains inherent in its very nature), Ihave no intent to play the role of an alarmist. I am not impressed overmuch by the literature of despair in which the prophets of doom — DeanInge, for example — portray a civilization in the act of committing politicaland social suicide. I seek merely to direct attention to the fact that in aperiod of ferment, criticism, and reorientation, when on every side matters once considered axiomatic are being feverishly re-examined, thefoundations of government have not escaped — and could not be expectedto escape — searching scrutiny. I mean only to point out that there arepractical conditions which make the task of representative governmentmore difficult today than in the past; that throughout the world, intellectual, moral, social, and economic forces are at work which, if theywere to prevail, would cast our political life — for better or for worse —in a mold very different from that with which we are familiar. I desireonly to suggest that these fateful circumstances summon the political scientist to new zeal and ingenuity in research, the law-maker, the administrator, and the judge to new standards of prudence and vision, the citizento new solicitudes and exertions for the society of which he is a part.I close, as I began, with a disclaimer of any intent to prophesy. Thefuture of representative government is on the lap of the gods. If weaccept the theory of cycles in politics subscribed to by Aristotle, Polyb-ius, and a long line of the world's most illustrious political philosophers,we will probably be forced to the conclusion that the representative system is doomed to pass, or at least to suffer metamorphosis. We are notobliged to accept the cycle theory. But what we cannot escape is that inthe world's great laboratory of politics, ruminations and experiments aresteadily going on which may at any time, with no consultation of yourwishes or mine, turn our political course in any one of a dozen differentdirections, and that no plan or scheme or form — however immutable itnow appears — is to be regarded as fixed, or final, or eternal.I would be the last to deny that representative government at itsbest is often a sham and a disappointment, and at its worst a paradiseNEW TESTS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 279for demagogues and knaves. But we have it today, on more or lessgenuine lines, throughout most of the civilized world; the experience ofgenerations has not disproved that it contains the capacity to serve theordinarily accepted ends of government; no practicable substitute is insight which promises better things; and it is admittedly susceptible ofunlimited readaptation and development, and is, in fact, being readaptedand developed (for example, in striking applications of the proportionalprinciple) under our very eyes. Unless we are prepared to give up thenotion that the people should ultimately control the instrumentalities oftheir government, we are bound to conclude that, so far as we can seeahead, human happiness and well-being are largely dependent upon theeffective functioning of our present representative system, in our presentpolitical state. To discover how this system can be sustained, improved,and made to eventuate in good government — to develop democracy qualitatively as much as we have extended it quantitatively — is one of thehigh tasks of our generation. For the performance of this task, I bespeakyour best intelligence and most whole-hearted effort.THEVICE-PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1I. THE CONVOCATION ORATOROn behalf of this assembly, it is my privilege to thank the orator ofthe convocation for his important contribution toward a better understanding of the political system under which we live. He has long beenknown to all students of political science as a learned and productivescholar, an authority in the field of government. He has been a memberof our staff during the first term of this present Summer Quarter, and hehas added to our debt by giving to us today this additional service. Infact we have been drawing heavily upon our sister University of Wisconsin this summer.II. DEATHS OF COLLEAGUES AND DONORSWe recall today with reverent memory and affection two of our colleagues and two donors, who have died during the quarter now closing.Dr. George Fred Sutherland, a member of the Faculty of Rush MedicalCollege, and staff physician at the Presbyterian and Chicago Memorialhospitals, died August 1 6, 1925, at the age of thirty-four. He was botha Doctor of Medicine from Rush, and a Doctor of Philosophy from theUniversity, and at the time of his death was Clinical Associate in theDepartment of Pediatrics. Unusually scholarly and capable in research,reserved in manner, of high character, an enthusiastic investigator andworker in his field, he was regarded by his colleagues as a man of knowledge and promise.Dr. John Edwin Rhodes, Professor Emeritus of Laryngology andOtology, died at his home in Chicago, September 2, 1925, at the age ofseventy-four. Dr. Rhodes was born February 12, 185 1, at Bath, Ohio,was graduated from the old University of Chicago in 1876, and receivedhis Master's Degree from the same institution in 1879. Rush MedicalCollege conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1886,and he had been an active member of its Faculty from 1891 until his1 Read at the One Hundred Thirty-eighth Convocation of the University, heldin Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, September 4, 1925.280THE VICE-PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 281retirement last year. Together with Dr. Norman Bridge he published ahistory of Rush Medical College in 1896, and had been historian of thatcollege since that date. He was personally highly esteemed by his colleagues and by all with whom he was associated as teacher, physician,and neighbor.Miss Helen Culver died at the home of her nephew, Mr. CharlesHull Ewing, Lake Forest, on August 19, 1925, at the age of ninety-three. Born in Little Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York, March23, 1832, a descendant of Edward Culver of the early New Englandemigrants, she came to Chicago in 1852, and was appointed principal ofthe primary department of School No. 6. After nursing service in theCivil War, she became associated with her cousin, Mr. Charles J. Hull,who was for a considerable time a member of the Board of Trustees ofthe old University of Chicago, and at his death in 1889, she inheritedhis property— the conservation of which during a difficult period hadbeen largely due to her courage and business ability. Miss Culver regarded this gift as a trust to be devoted at the proper time to some greatpublic service. In 1895, the University had no buildings for the important biological departments. Mr. Rockefeller had just made a gift of onemillion dollars together with the offer of two additional millions provided a like amount could be obtained from other sources. In those daystwo millions of dollars seemed a very large sum to seek, and it was almost hard to say whether the conditional gift of this magnitude awakened more hope or apprehension. "It was," says Dr. Thomas W. Good-speed in his Story of the University of Chicago, "like a sudden flood oflight breaking through the clouds of a dark day, when, unsolicited, MissCulver offered one million dollars for buildings and endowments for thebiological departments." The Hull Laboratories of Zoology, Anatomy,Physiology, and Botany are a lasting monument to one part of this greatgift. The researches that have been prosecuted in these buildings andthe students who have here found guidance and encouragement for livesof usefulness attest her wisdom, and the largeness of her vision. Shewas keenly sympathetic with many good causes in the fields of socialservice and social reform.Mr. Victor F. Lawson, who died August 19, 1925, having nearlycompleted his seventy-fifth year, was not directly connected with theUniversity. He was, however, in his lifetime a warm friend and liberalgiver to the Chicago Theological Seminary, which is affiliated with theUniversity and co-operates with the Divinity School in its instruction.In his will, he has made very large provision for Chicago Theological282 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSeminary. Taken in connection with the recent gifts of buildings andendowment to the University for the Divinity School, this gift will makepossible a great seat of theological study and religious education.Mr. Lawson was a great citizen. He made his vocation as publishera power for good. He was active in promoting civic welfare and international good will. A sincerely religious man, he desired through the education of religious leaders to make religion a greater power in the heartsand lives of men.III. GIFTSThe following gifts have been reported to the Board of Trustees ofthe University since the last Convocation:The Commonwealth Fund has appropriated $20,000 for the investigation of the seventh- and eighth-grade systems, under the direction ofProfessor Charles H. Judd, director of the School of Education, and$12,000' for an analysis of the teaching profession, under the directionof Professor Wallace W. Charters.The General Education Board has appropriated funds to supplement those of the University to enable the recently-appointed membersof the Medical School Staff to pursue studies in Europe.The E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company has renewed its fellowshipof $750, to be awarded to a student in the Department of Chemistry.This is the sixth time this Fellowship has been provided.Mrs. L. F. Rondinella of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has presentedthe University with a large photograph of Mr. Charles T. Yerkes, thedonor of Yerkes Observatory at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.The Quadrangler's Club has contributed $3,000 to create the "Quad-rangier Scholarship." The income from this fund is to be devoted tothe payment of the tuition fees of an undergraduate woman.Dr. Frank Billings, so frequently a contributor to University funds,has given $25,000 as a permanent endowment of the Frank BillingsLibrary, which he gave to the University in 1920, and which will behoused in the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital. This is in addition to agift of $5,000 made through the Development Committee.Professor Ira M. Price, who is retiring from active work in the University after a period of thirty-three years of service, has given $10,000to the University, the income eventually to be devoted to the DivinitySchool. Mrs. Price has also pledged $5,000 additional for some purposein connection with the Divinity School.Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., has once more shown his deep interestin the Oriental Institute and its investigations conducted under the direc-THE VICE-PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 283tion of Professor James H. Breasted. He has just given $5,000 to coverthe cost of an electric light plant to be installed in the laboratory of theChicago House at Luxor, Egypt. Mr. Rockefeller has also pledged$215,000 for the researches to be made amid the ruins of Megiddo, theancient Armageddon. Members of Professor Breasted's staff have already left for the site of the proposed excavations, work on which, doubtless, will consume at least four years. The same generous donor has provided $25,000 for the purchase of the famous collection of sarcophagiand other Phoenician monuments made by Dr. George A. Ford and nowstored at Sidon, Syria.Dr. John Edwin Rhodes, a graduate of the old University of Chicago, and for many years a member of the faculty of Rush Medical College, whose recent death has already been announced, had previouslygiven to the University his instruments and the equipment of his officefor use in the Albert Merritt Billing Hospital.Associate Professor and Mrs. Warder C. Allee have created a fundof $500 as a memorial of their son, who was killed by an accident in1923. The income is to be used to buy books for the library of the Elementary School.Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., has placed in the hands of the University securities of the market value of $1,000,000 for endowment ofthe Divinity School. In announcing this noteworthy gift Mr. Rockefeller's secretary wrote to Dean Shailer Mathews:Mr. Rockefeller, Jr., is happy to share in the development of the Divinity School,which you and your associates are conducting so usefully. We all wish that President Burton could have lived to see the comrjletion not only of the amount for theDivinity School, but those larger sums for the other University purposes.There have been received from Mrs. Anna L. Raymond securitiesof the market value of $100,831.67 for the endowment of the JamesNelson and Anna Louise Raymond professorship, in connection with instruction or research, or both, in the Medical Schools of the University.The total amount of new pledges received to the credit of the Development Fund since June 15, 1925 is $167,311.35.TV. ATTENDANCE DURING THE SUMMER QUARTERThe total attendance during the Summer Quarter has been 6,613,which as contrasted with that of a year ago shows a gain of 314. Thelargest previous registration in the summer was in 1922 when it reached6,460. The registration this present summer is, therefore, 153 greaterthan the largest previous registration.284 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMore significant than the total registration is the increase in the proportion of graduate students. In 1922 the total registration in the graduate-schools of Arts, Literature and Science was 2,673, as compared with3,148 this present summer, and 2,873 a vear ag°- Furthermore, thenumber of graduates in the professional schools of the University hasalso increased, so that whereas the total undergraduate registration thisyear of 2,763 shows a slight loss of 11, 'as compared with last year, thetotal graduate registration in the various schools is 3,850, a gain of 494over last year, and of 597 as compared with our maximum year for totalattendance. The number of degrees conferred today has been 519, ascompared with 480 a year ago. The most important increase is in thenumber of Masters and Doctors — the numbers of Masters 185 and ofDoctors 64, an increase of 3 and 13 respectively over a year ago, are thelargest yet reached.It is of interest to note also the large number now members of ourfaculties and connected with our educational administration. The members of our faculties now number 632, exclusive of those recorded as Assistants and Clinical Assistants. In addition there are thirty membersof our library staff, and fifty-three others connected with the educationaladministration. Including Assistants and Clinical Assistants there arethen more than 800 engaged in our educational work.V. CHANGES IN FACULTYFew changes have been made in the staff in the quarter just past.It is, however, appropriate as a matter of record if not of information,to note the election of Dr. Max Mason as President of the University.Dr. Mason will formally begin his duties October the first. The factswith regard to his previous career have been so fully presented that it isunnecessary at the present time to refer to them. It is, however, pertinent to record on behalf of the Faculty its cordial appreciation of theinvitation of the Board of Trustees to participate in the selection of thePresident, and to extend to him on behalf of those present our cordialgreetings and best wishes.TWO GREAT BUILDING ENTERPRISES MOVE FORWARDDuring the last few months two ceremonies have been held in connection with the University's development of new building enterprises; adevelopment which is culminating this autumn in a most impressivemanner.On August 28 ground was broken for the University Chapel, thegreat structure which is to stand in the square bounded by 59th Street,Woodlawn Avenue, 58th Street, and University Avenue. The commencement of this work, which is to result in a building of cathedral designseating about 2,000 people and crowned by a tall tower, was attended bya simple ceremony in which religious feeling was manifest. An invocationwas pronounced by Professor J. M. P. Smith, following which a brief address was delivered by Vice-President James H. Tufts. Vice-PresidentTufts spoke as follows:"This life were brutish did we not sometimesHave intimation clear of wider scope,Hints of occasion infinite, to keepThe soul alert with noble discontent.