FEB2376The University RecordVolume XI JANUARY I 925 Number 1CHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICEOF MAN1By IULIUS STIEGLITZProfessor and Chairman of the Department of ChemistryMr. President, Colleagues, and Friends:All of the sciences are performing for man the great service of extending the boundaries of his exact knowledge of his environment, and of enlarging thereby his power to improve the circumstances of his life. Inattempting to portray for you today in a single short address the share ofchemistry in the service of man, I shall emphasize in particular the possibilities of future service. To this end I shall not only outline for you someof the signal services already rendered, as an earnest of future achievement, but above all, I should like to leave with you the conviction thatthe fundamental methods and objectives of the pure science of chemistrycarry in themselves the certain promise of ultimate success when thesemethods are applied to an extraordinary variety of problems of the mostvital and intimate concern to man.When almost exactly thirty years ago, on January 2, 1894, the KentChemical Laboratory was dedicated as the first of the new buildings ofthe University of Chicago, except Cobb Hall and three or four dormitories, one of our prominent colleagues of the Faculty of Arts and Literature was overheard to remark that he could not understand how chemistry ever could require a whole building for itself in order to teach the artof making pills! I am quoting almost literally this never-to-be-forgottencomment of a highly educated gentleman of the year 1894, because it is1 Delivered at the One Hundred Thirty-fifth Convocation of the University, heldin Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 23, 1924.12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa very apt illustration of the remoteness of the understanding of the significance of chemistry, one of the fundamental sciences, even so short atime ago, not only among the people at large, but also among the culturedclasses of that day. Unfortunately we have had, until very recently, noHuxley, no Tyndall to interpret us to the public. There is no doubt thatit was the Great War which for the first time in the history of mankindbrought home to the peoples of the world the awakening to the tremendous power, the almost infinite possibilities inherent in this field of science.Chemistry stood for much that was most evil in the war, but also formuch that was of the very best. History has definitely recorded the factthat but for the Haber-Ostwald processes for the fixation of the nitrogenof the air, there would have been no war at all, for without these processes,the store of explosives of the Central Powers, cut off from the nitrate fieldsof Chile, would have been exhausted in a very few months, and the warwould not have been undertaken. But these same nitrogen fixation processes also made the invaluable thousands of tons of nitrates and ammonium salts which fertilized their fields and saved from starvation ahundred million people shut off from their normal importations of food.And today one of the great problems agitating our Congress is the question of exactly how to go about it to bring to our own farmers and our ownpeople the benefits of this new chemical industry which, by the large-scale conversion of the free nitrogen of the air into fertilizers through theaid of cheap, hiterto wasted water power, should help to produce twobushels of wheat or corn where one was raised before. Again, in the war,chemistry prepared every particle of the thousands of tons of high explosives that tore asunder earth and man; it produced the great armamentsof steel and supplied the foes on either side with the new dread weapon ofsurprise, the attack with poison gas; it made possible the sustaining oflife in the confined spaces of the submarine and the fighting underseas.But on the other hand, it also supplied thousands of pounds of ether andother merciful pain-allaying drugs and disinfectants which helped to reduce the suffering and the loss of life of the wounded to a humanely possible minimum. In our own country, cut off from the customary importation of finer chemicals from abroad, our manufacturers, our hospitals, thegovernment, and finally, the people at large, suddenly awoke to a realization of their utter dependence on chemistry for essentials in industry,essentials in the treatment of disease and alleviation of suffering: Theadventurous trips of the submarine 'T)eutschland" to our shores, loadedwith medicaments, dyes, and other precious chemicals — it brought noother commodities — carried a lesson which the thinking, far-seeking menCHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN 3of this country must never forget. And precisely at this, the psychologicalmoment, the University of Chicago in the form of one of its doctors ofphilosophy at length gave to chemistry its popular interpreter, its Huxley,its Tyndall — Dr. Edwin E. Slosson. If any of you have not read Slosson'sCreative Chemistry, get it and read it without fail. Men like Senator Wads-worth, of New York, have acknowledged that they have sat up almost allnight to finish it at one sitting. The great lesson that the war and thatSlosson, the interpreter of chemistry to the people, should teach us is therealization of the extraordinary power, the great possibilities for goodwhich -must reside in the science of chemistry. The power which coulddo so much widespread harm, the power which already has accomplishedso much good, must henceforth be even more intensively exploited withfar-seeing wisdom for the good of mankind.We will realize these possibilities of today and tomorrow the better ifwe pause for only a moment to ask ourselves what the source is of thesegreat potentialities of chemistry — why this science represents, as it were,an Aladdin's lamp, which with proper rubbing — it usually requires veryhard rubbing, if you please — will call forth genii with almost unlimitedpower for good or evil. This may sound like a fairy tale, but it is true, forchemistry is the fundamental science of the transformation of matter, andthe transformation of matter almost at will obviously has inherent in itself the realization of unlimited possibilities for good. What does thetransformation of matter mean to you? Do not think of the futile effortsof the alchemists to transform the baser metals into gold. Even if therecent report is confirmed that mercury may be converted into gold —and confirmation has indeed recently come from Japan — even if the costof conversion should make gold ultimately cheaper than it now is, whichis quite unlikely — the Japanese report supports this opinion — such atransformation would not compare in value to us with the transformations which are of fundamental importance to each one of us personally.Pasteur, the chemist, in the face of leading biologists of his day, finallyproved that even in the lowest organisms, the divine spark of life is notgenerated spontaneously, but is passed on from generation to generation,and through his discoveries he became the founder of modern scientificmedicine. But with this limitation, the continuance of life, from our inception to our last breath, is inseparable from continuous chemical transformations which make possible growth, motion, thought, and the manifold activities of our lives. The cry of the new-born babe is the externalsignal of the inauguration of a new chemical process necessary for it tosustain life — the absorption of the oxygen of the air by the blood circu-4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlating through its lungs to make possible the many chemical changesessential for its little body. When the chemical changes in our bodies arenormal, we are well and happy — when they are abnormal, we are poisonedand sick, and we call in the doctor and he does his best to bring the chemistry of our bodies back to normal. It is not surprising therefore to findthat modern medicine and all the other biological sciences are turning moreand more to chemistry for aid in the solving of many of their fundamentalproblems, and presently I will give you some specific illustrations of theachievements already attained by this coalition, an earnest of other greatadvances of the future. Even the difficult science of psychology, embracing almost all that is dearest to us, facing the great problem of memory, onwhich all thought, all our intellectual life is based, is confronted with onlythe two possibilities of records; they are either physical in character, veryroughly comparable with phonograph records, or more probably recordsof a chemical nature such as we have, say in photographs, every process ofwhich from the effect of light on the silver salts of film or plate to the ultimate image of metallic silver deposited in finest gradations is chemical incharacter. It is a matter of common knowledge that extraordinary effectsare produced on our mental images by drugs, ranging from the benigneffects of tea and coffee to the deadly ones of hasheesh and cocaine.If matters of such intimate concern to us as life, health, and probablythought hark back in large measure ultimately to the fundamental scienceof the transformation of matter, this is no less true clearly of the greatfacts of our external lives which we may consider as manifold aspects ofindustry. Long before the dawn of a science of chemistry, man in his progress upward through chance observations evolved such chemical arts asagriculture, the preparation of metals like bronze and later even steel, thefashioning of bricks, the coloring of his cloths with a few dyes found inNature. But see what the science of the transformation of matter hasaccomplished for these early arts: To take only one or two instances,chemistry discovered that in our greatest industry, agriculture, it is thechemical ingredients of the soil and air, mineral salts, potash, lime,and phosphates, nitrogen as ammonia or as nitrate, water and thesmall amount of carbon dioxide in the air that nourish the seed andgrowing plant and produce useful cellulose, the sustaining proteins,starches, and fats which are essential for our life. And hence the agricultural chemists have become practically indispensable to the farmerof today, and botany, as Professor Coulter would gladly agree, has turnedlike medicine and zoology to chemistry for the ultimate solution of someof its most perplexing problems. The steel supporting the walls and roofCHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN 5of this beautiful hall is eloquent of another of the great debts civilizationowes to the wizardry of chemistry. It has given to the industries everyvariety of steel they have needed — ranging from the strong girders supporting our monumental buildings to the finest hair springs of our watches, from the toughened armor of our battleships to the high-speed toolswhich preserve their cutting edge when red hot. In fact, there is not asingle article in this hall, not a single article on our persons that has notbeen subject to the transforming touch of chemistry — from the aforementioned steel girders of the roof to this very paper, to the glass of thesereading glasses. We need enumerate no further: What would the world oftoday be without modern steel for its structures and machines, without itstons of paper for books and manuscripts, without glass for its optical instruments? In truth, there is not a single industry that does not transformmatter in some fashion or other, and consequently there is not a singleindustry that does not benefit by the fundamental science of chemistry*that cannot be benefited still more by the application of the knowledgeand laws of chemistry to its problems. Modern improvements in the making of steel, paper, and better glass amply illustrate this view.Although this relation of chemistry to industry has been demonstrated again and again in concrete instances, yet there is no doubt that agreat veil of mystery seems to surround most of its conspicuous achievements; men see only the beginnings in crude materials, be they ores orcoal tar, and the ends attained in the finished products, whether they arealloys of the most valuable character, dyes, or medicaments. They do notunderstand the steps leading from the crude product to the finished article. If we turn now to consider rather the fundamental methods of thepure science of chemistry than products, much of the mystery will beremoved.Like most of the other sciences, chemistry studies its problems fromtwo points of view — the static side which is concerned with the composition of matter — and the dynamic side which deals with the laws controlling the changes of matter. Each method of approach to its problems isinvaluable, and naturally, chemistry relies on both to accomplish its purposes.In his static studies, the chemist analyzes all things that come underhis ken, that is, he takes everything apart and examines minutely notonly the nature of every single component, but also the way in which theindividual components are joined together. He carries out this processwith everything under the sun and in fact, even everything beyond thesun also, with the aid of the spectroscope invented jointly by the physicist,6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD'Kirchhoff, and the chemist, Bunsen. No particle in the earth's crust, noingredient of the countless invaluable components of our own bodieswhich make life possible, escapes this ardent spirit of analyzing researchby the inspired chemist. It is in part because the mere bulk of this work isso far beyond the powers of the chemists of two or three generations thatthe future holds out such great possibilities for medicine and industry.For through analysis, chemistry has already achieved many great results.In its simplest form, by assay, it tells the miner whether his ores of iron,gold, silver, copper, and innumerable other valuable ingredients of theearth's crust are worthy of industrial exploitation. Through analysischemists found in common clay a silver white metal, aluminum, lighterthan iron, and by persistent effort they found out how to separate thismetal on a commercial scale through cheap electric power, and thus gaveto man one more metal, valuable for its lightness and its strength inalloys, which will probably form the very body of the great transatlanticcarriers of the future, the Zeppelins.From the ancient art of baking bricks has grown, largely with the aidof careful analysis, the great modern industry of portland cement andother artificial stones.Becquerel in Paris observed unexpected radiant effects of a rare element, uranium; and Mme and M. Curie in a wonderful feat of analysisseparated from tons of the uranium-containing ore, pitch-blende, aminute quantity of a new element, and gave the world radium.There are many other rare elements which the constant search of thechemist has uncovered and which are proving of the greatest value toman: Cerium and thorium, increasing twenty fold the illumination fromhis gas flame; pure tungsten for his electric-light bulbs; selenium, for photography by telegraph or by wireless. We are only at the beginning ofan era of exploitation of the rarer products of the earth's crust thus revealed to man.By this same prying method of analysis, chemists separated from theold crude drugs cinchona bark, opium, nux vomica, belladonna, the pureprinciples quinine, morphine, strychnine, atropine, achievements whichamong other benefits put into the hands of physicians the possibility ofhypodermic injections for almost instantaneous relief when seconds meanlife or death. Most impressive is a very recent great triumph : The methodsof chemistry served a Banting to separate from the glands of the pancreasthat precious secretion, insulin, the sugar-consuming principle which already is saving thousands of lives in the treatment of diabetes, and whichis esteemed by some as the greatest single achievement in medicine givenCHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN 7to mankind since the days of Pasteur and of Behrens, the discoverer ofdiphtheria antitoxin. Every step in the preparation and preservation ofinsulin is controlled by the science of chemistry. Before Banting, Kendall,of the Mayo Foundation, had isolated thyroxin, an active principle of thethyroid gland, which helps to regulate the metabolism of the body — aprinciple so active that an occasional dose no larger than a grain of saltis able to cure cretinism, a condition of stunted growth of body and mind,and myxedema, a similar condition developing in adults. Still earlier, thepioneer in this field, Abel, at Johns Hopkins University, isolated epinephrine or adrenalin from the suprarenal glands, an invaluable addition tothe resources of modern medicine, of which it has even been occasionallyreported that injected into the heart of a still-born infant or of a patientdying on the operating table, it has restored the pulsation of the heart andgiven the physician those precious few more moments by means of whichhe may save life.Surely these achievements, momentous as they have been, are but apromise of the many further blessings that man must anticipate from thecontinued application of this method of attack of pure chemistry on theproblems of life*! For there are other powerful internal secretions the isolation of which will aid the physician in regulating the chemistry of thebody, in sustaining our working powers, in correcting the accidents ofmischance, exhaustion, or disease. Our antitoxins for diphtheria, typhoid, pneumonia, etc., resemble the crude drugs of old in carrying withminute quantities of pure, live-preserving principles large amounts ofinert, often harmful, ingredients. Every doctor is handicapped by thepossibilities of serious secondary effects, by the limits set by these impurities. It is to chemistry that we must look for the isolation of these pureprinciples from these crude biological products obtained from the bloodof the horse, the hog, or the hen. The pity of the situation lies in the fleeting years which elapse and the lives which are lost, the suffering which isborne, because the workers in this field are not multiplied for more intensive effort as the men are gathered into armies not for the saving of life,but for its destruction!Moreover, the analytical quest of the chemist is not satisfied with theisolation of pure principles. He proceeds to take the smallest particles ofthese principles, their molecules, apart, atom by atom and does not restuntil he knows exactly how each atom is linked to the other — the way anarchitect would examine the structure of this beautiful hall. The moreexact his knowledge, the greater is man's power, and it is not surprisingthat this profound analysis of the atomic structure of important principles8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhas extended the power of chemistry enormously. For, if like the smallboy taking his first watch apart, a chemist takes his molecules apart, thechemist, unlike the small boy, does not stop until he has succeeded inputting the parts together again, in reconstructing his principle. Thissynthetic or creative process based on deep-reaching analysis has alreadyproved of greatest benefit to man. In the first place, it has given us thepower to produce cheaply and in any desired quantity rare and valuablenatural products. Thus, even so ephemeral but lovely a thing as theperfume of the violet has been captured and made available for the enjoyment of the many thousands instead of a privileged few. In the secondplace, man learning these innermost secrets of Nature has had the geniusto push ahead and to invent products far better than any Nature in herblind way has given him. Recall what vast improvements have grown outof an intimate knowledge of earlier, less excellent models in the case ofthe steam engine, the internal combustion engine, the telephone, and othergreat inventions!Time permits of only two or three illustrations of this service of creative chemistry taken from the fields of industry and medicine.Baeyer, of the University of Munich, the greatest organic chemist ofhis age, worked fourteen years, from 1867 to 1881, on the structure of themolecule of indigo, and thus laid the foundation for a great new industry,the production of indigo in thousands of pounds from cheap coal tarin purer form, of a purer shade, than vegetation had ever given toman, and the lands in India used for the production of indigo have beenreleased for the raising of other much needed crops. The whole dyeindustry rests on a similar basis of ultimate analysis and synthetic creativeeffort — supplying us with dyes of every conceivable shade of color, dyeswhich will resist the wash ladies' most destructive efforts, dyes which areso sensitive that they sensitize photographic plates to an astonishingdegree, even dyes which give our ladies two different colors in one pieceof fluorescent silk. This complete triumph of industry in the field of dye-production must ultimately be overshadowed by even more importantcreative triumphs in the more difficult field of medicine. As an instance,we have the case of the familiar drug cocaine. It was hailed as an invaluable addition to the surgeon's armament when it was shown that a solution of cocaine brought on mucous membrane or injected under the skinhad the peculiar property of deadening the sensation of pain to the surgeon's knife. But this precious local anesthetic has certain great drawbacks — it is very poisonous and very expensive, and worst of all, it is, asyou know, a habit-forming drug of the most pernicious type. The inquiryCHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN 9into the structure of the molecule of cocaine was a very difficult one, butonce accomplished, chemists invented and gave to the medical professiona series of artificial local anesthetics, such as procaine or novocaine, whichare less poisonous, cheaper, and above all, which have not the slightesttrace of habit-forming properties.Success in improving upon natural products, the triumphs of the dyeindustry, finally emboldened man to use the resources of chemistry tostrike out for himself independently of natural principles, to create formedicine preparations wholly new, and to apply more freely to medicinepreparations long known to the chemist only. Of untold value has beenEhrlich's invention of salvarsan or "606," with the object of destroyingin the human system by a specific poison the invading germ of syphilis witha minimum of harm to the tissues of the body. With its aid, mankind isnow freeing itself of this scourge, counting too many millions of sufferers,literally ten million in this country alone, as the army records indicated.Similarly, medicine is engaged in a truly blessed and successful chemicalwarfare on the disease of hookworm, counting many other millions of poorsufferers; on leprosy, and other widespread diseases. You must realizewith what heartened ardor chemistry and medicine are pursuing this pathtoward the invention of specific remedies against the deadly scourges ofpneumonia and tuberculosis and similar diseases. How many in this audience must bid all speed to these workers in the great cause of mankind,praying that the period of waiting be not too long, that the certain resultcome not too late to be of benefit to those near and dear to them. Again,let us heed in this the great lesson of the war, in chemistry as in industry —a massive concentration on a problem is the only certain means of hastening its accomplishment.The inquiring analytical method of chemistry has in recent years, asyou know, gone much farther even than the study of the arrangements ofatoms in molecular structure. Hand in hand with their brother-physicists,chemists have advanced to the study of the structure of the atom itself,and even to the effort of the breaking up of atoms. Sir Ernest Rutherford,who received the Nobel Prize in chemistry, has gone farthest in this lastdirection — and on a minute scale has destroyed the atoms of some dozenor more elements, and thereby transformed these elements into other elements. Professor Harkins in Kent is attempting similar minute-scale operations. The atoms of some elements, especially of radium, decomposespontaneously, and in doing so, release a great deal of energy. Thus,the energy released by the decomposition of the atoms in a single gramof radium — say a half-teaspoonful — is the equivalent of the heat ofIO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcombustion of half a ton of the best hard coal! But, aside from thegreat rarity and value of radium, the rate of its decomposition is so slowthat it would take some thousands of years to secure this energy. If wecould artificially inaugurate and accelerate the decomposition of theatoms of more common elements, we would have a supply of energy athand which would relieve man of all his worries about the exhaustion ofhis oil and coal supplies. When anthracite was first discovered, it was discarded as worthless because it would not burn — at least so it seemed; butman learned to burn it by using first the heat of other fuel to start theanthracite fire in a sufficiently strong draft of air, and then by using someof the heat of the anthracite itself to keep the fires going — and now, ofcourse, anthracite is one of our most precious fuels. Man could wellafford to spend quite a large amount of energy to start the decompositionof atoms and to release their internal energy, and then use part of thereleased energy to continue the process once he has discovered how todo it, if it is proved that the energy released is greater than that consumed in the process.Time permits only a very condensed consideration of the great opportunities offered man by the second great method of attack used by purechemistry in its problems — the study of the dynamic laws controlling andlimiting all transformations of matter. These laws are fundamental, likethe law of gravitation, and of fascinating interest. But I must limit myself to giving you only two or three brief illustrations of their applicationto problems of moment to man at large.The elaboration of the Haber process for the fixation of the nitrogenof the air, which means so much for the fertilization of our fields, wouldnot have been possible if Dr. Haber had not applied the laws of the dynamics of chemical action to the problem before undertaking the experimental elaboration itself. Nitrogen and hydrogen, the components to becombined, are gases — very dilute forms of matter — and they are also veryinert, resisting combination. Haber calculated the optimum conditionsfor bringing about their union, the optimum conditions of temperatureand of increased concentration by pressure on the gases. The results demanded apparatus of hitherto unheard-of strength applied on an industrialscale — for highly compressed gases at a high temperature have a trulyterrific power of expansion. The work was undertaken, the apparatus supplied, and the process proved successful with all it means now in the service of man.The contact process of manufacturing sulphuric acid, one of the fundamental gross chemical industries, was developed in the same way, doingCHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN IIaway with the need of costly lead houses of enormous capacity. Duringthe war, the demand for acetylene for the manufacture of alcohol, aceticacid, acetone, and other chemicals grew to extraordinary proportions.One of our own Kent Ph.D.'s, Dr. Curme, working at the Mellon Institute for Industrial Research, was given the problem of making acetylenefrom carbon and hydrogen directly. Like Haber, before a cent was spenton experimentation, Curme calculated the maximum yield to be expectedunder optimum conditions of temperature and pressure. He found a 24per cent yield was the best to be expected; the experimental work thatfollowed produced a yield of 23.9 per cent — and a new industry was founded at a minimum cost of experimentation.During the war, too, many industries that could not meet the demands made upon them, and could not afford to wait for enlarging theirequipment, found that by applying the laws of chemical action to theirproduction, they could cut down a twelve-hour period for their pressuretanks to eight hours, and thus run through three batches in a twenty-four-hour day in place of two, a 50 per cent increase in output.This dynamic side of chemistry is being applied with great success inrecent years to problems of medicine. It is of interest to note that thevery first course offered by Dr. McLean, the professor of medicine in ournew medical school, had as its topic the application of physical chemistryto medicine. One specific illustration must suffice: Dr. Howland, of JohnsHopkins University, and his collaborators with its aid have given us at lasta convincing explanation of bone-formation in our bodies and have demonstrated the ultimate causes of the lack of bone-formation in the diseaseknown as rickets. This widespread disease, as a result of this work and ofother recent discoveries primarily of a chemical nature, is certain to disappear now from the face of the earth — a blessing, indeed, to tens ofthousands of little ones.We thus find the real sources of the great potentialities of chemistry,the science of the transformation of matter, in its penetrating powers ofanalysis reaching down to and beyond the ultimate atoms of matter, inits power of creation by the assembling of these ultimate particles into newcombinations dictated by the genius of man, and in its intimate knowledgeof the laws governing the activities of these ultimate particles of matter.But let us recall that the pure science of chemistry itself is far removedfrom having attained its full growth; as evidence of this, when KentChemical Laboratory was constructed, only yesterday as it seems to someof us, physical chemistry was an infant of a very few years known to but afew, and no provision was made for it in Kent — today it is a giant and is12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdoing a giant's work as evidenced by the Haber process, by Howland'swork on rickets, and other achievements. The modern exact science ofcolloidal chemistry was scarcely born — and our very bodies and theirevery organ other than the bones are colloids. The discovery of radium,of the decomposition of elements, the knowledge of the electrical structure of matter came to us several years later. In the face of this experienceof the growth of the pure science of chemistry, we must anticipate furtherdevelopments of the greatest importance. It is beyond question that tosolve some of the momentous problems of medicine and life, the scienceof chemistry itself must advance to new knowledge, uncover new principles. It has been ever thus in the progress of science as of man — wegrow in power in proportion to the difficulty of the undertakings we enterupon.Hence, if chemistry even today has created for the service of man themost powerful machine that has ever been within his grasp for correctiveand creative effort in the fields of industry and medicine, so vital forevery one of us, let us frankly recognize that even more penetratingknowledge of the composition and the laws of matter must be developedby our science, if it is to do its utmost for mankind. May its service beessentially for good and not for evil, for great as are its achievements ofthe past, we believe that the world is only now at the threshold of itspromise of today and the future through the now universal recognition ofits significance, of its possibilities in the protection and enrichment of life.