The University RecordVolume XI APRIL I 925 Number 2THE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECTBy MARION TALBOTProfessor of Household AdministrationOn September 19, 1892, Alice Freeman Palmer, William GardnerHale, and I left Boston for Chicago. As we boarded the train at the SouthStation a friend of mine pressed into my hand a little box. "It holds,"she said, "a fragment of Plymouth Rock." This was symbolic of the attitude of our Boston friends toward the new educational venture in Chicago. It was something built on the sands. The academic system withwhich Boston was familiar was founded upon a rock. Training for the so-called learned professions, primarily the ministry and only very lately thelaw, medicine, and teaching, was its goal. The traditions which had grownup were almost sacrosanct. It is true that President Eliot's bomb, theelective system, had created some disturbance and aroused consternationfor fear that this precious heirloom from the past, the college, should beruined. And Johns Hopkins University with its new program of graduatework had excited interest, as something novel but not very pertinent tothe situation in hand. Wellesley College and Smith College had seen noother way to open educational opportunities to women than by the pathwhich had been laid out by men. Boston University had opened its doorsnot very long before to both sexes on equal terms. In fact, this was donein the face of the declaration by a distinguished Boston physician that"identical education of the two sexes is a crime before God and humanitythat physiology protests against and that experience weeps over. It defies the Roman maxim which physiology has fully justified, 'mens sana incorporesano. '"1 Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Thirty-sixth Convocationof the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 17, 1925,8788 TEE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn spite of this step of admitting women, which was considered veryradical in the East, even Boston University did not dare venture far fromthe well-worn road. The New England colleges had the same list of subjects for admission, practically the same entrance examinations, with veryslight variations the same curriculum, and closed their halls for threemonths in the year. No far-reaching changes in the system had takenplace in years.It is not strange that the stories of the new venture in the West stirred "interest and provoked criticism which ran even into ridicule.Among the articles of incorporation of the new University of Chicagowas the following: "To provide, impart, and furnish opportunities for alldepartments of higher education to persons of both sexes on equal terms."The Faculty, on unprecedentedly large salaries, had been summonednot only from all sections of the United States, Maine to California, butfrom Canada, Germany, Scotland, and England. They came from Harvard, Cornell, Wisconsin, Princeton, Minnesota, Columbia, from most ofthe leading colleges in fact, while nine left the presidencies of colleges oruniversities to join the new Faculty. Of these persons twenty-five are stillin service.The esteem in which an appointment to the new Faculty was heldmay be shown in part, certainly, in an amusing way by the academic record of one member of the Faculty, a young Scotsman:A.M., pass degree, 1883, A.M., Honors of the First Class, 1886, University of Edinburgh; First place on the Honors List, with Bruce of Grangehill Fellowship, 1886; Student at Jena, Paris, Cambridge, Berlin, Freiburg; Ferguson Scholarship (open to honors-men of all Scottish Universities), 1887; Assistant Professor of Logic, Edinburgh University, 1888-90; Locumtenens Professor of the Moral Sciences, Cardiff, for Winterterm of 1888; Sir William Hamilton Fellow, Edinburgh,- 1888, for three years; ShawFellow, 1890, for five years; Lecturer of University Association for Education of Women, Edinburgh, 1889; Government Examiner for Degrees in the Moral Sciences, St.Andrews University, 1890, for three years; Lecturer on Logic and Methodology, SageSchool of Philosophy, Cornell University, 189 1-2.The crowning academic glory of his career was that he then becameTutor in Political Economy, the University of Chicago.Forty- three fellows were appointed for the first year, of whom six werewomen.There were, moreover, other new features which struck the attentionof the educational world :1. The University was to be in continuous session throughout the yearwith graduation quarterly. The new President admitted that such a planwould destroy entirely the class spirit, but he also affirmed that there wasa certain kind of class spirit which ought to be destroyed.THE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 892. The University was organized with four divisions quite new in theuniversity world. In addition to the usual academic divisions, the newfeatures were: (1) the University Extension Division, which for a considerable length of time functioned on a large scale; (2) the UniversityLibraries, Laboratories, and Museums; (3) the University Press; (4) theUniversity Affiliations, which included the work done in connection withinstitutions entering into the relationship of affiliation with the University.3. Courses of instruction were classed as majors and minors. Theformer called for ten, eleven, or twelve hours of classroom instruction eachweek, the latter for half as many hours. Normal work for a student wasto be two courses, one major and one minor. The tuition fee for thisamount of instruction was $25.00 a quarter. Incidentally it is interestingto note that table board was to be $3.00 to $4.00 a week and rooms in thedormitories from $1.50 to $3.00 a week.4. Although the certificate system of admission was practiced by alllarge Middle- West universities, entrance examinations were to be heldthree times a year in twenty different cities and were required of all students. These examinations were divided into six groups. Latin, English,history, one modern language, and mathematics were common to themall. There was a choice offered between Greek, science, and more modernlanguage, otherwise there was no election.5. The Colleges of Arts, of Literature, and of Science were each divided into an Academic College and a University College, or, as they arenow known, a Junior College and a Senior College. The requirements ineach college were quite distinct. In the Academic Colleges definite curricula were outlined and there was no election. In the University Collegesa student took not more than one-half his work in one department and allof his work in not more than four departments.6. Mr. Rockefeller's first gift ($600,000), made in May, 1889, was toward an endowment fund for a college in Chicago. It was stated later thatit had never been the purpose of the American Baptist Education Societyto seek to limit the institution to the work of a college. It was not longbefore, under the guidance of Professor Harper, plans for a university began to take shape. Mr. Rockefeller's second gift of $1,000,000 in September, 1890, contained the stipulation that the income of $800,000 shouldbe used for non-professional graduate instruction and fellowships. In astatement intended to be a part of his first annual report to the Board ofTrustees, President Harper, as he had then become, wrote:It is expected by all who are interested that the University idea is to be emphasized.It is proposed to establish not a college, but a university It has been the de-go THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsire to establish an institution which should not be a rival with the many colleges already in existence, but an institution which should help those colleges It is only the man who has made investigation who may teach others to investigate In other words, it is proposed in this institution to make the work of investigation primary, the work of giving instruction secondary.7. Lecturers and teachers were to be classified as follows: (1) thehead professor, (2) the professor, (3) the professor, non-resident, (4) theassociate professor, (5) the assistant professor, (6) the instructor, (7) thetutor, (8) the docent, (9) the reader, (10) the lecturer, (n) the fellow,(12) the scholar.8. Professors were not required to give more than eight or ten hoursa week to classroom work, thus making it possible for them to carry oninvestigation all the time.9. When the number of students necessitated it, courses were to beduplicated, one section being open to students of grades A, B, and C, andthe other to students of grades D and E.10. To promote more advanced study and individual research, andto bring together instructors and students, seminars were to be organizedin various departments of the Colleges. Academic College and University College seminars were to be distinct in the same department.12. Students were to be examined as to their physical condition onentering and at intervals during their course, and were required to takefour half -hours a week of class work in physical culture throughout theircourse.13. It was evidently anticipated that certain time-hallowed customsof eastern colleges would prevail in the new institution, judging from thefact that a bond of $200 was required of each student guaranteeing payment of bills and "such sums as may be charged for damage to Universityproperty caused by the student's act or neglect."14. In general, an assistant dean was to be appointed for every onehundred students in a division.Brief and incomplete as this sketch is, it seems clear why those Bostonfriends of the academic adventurers were fearful and why a bit of the rockon which New England was founded was given as a talisman. It lookedalmost as if the whole rock might be needed.What has happened to these plans in the years that have passed? Ishall be brief.The quarter system has not only remained in force, but has beenwidely copied.University Extension Lecture study was abandoned for various causesTHE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 91in 191 1, but correspondence study has gained steadily in scope and enrolment.The University Press has become an increasingly useful and influential division of the University.The University Affiliations have become less and less formal and mechanical in character, while in general effectiveness they have gained.The last major of the original type disappeared after the announcement for 1897-98, but the principle of intensive studying of a few subjects has not only been continued, but has been developed.Entrance examinations were maintained for several years, the numberof subjects being increased and conditions amounting to three of the fifteen units being allowed. In the announcement for 1898-99 there appeared for the first time the statement that subject certificates from affiliated and co-operating schools would be accepted. The University hadfound itself unable single-handeol to maintain the entrance examinations.The announcement for 19 15-16 indicated another fundamental change.The high schools had been growing more and more discontented with thedominance assumed by the colleges and the policies dictated by them inregard to high-school curricula. At this juncture the University of Chicago decided to receive from approved schools any student graduatingwith an average grade higher than the passing mark of the school, provided the student offered three units of English and two subjects whichhad been studied intensively. Otherwise, within rather wide but specifiedlimits, the student might offer any courses accepted by the school forgraduation.After many modifications in the courses of study required for the degree, the principle of continuation and distribution groups of subjects inthe Junior Colleges and of intensive work in two fields, i.e., principal andsecondary sequences, in the Senior Colleges was adopted in 191 2. An interesting principle was adopted at the same time when it was decided toallow students entering with credit for half their college work already doneto be excused from all specific requirements provided they presented anacceptable and rational scheme of courses to be followed up to graduation.The classification of the teaching staff has been reduced from twelvegrades to eight. The unhappy head professor was among those to disappear.Sectioning students by ability has not been effectively put into operation. Its uses as a subject for Faculty discussion and controversy are notyet exhausted.The undergraduate seminars never took form except on paper.92 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe requirements in physical-culture training have been reduced byone-half, while on the other hand there is more medical supervision andadvice.The two-hundred-dollar bond disappeared in 1896. By that time ithad been made perfectly clear that certain types of so-called "collegespirit" manifesting itself in destruction of property would be no part ofthe life at the University of Chicago.The ratio of one dean to each hundred students was not long maintained. It soon became one to two hundred and remained at about thatpoint until the great influx of students after the Great War, when it became about one to three hundred, and now fortunately is reduced so thateach dean has about two hundred and fifty students.In 1892-93 the total number of students was 744, of whom 306, orover 40 per cent, were college graduates. In 1923-24 the total number ofstudents was 13,357, of whom about 35 per cent were college graduates.Students were enrolled the first year from thirty-three states and twelveforeign countries. Last year they came from forty-eight states, the District of Columbia, and thirty-four foreign countries.It may seem to some that the point of view of the Dean of Women andof one whose academic duties have dealt with the peculiar interests ofwomen is not one from which the various activities of the University canbe adequately viewed. I have, however, always looked on my duties as anintegral, not an isolated, part of the University administration; but thereare a few things which I may say about women especially, since they havea definite bearing on the way in which the University is to determine itspolicies.It is obvious that very great changes have taken place in their position. Some of these changes manifest themselves in outward and visiblesigns easily made the subject of ridicule but less easily understood in theirfull significance.If any of you can recall the dress of the woman college student of thenineties and will compare it with that of today, you will admit that thepresent generation shows much better sense and perhaps as keen an appreciation of the principles of aesthetics. I have already referred to the doubtof women's physical ability to stand the strain of the college course.Some of our chivalrous Faculty once questioned the desirability of requiring our women students to walk so far as to Mandel Hall for chapelexercises because of the physical fatigue involved. Today the agility,grace, freedom, and beauty of the daily performances in Ida Noyesgymnasium and swimming-pool fill the eye of the observer with delight,and promise definite gains for the future life of the community.THE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 93In opportunities for graduate study by women, while the Universitystood well-nigh alone in 1892, there are now in many institutions fellowships and assistantships available, and the new Guggenheim Foundation offers its generous opportunities, as our University offered its, onequal terms to men and women. The use to which these opportunitiesmay be put is now the problem which faces women as a practical issue.Many question today the manners and morals of the young. Theyalways have and probably always will. Some twenty years ago one of theheads of houses, writing of some departure from earlier standards of chap-eronage, said, "I don't pretend to understand the social basis of theseyoung people. There seems to be little idea of good form." In recent yearsyoung girls have been the victims of a most confusing change in attitudeon the part of their elders toward the desired reservations of the lateradolescent period; but in the face of the great breakdown of the old safeguards, a breakdown for which the older generation was largely responsible, the young women have come through on the whole with noble testimony to their essential moral dignity and courage.There has been a marked change in the attitude toward self-supportand economic independence. Professor Veblen himself would, I believe,acknowledge that the ideal of conspicuous leisure is far less dominant thanwhen he wrote his brilliant diatribe; not only the daughters and fathers,but the mothers have emerged in large numbers from its restrictive andbaneful influence. Practically every woman now is frank to admit thatshe wishes to train herself for self-support.The attitude toward marriage, toward motherhood, toward preparation for those fundamental relationships — in earlier times the subject ofso dangerous a taboo — has greatly changed. Although in connection withthis change there are in some places difficulties and apparent vulgarities,we, at the University, have been comparatively free from these symptoms.Occasional frivolities on the part of some students or their seeming failureto appreciate how greatly the world into which women students comenow has altered as compared with that into which those of the ninetiescame, do indeed disturb us of the Faculty and even provoke our resentment. Occasionally, moreover, we lose our sense of proportion and forgetthat the general body of our students is serious minded, hard working,and determined to make the most of the chances the University offers.We have indeed good reason, if we are fair minded, to believe that theworld will be at least as safe in the hands of those to whom we shall leaveit as it has been in our hands.Brief reference should be made to the new civic responsibilities ofwomen and the preparation of our students for those duties. They are94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDapproaching these duties by what I think is a sound and normal methodnamely, that of carrying on efficiently their group activities, in which cooperation and a social spirit are developed.What now has the University accomplished? I shall not attempt evento sketch its achievements in the different fields of research, from the investigating of far-flung worlds through the evidences of the unfolding ofhuman powers on this little earth to the discovering of healing forces forsuffering body and an unhappy world. I shall limit myself to a few of thosewhich are less widely known but are in some respects equally important.I shall begin with one which may seem trivial but whose implicationsare important. The University has succeeded in keeping the term "coed"out of even its popular speech, and "girls" has given place to "women."This means a measure of respect for the women which in large degree reacts through a greater sense of responsibility on their part.For a similar reason I shall mention the fact that the organized socialactivities of the students have been maintained on the whole with reasonable standards of expense of money and of time, so moderate, in fact, asto put this phase of University life out of the running, as it were, withmany other institutions.The University was greatly favored in the earliest years in havingthe interest of Ellen H. Richards, of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From her came the suggestion of a central kitchenfor the women's halls. She gave generously of her time and thought inworking out the plan. The results in efficiency and economy were so striking that it was not difficult to take the later steps leading to the establishment of the University Commons, which is widely known as a very successful method of administering a difficult problem.Relationships of co-operation between the University and variouscivic and professional groups, both local and national, have been fosteredto a notable degree. It is necessary to name only from those earliest yearsMrs. Palmer, Mrs. Young, Dr. Harper, Mr. Laughlin, Mr. Small, Dr.Henderson, Mr. Bemis, Mr. Zeublin, to give a picture of the way in which,down through the years, the University has contributed to the welfare ofthe community.Considering the wide diversity of interests and the rapid rate at whichthe University community has grown, an astonishing amount of friendliness has prevailed. Co-operation between students and Faculty, bothpersonal and official, has been cordial and effective. The recent additionof student members to the Faculty Board of Student Organizations wasthe realization of a plan which had been urged for more than two decadesand from which valuable results are anticipated.THE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 95A real contribution to the improvement of educational and administrative policies has been made through the organization and conduct ofthe women's houses, which were based on principles of unity, liberty, andequality. The keynote to this was sounded by Alice Freeman Palmer,whom we hold in grateful and affectionate memory for her many services.I remember well how, when I told her of my doubt whether I had hadsufficient experience in the personal and official supervision of youngwomen to justify my assuming the duties of the office to which I had beensummoned, she said, "All that you need to remember is that you will bean older student among younger students, and an older woman with moreexperience among younger ones eager to learn." That the removal of thepetty restrictions as to conduct which have been common in colleges admitting women and the encouragement given to the students' sense ofresponsibility were followed by satisfactory results was attested by President Harper when he said, "A restraining influence that was good was exerted on the undergraduates by the Houses, especially the Women'sHouses, in which graduate and undergraduate women lived together";and a little later, "The time will come when every student will be a member of a University House. The development of the University life islargely dependent on the growth of the University Houses." In 1910, too,Professor Vincent wrote, "The House Organization is notably successfulin the case of the Women's Halls." In fact, the attempt to contribute tointellectual freedom and independence by providing safe but free domesticand social conditions was so successful that it was accepted as a model inlaying the plans for later expansion. President Burton will recall the factthat at one time plans were drawn to provide residence halls for all whoneeded that form of care and organization and to adopt as nearly as possible the same form of organization for the non-resident students. Theexperience here has served, without question, as an impetus to other institutions to modify their methods.I wish to bear testimony especially to the staunch loyalty to highstandards of conduct, of scholarship, and of true liberty, social, domestic,and academic, of the women, from those early months when Myra Reynolds, Mabel Banta Beeson, and Elizabeth Wallace were fellows, and EdithFoster Flint, Cora Gettys, Stella Robertson Stagg, Agnes Cook Gale,Leila Fish Mallory, and Cora Roche Howland were young students, allthrough the years which have seen about eight thousand women gothrough the University and receive its degrees and tens of thousands ofothers have been within its gates.When the United States entered the war, the attitude of the womenof the University was that their duty was not only to do each her part as96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDan individual, but to do all possible as a group so as to make it easier forthe men to do those things peculiarly theirs in that great crisis. So in timeof peace, the women have been proud to know that it was for them to contribute to high achievements in scholarship and to maintain fine standardsin manners, and noble ideals of character.It is impossible to overestimate the value to education of the SummerQuarter. A study of the records would show how the spirit of the University has aroused the intellectual ambition of many a student who perhapscame first in a perfunctory manner and was then impelled to go on. Thenthere is the woman who succeeded after eight years of summer work in securing her degree and has been in the succeeding years one of the mostvaluable members of the University staff. Or, again, the woman who,widowed and thrown on her own resources to care for herself and her twochildren, used her vacations and graduated with Phi Beta Kappa rankto go back to a higher-grade position in her school, is another case wherethe individual results would justify in large measure the maintenance ofthis feature of the University. But, beyond this, we all know that its influence on general standards of education and on the encouragement ofadvanced scholarship has been inestimable.Education has been formally recognized as a continuing processthrough life. From the nursery school through elementary and secondaryschools on through college, graduate, and professional schools, all arelearning under the direction of the University — teachers and taught. Ihave said, "under the direction of the University." This is, however, onlypartly true, since there is no organization effectively giving that direction.However, persons representing all grades of maturity and advancementmeet