— James Russell Lowell"The University from the beginning has had some place for publicworship as part of its regular activity. On the first day, students gathered in Cobb Hall for the first chapel exercises. For several years thenorth end of Cobb Hall was used for regular chapel service and Sundayvespers. I shall always remember a sermon by Edward Everett Hale, delivered there, on the old Puritan question and answer : 'What is the chiefend of Man? Man's chief end is to glorify God.'"Next, Kent was used for religious services and finally in MandelHall, dedicated in 1903, the University was able to establish the Sundaymorning service."I do not know how early the thought came for a great chapel as abeautiful and dignified place of worship. A letter from Mr. John D.Rockefeller written in 1910 expressed the Founder's desire that such achapel be constructed to dominate the University group and to expressthe spirit of religion which should ever guide the University.,"The chapel project was not undertaken at once. Just before the285286 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDworld-war, plans were prepared by the eminent architect Bertram Gos-venor Goodhue, but their execution was prevented by the war. WhenMr. Burton became president, one of his foremost objects was to developthe chapel plans. He held that the chapel, the only building which theFounder had given entirely, should be built, if possible, within his lifetime, and that it should be used as soon as possible."Conferences with Mr. Goodhue, and after his lamented death withhis successors, have led to the completion of plans for the structure forwhich we are to break ground today."The earliest religious building was the temple; not a church but ashrine for the god. The thought in the minds of men was that of adwelling-place for the Deity. Such was the Parthenon or the Temple ofMount Zion. When in place of a dwelling-place for the Deity alone,there was substituted a meeting place for worship, the builders lifteddome, roof, and tower until the very structure of the building symbolizedthe presence of Deity, and a building that should lift men's minds andunite their hearts. From the various university buildings as they servetheir various purposes, men may learn to heal the sick, to maintain justice, to advance knowledge, to enjoy association with their fellows; fromthe chapel they may learn to recognize a common humanity, to haveglimpses of a larger life, suggestions of the informing spirit which we asyet dimly understand. It shall serve to give a meaning and a purpose tolife; in its sorrows a hope; a guidance of divine inspiration for the tasksbefore us."Following Vice-President Tufts' remarks, James Spencer Dickerson,Secretary of the Board of Trustees, read portions of the letter with whichJohn D. Rockefeller accompanied the gift of $1,500,000 which he madein 19 10 for the chapel. Mr. Dickerson also read extracts from Mr.Rockefeller's letter in which he announced the discontinuance of his contributions to the University and his conviction that it should thenceforthbe "the property of the people" of Chicago and the Central West.A large model of the chapel, which had been brought to the site forthis especial purpose, was exhibited to the audience, who applauded thebeautiful and majestic outlines of the building-to-be. Howard G. Gray,First Vice-President of the Board of Trustees, officiated at the steamshovel with which the first earth was turned.On October 2 came the laying of the cornerstone of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital. Rapid progress had been made during the summerBUILDING ENTERPRISES MOVE FORWARD 287on the construction of the various buildings being erected for the Schoolof Medicine, of which the hospital and the Max Epstein Dispensary areunits of major importance. The audience at the laying of the cornerstone, including men prominent in the medical world as well as membersof the Faculties and Board of Trustees of the University, found themselves assembled among stone walls which already began to express themagnitude of the entire building enterprise.After prayer had been offered by Chaplain Theodore G. Scares, President Max Mason introduced as the speaker of the occasion Dr. HenryAsbury Christian, Hersey professor of the Theory and Practice of Physicin the Medical School of Harvard University. Dr. Christian's address ishere published in full beginning on the next page.SOME PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION AND MEDICALEDUCATIONBy DR. HENRY A. CHRISTIAN1BostonThe laying of a cornerstone is an occasion on which one's imagination as to the future is stimulated to activity and one's thoughts naturallyturn toward consideration of the probable future activity of the buildingwhose erection is to proceed. This structure, whose cornerstone we laytoday, is to be a hospital for the clinical activities of a graduate school ofmedicine, and it is a memorial to perpetuate for all time a name, AlbertMerritt Billings. Broadly speaking, herein lie the purposes of the structure to be erected on this cornerstone. The cornerstone itself, architecturally considered, is an entirely dispensable feature of a building and inno wise determines the character of the structure to be built in due seasonfollowing its laying. However, about a cornerstone center the ideas andsentiments which in future years will be the real expression of the purposes of the structure and constitute an undying memorial to the namehonored by the donors of the building.On such an occasion it may not be inappropriate to devote a littletime to the consideration of some problems of medical education and medical investigation. It is recognized very generally today that all great hospitals have three functions: care of the sick, investigation of disease, andeducation of all — patients, nurses, physicians, and surgeons — who passthe portals. Different institutions may stress in particular some one ofthese functions; no hospital, worthy of the name, may neglect entirelyany of this triad. A hospital is an indispensable unit in a school of medicine, be that school intended primarily for investigation or to educatepractitioners or teachers and investigators. The hospital constitutes afundamental difference between a graduate school of medicine and allother graduate schools inasmuch as it introduces into the problem thecare of sentient human beings in the guise of patients. It is an inescapable fact that the first concern of every hospital is the best possible careof its patients, whatever of the three great functions of a hospital is to be1 Address delivered on the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone of the AlbertMerritt Billings Hospital, held on October 2, 1925.288MEDICAL INVESTIGATION AND MEDICAL EDUCATION 289stressed by the particular institution. The hospital may select patients asit wills; once selected, patients must be given the best service possible ina form so personal that each patient feels that the institution is servinghim in particular. These facts must be taken into account in the selectionof staff from chiefs to subordinates, in the character and limitations of investigation, and in the methods of education.The ideas of the function of a hospital, expressed above, have been agradual growth over a long period of time, but it is only comparativelyrecently that they have come into general recognition. Perhaps the laypublic does not yet fully recognize them, though rapidly they are adopting this conception of a hospital. With the more general recognition ofthese functions of a hospital has gone a progressive improvement in medical education. Many factors undoubtedly have played a part in bringingabout these changes, and this is not the appropriate time to discuss them.At the same time, I do wish to emphasize one factor whose very greatimportance it seems to me has not been sufficiently recognized by criticsand prophets of medical education. I refer to the part played by thegreat medical men here in this country that were the leaders in medicineof the generation just preceding our own, to men like the elder Janewayin New York, Fitz and Shattuck in Boston, Osier in Baltimore, and yourown Billings here in Chicago, to mention but a few and only the internists of that large coterie of medical men who by example and preceptwere the leaders of the generation whose professional activity has but recently ceased. These men, more than any other influences, are responsible for our developments in medicine today. They had the vision, thecourage, the perseverance, and the character to do the work withoutwhich we would not be today where we are. They laid the foundations onwhich have been builded the present-day structure of medical educationand hospital organization. To them, rather than to critics of medicalschools and theorists in medical pedagogy, should go our grateful thanksfor present-day conditions. I often wonder, with many doubts I mustconfess, whether our leaders of today are of the caliber of these men ormerely shine by reason of the material equipment supplied by great philanthropists and foundations.As I imagine the future I picture two general types of hospitals: theone primarily concerned in the expeditious care of many patients, theother chiefly devoted to medical education and investigation. Both, itseems to me, will be quite different from what we now find developed inmost, if not all, of our medical centers.In the former, the ambulatory diagnostic clinic will play a large part,for diagnostic methods, though numerous and complicated, rapidly are290 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbecoming simplified so that they may be applied to patients who makeperiodic visits to the hospital at appointed hours. Many more patientsthan now will be taken into our hospitals who already have been completely worked up and are admitted ready for appropriate therapeuticprocedures. This study preliminary to admission, as well as that on thoseadmitted unworked up, probably will be carried out by a general diagnostic service whether the patient's future therapy is to be medical orsurgical or of other sort. Medical specialism here will have a decreasing import. Within the hospital, therapeutic measures of all types will be speedily instituted, and in a relatively short time, for most patients, they willbe continued in out-of-town branches somewhat of the nature of convalescent homes. Here surgical cases will spend much of the period necessary for convalescence from the therapeutic methods of the surgeon, andmedical patients will undergo regimes of dietary or medical or mechanicaltreatment, perhaps to be returned at intervals to the central hospital forsuch tests of function, etc.-, as cannot be carried out in the convalescentbranch of the institution. Easy motor transportation makes possible thisarrangement. The beds of such a central hospital will be occupied by eachpatient for a far shorter average period than at present; diagnostic workin large part will be done before admission, while convalescent care andobservational methods of treatment will be applied in these countrybranches, where, with the economic advantage of a lower land cost andless expensive construction, will be combined the therapeutic advantagesof fresh air, unobstructed sunlight, and nearness to God's green earth.Internes and resident staff will serve in rotation in all branches of thework, and surgery as such will be recognized as but a form of therapy,while either surgeon or physician will work in the general diagnostic clinicwithout regard to whether he is on surgical, medical, or special service,but rather as a man skilled in some particular diagnostic method whichwill form part of the basis of the final diagnosis. Investigation and education, too, will be part of the function of such a hospital, but its efficiency will be measured largely in terms of excellent and expeditious careof patients. I have merely outlined in general terms my idea of this typeof hospital of the future. Many details, of course, will be developed differently in different places. To my mind, most of our large hospitals willtake over this type; some already are being developed along these lines.In contrast, as in my imaginings I think of hospitals, will be theother type of hospital, the one primarily concerned in medical investigation and medical education. Here special types of disease will be admitted for study. Patients will remain much longer than in the formerMEDICAL INVESTIGATION AND MEDICAL EDUCATION 291type of institution. Resident and visiting staff will be larger in proportion to number of patients than in a hospital primarily concerned in theexpeditious care of patients. More staff members, possibly all, will devote their entire time to work within the walls of the institution. Thistype of hospital will have all of the equipment for diagnosis and care ofpatients found in the other type of institution, and in addition, extensiveequipment for the investigation of such problems as are chosen for study.No form of laboratory of the biological and physical sciences, no type ofapparatus should be foreign to such a ^hospital, provided the problemsstudied need them for their solution. Per capita cost for patients of necessity will be very high. In general terms, such a hospital will be a laboratory for the investigation of biological problems and needs to be organized much as an institute of biology, or physics or chemistry. Yet there isa very definite difference that never can be lost sight of. The hospital ispeopled with patients who require all the diagnostic and therapeutic skilland the best of nursing care found in the leading hospitals of the land.The staff will need all of the clinical acumen and judgment of the best ofphysicians and surgeons. Every problem should be so molded that thehumanity of the patient is the dominant idea which must determine andset the limits of methods of investigation. The ideal must be that nowhere will patients receive better care and more highly organized service.The investigator who in training and at heart is not a clinician is out ofplace in such a hospital and most assuredly should not rank high in thescheme of organization. Problems unconcerned with patients had best bestudied in the laboratories of pure science, not in the laboratories of thehospital. Workers in the hospital can profitably spend periods of studyin other laboratories, and always there should be close contact betweenall members of the biological, physical, and chemical institutes of theuniversity. Such a hospital not developed as an integral part of a university will be greatly hampered in progress. In general terms I have outlined my ideas of the second type of hospital. Its effectiveness will bemeasured, in large part, by its productivity in research.It is of this second type that the Albert Merritt Billings MemorialHospital proposes to be, and along these general lines needs to be organized. The University of Chicago, as I understand it from various of itsofficials and professors, intends to try a great, and on the whole a new,experiment in medical education, in which this hospital will be an integralpart, probably the most important part.The purpose of this school will be to train as the main productmedical investigators and medical teachers rather than practitioners.292 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMedicine is to be a graduate department of the University rather thana professional school. Organization and development will be determinedto that end. The number of students is to be small and particularly selected as potentially capable of development into investigators and teachers. The methods are to be those of the graduate schools of our universities.At once numerous difficulties will confront the organizers of such aschool. The best method of selection of students is a serious problem.The success of your experiment will in large measure depend on its satisfactory solution. For some years now a number of medical schools havelimited their student intake to those of particular collegiate training andof high rank. It must be confessed that no methods of selection so fartried out have proved to be very satisfactory. Our students of today certainly average better as the result of this selection, but many very mediocre men are admitted to all of our schools, and many medical educatorshave grave doubts as to whether the number of really brilliant studentsin our classes has been much, if any, increased by our methods of selection. More important than this is our ignorance of how many at presentwe exclude who, if admitted, would have far excelled those actuallychosen. You will need to find a better method of selection or else yourgeneral scheme may be doomed to failure. Very likely you will in succession try and discard methods. Instead of small classes, a very large entering class with subsequent reduction may be necessary, or the development of some type of honors school within a larger school may be needed.It is not my place to suggest a