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1The Quarter which closes today has been rendered noteworthy by thelaying of the cornerstones of two buildings — the Theology Building nearthe center of the main Quadrangle, and the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery on the site of the old Rush Medical College Building atthe corner of Wood and West Harrison streets. The former event occurredThursday, November 6, the latter Monday, November 17.These events are significant not only for the schools which they directly serve, but because they break the long period of non-building, largelydue to the world-war, and inaugurate what we hope and anticipate will beone of the great building periods of the University's history.The erection of the Theology Building will give to the Divinity Schoolfor the first time in thirty-two years a home of its own. It began its workin the University on the fourth floor of Cobb Hall. It was glad to betaken into Haskell Oriental Museum, and though it recognizes that theperiod in which it has dwelt a guest in the houses of the Egyptians hasbeen one of gracious courtesy rather than of hard bondage, it will beglad to cross the Jordan into the land long promised to it, and it looksforward to that event as the significant beginning of a new chapter inits history.The erection of this building has also an architectural significancewhich will become more evident when it is completed and the temporaryfence about it has been removed. The main Quadrangle of the Universitywhen complete will consist of seven courts, three on the south, three onthe north, and the great court in the center. Of these seven, only one hasbeen completed—Hull Court — the central one of the three on the north.By the erection of the Theology Building, both the central court on thesouth and the south line of the great central court will be completed, andanother step will have been taken toward the completion of the wholeplan, which was projected over thirty years ago, and of which we can nowbegin to see the end.The building of the Rawson Laboratory is now going rapidly forward.When completed it will provide commodious quarters for Rush MedicalCollege and the Rush Post Graduate School of Medicine.1 Delivered at the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Convocation of the University,December 23, 1924.1314 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe plans for the Albert Merritt Billings Memorial Hospiral, the MaxEpstein Dispensary, and the associated buildings for the School of Medical Science of the Ogden Graduate School, are very near completion, andwill be ready to be given out to contractors for bids within a very fewweeks. With the beginning of this great group of buildings on the MedicalQuadrangle west of Ellis Avenue and facing on Fifty-ninth Street the long,and what has seemed at times the slow-moving, history of the development of medical education at the University will have taken anotheradvance step.The public has already been informed that the obstacles which havehitherto prevented the erection of the great University Chapel have beenovercome and that this splendid building will soon be under way.The generous gift of Professor and Mrs. Lillie will make it possible tobreak ground soon for a building for Experimental Zoology.Meantime a group of generous friends of the University in this vicinity, among whom Mrs. Lillie deserves especial mention, have raised thesum of $43,600 and have purchased an excellent house on WoodlawnAvenue for the use of the University Co-operative Nursery School. Thedeed to this property is to be held by the University, and in it there willbe maintained a nursery which will not only afford relief to parents andprovide excellent care for their children, but will carry on under competentoversight a very interesting experiment in the education and developmentof children of pre-school age. This well illustrates the combination of thespirit of research and of service which is, we like to think, characteristicof the whole University.We hope very soon to be able to make other interesting announcements in reference to buildings which will add both to the University'sarchitectural beauty and its educational effectiveness. Buildings are notfor us an end in themselves, but they are a very necessary means to theprocess of education, and in the case of most of our buildings at least theyhave a very directly educational value.To all the friends who in former days and more recently have madepossible by their gifts the erection of the buildings of the University andthe endowment of the research and education for which they are built, theUniversity returns its hearty thanks.In his Convocation address Professor Stieglitz has presented to us withhis usual lucidity the history, the achievements, and the future possibilitiesof the science of chemistry. It is an impressive statement, forcibly illustrating what has been accomplished and may still be accomplished by thatspirit of inquiry, that zeal for discovery, that is the most distinctive char-THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 15acteristic of the modern university. There is no more absorbingly interesting and no more significant chapter in all human history than that whichtells the story of the rise of modern science and the spread of the scientificspirit through all departments of thought and knowledge.The Department of Chemistry needs a new building in which to carryon its work of research. It long ago outgrew the capacity of the building which the generosity of Sidney Kent provided in 1893. We can buthope that a new Sidney Kent will soon arise to meet that need and startour Department of Chemistry upon a new period of development whichwill equal if not surpass the notable record of the last thirty years.Science is an enormous contributor to human welfare and happiness.The man of research has the joy of search, and sometimes the joy of discovery, and prizes them above any awards of wealth. The community asa whole experiences the benefit of enlarged horizon, increased knowledge,and increased wealth. It is estimated that the average earning power of aman has been within one hundred years multiplied by four by reason ofthe discoveries of science. But the financial rewards of scientific discoverydo not return in any large measure to the discoverer. The Stieglitzes andthe Michelsons and the Judds cannot build the laboratories which theirscientific achievements call for with the financial rewards that thoseachievements bring to them. The millions of profit go to the master-mindsof the business world. I speak of this not to complain of it. The discoverergets his reward in other ways than in dollars and in ways that he prefersto dollars. I mention it only to emphasize the obvious fact that not onlythe progress of science but the welfare of society are dependent upon aspirit of co-operation permeating all elements of society. We of the University must do our work not in a spirit of intellectual pride or of scholasticexclusion, not solely for the gratification of our intellectual curiosity,though that will always be a powerful incentive, but under a sense ofobligation to our day and generation to make the kind of contribution tohuman welfare that our abilities fit us to make. And we must franklyrecognize that we are dependent upon the co-operation of the men of business to enable us to make that further progress which we so much desire.Time was when autocratic princes were the chief patrons of the artsand education. In a democratic land like ours education and researchmust depend largely for their support on the votes of legislators and theinterest of the taxpayers. We of the University of Chicago can lookneither to autocratic princes nor to democratic legislators. Nor can science flourish if left to be conducted wholly in the laboratories attached toand conducted by commercial corporations. Valuable work has been donei6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin this way, surpassing in some respects that of the University. But itneeds to be supplemented by the University type of work, with thatbreadth of horizon, and idealism, and continuity which are essential conditions of the most successful research. It is no reflection on commercialresearch to say that the University has proved to be an indispensable factor in the nourishment and conduct of scientific research. But Universitywork can never be self-supporting in the sense that it will yield to the institutions that conduct it the income that is necessary for its support andexpansion. It is profitable enough to the community to justify it manytimes over, but the profit inures to the community, not to the University.For the advancement of science the co-operation of patrons of science withthe scientific investigator is indispensably necessary.But I must not speak as if the chief products of the scientific spiritwere those which are commercially profitable. It is true that science hasquadrupled the average man's earning power. But that would be a doubtful benefit if it had not also enlarged his horizon, elevated his taste, increased and refined his capacity for enjoyment. Even in respect to thephysical sciences, to which man is chiefly indebted for his increased powerof production, it would be difficult to say which is the more importantproduct, the financial or the intellectual. And it is the distinctive characteristic of a University that it prosecutes research without attemptingto settle that question and without any preferential treatment of thoseinvestigations that promise to be commercially advantageous.Directly opposite the Kent Chemical Laboratory there are now risingthe walls of the new Theology Building. Beyond them there has stoodfor twenty-seven years the Haskell Oriental Museum, wherein are conducted the researches respecting the beginnings of human life and culturewhich excited so much interest in commercial Chicago that Orchestra Hallwas filled a week ago to hear Dr. Breasted talk about them. There is noantagonism between the north and south sides of our Quadrangle. It isthe same spirit of research that controls both. Our physicists and chemists and mathematicians are as idealistic as our classicists and orientalists.We recognize the legitimacy of all research, the value of all knowledge,and we attach no special badge of nobility to the one type or the other.Moreover, it is not we of the University only that perceive this. Thereis an increasing recognition on the part of those whose personal pursuitsare commercial and to whom we must look for the support of research andeducation that the values of research and education are not measurablein commercial terms, that ultimately these values are all intellectual,social, spiritual, and only very partially reducible to commercial terms.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 17You can calculate the commercial value of the telephone to the stockholders of telephone companies, or perhaps to the commercial houses that useit. But who can reckon its enormous indirect educational and socialvalues? You may be able to calculate how many days' wages have beensaved by the practical abolition of smallpox; but who can estimate thetotal benefit to mankind of this achievement, or of the extirpation ofhookworm and yellow fever? You can find out how' much salary theprofessors of history in America earn, or how much profit the books onhistory yield to their publishers, but who can measure the enormous valueof the fact that our intellectual vision is not bounded by our personalmemory, but extends back over thousands of years and is every yearpenetrating more deeply and more widely into the past? These values, Isay, are constantly more widely recognized. The man who made his moneyin lumber or iron or oil is happy to spend it on art institutes and museumsand departments of research in every possible field of knowledge.Many times over it has happened that a man who has had the greatjoy of achievement in the business world has found a still greater joy inputting back into research and education the products of his toil andskill, to the success of which he recognizes that research and educationhave made no small contribution.It is fortunate for us that it is so. It is on this fact that we must restall our confidence for the success of the effort in which we are engaged tosecure the necessary financial support for that better University that wewant to make. We must look to those who, sharing our sense of the valuesof knowledge and of personalities, of discovery and the discoverer, andpossessing also financial resources, will invest them in the great enterpriseof producing these values here.The last year has been largely one of self-examination and of preparation. We have made a beginning in the effort to secure the sum of $17,-500,000 before the end of 1925.The next year is to be one of continuous effort, and, let us hope, ofachievement.THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS ATTHE COMMEMORATIVECHAPEL ASSEMBLY1On the first day of October, 1892, the first public exercise of the newUniversity of Chicago was held. Faculty and students met for chapelservice in a large room at the north end of Cobb Hall, in the space nownow occupied by the Bureau of Records and the offices of the Deans.President Harper conducted the service, which was participated in byseveral members of the Faculty as it then was.On the opening of each Autumn Quarter since 1892 an anniversarychapel has been held in commemoration of that first service. For someyears the same persons who had taken part in the first service took thesame parts in the anniversary service. This is of course no longer possible.Indeed, the only survivor of that group is President Judson, and he,though happily still alive, is not in the city today.We may take a moment to make comparisons between the Universitythen and now.The following figures show the growth of thirty-two years:Number in the Faculty, October, 1892 (above rank of assistant) 92Number in Faculty, October, 1924 (above rank of assistant) — .... 603Number of students, October 1, 1892 510Number of students in year 1892-93. 744Number of students in year 1923-24. *3,359Total number of buildings, October, 1892. 4Total number of buildings, October, 1924 44Total property, June 30, 1893. $ 3,171,566.37Total property, June 30, 1924 54, 700, 504.40Expenditures, 1894-95 543,9^9-35Expenditures, 1923-24 3,629,062.99But we are looking forward today, not backward. This is of coursetrue of you who are here for the first time, and of you who, having beenhere one or two or three years, are looking forward to the completion ofyour course and the obtaining of your degree. Youth always and properlylooks forward.But it is true also of many at least of the members of the Faculty.1 Address delivered by President Ernest DeWitt Burton at the CommemorativeChapel Assembly in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, October 1, 1924.18THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS AT CHAPEL ASSEMBLY 19For we all have a feeling that the University is at the beginning or in thebeginnings of what ought to be and we hope will be a more interesting andhappy period of its history.President Harper was a daring innovator, a man of creative and constructive and organizing mind, and in the fourteen years that he wasPresident of the University it made a record without an equal in the history of American education.President Judson was of a different temper and temperament, but hemet the needs of the University as Dr. Harper had met those of an earlierday. In the seventeen years of his administration he gave to it stabilityand confidence in its future, and he left it not only larger and richer thanhe found it, but especially established on more solid foundations, its futuresecure against any storm that is at all likely to arise.On these foundations it is the manifest duty of the University to build.We should not honor but dishonor our predecessors if we should contentourselves simply with holding what they handed down. Our faces, astheirs were, must be to the future.What, then, is to be the future of our University, and what does it fallto us to do for the future? To this question the Faculty and Trustees havegiven earnest attention for the last year and a half, and we think now thatwe see the answer to it. A part of that answer I want to share with youthis morning.First, we shall continue the policy which we have followed from thevery beginning, of combining research for the purpose of adding to theworld's knowledge in various fields of learning, with instruction lookingto the education of the young people who come to us as students. Thisis a relatively new conception of the business of a university. There havealways been teachers who have also been productive scholars, but it is onlywithin less than half a century that, in this country at least, universitieshave definitely included research as a part of their function, and there arerelatively few that do so now. This, however, has always been our conception of our business, and we shall continue to hold it.In the second place, we are clear that the principal task of these nextyears is to make a better University. I think I may justly say that theUniversity has always been supremely concerned for the quality of itswork. But we have reached a time when that is practically our only concern. Once numbers were important to us; for we could not maintain thequality of our work without a reasonable growth in numbers. That is nolonger the case. Serious decline in numbers might be serious, but not astabilized number. It is for quality that we must now be concerned.20 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBut there is another reason why we put all our emphasis on betterment. We are here not simply to educate the students within our walls.In various ways we have always aimed to extend our influence and ourhelpfulness far beyond our own quadrangles and to make a constant contribution to education in the country and even the world at large. But wecan certainly do this most effectively by making our education better.Every institution that does a thoroughly good piece of work helps all itssister-institutions. To have larger classes carries with it no such benefit toothers.Moreover, the great need of this hour is not more education or education for more students, but better education. In no country or age of theworld was there ever so large a proportion of young people in school as inAmerica today. Perhaps we have pretty nearly reached the point ofsaturation so far as concerns numbers. But we are very far from havingattained our goal in point of quality. It is here that we must exert ourselves now. And on this we shall lay our emphasis.This effort at betterment we shall extend to every part of our educational work and to our research. We shall be continually trying to do allour work better for graduates and undergraduates, in the Colleges andthe Graduate School and in the Professional Schools.If this sounds a little vague, let me point out a few rather concretethings that this will involve.It will involve considerable increased expense for salaries of professors.Do you have to bribe a man, then, to do better work? Does it take a largersalary, then, to induce a professor to do his best? No, but it does takemoney to raise the level of instruction and research in an institution.Men cannot do their best work when they are worried over how to meetthe legitimate expenses of their families, and cannot buy books and haveto take on outside work and write potboilers. It takes a reasonable salaryto enable a man to give his best to the University and to his students.Moreover, there are only a few really first-class men in each department of knowledge — not enough to fill all the chairs in all our Americanuniversities — and when so many of the things that a man needs to enablehim to do his best work take money, we cannot complain if the size of thesalary has something to do with deciding which call he will accept. Ittakes money, and more money, to build up a strong faculty, and with ourambition for betterment we cannot be contented with anything else thanthe best.In the second place, it means more buildings. You have seen the spacein the center of the main quadrangle that is inclosed with a high boardTHE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS AT CHAPEL ASSEMBLY 21fence. Within that inclosure the University is erecting a building verymuch needed for the work of the Divinity School. For years this Schoolhas been crowded into the wholly inadequate space which could be sparedfrom museum purposes in a building intended to be used wholly as amuseum. This building, which will cost nearly half a million, will be thecompanion-piece to Rosenwald and will complete the Harper Court,matching Hull Court on the north.The University is entering upon the great task of building up aMedical School of the highest possible scientific standards and the greatest educational efficiency. To house this School it has set aside two of theblocks west of Ellis Avenue and facing the Midway — a tract of eight acresto be devoted wholly to medicine. All the buildings now on this tract willbe removed in the course of time, and the University will immediatelyspend four million dollars for hospitals and laboratories and teachingquarters, and eventually not less than three or four millions more. Toendow the work to be housed in these buildings will call for five milliondollars in the near future and more at a later time.At the same time the University, having taken over as its own RushMedical College on the West Side, is building the Rawson Laboratory. Itwill hereafter conduct two Medical Schools on a plan which I must nottake time to explain in detail. ,But it is not our Professional Schools only that need new buildings.When Harper Memorial Library was built in 191 1, plans were made atthe same time for extensions of it on the west, filling the space betweenHarper and Classics, and on the east between Harper and Foster. Thesebuildings are now urgently needed, and ought to be built at once. Theywill be built as soon as we can secure the money, nearly a million dollarsapiece.Kent Chemical Laboratory was built in 1894. It was one of the bestin the country. It has never been enlarged, although today the department is at least twelve times as large as it was in 1894. Further development of the department, by additions to the staff and the provision ofadequate facilities for the work of research and teaching, waits upon theerection of an additional Chemistry Building or an enlargement of Kentto double its present capacity. Plans for such an enlargement have already been prepared, but await the means with which to build it.Ryerson Physics Laboratory was built in 1893 and materially enlargedin 1 9 10. In it are housed not only Physics, but Mathematics and Astronomy, so far as the latter is pursued at the University, the main researchwork being of course conducted at the' Yerkes Observatory at Williams22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBay, Wisconsin. For these three departments Ryerson is now quite inadequate, and its inadequacy is seriously embarrassing the University inattempting to carry forward and develop the very promising work in thisfield.We are in great need of a general Administration Building, where allthe general offices of the University now scattered in many places may belocated, and this kind of work may be concentrated, yet have sufficientspace.The School of Education is in serious need of three new buildings inwhich to house its important work.We need new buildings for the residence of students. Far too manyof you live in lodgings round about the University, where you inevitablymiss many of the real benefits of University life. We hope before long tobegin to meet this real need by buildings across the Midway. I hope weshall not call them dormitories, because we want them to be more thanplaces to sleep. We hope they will be so built and organized and conductedas to be powerful factors in the process of education. Perhaps we shall incorporate into them some of the best features of the college of Oxford andCambridge. We may even call them colleges, for it is our ambition to develop at the University of Chicago a better type of undergraduate life andeducation than is now provided here or anywhere in America.How are we going to do all these things, and not a few others that wehave in mind but cannot state in detail, all looking to doing better work inresearch and giving you a better education?For some of these buildings I am glad to say we have the money. Butfor most of them we have not the means, nor have we the large sumsthat will be necessary to provide equipment and better salaries and moreinstruction. For these sums we must look to our friends, and very largelyto the citizens of Chicago.A very old story was recently republished in one of our Chicagopapers to the effect that when President Harper was once referred to inhis presence as asking people for money for the University, he replied thathe never asked people for money. He only set before them the opportunity. I am not sure that we shall not ask people for money, but I am surethat we shall set before them the opportunity. And we hope that theywill respond and that very soon we shall be able to begin that process ofbetterment that we hope will make the University of Chicago not necessarily bigger, but certainly better, not only than it is now but than anyUniversity in the country now is — indeed, the best that human skill andintelligence and money can make it.