in the halls, classrooms, libraries, laboratories, dramatic and athletic exhibitions, playgrounds, and social gatherings, and the essentialunity of the educational process finds recognition in the structure, thoughthat structure is as yet not well articulated.We have convinced ourselves that the ability to go on with advancededucation depends not so much on what a student has learned as on theway he has learned, or, in other words, on his mental habits, the development of his intellectual power.The methods adopted for the admission of selected graduates fromhigh schools who have conformed to certain principles in their selectionof studies has given the colleges an entering body of students free from"conditions" and ready to go on, without this handicap, with the twostudies already begun in high schools, and begin new studies of collegegrade. The gain in continuity, as well as in freedom from vexatious re-THE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 97quirements which kept the students' attention on subjects of high-schoolgrade, far more than atones, in my opinion, for the absence of certain topicsin his preparatory training, especially since the experience of the University has shown great lack of agreement among the members of the Facultyas to what these required subjects should be.The value of inquiry or research as an educational factor has beenrecognized even more fully than was anticipated at first. This spirit isinborn. From infancy on, all through those early weeks and months andyears the child is experimenting, exploring, and investigating, and incidentally acquiring discipline and skill. This principle is recognized andmade use of in the elementary school and the high school of the University. If under the compelling influence of an older educational methodwe unfortunately abandon this principle to a considerable extent in thecolleges, we return to it again in the graduate and professional schools.It is not, however, true, nor would it be possible, that at times compromises with the ways of the past have not seemed necessary, nor thatthere have been no difficulties to be met. In the matter of social relationships, such a compromise was the basis of the recognition of the secretsocieties, the national' fraternities among the men, the secret clubs amongthe women students. The influence of these organizations on the sociallife of the institution is one confusing to young students and contrary toprinciples of democratic association. What we desire is that the choicesmade by those whose capacity for loyalty is great, whose experience isslight, should be quite simple, and that problems of increasing complexityand difficulty be presented to them as their academic life progresses. Asit is, probably few more difficult and no more complicated situations arepresented than those faced by the incoming Freshmen who are in thegroup from whom selections for these secret organizations are made.Reference has been made to the terms of the charter giving equalrights to men and women. This is not to say that prejudice is wholly lacking. The members of our group, men and women alike, represent thelimitations as well as the capacities of the communities and institutionsfrom which they come. In the case of the University, as in the case of allinstitutions, the war brought confusion. The peace brought as disturbinga problem in the increase in the number of students. Great masses ofyoung people had had revealed to them the value of education, and whilethe number of educated men and women cannot be too great for the community's need, the rate of increase in the number of students may be sorapid that their adequate care and treatment seems for the time impossible. If we are disturbed, however, by the numbers of young persons go-98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDing to college, we should rejoice that it is educational institutions that arethus called on to enlarge their facilities, and not the penitentiary system,as was the case after the Civil War.It is clear that, in my judgment, while the University has made nofetish of any educational theory because it was old nor been afraid of anybecause it was new, it has not been on the whole so startlingly revolutionary as my Boston friends anticipated. It has perhaps been seeking thatnutritive value that has been described as the "marrow of tradition"while looking toward the new day without fear.But with the limitations which all acknowledge, the record of theyears from 1892 to 1925 is a great one. It presents a challenge — how shallit be met?The University of Chicago, if true to the ideals on which it was established, will do much in the future toward raising the status of women students and produce even more women graduates of distinction whose influence on young people through the school and the home will bring to theenrichment of the University and later of the community a stream ofstrong and able youth. It should make a great contribution through theencouragement it gives its women members toward the development ofthose resources of the world which are in the keeping of women and whichthey are called upon more and more to contribute to the progress of civilization. It should answer in no uncertain terms the question as to whetherwomen are to be given reasonable freedom and equality arid opportunitiesfor the use of their powers in the field of advanced scholarship. I wouldparaphrase the dictum of a distinguished scholar that "no civilization canremain the highest if another civilization adds to the intelligence of itsmen the intelligence of its women" by saying that no university can remain the highest if another university adds to the intelligence of its menthe intelligence of its women.In the years that have lapsed, the different fields of human knowledgehave expanded greatly, and there are many indications that the attemptto maintain our different departments on absolutely distinct lines resultsin serious overlapping, with its resulting waste of resources. An intensivestudy of the workings of the old departmental system with a view to moreeffective co-ordination is called for in the near future and may conceivablylead to a complete reorganization. The pigeonholing of knowledge mustbe abandoned and its essential unity recognized by devices not now in use.The arraignment of the American college which is heard from everyside includes many charges. Prominent among these is the lack of seriousness coupled with lack of social response which prevails among collegeTHE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 99students. I believe that the condition seems more serious than it really isbecause of the conspicuousness of those who are responsible for it.There never was a time when more young people were thinking seriously on problems of social injustice, of international and race relations,and of religion than the present. We do not give as much head to theseyoung people as we should. At the same time I admit that there is someground for the charge. In so far as it is true, it presents a very real challenge to us, to solve the general problem of domestic and social relationships with the different types of pleasures and profit involved in them.The University's policy of recognizing the value of spontaneity in theformation of student groups has been admirable in its results, but shouldbe greatly extended in the future under the direction of a skilled leader,trained in the educational value of recreation and of varied social contactsand recognized as an expert in modern methods of contributing to thecomplete development of human powers through "freedom and a varietyof situation," as Humboldt expressed it. The urgent desire of the students, supported as it has been by the expressed judgment of a member ofthe Faculty, should be gratified in the near future.We have been hearing much of the University as a place for the training of leaders — of course we mean good leaders. A sound democracy needsnot merely leaders. It needs also a citizenry that does not follow afterfalse gods, who are trained to recognize and to choose wise leaders. Iremember well hearing William James say, "The best claim that a collegeeducation can possibly make on your respect, the best thing it can aspireto accomplish for you is this : That it should help you to know a good manwhen you see him The sense for human superiority is our fine."Because of this we need close and constant contacts between leaders andthose not only who are to be future leaders, but those who are to chooseleaders and follow them. I cannot help thinking that we should miss manyfrom the ranks of our academic leaders here in the University if as undergraduates they had not had their gaze turned toward the graduateschools and worked under men of distinction in their fields.I have pointed out that all grades of education are conducted underthe auspices of the University. It seems to me that just here lies its greatest opportunity and the greatest challenge to its vision and power. Thedifferent administrative units are directed independently of each other.As President Judson so wisely pointed out four years ago, writing of educational organization in general, "the college plans are made by one set ofeducational authorities, secondary school plans by another and the elementary school plans often by one still different. The lack of co-ordina-ioo THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion all along the line has resulted in a situation which is contrary to allsound educational principles." This situation is rendered still more seriousby the conviction held by many that education consists of essentially distinct stages conforming closely to certain ages, while many others, themajority I believe, are convinced that the process is continuous and notto be delimited arbitrarily by years or even by methods. There seems tobe one conclusion to be drawn from these facts. The great work to be doneby the University in the near future lies in seeking answers to these questions and devising methods of solving the existing difficulties and defectsin educational procedure and administration. The University is foundedprimarily for research, and there is no larger field open for research thanthe one I suggest. The graduate school cannot thrive without well-equipped students, the colleges cannot thrive without an understandingof their function in concrete terms as related to preceding and followingexperiences, the secondary and the elementary schools cannot thrive unless they know what steps may be taken next by their pupils and what willbe demanded from them. No single group, wise as it may be in its ownfield, can reach a sound judgment independently of those in adjacentfields. The University has an unparalleled opportunity to render thehighest possible service to the cause of education by establishing an agency for the study of all the interrelated activities and problems of the different divisions of the University. Such a study would be based not merelyon the records of students and of Faculties still more carefully kept thanthey are at present, but on educational research extended along the usuallines. A great fund of information is already in hand in the archives of theUniversity. If it were assembled, co-ordinated, and analyzed, a greatflood of light would be thrown on the dark places in the educational fieldin which we are groping. A still further step which would be essential intesting the soundness of our educational method would be to follow upthose who pass out from the University. This would involve a recordingand interpreting of their successes and failures so far as these successes orfailures seem related to their University experiences, and would be a testof the efficiency of University methods. Such studies would lead naturallyto the adoption of administrative devices for co-ordinating more effectively the various parts of the University, for securing coherence withfreedom which would eliminate waste and give to the development ofUniversity policy a sureness and a certainty not to be obtained by current methods. A no less important result would be the contribution itwould make toward better articulation of the various types of educationalinstitutions, especially of secondary schools and universities, throughoutTHE CHALLENGE OF A RETROSPECT 101the land. I see in this direction the one great challenge which past andpresent alike present to the University.I would remind you who are about to go out with the seal of approvalof the University that you are to join the ranks of the strong men andwomen from the University who are not only making this great MiddleWest a power in the nation, but influencing the life of the world in its remote corners. Take with you the spirit of the University as expressed inits motto, Crescat scientia; vita excolatur, "Let knowledge grow frommore to more, and so be human life enriched." Take with you the idealismof this wonderful city which gave to the University a Ryerson and aHutchinson, take with you a determination to enable the Universitythrough you and through coming generations to make manifest the sayingof Jesus, "Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free."THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1I. THE CONVOCATION ORATORThe address to which we have just listened constitutes one more ofthe valuable services which Miss Talbot has rendered to the Universityof Chicago. Miss Talbot is one of the group of persons, already of note inthe field of education, whom President Harper invited to share with himthe honor and the adventure of constituting the faculty of the Universityof Chicago when as yet it existed only as a plan.When the University opened its doors in October, 1892, Miss Talbotwas present as Dean of Women in the Senior Colleges of the University.Associated with her was Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer as Dean of Womenin the Graduate Schools. Together Mrs. Palmer and Miss Talbot organized the women's houses and the plans for the academic and sociallife of the women of the University. In 1897 Miss Talbot became Deanof Women for the whole University, an office which she has continued tohold and still holds. Filling a place on the teaching faculty in the fields ofSanitary Science and Household Administration, she has also brought tothe administration of the affairs of the University as they have especiallyto do with women, rare soundness of judgment, clearness of policy, firmness of purpose, combined in a remarkable degree with sympathy for thesocial life of those with whom she has had to do. It is a great pleasure inthis public way to recognize with appreciation and gratitude the servicewhich Miss Talbot has rendered during the whole life of the Universitythus far.II. DECEASED MEMBERS OF THE FACULTYJanuary 10, 1925, Dr. Norman Bridge, emeritus professor of medicinein Rush Medical College, died in Los Angeles, California.Dr. Bridge was born in Vermont in 1844. He was graduated fromChicago Medical College in 1868. He was for some years a member of thefaculty of the Chicago Medical College, but in 1873 joined that of RushMedical College, from which he received an honorary degree in 1878. In1891, discovering that he had tuberculosis, he gave up his practice inChicago and removed to California. There he recovered his health anddelivered at the One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Convocation of the University,March 17, 1925.102THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 103developed an extensive medical practice. Acquiring wealth by fortunateinvestments, he became a generous patron of education both in Californiaand in Chicago. He was an able physician, an accomplished writer, apublic-spirited citizen, a most genial and generous friend, whose death isa loss not only to his devoted wife, but to a wide circle of friends.John Adelbert Parkhurst, associate professor of Practical Astronomy,a member of the staff of the Yerkes Observatory for a quarter of a century, died suddenly at Williams Bay on March 1.Professor Parkhurst was widely known as a specialist in the measurement of the brightness of the stars. He was a very careful and efficientobserver, a clear thinker, and an excellent teacher. Many graduate students of the University had profited by his instruction.In memory of these members of the University community we willstand for a moment in silence.III. STATISTICS OE ATTENDANCEThe attendance of the University during the Winter Quarter as reported by the University Recorder, February 7, 1925, is as follows:On the Quadrangles of the University:Graduates 1 , 558Undergraduates 3 , 143Total 4, 701University College:Graduates 500Undergraduates 1 , 802Total 2 , 30225 Duplicates6,978 Net TotalRush Medical College 255Total of Resident Students 7 , 233Home-Study Department 4, 100 (approximately)Grand Total **)333These figures show an increase over the record of the Winter Quarter,1924.On the Quadrangles 183Graduates 195 (increase)Undergraduates 22 (loss)Off the Quadrangles 299University College 319 (increase)Rush Medical College 20 (loss)Total gain 482(exclusive of the Home-Study Department)104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIV. APPOINTMENTS AND RETENTIONSIn the important matter of strengthening the faculty by the appointment of able men to fill important positions encouraging progresshas been made within the Quarter.In addition to the appointments, already announced, of ProfessorWilliam Craigie, of Oriel College, Oxford, editor of the Oxford Dictionaryof English, to a professorship of English, and of Professor Ralph Keniston,of Cornell University, to a professorship of Spanish, other important appointments have been made recently and accepted. Professor ArcherTaylor, of Washington University, St. Louis, has been appointed to aprofessorship in the Department of Germanic Languages; Professor B. L.Ullman, of the State University of Iowa, to a professorship of Latin;Professor W. W. Charters, of the University of Pittsburgh, to a professorship in Education; and Professor Bernadotte E. Schmitt, of WesternReserve University, to a professorship in the Department of History.These are major appointments, and will add greatly to the strengthof the departments concerned and to the prestige of the school. ProfessorCraigie, who comes to us next October, has already planned his programfor a dictionary of American English. This will comprise the study ofthose differences in vocabulary, meaning, and pronunciation that existin different parts of the United States. As these differences are closelyconnected with the history of the various regions, the work promises tobe one of great significance. In Professor Craigie, moreover, we have forthis work one of the most competent lexicographers in the world. Thegreat Oxford Dictionary now completed, with the work on which he hasbeen associated for so many years, furnishes sufficient evidence of thetruth of this statement.Professor Keniston joins our Romance Department at the beginningof the next Autumn Quarter. This department is already one of the strongdepartments of the University, and with Professor Keniston's accessionto its ranks will attain still greater prestige.Professor Ullman, the new appointee in Latin, is one of our owndoctors. He has been for many years head of the department of Latin inthe University of Iowa, and has been notably successful in both researchand teaching. Next year he is to be annual professor in the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies in Rome, and will begin his residence at theUniversity in October, 1926.Professor Charters is also one of our own doctors, who comes back tous after achieving marked distinction in his field of the application ofpsychology to the problems of education, especially curriculum-making.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 105His work in the Carnegie Institute of Technology, and the University ofPittsburgh, and at Stephens College, Missouri, has attracted much attention. He comes to us next October from the University of Pittsburgh,where he is professor of education and dean of the graduate school.Professor Archer Taylor, besides being Professor of German, is to bethe Secretary of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures.In addition to his German scholarship, he is a scholar of note in comparative literature, and will doubtless co-operate with Professor Crossin the work of the Department of General Literature.Professor Bernadotte Schmitt is already with us. His specialty is thehistory of diplomacy, especially that of the nineteenth century.Scarcely less significant than this partial list of notable additions toour faculty is the decision of a number of our present faculty to declinetempting invitations to accept positions elsewhere. These declinationshave been based in practically every case on the faith of those who declined in the plans and future of the University rather than on anyimmediate monetary considerations.Fully convinced that the success of the University of Chicago in carrying into effect the plans by which it is hoping to meet its pressingresponsibilities and its great opportunities is absolutely dependent uponbuilding up a faculty which shall include a goodly number of men both ofexceptional ability in their respective fields and of high character and ofstrong personality, the University is making every effort to secure andhold such men and to provide them adequate facilities for their work. Itis the fulfilment of this purpose that underlies and gives vitality to ourfinancial campaign, about which a few words will be said later.v. GIFTSThe list of donors to the University is happily a constantly growingone, including now nearly 4,000.Of gifts not directly connected with the Development Campaign, Ihave the pleasure of reporting:A gift of one of the finest manuscripts ever received by the Universityhas been made by Mr. C. L. Ricketts, of Chicago. This manuscript isusually known as the Historia Scholastica, and its author was PetrusComestor. It was one of the chief handbooks of students engaged in thestudy of Old and New Testament history as late as the seventeenth century. To the alumni of the University, at least, it will add to the interestof this gift to know that throughout the whole history of the UniversityMr. Ricketts has done the beautiful engrossing on the diplomas whichthey have received on successive convocation days.io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAn oil painting by William Wendt, intended for the permanent collection of the Department of Art, has been presented by an anonymousdonor.Mr. Carl D. Greenleaf, whose gift of band instruments some yearsago will be recalled, has given $10,000 for the work of Rush MedicalCollege. In conveying this gift to the University, Mr. Greenleaf statesthat it is made out of regard for Dean Ernest E. Irons, in recognition ofhis efficient and unselfish service in connection with Rush Medical College.The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, again co-operating withthe University, has made a grant of $1,500 toward the expense of a preliminary inquiry of the study of methods of civic education employed invarious countries.The Chicago Association of Commerce has contributed $1,800 towardthe cost of a survey of the organization, administration, and administrative problems of continuation schools.The United States National Museum in Washington has given to theUniversity a collection of fossil plants to make more useful the large collection already installed in Walker Museum. The collection providesmeans for extensive research in paleobotany, the department to whichProfessor Noe has made able contribution.Early in the year Mr. Julius Rosenwald, an honored Trustee, whosesolicitude for the growth and prosperity of the University has been exemplified on numerous occasions, gave $25,000 to pay for certain historicalmaterial secured by Professor J. H. Breasted for the Haskell Museum.The DuPont Fellowship in Chemistry has been renewed for the academic year of 1925-26, as has also the Chicago Woman's Aid Fellowshipin the School of Social Service Administration.Professor and Mrs. Frank R. Liliie have given to the University thesum of $90,000 for the erection of a building for Experimental Zoology.Plans for this building have already been made and construction begun.This evidence of the interest of those who are intimately associated withthe work of the University in its development is a most encouraging indication of the spirit which animates our faculty community. Furtherevidence of this same attitude is furnished by the voluntary proposal ofProfessor John Manly and Associate Professor Rickert to underwrite anexpenditure of $10,000 for the purchase of facsimiles of Chaucer's manuscripts. These facsimiles are desired as the basis of a thorough study ofChaucer, to the explication of whose writings Professor Manly has alreadymade notable contributions. Similarly significant of the attitude of thosewho are in most intimate touch with the University is the gift of $10,000THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 107by Professor and Mrs. Edgar J. Goodspeed. These wholly unsolicitedgifts are reported at this time, not as a covert way of requesting othergifts from the faculties, but as affording gratifying evidence of the deepinterest in the University of those who know it best.VI. THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMarked progress has been made within the last Quarter in puttinginto effect the plans of the University for its future development. Following some months of preliminary study of the situation, the Committee onDevelopment was organized in May, 1924. In the ten months which haveelapsed since that event, a large part of the preparatory work of the campaign has been completed. A staff has been gathered, committees offaculty, trustees, and alumni have been appointed, literature prepared,printed, and circulated, meetings of citizens and of alumni from theAtlantic to the Pacific have been addressed by representatives of theUniversity, the interest of the citizens of Chicago has been markedlydeveloped, the enthusiasm of the alumni has been kindled, and gifts havebegun to be received, in many cases without solicitation.Although the public campaign will not formally open until March 24,there have already been received pledges to a total amount of about$4,690,000. Of this amount, the General Education Board has promised$2,000,000, on condition that an additional $4,000,000 be raised for theendowment of salaries. The Trustees have pledged $1,689,500; alumni,exclusive of the alumni Trustees, whose gifts are counted in the previousfigure, but including the alumni members of the faculty, have subscribed about $340,000, and other donors about $660,000. The responseof the alumni in Chicago and elsewhere has been most encouraging, andthere is good reason to hope that they will reach the sum of $2,000,000set by their representatives at a meeting held in Chicago in November,1924. The amount still to be raised, that we may achieve our goal of$17,500,000 set for the year 1925, and representing pressing needs of theUniversity, is very large. We shall achieve our goal only as the result ofmany gifts of varying size, from very small to very large gifts. We cordially welcome gifts in any amount, but we well know that it is in vain toexpect to secure $17,500,000 wholly in small gifts. We are looking eagerly,therefore, and hopefully, for those large gifts in sums of hundreds ofthousands and of millions which we believe the history of the Universityand its plans for the future justify, and which are indispensable to thesuccess of our effort.Important progress has been made in the last Quarter in the erectionio8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof buildings for which the money was mainly provided some years ago,but the erection of which was delayed by the war and post-war conditions. The Theology Building, completing the Harper Quadrangle, isapproaching the third story. Its beauty is already observable. The foundation for the Divinity Chapel, an equally beautiful building made possible by the generous contribution of Mrs. Joseph Bond, is being laid.This latter structure is to be one of the most charming within the quadrangles. It will form the north side of the southwest quadrangle, nowpartially enclosed by the Graduate dormitories, the Classics Building, andHaskell Oriental Museum, and lacking only the Modern Language Building for its completion. On the west side of the city, the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery approaches completion. It includes alsothe Norman Bridge Pathological Laboratories.Plans for the Field House, to be placed north of Bartlett Gymnasium,and intended to provide space for indoor sports and athletic training, andalso a much-needed large assembly room, are being perfected by thearchitects, Holabird and Roche. Working drawings and specifications forthe medical group of buildings to be built on the new Medical Quadranglewest of Ellis Avenue, including the Billings Hospital and the EpsteinDispensary, have been completed and are in the hands of contractors.Bids will soon be in hand. The plans for the University Chapel will goto the contractor for revised bids in a few days. It is hoped that construction of the chapel and the medical buildings will begin early in thesummer, and that the Field House may be begun not much later.These several buildings, some of which will be completed within ayear, others of which will require two years or even more to complete,will constitute a great addition to the educational facilities of the University. In cubic capacity they will add nearly 50 per cent to that of all otherpermanent buildings of the University. But their spatial capacity is ofsignificance only as they promote the intellectual and spiritual life of theUniversity and of the community. To this they will, we believe, make a* great contribution, and we shall await their completion with eagernessand with such patience as we can summon. Meantime, we shall pressearnestly forward in the effort to procure the additional funds with whichto erect other buildings, not less urgently needed than those now in theprocess of erection and about to be built, and to develop that strongfaculty without which it would not be worth while to erect the buildings.Our goal is the best possible University for our situation and for theachievement of our special task. We are united as never before — Trustees,faculty, alumni, and friends — in our devotion to the achievement of thisTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 109purpose, and we shall press earnestly and steadily forward in our effortto achieve it.VII. THE GREATER UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOThe response of the public and of the alumni to the vision of thefuture of the University which we have been endeavoring to show tothem has in turn given to us who have been engaged in the work a newand most attractive vision of a larger University, which it is possible forus to create. We have repeatedly said in recent months that we had forsworn ambition for bigness, putting all our emphasis on betterment. Inthe sense in which we said it, we mean it still without abatement. Butthere is a sense in which we should like to create a greater University, aUniversity the heart of which shall be in the body of students and facultyworking on these quadrangles, but which shall include also as organicparts of a community, having a real community consciousness, thoseresidents of the city and surrounding country who see what we are endeavoring to do, sympathize with our aims, and desire to take part in the realizations of them, all our alumni and former students throughout the world,and finally, many at least of those who are under the instruction of theUniversity by correspondence and through our publications. In its spirit,scope, and aim, the University of Chicago has a character of its own. Asthis is recognized by our friends and alumni, they will, we believe, increasingly desire to keep in touch with the University, receiving from itand giving to it in various ways. The details of a plan by which a community consciousness can be created and maintained throughout thisbody of people scattered over many states, and by which the Universitycan serve them and many others, this is not the time to discuss. But our recent effort to establish closer relations with the people of Chicago and withour thousands of former students has opened up to us the possibility ofa field of service of which we have been but dimly conscious before. Itwould be in full consistency with the original policy of the University tobe an educational force not only to those who pay tuition, but to thecommunity so far as we can reach and influence it, if we should now undertake to enter and occupy that larger field of opportunity which this recentexperience seems to have disclosed to us. Systematic plans should, webelieve, be made to reach continuously by printed page and human voicethat constituency which we have recently found so willing to listen andso responsive. This should be done in the same spirit of service withwhich we do all our work. But we may be assured that its reflex influencewill itself be sufficiently rewarding to justify it on selfish grounds.no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAlready the University has made many new friends among those whocontrol the media of popular information. It is now no longer exceptional,but usual, to find a great journal of public opinion referring to the idealsof the University with understanding and sympathy. The attitude, notonly of editors, but of innumerable other people, has been modified for thebetter by statements of our aims, both through newspaper publicationand through our campaign literature. The loyalty and the interest of ouralumni has been greatly stimulated. To follow up our hitherto more orless sporadic and occasional efforts to share what we have achieved andwhat we hope for in the future with the circle of those who are naturallyour friends, by a systematic policy of communication with them, is bothto render a real service to them and to establish a constituency which willinsure the continuous growth and prosperity of the University.The effort in which we are engaged is not either in itself or in its resultsa thing of this year. We have come to a new period in our history. We areentering on a new task and opportunity. We cannot do other than followit through, and by so doing enlarge the scope and value of our educationalservice and insure the stability and strength of work here at the center ofit all, on our quadrangles.HONOR TO CHARLES H. WACKERAND FREDERICK STOCKThe One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Convocation was marked bya feature of unusual interest both to the University and to the Chicagopublic. This was the conferring of honorary degrees upon two distinguished citizens of Chicago — Messrs. Charles Henry Wacker, chairmanof the Chicago Plan Commission, and Frederick Augustus Stock, conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The degree of Doctor of Lawswas conferred upon Mr. Wacker and that of Doctor of Music upon Mr.Stock.These were the first honorary degrees to be conferred by the University since Marshal Ferdinand Foch, commander-in-chief of the Alliedarmies in the late war, was thus honored. The selection of Messrs. Wackerand Stock was prompted by recognition of their exceptional contributionsto the intellectual and aesthetic progress of Chicago. The former, aschairman of the Chicago Plan Commission, has been for many years thedirecting genius in the realization of the great conception of a more beautiful city. Mr. Stock, as conductor, composer, and organizer of new movements, has notably advanced knowledge and appreciation of music inChicago and the nation." At the Convocation Mr. Stock was the first to be presented as acandidate. Gordon J. Laing, Dean of the Graduate Schools of Arts andLiterature, made the presentation in these words:Mr. President: On the nomination of the University Senate, I have the honor topresent to you for the degree of Doctor of Music Mr. Frederick Stock. A native of Germany, trained in the schools of Cologne, Mr. Stock brought his great gift of music toAmerica. For twenty years director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, he has playedan almost unprecedented part in the cultural life of the city. What the Art Institute isdoing for painting and sculpture, what the University of Chicago is doing for researchand the higher learning, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under his direction is doingfor music. He has spread the fame of the Orchestra far beyond the limits of Chicagoand of America. He is doing more than that. He is implanting a love of music in thechildren of the city, and so is an educator too. This means that the next generation alsois his. Surely his career has been a most enviable one. Under the magic of his batonbusiness men forget their problems, lawyers their cases, clergymen their eschatology,professors of language their philology, scientists their test tubes, and it is even rumoredthat for the time students forget their grade points. His contribution to the higherthings of lif e is so notable that English phrases fail me and I am compelled, by reason ofits more intensive compactness, its nicer precision, and its greater intelligibility, to fallin112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDback upon the Latin language, in which the diploma that he is about to receive iswritten: He is vir clarissimus in omnibus rebus ad artem musicam pertinentibus, auctoripse plurium hymnorum et symphoniarum, et praesertim interpres operum magistrorumsubtilissimus, callidissimus, peritissimus.President Burton then conferred upon Mr. Stock the degree of Doctorof Music. A translation of a part of the Latin diploma presented follows:Conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, profound student of the theoryand practice of music, composer of many original works which have enriched the worldof music, skilful in all details pertaining to orchestra administration and organization,who by the subtlety and beauty of his interpretation of the works of the great mastershas made the Chicago Symphony Orchestra the joy and pride of the city and establishedits fame among the orchestras of the world.Mr. Wacker was presented by Vice-President James Hayden Tufts,who spoke as follows:On behalf of the University Senate, I present Mr. Charles Henry Wacker for thehonorary degree of Doctor of Laws. A native of Chicago, Mr. Wacker has been formany years identified with its civic and philanthropic activities. Recently he has devoted himself without stint to the enterprise of planning and building a more beautifulcity. Early associated with the World's Columbian Exposition, he carried over its idealsof ordered beauty to the larger field of an actual city. He has persuaded his fellow-citizens to embody his vision in the realities of spacious parks and boulevards, dignifiedbuildings, and opening vistas, all as part of a well-ordered whole — fitting embodiment ofthe conception of fair and noble civic life. He has thus contributed to the cultural andeducational influences of our community and to those of generations yet to come.President Burton then conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws uponMr. Wacker. The diploma presented to him contains these words:Citizen of distinction, who by his high ideals, broad views, and tenacity of purposehas made an incalculable contribution to the cause of city-planning in America; who hasalways shown himself, when the occasion arose, ready to lay aside his private affairs anddevote himself to the common good; and who more than any other one man has identified himself with that plan, the consummation of which will make Chicago, by reason ofthe beauty of its parks, the dignity of its buildings, and the beauty of its streets andboulevards, a city to delight the eye and invite the soul.Award of the degrees was received enthusiastically by the large audience gathered in Leon Mandel Hall; and it has been taken as renewedevidence of the University's consciousness of its close relationship to thecommunity.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryBUILDING OPERATIONSContracts have been executed to the amount of $148,150 for the construction of the Divinity School Chapel. Work began on the foundationsabout the middle of March.Hollabird & Roche have been appointed architects for the construction of the athletic field house for Stagg Field, and plans and specificationsare being prepared.The new Zoology Laboratory, funds for which have been contributedby Mr. and Mrs. Frank R. Lillie, is to be known as the Whitman Laboratory of Experimental Zoology. Professor Charles O. Whitman was theorganizer of the Department of Zoology of the University and served itfrom the beginning until the time of his death in 19 10. The site of thenew laboratory, building of which has begun, is at the southwest cornerof Ingleside Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street.The plans and elevations for the University Medical School group,including the Billings Hospital, the Epstein Dispensary, and the unit tohouse the Departments of Physiology and Physiological Chemistry havebeen approved by the Board of Trustees and the architects have beeninstructed to take bids for construction of the several buildings.THE COUNTRY HOME FOR CONVALESCENT CHILDRENAn agreement for affiliation between the University and the CountryHome for Convalescent Children has been executed. The trustees of theHome agree to increase its endowment to $1,000,000. It will maintainits corporate existence, but will be intimately related to the University.For a period of fifteen years the present residence and schoolbuildings atPrince Crossing, near Aurora, Illinois, will be used exclusively for childrenof whom not less than 75 per cent shall be orthopedic cases. Buildingsmay be erected for convalescents other than children as the funds areprovided. Three-fifths of the trustees of the Home are to be nominatedby the Trustees of the University, or the President of the University'sBoard of Trustees. The University will administer the property and fundsof the Home as trustee; lay out its educational program; nominate itsteachers and nurses."3H4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGIFTSA gift of $1,000, to be used for scholarships or fellowships in theDepartment of Sociology and in the Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration, has been given by the Wieboldt Foundation.At the January meeting of the Board of Trustees there was announcedthe gift of Mr. Julius Rosenwald of securities valued at $25,000, to beused for the purchase of oriental objects to be selected by ProfessorBreasted.A valuable landscape painting by William Wendt, a well-knownpainter, formerly of Chicago but now of Los Angeles, has been given tothe University for the Department of Art by an anonymous donor.A gift of $10,000 has been received by the University from Carl D.Greenleaf, of Elkhart, Indiana, for the work of Rush Medical College.The sum of $1,500 has been given by the Laura Spelman RockefellerMemorial to the University of Chicago toward the expense of a preliminary inquiry as to the possiblity of a study of methods of civic educationemployed in various countries.The Chicago Association of Commerce has given $1,800 to finance asurvey of organization, administration, and administrative problems ofcontinuation schools in Chicago. This survey is to be under the supervision of Dr. Charles H. Judd and Dean E. T. Filbey.By the will of Dr. Norman Bridge, the University is given one-fifthshare in his residuary estate after the death of Mrs. Bridge.A collection of fossil plants has been given by the United StatesNational Museum in Washingon to the Walker Museum. The gift willprovide means for extensive research in paleobotany.The Board has voted to accept the gift of a portrait of Abraham Collesfrom Mrs. Diana Colles for Rush Medical College. Dr. Colles was a notedsurgeon of the last century.The Board approved the execution of a contract between the University of Chicago and the Institute of American Meat Packers wherebyMr. Thomas E. Wilson has made a gift of $5,000 a year for three years forthe institution of a research laboratory for the Institute of AmericanMeat Packers.The Evaporated Milk Association has provided $1,500 for study ofthe effect of the process of preparing evaporated milk on the vitamincontent of the finished product and for the study of the amount andimportance of the solids thrown out of suspension in evaporated milk.An additional gift has been made by Dr. and Mrs. Frank R. Lillieto cover the increased cost of the erection of the laboratory for Experi-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES "5mental Zoology. This generous contribution increases the amount toapproximately $90,000.Miss Mabel Abbott has subscribed $5,000, the income to be used asa scholarship for worthy students.At the Board meeting of March 12, 1925, it was reported that subscriptions amounting to $4,678,038.67 have been received for the purposesof the Development Campaign to secure $17,500,000 for endowment andbuildings. It was stated that additional information concerning thesesubscriptions and the names of subscribers would be given at a later date.APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments to the Faculties, in addition to reappointments, were made during the Winter Quarter by the Board of Trustees:W. W. Charters, of the University of Pittsburgh, Professor of Education in the School of Education, from July 1, 1925.Dr. Dallas B. Phemister, Professor of Surgery in the Graduate Schoolof Medical Science of the University, from January 1, 1925.Archer Taylor, of Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures; also Secretary of the Department, from October 1, 1925.Berthold L. Ullman, of the State University of Iowa (Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1908), Professor of Latin, from July 1, 1925.Dr. Sewall Wright, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department ofAgriculture, Washington, D. C, Associate Professor in the Departmentof Zoology, from January 1, 1926.Miss Elizabeth Haseltine, Instructor in the Department of Art, forthe Winter Quarter, 1925.Dr. Rudolph Kampmeier, Instructor in the Department of Pathology,from January 1, 1925.Miss Laura van Pappelendam, Instructor in the Department of Art,for the Winter Quarter, 1925.Professor Oscar Adolph Tingelstad, of Luther College, Decorah, Iowa,to give instruction in the Department of Education for a period of fivemonths beginning February 1, 1925, to fill the place of Professor S. C.Parker, deceased.Dr. Edgar Cleveland Turner, Francis A. Hardy Fellow in Surgery inRush Medical College and Assistant House Surgeon in the PresbyterianHospital for the Winter and Spring quarters, 1925.E. O. Latimer, Sydney Walker III Scholar in Physiology for threequarters, Autumn, Winter, and Spring, 1924-25.n6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRESIGNATIONSThe resignations of the following members of Faculties have beenaccepted by the Board of Trustees:Karl Taylor Compton, Professor-elect in the Department of Physics.Professor Compton had accepted an appointment as Professor of Physics,to enter upon his duties July i, 1925, but finding that by reason of unexpected developments at Princeton he could not come to Chicago without seriously crippling the department at Princeton, which he had donemuch to upbuild, asked to be released.Clark Owen Melick, Assistant Professor of Preventive Medicine inthe Department of Anatomy, effective February 1, 1925.Dr. Frances E. Haines, Instructor in Anesthesia, Department ofSurgery, Rush Medical College, effective December 18, 1924.Dr. Harold Theodore Pederson, Fellow in the Department of Surgery(Francis A. Hardy Fellowship), and Assistant House Surgeon in the Presbyterian Hospital, effective January 1, 1925.