method. Merely do I wish to point outthat admission selection will be an important part of your experiment.As already intimated, size of classes will be another problem. Thevery obvious advantages of small groups of students in close contact withteachers may not offset the stimulation of association with a large bodyof students and the reduced probability of brilliant graduates incidentto small numbers. Teaching methods present a different type of problem,as yet not satisfactorily solved in any of our schools. Great freedom ofthe individual student will be desirable, for genius thrives in the atmosphere of great opportunities; and yet there are limitations to this freedom in medicine not incident to other graduate schools, for after all avery large proportion of your product will be either teachers of practitioners or practitioners themselves, and at least must be trained in theart as well as the science of medicine. As already pointed out, that partof your faculty concerned with the hospital must of necessity be skilledin the practice of medicine and capable of teaching its practical applica-MEDICAL INVESTIGATION AND MEDICAL EDUCATION 293tions. Moreover, change in the medical curriculum has been rendereddifficult by legislative fixation, an unfortunate result of the work of someof our standardizing bodies. All of this renders difficult any experimentin medical pedagogy which includes great freedom to the individual student, and yet the way out must be found. In these and many other directions your problems will be great, and how you solve them will be of theutmost importance to the medical world.Like any other experiment, an experiment in medical education willneed careful preliminary planning, the ability to recognize defectivemethods, and a readiness speedily to discard the ineffectual. Fluidity ofplan is of prime importance for success. Preconceived ideas, too long adhered to, may easily spoil all chances of success. Outside influences mustnot be allowed to dominate the experiment. Your leaders will need highcourage: the courage to go ahead with a well-conceived plan against theopposition of tradition, the greater courage to admit the failure of a pettheory and begin the trial of a new one, probably one evolved by another.It may even turn out that the entire idea of a rather small research hospital and a small body of carefully selected students will produce too fewbrilliant workers in medicine to justify the expenditures made, and therewill be a return to the plan of a larger hospital and a larger student bodywith especial opportunity for the particularly gifted of this larger group.One must confess that there is much to indicate that the small school hasnot quite measured up to its expectations.To your leaders should be left great freedom in the determination ofevery phase of your organization. The academic freedom of the institution is as essential as that of the individual. So far, academic freedom inexperiments in medical education has been hampered by two things:lack of means to carry out necessary steps in the experiment and lack offreedom to expend existing funds because of limitations set by donors. Iknow of no undertaking in medical education today not hampered by theone or the other of these factors. So I would say to all donors of funds tothis undertaking of the University of Chicago, Place funds in great liberality at the disposal of those selected to carry out the project, but leaveto them complete freedom in regard to all questions of method, organization, and equipment. To your governing bodies equally would I say, Accept not the gift hampered by any conditions as to use. To say "no" to adonor may be the part of great wisdom; a wisdom too rarely shown bygoverning bodies of educational institutions. Those you select as leadersobviously will have been selected because of confidence in their judgmentand ability. To place limitations on what they may do will be but an ex-294 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpression of suspicion and of lack of confidence, that can but rankle andmay mar the chances of the success of your experiment.In medical education of today the clinical departments are on farless sure a footing than the preclinical. For this reason the developmentof the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital in relation to teaching and investigation becomes the most essential factor in the success of your experiment in medical education and will be watched with scrutinizing criticaleyes. That you have voluntarily undertaken a very important problemall will recognize. Good wishes will follow you in the work. It wouldseem to your colleagues, scattered throughout this broad land of ours,that here on the shores of one of the Great Lakes, in a region in whichthe pioneer spirit is still felt, is a fitting place for such an experiment.May it not be that the waters that restlessly lap on that not far distantlake shore express the spirit needed by an institution of a new and untried type. Now tossed by a tempest brewed from dark and loweringclouds, again the incessant beat on the shore of waves generated by thewinds of the passing storm, now dark and angry as in a winter's day withicy blast and clouds of driven snow, once more quiet and serene in thecalm of a summer's day — such are the moods of the lake, ever changing,always varying, and yet constant, enduring, magnificent, a mighty forcecontinuously at work. From the changing activities of the lake, with itsreserve of enduring force, may there come an inspiration and stimulationto this institution which as the years go by will lead it in the paths ofprogress to the ultimate attainment of its goal, the finished preparationof many leaders in all fields of medical education and medical investigation. To this end may this memorial endure, a lasting tribute to the memory of the name it bears, Albert Merritt Billings.Following this address James Spencer Dickerson, Secretary of theBoard of Trustees, made a statement of the contents of the box depositedin the cornerstone. These articles included a copy of a letter from Dr.Frank Billings presenting on behalf of the Billings family $1,000,000 forthe erection of the hospital; letters from Dr. Billings, his brotherC. K. G. Billings, C. H. Ruddock, and other members of the Billingsfamily pledging contributions for the hospital; letter from Dr. Billingsconveying his private medical library to the University; photographs ofdonors and of the four presidents of the University; copies of officialUniversity publications and of a number of important works on medicalsubjects by members of the University Faculty; copies of Dr. T. W.MEDICAL INVESTIGATION AND MEDICAL EDUCATION 295Goodspeed's histories of the University; copies of Chicago daily newspapers.The stone was laid by Dr. Frank Billings, who first delivered a briefaddress in commemoration of Albert Merritt Billings (in whose memorythe hospital is being built) , and referred also to the work of PresidentsHarper, Judson, and Burton in behalf of the University's great projectfor medical education.DR. BILLINGS' ADDRESSAlbert Merritt Billings was born on April 21, 1814, at Royaiton,Vermont, and died on February 7, 1897, at Chicago, Illinois. He was ofthe seventh generation of New England ancestors. Collateral branchesof the family included two men of great prominence in American politicsand American medicine respectively: Stephen A. Douglas, who donatedthe land for the site of the first University of Chicago, and Colonel JohnShaw Billings, Med. C. U. S. A., who founded and established the UnitedStates Army Medical Library and Museum and the Index Medicus, andwho was director of the conjoined libraries of New York City at the timeof his death.Albert Merritt Billings was a man of magnificent physique, a notable and imposing personality. His life was devoted to the organization,development, and administration of large industries. He received excellent practical training during his youth in New England, and amongother activities, he conducted a stage line from New Hampshire pointsinto Boston. The great Middle West attracted him, and in the fifties ofthe last century he became interested in and took a prominent part in theconstruction and development of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. PaulRailway between Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien. At a later period hetook a prominent part in the development of the Missouri Pacific Railway and in the construction and building of the elevated railways ofNew York City; and in the latter years of his life, he took over and modernized the tramways of Memphis, Tennessee.His chief work for fifty years was in the development of the PeoplesGas Light and Coke Company of Chicago, and he lived to see this company take over the other gas-light companies of the city and develop intothe great public utility of the present day. He was alive to the development of the arts and industries and applied all practical new discoveriesin the manufacture of gas and electromotive force to his street railways.Like his New England ancestors, he inherited and maintainedthroughout his life an unostentatious, simple method of conduct in his296 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhome and public life. He was a religious man, an earnest student of theBible, and in New England and in Chicago on a few occasions he occupied the pulpit as a lay interpreter of the gospel.Albert Merritt Billings was one of the group of pioneers who by well-directed energy, great constructive ability, and broad-minded policieshelped to make Chicago one of the great cities of the world. His accomplishments make him worthy of a lasting memorial in this city of hisadoption. But it is not alone the accomplishments of his life which animated the living members of his immediate family, and me his nephew,to subscribe to the fund for the construction of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital. We believe that he deserves a memorial which will exemplify the visions and ideals which dominated and characterized hisconduct in his business activities and in his private life. These qualitiesof mind and heart were expressed, too, by the ideals and the vision ofWilliam Rainey Harper, who conceived the idea of the development of agreat medical school or schools at the University of Chicago, organizedto carry on medical education on the highest academic standards, provide and conduct scientific research, and adequately and efficiently carefor the sick and injured. With the death of President Harper, the development of the medical schools of the University came to a halt. But thedivine fire kindled by President Harper was not extinguished; the smoldering embers were kept alive by the devoted Faculties of the Universityand Rush Medical College and President Harry Pratt Judson, by consistent and persistent effort to improve standards of medical educationand promote scientific research in the Middle West. And then that greatman, President Ernest DeWitt Burton, rekindled the fire and vivifiedthe ideals and great plans conceived by President Harper which gave anirresistible impetus and energy to the work of development and organization of the medical schools of the University.So today, this ceremony means not alone the laying of a cornerstoneof a beautiful building, but that it will afford opportunity for work whichwill typify the high ideals and the vision of President Harper in education, in scientific research, and in the care of the ill and injured.NORMAN BRIDGEDR. NORMAN BRIDGEBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDDr. Norman Bridge, on both his father's and mother's side, was ofPuritan and Revolutionary ancestry. The progenitor of the family inthis country was John Bridge who came from England in 1632, settled inCambridge, owned and lived on the land on which the Craigie House waslater built, where, still later, Washington established his headquartersand Longfellow made his home. John Bridge was an ancestor in whomhis descendants could not but take pride. He was a deacon of the churchfor twenty-three years, and was of such an exalted character and so connected with the beginnings of Harvard University, that in front of oneof the buildings of Harvard stands a bronze statue of John Bridge in theguise of a Puritan which was erected to his memory in 1882, the inscription telling of his "uprightness and usefulness." The Revolution stripping Colonel Ebenezer Bridge and Thomas Bagley, the two great grandfathers of Norman Bridge, of about all they possessed led them, after thewar was over, to make new beginnings among the hills of Vermont.Norman's father was James Madison Bridge and his mother NancyAnn Bagley. There were three children in the family, a brother, Edward,a year and a half older and a sister seven years younger than he. Norman was born December 30, 1844. His birthplace was a longish, rambling one-story building on a hundred-acre farm near the village of Windsor, which is on the west side of the Connecticut River about fifty milesnorth of the Massachusetts border. Much of the farm was hilly and unproductive. Norman's father owned only a part of it, the grandfatherBridge owning most of it, so that the family was not only poor, but hadlittle hope of improving its condition. But the children were sent toschool, had little hard work to do, enjoyed leisure for play and alwaysremembered their life in Vermont with pleasure. They never forgot thehills and forests and streams of their native state, and looked back on ahappy youth. One of the joys of the happy youth Norman rememberedshows that he had some mechanical and inventive genius. A few rodsback of the house on the farm was a small brook. When he was in hiseleventh year he built a dam across the brook, constructed a flume andat the end of this built a toy sawmill which worked so well that his par-297298 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDents exhibited it to the neighbors with great pride. But it so stirred thejealousy of the prize bad boy of the neighborhood that one night heutterly destroyed it and retiring to a safe distance, in a loud voice boastedof his exploit.The Vermont farm made a pleasant home for a small boy, but itheld out no promise for th£ father and Mr. Bridge decided to dispose ofhis interest in his few barren acres and try to improve his prospects onthe fertile prairies of Illinois. His parents who lived in another part ofthe same house begged him not to go. But he was yet a young man, onlyforty years of age and ambitious to improve his condition, and in December 1856 he took his family to De Kalb County, Illinois, and in thefollowing spring bought a farm of 260 acres near the western border ofthe county, a few miles west of the small village of Malta, about seventymiles west of Chicago. The farm was raw prairie. It had never knownthe touch of a plow. Along its southern line ran the right of way andtracks of the Iowa division of the Chicago and Northwestern railroad.It cost Mr. Bridge about $16 an acre, and was bought on long-time andeasy payments. A house of three rooms and a high attic was built, a pairof horses, a yoke of oxen and the other essentials were bought and thetwo boys, Edward fourteen years old and Norman twelve, proceeded tohelp their father break 100 acres of virgin prairie soil. The irresponsibledays of school and play were over and the toil of youth on a big, wildfarm in a new country began. This farm was Norman's home until hebecame a man. For some years school attendance was restricted to thewinter months. The rest of the year was devoted to the work of the farm.In later life Dr. Bridge came to feel that this life on the farm, which atthe time was drudgery to him, had been one of the most important partsof his education and to regard it as an invaluable discipline and preparation for the practical business of life. He loved to dwell on the numberof things a farmer's boy knew of which other boys knew little or nothing.He once made a list of more than a hundred tools and utensils thatfarmer boys in his day had to become familiar with before they werefifteen years old. To this he added a list of processes of nature and workcovered by one twelvemonth, a list almost as long as the other, and concluded that "other things being equal, a boy having such a training hasa positive lead in the grasp of things over the city boy who has beendeprived of it."There were few books in the Bridge home and most of these like theBible, Dictionary, Young's Night Thoughts, and Clarke's CommentariesDR. NORMAN BRIDGE 299had few attractions for a boy whose school advantages had been limited.Two years after he went west Mr. Bridge brought his father andmother from Vermont to live with him and they remained members ofhis household