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryTRIBUTE TO CHARLES L. HUTCHINSONAt the meeting of the Board held November 13, 1924, the followingtribute to Mr. Hutchinson was adopted:The first Trustees of the University of Chicago were a remarkable group, keenly-alive to their responsibility for setting an adequate scale and a high tone for the greatinstitution that was to grow so rapidly under their guidance and the leadership ofPresident Harper. A worthy and influential member of that group has just been removed by death, and it is fitting for his fellow-Trustees to record their appreciation ofthe great value to the University of the long and faithful services of Charles LawrenceHutchinson.He was from the beginning the Treasurer of the University, and at times that hasbeen no merely nominal office. He was continuously a member of the Committee onFinance and Investment, to which he brought his expert and valuable knowledge as abanker and financier and so exerted a most helpful influence in the handling of the University's funds. But perhaps more conspicuous and valuable service than any other ofhis numerous activities as Trustee came through his membership in and chairmanshipof the Committee on Buildings and Grounds. During the formative period of ourcampus, and indeed until the present time, his excellent taste and judgment in architectural and artistic matters were generously given. Indeed, to him and to his friend,Martin A. Ryerson, does the University owe its unusual and most pleasing harmony inarchitectural style and building material. A rare opportunity to create for a greatinstitution a most effective setting came to Mr. Hutchinson and his associates, and theyused it to the full. For many generations still to come, the "City of Gray" will remaina tribute to the taste and wisdom of that early planning in which Charles L. Hutchinsonplayed a most prominent part. But not merely is he associated with the general results,but his generous gift of Hutchinson Hall provided one of the chief attractions of thecampus, whose charm and usefulness will always be a monument to his generosity andgood taste.The Trustees feel a double loss in the passing on of one of the few Trustees whohave remained associated with the University from its inception to the present time.Steps are being taken to place in Hutchinson Hall a bronze memorialtablet setting forth the long period of service given to the University byMr. Hutchinson. The Board voted that this tablet shall be placed overthe mantelpiece on the south wall.DEVELOPMENT OF ATHLETIC FACILITIESAt a meeting of the Board of Trustees, held October 16, 1924, a committee appointed two years ago to give consideration to the questions2324 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinvolved in accommodating football spectators made a report which wasapproved. Following is the report :i. The necessity of reserving land already owned by the University for the carryinginto effect of its educational policy, the difficulty of acquiring additional land in theimmediate vicinity, and the desirability that the Athletic Field should be in closeproximity to the educational and residence buildings of the University make it necessarythat further developments of athletics be on and about Stagg Field.2. The first step to be taken is the erection of a field house north of Bartlett Gymnasium and practically filling the space between Bartlett and Fifty-sixth Street. Thisbuilding will provide needed facilities for indoor sports and intramural athletics andwill also be available as a large assembly hall for general University purposes.3. Following the erection of the field house, the football field should be turnedabout, making its main axis extend from east to west, and a permanent grandstandshould be erected along Fifty-sixth Street.4. The present temporary stands may continue in use along the east and southsides of the field, but the former should eventually be replaced by permanent stands infront of Bartlett and the field house; the present west stand being joined with these,there will result a U-shaped stand on the west, north, and east sides, with a seatingcapacity in the permanent stands estimated at 51,490 seats.5. Whatever construction is placed along the Fifty-seventh Street side should below enough to leave open a view to the south; but temporary stands may be employedon this side of the field, increasing the total capacity of the field by 12,000 to 17,000,depending upon the height of the stand.6. It is recommended that this general program be inaugurated by taking immediate steps looking toward the erection of a field house and carried forward at such a rateof progress as financial considerations and the general interests of the University makepossible.7. It is recommended that the cost of the field house be financed by the use ofathletic funds. A similar plan may be followed with respect to the seating development.DEATH OF FORMER TRUSTEESMr. Ferdinand W. Peck, Trustee of the University from 1890 to 1900,died on November 4, 1924. Mr. Herman H. Kohlsaat, Trustee from 1890to 1901, died on October 17, 1924. Both Mr. Peck and Mr. Kohlsaat werein the group of Trustees named in the Articles of Incorporation, September 10, 1890. Each was a leader in the life of Chicago. The former was ason of one of Chicago's pioneers. Mr. Kohlsaat was a useful and influential citizen of Chicago. He was connected with several newspaperenterprises of the city, both as editor and as publisher, his efforts beingalways directed toward a clean and strong journalism.GIFTSDr. Sydney Walker, Jr., has renewed by the payment of $250 theSydney Walker III Scholarship.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 25Mrs. Ethel Terry McCoy has given an amount to provide the salaryfor a Research Instructor in Chemistry.The Commonwealth Fund has made an appropriation of $1,500 tocover the cost of three "type studies" to be made by graduate studentsunder the direction of Professor L. C. Marshall.The Mortarboard Club of women has turned over to the Universitysecurities of a par value of $3,000, which are to constitute a fund to beknown as the Mortarboard Aid Fund. The income from this fund is to beapplied upon the tuition of a woman undergraduate student of the University. The student is to be selected by a committee of three persons,consisting of the president of the Mortarboard Alumnae Association andtwo members of the Faculty.At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held November 13, 1924,announcement was made of another generous gift by Mr. Martin A.Ryerson, which provides means to continue the experiments of ProfessorMichelson in making measurements of the velocity of light.The Pi Lambda Theta Fraternity has contributed $150 as a final payment of its $1,000 pledge to the Research Fund of the College of Education.Mr. Charles F. Grey, father of Mr. Howard G. Grey, Trustee of theUniversity since 1900, has given to the University a piece of property inthe business district of Chicago valued at $200,000. Mr. Grey has been afrequent and liberal contributor to the funds of the University.Professor and Mrs. Frank R. Lillie have contributed $60,000 in cashwhich is to be used to erect a building for Experimental Zoology to replacethe present Bionomics Greenhouse which must shortly be razed in order tomake ready the site for the erection of the Billings Hospital and othermedical buildings. The Board accepted this noteworthy gift and promptlytook steps to erect the building, plans for which are now being prepared.The site set aside for the proposed building is at the southwest corner ofIngleside Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street. It is hoped that work maybegin early this year.Mr. Frederick T. Gates, of Montclair, N.J., for fourteen years aTrustee of the University, and who with Dr. Thomas W. Goodspeedsecured the initial pledges which led to the foundation of the University,has given $1,000 for the work of the Divinity School, accompanying hisgift by a cordial letter.Mr. John Nicholas Brown, of Providence, Rhode Island, a descendantof the family which founded Brown University, has pledged $15,000 asa fund to be used by the Oriental Institute of the University for the26 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpayment of the salary of Mr. A. de Buck, of Ursem, Holland. Mr. de Buckis to work under the direction of Dr. Breasted on the coffin texts, forwhich service Dr. Breasted believes he is perhaps the best-prepared expertin Europe.At the meeting of the Board of Trustees, held December 11,1924, theannouncement was made of another grant by the Commonwealth Fund.This grant is $7,500 and is intended to finance a study of foster childrenand to be under the direction of Professor Frank N. Freeman, of theSchool of Education.The Evaporated Milk Association of Chicago has contributed $1,500to enable the Department of Home Economics, under Dr. KatharineBlunt, to undertake an investigation of the availability of the calciumand certain other constituents of evaporated milk as compared withpasteurized milk. There will be no limitation whatsoever as to the publication of the results secured.A most interesting communication received by the Board of Trusteesat one of its recent meetings was the following:President E.D. Burton December 9, 1924University of ChicagoIt is my desire to do what I can to help the University carry forward its programof advance. Wishing to give much more than I am able to give outright, I herebypropose to pay the University $5,000 in cash at this time, this contribution to be devotedpreferably, but leaving the Board of Trustees entire discretion, to the endowment of theDepartment of New Testament and Early Christian Literature, on the understandingthat the University shall pay me 5 per cent interest per year in four quarterly instalments of $62.50 each, during my life, from and after December 15, 1924. As I am pasteighty-two years of age, I may reasonably hope to relieve the University from thisinterest charge at a not very distant date. With the warmest wishes for the abundantsuccess of the campaign. (Signed) T. W. GoodspeedThe Board accepted the gift under the conditions set forth. TheSecretary conveyed to Dr. Goodspeed the hearty thanks of the Trusteesand expressed the hope that the University would be compelled to payinterest on the fund for many years to come.A NOTABLE GIFT FOR A NOTABLE COLLECTIONMr. M. A. Ryerson, so frequently represented in the UniversityRecord as a donor of funds for useful purposes, has once more exemplifiedhis desire for the extension of knowledge by providing money for thepurchase of a famous collection of documents relating to the EnglishTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 27family of Bacon. Professor John M. Manly, of the Department of English,describes the collection as follows:The collection is composed of two bodies of documents, all relating to the famousfamily of Bacon. The history of the accumulation of these documents begins in themiddle of the sixteenth century, when Sir Nicholas Bacon, afterward Lord Keeper ofthe Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth, acquired the large estate which surrounded thehunting lodge of the Abbot of Bury St. Edmund's, which had been in the possession ofthe monastery since before the Conquest. With this estate the Lord Keeper receivedthe deeds, charters, manor rolls, and other documents connected with the property.Great additions were later made to the collection when he purchased other manors inthe neighborhood. His eldest son, Nicholas, half-brother of Francis Bacon, LordVerulam and Viscount St. Albans, acquired by marriage further landed property withthe documents relating thereto; and his successors increased the collection until theend of the seventeenth century, when the properties passed into the hands of Sir ThomasHolt, father of Lord Chief Justice Holt. The collection thus possesses a double interestin its wealth of pre-Reformation documents from the thirteenth century onward and inits connection with the Bacon family during the years of their principal eminence. Inextent and continuity the collection would be difficult to match in any of the librariesof England.Even the slight inspection given to the manuscripts since their arrival indicatesthat their value is even greater than had been believed. While it would be too much toexpect the collection to throw any new light upon important historical events, it willsurely illustrate with great fulness of detail the social, economic, and industrial conditions of England for nearly five centuries. Incidentally the light which will be thrownupon the history of the English language is of no small moment.NEW BUILDINGSTwo cornerstones of new buildings were laid during the AutumnQuarter, that of the Theology Building on November 6, 1924, when anaddress was made by President Burton, and that of the Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery, in connection with Rush Medical Collegeon the West Side, on November 17, 1924. Mr. Frederick H. Rawson, thedonor of the building, gave the significant tap upon the cornerstone whichcaused it to be officially "laid." Within the receptacle in the cornerstonewere placed not only the customary documents, but the entire contentsof the cornerstone of the old Rush Medical College building, which waslaid in November, 1875, and which was opened in the presence of representatives of the University of Chicago, Rush Medical College, andMasonic lodges on August 28, 1924.APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments to the Faculties in addition to reappointments were made during the Summer Quarter by the Board:William A. Craigie, Professor of the English Language in the Depart-28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDment of English from October i, 1925. Professor Craigie is at presentRawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University ofOxford, England, and editor-in-chief of the dictionary of the English language which for some thirty years has been in process of publication by theOxford University Press under the editorship successively of Sir JamesMurray, Dr. Henry Bradley, and Professor Craigie. With the passingaway of Sir James Murray and Dr. Bradley, it may confidently be assertedthat Professor Craigie is the most eminent scholar in the world in thefield of the English language.Bernadotte E. Schmitt, of Western Reserve University, Professor inthe Department of History.James W. Clarson, Jr., Extension Professor in Secondary Educationin the Home Study Department.H. S. Everett, Extension Professor of Applied Mathematics and Astronomy in the Home Study Department.W. E. Atkins, Extension Associate Professor in Economics and Business Law in the Home Study Department.Godfrey Davies, Assistant Professor in the Department of History.W. E. Blatz, Extension Assistant Professor in Psychology in theHome Study Department.G. L. Paine, Extension Assistant Professor of English in the HomeStudy Department.Harry B. Van Dyke, Assistant Professor in the Department ofPhysiology.William Powell Blair, Instructor in the Department of MilitaryScience and Tactics.Frederick I. Carpenter, Jr., Instructor on half-time in the Departmentof English.Marion Hiller Dunsmore, Extension Instructor in Hebrew and OldTestament in the Home Study Department.Charles Richard Gildart, Instructor in the Department of MilitaryScience and Tactics.F. B. Plummer, Extension Instructor in Geology in the Home StudyDepartment.M. H. Roberts, Extension Instructor in Romance Languages in theHome Study Department.Clara Schmitt, Extension Instructor in Education in the Home StudyDepartment.Florence Seibert, Instructor in Pathology.James A. Shohat, Extension Instructor in Mathematics in the HomeStudy Department.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 29W. C. Allee, Dean in the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Sciencefor the Winter Quarter, 1925.C. S. Boucher, Dean in the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Sciencefor the Winter Quarter, 1925.J. M. P. Smith, Acting Dean in the Divinity School for the secondterm of the Summer Quarter, 1925.Marjorie Anderson, Extension Fellow in English in the Home StudyDepartment.C. I. Reed, National Research Council Fellow in Physiology.Claud W. Shutter, Lecturer on Insurance for the Autumn Quarter,1924.Professor J. Laurence Laughlin to give lectures at the Universityduring the Autumn Quarter.Professor C. H. Moehlman, of Rochester Theological Seminary, togive courses in Church History in the Spring Quarter, 1925.Dr. A. de Buck, of Ursem, Holland, appointed a member of theOriental Institute staff as secretary of the Coffin-Text project, under thegift of Mr. John Nicholas Brown.Henri Louis Vanderlinden, Volunteer Research Assistant at theYerkes Observatory from October 1, 1924. Mr. Vanderlinden comes fromthe staff of the Royal Observatory of Belgium.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeaves of absence have been granted by the Board of Trustees to thefollowing members of the Faculties:Professor James H. Breasted for the Winter and Spring quarters, 1925.Professor Algernon Coleman for one quarter of the academic year inorder that he may work upon the Modern Foreign-Language Study whichis being conducted under the auspices of the American Council on Education.Sydney K. Schiff, Instructor in the Law School, for the AutumnQuarter, on account of illness.RESIGNATIONSThe resignations of the following members of the Faculties have beenaccepted by the Board of Trustees:Dr. Dean D. Lewis, Professor of Surgery in the Graduate School ofScience, and Clinical Professor of Surgery in Rush Medical College,effective December 31, 1924.Dr. Fred M. Smith, Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine. Dr. Smith is to become head of the department of medicine in theMedical School of the State University of Iowa.30 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Harry B. Van Dyke, Assistant Professor in Physiology, Physiological Chemistry, and Pharmacology, effective December 31, 1924, inorder that he may accept an appointment as a Fellow of the National Research Council. He will study in Edinburgh.Dr. Lillian Eichelberger-Cannon, Research Instructor in the Department of Chemistry, effective November 1, 1924.Dr. Fred M. Drennan, Clinical Instructor in Medicine, effective October 21, 1924. Dr. Drennan is accepting a position as Professor of Medicineat Loyola University School of Medicine.Edward A. Henry, Extension Instructor of Hebrew and Old Testament in the Home Study Department.Dr. Louis Leiter, Instructor in the Department of Pathology, effectiveJanuary 1, 1925.Mary Maver, Instructor in the Department of Pathology, effectiveJanuary 1, 1925.Miss Sarah Frances Pellett, Extension Instructor in the Home StudyDepartment, effective January r, 1925.Dr. John M. Dodson, Dean of Medical Students at the University andRush Medical College. Dr. Dodson is to undertake the direction of theBureau of Health and Public Instruction of the American Medical Association, and of Hygeia, a health magazine.Whitley P. McCoy, Teaching Fellow in the Law School for theAutumn Quarter, 1924. MISCELLANEOUSMr. Robert P. Lamont has accepted the chairmanship of the Committee on Development, which is so efficiently managing the University'spresent financial campaign.Mr. George O. Fairweather, a graduate of the University and havingthe degree of J.D., 1909, has been appointed Assistant Business Manager, from January 1, 1925. He has been connected with the Universityofficially since 1907.The Board of Trustees has voted to accept the funds and propertiesof the Reynolds Club, which are to be used to promote good fellowshipamong the men of the University. It is understood that as far as possiblethe cash and securities, amounting to a total of $11,956.15, will be keptintact and the income only used for the purposes suggested, preference inthe use of this income being given to activities centering in the ReynoldsStudent Clubhouse.To fill vacancies in standing committees, Mr. Thomas E. Donnelleyhas been appointed Chairman of the Committee on Buildings andTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 31Grounds, and Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, Jr., Vice-Chairman. Mr. WilliamScott Bond has been appointed a member of the Committee on Financeand Investment. Mr. Albert W. Sherer has been elected Acting Treasurerof the Board until such time as a Treasurer shall have been chosen to fillthe vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Hutchinson.Mr. John Stuart, President of the Quaker Oats Company and a well-known business man of Chicago, at the meeting of the Board held November 13, 1924, was elected a Trustee to succeed Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson.On the evening of December n, 1924, the annual dinner of theTrustees to members of the Faculties was given. Members of the Boardof Trustees and of the Faculties, together with administrative officers, tothe number of more than three hundred and fifty accepted invitations.Addresses were made by Professor Coulter, representing the Faculties, byMr. Sherer, representing the Trustees, and by President Burton. Mr.Swift, President of the Board, presided. Mr. Robert L. Scott introducedthe new Trustees, and Dean E. H. Wilkins performed the same servicewith reference to the new members of the Faculties.SOME SUPERFICIAL IMPRESSIONSOF ENGLAND, 1924By PRESIDENT ERNEST DeWITT BURTONMy purpose in going to England last summer was not to prosecuteserious studies of any kind, but to get as far away as possible from mywork and let my mind lie as nearly fallow as possible with a view to futurework. The only qualification that I made of this plan of vacation wasthat, partly for its own sake and its bearing on some of the building plansof the University, partly because I always rest better when I at least profess to myself that I have something to do out of the line of my usual occupation, I planned to see a number of Gothic buildings, especially cathedrals.We were in England a trifle over five weeks. Because of the generosityof a friend who placed at my disposal a fine Daimler car with a competentchauffeur, we were able to spend fifteen days in a motor trip, in the courseof which we visited Rugby, Stratford-on-Avon, Coventry, Lichfield, Manchester, Carlisle, Melrose Abbey, Durham, York, Lincoln, Peterboro,Ely, Cambridge, Oxford, Bristol, Wells, Glastonbury, Salisbury, Winchester, Chichester, and Canterbury, and of course many other minorpoints en route. We were three days in Liverpool and seventeen days inLondon. This itinerary was both too long and too short for our seriouspurpose. It omitted several places that we ought to have seen, notablyFountains Abbey, Gloucester, Exeter, and Truro. It was, at the sametime, too extensive. For one day is hardly long enough to get a clearimpression of a great building like York or Lincoln or Wells or Canterbury.But, as I have said, our primary purpose was rest and observation.If now I go on to describe any of the impressions which such a visit toEngland made on my mind, I must emphasize again the fact that theseimpressions are confessedly superficial. Except in the case of the cathedrals, I was not trying to see, I was merely exposing my mind to suchimpact as the situation should of itself make. I claim no scientific valuefor any inferences that I may venture to draw from such impact.My first impression was that England had a rather mild winter thissummer. There was no snow and we saw very little ice, and that littlewas in ice-pitchers. We had little occasion for light overcoats, but rathermore for heavy ones. We needed or thought we needed a fire in our hotel32SOME SUPERFICIAL IMPRESSIONS OF ENGLAND, 1924 33room six days out of seven. The English people occasionally remarkedthat it seemed "likely to be hot today," but their expectations neverseemed to us to be fulfilled.A second impression was that English women and girls still wear skirts,have long hair, and ride bicycles. I saw hundreds of women riding bicycles, but with the rarest exceptions, in skirts. The reform that promises tomake of America a land of short-haired women, and to substitute trousersfor skirts, has already passed England by. This is another illustration ofthe unconquerable conservatism of the mother-country.A third impression was the almost universal prevalence of politenessin England. I do not know whether it was due to some difference in theconditions of the journey of which I was not aware, but I certainly wasnever before so impressed with the courtesy of the people whom I met.To some extent this must be counted as the servility of the serving classin a country which, despite its democracy, still has a great deal of aristocratic feeling. But I am sure this does not wholly account for what weobserved. The politeness of the British is not like that of the French. Itis more direct and simple. But it seemed to me genuine. It was not shownto us as Americans. Although I have no doubt that the English peoplewhom we met knew what land we came from as soon at least as we spoke,I never detected either any special friendliness or any hostility. Theysimply took us for granted as a part of the landscape.Only once did I hear any talk about Americans as such. This wasbetween two women who sat behind us in a London bus and who, I think,were quite unaware of our nationality, as we had not spoken. One of thewomen was asking the other where she was going to spend the winter, andsuggested America. "No," said the other woman, "I don't think I want togo to America, America does not interest me. The Americans, as youknow, are not a nition." This she repeated several times as if it were theone thing she was quite sure of. Presently they fell to discussing theAmerican soldiers who came to England in -1917-18. "Peculiar type," oneof them said, "a very interesting type, but I didn't see much sign ofIndian blood in them."But to get back to my text, I was impressed as I never have beenbefore, except in China when observing the uniform politeness of theChinese, with the brusqueness of American manners. We used to excuseourselves from emulating the politeness of the Parisian on the ground thatit was insincere. But, however just or unjust that comment may havebeen, I do not think we jean offer such an excuse as against the British. Iheard some harsh women's voices in England. But I should be very happy34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDif the average college girl in America had as pleasant a voice and manneras those of the saleswomen in Selfridge's and Harrod's in London.But to come now to things a little more serious: I was greatly impressed with the apparent indication of substantial economic prosperitythroughout England. We traveled, as I have said, chiefly by motor car,from which of course one sees far more than from a railway train. Wewent from the west of England to the center, thence to the north, over theborder eighty miles into Scotland and back, thence across the north of England to Newcastle-on-Tyne, south through the eastern cathedral towns,thence across central England to the southwest, thence east through thesouthern counties to Canterbury, thence to London. The agriculturalregions showed no signs of poverty, not even as much as I saw in NewEngland last summer on a similar journey. The fields, fences, and farmbuildings were all apparently in perfect condition. The roads were eitherin good repair or being made so. The villages were clean and prosperouslooking. I saw few factory towns, but these to the superficial observerseemed active and prosperous. The cities were full of busy people. Astrike of the carters was on in London, but there was no disorder. Thesemen were asking for an increase of wages to £4 a week, which is decidedlyabove the average for labor of their class.In many towns I saw large sections covered with new and on thewhole very tasteful and good-looking houses, evidently built for the laboring classes. Oxford, which when I had seen it last was a rather quiet university town, was bustling with life which had nothing to do with theUniversity, which was not in session. Everywhere people were takingvacations by char-a-bancs or otherwise. England was crowded with Americans, but they were not a circumstance to the English. There were somany visitors in Westminster Abbey that we actually could not get inwithout waiting in line a longer time than our strength permitted; andthe crowds were, as a London paper pointed out, not Americans or otheraliens, but British from the provinces.When I made my first visit to England thirty-seven years ago, I