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeaves of absence have been granted by the Board of Trustees to thefollowing members of the Faculties:To Professor L. C. Marshall, of the Department of Political Economy,for the Spring Quarter and the Autumn Quarter of the coming year, inorder that he may make a survey and report on business education inEurope, at the request of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Foundation.To Professor Berthold L. Ullman during 1925-26, that he may serveas director of the School of Classical Studies in Rome.DEATHSDr. Norman Bridge, for many years connected with the Faculty ofRush Medical College, died on January 10, 1925. At the time of his deathDr. Bridge was Professor Emeritus of Rush Medical College. He had beena liberal donor of funds to the University.John A. Parkhurst, Associate Professor of Practical Astronomy ofYerkes Observatory, died on March 1, 1925.MISCELLANEOUSThe Board of Trustees has voted to set aside the block bounded bySixtieth and Sixty-first streets and by University and Greenwood avenuesfor educational buildings of the Colleges. The block west of this aforementioned block is designed for residence buildings for men, primarilyundergraduates; and such a portion of the block east of the block firstTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 117mentioned as is owned by the University is to be reserved for residencebuildings for women, primarily undergraduates. For the present the further location of residence buildings north of the Midway will be restricted.The University Statutes have been amended to create the rank ofResearch Associate, the intention being to provide an honorary statussuch as that held by many of the University's own staff when doing research for scientific foundations, the duties being chiefly those of research.Beginning October 1, 1925, tuition fees in the Laboratory Schools ofthe School of Education will be increased: In the Elementary Schoolfrom $225 to $300, and in the High School from $275 to $350. Tuitionfees for members of the families of the Faculty are to be one-half theforegoing rates. Scholarships will be provided for a certain number ofstudents so that the tuition fees in these instances will not exceed theformer rate.Funds are being advanced by the University for the purpose of obtaining in England photostats of manuscripts of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.The University is to be reimbursed for this expenditure by gifts made forthis particular object. The photographs will be made under the directionof Miss Edith Rickert, who, with Professor J. M. Manly, is responsiblefor the project.The University Statutes have been so amended that the Head of theReynolds Clubhouse and the Director of the Ida Noyes Clubhouse arenow members of the Board of Student Organizations, Publications, andExhibitions.Six furnished apartments in the building at the northwest corner ofFifty-sixth Street and University Avenue, owned by the University, havebeen set aside for the use of married graduate students.The General Education Board, for the benefit which will accrue tomany institutions of learning, has made an appropriation for the purposeof a complete and systematic survey of the operation and administrationof all departments of the University — financial, academic, and administrative. Such a thorough study of the University as a whole it is expectedwill be begun in the near future. Mr. Arnett, Vice-President and BusinessManager, with Mr. Tufts, Vice-President and Dean of Faculties willco-operate in supervising this survey.FREDERICK HASKELLBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDThe ancient town of Windsor, Connecticut, was settled by emigrantsfrom Plymouth and Dorchester, Massachusetts, about 1635, only fifteenyears after the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. It is the next town northof Hartford and originally covered both sides of the Connecticut River.In 1768, a century and a third after its founding, the town was divided,the dividing line being the river. There was no bridge to connect thetwo divisions of the town, and that part east of the river became EastWindsor. Directly across the river from the village of Windsor, as distinguished from the township, is a high, narrow plateau, not quite halfa mile in length, extending from the brow of the hill above the ScanticRiver on the north to the brow of the hill above Taylor's Creek on thesouth. On this diminutive plateau, known as East Windsor Hill, was thevery small village of East Windsor, a village of a single street, but thisstreet wide and beautiful with three rows of great maples, with nine orten houses and other buildings on each side. Here Frederick Haskell wasborn December 4, 1810.His great-grandfather, Ephraim, had lived in Rochester, Massachusetts, a village some distance south of Plymouth. His grandfather, Jabez,ran a farm and mill in Rochester and migrated to the valley of the Connecticut late, and his father, Eli B. Haskell, became a merchant of thelittle village of East Windsor. Eli's partner was Captain Aaron Bissell,one of the well-to-do and prominent men of the community, and the firmname was Bissell & Haskell. Captain Bissell, having other business interests, was a silent partner, and the entire management of the store was inthe hands of Mr. Haskell.Eli B. Haskell was born October, 17, 1778. His first wife was SophiaBissell, a daughter of his partner, and she was the mother of FrederickHaskell. She died in 1816, when he was only five years old. In 1819,when Frederick was eight years old, his father married another daughterof his partner, Susan Bissell, who lived to be eighty-one. There werefour sons and one daughter in the family: Frederick, Edward, Ralzamon(the father of Frederick T. Haskell of Chicago), Henry T., and Sophia.About two years after the birth of his oldest son, Frederick, Mr. Haskellbuilt a fine two-story brick house on the single street of East Windsor.118FREDERICK HASKELL 119It was on the west side of the street, at its extreme north end, lookingdown on one side over the valley of the Scantic River and on another overthat of the Connecticut. This house was described in the diaries of 18 13as aa very fine" and "a very valuable house." Captain Bissell, indeed,so much admired it that he immediately built himself a home next doorexactly like it. In this attractive home Frederick Haskell spent his childhood and youth.Eli B. Haskell seems to have been a capable man. He was prominentand popular in the community. East Windsor elected him to the GeneralAssembly of Connecticut twelve times.Little is known of the details of Frederick Haskell's boyhood. Welearn, indeed, that at the south end of the street was a long hill leading intoTaylor's Hollow, and that this hill was the favorite coasting resort of theboys throughout the long New England winter. The two rivers andTaylor's Creek, with the woods that covered much of the country, furnished the amplest opportunities for boating, fishing, swimming, hunting,berrying, nutting — every kind of out-of-door recreation that appeals toboys.It might be supposed that the educational advantages of such a verylittle village would be next to nothing, but this was far from being true.About 1800, the public-spirited citizens of the village and surroundingcountry built a two-story academy, the upper floor to be used for theacademy proper and the lower floor for a district school. In the History ofAncient Windsor it is said of this academy, "It was always well conducted,had a wide reputation, and not only many of the young men of EastWindsor and its neighboring towns were fitted for college there, but numbers came also from distant places. Its teachers were well selected, mostlycollege graduates, generally of Yale, and were of the highest standing."This academy continued to do efficient service for young men and womentill some years after Frederick Haskell's time. During his youth it wasdoing its best work. He thus enjoyed unusual advantages for laying thefoundations of an education. Beginning on the first floor, he went throughthe district school and had only to go upstairs to continue his studies in theacademy. In a brief account of his life I find it stated that "as a boy hereceived careful education and business training." I conclude from thisstatement that he pursued his studies through the academy and was thusprepared to enter college; but that instead of doing so, he graduated intoBissell & Haskell's store.It is probable that he had an internal call to a business life, and thathis father allowed him to follow his bent. We may suppose him, there-120 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfore, as entering his father's store at sixteen or seventeen years of age. Itwas no new place to him. He had been acquainted with it from his earliestyears and had, no doubt, often helped about the place after school hoursand in vacations. But he now seriously set about learning the business.He found it just as much of a school as the academy had been. He had tolearn how to wait on customers, how to sell goods, how to care for thestock, how to keep books, how and where to buy: the thousand and onethings necessary to the making of a successful merchant. He learned howto take care of the business when his father was absent in the GeneralAssembly, and gradually mastered the mysteries of conducting a generalretail store.Just as young Haskell was reaching manhood, an extraordinarychange took place in our country. It discovered the West! The visionof the potential wealth and opportunities of the Mississippi Valley dawnedupon the older states. One of the greatest migrations westward in historybegan. In the ten years from 1830 to 1840 several millions of peoplegathered their possessions together and moved to Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and other western states and territories. The population ofMichigan increased 570 per cent; nearly 1,000,000 people made homes inOhio and Illinois. New towns and villages were springing up everywherein these new states. New business opportunities were everywhere appearing in the golden West. At the opening of this amazing decade youngHaskell was twenty years old. He caught the prevailing fever and madeup his mind to go West and look for a business opening in the new world.It is a tradition in the family that he made this venture into the West onhorseback, going as far as Cleveland, Ohio. There he secured a situationas clerk in a store. How long he remained is uncertain. He was young,perhaps homesick, and thought he did not like the West. East Windsorand the home circle looked attractive to him, and he soon found his wayEast again.But having been out into the wide world of the West, .he could nolonger be contented at home, and continuing to hear reports of the wonderful Illinois country he determined to try his fortunes on what was thenthe western border. It so happened that a relative had moved to Jacksonville, Illinois, a man so much esteemed by his parents that their consentwas the more easily obtained, and one spring in the early thirties hestarted on the long journey to that place.At that time Jacksonville, now a beautiful and flourishing city of16,000 people, was a mere hamlet of a few score houses and about 500inhabitants. But it had a character all its own which gave it distinctionamong the villages of the then new state of Illinois. Among its earlyFREDERICK HASKELL 121settlers came a small group of men of the highest ideals, who, before 1830,founded Illinois College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, now theIllinois Woman's College. These institutions have from the first givencharacter to the town and gathered about them an intelligent and cultivated community.It is a somewhat curious and interesting fact that in 1833-34 RichardYates, later distinguished as governor of the state during the Civil War,was a student in Illinois College, and Stephen A. Douglas, famous on astill wider field, was beginning his remarkable career in the little villageas a lawyer. Both these men young Haskell probably met in Jacksonville,as they were about his age, and his employment made him generallyacquainted. The relative he went there to find was Elihu Wolcott, whokept a general store and took the young man into his employment. Mr.Wolcott was a prominent man in the little community, either more prosperous or more liberal than others. In two lists of subscriptions that havebeen preserved in a history of the town and county, Mr. Wolcott's nameleads all others. He was a member of the Congregational church, a trusteeof the Academy, and from the beginning was an ardent anti-slavery advocate. He presided at the organization of what was said to be the firstanti-slavery society in the state, and was very active in forwarding escaping slaves to Canada by the "underground railroad." A man of highcharacter and courage, he was worthy of his distinguished ancestry. Hewas of the family of Roger Wolcott, three times governor of Connecticut,Oliver Wolcott, who died in the same office, and Erastus Wolcott, member of the Continental Congress, and he had himself served in the GeneralAssembly of his native state before removing to Jacksonville.This was the relative to whom young Haskell joined himself when hemade his way to Jacksonville seeking his fortune in the new Illinoiscountry. Northern Illinois was at that time an unoccupied wilderness.The author of Waubun, traveling through that northern region about thistime, did not see even an Indian for days when her party was sufferingfor food. Chicago was an obscure hamlet much more insignificant thanJacksonville, and there was no travel between these two places. In thebook I have already referred to, Historic Morgan, there is an account of ajourney made from Connecticut to Jacksonville by a neighbor of Mr.Haskell, in 1834, which undoubtedly tells the story of the route he himselffollowed. The writer tells how he sailed down the Connecticut and madehis way to New York, where, he says,We met Mr. E. Wolcott, a leading merchant of this place, and we journeyed together. The next day we steamed down the bay to Amboy .... and were conveyedto a point on the Delaware, whence a steamer took us to Philadelphia. Next morning122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwe took a stage for Reading, where we spent the Sabbath. Monday morning found uspacked inside of a stagecoach having a capacity for twelve passengers inside, and everyseat was occupied, all bound for Pittsburg, having the Allegheny Mountains to pass..... At the end of three days and nights of continuous travel we reached Pittsburgsomewhat tired. Here we found two boats taking in cargoes for St. Louis and intermediate ports .... and selecting the one we liked best, we went on board Thethird day the boat was loaded, and we were gliding down the beautiful Ohio. Westopped at most of the landings, spent a day and night at Cincinnati and Louisville,where we lost much time in getting through the canal. Our boat had a large number ofpassengers, among whom were about the usual number of gamblers, who plied theirvocation through the night, and money was freely wagered. After leaving Louisville wemade but few stops till we rounded into the turbid waters of the Mississippi Reaching St. Louis on the second day from Cairo we found a city of about 6,000 inhabitants, and here, for the first time, we met the institution of negro slavery Afterwaiting two days for a boat going up the Illinois River, without success, we took thestage for Jacksonville We reached here, having been three weeks on the way.If Frederick Haskell had written the story of his journey to Jacksonville it would, without doubt, have been very similar to the one I havequoted.He was looking for a place in which to begin business for himself. Hehad received a good preliminary training in his father's store in EastWindsor, but he was still young, and could well afford to wait a littlelonger before entering on an independent career. Mr. Wolcott, apparently, needed help in his store, welcomed the coming of his young relative,and persuaded him to become one of his clerks. There he remained forabout two years, when his ambition to set up in business for himself ledhim to leave Jacksonville and seek a location for an independent enterprise.He was twenty-three or twenty-four years old and possessed so muchof the spirit of the pioneer that he struck out for the unoccupied north,instead of the settled country to the south. Going first, probably by theIllinois River, to the small village of Peoria, he there found the famousKellogg trail which led from Peoria to Galena. Along this trail a weeklystagecoach fine transported passengers. The stage took him perhaps 40miles farther north, to the center of Bureau County. Finding here a crossroad running east and west, he left the stage that he might learn whetherthese crossroads, bringing travelers from north, south, east, and west,might not make a good trading-post. He found a log cabin, used as ablacksmith shop, and "a frame structure twelve feet square," the onlybuildings in the spring of 1834 on the site of what is now the little city ofPrinceton. Young Haskell's inquiries developed the following information. Bureau County was a center of Indian population. Along its south-FREDERICK HASKELL 123east border ran the Illinois River. Through its northwest flowed theGreenland it was well watered in every part by the many large and smalltributaries of these rivers. Along the courses of all these streams grovesof timber abounded. Wild game of many sorts filled these woods. Theregion was so attractive to the Indians that it is said to have had a largernumber of red men within its borders than any similar area in Illinois.Their numbers were estimated at 1,500 to 2,000.Mr. Haskell also learned that during the preceding three years therehad been not only the Blackhawk war of 1832, but an annual Indianscare, emptying the country of its few white inhabitants each year untilthere was hardly a white family left. However, these perils were now overand not only were the former settlers returning to their farms, but therewas also promise of new immigration. There was also the travel, interrupted by the Indian disturbances, now quite certain to be renewed onthe Kellogg trail, and the migration then setting in from the East towestern Illinois and Iowa, and the crossing-point of the trails was likelyto be a busy place.Looking it all over, Mr. Haskell decided to locate at the crossroads,and proceeded to build a store. What he did I quote from the Historyof Bureau County, the account of the first things in Princeton.The first building erected in Princeton was a small log cabin .... used as ablacksmith shop. The second building was a frame structure twelve feet square The third was a log cabin built by F. Haskell in the spring of 1834, immediately southof the public square, and used by him as a store. This was the first dry-goods store within the limits of this county, and the only one on the road between Peoria and Galena(nearly 150 miles).It will be noted how wisely the young merchant located his store,"immediately south of the public square," in the very center of the citywhich then consisted of two log cabins and one frame building twelvefeet square. The store must have been more than a dry-goods store, nodoubt a "general store." It catered to the Indian trade, which must havebeen considerable. The village of Shabbona, the Pottawatomie chiefknown as the friend of the white man in Chicago and throughout northernIllinois, was near by. The chief must have been in the store — the onlyone between Peoria and Galena — probably was often there, and wellknown to Mr. Haskell. The emigrants from the East stopped at the storeto renew their supplies, and the passengers on the stage and the teamsterson the Kellogg trail made Haskell's store a regular stopping-place for allsorts of purchases. It was the center of supply for the old settlers returning to their abandoned homes and for the new settlers who began to enterthe now peaceful country.124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe travels of the son were matters of absorbing interest in the NewEngland home he had left on reaching manhood. He was still a boy tohis father, who followed each step in his career with all a father's solicitude. He felt at ease about the boy as long as he remained with such afriend and relative as Mr. Wolcott. But when by the slow mails of thatearly day he learned of this business venture into the uninhabited wilderness of northern Illinois and among wild and, as he must have supposed,more or less hostile Indian tribes, he became anxious and troubled. Aftersome years his solicitude became such that he determined to undertakethe long journey from Connecticut to Illinois and visit his son. The visitwas made in the later thirties, and the traveler may well have gone by theGreat Lakes and Chicago. That place became a city in 1837, and greattides of travel were pouring into it and through it. The roads were openfrom Chicago to Bureau County, and once there, the father found it easyto make his way to Princeton. He found there the Princeton Hotel, aframe building sixteen by eighteen feet, one story high. Several merchantshad come in, a recognition of the business wisdom of young Haskell. Hehad been doing well, and his business was increasingly prosperous whenthese rivals came to divide the trade.The Indians had been removed to western reservations. Some newsettlers had entered the country. But the age of railroads was still in thefuture. The father saw little prospect of any rapid development in thehamlet or the country. He thought Princeton was no place for his son,and urgently advised him to dispose of his little business and returnEast. He accepted the advice, disposed of his stock, perhaps to one ofhis new competitors, and turned his face eastward. This time he traveledby the northern route. He found Chicago prostrated and paralyzed bythe disastrous panic of 1837. Business was dead. Everywhere he sawbankruptcy and despair, and continued his journey.Meantime the Haskell family had left their old home in Connecticutand made a new one in Ogdensburg, New York. As the son Frederickhad made his home on the western border, so, now, the family had settledon the northern border. For Ogdensburg is in St. Lawrence County,one of the three most northern counties of New York. It is northwestof the Adirondack Mountains, and looks across the St. Lawrence Riverinto Canada. The county is the largest in the state. It extends southeastinto the Adirondack country. A large part of Big Tupper Lake lies in thatcorner of the county, and the Raquette and St. Regis rivers run most oftheir course to the great river through its eastern portion. These are allclassic names to sportsmen. Ogdensburg, the largest town in the county,FREDERICK HASKELL I25had perhaps, 3,000 inhabitants when the Haskells made it their home.Eli B. Haskell seems to have been drawn to it by a business opening intowhich he persuaded his son Frederick to enter with him. There wasanother partner, Horace Hooker, and the three either purchased or built aflouring mill on the Oswegatchie River, which ran through the westernpart of the town and was one of those streams which, tumbling down fromthe southern mountains, furnished many power sites for sawing lumberand grinding grain.Mr. Hooker was a practical miller. After he had taught his partnerswhat he knew, he sold out to them and the firm became Haskell & Son.Later the firm seems to have enlarged the mill and extended the businessinto the manufacture of domestic broadcloths and woolen goods. Theoriginal flouring mill was a small affair, but the expansion of the businessinto such unrelated industries must have made it not only much larger,but also very much more complicated. How successful it was does notappear, but it greatly enriched the younger Haskell's business experience,and in particular introduced him to the practical work of production.It made him a manufacturer.His residence in Ogdensburg continued until he was forty-one orforty-two years old. He had reached that age before he was married.The home of Caroline E. Aldridge, whom he married, was a hundredmiles east of Ogdensburg, at the small village of Chazy, which is a fewmiles west of Lake Champlain, in Clinton County, New York. She wasthe daughter of Isaac Aldridge. The acquaintance between Mr. Haskelland Miss Aldridge came about through Hiram Aldridge, a brother ofCaroline, as about the time of the marriage at the beginning of 1852,the two men, the husband and brother, were entering together into a newbusiness enterprise of far-reaching importance.The year 1852 was the turning-point in Mr. Haskell's career. It wasnot only the year of his marriage, and, therefore, of a new life, but itmarked the beginning of his enduring and large business success. He hadnever before found himself. This he now did. Opportunity, indeed,knocked at his door. But the same opportunity knocked, at the sametime, at the doors of some millions of his fellow-citizens. The differencebetween him and those other millions who, like him, were waiting foropportunity to knock at their doors was this: that he not only heardthe knock, but opened the door, recognized the call of opportunity, andfollowed where it led.The railroad age, which made a new world, had come, and wasbeginning to reveal its multiplied openings for new business enterprises126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand demands for the establishment of new industries hitherto undreamedof in the history of mankind. The great movement of the people to thewide regions of the West long preceded the age of railroads, but whenthat age came and its possibilities dawned upon the new western statesthe demand for this wonderful method of connection with the easternseaboard became universal. The states were ready to bankrupt themselves to get railroads. The East had its lines first, but in the fortiesof the last century the insistent demands of the West began to be met.Railroads crept slowly across Ohio, and after 1850 made their way throughMichigan and Indiana to Illinois. It was not until May, 1852, however,that the Michigan Southern and Michigan Central entered Chicago, andthe many plans were under way which in another generation gridironedthe whole country with lines of road.The thing that impressed Frederick Haskell in this new movementwas the tremendous demand that was springing up for railroad supplies ofmany sorts. There is a tradition that, being in New York City, he sawan advertisement of a contract being offered to bidders for a large amountof such supplies. He was a manufacturer, and though this was a differentkind of manufacturing from any he had ever done, he recognized hisopportunity, submitted bids, and secured the contract. I have no doubtthat this story has a solid basis of fact. But the essential point is thatMr. Haskell was one of those far-seeing men of that day who realizedthat a new era had dawned in the business world and had the courageand initiative and faith to venture everything on its possibilities. Hisown resources were insufficient for the new enterprise, and he found twopartners, Dr. Mason C. Sherman, of Ogdensburg, a physician, and HiramAldridge, who became his brother-in-law. It would appear that thecontract of which I have spoken was a contract to build freight cars fora new railroad called by several names during the last seventy-five years,but always popularly known as the "Monon Route." This road was, in1852, approaching Michigan City, Indiana, from the south, there to connect with the Michigan Central, and through it with both East and West.This fact made Michigan City the natural, perhaps necessary, locationfor the new business of Sherman, Haskell & Company, as the firm wascalled.Michigan City, now one of the flourishing cities of Indiana with apopulation of more than 20,000, was, in 1852, a village of about 1,200people. It was then about twenty years old. It was nearer than Chicagowas to the southern end of Lake Michigan, and had in its earlier yearsfor some time cherished an ambition to outstrip that place and makeFREDERICK HASKELL 127itself the greatest of the