during the rest of their lives. After four years he added afew rooms to the small house. A barn and other outbuildings were putup, more stock and tools were procured, the farm was fenced and thoughthe mortgage still kept them poor, life became easier. The Civil Warcame on in 1861 and the older son, Edward and an uncle enlisted. Theuncle was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and Edward received a slight wound which invalided him home for a few weeks. Returning to the army he went through many battles unharmed only to dieof disease in January 1864, at Larkinsburg, Alabama, while preparations were being made for the Atlanta campaign.Norman, thus left as the only son of his parents, was now nineteenyears old. He had been nearly seven years on the farm helping his fatherduring most of each year and attending school each winter. He had experienced a gradual mental quickening. This had, without doubt, beenin part occasioned by the stirring events of the war. The tragic developments of those years made the boys of that time readers. They wereeager for news. This they found in the newspapers and acquired thathabit of reading, which, once formed, the brighter among them neverlost. Norman Bridge was one of these. Interest in news from the battle-front was tragic in the mind of a boy whose only brother was with Grantand Sherman in their great campaigns. His mind awoke and he beganto cherish an ambition for an education. He found his way to the highschools of De Kalb and Sycamore, where he spent two or three winters,doing chores for his board. In the winter of 1862-63, when he was eighteen years old, he taught a country school for a few weeks, until a sickness overtook him from which he did not recover for three months.His winter in the school at Sycamore was the last of his high-schoolattendance and before the winter was fairly over at the end of February,the work of the farm called him home. Altogether he had given to high-school work thirty-three weeks, a little less than one school year. Butthe winter in Sycamore had continued his intellectual awakening. Theprincipal was a stimulating teacher who gave him some Latin and introduced him to Greek, and he began to think of a college education. Butthere was little to encourage him in that direction. He did not belong toa college-going family. No one of his relatives of his time ever went tocollege.300 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn 1864, when he was in his nineteenth year, he had an experiencewhich completed his intellectual awakening. His high-school days wereover and uncertain what to do with his life he had persuaded his fatherto allow him to spend the summer and autumn as clerk in the Sycamorepost-office. In October he attended a teachers institute and heard an address by Professor Metcalf of the State Normal School. Forty yearslater he said of that day:It is immaterial what the subject of the lecture was. It was the language which riveted the boy's attention and it was a revelation to his mind. The words were simpleand terse and chosen for fitness and perfect accuracy. Their temperance and precision were an inspiration to him. The result was that the boy awoke to a sense oflanguage as an instrument of expression that he had not dreamed of before. He hadbeen born to a new taste and it colored all his life thereafter.On this taste other tastes were built All this meant Scholarship Thus, from this simple incident dated themost far-reaching and beneficial changes in a human life.Another inspiring influence that came into his life at this time was Mrs.Abba Willard, a cousin by marriage of his father. She was a cultivatedBoston woman of literary tastes. She came at times to visit the Bridgefamily, recognized the promise there was in Norman, took an interest inhim and stirred him strongly, intellectually, socially, and in every way.It had long been apparent that he was not fitted for farm life. Hehad given many years to it and probably owed more than he knew to thatlong period of outdoor life when he was growing into manhood. But hewas physically incapable of continuous hard work on the farm. He hadbeen in delicate health from his childhood. He had not been able to joinin the rougher sports of his boy friends. He had frequent attacks of illness. Severe sick headaches often incapacitated him from work, and thisaffliction continued with him long after his youth was over. His digestive organs got out of order easily and this was a most serious handicap.With all these bodily ills he came to feel that the study of medicine wasalmost a duty. He did indeed think of the law, but a few chapters ofBlackstone convinced him that his genius did not point in that direction.He gave a few months to a fire insurance agency and having a naturalgenius for business, was doing well. Finding, however, that the attraction of medicine had become the dominant force in his life he gave uphis business prospects and in September 1866, after having spent morethan a year in private medical reading, which he carried on in connection with his business, he made his way to Ann Arbor, Michigan, andentered the Medical School.DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 301The elder Bridge, being still hard pressed to pay for his farm, coulddo little or nothing for his son, who had to live in the humblest way. Hejoined a small club of students who made an arrangement with theirlandlady that she should cook for them whatever provisions they bought.The fare was very poor, consisting largely of cornmeal. There wereeminent teachers, but the class was too large. Most of the studentshad enjoyed little or no high-school instruction, but in Bridge's estimation they "averaged rather high in forcefulness and character." The entrance requirements in the medical schools of that day, sixty years ago,were very slight. The year at Michigan ended about the middle ofMarch and by the end of that month young Bridge was in Chicago,entering the Chicago Medical College, which later became the Northwestern University Medical School. The school was then new, the classessmall, and clinical teaching which he very much desired took the placeof the merely didactic lectures of Michigan. The college, a two-storybrick building, stood on South State Street just below 2 2d Street. YoungBridge joined some other impecunious students who found rooms nearbyand boarded themselves. I suppose it was again a diet of mush and milk.They did their own work, Dr. Bridge, late in life, recalling that one ofthem, who afterward distinguished himself in his profession and as anauthor, Dr. Charles B. Johnson, "was a good fellow, besides being a goodcook and a fair dishwasher."Dr. N. S. Davis, long one of the foremost medical men and citizensof Chicago was president of the college. Among the professors was Dr.Edmund Andrews, almost or quite as eminent. It was a great piece ofgood fortune for young Bridge, when, a month after he began his studiesin the Chicago College, Dr. Andrews, professor of surgery, invited himto become his personal student and took him into his office at the northeast corner of Monroe and Dearborn streets. Old residents of Chicagowill remember that just across Dearborn Street, where now the FirstNational Bank lifts its many stories into the sky, the city post-officethen stood.Norman did two things for Dr. Andrews and his associate Dr. Sherman. He assisted them in much of their surgery, a thing of unspeakablebenefit to him. He was also their collector and as he always hated to aska man to pay a bill, even bills due to him, this was the worst kind ofdrudgery. A peculiar piece of good fortune, however, came to him in thelatter half of his year in the college.Dr. Andrews was one of the most devoted members of the Chicago302 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAcademy of Sciences which was erecting a (supposedly) fireproof building for its collections on Van Buren Street west of Wabash Avenue. Henow, in November 1867, suggested to young Bridge that he should try,in time borrowed from his studies and other duties, to reproduce inplaster the missing bones (about one-third in number) of two mastodonskeletons that had been dug up near Fort Wayne, Indiana, and beengiven to the Academy. All the friends of the Academy were anxious tohave the skeletons mounted before the dedication of the new building inthe summer of 1868, when the American Association for the Advancement of Science was to meet in Chicago. Leonard W. Volk, the Sculptor,gave the young student some suggestions and Dr. Andrews was his constant counselor. He worked faithfully, putting in altogether about twohundred hours. It was. a matter of pride to him that when the skeletonswere set up the casual visitor failed to distinguish between the real andthe manufactured bones. This interest and service made him a memberof the Academy of Sciences. Being always practically useful whereverhe was, he was soon made recording secretary and in that office servedthe Academy for many years. Of course, the great fire of 1871 destroyedthe fireproof building and its precious contents. Searching the ruins Dr.Bridge found "a fragment of one of the big bones," all that was left ofhis skeletons and his labors. But the work he had done, the interestawakened in natural science, the men the work brought him into connection with, all these things, growing directly out of Dr. Andrews' suggestion made this period most significant in enlarging his outlook and turning him definitely toward the educational and scientific career into whichhe entered.Graduating in the spring of 1868, Dr. Bridge immediately began thepractice of medicine, continuing as a family physician in Chicago until1 89 1, twenty-three years. His first office was on West Madison Street,not far west of the Chicago River. Three years later he was at the corner of West Madison and Peoria. He began in a very humble way. Ineach of the three offices he occupied on West Madison he says. "I sleptat night in a 'disappearing' bed and was my own janitor." In those earlyyears he still felt the call of home and the farm and in the summer of1867 he helped his father through the harvest. His father having beenelected town assessor, the doctor left his "practice" in June and assistedthe new official in making out the assessment lists. He found that hisfather had decided to sell the farm and try village life in Sycamore. Thefarm was sold in March 1869. Twelve years before Mr. Bridge hadDR. NORMAN BRIDGE 303bought the 260 acres for about $4,000. He now sold them for about$13,000. It is in one of the richest farming regions of Illinois and at thistime is probably worth six times as much as farmer Bridge sold it for in1869, or $78,000. Such has been the appreciation of western farm values.The father soon wearied of village life and made a long trip throughIowa looking for the ideal unimproved farm, having as Dr. Bridge tellsthe storya due proportion of woodland and prairie, running water, good soil and nearness torailroad and post-office. He travelled slowly with horses and buggy, and finallyfound such a farm near the little town of Scranton in western Iowa. He bought theland and he and mother began then, in April, 187 1, to make a new home; they builtfarm buildings and developed the property, and there he died in 1879, comparativelywell to do in his last years.Something ought to be said just here of two of the many friendshipsDr. Bridge contracted in his early years, which continued through hislife. They were with two brothers of a very exceptional family, sons ofa Methodist clergyman, Rev. Stone. It. was in Morris, Illinois, whilehe was acting as a fire insurance agent in 1865 that he met OrmondStone, who was then a young bank clerk. They became warm friendsand Stone tried to convert young Bridge from Universalism to his ownmore orthodox faith. He did not succeed, but they had many warm discussions on religious and other objects. This life-long friend becameProfessor Stone, a distinguished astronomer. He began his astronomicalstudies under Professor Safford at the first University of Chicago.Through him young Bridge became acquainted in 1866 with his brotherMelville E. Stone, who, as Dr. Bridge said in 1920, "has since becomeworld-famous in the newspaper field, and whose friendship I have hadand prized through all the accumulating years." Everybody knows thatMr. Stone's name is identified, not only with the founding of the ChicagoDaily News, but also with the organization and management of the Associated Press, which gathers and distributes news from all the world.Over Dr. Bridge's desk in Los Angeles, was a framed picture of Mr.Stone. Eugene Field, who was a writer on his paper, the News, and afriend of Dr. Bridge, on one of his visits to California came to the doctor's office and noticing the picture he wrote his own name on a slip ofpaper and pasted it under the picture where it was allowed to remain aslong as that eccentric genius lived.The medical colleges in Chicago of the period of which I am nowspeaking were founded and sustained by physicians. They had no endowments. The fees of the students were not large and added very little3<H THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto the incomes of the instructors. Most of the professors, indeed, received no salaries from their colleges, and supported themselves by thepractice of their profession. It was a highly coveted distinction to belongto the faculty of a reputable medical college and added to the doctor'sprestige and practice. The abler physicians, moreover, felt the compulsion of duty resting upon them to advance the cause of medical science,to give the rising generation of doctors a medical education and to givethe public a better class of doctors. But every professor and instructorwas a practicing physician and gave the college such service as he couldspare from his practice. This was in many instances service of a veryhigh order.At the time of his graduation in 1868 Dr. Bridge was very young toenter on the responsibilities of a teaching position in a medical college,only twenty-three years old. The fact that he was appointed assistantdemonstrator of Anatomy immediately after his graduation is sufficientevidence that he already stood high in the esteem of the faculty, the leading members of which formed the board of trustees. But, as he himselflater confessed, his ambition was greater than his attainments warranted.At the end of the year his superior, the demonstrator of Anatomy resigned and Bridge expected to be promoted to the place. He was disappointed. A year or two later he was a candidate for the chair ofMateria Medica then vacant. The well-known Dr. Wm. E. Quine received the appointment instead. Dr. Bridge was, however, advanced toan assistantship to the professor of Anatomy.Women students were not at the time admitted to either of the existing colleges and when in 1870 the Womans Medical College was established Dr. Bridge was made professor of pathology in that institution.His three years of experience there led him to say nearly fifty years later,"The most attentive, business-like and serious-minded medical studentsI ever taught were women."In 1872 Dr. Bridge, still a young man, had won such recognition asa teacher that he was asked to apply for the chair of the Practice ofMedicine in Rush Medical College, the oldest and most famous of Chicago's medical schools. They had, at that time, a very curious custom.He was told that it would be necessary to lecture competitively beforethe faculty and students. There was only one other candidate and tosatisfy the faculty the two had to lecture twice each. Dr. Bridge wasawarded the place and began that connection with the college whichcontinued for more than fifty years, to the end, indeed, of Dr. Bridge'sDR. NORMAN BRIDGE 3^5life. He was twenty-eight years old, and as he lived to be eighty his connection with the college continued for fifty-two years. The College wasone year older than he was. It was founded through the efforts of Dr.Daniel Brainard in 1843 and began with a faculty of five men andtwenty-two students. The sessions were held in a small room on ClarkStreet. In 1844 its first building, costing $3,500, was built on the cornerof Dearborn Avenue and Indiana Street in the north division of the thenlittle city of less than ten thousand people. The college grew and in1855 the building was enlarged to accommodate two hundred and fiftystudents. In 1867 a fine new building, costing $70,000, was put up onthe vacant part of the lot, only to be swept away by the great conflagration of 1 87 1. Undismayed by this crushing blow the faculty, four dayslater, called the students together and went on with their lectures in theamphitheater of the old County Hospital, then located on Eighteenthand Arnold streets. The