waspainfully impressed with the degradation of certain portions of it. Neverhave I seen such sodden specimens of humanity, men and women, as Isaw then in Liverpool. I looked for this degradation again in Liverpool,but could find nothing of the kind. London indeed shows something of it,and there is plenty of evidence of the ravages of drunkenness, but nothingso extreme as I have seen on previous visits.I was in England in 1908 and in 1910. On .the latter of these occasions I was much impressed that England was a bit down at the heels.SOME SUPERFICIAL IMPRESSIONS OF ENGLAND, 1924 35Especially was this the case as compared with Germany, which I visitedon the same journey. This year I received no such impression. Everywhere, to the eye of the casual traveler, there was nothing but prosperity.Of course I know that there is another side— the inside that the casualtraveler does not see. Early on my journey I began to ask questions.When I told the proprietor of a printing-house in Carlisle what impressionthe country had made on me, he shook his head and spoke of the hightaxes which he had to pay. Taxes range, I afterward learned, from 25 to60 per cent. Meeting at Lincoln a Chicago friend who is in the steel business and has relations with the steel industry in England, I mentionedmy impressions and spoke also of the high dividends which industrialcorporations in England were paying. He said it was true that Britishcapital expected larger returns than Americans were contented with,but, in general, he demurred to any very favorable interpretation of England's economic condition. He cited the fact that Belgium and Germanycould lay down steel in England cheaper than England could make it, andthat old British firms were closing out their business so as to have something left to retire on. He told a story of a manager who was reporting tohis director adversely on a proposed undertaking, and who, when askedwhether he had considered buying his steel in Belgium and so making aprofit, answered that he had not, never had, and never would do so.I talked with an American representative in England of an Americancorporation, and with one of the staff at the American Embassy. Theywere equally indisposed to take a favorable view of England's condition.They referred to the large and increasing number of the unemployed — nowpast two million. They spoke of the "dole," and of the apparent willingness of the unemployed to accept it, and of the fact that a man with a wifeand two or more children sometimes received more as an allowance whenunemployed than he had earned when working. They cited the woefullack of houses (of which the great number of new dwellings that I hadnoted only scratched the surface), and of the fact that marriage was beingchecked by sheer lack of a place to live. The American business manalleged that the working classes were averse to hard work and wastedlong hours, the product being quite insufficient. His office window lookedout upon the graveyard attached to the old St. Batholomew's church inthe heart of London, and he told how two men spent a whole day in cutting the grass with shears, when one man could have done it with alawn-mower in one hour. But he alleged that the example of the Britishmanager who would not meet the situation by buying steel of the Belgians36 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas not a typical case and did not account for the situation. He believedthis situation to be due chiefly to a deep-seated aversion of the laboringclasses to hard labor, which put the country at a disadvantage as compared with other countries.My friend at the Embassy held much the same view. The Britishbricklayer gets low wages. But he lays only three hundred bricks a dayas against the thousand a day of the American bricklayer. Nor will helay more, because he says that to increase his output would simply increase unemployment. The speaker called attention also to the high taxes,and to England's loss of her foreign trade. He pointed out that beforethe war, many countries preferred to buy of England almost as a matterof course, because of her reputation for trustworthiness. Now many ofthem have formed the habit of buying elsewhere, and England has not theleadership she once had. He mentioned also the dependence of Englandon her foreign investments, now greatly diminished, and the ominousincrease of unemployment. He seemed to feel that the ultimate blamerested on the shoulders of the British workman, who has degenerated intoa slacker. The whole situation was in his judgment very serious. Headvised me, however, to consult the representative of the United Statesgovernment at the Bureau of Trade Relations.Here I found Mr. Butler, formerly in the building trades in Chicago,and Mr. Lyon, formerly on the faculty of Clark University. It is, ofcourse, the business of the Bureau to gather exact information on economicconditions and to interpret the facts. I told these gentlemen of my impressions and of the contrary opinion. They professed themselves as muchinterested, and when I asked which was right, my impressions or mycritics' opinion, they said that both were; that the critics were rightin thinking that England was facing serious difficulties, but that intheir judgment these would be met and overcome and that I was right inthinking that England is substantially prosperous. They recognized thedifficulty created by the unwillingness of the laborers to do a full day'swork, and by capital's reluctance to adopt new methods and adjust itselfto the situation. I gathered that they regarded the latter attitude as themore serious. But they did not believe that English capital would persistin this conservatism to the destruction of the country, or that theBritish laborer had become a degenerate. On the latter point they referredto the fact that the foreman of a New England factory was usually anEnglishman or a Scotchman. They alleged that England always had agreat crowd of calamity howlers, and that this fact not only made thingsseem worse than they were, but tended to make them worse. They point-SOME SUPERFICIAL IMPRESSIONS OF ENGLAND, 1924 37ed out that the fact that the government could always be changed bysufficient opposition resulted in the opposition always being active incriticism of the party in power, whereas in America, we do our calamityhowling mainly once in four years. They cited the fact that there arefour living ex-chancellors of the exchequer and that they are all active incriticizing the policy of the government. All these things tended to keepbefore the public mind all the existing evils and dangers, and to exaggerate them. But in reality, despite all the difficulties of the situation, Mr.Butler and Mr. Lyon believed that England was substantially prosperous.On the ship returning to America there was a large number of Americans who had been traveling in Europe. Among them were members ofSherwood Eddy's class of about one hundred, who had been touringEurope for the express purpose of observing conditions, and who hadlistened to addresses by economists and government officials in variouscountries. There was also a party of art students, members of a travelingclass in art, who had been studying under Professor Bailey, of Cleveland,and two other professors of art in America. Besides these there were Professor Bonbright, of Columbia; Professor Northrup, of Yale; ProfessorD. J. Fleming, of Union Theological Seminary; Professor Wakeman, ofCornell; Captain J. S. Rogerson, of England, who was on his way to America to lecture on psychology; a Red Cross worker returning from Russia;a Mr. Wanamaker, of New York, returning from Italy; and a large number of intelligent women, teachers and others, and a group of ministers.I was asked to speak in the reading-room on Sunday afternoon. I consented to do so and took as my subject, "Race Relationships in theModern World." This was followed by a request for an open forumevery afternoon, and this was carried into effect for five afternoons.The largest available room was crowded at every meeting, and therewas a series of very interesting reports of observation, together withdiscussions of race problems in general.In these discussions the problem of world-crowding came up againand again, and there was practical unanimity on the part of those whospoke that measures would have to be found within the next two generations to limit the expansion of the human race, since otherwise the veryincrease of the race would precipitate racial conflicts and grave disaster.In Captain Rogerson's address on England he implied that England wasnow economically sound, referring among other things to the arrangements which she had made to pay her debt to the United States, and inabout sixty years to wipe out the whole of the war debt. But he also im-33 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDplied that within sixty years England would be obliged to adopt practicalmeasures for the restraint of the increase of population. In privateconversation afterward he explicitly confirmed the suggestion of hispublic address that England is now substantially prosperous.To quite another phase of English life I was led to give some thoughtby my study of cathedrals, which was undertaken primarily from anarchitectural point of view.As I went from town to town and saw these great monuments ofEnglish religion and English history, there grew upon me the impression that they must exert a very strong influence on the mind of thepeople. I thought this influence was first in the matter of good taste, andin confirmation of this I noticed how excellent on the whole were theparish churches of England. I fancied that this was more marked in thevicinity of the cathedrals than elsewhere. Incidentally, I think one mustbe put on his guard against overestimating this beneficent influencewhen he notices what a frightful amount of bad architecture there is inEngland.From the point of view of religion, I reasoned in part a priori, feelingthat the very fact of this great number of splendid architectural monuments, surpassing everything else of an architectural character, must insensibly impress the youthful and the unthinking that religion is an essential element of national life. I reasoned partly from two observed facts,namely, that the cathedrals were not deserted, but, as I saw again andagain, thronged with worshipers at the hours of service; and that nearly all the cathedrals were raising money for those repairs that must alwaysbe going on in buildings so extensive, and were in fact receiving considerable sums. Westminster Abbey, for example, was asking for £250,000,of which it had already obtained £164,000. Liverpool has been for twentyyears building a new cathedral, which it will require ten or fifteen yearsmore to complete and which when finished will have cost £3,000,000.When I expressed these impressions to a very intelligent Englishwoman, the daughter of a deceased Wesleyan minister, her face gave noassent, but quite the opposite. She said that the crowds at the Sundayservices did not say much for religion; that it was the thing to do in cathedral towns to go to the cathedrals on Sunday. She advised me to readHugh Walpole's The Cathedral, which, those of you who have read itknow, draws a gloomy picture of the influence of the cathedral on the lifeof the clergy and on the surrounding community.I bought the book and read it, and gained from it an altogether newlight (or darkness) on the situation. Its central contention is, in effect,that the gathering of a group of clergy around the cathedral, with dutiesSOME SUPERFICIAL IMPRESSIONS OF ENGLAND, 1924 39insufficient to occupy their time and energies, and with titles and positionas the chief objects of their ambition, tends to develop meanness of spirit,petty selfishness and pride, which in the end bear a harvest of most disastrous character. To this the book adds that the building itself, by itsoverwhelming beauty and magnificence, tends to claim that reverence* and almost that worship which belong to Him in whose name it was built.After I had read The Cathedral, I called on a gentleman of some prominence in a nonconformist body, stated the impression which the buildings had made, and asked again which was right, my impression or Walpole's novel. Like Mr. Butler in the matter of England's economiccondition, he answered that both were right. In favor of the cathedral hesaid that their aesthetic influence was undoubtedly good; and that asmonuments of their national history they appealed to the pride of churchmen and independents alike. He said also that the men of scholarlytastes to whom the cathedrals had given leisure for study (such men asLightfoot, Westcott, and a long list besides) had by their scholarly worksdone for all the churches a service that the independent churches couldnever render. From this point of view, the churches all owed a great debtto the cathedrals.But as regards the direct religious influence of the cathedral, he wasevidently disposed to agree with Walpole. He said that in the smallcathedral towns, the cathedral — which in this case means the clergy whoare attached to it, but whose influence is greatly accentuated by the building — dominated the social life of the place, and that it was notorious thatthe life of these towns was mean and petty. The cathedrals in the largecities, he believed, exerted no more influence than any other churches,established or independent.I concluded that there was enough in Walpole's point of view to giveme food for thought. Obviously the cathedral, in the sense in whichWalpole deals with it, is part of a historic movement and of a complex social and religious situation. It cannot be properly estimatedwithout taking into account all these factors. The cathedral as a buildingin New York or Chicago is something quite other than in Canterbury orSalisbury. But it calls for some thinking to determine what would be theeffect of buildings of cathedral character in such a new-world situation.As for that question, and as for the conclusions I reached about the cathedral from a purely architectural point of view, I must reserve comment foranother occasion.In conclusion, I should like to state very briefly some still more generalimpressions that were produced by last summer's stay in England.We Americans still have much to learn from England. She has begun40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto borrow from us in the field of mechanical appliances and businessmethods. I think she could profitably borrow a little more. On the otherhand, she can still teach us a great deal.Among things that we can learn is that it is worth while to do whatever we do as well as we can possibly do it. Perhaps British thoroughnessis sometimes carried too far. But we have still a long way to go beforewe shall reach that middle point between her thoroughness and our hasteand superficiality which represents the golden mean.Kindred to this is the conviction that gradually impresses one, thatit is worth while to build for a long future. I do not know whether thecenter of Anglo-Saxon civilization will ever shift to the United States,but there is good reason to suspect, at least, that this country has theopportunity to play an important part in that civilization, and that inview of this opportunity it is wise for us to take a long look into the futureand to build as well as we can for a long future. England has made hermistakes and has her faults, but now that America has left behind herperiod of extreme youth, I could wish that she might play her part aswell as England has done, and as much better as the changed conditionsand the increase of knowledge demand of her.One more impression, gained in England but deepened by my contactwith the representatives of various nationalities on our return voyage,is that America will make a terrific mistake and lose a great opportunityif she does not, in the right way and by such steps as may prove wise,become increasingly a vital part of the world, face all its problems, sharein its risks, and help to solve its problems, which in the end are bound tobe ours also.Finally, I have come home greatly impressed with the extreme youthof the University of Chicago. What are our thirty-two years of history incomparison with the hundreds of years behind Oxford and Cambridge, orwith the hundreds of years of our own as yet unwritten history? We havelaid good foundations. We ought, as I have said of America, to build fora long future, to build thoughtfully in the light of our own experience andthat of others. But I believe, also, that the time has come to build energetically, so that in an immediate future so fraught with great possibilities of good and evil we may render our largest possible service.THE MEMORIAL SERVICE FORBERTRAM WELTON SIPPY1DR. BILLINGS' ADDRESS: "THE PHYSICIAN AND TEACHER"It was my good fortune to be an associate of Dr. Sippy in the Facultyof Rush Medical College for more than twenty-five years. The great responsibilities which the Faculty assumed when the College became affiliated with the University of Chicago tended to bring out in each memberhis best qualities. Under the leadership of William Rainey Harper, President of the University, every member of the Faculty was stimulated togive mind and soul wholly and freely to justify the object undertaken andto make it a success.As with many other members of the Faculty, Dr. Sippy accepted responsibilities and performed his duties with notable efficiency and untiringindustry.It is not strange that men brought together in this way to undertaketo solve difficult problems should acquire strong personal attachments.Because of this relationship, I learned from him many things concerninghis early life, his aspirations, desires, and the objectives to be attained.Early in his youth he wished to become a physician, but recognized thedifficulties to be overcome because of lack of financial means to secure thenecessary preliminary education. His innate courage, energy, and will todo started him on the road from which he never deviated until the fixedobjective was reached. To obtain the necessary funds he worked at allattainable jobs, out of school or college hours. He prepared for college athis home in Richland Center, Wisconsin, and entered the University ofWisconsin in the fall of 1885, when he was eighteen years old. Duringthe two years spent in the University of Wisconsin, his favorite studieswere biology, German, and chemistry. In the fall of 1887 he matriculatedin Rush Medical College. As a medical student he was handicapped bythe need of funds and was obliged to work at odd jobs. In the second yearhe became student laboratory assistant under the late Professor WalterHaines. This association with Dr. Haines gave Dr. Sippy encouragement,and the salary earned greatly relieved his financial needs.1 The Memorial Service for Dr. Bertram Welton Sippy was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall Sunday, November 9, at 4:00 p.m. Memorial addresses were made byDr. Frank Billings and Dr. James B. Herrick.4i42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDuring the third year as a medical student he suffered from an obscureand persistent intermittent fever. An ordinary man would have given up,temporarily at any rate. Not so with this persistent man. He kept up withhis classmates and at the same time spent many hours in preparation forthe competitive examination for admission to the resident medical staffof Cook County Hospital. In 1890, after three years of hard work, he received the M.D. from Rush Medical College and also obtained secondplace on the interne staff of the County Hospital.Cook County Hospital has always been a splendid graduate school inmedicine. Dr. Sippy took full advantage of the available opportunities forwork and observation in the wards, laboratories, and autopsy rooms of thehospital. But after the completion of this eighteen months' service, Dr.Sippy found that the medical work so far completed left him unsatisfied.Contact with his teachers and with ambitious young medical men hadaroused in him a desire and finally a determination to qualify himself morefully by graduate study in Continental Europe. Lack of financial meansmeant to him only temporary postponement of the plan. The next threeyears, or until 1895, ne lived at Missoula, Montana, where he was surgeonof the Northern Pacific Railroad, with an opportunity to engage in privatepractice. These three years gave him valuable experience in medical andsurgical practice and the funds accumulated enabled him to plan for graduate study abroad.A significant result of this experience in practice was the determination to enter the field of internal medicine instead of general surgery. Inthat connection it is worthy of notation that during the stay in Missoulahe made a complete abstract of the four octavo volumes of Eichhorst'sPractice of Medicine, a standard textbook of that date.In 1895, 1896, and 1897 Dr. Sippy spent eighteen months in Viennaspecializing in internal medicine and pathology.In 1897 he returned and settled permanently in Chicago. Immediatelyhe was appointed Instructor in Medicine at Rush Medical College. In1900 he was promoted to the rank of Assistant Professor of Medicine andin 1906 he was appointed Professor of Medicine. In 1897 he became amember of the Cook County Hospital staff, which position he retaineduntil 1905. In 1904 he was elected a member of the attending staff of thePresbyterian Hospital.Early in his medical career Dr. Sippy sought every legitimate opportunity to meet with fellow-members of the profession in the discussion ofmedical problems. He became a member and took an active interest andpart at the meetings of the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Patho-MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR BERTRAM WELTON SIPPY 43logical Society, the Society of Internal Medicine of Chicago, the Instituteof Medicine of Chicago, the Society of Medical History of Chicago, theIllinois State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, theAssociation of American Physicians, and other scientific organizations.He wrote many essays and papers on various medical subjects; but forthe last fifteen years his writings were restricted to subjects related to morbid conditions of the digestive tract. He wrote always with evident knowledge and conviction, but also with a commendable tolerance in regard toviews of opponents on questionable subjects.Dr. Sippy possessed an inquiring mind, and had he devoted his entiretime to it, he would have become a notable investigator. In verificationof this is to be noted that while at Missoula he obtained the equipmentand studied bacteriology, making cultures of bacteria obtained in his work,staining and studying microscopic slides. These were the first cultures andstained bacteria he had seen. After his return from Europe in 1897, he discovered a patient in the County Hospital who suffered from splenic anemia. At that date the disease was rarely seen, its cause was unknown, andit usually terminated fatally. Dr. Sippy made an exhaustive clinical andpathological study of the patient and the literature and finally made athorough autopsy and study. This investigation he recorded in a well-written essay which was published in a medical periodicaL His descriptionof the symptoms, the physical findings, and pathology of this patient willremain a classic in the literature of splenic anemia. Likewise his bedsidestudy of patients was worthy of the designation of scientific investigation.In this connection a fact should be emphasized in regard to Dr. Sippy'sapparent constant criticism of himself. He was never quite satisfied withhis own qualifications and with routine work. He commanded splendidopportunities for clinical and pathological studies here at home. Yet in1902 he again went abroad and studied at Berlin for six months. Again in1912 he spent six months at Halle and Berlin, in a special study of thephysiology and of morbid conditions of the alimentary tract.As a practitioner of medicine, Dr. Sippy was at his best. Here heattained a nation-wide — yes, a world-wide — reputation. His services weresought by the sick from all parts of our country. He rendered all who camea service characterized by efficient thought and physical skill, disregardfulof financial reward. He gave to this welfare service his whole heart andsoul, again disregardful of his own health.Dr. Sippy was naturally kind, considerate, and sympathetic to others.He liked young men and especially the bright, energetic student who haddifficulty in finding the necessary financial means to carry on. So, with the44 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDincreased demands made upon him by patients, Dr. Sippy surroundedhimself with young men, who were fortunate indeed to find a master ofthe splendid qualities of mind and heart and the professional skill of Dr.Sippy.Dr. Sippy was an excellent diagnostician and in the earlier years of hispractice, and indeed always, he delighted in solving difficult physical andmental problems presented by patients.For fifteen years or longer the study he and his pupils made of chronicgastric ulcer claimed his attention chiefly. These discoveries are recordedin medical literature. It is sufficient to say here that the principles oftreatment of peptic ulcer established by Dr. Sippy are recognized andgenerally accepted by the medical profession of the world. Furthermore,Dr. Sippy's work in establishing a rational medical treatment has also fixedthe place where surgical treatment of chronic gastric ulcer may be rationally applied.As a teacher, Dr. Sippy was eminently successful. He possessed theability and faculty of imparting information to others. When giving alecture or clinic he lost all thought of self, and his attitude and mannerwere characterized by enthusiasm, earnestness, and real enjoyment of thework in hand.He was a popular teacher. Under the elective system his classes werealways the maximum allowed. Dr. Sippy enjoyed the respect and esteemof all members of the medical profession, because of his splendid characterand great ability. More intimate acquaintances were devoted friends because of his evident modesty, kindliness, tolerance, sympathy, honesty,and high intelligence. Those who were privileged to be his associates gavehim deserved respect and sincere affection.We shall miss him and regret his passing more and more when we meetto discuss important problems related to medical practice and teaching.He will live long in our annals and memories and always we shall thankGod that he gave us Bertram W. Sippy to be our co-worker and associatein that field of endeavor which has for its object the relief of suffering andthe prolongation of life.DR. HERRICK'S ADDRESS: "THE MAN"When I have asked of physicians, as I frequently have asked in thelast ten days, what was the most striking characteristic of Dr. B. W.Sippy, there has been a remarkable agreement in the replies: "Friendliness,kindliness, sympathy." One said he could not better express his opinionthan by saying, "Dr. Sippy liked folks." The same note runs through theMEMORIAL SERVICE FOR BERTRAM WELTON SIPPY 45comments of lay friends and acquaintances and those of his many patientswho verbally and by letter have expressed sorrow at his loss.This testimony reveals the essential goodness of the man and uncoversthe error of some who knew him only distantly, who regarded him asone who was engaged almost exclusively in the persistent pursuit ofsuccess and fame along lines wholly intellectual and worldly. Intimate association with him revealed that touch of nature that meantkinship with the whole world. The young physician or the old appealedto him for advice; no matter how busy Dr. Sippy was, it was freelygiven and from a standpoint wholly unselfish. The patient appealed forprofessional counsel and help; it was given to rich or poor, the very besthe had, and with consideration of the patient as a human being and notalone as an interesting case, or as "material" for purposes of investigationor for teaching. He wished to do good, to help, to make the world better.Even in the handling of his many and huge farm problems there was something of this same element; his desire was to reclaim cut-over and swamplands, to return waste lands to a condition of productivity.He had a "winning personality," said one. True, but it was not features that could be called beautiful or striking, nor an especially attractivemanner that won this confidence and affection. At times he was, in fact,almost awkward in gait, apparently careless as to dress, hesitant in manner of speech, far