lake ports and the great railroad center andmetropolis which Chicago became. It was in this ambitious village thatSherman, Haskell & Company established their business in the springof 1852. They purchased two acres of ground adjacent to the Mononright of way, on which they erected their first "crude buildings," as thehistorian of Michigan City describes them. They began with little capital,and for a time went on in a small way, building freight cars. This continued for three years, apparently without any large prosperity. Then Dr.Sherman, either because, being a physician, his heart led him that way,or because he was not satisfied with the success of the business, expresseda desire to dispose of his interest and return to the practice of medicine.Thereupon Mr. Haskell, who saw the immense possibilities of the businessin the rapidly multiplying railroad activities of the country, went to JohnBarker, a prosperous and capable merchant of the little town, and proposed to him to buy Dr. Sherman's interest and embark in the new business. He assured him that it had a great future, and would make himrich. Mr. Barker, who was a bluff, outspoken sort of man, said to him,"Why, Mr. Haskell, I am worth $30,000 now; all that any man wouldever need!" In the end, however, he was persuaded, and purchased a one-third interest in the business, and Dr. Sherman retired and entered againon the practice of his profession.The firm now became Haskell, Barker & Aldridge. After this reorganization the firm began to build passenger coaches, and reaching out formore business added to the output threshing machines, corn-shellers, andreapers. Then came the panic of 1857, which prostrated the business ofthe country, and for a time threatened the existence of the infant industry.Before the revival of business Mr. Aldridge apparently became discouraged, and offered to sell out to his partners. Mr. Haskell's confidence inthe successful outcome of the enterprise was unshaken; Mr. Barker hadincreasing assurance of its ultimate success; the two took over their partner's interest, and in 1858 the firm became Haskell & Barker. In i860 theyemployed a force of sixty men and were manufacturing only a few carsa month. Nine years later they were building two cars a day. They hadadded from time to time to their building equipment and to the numberof acres occupied. In 187 1 the company was incorporated as the Haskell &Barker Car Company, with Frederick Haskell as president, John Barker,treasurer, and Nathaniel P. Rogers, secretary. Not long after, John H.Barker, the son and later successor of John Barker, became generalmanager, and the business, under his energetic management, prosperedamazingly. The principal output was freight cars, but the great works, as128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthey came to be, manufactured also car wheels, malleable castings, grayiron castings, and brass castings. When success came it was a great success and continued in increasing volume from year to year. In 1879 thecompany had 500 men on the pay-roll, and the output was 1,000 cars ayear. In 1903 the pay-roll was $100,000 a month. There were 2,200 employees and they built 10,667 cars. This expansion went on in increasingratio, until, in 19 19, the plant, which in 1852 did not cover two acres,occupied 180 acres, and the net annual profits of the business reached$4,000,000. In 192 1 the company formed a union with the PullmanCompany. Its stockholders received 165,000 shares of the Pullman Company stock worth about $20,000,000 on the market. To such proportionshad the little business, established by Frederick Haskell in 1852, grown inseventy years.Of course Mr. Haskell did not live to see all this. In 1867 the businesshad become so great that an office was needed in Chicago, and Mr. Haskell removed to that city. In 1868 John Barker also moved to Chicago,and his son, John H. Barker, remained in Michigan City as general manager. The two senior members of the growing enterprise were, necessarily,often in Michigan City, but their headquarters and Mr. Haskell's placeof residence continued to be Chicago.When Mr. Haskell passed through Chicago in the late thirties itwas a little city of 4,000 people. When he made it his place of residencein 1867 its population had increased to 200,000. Compared to its presentpopulation of 3,000,000, it was still a small city. During the twenty- threeyears of his residence it became a great city of 1,100,000 people, risingfrom the fifth to the second place in size in the country. At the time hewent to Chicago and for many years thereafter Michigan Avenue wasregarded as one of the most eligible residence streets in the city. As longas he lived the Haskells made their home on that street a little north ofTwenty-second Street. Their last home was at 2103.The business office was first established at 72 Washington Street, andthe entry in the city directory read, "Haskell and Barker (F. Haskell andJohn Barker) R.R. Cars and Wheel Mnfrs." In 187 1, the year of theincorporation of the company, the entry is "Haskell & Barker Car Company, F. Haskell, pres.; John Barker, treas.; N. P. Rogers, sec. Manufacturers of Passenger, Baggage, and Freight Cars and Car Wheels.Works at Michigan City, Ind. Office, 68 Washington Street, Chicago."Then came the great fire, sweeping everything away in that central sectionand driving them far south to 541 Wabash Avenue, near Sixteenth Street.In another year, 1873, tnev were ^ac^ m tne center of things, in a newFREDERICK HASKELL 129building at their old number, 68 Washington Street. Later, in 1881, theyare set down at No. 1, 125 Dearborn Street.At the close of 1883 Mr. Haskell was seventy-three years old. Theinfirmities of age were coming on, and he concluded not to carry theburdens of a great and ever expanding business longer. His partner, Mr.Barker, was a younger man, and had a son who was a very able businessman and who had long been the general manager of the company. Mr.Haskell, therefore, retired from the presidency and sold all his stock tohis partner, John Barker, and John H., Mr. Barker's son, who soon succeeded to the business and accumulated before his death a great fortune.After Mr. Haskell's retirement from the presidency and even from all connection with the corporation, the great business went on under the oldname and continued as the Haskell & Barker Car Company until itsabsorption into the Pullman Company in 192 1. The vast works at Michigan City continue to be known as the Haskell & Barker plant.The large sum Mr. Haskell received for his stock he seems to haveinvested largely in Chicago real estate, acquiring six or more holdings,some of them very valuable. Among these were the northwest cornerof Dearborn and Madison streets, the southeast corner of Adams andMarket streets, and other properties on Michigan Avenue, WabashAvenue, Fifth Avenue, and Monroe Street.As he approached his eightieth year, Mr. Haskell's health began tofail and he died on May 6, 1890. Had he lived till December 4 of thatyear .he would have been eighty years old. The services at his funeralwere conducted by that well-known pastor of the First PresbyterianChurch, Dr. John Henry Barrows. The pallbearers were Ernest A.Hamill, H. M. Bacon, Byron L. Smith, Chauncey J. Blair, R. W. Hosmer,and C. F. Bayler. These were then comparatively young men, and severalof them have made a great place for themselves in the history of Chicago.The burial took place in Ogdensburg, New York. The next youngerbrother, Ralzamon, had been buried there in 1854. That year was a tragicone in the family history. Ralzamon was the father of Frederick T.Haskell, who has long been a well-known citizen of Chicago. FrederickT. was born in Ogdensburg January ir, 1854. Within six months hismother died, and his father followed her within the year. These were thefirst of the family burials, so far as I know, in Ogdensburg. In 186 1 thehead of the family, Eli B. Haskell, died in his eighty-third year at Toledo,Ohio, and was taken to Ogdensburg for burial in what became the familylot. There also his widow, who lived to be eighty-one, was buried, andhis only daughter, so that in the same lot in the Ogdensburg Cemetery13° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlie the bodies of the father, mother, three brothers, a sister, and othermembers of the family.While Mr. Haskell was an adherent of the Presbyterian church, hewas not a member. Mrs. Haskell, on their removal to Chicago, becamea member of the Calvary Presbyterian Church, and there Mr. Haskellhad a pew. Later the Calvary and the First Church united, taking theold historic name. Mr. Haskell continued thereafter to be a liberal supporter of the First Church. I say liberal, for was a liberal man. At anearly day Dr. Robert C. Hamill, father of Ernest A. Hamill, was presidentof the board of trustees of the Presbyterian Hospital, when that institution was new and poor and struggling to maintain an existence. It was atime when men gave in very small sums — $i, or $5, or $10 — and when asolicitor considered $25 a very liberal contribution. Dr. Hamill called oneday on Mr. Haskell and laid before him the needs of the hospital. Helistened attentively, expressed his approval, and reaching for his checkbook, wrote out a check for $500 and handed it to the doctor, who received it with as much surprise as gratification.Mr. Haskell is described by those who still remember him during hisChicago days as scrupulously well dressed, wearing a tall hat, and alwaysvery much of a gentleman. He was of a quiet manner, an upright man inhis dealings, and of unquestioned integrity. Dr. Barrows spoke of him as"one of Chicago's worthiest citizens." It was said of him by another:When he stepped across the threshold of his home his characteristic serenitybecame more strongly marked, and he had always a cheerful greeting for those inside.Genial in disposition, urbane in manner, and entertaining in conversation, he spreadsunshine about him, not only in early life, but during his decHning years; while hiskindness, his tender solicitude, and his thoughtful consideration for others endearedhim in an unusual degree to the members of his household.His immediate household consisted of Mrs. Haskell and FrederickT. Haskell, the son of his brother Ralzamon who died in Ogdensburg in1854, leaving his infant son without father or mother. The uncle, Frederick, had moved to Michigan City and there established his new businesstwo years before. While Frederick T. was still a child his uncle took himinto his own home and brought him up as his son. When he made his willin 1888 he manifested the confidence and affection of a father by leavinghim the bulk of the estate. After making large provision for Mrs. Haskelland leaving generous bequests to relatives, he made Frederick T. Haskellhis residuary legatee.Mr. Haskell died early in the year in which the University of Chicagowas being founded, and was not among those generous citizens who wereFREDERICK HASKELL 131called upon for contributions to the first million dollars which assured itsestablishment. I, therefore, who was one of those who were engaged inraising that initial subscription, never met Mr. Haskell. If we had beenable to see him, he would, no doubt, now be numbered among the foundersof the University. Happily the pastor of the First Presbyterian Churchof Chicago, Dr. John Henry Barrows, Mrs. Haskell's pastor, was one ofthe men who, like Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus and Rabbi E. G. Hirsch, tookan enlightened and zealous interest in the development of the then newUniversity. He lost no opportunity to commend it to the wealthy peopleof his church and congregation. Among these was Mrs. Haskell, whobegan, very early in its history, to manifest a liberal interest in PresidentHarper's efforts to make the institution a university worthy of its nameas the University of Chicago. Her first gifts came out of the interestawakened by the Parliament of Religions held under Dr. Barrows' leadership in connection with the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. She gavethe University $40,000 in 1894 to endow two lectureships, the HaskellLectureship on Comparative Religion, and the Barrows Lectureship, thelectures under the latter to be delivered in India, and to present to thescholarly and thoughtful people of that country "in a friendly, temperate,conciliatory way .... the great questions of the truths of Christianity,its harmonies with the truths of other religions, its rightful claims, andthe best methods of setting them forth."But it is because of still another gift from Mrs. Haskell, and thegreatest of them, that this sketch is written. This was the donation of$100,000 for the building of the Haskell Oriental Museum as a memorialof her husband, Frederick Haskell. I give the story of this gift as it waslater told by President Harper:The circumstances connected with the giving of this money were most interesting.An effort was being made to secure the sum of $1,000,000 before July 1, 1894, in orderthat the gifts pledged conditionally by Martin A. Ryerson and John D. Rockefellermight be secured. While progress had been made, the result was very uncertain. Thesummer season was coming on, and many whom we might have counted on had leftthe city. There still remained nearly $200,000 to complete the sum required. I remember distinctly a warm day about the first of June which the secretary of the board oftrustees and myself had spent in the city from early morning until late in the afternoonwithout meeting success of any kind. No person upon whom we called was found athome. As we were returning home it was suggested that perhaps our friend Mrs,Caroline E. Haskell, who had before expressed great interest, might be willing to assistin the work we were trying to accomplish. It was found that she had been consideringvery seriously the question of erecting a building on the grounds of the University inmemory of her husband, and in a few minutes she expressed her willingness to furnishthe money for the erection of such a building.132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAfter the lapse of thirty years I myself recall vividly that day andthat incident. Mrs. Haskell was living at the time in the Victoria Hotel,then standing on the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue and VanBuren Street. We were approaching, hot, tired, and discouraged, theVan Buren Street station to take the train for home. President Harperremarked incidentally as we were passing the hotel that Mrs. Haskell wasthen stopping there, and it was suggested that it might be well to see her.Only one month before she had given us $20,000 to endow the HaskellLectureship, and it was hoping against hope to expect more from herat that time. But as the president seemed half-inclined to call on her,I urged that he should do so, express in person his gratitude for what shehad so recently done, and tell her something of the difficulty we were experiencing in securing the help we needed. As I did not at that time knowMrs. Haskell, I suggested that the president call on her alone, while Iwaited for him in the little park across the street. We were not asking forbuildings, and Dr. Harper did not suggest a building to her. It was shewho suggested it to him, and he, I think, who turned her thoughts towardan Oriental Museum. He was not gone more than twenty minutes beforehe returned, radiant and enthusiastic over this unhoped-for result of whatwas intended more as a friendly call of appreciation than as a visit ofsolicitation. The matter had been in her mind, and she welcomed the callas an opportunity to tell him of what she was thinking. In a quarter ofan hour her half-formed purpose crystallized in a contribution of $100,000to build a memorial of Mr. Haskell.The Haskell Oriental Museum was the first of the University buildings of which a cornerstone was laid with formal exercises. The cornerstone of Haskell was laid July 1, 1895, in connection with the exercises ofthe eleventh Convocation. It was made a great occasion. After the convocation address and the conferring of the degrees a procession wasformed, and all present, professors, students, and visitors, marched to theMuseum site. President Harper made a very brief statement and laidthe cornerstone. Prayer was offered by Dr. P. S. Henson, pastor of theFirst Baptist Church of Chicago. Dr. John Henry Barrows then made oneof the most impressive and eloquent of his addresses. He spoke like oneinspired. I should like to quote the address in full, but can give only thefollowing excerpts:I deem this a golden day in the history, not only of the University of Chicago, butalso of the University life of America. This, I believe, is one of the first buildingsdedicated exclusively to oriental studies, those studies from which so much spiritualand intellectual light has come to mankind, and from which so much illumination isstill further expected.FREDERICK HASKELL *33Lux ex Oriente, "Light from the East." .... From the East has come the Bibleof humanity; in the East have risen the mighty prophets whose words are the life ofour civilization. . . . . On this corner stone is also inscribed a sentence from theHebrew Psalms, "The entrance of Thy word giveth fight." .... But on the thirdside of this corner stone is inscribed in Greek .... that word from the prologue ofthe fourth gospel which says of the Logos, the Christ, "He was the true or original light,which, coming into the world, enlighteneth every man." .... The Haskell OrientalMuseum is a memorial building, bearing the name of one of the worthiest citizens ofChicago This is one of a group of buildings of a memorial character, whichindicate how worthily the far-sighted and generous-minded citizens of Chicago maycommemorate their beloved dead I am glad the men and women of all denominations are cherishing the University and adding to its beneficent work. We praisethe great-minded men of other ages who built the chief architectural monuments ofEurope. Within the hallowed glooms of the Chartres Cathedral Lowell sang:"I look round on the windows, pride of France,Each the bright gift of some mechanic guild,Who loved their city and thought gold well spentTo make her beautiful with piety."But both religion and learning and civic pride and the natural desire for a splendidearthly immortality are all appealing to the large-hearted and open-handed to continuethis work of University building that shall make our city beautiful and illustrious tothe ends of the earth and the limits of time.One year after the laying of the cornerstone the Haskell Oriental Museum was completed. It was dedicated July 2, 1896, in connection with theQuinquennial celebration, when the Founder, Mr. Rockefeller, made hisfirst visit to the University. The invocation was offered by Dean EriB. Hulbert of the Divinity School. The choir of the Sinai Congregationsang selections from the Hebrew Psalter. The building was formallypresented to the University by Professor George S. Goodspeed, representing Mrs. Haskell, who was not able to be present. President Harper accepted the building on behalf of the trustees. The dedicatory addresswas delivered by Professor Emil G. Hirsch of the University and theSinai Congregation, on the subject, "From the Rising to the SettingSun." The prayer of dedication was made by Dr. W. H. P. Faunce,then pastor of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church of New York, now president of Brown University. In connection with the dedication threeoriental conferences were held, invitations to which had been sent to theleading oriental scholars of the country.In presenting the building to the University, speaking for the donor,Professor Goodspeed said, among other things:Mrs. Haskell presents this building to the University of Chicago in honor and inmemory of her husband, Frederick Haskell, in token of which it is to bear the name ofThe Haskell Oriental Museum. Mr. Haskell was for years a resident of Chicago and134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas identified with its business interests. It is appropriate, therefore, that the University of the city in which he lived should preserve a memorial of his useful life. . . .I have the honor, Mr. President, to add that Mrs. Haskell has felt a constantly growingenjoyment in the contemplation of this gift as she has realized the care, the liberalityand the success which has characterized the University in the administration of thetrusts which she has committed to it, and I, therefore, in her name, present to you atthis time the keys of The Haskell Oriental Museum, expressing the earnest and sincereexpectation of the giver that there will go forth from these halls enlightenment, inspiration, and guidance in that learning which has come from the East, and which, culminating in the Book of Books, and in the teachings and life of the Son of Man, will ever abideas our most precious possession.In accepting the building President Harper said in part:The building which today is to be formally accepted, dedicated to the cause forwhich it was intended, and opened to the public, as has been said, is devoted to thecause of oriental and religious work. For the present the rooms on the lower floor havebeen set apart, with the consent of the donor, for general purposes. But in the nearfuture the entire building will be used for the purpose for which it has been given In the many interviews Mrs. Haskell has given me I have come to understand that.... this gift has been prompted by an honest and sincere desire to benefit the humanrace, and the method of giving was as gracious as the thought which prompted it wasbroad. It came without restrictions of any kind. ....On behalf of the trustees of the University, I accept from Mr. Goodspeed, whomshe has chosen to represent her on this occasion, the keys of Haskell Oriental Museum,and I promise, on behalf of the University, that the building shall be sacredly set apartfor the purpose indicated.The Museum cost $103,017, and was fully paid for by Mrs. Haskell'sgift and its accretions of interest. It has been of extraordinary value tothe University. It provided room for the president's office during the lastten years of Dr. Harper's life and the first six years of Dr. Judson's administration. It has been the lecture hall of the Divinity School for twenty-nine years. All this has been in accordance with the express wishes ofthe donor. With the completion of the new Theology Building, now, 1925,in process of erection, it will be given over to the purposes of the OrientalMuseum to which it is permanently dedicated. It has, indeed, housed thatMuseum from the first, and Dr. J. H. Breasted, the director, who hasbecome a leading Egyptologist, has developed within it, under all thedifficulties of restricted space, extensive and valuable collections of material. In 19 19, through the enlightened liberality of John D. Rockefeller,Jr., the Oriental Institute was organized, with its home in this building.Its "purpose is to maintain the Museum and its collections as a laboratoryfor the investigation of the career of early man in the Near East." Theentire building will soon be liberated for the large purposes of the OrientalFREDERICK HASKELL 135Department, and under the direction of Professor Breasted will do a fargreater work than ever entered into the mind of the donor.In closing the address from which I have already quoted, Dr. Barrowssaid:I earnestly believe that our beloved University represents all that is highest inour city's life, and that it will do more than anything else to free us from reproach andto give our name, already honored as representing material masteries, a purer andmore lasting luster.A century hence the Haskell Oriental Museum will be surrounded by groups ofacademic buildings that shall repeat many of the glories so dear to Oxford. Twohundred years hence this University may be the crown of the world's metropolis. . . . .We are the pioneers of an immeasurable future, and the corner stone that is laid todayis a milestone in human progress All hail to the glorious and imperial future,rich with the increasing spoils of learning and the multiplied triumphs of faith, of whichthe Oriental Museum is a sure and golden prophecy.LIGHT-WAVES AS MEASURING RODSFOR SOUNDING THE INFINITEAND THE INFINITESIMAL1By A. A. MICHELSONMr. President, Colleagues, and Friends of the University:I should. like to preface my remarks this evening with an apology inrespect to the kind of information which I expect to impart; and I hopethat those who are already perhaps even more familiar than am I withsome of the experiments and illustrations which I wish to show, will bepatient with me if I proceed on somewhat more elementary methods thanthey would be accustomed to. I know that in my own case I have frequently learned a great deal about the things that I supposed I knew byassuming an attitude of total ignorance, and I find that even the repetitionof things with which I am perfectly familiar is not unacceptable — thattheir relation with other important and perhaps more recondite truths isclearer in consequence of this repetition.I hope that none of the audience will take it personally if I start witha little story of a professor who was lecturing on the subject of astronomy,I imagine perhaps without proper warrant to invade this superb field.After the lecture was over, one of the dear old ladies of the audience cameup to the professor