college soon secured a lot adjacent to the newCounty Hospital, on the corner of Wood and West Harrison streets andthen erected its third building at a cost of about $75,000, occupying itin 1876. Here it prospered for more than forty years. It had unexcelledclinical advantages in the great County Hospital and later in its closeconnection with the Presbyterian Hospital and had many men of thehighest ability on its staff. Not least among these outstanding men wasDr. Bridge. In 1873 he was lecturer on the theory and practice of medicine; in 1876 lecturer on the principles and practice of medicine; in 1881adjunct professor on the same subject; in 1882 professor of hygiene; in1886 professor of pathology; in 1889 professor of clinical medicine andphysical diagnosis; in 1898, after Rush became affiliated with the University of Chicago, professor of medicine; and in 1900 Emeritus professor of Medicine, after he had vainly sought to be retired. He had beenadvanced from one dignity to another in spite of the failure of his healthand his removal to California.Dr. Bridge was an able and attractive teacher. He began teachingabout the beginning of the modern era which has witnessed a tremendoustransformation in medical instruction and advances wholly without precedent in the progress and achievements of medical science. The medicalschools of the west were in 1872 without laboratories and the teachingwas almost wholly didactic, given by lectures which the students wereexpected to remember. Dr. Bridge tried to make the best of a methodhe felt to be totally inadequate by frequent "quizzes," or oral examinations, that he might be certain his students were really getting what he306 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas trying to teach and actually making it a part of their own knowledge. He thought these quizzes gave him an unenviable reputation forseverity. He tells a story of one young man who having failed to standthe test of a quiz said to the student sitting next to him, "That manwould quiz the devil on sulphur and corner him." But the doctor foundconsolation as successful graduates wrote back to him in later years totell him how much they had been benefited in their practice by thesefrequent quizzes.He loved to teach most of all by the clinical method, with the patientactually in the presence of the class, entering into a thorough physicalexamination, eliciting his symptoms, diagnosing the case and discussingthe necessary treatment. He rarely prescribed drugs. His main reliancewas on good regimen, a systematic course of diet, strict attention tohygiene, and the curing power of the normal forces of the body. In lateryears, writing of the substance of his teaching, he said:After lecturing one day against the prevalent habit of overdrugging the sick, one ofthe smart students sent down to me a note saying. "Do you really believe in thevalue of any drug?" My faith in a few drugs was never lost, but I was trying tothink and trying to lead students to think, what would probably happen to a patient(under initial study) if nothing was done for him but to protect him with goodhygiene, good care and rest. The unavoidable conclusion wTas that in more thanninety-five per cent of cases recovery would happen.One of his colleagues who had also been one of his students tells methat he was an attractive and popular teacher, very practical in his instruction, earnest and impressive, without being oratorical. He was dignified in his bearing, refined in manner, scholarly in his discussion, alwaysconveying the impression that he was thoroughly acquainted with hissubject. It is not to be wondered at that in a very few years Dr. Bridgewon his way into the front rank of the Rush Medical College faculty.There were about a dozen men in this group and they were known asthe executive faculty. They were a group of eminent men, Holmes, Miller, Lyman, Etherige, Haines, Bridge, Ingalls, Senn, Dodson, Billings,Hektoen, Belfield, and Herrick. Dr. Herrick says of these men:It was a great experience for a young man to have the opportunity of working inthis group. They were the most self-sacrificing, the most loyal, the most tireless andthe most enthusiastic group of men with whom I have ever been associated There was but one thing that controlled them, a scientific spirit of the highest type.They were controlled and they were urged on by the science of medicine. It was thecontrolling influence, the ruling passion of their lives. They were men of broadvision. They studied medical education, not in America alone, but, in France andEngland, Austria, and Germany. It was their desire and their avowed purpose tobring American medicine on a plane with the best.DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 307With this group of very superior medical men, eminent as practitionersand teachers, Dr. Bridge was continuously associated for many yearsuntil suddenly driven to the Pacific coast by the failure of his ownhealth.Meantime, however, he had passed as many years in the practice ashe had in the teaching of medicine. He became, on his graduation, whatis known as a general practitioner as distinguished from a specialist. Hewas a family physician. He began practice immediately after graduating in 1868. He found that acquiring a paying practice was a slow anddifficult business. He was, of course, very poor. He wore a full beardwhich made him look older than he was and gave confidence to patients.Dr. A. H. Foster officed with him at the corner of Peoria and Madisonstreets. Dr. Bridge said of this association:A unique bond of sympathy existed between us in the slowness with which the public discovered us as doctors. Foster was six years my senior, but had pink cheeksand a young look. He enjoyed telling how in my absence some patient of mine hadrefused his proffered services, remarking that he would wait for the "old doctor."Sometime in the early seventies of the last century Dr. Bridge became engaged to Miss Mae Manford, the daughter of Rev. and Mrs.Erasmus Manford who together published Manford' s Magazine, a Uni-versalist religious monthly. Miss Manford was a graduate of the Chicago High School and had taught in the Dore School for three years.They were engaged for many months before the young doctor's incomewarranted marriage. The fee he received for a temporary job as smallpox inspector for the health department just paid for a modest engagement ring. They finally married on an insufficient income on May 21,1874, and began boarding at 64 Throop Street, south of West MadisonStreet. But he was beginning to be discovered and his practice was increasing.On December 30, 1875, tne young couple set up housekeeping at 81Throop Street and for some years found the struggle to make both endsmeet very strenuous. But they had both been brought up in habits ofeconomy and thrift. The doctor's practice grew, and by 1881 they wereaccumulating a fund for securing a home of their own. At the end ofseven years after beginning practice the doctor had been able to afford ahorse and at the end of fourteen years two horses were required by thethe growing demands on his time and he was able to own them. In 1883they built their own home at 550 West Jackson Street, near AshlandAvenue. It was a two-story and basement brick structure, with rooms3o8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfor the doctor's office in the front of the basement, a house built as hedeclared "to last centuries," and intended for their permanent home. Dr.Bridge's reputation was now firmly established. He had patients in manyparts of the city. As his health was not as firm as it had been, he gaveup making ordinary calls and established a central office at the northwestcorner of Madison and LaSalle streets, where the LaSalle Hotel nowstands.Dr. Bridge was an able and successful physician. He was a genuineand forceful man and his patients respected and trusted in him. He wasfull of human sympathy and they learned to love him. I have been muchmoved in hearing a father tell of Dr. Bridge's devotion to his new-bornson. The birth had been very protracted and difficult. After it had takenplace and night came on the babe was seized with convulsions and its lifewas in grave doubt. The doctor laid it on a table and sat beside it allnight long occasionally administering very diminutive doses of a sedative, never leaving it until the crisis ended with the coming of the morning. He was that kind of a doctor and more than forty years has notdimmed the gratitude of those parents. As another successful physician,who knew him well, said to me, "he was an ideal practitioner." The well-known Dr. W. A. Evans said in one of his Chicago Tribune articles on"How to Keep Well" that Dr. Bridge was naturally good for sickness.He liked to be around sick people and sick people liked to have himaround. People felt better just because he called. That was because heradiated friendliness, hope and cheer.But Dr. Bridge was much more than a successful doctor and professor. He was a man among men, a Republican in politics and alwaysinterested in public affairs. In 1872 he united with Dr. T. D. Fitch inissuing the first volume of the Chicago Medical Register and Directory.It contained 305 names of physicians who were in good standing in theprofession and the sale of copies and the advertisements barely paid theexpense of publication. He always had a bent toward literary work andpublished occasional articles in the Chicago Medical Journal. In 1875the two rival medical colleges merged their two journals into the ChicagoMedical Journal and Examiner and of this publication Dr. Bridge wasone of the editors for twenty-seven months, and continued to be an occasional contributor to its pages. He retired from the editorship to devote himself to rather abortive efforts to establish a great medical libraryin Chicago in which he learned something of the sorrows and disappointments of men who solicit subscriptions for great public causes.DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 3°9In 1 88 1 Dr. Bridge was appointed a member of the Board of Education of Chicago and served three years. For two years he was presidentof the board and then declined a re-election. In 1886 he was appointedone of the three members of the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. The county judge Richard Prendergast appointed him to the republican vacancy. So well did he fulfil his duties that at the end of histerm he was reappointed by the judge and served until he left Chicago,covering altogether a period of somewhat more than four years. At theend of his first year of service he had been most unjustly attacked by oneof the city papers and zealously defended by the others. The submissionof the real facts brought a prompt and full apology from the offendingjournal.In 1885 Dr. Bridge was made a director of the Chicago Relief andAid Society, the great charity organization of the city in those days. Hetook a deep interest in this work. He was one of the few directors whoassisted the officers in the task of really importuning their friends andneighbors for this noble charity, which, like its still greater successor, theUnited Charities, was always in need of more money than it could raise.In this work his heart was deeply interested. For many years also he wasa member of the staff of attending physicians of the Cook County Hospital and of the Presbyterian Hospital.Thus Dr. Bridge came down to the year 1890 heavily burdened withpublic and private responsibilities. He was professor of Clinical Medicine and Physical Diagnosis in Rush Medical College. His growing practice had driven him to seek a central office inside the "Loop," where hispatients as far as possible called on him. He was a member of the Boardof Election Commissioners, of the Relief and Aid Society, and attendingphysician at various hospitals. He was still a young man, only forty-sixyears old. But he had arrived. He had achieved professional success andwas beginning to prosper financially.And then, all at once, a bolt out of the blue smote him to the earth.No, it didn't smite him to the earth. He took it standing up. I am goingto let Dr. James B. Herrick, who had been a student of Dr. Bridge andin 1890 was just entering into practice, tell the story. He called on thedoctor to thank him, as he relates, for the opportunity of making visitson two of his patients and to report what he had done. The older doctorhears the recital, approves of what has been done and requests the youngdoctor to see the patients again the next day, as he himself will be unableto make the visits.3io THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"Would you like to see some tubercle bacilli?" he asks. The youngdoctor looks through the microscope and comments on the large numberof bacilli and asks how Dr. Bridge is able to stain them so nicely. "Getthis book and it will tell you," says Dr. Bridge, and shows him the recently published Von Jacksch's Clinical Diagnosis. The interne gets thebook and a whole new world of clinical medicine is opened up to him.The next morning, the young doctor is talking to Dr. Bridge overthe telephone and is thunderstruck as he hears the words: "Take care ofthose two families of mine as long as they are satisfied with you. Andtake care of any of my people who may send for you, for in a few days Ileave Chicago never to come back to live here. The reason? You sawthe tubercle bacilli in the office yesterday. Those were mine!" A senseof the pathos and the tragedy of it all came over the young man, mingledwith a feeling of personal loss. But, as he thought of it then and as hehas thought of it since, the predominant thought has been one of admiration for the man who, confronted with what seemed a catastrophe, met itso philosophically, so uncomplainingly, so courageously.Dr. Bridge had not been entirely without warning. For two or threeyears he had had frequent colds and occasional slight blood spitting. In1889 he and Mrs. Bridge had spent four months in Europe in the company of their friends Mr. and Mrs. Melville E. Stone and Mr. and Mrs.O. S. A. Sprague. But this period of rest and recreation does not appearto have delayed the inevitable breakdown, which must have seemed tohim the end of his career. If our foresight were as good as our hindsighthow different this apparent disaster would have appeared. For instead ofbeing the end it was in reality the beginning of Dr. Bridge's career. Infact he had two distinct and widely different careers. He had lived usefully and moderately successfully in Chicago for twenty-two or threeyears. He was to live far more successfully and far more usefully fornearly thirty-four years in the land to which he "banished" himself.Dr. Bridge had before 1891 made two visits to California. The firstof these was occasioned by the precarious health of his friend and colleague Professor Walter Haines. With their mutual friend Frank Tobey,a trustee of the College, he attended Dr. Haines and his mother to LosAngeles. Leaving the doctor and his mother there, Bridge and Tobeymade a winter visit to the Yosemite Valley in February, 1882. The second California visit had been made in 1888 with his friends the Stonesand Yaggys. On this visit he was so charmed with the climate that, as heafterward related, he jocularly said to his friends one day that he "shouldDR. NORMAN BRIDGE 3Hlike to be just sick enough sometime to be compelled to come to California to live." But when that time came and he was compelled to drophis professional work, abandon his career and his home, and become perhaps a permanent invalid "he confessed that it seemed an "awful punishment." He did not go to California because its air was better than anyother for pulmonary tuberculosis. "Colorado, Arizona and New Mexicohad better reputations than southern California." But, as he said, thelatter "offered the elements of climate that seemed to me then, and haveincreasingly seemed to me since, to offer most hope, of recovery in suchcases, namely, such elements as make it possible to live an outdoor lifecomfortably at all seasons of the year. There is nothing medicinal in anyclimate; the same atmosphere surrounds the earth; but conditions thatfavor outdoor living are the best."The exiles selected as their future home the little village of SierraMadre back in the hills about six miles east from Pasadena. It ¥/as nearthe Sierra Madre mountains, looked down on the San Gabriel Valley onone side and Pasadena on the other, and seemed to them a "fairy spotof romance." There they built a house. Mrs. Bridge had so much architectural genius that the planning of this house and of all the four housesthey built later was committed to her. "It was a two-story frame structure, lighted by gas made from gasoline by an automatic machine in thebarn