from deft in the use of fingers and hands in examining ortreating patients. But these externals meant nothing to those who sawthrough to the real heart of the man. To them he was the honest, kindly,good colleague and physician.He always seemed cheerful. No grouchy nod of the head or indifferentlook as you passed in the corridors of the hospital — always a smile, acheery "hello," a friendly wave of the hand.One aspect of his character has seemed to me rather overlooked. Perhaps it would be known only to those who followed his career from youngmanhood on. I can illustrate my point by telling of an incident that happened during his Senior year at Rush Medical College.Several weeks before the time of his graduation, he came to my houseone evening sorely distressed because, ill with some obscure febrile affection, he had been advised by his physician to drop his college work for oneor two weeks. Young Sippy had no misgivings as to his ability to pass thecollege examinations, but was greatly perturbed because he would beobliged to give up attendance on the quiz classes that prepared students forthe Cook County Hospital competitive examinations that were to followsoon after the College Commencement, and this non-attendance, he feared,46 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmeant failure to secure the coveted County interneship. After listening tohis story I advised him not only to stop for two weeks but to drop allstudy, go home to the farm and rest for five or six weeks, and then comedown to Chicago just in time for the examinations. He looked at me inamazement, then rose and earnestly, excitedly, with trembling voice, withtears in his eyes, and with that gesture that later became so familiar — thefingers half closed, the arm moving rapidly backward and forward — criedout, "But you don't understand. I have been working for two years withthe one object in view of coming up for the County examination and winning. And you advise me to give up, to wreck my future, perhaps. I can'tdo it. Vve got to make the County!" When I showed him that work in hispresent physical conditions was ineffectual and harmful, that to keep onmeant almost certain nervous breakdown and failure, and when I assuredhim that I was familiar with his college work, knew his mental caliber ascompared with that of other Rush aspirants, and told him that the menin the other schools, unless they were phenomenal, were no more to befeared than his Rush co-students, and that, as near as one could prophesy,he was sure of a place and a good place in the competitive examinationbut only on conditions that he rested, let books alone, etc., he grasped myhand and said: "I see what you mean. I'll do it, I'll take your word thatI'll win." And he did win. And he thanked me then, as many times later,for the advice. For gratitude with him was no empty word, it was something lasting and real.The significant feature of this incident, and this was also exemplifiedlater, is that he worked with a definite objective in mind. No matter howhaphazard or unsystematic his methods might appear to be, he had takena far look ahead and his course was always — perhaps sometimes deviousrather than direct— always toward some particular goal. After the County Hospital it was Missoula as railroad surgeon; his object, to earn moneywith which to go abroad for study. The money secured, it was Vienna forone and a half years with intensive work in pathology, diagnosis, and internal medicine; back to Chicago for hospital, teaching, practice; a littlelater, Europe (twice) and work in gastro-intestinal diseases; return andspecial work along these lines with a main object to test out his theory asto the causation of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum and the propermanagement. His life-work, therefore, was in no sense aimless. And hisprojects were often large. He could plan for and manage an enormousprivate and hospital practice; his farm was not a plaything, not a quarter-section of land, but fourteen thousand acres. He could do big things because he was able to work through others, he could handle men. Thisphase of his character should be recognized in any estimate of Dr. Sippy.MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR BERTRAM WELTON SIPPY 47I learned, too, by this incident of more than thirty years ago that Dr.Sippy was a man °* mtense fueling. The almost fierce manner with whichhe declared, "I've got to make the County," was the same as he showedwhen during the war, he spoke briefly to a small group urging that something be done to stop the war — the same earnest voice, the same tear inthe eye, the same half-closed-hand gesture as he said: "We must do something to stop it! Why, they are trying to kill each other over there!" Andthere was the same earnestness as he declared on other occasions that hewould make the world listen to, and accept, his views about ulcer.He was an enthusiast and an optimist. His assistants caught his spirit,it permeated the hospital; it aroused his students. It was one element inhis success. In times of stress or unrest in college or hospital, it was helpful to talk to him — we wish he had given us more of his time as active participant and adviser in college matters — for he always took the groundthat there was some right way out of the difficulty. We must solve theproblem, the other fellows were probably not as bad as we feared, etc.Hopefulness, optimism!He worked! Alas, we think, too much, too hard, too relentlessly forhis own physical good, for his highest reputation, for the greater pleasureand help he might have been to his friends. But how heroically ! For manyyears he suffered from a chronic illness of the serious nature of which hewas fully aware, yet until the last two or three years there was no let-upin the daily grind. "Tired," he used to say, "the only times I am willingto admit I am tired are when I have the feeling that used to come over mewhen I had worked in the hayfield all day, when every muscle ached, thejaw ached, and the back, and when I just couldn't pitch another forkful."He worked in a way all his own — irregular, unsystematic it oftenseemed — with little consideration of the value of time or the conventionalities of precedent. He could stand hard work because work was to him apleasure. Perhaps, also, leisurely contacts with patients and doctors, afreedom from the confining harness that most of us put on of rigid adherence to hours in the office, promptness at appointments, strictly businessand prof essional intercourse with patients, playing the game according tothe traditional rules— perhaps this freedom and relaxation were what enabled him to carry on where closer adherence to fixed program or set time-card would have caused him to break under the strain. And I am told heworried little. Surely a blessed gift of nature.A sense of humor is a safety valve. Many a physician would go downunder the burden of practice, with its wear on the nerves and pull at theheart-strings, did he take life, even the life of illness and suffering, too seriously. Dr. Sippy had a sense of humor. I love to think of him, the last48 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtime I saw him, as he appeared at the Rush alumni dinner of last Junewhen as president of the association he made his brief report. As he rose,the spontaneous outburst of applause from the audience of seven hundredtestified to the hold the man and teacher had on the Rush student body.His brief address was pervaded by good nature, a mellow humor, andsparkles of wit unexpectedly injected, that were to many a revelation ofa side of the man hitherto concealed.Another point: All doctors know how easy it is to become irritable.Men in all professions and all vocations are subject to this, but daily contact with persons ill in body and in mind, with anxious or unreasoningfriends, leads the doctor, especially when fatigued, to become irritable orto lose temper. I have seen Dr. Sippy when he manifested irritability,when he was cross, but I believe such moments were rarer with him thanwith most physicians. For he was a remarkably patient man. One of hisassistants told me that once, desiring to get Dr. Sippy to follow a certainplan, he argued and labored for two hours with him "until," he said, "thedoctor really got a little mad about it." Two hours to get him a little mad!How many other doctors — or university professors — -could stand up underan assistant's assault as long as that?The consideration of Dr. Sippy as a physician and man of science hasbeen delegated to Dr. Billings. But I may be pardoned if I say just oneword along these lines.A feature of his method of practice was the importance he attached todetails, and the patience, perseverance, and even stubbornness he manifested in going after them. He pried into the past or present history of anillness, went over the physical and laboratory examinations not once butmany times, dwelling upon minutiae with what seemed like a prodigal expenditure of time. But in this way he might get a clue in symptom or signor chemical test that gave him the diagnosis or the hint as to treatment.In this way he often succeeded where the more hurried doctor failed. Yetoveremphasis on detail has its dangerous side. It may lead one, as it occasionally did Dr. Sippy, to magnify the trivial at the expense of that whichwas more important and fundamental. But errors due to this fault werenot common.This search for the finer points of disease, the emphatic insistence ona strict adherence to the details of the dietetic regimen he laid down, hisdogged, untiring instrumental treatment of such conditions as obstructionin the alimentary tract — all this meant accuracy of diagnosis, as well ascarefully carried-out rational therapy; and scores of patients owe theirlives and health to this habit of thought and practice.MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR BERTRAM WELTON SIPPY 49It has been asked whether his theory of ulcer will stand and, if not,what he has wrought that is of value.I do not know whether his theory is correct or his management of thecondition the best. Time will tell. But Bertram Sippy's life was one ofuseful service. When he came to us at Rush and the Presbyterian Hospitalhe elevated the work in gastro-intestinal diseases to a distinctly higherstandard. He stimulated, in Chicago and the whole country, internists,surgeons, physiologists, pathologists, to a more enlightened reconsiderationof the whole question of ulcer and other gastro-intestinal diseases. He inspired students, internes, assistants, with the zeal to know and to practicescientific medicine. He helped a great multitude of sufferers back to healthand with such genuine sympathy that today this multitude mourns hisloss as that of a friend as well as benefactor. To do all this is to accomplishmuch; it is to achieve success.What of truth Dr. Sippy contributed to medicine and science will notbe lost. It will be transmitted to the future through his many students,his assistants, and his colleagues, and it will live. But what we miss andshall miss is the presence of our genial colleague, so simple and genuine,so enthusiastic, so inspiring, so warm-hearted, so helpful. The unique andlovable spirit that we knew in the flesh as Bertram Sippy is gone, and wemourn his loss.CHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSONBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDWhen, on October 7, 1924, Charles L. Hutchinson died, Chicago lostone of its greatest and best citizens. He was a man of whom it is a pleasureand a privilege to write.His first American ancestor was Richard T. Hutchinson, who came tothe New World from Arnold, England, in 1634 and settled a few milesnorth of Boston in what is now Danvers, Massachusetts. It was in thissame town that the father of Charles, Benjamin P. Hutchinson, was bornin 1828, nearly 200 years later. His forebears had clung to the old homefor six generations, but the ambitious and energetic nature of B. P. Hutchinson demanded a larger field of activity and before he was twenty-one hehad found his way to the thriving city of Lynn, where so many fortuneshave been made in the manufacture of shoes. His business efforts in Lynndid not succeed, but in his marriage to Sarah M. Ingalls he made one of thefortunate ventures of an extraordinary career.Mrs. Hutchinson, the mother of Charles, belonged to the oldest familyin Lynn. The brothers Edmund and Francis Ingalls, coming from Lincolnshire, England, began the settlement of Lynn in 1629. When, therefore, she married the young man from Danvers her family had been residents of Lynn 225 years.Charles Lawrence Hutchinson was born in Lynn March 7, 1854. Hewas the oldest of a family of five children, three daughters, of whom onedied young, and two sons. After his business reverses in Lynn the fatherwent to Boston for a very short time, then to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, butsettled permanently in Chicago in 1858. He began his business life inChicago by buying a membership in the Board of Trade and becoming adealer in grain. It is not my purpose to follow his extraordinary businesscareer. Extending his activities to the packing business he became oneof the principal owners of the great Chicago Packing and Provision Company which made him a rich man. He was one of the organizers of theTraders Insurance Company and of the Corn Exchange Bank and wasrated at times as one of the richest men in Chicago.The education of the boy Charles began in the public schools of thecity. He probably attended first of all the Haven School, which occupieda fine new building on Wabash Avenue below Fourteenth Street. From50CHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSONCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 511867 to 1869 he was in the Jones School at Harrison and Clark streets. Atthe anniversary of the school in July, 1868, he was one of the speakers, thetitle of his declamation being "Barbara Frietchie." His class numberedfrom ten to sixteen. His rank in it until toward the close was only a littleabove the average. Monthly reports were made to the parents of thepupils and signed by them. Charles, as was his lifelong custom, preservedthese reports, and it must have been a satisfaction to him to submit tohis parents a report showing that in his last term, in attendance, deportment, and scholarship his teacher had marked him 100 and that he stoodnumber 1 in a class of sixteen.In 1869, when fifteen years old, he entered the Chicago High School.I say the Chicago High School, because, although the population had increased to 300,000, there was only one high school in the city. The building had been erected in 1856 and the school organized in October of thatyear. It was located on the West Side, on Monroe Street east of Halsted.The building was of stone, three stories high, and was regarded by all citizens with pride and joy. In i860 that distinguished teacher and administrator, George Howland, became the High School principal and continuedin that position with increasing success for twenty years, when he becamesuperintendent of schools.If toward the end of his grammar-school period Charles had begun tofeel the awakening of a scholarly ambition, that ambition became dominant in his high-school course. He came to be an eager student and became deeply attached to some of his teachers, particularly to Mr. How-land and Miss Ann Trimingham, the teacher of drawing. He was easilythe best student in his class of seventy-three members, being described tome by one of his classmates as "an almost perfect student," winning thehighest class honor, that of valedictorian. The graduating exercises wereheld in McVickers Theater, June 27, 1873. There was little social life inthe high school of that day and little in the way of sports, to which, indeed,Charles was not much inclined, and his high-school course was a real intellectual awakening and a prolonged devotion to scholarly pursuits, adevotion he never lost. When he graduated he was nineteen years old.He had acquired an ambition for a higher education and wished togo to college. His mother was a very superior woman, ambitious for herson. She encouraged him to make the most of himself in every way, educationally, morally, religiously. She wished him to go on with his education. But his father was of a different mind. He was indeed very proud ofhis brilliant and promising son. Already Charles, though but nineteenyears old, was the head of the family, recognized as such by every mem-52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDber of it, mother, sisters, brother, and father. He had been put at thehead of the table. He took care of the family finances. He paid all familybills. He decided all family questions. Did a sister receive a proposal ofmarriage? Brother Charles must be consulted. Was a visit abroad suggested? "Ask Charles." All alike were proud and happy to look up tohim. In one realm, however, the father was an autocrat. He was at thepeak of his business career. He was one of the leading packers of the country. He was a large operator on the Board of Trade. He had founded theCorn Exchange Bank. He had other large business interests and neededhis son's assistance. He had, indeed, had more or less of it during hisboy's high-school course. All the time Charles could spare from his schoolduties had been devoted to mastering the various lines of business inwhich his father was engaged and he had already shown that he had uncommon business abilities. His father, therefore, would not hear of hisspending four years in college when the business needed him so imperatively and his wishes prevailed. Perhaps the son himself recognized thewisdom of this course and he entered his father's office as a clerk.From the day he entered business his life was a busy one. He had tolearn the banking business as his father was the controlling factor in theCorn Exchange Bank. He needed to know the packing business as hisfather largely owned the Chicago Packing and Provision Company. Hehad to learn the business of buying and selling grain on the Board of Tradefor into that he was almost immediately introduced as his father's partner.The firm of B. P. Hutchinson and Son, Commission Merchants, was organized in 1874-75 and continued in active business for fifteen years, till1888-89. Their office was in the Chamber of Commerce, corner of Washington and La Salle streets, during all these fifteen years. The juniorpartner became a member of the Board of Trade, which owned and occupied the building. He was an active member and, as was inevitable, became an influential and popular one. When the firm of B. P. Hutchinsonand Son came to an end in 1888-89, the junior member remained a member of the Board and had an office in the new Board of Trade building atthe foot of La Salle Street. He had been vice-president of the Board in1883-85, when the new building was being erected, and in 1888 was electedpresident. He was very popular among his fellow-members. He had beenurged to run for president two or three years before, but because hethought another man was very anxious for the position, with characteristicself-denial he had refused to be a candidate. Almost everybody was hisfriend and in 1888 he was elected president by an almost unanimous vote.It was an extraordinary tribute to his character and ability, as well as aCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 53striking illustration of his standing in the Chicago business world, when hewas only thirty-four years old.Regarding that part of his career which he spent on the Board ofTrade it ought to be said that when he reached twenty-one years of age,in 1875, about the time the firm of B. P. Hutchinson and Son was formed,his father gave him $25,000. With this he began to speculate, but anearly loss of part of his capital led him to abjure speculation once for allat the very beginning of his business career, and he was thenceforth a conservative investor to the end of his life.But the grain business and the packing company were only incidentsin Mr. Hutchinson's business life. His real business was the Corn Exchange Bank. That was a Hutchinson institution. It was established in1870 by B. P. Hutchinson as the Corn Exchange National Bank. It waslocated in the Chamber of Commerce and its business was largely withmembers of the Board of Trade. The morning after the great fire it reopened for business in the Hutchinson house, 384 Wabash Avenue, at thecorner of Harrison Street. It continued as a national bank for ten yearsand was then reorganized as the Corn Exchange Bank. On this reorganization there were practically three stockholders. B. P. Hutchinson heldhalf the stock, Charles L. Hutchinson one-quarter, and Sidney A. Kentone-quarter. Mr. Kent was president. The cashier of the bank from itsorigin to 1884 was Orson Smith, who left it in that year and spent therest of his life, from 1884 to 1923, as vice-president, president, and chairman of the Board of the Merchants Loan and Trust Company. Undersuch able management the Corn Exchange Bank prospered and becameone of the leading banking institutions of Chicago. In 1882 Mr. Hutchinson was twenty-eight years old and the bank had become and remainedhis principal business interest. As it had practically belonged to his fatherand he had now acquired a quarter interest in it, and had long looked afterthe details of his father's business, he was already a banker. After servingas assistant cashier and increasing his knowledge of the affairs and conduct of the bank, in 1886 he became president, continuing in that position till 1898, and during these twelve years adding to the prosperity andprestige of the institution.He had naturally other business interests. For many years he was adirector of the State Bank of Chicago, and of the Northern Trust Company, of which his friend Byron L. Smith was president. He was for atime treasurer of the Sanitary District of Chicago. He was a director ofthe Chicago City Railway Company and a member of the committeewhich installed the cable system in 1881-82 which was regarded as such a54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwonderful step in advance in street railway transportation. He was interested in the East St. Louis Packing and Provision Company and at onetime a director in the old Traders Insurance Company. There were otherbusiness activities, but I leave them to speak of something which interested Mr. Hutchinson more than did these business matters.In the late seventies Mr. Hutchinson became a teacher in the BurrMission Sunday School, an enterprise of the Second Presbyterian Church.It so happened that Frances Kinsley was also a teacher in the mission.Miss Kinsley was the daughter of H. M. Kinsley, who for many years conducted a very famous restaurant in Chicago and later became the proprietor of the still more famous Holland House of New York City. Shewas a graduate in the class of 1875 of Dearborn Seminary, a well-knownChicago school for young women, of which Zuinglius Grover was principal. Mr. Hutchinson and Miss Kinsley became acquainted in the MissionSchool. The acquaintance ripened into affection. They became engagedand were married May 26, 1881, in the Second Presbyterian Church ofChicago. It is not without interest to note that their marriage did notinterrupt their service to the mission. While the young people were engaged the Hutchinsons were living at 16 Harrison Street. Mrs. Hutchinson relates that "The family lived in 1880-81 in two houses on HarrisonStreet, between Michigan and Wabash avenues. They were connected ontwo floors and Mr. Hutchinson had the top floor of one for his suite. Iremember how impressed I was the first time I saw it with the well-boundbooks in many cases and the cabinets of lovely china." Immediately aftertheir marriage they built a three-story stone house at 2709 Prairie Avenue,which remained their city residence for about forty years. The marriagewas an exceptionally happy one. I am sure of this because Mrs. Hutchinson's delightful book, Our Country Home, begins with the following condensed reminiscence: "There were once two people who supposed thatthey had lived a happy life." It was a very full life with hosts of friends,whose number continually increased, with ample means, and with amultitude of interests in which they took pleasure — the church, charities,society, public service, business^ literature, music, art, and travel. Mostpeople find two or three interests sufficient to absorb them. Mr. and Mrs.Hutchinson had a dozen. They were invited everywhere. They were welcomed in all the best circles. They loved good literature. They werelovers of music and devoted to the Apollo Club, the Symphony Orchestra,and the Civic Opera. Their house was made beautiful with the treasures ofart. They traveled everywhere. Some of their closest friends lived nearestto them. In the two houses north of them lived Mr. Hutchinson's twoCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 55sisters, Mrs. E. A. Lancaster and Mrs. Noble B. Judah, and his motherlived immediately south. Within a block or two on the same street weresuch close friends as the families of A. C. Bartlett, A. A. and O. S. A.Sprague, Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus, Frank G.Logan, and his associate in thebank for thirty-five years, Ernest A. Hamill. They lived an unusuallyfull and satisfying and, notwithstanding the sorrows incident to humanity,happy life.Mr. Hutchinson seems, deliberately, to have restricted his businessactivities and interests. He had opportunities to extend them that wouldhave made him a man of much greater wealth than he ever became. Buthe put them aside for a loftier ambition. In his youth and early manhoodhe became enthralled by a vision of a man of independent means devotedto the service of the community. He did not despise wealth. He soughtit, and receiving from his father, not wealth, but unusual opportunitiesof accumulation, he secured ample means. But always he kept beforehimself the vision of a man devoted to the public welfare as the ideal hemust make real in his own life. He did not fool himself with the thoughtthat he would first secure a competence and then, his fortune made andhis hands freed, enter on the serviceable life.We find this interest in his kind manifesting itself in his boyhood.When he was fourteen years old his heart was stirred with sympathy forthe newsboys of Chicago, and, as was characteristic of him in later life,he started a subscription, and beginning it with a good sum from himselfsolicited enough from his two sisters and five other boy and girl friends tomake a contribution of $112.50 for the Newsboys Home. He cherishedthis ideal throughout his youth,And by the vision splendidIs on his way attended.That vision never faded from his sight but his whole life was attended andinspired by it. When we catch our first glimpses of his manly activities wefind that along with his business life he is already engaged in the life ofservice and these two lines go on together for a full half-century, and whenin the course of years one of them had to give way to the other, it wasbusiness that yielded the right-of-way to service. The vision never "fadedinto the light of common day."I have asked more than one old acquaintance for an explanation of thecharacter and career of Mr. Hutchinson. Invariably the answer has been,"He had a wonderful mother." She was a sweet, gentle, capable, and devout lady. She was devoted to her church, St. Paul's Universalist, andan active worker in it throughout her long life. As soon as her son was old56 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDenough she took him to the Sunday school. He grew up in the Sundayschool and the church, and at twenty-one years of age entered into thechurch fellowship and continued to be one of St. Paul's most devotedmembers as long as he lived. He manifested such interest in the work ofthe Sunday school that while he was still a young man, about twenty-fiveyears old, he was made its superintendent and continued in that positionfor twenty-five years, with, according to his pastor, Dr. L. W. Brigham,"ever increasing honor to himself and advantage to the school. He established in 1881 the unique service of 'Harvest Home' on All Souls Sunday,on which occasion the school presented its gifts to the needy at the altarof the church, and with appropriate exercises dedicated them in the spiritof loving helpfulness. Through forty years he never missed being presentat this service, even driving from his country home at Lake Geneva to bepresent." It is little wonder that the church and school were