and said: "I understand perfectly how they measurethe distance of the stars, the size of the stars, even the constitution of thestars. But how did they find out their names?"Some of the results which I have to present may appear somewhatspectacular. Much of the mystery disappears, however, when the simplesteps by which these results were obtained are followed. Yet to many ofus the manner in which a thing is done is more interesting than the eventitself. Some of the methods are extremely simple. Indeed, some of mydearest colleagues say that I never attempt anything except what is sosimple that everyone else has overlooked it!This subject was originally intended to be "Light- Waves"; but it was1 On January 8, Professor Michelson, Head of the Department of Physics, delivered before a large audience in Orchestra Hall, Chicago, a lecture having the foregoing title. The present article consists of a stenographic report of the lecture, especially revised and edited for the University Record by Professor Michelson.136LIGHT-WAVES AS MEASURING RODS 137considered that the purpose for which light- waves may be used might beof more general interest than the light- waves themselves, so the title hasbeen somewhat enlarged, perhaps a trifle presumptuously, to include themeasurement of the infinite and the infinitesimal. These terms are bothto be taken with poetic license, of course. We cannot measure the infinite;we cannot measure the infinitesimal. What is intended to be conveyed isthat we have been able to use light-waves as an instrument of researchfor sounding the depths of the universe, both the greater universe of thestars and the lesser universe of the atoms, and the electrons which constitute the atoms.If it is desired to produce a result at a distant point — say to attractthe attention of someone who, has invaded a cornfield — there are twomethods which may be employed. You may shout to the intruder to getout or there will be danger, or you may fill him full of buckshot. Thesetwo methods are typical of the two great theories which account foralmost all of the information that the human mind has received of itssurroundings of the external universe.The first is the method of wave-motion. The second is the method ofprojectiles, and the latter was so firmly defended by Newton that his greatname prevented the acceptance of the undulatory theory as against thecorpuscular theory for nearly a century. We are not going to discuss thecorpuscular theory at all. In the form in which it was announced byNewton it has been exploded entirely, and there is really at present nomethod of accounting for the propagation of waves of light or of wirelesswaves, which are modifications of the same electromagnetic energy. Thereis no other theory which has been proposed which so beautifully andaccurately accounts for all the phenomena of light, and of the propagationof other electromagnetic disturbances.As a preparation for the consideration of wave-motion, we will give afew illustrations. When we speak of wave-motion we have in mind, usually, the motion of water, which, under ordinary circumstances, is quiteirregular. A better illustration for our purpose would be the swells thatcome in toward a sheltered beach after a storm, rather than the wavesoutside. There are, however, better means of illustrating such waves,which permit of their being readily followed by the eye, whereas naturalwaves move so rapidly that the eye has great difficulty in following them.It should be borne in mind that in all wave-motion there is a progression of a form, to be sure, but not of any material substance. In the caseof water waves it is clear that there is no transportation of any of thewater. There is only an up-and-down motion, or a circular motion which138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDretraces its path, while the form progresses. Figure i illustrates a model,due to the late Lord Kelvin, which is arranged to show the connectionbetween the propagation of a wave and the properties of the medium inwhich it is propagated. It consists of a series of bars connected by a steelribbon. When supported from above, if the lower, free end be given atwist, the motion communicated through the ribbon to successive barstravels upward. Now the more rigid the ribbon connecting these elements,the faster the propagation of the motion. The heavierthe bars, the slower it will proceed; and this may, ina general way, be said to be absolutely true of allwave-motion. In every case the velocity of a waveis determined by two circumstances: first, what maybe called in very general terms the elasticity of themedium, and, second, its inertia. (These are represented in the model, the former by the rigidity ofthe steel ribbon, the latter by the inertia of theelements themselves.)This model would represent a wave-motion in onedimension only; whereas most wave-motions withwhich we are familiar, such as those which constitutesound, are propagated in three dimensions. Even thesurface waves of water are of two dimensions; whereasthe model illustrates a unidirectional wave, so thatthe analogy is not quite as close as might be desired.One of the most important consequences of thewave theory is that two trains of waves can neutralize each other's effect. Applying this to sound waves,such a result would mean that sound added to soundcan produce silence. In the case of light-waves, light added to light mayproduce darkness. According to the corpuscular theory, such a resultwould be quite inexplicable. To illustrate the fact that two wave-motionscan neutralize or destroy each other, let us sound one of two tuning forks,which will then give out a continuous, pure tone. If we now sound another tuning fork of the same pitch, the two will act together. If thephases at starting happen to be the same, the resultant sound would bedoubled, and the intensity will be four times as great. On the otherhand, if the phases are opposite, and the amplitude the same, they willexactly neutralize each other, the result being silence. Since it is a littledifficult to adjust the forks so that their rates will be exactly the same,one is made a little more rapid than the other. Suppose, then, that theyFig. iLIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 139start together. The resulting tone will have an increased intensity; butone wave-train gradually gaining on the other, in a short time the maximum of one will coincide with the minimum of the other, causing adiminution of sound. As such variations continue, there will be regularalternation of sound and silence, producing the phenomenon known as"beats." If one of the tuning forks is silenced, the beats are no longerheard. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the same principle, the first showingthe resultant of two wave-trains in the same phase, while in the secondthe phases are opposite. In the former, the result is a double amplitudecorresponding to a fourfold intensity, while in the second, the resultant,represented by the straight line, corresponds to amplitude zero. Figure 4illustrates the results of superposition of two wave-trains of slightly dif-Fig. 2Fig. 3ferent wave-length. The result, illustrated in the upper curve, is the sumof the two lower. At the beginning the phases are opposite and the resultant motion is zero; but as one gains on the other, the motion increasesuntil, when the phases become alike, the result is a maximum. A littlelater the phases are once more opposed, and so on, thus producing aregular succession of maxima and minima as shown in the upper curve.Another way of illustrating wave-motion is one which may be observed by throwing two stones of approximately equal size into a pondof still water (illustrated in Fig. 5). Each one of these gives rise to aseries of circular waves, starting from the origin of disturbance. Wherethese two meet in the same phase, they produce a disturbance twice asgreat; and where the phases are opposite, they neutralize each other. Theregions along which this occurs, for the case where the disturbances arrivein the same phase, are shown by heavy lines in the diagram. Obviously,one of these is the straight line halfway between the two origins.140 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBut this is also true for any of the adjoining curves. Similar curvesdrawn halfway between would correspond to the superposition of the crestsof one series on the troughs of the other. They would neutralize eachother, thus producing what is inappropriately called "interference." Thisis a term which we shall have occasion to use very frequently .as its employment is sanctioned by long usage. Ordinarily we have in mind thefact that one wave-train can destroy another, and this might, perhaps,naturally be termed "interference." At the same time, if either one of thew\AA/\a-wV\^^\AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFig. 4Fig. 5two wave- trains is suppressed, the other goes on exactly as though thefirst had not existed; and, indeed, while they are both progressing, eachone produces the same effect as though the other were non-existent, showing that "interference" is really a misnomer.It will interest the audience, no doubt, to know that this phenomenonwas first observed and correctly interpreted by Leonardo da Vinci, a manwhose great reputation as an artist has overshadowed his merits as ascientist. If it had not been for the magnificent artistry of Leonardo daVinci, he would have been considered among the first scientists of histime. The phenomenon was, in fact, described in considerable detail ahundred years before attention was again drawn to its importance.LIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 141The experiment would be very much improved by substituting forthe wave-trains thus produced (which gradually die away, and in which,in fact, the wave-lengths are not constant) the ripples produced on thesurface of a liquid by wires attached to the two prongs of a tuning forkwhich just touch the surface of the liquid.In practically all optical instruments such as the telescope, microscope,etc., the results observed at the focus are in no essential particular different from the interference phenomena which we have just described. Inprinciple, the microscope, as well as the telescope, consists essentially ofa lens or mirror, the office of which is to change the curvature of the circular waves diverging from the source, which then proceed to the pointcalled the focus. Thus, in Figure 6, 0 is the source of circular wavesprogressing in the direction of the arrows until they reach the lens, whichrVV W* rrrFig. 6alters the curvature in such a way that they continue toward the focus0'. With this diagram it is very important to call attention to the factthat if the source 0 is a point, as it might be considered in the case of avery distant star (the stars are enormous in size, but far more enormousin distance; hence, for most instruments, they serve as points), the imageat 0' , usually examined by a magnifying eyepiece, is not a point (ascertainly would be the case were the light- waves producing it infinitesimalin size), but is, in fact, a very complicated system of interference fringes,as illustrated in Figure 7. The light- waves noted in this figure progressingfrom left to right are brought to a focus by the lens, producing, however,not a single point, P, but a system of circles, as shown to the right.It would lead us into long technicalities to give the exact relation between the length of the light-waves and the appearance of the circularfringes as here shown. But, in a general way, we may say that thisphenomenon is due to the fact that the waves are not infinitely small;exceedingly small they certainly are, and so small is the resulting imagethat the astronomer does not see these rings, their appearance being obscured by atmospheric disturbances. If his telescope and the atmospheric conditions are both perfect, these rings are always visible.142 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSuppose now, instead of the entire aperture of the lens we use twosmall apertures at opposite ends of the diameter, as shown in the lowerdiagram of Figure 7. The light- waves from these two apertures will meetin the same phase at the central point on the right. But there will beother points above and below with varying differences of phase, thus producing the system of interference fringes shown to the right. In this case,the interference fringes will be straight, and the distance between themwill be approximately half that of the diameter of the circles in the upperfigure. Some illustrations of the first arrangement are shown in Figures8, 9, and 10. Figure 8 is an actual photograph of the interference fringesobtained when a wave- train, from what is essentially a point source,falling on a circular lens, comes to a focus, at which a photographic plateis placed. In Figure 9, two such sources, not too far apart, produce thefigure there given, i.e., two systems of circular interference fringes. InFigure 10 the point sources are so close together that the two fringesystems overlap. The astronomer observing such a case might suspectthe presence of a double star from the lack of perfect circular symmetry;but it would be exceedingly difficult for him to obtain an accurate measurement of their distance apart.Reverting now to the case of the double aperture, producing, as shown,a system of straight interference fringes, the distance between these depends on the length of the light- waves (different for different colors), andin Figure 1 1 we have attempted to represent, on an enormously magnifiedscale, such a system of interference fringes. In the upper system of fringes,produced in red light, this distance is greatest; somewhat less for themiddle, green light; and least for the lower, blue. Thus the distance between the fringes varies with the color, and it can be very readily shownthat the light-waves themselves vary in this same ratio. That is, the redlight-waves are longer than the green, and the green somewhat longerthan the blue.Probably the earliest observation of interference (of course, not recognized as such) was that of the colors of soap bubbles. Until the time ofNewton no theory of this phenomenon was forthcoming. Newton's explanation was incorrect and very complicated, in consequence of his rejection' of the undulatory theory of light. An important result, however,is that by this means he actually measured the lengths of the waves whoseexistence he denied. The results which he obtained, within the limits ofthe errors of observation, are those which we accept today for the wavelengths of the different colors.Another method of producing interference which is, in many respects,Fig. 7Fig. 8 Fig. 9Fig. ioMllllllllllllimiiimiimiiilllllllilliilllilllll-Fig. nLIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 143more effective, is the following. It involves a little history which may notbe altogether without interest. The instrument which is shown diagram-matically in Figure 12 is called the "interferometer." It was devised forthe purpose of solving a very ambitious problem — that of measuring thespeed of the earth, and with it, the whole solar system, through space. Inorder to solve this problem, it was necessary to devise a piece of apparatusin which a single wave-train of light is separated into two trains, or pencils,of light, moving at right angles to each other, as shown in the diagram.The light from S progresses toward the point A, where it is partly reflectedand partly transmitted. The reflected wave then goes to C, returningthrough A to 0. The transmitted light goes from A to D, cdmes back toA, where it is reflected, and both the transmitted and the reflected light,coinciding at 0, are observed by the eye or by a telescope. Under thesecircumstances, the two trains of light-waves are in condition to interfere;and if they have traversed exactly the same distance, then at the point0 the amplitude of the light is doubled. At a point slightly different from0, one of the two wave- trains goes a little farther than the other, so thatit is out of phase with the former. If it is half a wave-length behind, theresulting intensity will be zero, corresponding to total darkness.Figure 13 is a photograph of one of the devices embodying the ideajust presented. The ruled line corresponds to the direction of the lightthat was shown in the preceding diagram. It would take too much timeto mention many other useful applications of the interferometer besidesthe one for which it was originally intended.The experiment for which the interferometer was devised, the negativeresult of which was chiefly instrumental in suggesting to Einstein hisnow celebrated theory of relativity, will now be discussed in some detail.Figure 14 represents diagrammatically the actual arrangement used — avery heavy stone, about 6 feet square by 2 feet thick, on which the interferometer is mounted. So small a distance for the light-path would, however, furnish a theoretical displacement of interference fringes too small tomeasure with the required degree of accuracy. Hence, as indicated in thediagram, both light-paths were increased by repeated reflections, untiltheir total distance amounted to something of the order of about fifty million light-waves. This insures a theoretical displacement of the order ofone-half the distance between the interference fringes, a quantity readilymeasurable to within a few per cent, provided the errors due to temperature changes or distortions of the stone are properly eliminated. The former source of error was almost completely obviated by inclosing the apparatus in a wooden box. The latter was also practically ehminated by float-144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDing the stone on mercury, and giving it a slow and constant motion of rotation, meanwhile measuring as accurately as possible the position of theinterference fringes. Themean result of many such observations showed that thedisplacement of the interference fringes was practicallyzero, a result entirely contrary to expectation on thetheory of an ether fixed inspace, and through which theearth was moving with a velocity of the order of 20 milesper second.One obvious explanationof this negative result is todeny the relative motion between the earth and the lumi-niferous ether. Obviously, if,? // //XFig. 14this medium were dragged along by the earth in its motion, the resultwould be the same as though both were at rest. There are serious objections, however, to this explanation, and another wasfurnished simultaneously byLorentz and Fitzgerald. Thisaccounts for the negative result obtained by the hypothesis of a change in the dimension of the apparatus, tproducing a shortening in thedirection in which the apparatus is moving. It mayappear to many that this hypothesis was devised simplyfor the purpose of accountingfor this negative result andwithout serious a priori consideration.Einstein inverts this process, bluntly denying the possibility of anypositive result to be expected from this experiment. The results an-Fig. 15B/0 DFig. 12 Fig. 13Fig. 16 Fig. 17LIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 145nounced by Lorentz and Fitzgerald, as well as many others of equalsignificance, appear as a simple consequence of this hypothesis. It wouldbe extremely interesting to present some of the reasonings and results ofEinstein's theory of relativity, but time forbids, and we must pass toanother series of observations and experiments on which I have spentmost of my time during the past few years.We proceed to the illustration of the use of light- waves for measuringthe distance between double stars, too close together for resolution bymeans of a telescope. It can be readily shown that the bigger the telescope (supposing that the big telescope is also practically perfect optically)the smaller the angle which can be measured between the components of adouble star. A suspected doublet, Capella, impossible to observe as suchin the telescope, was detected by periodic changes in its spectrum. Itwould require a telescope considerably larger than the largest in existencein order to resolve this particular doublet. The one which at presentholds this position is the Mount Wilson reflector, which has a diameterof 100 inches. Viewed in this instrument it might be just possible to detect the double nature of the star, supposing the atmospheric conditionswere perfect — a condition never realized in practice.If, however, we make use of the two separate apertures in front of thelens, it can be readily shown that we are able to measure double starstwice as close together as could be measured by utilizing the entire lens.With the 60-inch reflector at Mount Wilson the actual observations wereundertaken by Dr. Anderson. The result of his investigation is illustratedin Figure 15, which shows the elliptical orbit of the doublet, so that bythis means the star Capella is now not only known to be a double starbut the angular separation of the components, which is only one twenty-fifth of a second, has been measured with extraordinary accuracy. Anidea of what has been accomplished may be given by considering that adime held at a distance of 2§ miles presents an angular diameter of onesecond of arc. The average size of the ellipse in the figure would correspondto the diameter of a pinhead at this distance.It might be hoped that the same method would apply to the measurement of the diameter of the stars. These, however, are so immensely distant that even the largest of them would present an angular diameter toosmall to measure even in the largest telescope. Such distances can hardlybe realized by any stretch of the imagination; nevertheless, some idea maybe conveyed by a gradual approach as follows : Our nearest neighbor, themoon, is about '240,000 miles away. In order to measure this distance (themethod being the usual one of triangulation), it would require telescopes146 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDplaced at a distance apart of about a mile. To measure in the same way thedistance of the sun, the base line would have to be increased to somethingof the order of the diameter of the earth, say 8,000 miles. But the neareststars are so far away that the diameter of the earth would be quite inadequate, and the base line here would have to be the diameter of theearth's orbit, about 180,000,000 miles. This is the longest base line available with which to measure even the nearest of the stars. Another wayof presenting the same idea would be to state that if Earth and Sun, considered as a double star, were viewed from the nearest of the fixed stars,they could barely be distinguished apart.Another method of approach toward the realization of these enormousdistances is to take the light-year as our unit. Remembering that lighttravels at the almost inconceivable velocity of 186,000 miles a second, itwould require about eight minutes to reach us from the sun. From thenearest star it would take four years. The great majority are so far awaythat the time required is from 10,000 to 100,000 years, and recent observations indicate that there are others so distant that light, moving at thisterrific pace, requires a time of the order of a million years to reach us.I do not altogether resent the idea of incredulity; in fact, I think theattitude of doubt is far more intelligent than is the complacent acceptanceof some of the most wonderful and extraordinary things around us. In aconversation with a gentleman whom you all know pretty well (I will notmention his name), he asked how far away were the stars, to which Ireplied that the distance in miles would be simply bewildering. Measuredin light-years, however, the nearest is four years distant. "Light-years,"he said, "what does that mean?" I replied: "The distance fight travels ina year at the rate of 186,000 miles a second." "What did you say?" heexclaimed, "186,000 miles in a second? I don't believe it!" I did not attempt to convince him. Presently I will try to show how this extraordinary velocity was measured. First, however, I will try to explain, asbriefly as possible, how the diameter of a star is measured.This is in principle nearly the same as the measurement of the distancebetween double stars. Fortunately, some stars are so gigantic in comparison with our own sun that they could be measured by a telescope notmuch larger than the 100-inch reflector at Mount Wilson. Possibly, notwithstanding the skepticism of most astronomers whose familiarity withgreat telescopes gives them the right to judge, it may not be impossibleto construct such an enormous instrument. But applying the same principle as was used in measuring the distance between double stars, i.e., byusing only two small portions of the objective of such a telescope, or betterLIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 147by replacing the two small portions by two relatively small mirrors, asseen in Figure 16, the object can be accomplished with comparative ease,provided two important difficulties can be overcome. The first of theseis the mechanical one of building an engineering structure about 20 feetlong, as light as possible, and yet so rigid as to exclude the possibility ofvibrations or strains even as small as the ten-thousandth part of an inch.The second difficulty to be feared is the disturbance due to inequalities inthe atmosphere, which are always present, and