and heated by a hot water system." All Dr. Bridge's Californiahouses were provided with heat. But at that time most houses were not.Eugene Field, who had had experience of unheated rooms in Los Angeleshotels, greeted Dr. Bridge's first reappearance in Chicago, after his exile,with a newspaper paragraph to the effect that the doctor "had just arrived from California, ostensibly to deliver some lectures in Rush Medical College, but really for the purpose of getting warm."Free from the cares and worries of his old life and living out of doorsDr. Bridge soon began to improve. He had stopped in time, before hewas down sick and being a man of initiative and energy had to havesomething to do. He therefore opened an office in Los Angeles and traveled to it daily by rail. It was a diversion and furnished him amusement. But it quickly became something more than a gesture. Patientsbegan to come. He was a man who couldn't be hid. Interested in thepublic welfare he was soon made president of the water company of thevillage. He became a known man and patients came to him from SierraMadre and from Pasadena. As soon as his colleagues and friends in Chicago heard that he had opened an office they began to send him patients.312 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEvery case of tuberculosis sent away from Chicago by the large facultyof Rush was despatched to Dr. Bridge. He himself says,By the end of three years from our settlement in Sierra Madre I was nearly recovered and my practice in Pasadena and Los Angeles had increased so much that thelabor of attending to it made it necessary to move nearer. So we built a house inPasadena at ioo South Grand Avenue and moved into it in August, 1894 During our life in Pasadena we entered more or less into the activities of the city —social, educational, financial, and even political. Mrs. Bridge was busy in a quietway with her social affairs, gave some time to the women's organization of herchurch (Universalist) and more to the care and comfort of two remarkable women,our mothers. Our house was called by many of our friends "The House of the TwoMothers." We ourselves often called them "The Girls." They enjoyed each othergreatly, and enjoyed us, their two children, perhaps even more. My mother told aneighbor one day what a fortunate woman her daughter-in-law was to have such ahusband and my mother-in-law on another day told the same neighbor what a fortunate man her son-in-law was to have such a wife.Dr. Bridge's mother died in his home at eighty-five years; Mrs.Bridge's mother five years later at over ninety-two years.Dr. Bridge entered into the life of Pasadena as actively as he didinto that of every community of which he became a member. He soonjoined with other citizens in forming the Union Savings, later the UnionNational Bank, and was asked but declined to become vice president.Mentioning this incident to his friend Sprague he said he didn't see whyhis associates and others should persist in regarding him as a rich man.Mr. Sprague instantly replied, "Oh, it must be because they have employed you." And, as a matter of fact, Dr. Bridge was becoming muchmore prosperous than he had been. He had acquired a large and lucrative practice, which every year became larger and more lucrative. Hisprofessional standing became very high. Indeed Dr. Frank Billings saidof him in 1923, "He became the acknowledged head of the medical profession of Southern California." He served the poor and rich alike andwas never without many patients who could pay little or nothing for hisservices.In 1894 Dr. Bridge was made a member of the board of the ThroopPolytechnic Institute of Pasadena which developed into the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology. His intelligence, interest, and weight of character soon made him chairman of the board, a position he held for twenty-one years. He assisted Dr. Henry B. Stehman in originating and developing the tuberculosis Sanitorium known as the Vineyard, La Vina, a fewmiles northwest of Pasadena.It will be recalled that Dr. Bridge, in removing to California, hadDR. NORMAN BRIDGE 313not been permitted to sever his connection with Rush Medical College,Chicago. Within three years his health had so greatly improved that inthe autumn of 1893 he returned and gave a course of lectures to theSenior class, and continued to do this service for the college every autumnthereafter for the next thirteen years. This was done for the pure love ofteaching. It certainly cost him more money than he ever got out of it. Heexcuses himself for giving up these lectures by saying: "In the beginningof 1906, business interests in Mexico were engrossing my attention verymuch — interests that I was unwilling to neglect. For that reason lecturingin the college was not resumed, but my interest in the institution neverceased or lessened." I cannot forbear letting the reader hear how Dr.Bridge felt about teaching. This is the way he put it.It is a safe statement that of all the kinds of work I have ever done, teaching medicine has been the most enjoyable. The didactic teaching was pleasant, but not somuch so as the clinical. I would rather give a clinic on medicine — a study of a disease with the case of it before us — to a class of critical, inquiring students, presentby their own desire, than do any other piece of work in all my experience.His devotion to learning and his abilities were recognized in the educational world. In addition to lower degrees he received the Sc.D., theLitt.D., and from two institutions the L.L.D.Dr. Bridge had a natural inclination to write and publish. It was apart of his love for teaching. I have already referred to his publishing,in collaboration with Dr. Fitch, the Chicago Medical Register and Directory only four years after beginning his medical career. Three years before this, in 1869, ne nad become a regular contributor to the PrairieFarmer. The articles were devoted to questions of health, sanitation,and sickness. In five years he contributed to the paper nearly one hundred of these articles. As the years went on he was called on for essaysand addresses by clubs and societies of many kinds and in 1898 he began to publish collections of these papers in book form. Two yearsearlier, collaborating with his colleague on the Rush faculty, Dr. JohnEdwin Rhodes, he had prepared a valuable short history of Rush MedicalCollege, which was published in a large and handsome volume on Medical and Dental Colleges of the West. The first book from his own handwas called Penalties of Taste and other Essays. This was followed in1902 by The Rewards of Taste and other Essays. The following year hepublished Lectures on Tuberculosis. In 1907 the volume called HouseHealth appeared, and in 191 5 Fragments and Addresses. In 1920 he putforth a most interesting autobiography which he happily called TheMarching Years, and which has naturally given me most of the material314 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfor this sketch. Not all of it, indeed, for although he was nearly 76years old when the book appeared, the succeeding four or five years ofhis life were among the most significant and useful of his long career.It was not even his last book, for two years later, in 1922, a new one fromhis prolific pen appeared, Mental Therapeutics, containing eleven addresses and papers. While Dr. Bridge never attempted fine writing, thesebooks are exceedingly well written, so interesting and instructive, so fullof sense and useful suggestion, so practical and helpful in their aims thatthey are well worth a place in the library of any man. I have read allhis books and I know that these books are good. Dr. Bridge was essentially a teacher and his books are not only instructive, but so practical andon such practical questions (so many that I cannot here catalogue them)that they may be read over and over again with undiminished interestand profit. In addition to his books he wrote nearly or quite fifty paperswhich appeared in medical and other periodicals.In 19 10 after a continuous residence of sixteen years in Pasadena,Dr. and Mrs. Bridge moved to Los Angeles to live. The move was madein the interest of economy of time and energy for the doctor and for business convenience. He had entered into various business undertakings andwas becoming more and more involved in them. He was still in medicalpractice and his practice was constantly enlarging as his reputation forknowledge and skill increased. In Los Angeles he became identified withthe leading institutions of charity and education. He was one of thedirectors of the Barlow Sanitorium for early cases of tuberculosis. Hewas president of the Southwest Museum for four years. He was greatlyinterested in music and was a director of the Los Angeles Symphony,retaining at the same time his old relations with the Throop College ofTechnology and La Vina Sanitorium in Pasadena.He had indeed become a very busy man, with many irons in the fire.He was not only an eminent and highly successful physician, but developed business qualities of a high order. In the last decade of the lastcentury E. L. Doheny, a mining expert had discovered petroleum in theCity of Los Angeles, and the time came when hundreds of oil wells weredrilled inside the city limits. C. A. Canfield a former mining partner ofMr. Doheny became again associated with him. They came to be expertsin the new business, extended their operations into other parts of thestate and became leaders in the movement which made California one ofthe great oil producing states of the Union. With multitudes of othersDr. Bridge became interested in this new source of wealth opening be-•DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 315fore his eyes. He early received a lesson which he learned well and, being a highly intelligent man, the experience led him on to ultimate largesuccess. He invested $500 in a wild-cat well and lost it all. He says thistaught him "that if one wished to go into the oil business it ought to bewith people who understood it and who had a reputation for success atit." Thereafter he followed the lead of Messrs. Doheny and Canfield whohad developed a genius for finding oil and equal genius as successfulbusiness men. In 1900 they organized the Mexican Petroleum Company(a California organization) which acquired a tract of 450,000 acres fortymiles west of Tampico.E. P. Ripley, president of the Santa Fe Railroad, was the first president of the company and, having confidence in the able leadership of theconcern, Dr. Bridge invested $5,000, in the stock at the beginning. In1903 he was made a director. In 1906 Doheny and Canfield invited Dr.Bridge and Mr. Ripley to join them in developing a great new field alongthe Gulf of Mexico, fifty miles south of Tampico. This was the partingof the ways for Dr. Bridge. It meant that he would thereafter becomemore and more a business man and less and less a physician. The prospects of very large success, however, were so bright that he accepted theinvitation and the four men organized the movement which resulted inthe securing of vast tracts of land by long lease or purchase from privateowners and the organization of the Mexican Petroleum Company Limited of Delaware which was subsequently absorbed by the Pan AmericanPetroleum and Transport Company. The extent of Dr. Bridge's participation in the work of exploration and organization may be judged fromthe fact that in 1906 he made four journeys to Mexico with Mr. Doheny,"remaining sometimes for weeks, traveling on horseback, by water andrail, negotiating, exploring, arguing, learning, and having some adventures and dangers," and that they visited New York twice and Londononce, and were gone from home three-quarters of the year. The interestsof the company continued to make large demands on his time and energies and to withdraw him more and more from his profession. Hegradually became less and less a doctor and more and more a businessman. As all the world knows the Pan American became tremendouslyand increasingly successful. It had one well that "in eight and a halfyears had flowed some 90,000,000 barrels of oil that was saved, pumpedto our terminal near Tampico, and sold." Naturally enough Dr. Bridge'sinterest in this great company continually increased so that at the end3i6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof nineteen years he was a very substantial owner of its stock and cameto be a man of wealth.It would be supposed that, with the accumulating burdens of thisgreat business as one of the vice-presidents of the Pan-American andallied companies Dr. Bridge would have brought his activities as a physician to an end at an early date. But he so loved those activities that hecontinued them, though with gradually diminishing devotion, for manyyears. He journeyed to Chicago annually until 1 9 1 o to deliver his autumncourse of lectures in Rush Medical College. He maintained his office asa physician in Los Angeles until 191 6, when he removed his legal residence to Chicago. And he never lost his interest in the work of his profession. He was Doctor Bridge to the end of his life. He was essentiallya doctor as long as he lived.He was just as essentially a philanthropist. This was manifest inthe fact that he always regarded himself as the physician of the poor aswell as of those more fortunate. He always had a list of patients whowere quite unable to pay him fees. Those who were able he expected topay, even though they paid only a little. He did not encourage pauperism. But he loved to help people to help themselves and to put the sickpoor on their feet. He had a great contempt for physicians who had nopoor patients on their list, who refused to serve those who could not pay.It was one of the joys of his life that he always had such patients and thebest skill he had and the most devoted service was given to them gladly.He took a deep interest in philanthropic efforts and organizations. Ashis means increased, his heart did not shrivel, but enlarged. He contributed in ever increasing sums, as Dr. Frank Billings said,in the promotion of music, art, education, science, and the general welfare of thepublic. In Southern California he promoted art and science in assisting in the maintenance of the Southwest Museum. He promoted and helped establish the splendidSymphony Orchestra of Los Angeles.He gave largely to other institutions of Southern California such as theBarlow Sanitarium and La Vina, the tuberculosis home of Los Angelesand Pasadena.I am indebted to Dr. R. A. Millikan, chairman of the Administrative Council of the California Institute of Technology of Pasadena forthe following statement of his contributions to the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics of that institution.Dr. Bridge often expressed to his friends the conviction that he could make hislargest contribution to human progress if he devoted the major part of his energiesand resources to the very great educational needs and opportunities of SouthernDR. NORMAN BRIDGE 317California. His largest benefaction in this region was the founding of the NormanBridge Laboratory of Physics, to which he contributed all told during his life $640,-000, and in which the major interests of the last years of his life were centered.His original gift for the erection of a laboratory of physics consisted of $150,-000, pledged in 1920 to the Throop College of Technology, on whose Board of Trustees he had sat for twenty-four years. This was before the California Institute, as itis now known, had developed as an outstanding research and educational institution.About a year later, when he began to realize its possibilities, but before the buildingof the laboratory had started, he increased the sum provided for it to $250,000.After the first of the three units of the building which the original plan called forhad been completed, Dr. Bridge contributed $300,000 more for the immediate completion and equipment of the whole structure. A further sum of $90,000 was contributed by him for needs which developed later.Dr. Bridge's definite decision to make an outstanding contribution to the development of the California Institute as a research and educational center was made inthe spring of 1921, when he called me one Saturday morning on long distance fromNew York at the Ryerson Laboratory and asked me to take the Century Limitedand spend the Sunday with him in New York. It was in connection with that visitthat he outlined what he would be willing to do provided I would accept the directorship of the laboratory. At that time he told me that he was as much interestedin the University of Chicago as I was myself, but he thought that the place whereboth he and I could make the largest contributions to the development of the scienceof the country was in