so unwillingto give him up that they made him superintendent-emeritus for life. Hewas always one of the most devoted members of his church, being in hispew regularly whenever he was in the city. By reason of shifting conditions of population the church twice changed its location after the greatfire of 1 87 1. He was innuentiaUy connected with both these removals,"always optimistic and cheering." It was largely through his influenceand devotion that St. Paul's was successfully removed from the heart ofwhat had become the colored district at Thirtieth Street and Prairie Avenue to Dorchester Avenue and Sixtieth Street, and became St. Paul's onthe Midway. In this fine group of buildings the church edifice was dedicated in loving memory of his mother Sarah Ingalls Hutchinson andPamella Thompson Allerton, their lifelong neighbor and friend, motherof Robert Allerton. Mr. Hutchinson's religious interest extended beyondhis church to the denomination of which it was a part. He became a trustee of Lombard College at Galesburg, Illinois, and was four times madepresident of the Universalist National Convention. He wrote on religiousthemes for the press, revealing in these articles a deep spiritual life, forhe was not a Universalist merely, but a Christian believer of profoundspiritual insight. He spoke sometimes at our University vesper service,and one of his hearers recalls after twenty-five years hearing him speakon "The Grace of Our Lord Jesus Christ." He had little use for dogma. Ihave before me as I write a copy of a letter he wrote to a pastor of anotherdenomination whose charitable work he was helping and who had writtenhim to explain why he had recently been contending against one hethought heretical in doctrine. Mr. Hutchinson wrote:You must realize that Christianity is not a creed. Christianity is a life Ibelieve in creeds and have a well formulated one of my own which I call a ChristianCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 57creed. .... If it is of any value it will manifest itself in my life I hope youwill continue to teach us by your example what true Christianity means. It is a life ofservice and in it we cannot follow too closely the footsteps of the Master. Let othersmore unchristianlike than you wrestle with the creeds.His own religion was wider than the creeds. He was a life-member of theChicago Y.M.C.A., not because he approved its doctrinal position, butbecause he believed in its beneficent work for young men. He was a sympathetic contributor to the Y.W.C.A. of Chicago and a member of itsadvisory board. For five years he was the treasurer of the Religious Education Association. When the Sunday Evening Club was organized tomaintain a service of Christian inspiration and fellowship in the businesscenter of Chicago and to promote the moral and religious welfare of thecity, he was made one of its vice-presidents and continued in that positionto the end of his life, a sympathetic helper of President Clifford W. Barnesin that highly useful and successful religious work. The religious life ofMr. Hutchinson was summed up in the following statement from his pen:"It is possible for men loyal to Christ, loving him and trusting him, nomatter how different their thoughts concerning him and his teachings,to unite in bringing men to him, that they may be filled with his spirit andhis personality. In this, after all, is to be found the sum and substanceof Christianity."Mr. Hutchinson was born with a love of the beautiful. His earliestremembrances were of the flowers in his grandmother's garden. He didnot have to cultivate his love for the beautiful in nature and art andarchitecture or his delight in the harmonies of music. He had that happycombination of qualities that made him a practical idealist, at home andmasterful in the world of business and of action and at the same time adweller in the higher realm of harmony and beauty. This explains hisintimate connection with the earliest steps in the founding of the ArtInstitute. He was only twenty-five years old when that institution wasfounded, but he was one of the twenty public-spirited citizens who on May13, 1879, met in the Palmer House and formed what they named theChicago Academy of Fine Arts, the objects of which were the foundingand maintaining of schools of art and design, the promotion and exhibition of collections of objects of art, and the cultivation and extension ofthe arts of design by any appropriate means. Three years after this original organization the name became the Art Institute of Chicago. The vitalrelation of Mr. Hutchinson to the whole movement is illustrated by thefollowing facts. The Art Institute was founded to take the place of theChicago Academy of Design, which had fallen hopelessly into debt andwhose assets, in the end, had to be disposed of at public sale. I suppose58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. Hutchinson was the youngest of all the men interested in foundingthe Institute, but he and Albert Hayden were the only men sufficientlyinterested to go out and by personal solicitation raise the $60,000 neededto buy the pictures and material of the defunct Academy for the newInstitute, and give it something with which to begin its career. It istherefore not without reason that he is called the father of the Art Institute. He was too young to be made its first president. He was of coursenot well known. He had not yet "arrived." But his interest was so genuinethat he was made auditor. His services were such that the next year hewas made vice-president. The following year, 1882, he had so evidentlybecome the inspiring genius of the movement that he was made presidentand continued in that office for forty- two years — the remainder of hislife. From the beginning he devoted his great powers to the developmentof the Institute. For it he studied art and architecture, traveling in itsinterest to all parts of the world. To it he gave, not his money only, buthimself with all the abandon of an enthusiastic nature. With him wereassociated W. M. R. French, who was director until his death in 1914,and Newton H. Carpenter, successively secretary and business managerfor thirty-five years until his death in 1918. Long connected with himalso were Martin A. Ryerson and Frank G. Logan, vice-presidents, men oflike spirit and devoted friends. Leading citizens were trustees.When Mr. Hutchinson began his term as president the Institute wasa small and feeble affair, occupying rented rooms at the southwest cornerof State and Monroe streets. A lot had been secured on the corner ofMichigan Avenue and Van Buren Street. Under Mr. Hutchinson's vigorous administration in 1886-87, a brown stone building 80X100 feet, fourstories high, Romanesque in style, was erected. It is a fine building, butsuch was the development of the Institute that larger quarters were soonrequired for the rapidly growing school of art and increasing collections.Mr. Hutchinson had been largely instrumental in finding the money forthis building. His success in business, having become president of hisbank, and the fine service he had rendered as president of the Institutehad given him position, standing, and reputation, and men of wealth responded liberally to his appeals for money for art. His devotion to theInstitute was wonderfully illustrated by a characteristic action in 1890.His friend E. A. Hamill had become vice-president of the Corn ExchangeBank. He gave Mr. Hamill the key of his box of securities in the safetydeposit vault, telling him that he was likely to draw on him for large sumsof money and authorizing him to put up such securities as might be neededto meet these demands. He had recently found a friend like minded withCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 59himself, Martin A. Ryerson, and they went abroad together. They hadlearned that fifteen or more paintings of the famous Demidoff Collectionwere to be sold in Italy, and in June, 1890, they went to Pratolino nearFlorence to inspect them. It seemed to them so great an opportunity toenrich the collections of the Art Institute that they bought fifteen paintings of the old masters for $200,000, each of them advancing $100,000.Men like Frank G. Logan, Sidney A. Kent, Byron L. Smith, T. B. Black-stone, Edson Keith, Charles T. Yerkes, and R. Hall McCormick relievedthem of part of this burden and most of the great collection went to theInstitute.In 1893 came the World's Columbian Exposition. Mr. Hutchinsonwas still a young man, but he had already taken his place among the leading men of Chicago. He was made a director of the Exposition, chairmanof the Fine Arts Committee, and chairman of the Committee on the Exhibit of Greece. He was consul-general of Greece in Chicago and for hisservices in the Exposition the king later conferred on him the decorationof the Order of Our Savior.The Exposition needed a building near the center of the city in whichto hold the World's Congresses, and Mr. Hutchinson and his associatesseized the opportunity to secure the new building they were planning toerect on the lake front for the Art Institute. They had secured the sitefrom the city in 1891. They sold their outgrown building to the ChicagoClub, for the use of which it was admirably adapted. In an address beforethe Chicago Real Estate Board delivered February 8, 1917, Mr. Hutchinson said:The World's Columbian Exposition made an appropriation of $200,000 for theerection of the building on condition that at least $500,000 should be expended for it,and that the building should be controlled by the Exposition for its Congresses. TheArt Institute came into full possession of the building, November 1, 1893. Ownershipof this building was vested in the City of Chicago, but since has been transferred to theSouth Park Commissioners, while the right of use and occupancy is vested in the ArtInstitute so long as it shall fulfil the purposes for which it was organized. Under thecontract with the City the Museum must be open free to the public on Wednesdays,Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. The building was opened to the public inDecember, 1893. Several additions have since been made to it. In 1897 a lecture room,known as Fullerton Hall, was erected by Charles W. Fullerton as a memorial to hisfather, Alexander M. Fullerton. In 1901 the beautiful library building was completedthrough the generosity of Martin A. Ryerson. A few years later eight new Gallerieswere made possible by the generosity of Catherine M. White. Twenty-five new schoolrooms have been added from time to time, and we have just opened a new wing, builtover the tracks of the Illinois Central Railroad, which increased the exhibition space ofthe Art Institute nearly fifty per cent. Such is the activity of the Institute.6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThere is no word in all this of the extraordinary activity and patience and persistency of Mr. Hutchinson himself in planning these extensions, in soliciting the funds for carrying them out, and in overseeingevery additional piece of construction. His trained intelligence and artistic taste had assisted the architects in all the building enterprises of theInstitute from the first small structure erected on the rear of the MichiganAvenue and Van Buren Street lot to the last addition to the present groupin Grant Park. And he was during all the forty-five years of his connectionwith the Art Institute the chief solicitor of funds for its unceasingly expanding work. For it has been a growing work from the beginning. Theart schools, which began in a small way, have increased in attendance untilthey now enrol annually 4,000 students. The endowment and trust fundshave grown from year to year until they aggregate more than $4,000,000.The annual budget has increased to $600,000. The total membership,governing, life, annual, and sustaining, has come to exceed 13,000, andthe annual number of visitors to the museum and the schools has increased in twenty years from 200,000 to 1,000,000.Mr. Hutchinson lived to see the Institute he loved become one of thegreatest museums of art and schools of art in the world. It became solargely through his wisdom and enthusiasm and devotion. The Art Institute News Letter of October 13, 1924, said of him:Mr. Hutchinson was not only the beloved president of the Art Institute, but he wasloved by the entire personnel of the Museum. He was looked upon, not only as thefather of the Institute but was held in much the same reverence as a father by all whowere connected with its administration and its operation. In him the humblest employehad a real friend and it was always with pride that they would point out to visitors thefigure of "our president" as he made his daily visit to the Museum.It was a signal honor to him, when, a comparatively unknown youngman, he was made president of the Art Institute, but he developed solofty a character, such eminent abilities, so noble a fame that the timecame when it was an honor to the Art Institute to have him as its president. The South Park Board recently granted to the Institute a strip ofland east of the Illinois Central tracks extending from Monroe Street toJackson Boulevard, 845X245 feet, which has been surrounded by aheavy retaining wall. This area will, in process of time, be covered withbuildings. The trustees in 1923, in recognition of the president's eminentservices, gave to it the name of the Hutchinson Wing. They have alsogiven his name to the Gallery of Old Masters.It is not difficult to conceive of a man giving the service of a lifetimeto his church and to some one great public cause. There are, perhaps,CHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 61many such men. They are the benefactors of their kind, the saving influence and the glory of the communities in which they live. Mr. Hutchinsonwas not such a man. He was more and greater. The church, the Sundayschool, the Art Institute did not exhaust the sympathies or absorb theinterest or restrict the efforts of this extraordinary man. The welfare ofthe community, service to the public made an appeal to him so irresistiblethat I cannot in this sketch begin to tell the story of the altruistic serviceshe rendered to Chicago and the nation. I can only indicate the almostincredible scope of these services. I suppose he was actively interested ina hundred different organizations, the aim of which was the advancementof human welfare. I have before me a list of about seventy (and I know itis quite incomplete) of which he was a contributing member or an officer.Of half a dozen he was president. Of twenty or more he was treasurer. Hewas a director or trustee of more than forty.He was in early life a director of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society.He was connected with the Training School for Nurses and a life-memberof the Manual Training School for Boys at Glenwood. For many yearshe was a trustee of the Presbyterian Hospital, and of the University ofChicago Settlement, of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary,of the O. S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, of the Old Peoples Home, ofHull-House, and I know not of how many other institutions of charity.Of his connection with the Old Peoples Home for more than fifteen yearsI am told by F. F. Taylor, the secretary, that, "as was characteristic ofhim, he was very faithful in his attendance at the meetings of the board,and was instrumental in the building up and development of the Home"to its present usefulness and success.It was his interest in people not so fortunate as himself, his earnest desire to improve social and moral conditions that led to his connection withHull-House on Halsted Street. For many years he was one of Miss JaneAddams' helpers. He carried his interest in the work of the famous settlement over into the future, not only providing in his will a specific bequestfor it, but also assuring a continual annual contribution to its funds.He was the treasurer of the John McCormick Institute for InfectiousDiseases and its Annie W. Durand Hospital, and of the Immigrants Protective League. More than thirty years ago he began to serve the oldestcharity in the city, the Chicago Orphan Asylum. In 1897 he became itspresident and served it as president with unfailing devotion as long as helived, for twenty-seven years. During his administration the Asylumgrew from a very modest endowment and the occupancy of one ill-equipped building to its present fine group of individual buildings with62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsplendid facilities and capacity for 225 children and with endowmentfunds increased to nearly $1,000,000 and a complete and adequate corpsof able and faithful attendants. These buildings and their equipmentwere provided from funds obtained largely through his personal solicitation. As one of his official associates says:He asked freely and his friends gave freely, but he asked for nothing to which hedid not himself give to the utmost of his ability. Doubtless his love for little children,though he had none of his own, first directed his interest toward this institution andprompted his best thought; and his noble character, winning personality and untiringdevotion to the interests of the Asylum won the affection and the grateful appreciationof everyone connected with it.I cannot here record the many other charities that engaged his interest,received his gifts, and enjoyed his services.But his activities in the interest of religion and of charities were a partonly of his ministry of service. Through his early manhood and all hismature years he manifested the most unselfish and generous interest in allsorts of efforts organized to advance the general welfare. I am not nowspeaking of institutions of education, but of more general public-welfareorganizations. He was a director of the Chicago Municipal ChristmasFestival Association. He was a member of the American Civic Association and of the Board of State Museum Advisers, of the Illinois OutdoorImprovement Association, of the Citizens Association of Chicago, andof the Chicago Plan Commission, being a wise and useful associate ofCharles H. Wacker in his untiring labors for the greater and more beautiful Chicago. He was one of the men who labored successfully to securefor the Field Columbian Museum its location in Grant Park, and was acorporate member and patron of that great institution. His interest inevery effort to serve the public came to be so well known that he was constantly being sought after to act as treasurer for public-welfare organizations. He had a secretary, Charles B. Foote, who was invaluable to himin carrying this continually increasing burden and who remained with himto the end, more than forty years. He was treasurer of the Chicago PeaceSociety for twenty-four years, of the Chicago branch of the PlaygroundsAssociation of America, of the Illinois Commission on Social Legislation,of the Chicago Auditorium Association, of the American Vigilance Association, of the Chicago New Charter Association, of the Grover ClevelandMemorial Fund (although he was a good Republican), of the First Regiment Armory Association, of the Chicago Group to Celebrate 100 Yearsof Peace between England and the United States, of the Alliance Fran-caise, of the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene, and of other like organizations. So great was the public confidence in him and so great was hisCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON (>3readiness to serve and his interest in the public good that when a newwelfare movement was started it seemed natural to think of Mr. Hutchinson as treasurer. There are many more of these to come as this story goeson.But here I wish to speak of his services to Chicago as a member of theBoard of South Park Commissioners, which has charge of all the parks inthe South Division of the city. His membership in the Commission covered fifteen years, from 1907 to 1922, During this period he acted at dif-ent times as auditor, secretary, and vice-president. The auditorship wasa salaried office and he returned the salary to the public in beautifyingthe parks with works of art. The secretaryship is also a salaried officeand he only accepted a temporary election to it on the understanding thathe would accept no salary. John Barton Payne was president of theBoard, and in the years of his absence in Washington during and afterthe Great War, in various high positions, Mr. Hutchinson, as vice-president, performed the duties of president. He was chairman of thecivil service board of the parks and of the committee on negotiations withthe Illinois Central Railroad Company on the improvement of the lakefront, a service of incalculable value which will result in giving Chicago thefinest waterfront of any city in the world. His architectural taste andknowledge made him as useful as he was active in the planning of the fineoffice building of the Board in Washington Park and the great stadium inGrant Park. It was his love for the beautiful that led to the putting inannually of two or three hundred thousand bulbs that make the parksglorious with tulips every spring to the joy of all who see them. He wasone of the most active among the commissioners in pushing the policy ofestablishing small parks and playgrounds so widely through the SouthPark district that there are now eighteen of them, bringing the childrenof almost every part of that wide area within easy distance of their health-and pleasure-giving benefits. I have given these few details of Mr.Hutchinson's work as a park commissioner merely to illustrate the sortof service he rendered to the public in all the other welfare organizationswhich I have here merely catalogued.I can do little more than catalogue his activities in education. It willbe recalled that his school days ended with his graduation from the Chicago High School. He did not get the higher education of colleges and universities. But he obtained that higher culture by reading and study,through his acquaintance with art and music, through observation andtravel. He obtained it so evidently and made such wide use of it for thepublic welfare that in 1901 Tufts College gave him the degree of A.M. and64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin 191 5 Harvard conferred on him the same degree. In 1919 he receivedfrom Tufts the LL.D. He was a member of the American Historical Society, of the American Association of Museums, of the American Academyin Rome, of the American Forestry Association, of the Chicago Academyof Sciences, and of the Chicago Geographic Society, the National Geographic Society, the National Academy of Art, and the Cincinnati ArtMuseum. He was a director of the Chicago Public Library for manyyears, of the National Sculpture Society, of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra Association, to which he rendered valuable service, and for twelveyears of the Carnegie Institution in Washington. He was treasurer of theNational Fine Arts League, of the Chicago Civic Opera Company, of theMunicipal Art League of Chicago, of the Western Economic Society, andof the Civic Music Association. He was vice-president of the EgyptianExploration Fund. He was president of the American Federation of Artsand of the Chicago Horticultural Society. Because of his love for architecture, his knowledge of its principles and his services to it, the AmericanInstitute of Architects elected him to honorary membership and for hisgreat services to Chicago, which made his life an important and honorablepart of the history of the city, the Chicago Historical Society made himan honorary life-member.His services to institutions of higher learning were very great. Formany years he was trustee of Lombard College of Galesburg, Illinois, andfor a quarter of a century trustee and treasurer of Rush Medical College of Chicago. His largest service to education, in addition to that rendered to the Art Institute, was devoted to the University of Chicago. Itfell to me to be associated in 1889-90 with Dr. F. T. Gates in raising theinitial fund for founding the University of Chicago. John D. Rockefellerhad subscribed $600,000, conditioned on our securing $400,000 more ingood subscriptions during the year beginning June 1, 1889. We had hopedthat this sum might be raised among adherents of the Baptist denomination, but before six months had passed we found it necessary to appeal tothe business men of Chicago to save the undertaking from failure. We didnot know them and made anxious inquiries as to what man in Chicago,among the leaders in business, we could first approach with some prospectof securing a sympathetic hearing. Everybody said, "Begin with CharlesL. Hutchinson." With fear and trembling we went to see him in the CornExchange Bank, of which he had been president at that early day, 1889,only three years and which was then in what is known as the Rookery, onthe corner of La Salle and Adams streets. He received us cordially, heardus with understanding and sympathy, and said at once in his whole-heartedCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 65way, "This movement to establish a University for Chicago must succeed. I will give you a subscription and I will help you in every way Ican." This was the University's first assurance of help from the businessmen. We used Mr. Hutchinson's name with every man we subsequentlyapproached. We used it when we asked Marshall Field to give the site.It was a name to conjure with. It opened minds and purses to our appeal.Men evidently thought, "If Mr. Hutchinson is committed to this enterprise it is a thing to be encouraged and helped." And so they helped us,and the University of Chicago was founded. We went repeatedly to Mr.Hutchinson's office for information and advice and he entered into ourplans as though the enterprise was his own. Before we got through, but assoon as our success was assured, Mr. Field said to us, "I would lil^e tohave you make Mr. Hutchinson a trustee of the New University." Whenwe approached him he said, "Yes, I will serve* but I would like to haveyou make Martin A. Ryerson a member of your board. He is now abroad,but he is, far and away, the best man in Chicago for such a position." Thisadvice of Mr. Field and Mr. Hutchinson was taken. Both the men namedwere made trustees, and the service they rendered to the Universitythrough a full generation was incalculably great. Mr. Hutchinson wasmade treasurer, accepted the office when there was no money in the treasury, carried the University through many difficult years when its financeswere a burden-and a liability, and remained in that responsible position aslong as he lived.Mr. Ryerson became president of the Board of Trustees, resigning thatoffice after a service of thirty-three years. Mr. Hutchinson served aschairman of the committees on Finance and Investment and Buildingsand Grounds. He and Mr. Ryerson were associated on both these committees. They worked together in perfect understanding. Such was theirstanding in the community, so great was the confidence in their businessintegrity and ability and in their architectural knowledge and discrimination that from the first they commanded for the new institution publicapproval and confidence. They labored together unceasingly on the University buildings. To their joint labors the University owes the adoptionof the style of architecture and the character and arrangement of thebuildings which promise to give the institution perhaps the finest groupof educational buildings in the world. The first buildings designed byHenry Ives Cobb, the architect, were very plain Romanesque. Mr.Hutchinson and Mr. Ryerson did not think this was what was wanted.They desired English Gothic and went to Mr. Cobb to give him theirviews. They said to him, "If you were to make an absolutely independent66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDchoice as to the style of the buildings what would it be?" "Oh," said Mr.Cobb, "I should prefer the very latest English Gothic." "Well," said Mr.Hutchinson, "I guess our mission is accomplished." Late English Gothicbecame the architecture of the University group. They studied togetherwith the greatest care the plans and specifications and placing of everybuilding for thirty years.It was largely due to the influence of these two men, acting together,that the University took one of its most important and wisest steps. The. campus consisted of three blocks in the shape of the letter L. When theboard confronted the problem of a plan for the buildings the questionarose of enlarging the site by the addition of a fourth block, transformingthe campus into a square of