produce what the astronomers call "poor seeing."The first difficulty was entirely overcome, principally through theskill and ingenuity of Mr. F. Pease, of the staff of Mount Wilson Observatory. The second proved to be of far less importance than was anticipated; the result being that with the aid of the instrument illustratedin Figure 16, not only were interference fringes readily observed, evenwhen the "seeing" was so poor that the astronomer would conclude thatobservations under such conditions would be valueless, but actual positiveresults were obtained. In Figure 16, Mz and M4 are the two mirrors separated by a distance of about 20 feet. Light from the star to be measuredproceeds from these to mirrors M2- and M3, whence the two beams arereflected into a telescope. (Incidentally it may be mentioned that theinterferometer constituted by this system of mirrors was mounted onthe 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson; not at all on account of the highresolving-power of the instrument, but because it was so solidly built thatthe additional weight of the structural iron beam directly attached to thetelescope tube, which could not be diminished below 800 pounds, wouldnot disturb the adjustments of the telescope).With the interferometer arranged as shown in the diagram directedtoward the red star Betelgeuse in the shoulder of Orion, it was found thatwhen the distance between the two mirrors Mx and M4 was about 10 feet,the interference fringes vanished. It is exceedingly easy to lose the fringes,even under the best circumstances, so that the announcement was received rather skeptically, until it was telegraphed by Mr. Pease, of MountWilson, who made these observations, that while these fringes disappearedwhen the instrument was directed toward this particular star, they werestill visible for other stars, which gave proof of the conclusiveness of theobservation.The results of such observations, however, give only the angular diameter of the star; and in order to find the actual linear dimensions of thestar, it would be necessary to know its distance. Figure 18 illustrates how-these distances are measured. If the two telescopes to the left are in-148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDclined toward each other, the distance of the point toward which theiraxes converge is relatively small. On the other hand, if the telescopes arenearly parallel, this distance is very large. The angle between the twoconverging axes is called the "parallax." This angle (even with the enormous base line of the distance from the sun to the earth, i.e., 93,000,000miles) is of the order of one second of arc. Otherwise stated, the distanceto the nearest star is two hundred thousand times as great as the distanceto the sun. In similar fashion, the distances of stars one hundred timesas far away may be determined; but of course with a smaller degree ofaccuracy. There are other methods by means of which the measurementof stars immensely more distant than these can be obtained; but it wouldtake far too much time to explain, and would be, in fact, somewhat foreignto the subject of this lecture.T-— ¦ -ir.JL- —Fig. 18Another problem which has interested me from my earliest connectionwith scientific work is the measurement of the velocity of light. Movingwith such incredible swiftness, to the uninitiated such a measurementwould seem a feat quite beyond the limits of possibility. The first toprovide an effective method of approach was Fizeau, and his work wasafterward perfected by Cornu. In this method a very small image of thesource of light is formed between the teeth of a very light disk, revolvingat the rate of four or five hundred turns per second. From this point thelight proceeds to a mirror several miles away, and returning, produces astarlike image of the source between the teeth of the wheel, when it is atrest. If the wheel is in slow motion, the starlike image is still perceiveduntil the speed of the wheel is so great that, at the time of the light's return, a tooth has replaced the space between. The phenomenon observedas the speed of the mirror increases is, therefore, a series of appearancesand eclipses of the starlike image. Knowing the speed of the mirror, it iseasy to calculate how long it would take for any number of teeth to passLIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 149during the time required for the light to traverse the path to the distantmirror and return.The problem was solved in a somewhat different way by Foucault. Amodification of his arrangement is reproduced in Figure 19. The lightconcentrated on a narrow slit at 5 falls on the mirror R. From here itproceeds to the lens which forms an image of the slit, S, on the surface ofa concave mirror M. This insures that the light must return to the pointfrom which it started, i.e., to the slit S. This would be true even if themirror R is moving slowly. If, however, the mirror R is revolving rapidly(in fact, the rate of speed was of the order of 30,000 turns per minute), thenby the time that the light returns, it will no longer be in the same position, but will have moved through (a considerable angle, and the imagewhich should have coincided with the source ^ — j — _ at S will be found to be RJpC7_ IIdisplaced to Sz, through ^^^^<^--^_J_____---— —an angle twice as great ^^^^\as the angle through ^\Vwhich the mirror has \.turned in this time. Fig. 19Measuring this angle,and knowing the speed of the mirror, gives at once the time required,which is, of course,, the same as that required for the light to traverse itsdouble path. Given this time and the distance between the stations,the velocity may be determined.In Foucault's experiment, the distance traversed was so small (something of the order of fifty yards) that no great value can be attached to theresults obtained. A repetition of this work, with modifications, indicatedin Figure 19, and with a distance of nearly a half-mile, gave very muchmore satisfactory values. Recently the problem has been undertaken atPasadena, between Mount Wilson and Mount San Antonio — a distanceof about 22 miles. At so great a distance the return light is relativelyfeeble, and with the arrangement described would be completely drownedin the brilliant illumination due to the direct reflection when the revolvingmirror is perpendicular. In order to avoid this difficulty, the arrangementillustrated in Figure 20 was devised. In this experiment, which was begunin June of last year, the result obtained was probably correct to withinone part in ten thousand. The resulting velocity, 186,300 miles per second,is, therefore, probably correct within 20 miles. The experiment is to becontinued during the coming summer, and there is reason to believe thatISO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe uncertainty will be reduced to, say, 5 miles. It is hoped that in 1926the experiment will be attempted at a distance of 100 miles, which shouldreduce the uncertainty to 1 mile in 186,300, which will, temporarily,satisfy our ambition.Figure 21 shows the distant mountain, at which, very nearly in thecenter, the small white spot indicates the canvas houses in which themirror combination was placed which returned the light to its source.Figure 22 represents the houses which hold the distant mirrors, which arearranged in such a way as to return the light to its source. Figure 23 showsthe interior of the station at Mount Wilson, and in the center of the picturemay be noticed the revolving mirror. It is in the form of an octagon,whose angles are so nearly alike that the errors are less than one in amillion. Another important point to mention,and to account for theoctagonal form given tothe mirror, is that in the<=§=» time required for the«; •jql^p- light to traverse thedouble path of 44 miles,i-^ h h, the mirror has time to re-1 volve so far that a suc-4 ceeding face replaces theone which started thelight on its path. The observations will consist, then, in arranging thatthe speed of the mirror shall be such that the returned image appears atthe same point as it did when the mirror was at rest.Thus the whole determination of the velocity of light depends on onlytwo measurements, namely, the distance between the stations and thespeed of the revolving mirror.I will now conclude with a brief account of the experiment whichMr. Gale and myself are undertaking with the able assistance of Mr.Pearson and a number of other members of the staff, in an attempt to testthe Einstein theory. In spite of many delays, we are able this evening toannounce a result which I should like to have considered provisional, forit is intended to continue observations which we hope will be still moreconclusive.The principle of the experiment may be stated in a few words. Imaginea rectangle (Fig. 24) about which two beams of light are reflected, onegoing in a clockwise and the other in a counter-clockwise direction. Ifsb. a„Fig. 21A Hi «3yi"JJsfea^H^^B^HB^wf \ - 'iStt '^miBFig. 22Fig. 23LIGHT-WAVES AS MEASURING RODS ISI>1aoifto<3O152 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe earth were stationary, these two beams would come back to the starting-point at exactly the same moment. But if the earth is revolving, oneof the two beams would have to go a little farther than the other to reachthe starting-point. The difference would be greatest at the pole, and abouthalf as great at the latitude of Chicago. For a rectangular circuit about x1^of a square mile in area, the effect to be expected is of the order of a quar-Fig. 25. — Details of corner box and mirror mountingter of a light-wave, a quantity which, under favorable conditions, it washoped could be measured to 1 or 2 per cent. The experiment was first triedat Mount Wilson, but with this enormous light-path, and the inevitableatmospheric disturbances even at sunset, when these were most favorable,the fringes resulting from the interference of the two light-beams were soirregular that it was found impossible to make accurate measurement.But by inclosing the light-path in a pipe line a foot in diameter andFig. 26Fig. 27Fig. 281 FRINtiEFig. 29LIGHTWAVES AS MEASURING RODS 153about a mile long, and exhausting the air, it was hoped that it would bepossible to measure these interference fringes with the required degree ofaccuracy. It is greatly to the credit of the city of Chicago, and in particular to the city engineer, that the furnishing of such pipe lines wasoffered during the whole experiment, involving no cost to ourselves, witha consequent saving of something like $16,000 which, in fact, made theexperiment possible. Funds for the experiment, amounting to about$17,000, were provided by the University of Chicago, for which sincereappreciation is expressed.It was therefore at once decided to provide a plant at Clearing,Illinois, some 10 miles west of the University, at which the experimentwas brought to a successful termination. Figure 26 shows two portionsof the pipe line at right angles to each other. Figure 27 represents thedouble pipe line, the second one being for a control, the use of which isto supply a second, much smaller area, the corresponding deviation fromwhich would be negligible, and with which, therefore, the displacementto be expected from the larger area is compared. Figure 28 shows theinterior of the room, which was devised partly for the purpose of sheltering the apparatus, but principally, I think, to cook coffee at the noon hour.Figure 29 illustrates the final result. The upper figure represents twoadjacent fringes. The straight line marked "0.25" would indicate theposition of the displaced fringe according to calculation. If this displacement had been zero, or even less than this calculated value, it would beexceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to account for on the Einsteintheory. As shown by the succeeding figures, the average of which coincides almost exactly with the indicated line, the calculations and observations are in very close agreement.1 This result may be explained on thehypothesis of an ether fixed in space, but may also be interpreted as onemore confirmation of Einstein's theory of relativity.1 Subsequent observations have made the agreement still closer.DEATH OF DR. NORMAN BRIDGEIn the passing of Dr. Norman Bridge, whose death occurred in LosAngeles, California, January 10 last, the University suffers the loss of afriend and benefactor, as well as an emeritus member of its Faculty, andthe scientific world is deprived of the inspiration of a man long distinguished both in teaching and in research.Dr. Bridge was in his eighty-first year. He had filled these fourscoreyears with service, first as physician and as professor, then as civic officer,and finally, When his means made it possible, as a builder of scientificachievement through his benefactions. He was the architect, not only ofone career, but, in a sense, of two; for following an illness which mighthave meant for some men the termination of their progress in life, heshaped a new destiny for himself in the West. The courage which madethis possible was a trait he imparted to others. The generosity inherentin his nature became the source of an increasing influence.Dr. Bridge came to Illinois from Vermont in 1856, in a decade whichsaw a migration from New England of many families who played a significant part in the history of the Middle West. For a short time NormanBridge attended the University of Michigan. Then his ambitions turnedto the medical profession, and he was graduated from the Chicago MedicalCollege in 1868. Very soon afterward he became lecturer on the theoryand practice of medicine in Rush College, then in its early period. Headvanced rapidly in faculty rank, and in 1878 received an ad eundemdegree from Rush. Of his work in those days Dr. Frank Billings said, at abanquet held in 1923, in honor of the fiftieth year of Dr. Bridge's connection with Rush College:He gave evidence of the qualities of mind and heart of the philanthropist. He wasenergetic and sympathetic in his care of the sick, and set an example to the students andinternes in his demeanor and attention to the sick and injured, whether poor or well todo He was considerate of the health and welfare of the students and of theinternes, and encouraged them to do the best work of which they were capable. In lateryears these same characteristics were manifested in his relationship to the members ofthe medical profession, to the student body, and to the public at large.During his teaching career Dr. Bridge well earned the title "the friendof the medical student and the young doctor," which was ascribed to himby Dr. James B. Herrick at the banquet just referred to. His interest embraced not only this work, but the welfare of Chicago itself, and while a154DEATH OF DR. NORMAN BRIDGE 155member of the Chicago Board of Education, and of the Chicago Board ofElection Commissioners, he exerted an influence looking to the soundprogress of the community. Of the former board he was president during1882-83. Still another service was his part in building the Cook CountyHospital, and, later, the Presbyterian Hospital.The illness which closed this chapter of Dr. Bridge's career was a morbid condition of the lungs which compelled him, in the early nineties, toseek health in California and finally to make his home there. Finding hishealth benefited, he was able to resume in southern California his medicalcareer. To quote Dr. Billings again: "He became the acknowledged headof the medical profession of that region, and gave efficient service as apractitioner and as a consultant to the poor and to the well-to-do." Laterhe became associated with interests important in the building of California's industries, and prospered. He was able as time went on to commandresources which, in large measure, he turned to the service of scientificresearch. The Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics, in the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, is one of his monuments. He managed, however,to combine his interest in the activities of the Far West with those of hisold home, Chicago, in such a manner as to make him a benefactor of bothregions, and, indeed, almost a resident of both. His faith in Rush MedicalCollege and in the University of Chicago, with which the College wasaffiliated and of which it is now an integral part, continued throughout hiscareer. At the time of his death he was emeritus professor of medicine inRush. When in 1916-17 the movement took form for the great medicalschools at the University, including the Rush College work, Dr. Bridgecontributed $130,000. Later, Mrs. Bridge gave $100,000 for the NormanBridge Pathological Laboratories in the building now being erected atRush, the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery. In the meantime, the generosity of Dr. and Mrs. Bridge was being shown in supportof the Southwest Museum of Los Angeles, the symphony orchestra ofthat city, and in other cultural and educational fields.Dr. Bridge was a contributor of note to medical literature. Besides awork on tuberculosis, he was the author of books entitled: The Penaltiesof Taste, The Rewards of Taste, House Health, Fragments and Addresses,and The Marching Years. He received an honorary degree of M.A. fromLake Forest University in 1889, and of LL.D. from Occidental Collegein 1920.Funeral services were held in Chicago March 7. Addresses weredelivered on that occasion by President Ernest DeWitt Burton, by Revs.L. B. Fisher and L. Ward Brigham, and by Dr. James B. Herrick.JOHN ADELBERT PARKHURSTJohn Adelbert Parkhurst, Associate Professor of Practical Astronomyat the Yerkes Observatory, died March i, 1925, after more than a quarterof a century of service on the staff of the observatory.Born at Dixon, Illinois, in 186 1, Mr. Parkhurst attended WheatonCollege from 1878 to 1881, and was graduated from Rose PolytechnicInstitute with the degree of B.S. in 1886. He was instructor in mathematics at that institution for the next two years, and received the degreeof M.S. in 1897. Engaging in business in Marengo, Illinois, he wasv unwilling to give up scientific study, so he set up a small but excellent telescope and began observations of the heavenly bodies. During this timehe began to contribute to the astronomical journals.It was an event of supreme interest and importance to Mr. Parkhurstwhen the Yerkes Observatory was erected at Williams Bay, Wisconsin,within thirty miles of his home. The summer of 1898, the first after theobservatory was in operation, he spent there as a volunteer research assistant, and he was a frequent and welcome visitor thereafter. In January,1900, he was officially appointed an assistant. In 1905 he was made instructor, in 191 2, assistant professor, and in 1919, associate professor. From1903 to 1905 Mr. Parkhurst was Carnegie Investigator in Stellar Photometry, and in 1906 the Carnegie Institution published his Researches in StellarPhotometry during the Years 1884 to 1906, Made Chiefly at the Yerkes Observatory. This was a quarto volume of 192 pages, and represented theresults both of his observations while he was still engaged in business, andof his patient and fruitful work at Williams Bay.One of Mr. Parkhurst's most important contributions to science was"The Yerkes Actinometry," published in 191 2 firthe Astrophysical Journal, a determination of the photographic and visual magnitudes, color-indices, and spectral classes of the stars to magnitudes 7.5, in the zonebetween 730 north declination and the north pole. In 1923 he completed and published a work resulting from measurement of the visualbrightness of stars in twenty-four parts of the sky, known as the Rum-ford Fields; this work having been undertaken in collaboration by theobservatories of Harvard, Virginia, Lick, and Yerkes. A work which heleft unfinished was a determination of the photographic magnitudes andcolor-indices of the 1,500 stars included in twenty-four fields called theKapteyn Fields. Mr. Parkhurst published about twenty major articles156JOHN ADELBERT PARKHURST *57in the Astrophysical Journal and a large number of shorter ones. He hadan important part in observing the solar, eclipse of 1918 at Green River,Wyoming, and in the efforts to make observations of the solar eclipse atSanta Catalina Island in 1923. He successfully observed the solar eclipseof January 24, 1925, from the Laboratory of Physics at Cornell University, and at the time of his death had just finished his preliminary reductions of his observations of the brightness of the solar corona on that occasion.Professor Edwin Brant Frost, director of the Yerkes Observatory,writes the following tribute to Mr. Parkhurst's abilities:Mr. Parkhurst was a very skilful observer, having a distinct mechanical sense andappreciation of fine instruments. He was most careful and methodical in his handlingof all scientific apparatus, and in his photographic procedure. In recent years a greatpart of his measurements had been made on photographic plates. For many years wehad depended upon him for the tests of the sensitiveness of each new lot of plates comingto us from the manufacturer.In the death of Mr. Parkhurst the University has lost a faithful officer of instruction,and an able investigator whom it will be very difficult to replace.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE-HUNDRED THIRTY-SIXTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Thirty-sixth Convocation of the University was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall, Tuesday,March 17, at 4:00 p.m. The ConvocationAddress, "The Challenge of a Retrospect," was delivered by Marion Talbot,Professor of Household Administration,and Dean of Women in the University.The President presented his ConvocationStatement.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence in thework of the Junior Colleges: SimonAgranat, Marshall Baker, Alvan D.Battey, Mary Louise Blyth, HermanHans Breslieh, Virginius Frank Coe,George Hill Dillon, Mary ElizabethDowning, Margaret Anna Dressen,George Barkley Evans, Anna MantelFishbein, Aileen Lucia Fisher, MeyerGoldberg, Irene Marguerite Goldenberg,Eleanor Harris Goldsmith, Dean WesleyHodges, Albert William Meyer, ClaraMay McFrancis, Marion Reissenweber,Alcide Louis Rosi, Henry Lester Seidner,Robert Briggs Stevens, William JacobTannenbaum, Beatrice Watson,The Bachelor's degree with honors:Clara Esther Boell, Helen Fonda Cook,Amelia Leah Eisner, Jacob Zachary Fel-sher, Hortense Louise Fox, Ira Maximilian Freeman, William Yerbury Gillespie, Jack Golstein, Paul Hardin Harmon,Helen Morgan Harpel, William EdwardGordon Harrison, Lillian Klein, EdwinJoseph Kunst, Emma Levitt, DorothyLingle, James LeRoy O'Leary, ClausArild Olsen, Helen Edwina Robertson,Abram Solomon Shohet, Clifford MorrisSpencer, Helen Josephine Steinhauser,Helen Rose Ullman, Margaret Walker,June Roberta Work.Honors for excellence in particular departments of the Senior Colleges: LouisaLewis Clark, Art; Amelia Leah Eisner,Botany; Jacob Zachary Felsher, Education; Hortense Louise Fox, English; IraMaximilian Freeman, Physics and Mathematics; William Yerbury Gillespie, English; Jack Goldstein, Anatomy; PaulHardin Harmon, Chemistry; Helen Mor gan Harpel, Italian and General Literature;William Edward Gordon Harrison, Spanish; Mary Armstrong Helm, Kindergarten-Primary Education; Ruth HelenLarson, English; Dorothy Lingle, Art;Ruth Janice Lyon, Spanish; Edna Mildred Marlin, Art; Helen Clevidence Marquis, History; Estelle Marie McCaffrey,History; James LeRoy O'Leary, Anatomy;James LeRoy O'Leary, Zoology; ClausArild Olsen, History; Helen EdwinaRobertson, History; Helen JosephineSteinhauser, Spanish; Caroline HannahSwanson, Botany; Helen Rose Ullman,History; Helen Rose Ullman, GeneralLiterature; Margaret Walker, Sociology;June Roberta Work, English.Election to Alpha Omega Alpha Fraternity for excellence in the work of theJunior and Senior years at Rush MedicalCollege: William Jesse Baker, GeorgeBrandle Callahan, Eben James Carey,Leland Charles Dietsch, Harry Friedman,Lois Dixon Greene, Frank Ralph Guido,Clifford Henry Harville, Walter FrederickHoeppner, Louis Bernard Kartoon, Norman Leshin, Meyer Leo Leventhal, MarkTenney Phy, John Philip Pieroth, Margaret Garrett Smythe, Dwight TedcastleVandel, Jacob Allan Weiss.Election of Associate members to SigmaXi on nomination of two Departments ofScience for evidence of promise of abilityin research work in Science: Roy LeonardBeckelhymer, Georgine Adolph Moerke,Arthur Bradley Sperry, Otto HermanWindt, Gladys Mae Woods.Election of members to Sigma Xi onnomination of the Departments of Sciencefor evidence of ability in research work inScience: Agustin Sikat Alonzo, GustavusEdwin Anderson, John Geldart Aston,James Paul Bennett, Arthur Gilbert Bills,Anna Bathsheba Fisher, Joseph SolomonFriedman, Elbert Dung Wui Ho, AlbertIckstadt, Jr., Nora Iddings, CliffordAddison Merritt, L. Leone Oyster, EugeneSheridan Perry, Walburga Anna Petersen,Harold Romaine Phalen, Thomas CharlesPoulter, Agnes Ethel Sharp, Jesse MiltonShaver, Harvey Alexander Simmons,Joseph Adolph Tuta, Delbert EdmundWobbe.Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapter158EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE *59of Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Jeannetta AliceBaldwin, Benedict Seneca Einarson,Amelia Leah Eisner, Hortense Louise Fox(June, 1924), Ira Maximilian Freeman(March, 1924), Jack Goldstein, EdwinJoseph Kunst, Emma Levitt, MargaretJosephine Novak, James LeRoy O'Leary,Helen Edwina Robertson, Emily LillianSedlacek, Daniel Warren Stanger, HelenJosephine Steinhauser (March, 1924).Helen Rose Ullman, Margaret Walker,Degrees were conferred as follows : TheColleges: the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 3;the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 39;the degree of Bachelor of Science, 20; thedegree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Education, 14; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Administration, 9; the degree of Bachelor ofof Philosophy in Social Service Administration, 1. The Graduate School of Artsand Literature: the degree of Master ofArts, 14; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 6; the degree of Master of Arts inthe Graduate Divinity School, 4; thedegree of Master of Arts in the School ofCommerce and Administration, 3; thedegree of Master of Arts in the GraduateSchool of Social Service Administration, 1.The Ogden Graduate School of Science:the degree of Master of Science, 12; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 6. TheDivinity School: the degree of Bachelor ofDivinity, 2. The Law School: the degreeof Doctor of Law, 7. Rush Medical College: the Four- Year Certificate, 66; thedegree of Doctor of Medicine, 46. Thetotal number of degrees conferred was 225.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, March 15, inthe Reynolds Theater. At 11:00 a.m.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, the Convocation Religious Service was held. Thepreacher was Professor Hugh Black, D.D.,Litt.D., Union Theological Seminary,New York City.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the Winter Quarter were: January 4, ReverendBishop Nicholson, D.D., LL.D., Detroit,Michigan; January n, Reverend DavidJones Evans, Th.D., First BaptistChurch, Kansas City, Missouri; January18, Reverend Cornelius WoelfMn, D.D.,LL.D., Park Avenue Baptist Church,New York City; January 25, Reverend Harry Emerson Fosdick, D.D., LL.D.,Union Theological Seminary, New YorkCity; February 1, The Right ReverendThomas Frank Gailor, D.D., LL.D.,Bishop of Tennessee, and President of theNational Council of the ProtestantEpiscopal Church; February 8, RobertElliott Speer, D.D., Secretary, Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, NewYork City; February 15, Professor Theodore Gerald Soares, Ph.D., D.D., University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; February 22, Reverend Bishop Francis JohnMcConnell, D.D., LL.D., Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania; March 1, Professor AlbertParker Fitch, Carleton College, North-field, Minnesota; March 8, ReverendHugh Black, D.D., Litt.D., Union Theological Seminary, New York City; andMarch 15, Dr. Black.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall onthe following dates: January 6, February3 and 17, March 10, and April 14. OnJanuary 20 and March 3, recitals weregiven by Margaret Matzenauer, a contralto, and Emil Telmanyi, a violinist, at4: 15 p.m. in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall.The University basketball team playedthirteen games in the course of the WinterQuarter, from January 4 to March 17,as follows: Illinois at Chicago, 16-27;Minnesota at Chicago, 16-26; Indiana atBloomington, 11-40; Ohio State at Chicago, 23-24; Butler University at Chicago, 17-23; Michigan at Chicago, 10-29;Illinois at Urbana, 15-19; Northwesternat Evanston, 7-29; Indiana at Chicago,22-23; Ohio State at Columbus, 25-43;Minnesota at Minneapolis, 17-38; Michigan at Ann Arbor, 15-47; Northwesternat Chicago, 16-17.The stone which has recently been setin the pavement m front of the "C"Bench just opposite the main entrance toCobb Hall was formerly the keystone tothe main tower of the Old Universityof Chicago, and is the only physicallink between the Old University and theNew University of Chicago as it standstoday. This stone was for many yearsused as a stepping-stone in front of theresidence of Marshall B. Atwell, 5737Kimbark Avenue, Chicago, having been160 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpresented to Mr. Atwell by the contractorwho tore down the Old University. InJuly, 1 92 1, Mr. Atwell sold his propertyto Professor Marcus Wilson Jernegan, ofthe University, who thereby came intopossession of the stone. Professor Jernegan was asked to present the stone to theUniversity, as it is symbolical of the relationship existing between the Old and theNew institution. The gift was accordingly made in June, 1923, in connection withthe Alumni Reunion celebrations.In response to a general desire on thepart of the Faculty, Trustees, and alumniof the University that a portrait of President Ernest DeWitt Burton be paintedand presented to the University, a committee having the matter in charge, aftercareful study and upon the advice ofspecialists in the field of portrait-painting,have unanimously voted to award thecommission to Malcolm Parcell, of Washington, Pennsylvania, winner of the LoganPrize at the Autumn Exhibition of American Art at the Art Institute of Chicago.At the annual meeting of the ItalyAmerica Society, Chicago Branch, heldon March 5, the following members of theUniversity were elected officers: vice-president, President Emeritus HarryPratt Judson; directors, Professor Rudolph Altrocchi and Professor ErnestHatch Wilkins.Among recent honors that have come tomembers of the University Faculties isthe presidency of the American Philological Association, to which Dean Gordon J.Laing, of the Graduate School of Arts andLiterature, was recently elected at themeeting of the Association in Chicago.At the recent Washington meeting ofthe American Political Science Association, Professor Charles E. Merriam,Chairman of the Department of PoliticalScience, was elected president of theAssociation for 1925.Professor Merriam was also elected president of the Social Science Research Council of the United States at a meeting heldat the University Club, Chicago, April 4.Professor Anton J. Carlson, Chairmanof the Department of Physiology at theUniversity, was elected vice-president andchairman of Section N (Medical Sciences) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at its recent meetingin Washington.Despite an unfortunate accident toProfessor Emeritus Thomas C. Chamber-lin, of the University, who suffered a slightbone fracture from a fall at Cornell University while attending the recent meetingof the Geological Society of America, hereceived in his absence the Penrose GoldMedal for distinguished researches in geology. Dr. Stuart Weller, of the University, accepted the medal in behalf of Professor Chamberlin.Paul M. Atkins, Instructor in theSchool of Commerce and Administrationof the University, is lecturing on industrialcost accounting in the Ecole de HautEnseignement Commerciale in Paris,France. These lectures are said to be thefirst devoted to that subject alone evergiven in France.Among members of the newly formedFederated Council of Art Educationare Professor Walter Sargent, Chairmanof the Department of Art in the University, and William G. Whitford, AssistantProfessor of Art Education in the Collegeof Education, the former representing theNational Federation of Arts and the latterthe Western Arts Association. The primary purpose of the new Council is to consider problems of art education and to promote investigation and study in this field.It will act somewhat as a clearing-housefor the problems attempted by differentart agencies. The training of the artteacher, the objectives in art education forvarious types of educational institutions,and the question of a degree for the art-school student are some of the topics nowunder consideration.An educational study of immediatepractical value is now being carried on byDr. Frederick S. Breed, of the College ofEducation, and Dean Ernest Hatch Wilkins, of the Colleges of Arts, Literature,and Science, consisting of an analysis ofactivities and qualities required of instructors in large elementary college courses.It is hoped that this analysis will ultimately be used by instructors as a voluntaryscale for the purpose of self-measurement.This is a continuation of one of the BetterYet Committees of last year, of which Dr.Breed was chairman.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 161For the sixty Freshmen who gave themost promise of success the University isproviding a special two-quarter coursecalled "The Nature of the World and ofMan," which is intended to give them awell-proportioned background for all theirlater thinking and studying. The subjectstreated include The Nature and Structureof Matter, The Nature of Chemical Processes, The Origin of the Earth, TheEarth's Changing Contours and Climate,The Earth as the Home of Life, and TheNature and Origin of Life.Other subjects are The Evolution ofPlants, The Evolution of the Lower Animals, the Evolution of the Higher Animals and of Man, The Factors of OrganicEvolution, the Human Body (Anatomyand Physiology), The Evolution of theNervous System, the Evolution of theIntelligence, Human Races, Social Origins, and Race Improvement.Each of these subjects is treated in lectures and discussions by the men in theUniversity best qualified to present thatsubject to Freshmen. Some of the men inthe Faculty who are co-operating are Professors Harvey B. Lemon, Julius Stieglitz,Forest R. Moulton, R. T. Chamberlin,John M. Coulter, and Henry C. Cowles.Professor H. Hackett Newman, of the Department of Zoology, and Associate Professor J Harlen Bretz, of the Departmentof Geology, are in general charge of thecourse, which is arousing great interestamong the students taking it.The new Divinity Chapel at the University, now being erected near therising Theology Building and ultimatelyto be connected with it by a cloister, willbe one of the best examples of EnglishCollegiate Gothic in America. It is madepossible by the gift of Mrs. Joseph Bond inmemory of her husband, Mr. JosephBond, who was formerly a trustee of theDivinity School. '¦,The building, which is to complete theDivinity quadrangle on the north and extend from east to west, will be 90 feet inlength, 33 feet in width, and 57 feet highto the stone tip of the roof. Of distinctivearchitecture, the chapel will have an oakroof beautifully painted in green, gold,and red. Five main trusses and six intermediate trusses will bear different kinds ofornamentation. The top is to be of redtile.There are to be six leaded glass windowson each side and one large window at either end, having one-inch borders ofcathedral glass. The details of the interiorprovide for a chancel at the west end, withan organ and a screen of cathedral glassat the east end. The cost of the Chapel isestimated at $150,000.A six-story building to house teachingand research in the Departments of Physiology, Physiological Chemistry, andPharmacology is being planned as a unitof the great group of buildings for medicaleducation which the University will erectin the near future. Funds have been provided independently of the University's$17,500,000 development program.The new Physiology Building is expected to face Fifty-eighth Street, withits main doorway at the point whereIngleside Avenue now runs, the avenuehaving been vacated for that purpose.The structure will furnish greatly expanded quarters for instruction and investigation, the researches now made requiringnot only increased laboratory space, butquarters for animals in which the lattermay be given the best of care. The newbuilding will have animal quarters occupying almost the entire sixth floor. Therewill be modern devices for maintainingproper ^ temperatures and every facilityfor giving the animal subjects proper nutrition and environment.As a part of the present developmentcampaign of the University, Vice-President James H. Tufts, Dean of the Faculties, and Athletic Director A. A. Staggspent a month in a speaking tour thatincluded cities in Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas,California, Utah, Colorado, and Kansas.Vice-President Tufts gave preliminaryaddresses before University alumni clubsin Columbus and Cleveland, and in thelatter city was the guest of honor at aluncheon with the president of WesternReserve University. At Tulsa, Oklahoma,he was joined by Director Stagg, and together they continued their tour throughmany cities, including Dallas and Houston, Texas; Los Angeles and San Francisco; Salt Lake City; Denver, Colorado;and Wichita and Topeka, Kansas.In a remarkable circuit of eighteencities, addresses have been made duringthe past few months in the interest of theUniversity by Dr. Nathaniel Butler,Assistant to the President, and Mr. JohnF. Moulds, Assistant Secretary of the162 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBoard of Trustees. The addresses weregiven before meetings of the University'svarious alumni clubs in Omaha, Denver,Salt Lake City, Boise, Spokane, Seattle,Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles,San Diego, Phoenix, Tucson, San Antonio,Austin, Waco, Fort Worth, Kansas City,and St. Louis.The addresses, which were very favorably received, were a part of the development campaign for the present year, bywhich it is hoped to raise $6,500,000 forthe endowment of instruction and research, and $11,000,000 for new buildings.In connection with the Institute forChurch Workers at the University, DeanShailer Mathews of the Divinity Schoolgave during February and March alecture series on "Jesus and the SocialGospel." The opening lecture was on"The Revolutionary Background of Jesus'Teaching." On February 10, Dean Mathews spoke on "The Gospel of GoodWill"; February 17, on "The Gospel ofIndividuality"; February 24, on "TheGospel and the Family"; March 3, on"The Gospel and the Economic Life";and March 10, on "The Gospel and SocialReconstruction."Classes in "What Every ChristianShould Know about Science" were conducted by Professor Gerald B. Smith,and the relation of the scientific point ofview to religious faith was discussed atthe close. The important course in dramatization and pageantry was given byDavis Edwards, Assistant Professor ofPublic Speaking. The general purpose ofthe Institute is the training of churchworkers for leadership."What Is Left of Anatole France" wasthe subject of the lecture on the WilliamVaughn Moody Foundation at the University, January 20, the lecturer beingErnest Dimnet, canon of Cambrai Cathedral, France. Canon Dimnet gave anintimate account of the work of the greatFrench writer."Search for the Creative Life" was thesubject discussed in a lecture under thesame auspices on January 14 by Carl VanDoren, literary editor of the CenturyMagazine and author of ContemporaryAmerican Novelists.Illustrated by photographs securedwith the greatest telescopes of moderntimes, a lecture by Professor Forest Ray Moulton, of the Department of Astronomy at the University, was given inOrchestra Hall, Chicago, February 9, on"Recent Astronomical Explorations inSpace and Time."In the last two decades, astronomershave made more progress in exploring theuniverse than was achieved in all theprevious history of mankind, according toscientific authorities. Using this diminutive earth as a base line, they havesounded the depths of space to the distance light travels in hundreds of thousands of years, and their logic follows theevolution of worlds and stars and galaxiesof stars from an infinitely remote past toan infinitely remote future.In the lecture by Professor Moulton,the moon's craters appeared on thescreen a foot in diameter. Eruptions fromthe sun thrown farther than from theearth to the moon, sixty thousand suns ina single globular cluster, and an exteriorgalaxy, or universe, distant a million lightyears were also shown.The lecture, with additional material,was given a second time, especially foralumni, the evening of March 18.How splendid cities in the LibyanDesert are being brought to light againand revelations of beauty and craftsmanship in temples, houses, and statues areconstantly being made, were vividlyshown in an illustrated lecture on February 24 in Orchestra Hall, Chicago, byDean Gordon J. Laing, of the GraduateSchool of Arts and Literature at the University.The lecturer took the audience beyondCarthage to Sousse, with its famous portrait of Vergil; to El Djem, with its classicamphitheater; and finally to Timgad, aRoman ruin rivaling Pompeii.Rev. Charles W. Gilkey, minister ofthe Hyde Park Baptist Church andmember of the Board of Trustees of theUniversity, has just returned from India,where he has been giving the BarrowsLectures for the University during thepast winter. This Foundation was established in 1894, following the World'sParliament of Religions, in order to interpret Christianity "in a friendly, temperate, and conciliatory way to the scholarlyand thoughtful people of India." Thelectures this year, in view of the markedIndian interest at the present time in thefigure of Jesus as distinguished from theEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 163historic movements and churches thathave taken his name, centered around"The Personality of Jesus," and were asfollows: (1) "Jesus and Our Own Generation," (2) "Jesus' Way of Living,"(3) "Jesus' Life with God," (4) "Jesusand the Mysteries of Life and Death,"(5) "The Lordship of Jesus," and (6)"Jesus and the Future."The entire course was given in six leading student centers: Bombay, Lucknow,Lahore, Calcutta, Rangoon, and Madras.Four of the lectures were also given inColombo and Kandy in Ceylon; and anaddress on "The Ideals of American Students" was given in ten different colleges.The total attendance at these fifty lectureswas nearly if not quite 40,000, of whom atleast 25,000 were university students.The largest response was in Madras,where the attendance in a hall seating1,000 averaged well over that figure, andon the last night reached 1,800 by actualcount. In Calcutta the audiences werealmost as large, and Lahore was a closethird. The audiences were at least 75 percent non-Christian; and the chairmenwere very frequently Hindus or Moslems.The lecturer has returned, not only withdelightful memories of Indian hospitalityand courtesy, but with the strong sensethat religion is still India's deepest interest.Associate Professors David HarrisonStevens and George Wiley Sherburn, ofthe Department of English, and AssistantProfessor Charles Edward Parmenter, ofthe Department of Romance Languagesand Literatures at the University, sailedfor London on the "Leviathan" at the endof March, in order to do research workabroad in their special fields of scholarship.Mr. Stevens will devote himself toa study of the works and fife of Miltonat the British Museum, editing a bibliography of Milton and gathering materialfor a student's life of the poet. Mr.Sherburn will make special studies in thefives and works of Pope, Addison, andSteele in London, Where the sources ofmaterial are most accessible; and Mr.Parmenter, who is in charge of the phonetic laboratory of the University for theinvestigation of speech sounds, will visitthe noted laboratories of Europe, including those in Hamburg, Paris, and Madrid.More than one hundred fellowshipshave been awarded for the year 1925-26 at the University. Of the total numberassigned, twenty-nine were given towomen.Of the whole number granted fellowships, forty-three have already receivedthe Master's degree in Arts or Science. Inthe distribution of fellowships fifty-ninedifferent institutions were represented, including the universities of Prague, Lou-vain, Oxford, Cambridge, and Edinburgh,Toronto, McGill, and Saskatchewan ofCanada, and the University of the Philippines. Thirty-one Departments of theUniversity shared in the assignments.Miss Maud Slye, member of the OthoS. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, hasbeen elected a foreign member of theDeutsches Zentral-Komitee zur Erforsch-ungund Bekampfungder Krebskrankheitof Berlin.President Ernest DeWitt Burton of theUniversity was taken April 24 to thePresbyterian Hospital, where an operationfor the relief on an intestinal obstructionwas performed. Bulletins issued by thephysicians — Drs. Frank Billings, ArthurDean Bevan, D. B. Phemister, and WilburE. Post—described his condition followingthe operation as satisfactory.Stephen A. Douglas, Charles L. Hutchinson, Andrew MacLeish, A. C. Bartlett,Norman Wait Harris, Leon Mandel, andAlbert Merritt Billings are among thefamiliar names of men whose biographicalsketches appear in the new volume by Dr.Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed, Corresponding Secretary of the University.Another sketch is that of a woman, HelenCulver, who is one of the University'sgreat benefactors; and sketches of Dr.Howard Taylor Ricketts, Jonathan YoungScammon, John M. Jackson, and Frederick Haskell are also included in thevolume, which is just published by theUniversity of Chicago Press.Dr. Goodspeed, the author, who alsowrote the first volume of these sketches,published in 1922, was then eighty yearsold, and with characteristic humor andoptimism says in the preface of thesecond volume that if he lives to be ahundred it is not impossible that he willhimself write Volume III. These sketches,which are notable contributions to thehistory of the University, are alive withinterest not only for friends and students.of the University, but for citizens ofChicago.164 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe new volume in the "University ofChicago Social Science Series," FamilyWelfare Work in a Metropolitan Community, by Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, is thefirst source book of its kind and contains avast amount of valuable information forsociologists and social workers as well asstudents. It includes forty-four social caserecords, chiefly from the large welfareagencies of Chicago, and those statutes,annual reports, and other documentsnecessary for the intelligent study of therecords.The records not only illustrate specialfamily difficulties, but also call attentionto the institutions and agencies withwhich the social worker must co-operate.They stimulate the student's interest inthe social, economic, and industrial problems involved, and suggest methods ofprocedure which are of great value to thestudent preparing for professional socialwork. Among the cases considered arethose involving sickness and insanity, thewidow with small children, the welfare agency and the deserted family, the unmarried mother and the child born out ofwedlock, and industrial injury and thefamily welfare agency.Dr. William E. Dodd, Professor ofAmerican History in the University andauthor of a volume on Woodrow Wilsonand His Work, is the joint editor with RayStannard Baker of the authorized collection of the public papers of PresidentWilson in six volumes. The first twovolumes, which have just been publishedunder the title of College and State, consist of educational, literary, and politicalpapers that appeared from 1875 to 1913,including an essay on "Prince Bismarck,"signed "Atticus," prepared while Mr.Wilson was a Sophomore at Princeton.The second paper is a prize essay on"William Earl Chatham," signed "ThomasW. Wilson, '79, of N.C."; andthe third,written when he was a Senior, is on"Cabinet Government in the UnitedStates."ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 19251925 1924GainMen Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts, Literature 354410 271H5 625525 278358 253103 53i461 9464Total 76461067433 38649453732 1,1501,1041,21165 63655875^32 35649750634 992J ,o551,26266 158492. The Colleges —5iUnclassified Total 1,3172, o8lno843 1,0631,44927610 2,3803,5301371453 1,3461,982in235 1,0371,3931381 2,3833,3751241036 15513417 3Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. Professional Schools:¦ i. Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified Chicago Theological Total 161134526 . 43275 204161. 5l 148122518 222210 170144618 3417*2. Medical Courses — •Graduate Senior Unclassified Total 19210122983 32"*1516 '224101371143 181 32 213 11IO13711433. Rush Medical College —Postgraduate Fourth-year Third-year Unclassified .Total 23316370804 3163 26416973804 2642344. Law School —Graduate 1427798 42 1467998*Senior 618Candidates for LL.B Unclassified Total 3*716381452073 9174521351 326190431662424 31728361501966 6227418216 3232554016821712 335. College of Education 656. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate Senior Junior 2Unclassified '. 8Total 7. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate 39315 623515 455SO15 38862 492715 4373317 1817Undergraduate 2Total 151,3273,4o8276 504011,85039 651,7285,258315 81,0703,052259 423781,77136 501,4484,823295 IS280435Total Professional Total University *Deduct for duplication Net totals in Quadrangles. . 3,13s i,8n 4,943 2,793 i,735 4,528 415University College 570 i,775 2,345 500 1,583 2,083 262Total 3,70213 3,58612 7,28825 3,29340 3,3i848 6,61188 677Deduct for duplication Net total in the University . 3,689 3,574 7,263 3,253 3,270 6,523 740165i66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1925Arts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Medical Courses Rush Medical College Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration.Total. .Duplicates .Net total in Quadrangles .University College Total .Duplicates .Net total in the University.Grand Total Graduate185161261169435o2,0191731>fc5io2,35^62,3507,263* Unclassified students.1856— <£wesit ^BtWitt Purton— 1925'He passed from us on a rising curve"— Dean Shailer MathewsAt the funeral of President Burton