Southern California. He looked upon the Norman BridgeLaboratory as perhaps the most essential element in the building of the CaliforniaInstitute as a scientific school in which graduate work in pure science, especially inphysics, chemistry, and mathematics might be developed along with the applicationsof these sciences to the practical problems of life.In Rush Medical College of Chicago Dr. Bridge was interested formore than fifty years. His removal to California did not lessen this interest. Indeed as the years passed and the relations between Rush andthe University of Chicago became closer, his interest increased. As hiswealth increased his contributions to the college grew in number and inamount. When in 191 6-1 7 plans were made for the great medical schoolsof the University, which included Rush, and $5,300,000 were raised tocarry out these plans, Dr. Bridge contributed $130,000. When recentlythese plans took final form and Rush was made the post-graduate medicalschool of the University Mrs. Bridge gave $100,000 to make one story ofthe Rawson Clinical Laboratory, erected on the Rush block, the NormanBridge Laboratory of Pathology. Mrs. Bridge and her husband werealways of one mind in their philanthropic views and plans, and Dr.Bridge always regarded his gifts to good causes as his wife's gifts as wellas his own. They conferred together and together decided on theirbenevolences.The loss of an infant daughter, their only child, not only did not3i8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlessen but strengthened and developed the spirit of parenthood in thehearts of both, and led them to take a sympathetic and practical interestin other children. For many years they were accustomed to maintainboys and girls in preparatory schools and colleges until the number thusassisted reached a large aggregate.After Dr. Bridge had passed his seventieth year he and Mrs. Bridgecame to a great decision. They were without children and seemed certain to become the possessors of very considerable wealth. They were ofone mind in feeling that this wealth was a trust to be devoted to thehighest good of their fellow-men. They felt that their purpose could bemost certainly assured by leaving it to great institutions of education andcharity. But they found that they could not carry out their philanthropicplans and remain citizens of California, which had been their home fortwenty-five years. In The Marching Years Dr. Bridge says thatUnder the laws of California it was impossible for one to make a legal will givingmore than one-third of his gross estate to institutions. This was a condition wewere no longer willing to be bound by, and we were unwilling to try to evade thelaw by such subterfuges as were often resorted to.They wished to devote substantially their entire estate to greatphilanthropic uses and that they might be free to do this transferredtheir legal residence from California to Illinois. They, therefore, returnedto Chicago. The late Marquis Eaton, Dr. Bridge's long-time friend andlawyer, told the story of this change of residence as follows :His removal from California became inevitable when its legislature decided againstan amendment to the then existing law governing testamentary provisions for philanthropic agencies. Not the one-third only, then permitted by law, but substantiallyall of the doctor's fortune was destined, in the view of Dr. and Mrs. Bridge, for institutional, as distinguished from individual, beneficiaries. They were faced with thealternative of surrendering either their philanthropic purposes or their Californiaresidence. Of necessity they chose the latter as the less distressing. When a few yearslater the California legislature, with great wisdom, removed to a substantial degreethe restrictions on such testamentary dispositions, Dr. Bridge, at my request, reviewed, with the aid of his Los Angeles attorneys, the question of a resumption ofhis California residence. Although that review comprehended the fullest consideration of the favorable developments under the California law and the less favorabletrend of the Illinois statutes the doctor's decision to maintain his Illinois domicileremained unshaken.Dr. Bridge wrote in The Marching Years,In 1 916, on the advice of my attorneys, I resigned from the boards of five institutions in California, the Throop College of Technology, the Southwest Museum, theLos Angeles Symphony, the Barlow Sanitorium and the La Vina Sanitorium inPasadena. The reason for this was no loss of interest in these most worthy institu-DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 319tions, but merely to add authority by this act to the change of legal residence toChicago which Mrs. Bridge and I had made in 1915.They continued to spend their winters in their old home in Los Angeles,which was kept open the year round. A part of each year they spent inChicago, having in the later years a permanent suite of apartments inthe Drake Hotel with their own automobile. As Dr. Bridge was a vice-president of the Pan-American and allied* companies, several months ofeach year were spent in New York City, when he went daily to the headquarters of these companies, where he had his own office. In New Yorkalso he maintained his own automobile.Dr. Bridge's will was written by Marquis Eaton in 191 7. It wasnever rewritten though several codicils were added to it. In its finalform it made bequests to many relatives and friends. The income of theentire estate was left to Mrs. Bridge and she was also named as executrixof the estate.The will left $10,000 in specific bequests to the Chicago Home forIncurables, $10,000 to Northwestern University, $10,000 to the University of California, and $2,000 to the Second Universalist Church ofChicago, of which Dr. and Mrs. Bridge were members. All the rest ofthe estate, amounting to several million dollars was left in trust to theContinental and Commercial Trust and Savings Bank of Chicago to bedistributed on the death of Mrs. Bridge to the following five institutions,"in equal parts and shares," the University of Chicago, for purposes ofmedical education, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles,the Southwest Museum of Los Angeles, the Barlow Sanitorium of LosAngeles, and La Vina, the tuberculosis sanitorium of Pasadena.What these institutions will receive from these bequests it is, ofcourse, impossible to foretell. But the will was the joint work of Dr. andMrs. Bridge, who planned their philanthropies together. The estate isin the hands of Mrs. Bridge, who with the advice and assistance of thebank which is the trustee, will manage the estate with such wisdomand fidelity as to make it yield the utmost possible to these five institutions. Mr. Eaton well said:In naming Mrs. Bridge as the Executrix the doctor sought to assure an administration of his estate under the direction of the person who, throughout his lifetime hadbeen his confidant and partner in every philanthropic enterprise, and who sharedwith him from their marriage day those enthusiasms for research and sound education, particularly in the medical field and for the humane, health-giving care of thesick, which are so abundantly evidenced in the terms of the doctor's will.320 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn May 21, 1924, Dr. and Mrs. Bridge celebrated their golden wedding. Informally at home to nearby friends, they received hundreds ofmessages of affection from others all over the country. Mr. AdolphZandler composed and his trio played a melody for the occasion. Manypoems were offered in congratulation and the newspaper tributes werenumerous. The Pasadena Star-News said in an editorial. "Golden indeed is the fiftieth anniversary of a happy wedding. Many friends hereand throughout Southern California congratulate Dr. Bridge and hisestimable companion upon their happy domestic life and upon reachingthis interesting milestone together."On this anniversary Dr. Bridge was asked to give his recipe for ahappy married life. The Los Angeles Examiner quoted his reply as follows: "Activity and a keen interest in the varied channels of life is apart of the secret of fifty happy wedded years, and a close and steadfastcompanionship with your life partner is another essential."The death of Dr. Bridge occurred on January 10, 1925, eleven daysafter his eightieth birthday. He had received many tokens of remembrance and affection on that anniversary, but none more delightful tohim than that given him by the Sunset Club. He was during his life amember of many scientific and medical associations and no less thanfifteen clubs in several cities. To the Sunset Club of Los Angeles he wasgreatly attached. Its members, some seventy "congenial spirits of manyprofessions and occupations," were greatly attached to him and surprisedhim, at a meeting held on his birthday, at which through Mrs. Bridge'smanagement they had secured his presence, by presenting him a lovingcup as a token of their admiration and affection. A day or two later hewent to the Institute of Technology and heard Dr. R. A. Millikan address the students. This was his last appearance in public. On his return home he was stricken with an intestinal trouble by which he hadoccasionally been attacked for years and which now within a week, butwith little suffering, ended his useful life.The many tributes of the press to Dr. Bridge spoke with unanimityof his great intellectual attainments, his magnificent philanthropy, hisfame as a medical authority, and his lofty character. Various memorialservices were held in Los Angeles and Pasadena and a beautiful chancelwindow in his Pasadena church was dedicated to his memory. His bodywas buried in Chicago on Saturday March 7, after a funeral service inthe St. Paul's Universalist Church, at which addresses were delivered byPresident E. D. Burton of the University of Chicago, Dr. James B. Her-DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 321rick of Rush Medical College, Rev. Dr. L. B. Fisher, and the pastor ofthe church, Dr. L. W. Brigham. Many men eminent in education, medicine, law, and business were among the honorary pallbearers.Among the many tributes to his memory none portrayed his character and career more felicitously and justly than that of his fellow-directors of the Pan-American Company, who among other things said :Norman Bridge was an unusual man. Physician, friend, counselor, associate inthe creation of our enterprise, wise philanthropist, benefactor of great causes, notededucator one in whom was harmoniously blended the sound, practical common senseso characteristic of the stock from which he sprang, together with a fine idealism forthe honorable advancement of his country and his fellow men, his memory is enshrined in the affections of an army of men and women.His career well illustrates how dimly man foresees his future.He came to California thirty-four years ago almost at the point of death ; he remained to live a life more full and ample than ever he had lived before.He came seeking help; he lived through a distinguished career of helpfulness toothers.He arrived in California a poor man, with seemingly but slight chance of further personal achievement, and died crowned not only with worldly prosperity, butwith that greater success that springs from giving rather than from getting.They speak of "his smiling kindliness, his serenity, his courage, hisoptimism, his unfailing loyalty to his associates.""But," they continue,when all that words may embody has been uttered, the spirit of the man must stillelude description. That undefined, indefinable thing — personality — that makes a human being respected, revered and loved as was Norman Bridge, above his fellows,will, although always remaining within the memory of the living, never be withintheir power to portray.A great and good man had passed away. One who knew him well,an able and discriminating man said of him. "He was the greatest manI ever knew intimately." He went on to say that he not only had a greatgenius for friendship, but an equally great genius for learning. He wasalways seeking to add to his fund of knowledge. Great as he was, he¦was the most teachable of men, proceeding on the supposition that everyone he met could teach him something, whether it was an office boy orthe president of the United States. But the greatest thing in Dr. Bridgethat appealed to this close friend was his genius for service. "He thoughtnothing of money except in terms of service." As illustrating what hemeant this friend told the following story. He happened to mention inthe presence of Dr. Bridge and others the case of a nurse who had falleninto a decline which her physician could not understand, which 'had soprogressed that she had been compelled to give up her work and was322 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnow with her mother, of whom she had been the chief support, hopelessof recovery, and waiting for death. He learned afterward that later inthe same day Dr. Bridge had called up the girl's doctor and arrangedwith him to have her taken to the Presbyterian Hospital, to secure forher the best accommodations and the best nursing, to remain himself infull charge of the case, calling to his assistance the very best medicalhelp in Chicago, and send the bills for everything to him, Dr. Bridge.This was done, eminent counsel was called in, the source of the troublewas discovered and the girl fully restored to health and to the practiceof her profession. The story is only one illustration of Dr. Bridge's life.He was always doing these things. And I, for one, can almost hear theMaster saying to him, "Inasmuch as you have done this unto one ofthese least, you have done it unto me."EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-EIGHTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Thirty-eighthConvocation ojE the University was heldin Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Friday,September 4, at 3 130 p.m. The Convocation Address, "New Tests of Representative Government," was deliveredby Frederic Austin Ogg, professor ofPolitical Science in the University ofWisconsin. Vice-President James Hayden Tufts presented the ConvocationStatement.The award of honors was as follows :The Lillian Gertrude Selz Scholarship for the young woman who completes the work of the first year withthe highest standing: Marian JoyceRicheson.Honorable mention for excellencein the work of the Junior Colleges :Ellen DeHaan, Marcus William Denney,Morris Donald Finkel, Kellam Foster,Oliver Howard Greist, Lillian MaeHaas, Margaret Elizabeth Hiatt, MarionKing Hubbert, Ruth Russell, Ruth FoxWeinberg, Gwendolyn Mafanny Williams.The Bachelor's Degree with honors: Samuel Berger, Harry Brandman,John Dyer Elder, Henry Dave Ephron,Esther Fritz, Florence Ethel Gabriel,Roger Lincoln Goetz, Edith Aileen Heal,Rebecca Maria Heden, George ClarenceHoffman, Sarah Alice Huber, JamesVirgil Huffman, Cecil Franklin Humphrey, Leona Frances Inglish, JennieSimmons Jenkinson, Chester MiltonKearney, Cordelia Keeler, Alda FloyKensinger, Bessie Place Knight, StanleyBeekman Kohn, Arthur William Main,Minnie Ella McGrew, Edith Nelson,Lillian Ruth Olson, Orlando Park, RenaRosenthal, Maude Larimore Rupel,Mable Russell, Ralph Grafton Sanger,Charles Francis Severin, Vera GenevieveSheldon, William James Sisler, JohnMarshall Stalnaker, Daniel WarrenStanger, Ruth Steininger, Kathryn EliseSteinmetz, Irving Stenn, Elisabeth Marie Thornton, Nina Louise Wheeler, ClaraJosephine Woltring, Lewis Angle Wood-worth.