twenty-four acres with a front of 800 feet onthe Midway Plaisance. This was at the very beginning of things in 1890-91, when the University had no funds and to many this policy of enlargement seemed a very doubtful one, as $150,000 would be required to payfor the additional block. When the matter came up for final action inApril, 1891, Mr. Hutchinson strongly urged the purchase of the fourthblock, saying that in all the public institutions of Chicago the mistakehad been committed of making the plans on too small a scale, thus hampering future development, and insisted that the site of the Universityshould be made large enough to provide for the growth that was sure tocome. Mr. Ryerson seconded these suggestions and the Trustees votedunanimously to authorize the enlargement. Since that day the site hasbeen successively enlarged until it covers both sides of the Midway forthree-quarters of a mile.In the spring of 1892 the University made its ever memorable effortto raise a million dollars in ninety days, to provide the buildings andother equipment it needed. This was before the opening of the institution, before it had anything to show to warrant it in asking for so great asum. We only just escaped failure, making up the full amount required onthe very last day of the ninety Mr. Field had given us in his conditionalsubscription of $100,000. When on this last day the Trustees assembledand President Harper announced that a little over $1,000,000 had beensubscribed, Mr. Hutchinson arose and read a paper signed by twenty ofthe leading business men of the city, pledging themselves pro rata tomake up any deficiency up to $100,000. I do not doubt that he had himself, personally, secured these names and thus provided against the possibility of the failure of the effort. The following were the names attachedto this guaranty: H. N. Higinbotham, Charles L. Hutchinson, H. H.Kohlsaat, H. H. Getty, F. W. Peck, C. I. Peck, Charles Counselman, E.CHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 6fBuckingham, H. Botsford, E. A. Hamill, Byron L. Smith, E. G. Foreman,W. T. Baker, T. J. Lefens, John J. Mitchell, A. A. Sprague, O. S. A.Sprague, A. C. Bartlett, J. R. Walsh, H. A. Rust.In 1901-2 the University erected the beautiful collection of buildings known as the Tower Group, consisting of the Mandel Assembly Hall,the Reynolds Club House, the Mitchell Tower, and the Hutchinson Commons. Mr. Hutchinson gave $60,000 toward the building which bears hisname. The original of that building he found in the dining-hall of ChristChurch, Oxford, as also the original of the Mitchell Tower in MagdalenTower, Oxford. To this group Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Ryerson, and Mr.Coolidge, the architect, devoted many months of study. Mr. Hutchinsonnot only gave the money for the building but unstinted time and toil tomake it beautiful without and within, and to make the entire TowerGroup one of the most attractive in the college world. The buildings wereoccupied October 1, 1903. No building of the University is better knownthan Hutchinson Commons. In the course of years the walls of the greatdining-hall have been hung with the portraits, by great artists, of thefounder, of Presidents Harper and Judson, of Mr. Ryerson, the presidentof the Board through so many years, of Mr. Hutchinson, the donor of thebuilding, and of various benefactors and officers of the institution. To dinein this beautiful hall is part of the higher education. It has served theUniversity in many ways. Faculty dinners are given in it. The President'squarterly receptions have been held in it for many years. Here, in 1924,occurred tne memorable reception of the Prince of Wales. This beautifulhall will of itself perpetuate Mr. Hutchinson's memory. But his name iswrit large on almost every building of the University and on almost everypage of its history. He served it as though he had no other great publicinterests to occupy his time and command his labors. For thirty-fouryears he was its treasurer and saw its assets increase from nothing to morethan $54,000,000. He was a member of the Committee on Finance andInvestment, and the investments were made with consummate skill. Formost of that time he was chairman of the Committee on Buildings andGrounds and saw the campus grow from 18 to 100 acres, and the buildings increase from none at all to nearly fifty, in the making of the plansof every one of which he had been influential. If the Art Institute andthe Chicago Orphan Asylum are among the monuments of his life so alsois the University of Chicago. Space fails me to tell of his intimate relations, as friend and adviser, with President Harper and President Judson,of his many gifts to the University, of his services to the professors' club,the Quadrangle, of which he was a life-member, of his cordial relationships68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwith the Faculty and his hospitable attentions to them, of the large servicehe gave in the care and wise investment of the University funds, and thethousand other ways in which he advanced its interests. Mr. Dickerson,the secretary of the board, has well said:Mr. Hutchinson's part in the foundation laying and the upbuilding of the University will be remembered as long as students gather in the noble hall which his generousgift made possible; as long as they enter that court where the marble fountain he provided as the central feature splashes amid the flowers his thoughtfulness so oftenrenewed.It goes without saying that a man who was actively connected with somany organizations of religion, charity, public service, and education didnot lack opportunities for giving away his money. So well known was hisinterest in all good things that the demands on his benevolence were unceasing. Where the ordinary man in his circumstances was solicited for acontribution once he was solicited ten times. I have often heard him sayin speaking of the opportunities to help good causes that there was "toomuch fun in the world for a poor man." It was his regular habit to giveaway half his income and he often did much more than this when he gavelarge sums to the Orphan Asylum, the Art Institute, and the University.Most men would think it was a terrible hardship to have to give to benevolence one-tenth of their income, and the giving of more than this is sorare that if the internal revenue collector finds a return showing 15 percent of benevolent contributions he requires an explanation. It is no wonder that Mr. Hutchinson did not become a multi-millionaire. He had aloftier ambition than accumulating millions and he gave away his moneyas he went along. His only regret was that the needs were so many and sogreat that he could do so little to meet them. "There is too much fun inthe world for a poor man."It was in the later eighties of the last century that Mr. Hutchinsonand Martin A. Ryerson came together in that extraordinary friendshipwhich bound them together for more than a third of a century and madeup so great a part of the life of both. They had met each other in businessand society as acquaintances, but when Mr. Ryerson, at a dinner where thetwo young men were brought together, revealed to the president of theArt Institute his knowledge and love of art, that friendship began whichbound them to each other to the end of Mr. Hutchinson's life. Mr. Ryerson became vice-president of the Art Institute and together they devotedthemselves to its expansion and enrichment. Together they gave andlabored for the Orphan Asylum and other organizations of charity. Together they gave thirty-five years to the University, Mr. Ryerson as presi-CHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 69dent of its board, Mr. Hutchinson as treasurer. Together they gave theirtime and toil and money to building it up from nothing into one of thegreat universities of the world. They began early to spend a part of everyyear in travel together. I have already told how in 1890 they went to Italyand bought for the Art Institute the Demidoff Collection. From year toyear, the two families, for they were all bound together in the same friendship, visited together all parts of our own country and our country's possessions and almost every country of Europe. Everywhere they went theyserved, among other things, two interests in particular. They visited museums and collections of art in the interest of the Art Institute and cathedrals and universities, libraries, and monuments of Gothic architecture in the interest of the University.Not, indeed, that these things were always in their minds. In her book— Our Country Life — Mrs. Hutchinson devotes the closing chapter to telling of "Hours in Other Gardens." She confesses that gardens were one oftheir hobbies and says:Some of our happiest moments in travelling have been in "discovering" them. Notonly famous gardens, such as those around Rome, the moss grown villas at Frascatiand Tivoli; the Villa Lante near Viterbo, the Villa Caprarola and Cesarini on the Lakeof Nemi [what enchanting pictures the mere name brings to mind], but the others lessknown and even more charming in various parts of the world; the overflowing cottagegardens of England, the parks of France and Germany, the miniature landscapes ofJapan, the botanical curiosities of Cairo and Ceylon, the precious turf of Rangoon keptdrenched from the rising to the setting of the burning sun, those treasures of exquisitebeauty on the hills of Florence, the Villas Incontri, Gauberaia and Palmieri of happymemories, the cloisters of church and convent dotting the land of Italy !Yet, though we rejoice in the French and Italian ideals, it is largely to the Englishpeople scattered throughout the globe that we owe our successful gardens, and from thiskaleidoscopic picture three wonderful creations of man stand forth pre-eminent: LaMortola on the Riviera, Lord Kitchener's Island at Assouan, and the Garden of Edenat Venice; one a rock promontory on the sea; one a sandbar in a tropical stream; one asalt marsh; the problems were very different, but each one was solved by an Englishmind.In the winter of 1895-96 the two families went around the world.Every year they traveled together, though business sometimes called Mr.Hutchinson home before the other travelers were ready to return. In 1900,with President Harper of the University they visited Russia, were receivedby the Czar, and called on Tolstoy, inviting him to visit the Universityand deliver a course of lectures. At the end of January, 1920, the twofriends spent several weeks in relief work in the war-ravaged areas ofNorthern France and Belgium. Mr. Hutchinson was sixty-five years oldbut still eager to be helpful to those in need. His passport describes him7o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas 5 feet 8 inches in height, with a high forehead and light brown eyes, anoval face, a light complexion, and hair tinged with gray. He had a fine,open, strong, friendly face. He looked what he was, an able, forceful,kindly man.In 1895 Mr. Hutchinson and Mr. Ryerson purchased a considerabletract of forested land on Strawberry Hill, near Asheville, North Carolina,intending to establish there their winter homes. Not long afterward,however, Mr. and Mrs. Ryerson lost their hearts to Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, and about 1898 established there their country residence. Asheville lost its attractiveness and they introduced their friends to the intriguing delights of summer residence on the wooded shores of Lake Geneva. It was an epoch which introduced Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson to aquarter of a century of a new way of living. In her delightful book, OurCountry Home, Mrs. Hutchinson has told the story in this fascinating way:There were once two people who supposed that they had lived a happy life. To besure the Man Had Always Wanted a Farm, and the Woman Had Never Wanted aCountry House; but they had jogged along in comfortable and contented fashion foryears and years until that fateful moment when they walked one day in a forest. Theyhad walked in many forests in many lands; they had looked down the endless avenuesof the Bois and Fontainebleau; they had seen the sunset through the pines of Ravenna,and rejoiced in the villas of Frascati; they knew the stiff Florentine cypresses, and thelatomiae of Syracuse; they had wandered in the thickly covered hills of the DanubeValley. .... But this was different. This was a real American forest, one mightalmost say a New England forest, with huge, towering oaks and wide-girthed maples,tall butternuts and walnuts, and hickories, leaning lindens and an occasional elm The hawthorn and the ironwood, the white ash, with here and there a birch, the bitter-nut and wild cherry .... a lovely tangle .... led them on Overhead birdswere swinging and squirrels leaping from branch to branch While wanderingthere in sheer delight, feasting their senses on the wild, a sudden turn brought themface to face with a weather-worn and dilapidated piece of board. What sent that electric thrill through the Man to his Mate? What was it caused that look of understanding? Unconsciously their hands clasped; simultaneously they breathed, — "could we?"For the board bore the heaven sent legend:"FOR SALE"All thoughts of crops and pastures fled from the Man's mind. An inborn love for thethings that grow overcame the Woman's caution, — any fancied increase in care ortrouble faded before this marvellous possibility, and that moment was the beginning oftheir joyous experiment with the Wisconsin Woodland.I would like to quote the whole of Mrs. Hutchinson's two delightfulbooks inspired by that " joyous experiment" as the years went on — OurCountry Home, first published in 1907, and Our Country Life, in 1912. Thefirst tells the story of how they bought that enchanting forest, 72 acres,and made a summer home which ministered to their happiness more andmore as the years went by. Mrs. Hutchinson's second book tells the storyCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 71of the continuing development of the home in the country, the labors ofthe owners in improving it, their growing acquaintance with the wild lifeof the woods on the ground, in the trees, in the air, the growth of theirgardens, and their increasing interest and happiness in it all.They built a spacious house, developed a wonderful garden, filled thegrounds about the house and lawn with flowering shrubs, and added tothe wild flowers of the forest many thousands more. One of the first thingsthese lovers of nature decided was that their noble forest should remain inthe wild beauty of nature. Except for the removal of dead trees and deadbrush it was left to develop naturally. A road wound through it three-quarters of a mile to the highway. To some of the biggest trees, loveliestravines, and pleasantest nooks trails were made by the most naturalroutes and along these trails and along the road innumerable wild flowerswere grown. Through these enchanted woods Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinsonloved to wander and to lead their friends with whom on week-ends theyfilled their home. Mrs. Hutchinson calls her husband the Constant Improver. The charm of such a country home as Wychwood — the name itbears — is that it is never finished; there is something more you alwayswant to do to it. Mr. Hutchinson was always improving this retreat inthe wood. There is nothing like a beautiful forest to give one the feelingof ownership. He delighted in his forest home more than in any of hisother possessions. Mrs. Hutchinson loved it as he did. They went to itearly in the spring with eager anticipation and left it late in the autumnwith reluctance. They loved it so much that they often went back to it inwinter. When they first bought their forest and began to build their country home some of their friends said to them, "This is only a passing fad,a novelty. You'll soon grow tired of it all." Little did they know Mrs.Hutchinson, the Nature Enthusiast, and Mr. Hutchinson, the ConstantImprover. Every year they loved it more and loved making it an attraction and sanctuary for birds and all interesting habitants of the woods, aswell as a delight to the friends they invited to share its joys.Mr. Hutchinson entered into the life of the nearby village. He was amember of the Lake Geneva Y.M.C.A., the Lake Geneva Fresh Air Fund,the Good Roads Association, and was president of the Lake GenevaHorticultural Society. He was an enthusiastic lover and cultivator offlowers. In 1906, in delivering the opening address at the Annual Chrysanthemum Show given by the Gardeners' and Foremen's Association ofLake Geneva, he said :I could talk all night about flowers. I could write a book upon the joy and inspiration to be found in a garden. I am a lover of flowers. It is a taste inherited from mymother and one of the many things for which I have to bless her. If I were to choose a72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprofession in life, it would be one of three, and that of the gardener is among the number. I place in the same category the minister of the Gospel, the teacher of children, andthe cultivator of flowers.Mr. Hutchinson was so human, so fond of association with others, sogenial and companionable that he was welcomed as a member of manyclubs. One of the organizers of the Chicago Athletic Association, he wasits first president, serving two years, and as chairman of its Building Committee gave much attention to the erection of its fine clubhouse on Michigan Avenue. In 1882, when he was only twenty-eight years old and vice-president of the bank of which he did not become president till four yearslater, he was elected to membership in the Commercial Club, and wassaid to be its youngest member. In 1889 he was made president, theyoungest president the club had had up to that time. He was one of thefounders of the Cliff Dwellers and succeeded Hamlin Garland in the presidency of that club. Mr. Garland says of Mr. Hutchinson's early connection with the Cliff Dwellers:In the midst of his thousand duties he helped me fight out the problem of how tosecure a place in the Loop for a small and relatively unimportant club of artists andliterary men. I never left him without a sense of confidence and gratitude. "Don't getdiscouraged," he would say with a smile He not only gave money, he gave histremendous influence. He held up his powerful friends. He suggested names for laymembership. He went on the board of directors and became almost a Committee ofConstruction. A stranger would have supposed that he was building another great ArtInstitute or laying out another City Beautiful, so complete and whole-hearted was hisabsorption in our plans.He was a member of many clubs, among them, in addition to thosenamed above, the Chicago, Union League, University, Quadrangle of theUniversity of Chicago, Caxton, Chicago Literary, Bankers', City, Mid-Day. He was a member of the Lake Geneva Country Club, but he did notfind his recreation in golf. He was a member of the Pelee, the famousLake Erie fishing club, and in the spring of 1888 made, with one other man,the record catch of bass for one day, 62, and he and A. C. Bartlett, of Chicago, made the largest catch for two persons in one day, 106. But hedid not find his real recreation in fishing. He belonged to the TouringClub of France. He was president of the Caxton and the Literary, besidethose I have already mentioned. But he did not find his real recreation inhis clubs. That he sought and found in travel with Mrs. Hutchinson andMr. and Mrs. Ryerson, and in the joys of Wychwood, his country home.Hamlin Garland, in a recent reminiscence, says:Nothing pleased him more than to walk through the exquisite paths of his noblewoodland, and tell of the experiments he was making in transplanting wild flowers andCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON 73shrubs. He knew the name of every plant and the precise moment of its bloom. Hemade the birds and the squirrels his friends. He kept unlimited stores of peanuts forthe squirrels and never ending hunks of suet for the birds of Wychwood. To see thegreat banker at breakfast with a pair of chipmunks just at his elbow while the catbirdsand sapsuckers were at their feast of suet was to get a new view of the city builder.These were the recreations in which he found supreme delight.I have spoken of his travels as among his recreations. They were sobecause he went to every country he visited with a disposition to bepleased. He wanted to know and like the people, to taste the food theyate and enjoy all of it he could, to see their dress and customs and institutions, and find all the good in them he could. And so in every countryfrom England to Japan, from Spain to Russia, from France to China,from Germany to India he found joy in travel. Each country visited hewas inclined to think the most interesting in the world. He observed withcare, and having made extended notes of what he saw he was able to speakintelligently and interestingly of almost every country in the world. Beinga good public speaker he was in great demand for addresses. He spoke onmany subjects — business, artistic, charitable, religious, but never moreentertainingly and instructively than on the lands and peoples he hadvisited. Rome and Italy, Russia, Egypt, India, Panama and its Canalwere among the subjects on which he spoke. He prepared these addresseswith great care. They were full of interesting information and, beinglighted up with the humor so characteristic of him, gave great pleasureto scores of audiences.In 1898 Mr. Hutchinson had administered the affairs of the CornExchange Bank as its president for twelve years. Meantime he had become so busy with other things, his public-welfare activities and travels,that he decided to shift the burden of responsibility for the bank's futureto other shoulders. As Vice-President Hamill had developed uncommonabilities as a banker, the two men changed places, Mr. Hamill becomingpresident and Mr. Hutchinson vice-president. To the end of his life heretained a desk in the great banking room, where he was always foundwhen in Chicago. The bank flourished and grew greater. Two other bankswere absorbed. Its deposits and assets increased largely.In 1899 Mr. Hutchinson's father died. Two years later he lost hismother and one of his sisters, Mrs. Noble B. Judah, and in 1918 his onlybrother. His sister, Mrs. E. A. Lancaster, survives him.After he established his country home at Lake Geneva Mr. Hutchinson spent much of his time there from April or May of each year to November. He would go up to Wychwood and its delights Friday, takingguests with him, return to his desk in the bank Monday, and go up again74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto spend Wednesday with Mrs. Hutchinson and carry on his improvements. The winter months were given to travel.In the closing years of his life a merger took place between the Merchants Loan and Trust Company, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank,and the Corn Exchange National Bank, all of them great banks, the combination resulting in the Illinois Merchants Trust Company, one of theleading banking institutions of the world. Mr. Hamill was made chairman of the board and Mr. Hutchinson an advisory vice-president. Thegreat new bank opened the first week in October, 1924. Mr. Hutchinson'soffice was prepared for him, but he was not there to occupy it. The CornExchange was a Hutchinson institution. His father had founded it. Theson had been connected with it for nearly or quite fifty years. Neithersurvived the other. They passed away together.For some time before his death Mr. Hutchinson was evidently in failing health. It was a grief to his friends to see a noble and widely usefulman, who, for the public welfare, ought to be endowed with immortalyouth and vigor, perceptibly aging. But though the outward man wasperishing the inward man was renewed day by day. At the MemorialService held after his death by the Art Institute Clifford W. Barnes,head of the Sunday Evening Club, told how he had very recently calledat the bank to ask Mr. Hutchinson to perform a public service, and notfinding him had told his secretary what was desired. The secretary hadbegged him not to ask the service, but when Mr. Hutchinson was informed of the call, his lifelong consecration to service to others triumphedover physical weakness and he said at once, "I think I could have donethat." In the same way when the winter of 1923-24 came he would notallow his bodily weakness to keep him from making the annual trip abroadwith Mrs. Hutchinson and his friends, Mr. and Mrs. Ryerson. They spenta month in London and visited the New Forest and the Isle of Wight.Crossing to the Continent Mr. Hutchinson rested at Cannes for threemonths, motoring about the neighborhood and spending a week in Florence. Returning in May Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson went to their countryhome at Lake Geneva and there, where he was happiest, among the treesand flowers he loved, he spent his last summer. He was compelled toleave it in September and went to the Presbyterian Hospital for a minoroperation, which it was hoped would partially at least restore his health.Bronchial pneumonia, however, followed and he died October 7, 1924.With the modesty that was characteristic of him he had arranged thathis funeral should be private and the services simple, without honorarypallbearers and without any mention of his name. The burial was inCHARLES LAWRENCE HUTCHINSON ISGraceland, in the family lot where the bodies of his father and motherand brother were lying.He had lived just seventy years and seven months, having been bornon March 7, 1854, and dying on October 7, 1924.It was entirely characteristic of Mr. Hutchinson that the things heloved in life he made provision for in his will. The sum of $5,000 each wasgiven to the Chicago Orphan Asylum, Old Peoples Home, the First (St.Paul's) Universalist Society, the Presbyterian Hospital, the Cliff Dwellers Club, and Hull House. To the Art Institute $25,000 was bequeathedoutright. Two trust funds were established. From one of these, amounting to $50,000, Harvard University will eventually receive $30,000 to beused for the work of the Arnold Arboretum and the other $20,000 willgo to the Universalist Annual Convention. From the second trust fund of$350,000, the Art Institute and the University of Chicago will each receiveeventually $50,000. The remaining $250,000 will be known as the CharlesLawrence Hutchinson Fund and the income will be distributed, one- tentheach to Hull House, the Cliff Dwellers Club, The Children's MemorialHospital, the Presbyterian and Michael Reese hospitals, and LombardCollege, and two-tenths each to the First Universalist Society and the ArtInstitute. His valuable collection of paintings will also eventually go tothe Institute. Thus he carried over into death the interest he had manifested throughout his life in these institutions of religion, charity, publicwelfare, and education.At the Memorial Service held at the Art Institute on November 26,Lorado Taft began his tribute to Mr. Hutchinson in these words, "I haveknown a great man." He quoted that great declaration of the Master ofMen, "Whoever wants to be great among you must be your servant andwhoever wants to hold the first place among you must be everybody'sslave." If anything is clear from this sketch of his life it is that Charles L.Hutchinson achieved the primacy of service. I have tried to present asimple statement of the facts of his life, and the total impression is that hewas everybody's slave. He served little children in the asylum, boys andgirls in their schools and the playgrounds of the small parks, the aged inthe Old Peoples Home, young people in universities and schools of art, thesick in hospitals, all citizens in the positions of public trust he held — -everymovement that promised to increase the general happiness and well-being.In doing all this he led a full and satisfying life. He loved it all, enjoyed it all, was happy in it all. Books and art and music and travel enriched his mind and increased the joy of living. He had friends withoutnumber in almost every part of the world. A lover of nature he had every76 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDopportunity in his travels and his country home to garner its greatest delights. He had the satisfaction of many years of business activity and success. The higher life of the spirit, with friendship and love, filled his dayswith sunshine and made him a happy man. He was made for happiness.He could be serious and gay; he was enthusiastic