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges:John Dyer Elder, Mathematics andPhysics; Esther Fritz, French; FlorenceEthel Gabriel, Kindergarten-PrimaryEducation; Robert Lafern Grimes,Spanish; Evelyn Allen Hammett, English; Rebecca Maria Heden, English;Helen Waldo Henderson, Home Economics; George Clarence Hoffmann,History; Sarah Alice Huber, Education;Leona Frances Inglish, Geography;Jennie Simmons Jenkinson, English;Eleanor Murdoch Johnson, Educationand Kindergarten-Primary Education;Hazel Lucretia Jones, Kindergarten-Primary Education; Chester MiltonKearney, Philosophy; Cordelia Keeler,History; Anna Winans Kenny, Education; Bessie Place Knight, Geography;Irene Dunn Lange, Education; HardyListon, Mathematics; Arthur WilliamMain, Law; Minnie Ella McGrew, English; Edith Nelson, Home Economics;Grace Blayney Olive, Education; LillianRuth Olson, History; Orlando Park,Botany; Orlando Park, Zoology; RenaRosenthal, Romance; Maude LarimoreRupel, Education; Maude LarimoreRupel, History; Mable Russell, Art;Ralph Grafton Sanger, Mathematics;Charles Francis Severin, .Botany; VeraGenevieve Sheldon, Kindergarten-Primary Education and Education; Francis Wilbur Standiford, Education; Daniel Warren Stanger, Chemistry; RuthSteininger, Kindergarten-Primary Education; Kathryn Elise Steinmetz, Botany; Irving Stenn, Law; Ruth Straight,Home Economics; Elisabeth MarieThornton, History; Jessie Mabel Todd,Art; Andrew Lewis Weldon, English;Nina Louise Wheeler, Geography;Clara Josephine Woltring, Kindergarten-Primary Education and Education;Lewis Angle Woodworth, French.Election to the Alpha OmegaAlpha Fraternity for excellence in thework of the Junior and Senior Years3233^4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDat Rush Medical College : Ralph WaldoGerard, Allan Titsworth Kenyon, Edward Frank Kotershall, Marine RuffnerWarden.Election of Associate Members toSigma Xi on nomination of two Departments of Science for evidence ofpromise of ability in research work inScience: Madison Derrell Cody, Charlotte Dell Easton, August George Koe-nig, Hubert Whatley Marlow, JunMing Pan, Curtis Randolph Singleterry.Election of members to Sigma Xion nomination of the Departments ofScience for evidence of ability in research work in Science: Daniel Rock-mann Bergsmark, Leavelva MyrtleBradbury, James Bernard Culbertson,Brooks Daniel Drain, Frank GrahamFrese, William Gustav Friedemann, PaulLuther Gross, Vernon Guy Grove, Reuben Gilbert Gustavson, Constance Endi-cott Hartt, Harry Colson Heath, MosesAbraham Jacobson, Edna Louise Johnson, Franz Josef Lang, Myrta Lisle Mc-Clellan, Sister Mary Ellen O'Hanlon,Lambert Nicholas Jean Gaston Polspoel,Henry William Popp, Bernard Portis,Irvine Rudsdale Pounder, Joseph BanksRhine, James Wallace Shaw, Oden El-bridge Sheppard, Robert Clifton Spang-ler, Andrew Z. Stauffer, Chuchia HenryWang, Russell Amos Waud, Hugh AllenWyckoff.Election to the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa for especialdistinction in general scholarship : JamesGreenlief Brown (March, 1016), Margaret Frances Culver, Walter Louis Dorn,Roger Lincoln Goetz, Maude LarimoreRupel, Ralph Grafton Sanger, John Marshall Stalnaker, Daniel Warren Stanger(March, 1925), Irving Stenn.Degrees were conferred as follows:The Colleges: the degree of Bachelor ofArts, 3; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 88; the degree of Bachelor ofScience, 51; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Education, 66; the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education, 2; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Commerce and Administration, 18; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Social Service Administration, 2. The Graduate School ofArts and Literature: the degree of Master of Arts, 121; the degree of Masterof Arts in the Graduate Divinity School,6; the degree of Master of Arts in the School of Commerce and Administration, 10; the degree of Master of Artsin the Graduate School of Social Service Administration, 2. The OgdenGraduate School of Science: the degree of Master of Science, 46; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 30. TheDivinity School: the degree of Bachelorof Divinity, 1; the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, 4. The Law School: the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 5; the degree of Doctor of Law, 11. Rush Medical College: the Four- Year Certificate,21; the degree of Doctor of Medicine,23. The total number of degrees conferred was 510.The Convocation Prayer Servicewas held at 10 .'30 a.m., Sunday, August30, in Hutchinson Hall. At 11 :oo a.m.in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, theConvocation Religious Service was held.The preacher was James Hayden Tufts,Ph.D., LL.D., Vice-President of theUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theSummer Quarter were: June 28, Professor Edward Scribner Ames, Ph.D.,LL.D., University of Chicago; July 5,Ozora Stearns Davis, Ph.D., D.D.,LL.D., Chicago Theological Seminary;July 12, Reverend Miles H. Krumbine,First Lutheran Church, Dayton, Ohio;July 19, Harris Franklin Rail, D.D.,Garrett Biblical Institute; July 26,Gerald Birney Smith, D.D., Universityof Chicago; August 2, Theodore GeraldSoares, Ph.D., D.D., University of Chicago ; August 9, Archibald Gillies Baker,Th.B., Ph.D., University of Chicago;August 16, William Laurence Sullivan,D.D., Meadville Theological School,Meadville, Pennsylvania; August 23,Reverend David Bryn-Jones, TrinityBaptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and August 30, James HaydenTufts, Ph.D., LL.D., University of Chicago.The University baseball team, nowin Japan, played with the Tacoma,Washington, team on August 15 ; Stanford University, August 20; and the University of California, August 21. Leaving San Francisco, August 22, on the"President Pierce," the members of theteam arrived at Honolulu August 28 fora series of preliminary games, reachingKobe, Japan, by the "President Polk," onEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 325September 18. In Japan the Maroonschedule includes a series of games withthe teams of Waseda, Meiji, and Keiouniversities.Coach Nelson H. Norgren, analumnus of the University, who is incharge of the team, took with him twelveplayers, including Captain W. R. Cunningham, three pitchers, two catchers,and two utility men.Thomas Osgood, of St. Andrewsand Cambridge universities, and JohnWilliamson, of St. Andrews and the University of Edinburgh, will study physicsand mathematics, respectively, at theUniversity under the CommonwealthFund Scholarship awarded annually totwenty graduates of British universities.Each fellowship under the grant is fortwo years and averages $3,500 a year.The selections were made by the Britishcommittee of award.Under the direction of ProfessorJames Henry Breasted, Head of the Oriental Institute of the University, an expedition to the ruins of the ancient fortified town of Armageddon in Palestine,the famous "battle ground of the ages,"was launched about the middle ofAugust, when Professor Clarence Fisher,the field director, sailed from New Yorkto begin the work. He was followed atthe end of the month by Dr. D. F. Hig-gins, assistant director, and E. L. DeLoach, assistant geologist.The work this fall will be devotedto making an accurate survey of thearea including the mound of Megiddo —an area of about a square mile — and collecting a force of about 400 natives.Thereafter the excavating will be doneduring the hot summers to avoid theheavy rains of the other seasons.The party hopes to locate the lostcity where Thutmose III defeated theKing of Kadesh in the first battle (1479B.C.) of which history has preserved adetailed record. Megiddo was the southSyrian capital of the southern Hittiteempire and because of its strategic position at the pass over the transverse Car-mel Ridge blocking the military andcommercial path from Egypt to westernAsia became the battle ground of thenations. Under the name of "Armageddon" it has taken on in recent years anew dramatic interest due to the victorythere of General Allenby over the Turks during the Great War and to the striking statement of President Rooseveltthat "America stood at Armageddon."Dr. Higgins, the geologist from theUniversity, will supervise the erectionat the foot of the Megiddo mound of abuilding combining office facilities andliving quarters, the first section consisting of five rooms and a vault for theimportant archaeological discoveries, andthe second section containing a dormitory of nine rooms. The army of nativelaborers will establish their own quarters on the fringe of the University community.From the 19th to the 25th of lastMay the Eleven-hundredth Anniversaryof the founding of the University ofPavia was celebrated with great dignityand beauty. Crowds of students camefrom the other universities of Italy anddelegates from institutions of learningall over the world. The University wasrepresented by Miss Hilda Norman ofthe Romance Department."On the morning of the day setaside for the principal ceremony," asMiss Norman describes the event, "thedelegates assembled in the arcadedcourts of the University wearing theiracademic robes. This colorful procession, so suggestive of the Middle Ages,filed out into the street and marchedunder a rain of greetings and flowers tothe gaily decorated Castello dei Viscontiwhere, in the presence of the King, theMinister of Public Instruction and theRettore Magnifico of the University ofPavia, the delegates were given the opportunity of offering the compliments oftheir respective schools and countries.The ceremony over, King Victor Emanuel II received the guests in a most cordial and democratic way."Before and after this event weregrouped delightful entertainments: areception by the Mayor in the Muni-cipio ; an opera ; a banquet in the solong deserted and silent cloisters of theCertosa; and an exquisite concert ofrare sixteenth-century music in the Lombard church of San Michele where Frederic Barbarossa was crowned. The students, in addition to their enthusiasmand their songs, gave a pageant of Lombard history : the fierce days of theLongobardi, the splendor of the MiddleAges and the grim severity of the Span-326 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDish regime, ending it all merrily withArlecchino and his kin."After the farewell banquet in theCollegio Borromeo the delegates departed regretfully from the quaint old townon the Ticino with its curious bridge andancient churches, leaving the studentsto continue the festivities in the livelystreets."Lectures of special interest at theUniversity were given in July by ShirleyJackson Case, of the Divinity School, onthe general subject of "Jesus and Christianity." July 7 the special subject was"The Jesus of the Gospels"; July 8 "TheJesus of the Catholic Church" ; and July17 "The Jesus of Protestantism."Professor John Matthews Manly,Head of the Department of English atthe University, who two years ago gavethe Lowell Lectures in Boston and recently received from Yale University thehonorary degree of Doctor of Letters,gave a series of six lectures at the University on the general subject of "SomeNew Light on Chaucer."The first lecture, July 30, concerned"Chaucer's Education and Official Career"; the second, July 31, discussed"Originals of Some of the CanterburyPilgrims: The Host, the Reave, theMiller"; the third, August 3, consideredthe originals of the Knight, the Man ofLaw, the Franklin, the Merchant, andthe Prioress; and the fourth, August 4,the originals of the Canon and his Yeoman, the Shipman, the Wife of Bath, theSummoner, and the Friar. The last twolectures discussed "The Tale of Sir Tho-pas," and "Chaucer as Artist."Through Professor Manly's influence the University is to have a completeset of facsimiles of Chaucer's manuscripts for use in special research. Dr.Edith Rickert, who co-operated withProfessor Manly in obtaining the reproduction of the manuscripts, lectured,August 7, on "Chaucer's Italy."Antranig Arakel Bedikian, of theArmenian Evangelical Church, New YorkCity, who has received three degreesfrom the University, lectured at the University, August 25, 26, and 27, on "Arts and Crafts among the Armenians." Thefirst lecture was on "Miniature Painting," the second on "Architecture in theMiddle Ages," and the third on "Musicand Poetry : Religious and Secular." Allthe lectures were illustrated.A new volume in political scienceby President Emeritus Harry Pratt Judson, of the University, was announced bythe Macmillan Company in August, under the title of Our Federal Republic.The volume has been in preparationsince President Judson's retirement fromthe presidency in 1923.Among the early fall announce-.ments by the University of Chicago Pressis included Teaching Science in theSchools, by Elliot R. Downing, a bookthat summarizes the scientific educational experiments made in connection withscience teaching and gives the history ofscience teaching in our elementary andsecondary schools. It also points out thegoal toward which science teaching ismoving.A remarkable increase in the studyof Spanish in this country has called fora volume on Spanish literature thatwould be especially adapted to the student and the reading public. To meetthis need An Introduction to SpanishLiterature is soon to be issued by theUniversity Press. Its author, George T.Northup, who is now Professor of Spanish Literature in the University and hasalso had a wide experience in Spanishteaching at Williams, Princeton, and Toronto, has produced a very readable history in which he has related each authorto the civilization of his time.Other new books which have recently appeared are Things Seen andHeard — a volume of essays by Edgar J.Goodspeed, translator of the New Testament; and New Aspects of Politics, byCharles E. Merriam, the leading figure inthe modern movement to apply scientificmethods of inquiry to political phenomena. The Barrows Lectures for 1925, byCharles W. Gilkey, addresses on the personality of Jesus given before large audiences in India ; and The City, by RobertE. Park, an investigation of human behavior in city environment, are due toappear in the early fall.s8Pipaaa&Wolz:<PHH< tn O O vr-wOh4"s CO cm VO On CO CO CO i>. • • J>. VOOO • VO CS • Tj" T* On • c^ vOvovo J>. 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Hutchinson, 23;tribute to retiring members of theFaculties, 263Bridge, Dr. Norman (Thomas W. Good-speed), 297Burton, President Ernest DeWitt, SomeSuperficial Impressions of England,1924, 32Challenge of a Retrospect, The (MarionTalbot), 87Charles Lawrence Hutchinson (ThomasW. Goodspeed), 50Chemistry in the Service of Man (JuliusStieglitz), 1Christian, Dr. Henry A., Some Problems of Medical Investigation andMedical Education, 288Commemorative Chapel Service, The, 174Convocation Statement: (President's),13, 102; (Vice-President's), 211, 285Cornerstone-Laying of the TheologyBuilding, The, 78 Death of Dr. Norman Bridge, 154Dillon, George Hill, White Spring: TheJohn Billings Fiske Prize Poem, 233Dr. Norman Bridge (Thomas W. Good-speed), 297Editorial Note, 167Events: Past and Future: alumni reunion, 249; general items, 81, 159, 249,324; honor to Professor Michelson, 248;the One Hundred Thirty-fifth Convocation, 80; the One Hundred Thirty-sixthConvocation, 158; the One HundredThirty-seventh Convocation, 245; theOne Hundred Thirty-eighth Convocation, 323Fellowships, Award of, 1925-26, 239Frederick Haskell (Thomas W. Good-speed), 118Goodspeed, Edgar J., President Burton,169Goodspeed, Thomas W.: Dr. NormanBridge, 297; Frederick Haskell, 118;Charles Lawrence Hutchinson, 50Haskell, Frederick (Thomas W. Good-speed), 118Herrick, Dr. James B., The MemorialService for Bertram Welton Sippy, 41Honor to Charles H. Wacker and Frederick Stock, inHutchinson, Charles Lawrence (ThomasW. Goodspeed), 50Illustrations: Norman Bridge, facing 297;Ernest DeWitt Burton, facing 167;Charles Lawrence Hutchinson, facing50; Light-Waves as Measuring Rodsfor Sounding the Infinite and the Infinitesimal, Fig. 1, 138; Figs. 2, 3, 139;Figs. 4, 5, 140; Fig. 6, 141 ; Fig. 7, facing142; Figs. 8-n, facing 143; Figs. 12, 13,16, 17, facing 144; Figs. 14, 15, 144;Fig. 18, 148; Fig. 19, 149; Fig. 20, 150;Figs. 21, 22, facing 150; Fig. 23, facing 151; Fig. 24, Ground plan, showingarrangement of mirrors, 151; Fig. 25,Details of corner box and mirror mounting, 152; Figs. 26, 27, facing 152; Figs.28, 29, facing 153; Charles Henry32933° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMarkham, facing 201 ; Max Mason, facing 253; Frederic Austin Ogg, facing270; Julius Stieglitz, facing 1; MarionTalbot, facing 87John Adelbert Parkhurst, 157John Billings Fiske Prize Poem, The:White Spring (George Hill Dillon), 233Light-Waves as Measuring Rods forSounding the Infinite and the Infinitesimal (A. A. Michelson), 136Markham, Charles Henry, Transportation in Modern Life, 201Memorial Service for Bertram WeltonSippy, The (Dr. Frank Billings andDr. James B. Herrick), 41Michelson, A. A., Light- Waves as Measuring Rods for Sounding the Infiniteand the Infinitesimal, 136New Tests of Representative Government (Frederic Austin Ogg), 270Official Bodies Honor President Burton,198Ogg, Frederic Austin, New Tests ofRepresentative Government, 270Parkhurst, John Adelbert, 156President Burton (Edgar J. Goodspeed),169President Max Mason (Harold H. Swift),253 President's Address at the Commemorative Chapel Assembly, The, 18President's Convocation Statement, The,13, 102Progress of New Buildings, 229Public Funeral Services, 181Rawson Laboratory of Medicine andSurgery, The, 77Some Problems of Medical Investigationand Medical Education (Dr. Henry A.Christian), 288Some Superficial Impressions of England,1924 (President Ernest DeWitt Burton), 32Stieglitz, Julius, Chemistry in the Serviceof Man, 1Swift, Harold H., President Max Mason,253Talbot, Marion, The Challenge of aRetrospect, 87Transportation in Modern Life (CharlesHenry Markham), 201Two Great Building Enterprises MoveForward, 285Vice-President's Convocation Statement,The, 211, 280White Spring: The John Billings FiskePrize Poem (George Hill Dillon), 233