and at the same timepractical; he had a dauntless courage and patience and perseverance thatheld him faithful to great tasks through many years of devotion; he wasat once alert and thoughtful; he had a saving sense of humor that foundfrequent expression; he was tolerant and sympathetic; just, upright, kind,and good. He had faith and hope in God and his heart overflowed in goodwill toward men. He lived a long, full, and satisfying life.At the Memorial Service at the Art Institute, at which his nearestfriend Martin A. Ryerson presided, President Burton, of the University ofChicago, speaking of the spiritual idealism of the city, said:Of this spirit, which is the real glory of Chicago, Mr. Hutchinson was in part theexpression and the product. He was even more its creator. We can justly say of himthat he found Chicago emerging from that period of emphasis on the material which isan inevitable incident of the struggle for existence, and left it far on its way to become acity of external beauty and of splendid spiritual idealism. It is for this that we shallmost gratefully remember him — that he helped greatly to make the atmosphere inwhich all good things flourish.He was a part and a great part of what was highest and best in the business, social, musical, artistic, educational, and religious life of Chicago,and his name, built into the annals of asylums, homes, hospitals, institutes, universities, and churches, is inseparably connected with their histories and will be held in remembrance as long as Chicago and its institutions endure.THE RAWSON LABORATORY OFMEDICINE AND SURGERYOn November 17, 1924, a small group of University officials togetherwith ;nembers of the faculty of Rush Medical College and studentsgathered in a snowstorm for the exercises of laying the cornerstone of thenew laboratory for medicine and surgery made possible by the generosityof Mr. Frederick H. Rawson.The large receptacle within the cornerstone was filled with the customary documents appropriate to such use. Among them were the following: History of the University of Chicago, by Dr. Thomas Wakefield Good-speed; portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H* Rawson; copy of memorialof Stephen W. Rawson; portrait of President Ernest DeWitt Burton;replica of medal struck in honor of Dr. Frank Billings; copy of the contract between the University of Chicago and the trustees of Rush MedicalCollege; photographs of the class of 1924 of Rush Medical College;copies of official publications of the University, of Rush Medical College, and of theOtho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute; pamphlets of theUniversity Committee on Development; copies of Chicago daily newspapers.In November, 1875, the cornerstone of what was regarded as a pretentious building in the earlier days of the development of medical education in Chicago was laid with impressive ceremonies in which a Masoniclodge took a prominent part.This building, which had long been used for the purposes of RushMedical College, was wrecked last summer to make way for the RawsonLaboratory. When the old cornerstone was reached it was removed,and on August 28 the retaining box was formally opened by the representatives of the Masons of the city. The contents, including the interesting photographs and historical material, were kept intact until theywere once more included in the cornerstone of the new laboratory building.77THE CORNERSTONE-LAYING OFTHE THEOLOGY BUILDING1We lay today the cornerstone of a building to be devoted to the studyof religion and the preparation of men to be ministers and teachers of religion. Its presence here bears witness to the University's recognition ofthe fact that religion is within the scope of its interests and that the studyof religion has a place in that total sphere of the study of man and the universe to which the University is devoted. I am glad that it stands near thecenter of the main quadrangle, because this suggests at least that the placeof religion among the many interests of life is central. As the services inMandel Hall on week days and Sundays, as the space devoted to theChristian Associations, and still more the great Chapel that is soon to bebuilt, testify to the conviction that religion should have its place in the lifeof the University community, so this building bears witness that religionhas its place in the cycle of studies with which a University concerns itself,and its place in the life of the world at large.It bears this evidence in three ways:First, by the fact that this is a professional school, preparing men forthe Christian ministry, this School and this building testify to the conviction that the prophet is still a need of the community. If one scans thehistory of the past, one sees ever and again rising up in this and in thatpeople the prophet, the man of vision, the man of ideals, the man ofspeech, the articulate voice of the half-conscious conscience and aspirationof the people. Such men are born, not made, yet the school in which theyassemble to prepare themselves for life contributes to their greater efficiency and testifies to the consciousness that they are needed. The Divini-1 Address delivered by President Ernest DeWitt Burton at the laying of thecornerstone of the Theology Building, November 6, 1924. The ceremony wasattended by representatives of the Board of Trustees and the Faculty, and by manyfriends of the University. A number of documents such as it is customary to depositin a cornerstone were sealed in the box within the stone. Among them were: Portrait of the anonymous donor of funds for construction of the building; portraits ofPresident Ernest DeWitt Burton and Dean Shailer Mathews; copy of A History ofthe University of Chicago, by Dr. Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed; copies of Universityofficial publications, including the Journal of Religion for July, 1924, and theInstitute for October, 1924; copies of pamphlets published by the American Instituteof Sacred Literature, and of the University Committee on Development.78THE CORNERSTONE-LAYING OF THE THEOLOGY BUILDING 79ty School is primarily a school of the prophets, and by that fact bears testimony to the need of religion.Second, it testifies to the conviction that society still needs thespiritual and social leader, the man who not only has a message to utterfrom the pulpit, but is able every day in the week to take a leading partwith his fellows in the endeavor to make this a better world for childrento be born into and to live in, a better world for all of us to spend ourdays in. For religion is not only a creed or an aspiration or an emotion.It is also a life, and a social force. This Divinity School at least, and thisbuilding, will stand for the conception that this world needs to be madebetter, and that the task of making it such is one not only of ideals or ofindividual betterment, but of social improvement and of social leadership.Third, by the fact that this is not only a professional school but aschool of research in the realm of religion, it testifies to the conviction thatwe are not at the end of our discoveries in this sphere, that from God'sWord and from God's world there is still new truth to break out. The lastgeneration has seen great progress in the recognition and acceptance of thethought that theology has the same right and duty to make progress byresearch as astronomy or geology. Relatively to our knowledge of them,the stars and the earth and religious experience are all fixed. Absolutelythey are not fixed, but are constantly changing, and our knowledge ofthem is increased not only by a study of their past, which is unchangeable,but of those changes which go on under our eyes.This School has had an honorable part in the vindication of the rightof the student of religion to search for truth and reach his conclusions onthe basis of such search, with the same diligence and freedom as the student in any other field of knowledge. In the exercise of that right it hasrendered valuable service both in the preparation of men for service in theministry and in research and publication.In the beautiful and spacious building of which we today lay the cornerstone, it will enter upon a new period of its history, characterized onthe one hand by fidelity to the best traditions of its past and on the otherhand by increased productiveness in all departments of its work.To the family whose generous and modestly anonymous gifts havemade this building possible, I desire on behalf of the University to returnhearty thanks for their gifts and to pledge to them the word of the University that the building shall be faithfully used for the purposes for which itwas given.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIFTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Thirty-fifth Convocation of the University was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall, Tuesday,December 23, at 4:00 p.m. The Convocation Address, "Chemistry in the Serviceof Man," was delivered by Julius Stieglitz,Professor and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry. The President presented his Convocation Statement.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence in thework of the Junior Colleges: MelbourneWells Boynton, Elsie Marguerite Bush,Virginius Frank Coe, Bernard Epstein,Carl Leonard Gast, Pauline EleanorHahn, Allen Heald, Margaret HelenaHempenius, Ethel Rebecca Hey, RobertEmmanuel Landon, Nathan Willis Levin,Elsie Caroline Logan, Everett ElsworthLowry, Louis Abe Meyer, Mable VioletMoon, Ethel Grace Nicholson, Hyla MaySnider, Martha Gertrude Teeters, HaroldEdgar Thomas, Robyn Wilcox.The Bachelor's degree with honors:Ruth Ambrose, Virginia Bostick, CeceliaCatherine Gaul, Edith Humphrey, LouisStevenson Kassel, Peter Albert Rosi, CarlJohan Sandstrom, Bernard KaplanShapiro, Joe Patterson Smith, AdelineElizabeth Vaile, Marjorie Jean Walker.Honors for excellence in particular departments of the Senior Colleges: RuthAmbrose, Botany; Lillian Gertrude Baldwin, History; Mata Virginia Bear, Education; Virginia Bostick, Romance; VirginiaBostick, English; Anne Felicia Cierpik,History; Mary Rose Coleman, Botany;Cecelia Catherine Gaul, English; Kath-erine Howell, Botany; Edith Humphrey,History; Louis Stevenson Kassel, Chemistry; Louis Stevenson Kassel, Physicsand Mathematics; Leo F. Lejeck, Mathematics; Carl Johan Sandstrom, Zoology;Bernard Kaplan Shapiro, Old Testament;Joe Patterson Smith, History; Joe Patterson Smith, Geography; Adeline ElizabethVaile, French; Adeline Elizabeth Vaile,English; Marjorie Jean Walker, Education and Kindergarten-Primary Education;Marion Louise Wineman, General Literature. Election to the Alpha Omega AlphaFraternity for excellence in the work ofthe Junior and Senior years at RushMedical College: Numa Pompilius Garfield Adams, John Everett Gordon, Samuel James Meyer, Samuel Louis Perzik.Election of Associate Members toSigma Xi on nomination of two Departments of Science for evidence of ability inresearch work in Science: FrederickWhipple Appel, Thaddeus Howard Baker,William Augustus Castle, Errol Noble.Coade, John Norris Crawford, MildredAdams Fenton, Kenneth La Doyt Hertel,Alison Pugh Hickson, John Harly Hughes,Konrad Olav Lee, Marion LlewellynPool, Arthur Edward Remick, EnidTownley, Herbert Snow Wolfe, LouisEdwin Workman, John Xanthopoulos.Election of members to Sigma Xi onnomination of the Departments of Sciencefor evidence of ability in research work inScience: Lawrence Ferdinand Athy, Walter Bartky, Henry Nicholas Beets, HansGotlieb Billroth, Louis Jacob Bircher,Raymond Julius Breckpot, Paul JeanBreslich, James Greenleaf Brown, WillTrout Chambers, Ching-Yueh Chang,Hsi-Chun Chang, Rollo Othwell Earl,James Irving Farrell, Arthur NewtonFerguson, Emma Albertine MathildeFleer, Percival Taylor Gates, Gerald Watson Hamilton, Ruth Herrick, Perry YatesJackson, Edwin Pratt Jordan, FredericTheodore Jung, Israel Morris Levine,Theodore August L. Link, Richard HayesMeagher, Gordon Phelps Merriam, Mat-tie Beth Morgan, Frank Cobb McDonald,Annie Norrington, Hiro Ohashi, IrwinIsaac Rabinov, Robert Redfield, Jr.,William Silas Roberts, Pieter KornelisRoest, Towner Bowditch Root, CharlesWinston Saunders, Felix WadsworthSaunders, Alfred Walter Simon, VerneDonaldson Snyder, Arthur H. Steinhaus,William Hay Taliaferro, Francis HenryThurber, Louis Leon Thurstone, AdahElizabeth Verder, Albert Harry Wilson,Roscoe Conklin Young.Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Virginia Bostick,Cecelia Catherine Gaul (March, 1923),Edith Humphrey, Louis Stevenson Kas-80EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 8 1Sel, Ruth Shepard Phelps, Carl JohanSandstrom, Adeline Elizabeth Vaile (June,1923), Marjorie Jean Walker, Otto Hermann Windt.Degrees were conferred as follows: TheColleges: the degree of Bachelor of Arts,2; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy,45; the degree of Bachelor of Science, 28;the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy inEducation, 20; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Administration, 4. The Graduate School of Arts andLiterature: the degree of Master of Arts,18; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,8; the degree of Master of Arts in theGraduate Divinity School, 2; the degreeof Master of Arts in Commerce andAdministration, 1. The Ogden GraduateSchool of Science: the degree of Master ofScience, 9; the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, 4. The Law School: the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 1; the degreeof Doctor of Law, 1. Rush Medical College: the Four- Year Certificate, 17; thedegree of Doctor of Medicine, 13. Thetotal number of degrees conferred was 173.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, December 21,in the Reynolds Theater. At 11:00 A.M.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, the Convocation Religious Service was held. Thepreacher was Professor Rufus M. Jones,Ph.D., LL.D., Haverford College, Haver-ford, Pennsylvania.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the Autumn Quarter were: October 5, PresidentErnest DeWitt Burton, D.D., Universityof Chicago; October 12, Professor JamesYoung Simpson, Sc.D., New College,Edinburgh, Scotland; October 19 (Settlement Sunday), Professor Percy HolmesBoynton, Chairman of the University ofChicago Settlement Board, and MissMary E. McDowell, Head Resident ofthe University of Chicago Settlement andCommissioner of Public Welfare of theCity of Chicago; October 26, ReverendLynn Harold Hough, D.D., Th.D.,Central Methodist Episcopal Church,Detroit, Michigan; November 2, Dr.Hough; November 9, Reverend HaroldEdwin Balme Speight, King's Chapel,Boston, Massachusetts; November 16,Reverend Samuel Atkins Eliot, D.D.,LL.D., President, American UnitarianAssociation, Boston, Massachusetts; November 23, Reverend Wallace Petty, D.D., First Baptist Church, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania; November 30, ProfessorSamuel Angus, Ph.D., St. Andrew's College, Sydney, N.S.W.; December 7, Professor Angus; December 14, ProfessorShatter Mathews, D.D., LL.D., Dean ofthe Divinity School of the University ofChicago; and December 21, ProfessorRufus Matthew Jones, Litt.D., D.D.,LL.D., Haverford College, Haverford,Pennsylvania.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,on the following dates: October 21, November 4, and December 2. On November18, Rudolph Reuter rendered a pianorecital at 4:15 p.m., in Leon MandelAssembly Hall.The University football team was theonly undefeated eleven in the WesternConference at the close of the season, andthe members of the team received fromCoach A. A. Stagg the gold footballsemblematic of the Conference championship. The striking features of Chicago'splaying were the defeat of Brown University in a pre-Conference game andthe tying of the score with the Universityof Illinois. The schedule and scores ofthe games played were as follows: October 4, Missouri, 0-3; October 11,Brown, 19-7; October 18, Indiana, 23-0;October 25, Ohio State (at Columbus), 3-3; November 1, Purdue, 19-6;November 8, Illinois, 21-21; November15, Northwestern, 3-0; and November 22, Wisconsin, 0-0. The largest attendance was at the Illinois game, whichreached 32,543. The total number at thegames on Stagg Field was approximately180,000, over 30,000 being out-of-townstudents. The largest delegation of thelatter came from the University of Wisconsin, 10,300; with 9,600 representingIllinois.A new program for the development ofathletic facilities at the University, nowadopted by the Board of Trustees, includes plans for the erection of a fieldhouse north of the Frank DickinsonBartlett Gymnasium and for an increasein the seating capacity of Stagg Field.The field house, of immediate need indeveloping indoor sports and intramural82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDathletics, will stand between BartlettGymnasium and Fifty-sixth Streeton thenorth and will provide ample seating capacity for basket-ball games and a much-needed assembly hall for general University purposes.The definite plan for the increase inseating capacity involves a change in thefootball field so that the length of thegridiron will extend from east to westinstead of from north to south.A large permanent grandstand will beerected along Fifty-sixth Street on thenorth side of the field. The presenttemporary stands along the east and southsides may continue in use, but the formerwill eventually be replaced by permanentstands in front of Bartlett Gymnasium andextending partially over the roof of thefield house.When the present west stand is linkedwith those on the north and east sides ofthe field, there will result a U-shapedstand having a total seating capacity of51,490 seats. Temporary or permanentstands at the south end of the field mayincrease the total capacity to more than60,000. Financing of the field house andthe other improvements on Stagg Fieldis to be met from athletic funds.In conferring on Professor Marion Talbot, for over thirty years Dean of Womenat the University, the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws, President Lemuel H.Murlin, president of Boston University,characterized her as follows: "Daughterof pioneers in educational progress; graduate and postgraduate of Boston University; distinguished as a student, teacher,administrator; by example and precept apersuasive and effective influence inbroadening and enriching educational opportunities for the young women ofAmerica." The same honorary degree wasconferred on Mrs. Calvin Coolidge at thesame time.In an address on the occasion DeanTalbot said that "if the sense of responsibility seems to be lacking in the youngergeneration, it is in my opinion the fault oftheir elders, who have not only not trainedthem to assume and to carry responsibility, but have taken special pains to remove from their path every difficultywhich would require initiative, pluck,courage, and persistence to overcome."We should turn over leadership tothem, telling them that we do it on theassumption that not only do they know whither they are leading, but believe it tobe in the right direction."At the recent formal opening of the newbuildings of the University of WesternOntario, London, Ontario, Dean GordonJ. Laing, of the Graduate School of Artsand Literature at the University, who wasa delegate from the latter institution, gavean address on "The Place of the Facultyof Arts in the Organization of the University." On the same occasion the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by the university on Dean Laing,who was formerly professor of classics anddean of the faculty of arts at McGill University, Montreal.Director James Henry Breasted, of theOriental Institute of the University, whospent the summer in the translation andediting of the oldest medical document inthe world, the Edwin Smith MedicalPapyrus, gave the first course at CornellUniversity on the new Messenger Foundation, which has been generously endowedfor the maintenance of an annual courseof lectures on the Evolution of Civilization. Director Breasted also gave theHenry Ward Beecher Lectures at Amherst College in November, and on hisway back spoke before the NationalGeographic Society in Washington, D.C.He sailed the first week in January forEgypt, where he will supervise the earlyoperations in the Research House of theInstitute at Luxor, Egypt, the headquarters established for salvage of inscriptions on the Theban tombs.Assistant Professor T. George Allen,Secretary of the Haskell Oriental Museumand of the Oriental Institute, spent theautumn in the Near East, principally inEgypt, familiarizing himself with the NearEast field covered by the Institute's activities, and especially with the Institute'svarious projects abroad. These include itsCoffin Texts campaign in Cairo and itsEpigraphic Expedition at Luxor.With the return to the University ofProfessor Daniel D. Luckenbill, of the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures, who has been spending the pastquarter in special work on the Assyrianinscriptions in the British Museum, therewill be renewed activity in the preparation of the new Assyrian Dictionary whichis now well under way. Professor Lucken-EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 83bill himself now has in hand translationsof practically all of the historical inscriptions from Assyria, the original texts ofwhich he has just consulted in the Museum, where he has had the fullest co-operation of the British authorities. Dr. Luck-enbill's new volume when completed willbe published in the new series of "AncientRecords of Babylonia and Assyria" by theUniversity of Chicago Press.More than 400,000 cards with themeanings of Assyrian words have alreadybeen prepared under the direction ofDr. Luckenbill at the Oriental Instituteof the University for the new AssyrianDictionary. Every example of every wordfound in Assyrian or Babylonian literaturehas been recorded. Many of the textshave come from the palace libraries ofAshurbanipal, an Assyrian king who livedabout 650 b.c.The work, which will require some tenyears to complete, will include about ahundred thousand different words. It wasbegun in 192 1, in view of the necessity fora new and complete Assyrian dictionarywhich should include the discoveries ofthe last two decades, in which notableexcavations have been made.Former students of Professor WilliamGardner Hale, who for twenty-seven yearswas Head of the Department of the LatinLanguage and Literature at the University, are carrying out plans to present tothe University a portrait of ProfessorHale, painted by his daughter, MissVirginia Hale, of Stamford, Connecticut.More than a hundred have already contributed to the fund for the portrait,which represents the distinguished Latinscholar in the brilliant academic gown of* St. Andrews, with the hood of Aberdeen,both universities having conferred on himthe honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.It is hoped that the portrait may behung in the Classics Building, in theplanning of which Professor Hale had alarge part. The chairman of the PortraitCommittee is Professor B. L. Ullman,Ph.D. '08, of the State University ofIowa, and the secretary is Alice F.Braunlich, Ph.D. '14, of Goucher College,Baltimore.The son of the British prime minister,Mr. Malcolm MacDonald, visited theUniversity as a member of the OxfordDebating Team, which met the Chicagoteam on November 3, the subject of the debate being "Prohibition." There was anunprecedented attendance because of thesubject, the careers of the British debaters, and the rules of the contest.The first member of the Oxford team,Mr. J. B. Woodruff, a native of Kent, waseducated under the Benedictine monks atDownside in Bath. The prime minister'sson, who was educated at a coeducationalschool in Hampshire and received anOxford scholarship in history, is a prospective labor candidate for Parliament; whilethe third member, Mr. M. C. Hollis, waseducated at Eton and Balliol College,Oxford.One University of Chicago woman andthree men were picked by judges to represent the University in the debate: MissMartha V. McLendon, Nathan Harrison,Raymond T. Johnson, and A. F. Gustaf-son. They argued for the policy of prohibition.The debate, conducted under Englishrules and informally, did not require adecision, and the opposition was allowedto question the speaker at any time duringthe debate, which was held under theauspices of the Institute of InternationalEducation.During the last year more than threethousand Americans were registered forcourses in French institutions, the largestnumber in any single university being inthe University of Paris, according to astatement by Dr. Algernon Coleman,director of the continental division of theAmerican University Union, who hadleave of absence from the University totake charge of the work.The most important group from theeducational point of view was, perhaps,the considerable number of actual orprospective teachers of French. The chiefrole of the Paris division of the Unionwas to give information and counsel tothe many hundreds of the very large totalwho passed through its offices. The Unionoccupies attractive quarters in the handsome home of the European branch of theCarnegie Endowment for Peace at 173Boulevard Saint Germain, at a convenientdistance from the educational centers ofthe Latin Quarter.The elaborate and crucial experimentnow being conducted near Clearing,Illinois, by Professor Albert A. Michelson,Head of the Department of Physics at theUniversity, in collaboration with Pro-84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfessor Henry G. Gale, of the same Department, is expected to demonstrate theeffect of the earth's rotation on the velocity of light. A further account of thiswork, and of its provisional results, willappear in an early issue of the Record.An experiment conducted this summer by Professor Michelson in California had to do with determining moreexactly the actual speed of light. Themethod consisted essentially in sending a beam of light from one mountainpeak to another at known distance, reflecting it back from a mirror there, andtiming the round trip. The sending station was located on Mount Wilson and thereceiving and reflecting station on top ofMount San Antonio, 22 miles away. Thedistance was measured by the UnitedStates Coast and Geodetic Survey withan accuracy of two parts in a million.The source of the ray was a powerfulelectric arc lamp giving a light almost asbright as the sun. Passing through aminute hole in front of the lamp, the raywas caught on a revolving octagonalmirror, sent to Mount San Antonio, reflected back from there, and received onthe original mirror, which was revolvedat such a rate as to catch the returned rayon the succeeding face of the octagon.The mirror, rotated by a blast of air playing on a little windmill, made 530 revolutions a second, its speed being regulatedby a tuning fork of known pitch.The average results of eight observations, as reported by Professor Michelsonat the recent Franklin Institute Centenary, give the velocity of fight in avacuum as 186,300 miles per second,which is probably accurate to within 20miles. Next summer he hopes that it willbe possible, by extending the distance to100 miles, to get the figure to within onepart of a million.In a public lecture at Orchestra HallJanuary 8 Professor Michelson describedbefore a large audience both these andother important studies in physics.Dr. William A. Craigie, Rawlinson andBosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in theUniversity of Oxford, has been appointedProfessor of the English Language in theUniversity, according to a recent announcement. Professor Craigie, who iseditor of the Oxford Dictionary and oneof the greatest living authorities on theEnglish language, is expected to begin his new work with the Autumn Quarter of1925.With the coming of Professor Craigieis to begin at the University a comprehensive study of the English language inAmerica, the result to be the first "Dictionary of American English." Preliminary plans have been made by ProfessorJohn Matthews Manly, Head of theDepartment of English, and AssociateProfessor James Root Hulbert, of thesame Department, by which they willwork in co-operation with Dr. Craigie,who gave special courses at the University this summer in early Northern English and "Methods of Making a Dictionary."At the meetings of the American PublicHealth Association held in Detroit, October 20-23, Professor Edwin O. Jordan, ofthe Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology of the University, was elected amember of the Executive Committee ofthe Association, and Associate ProfessorJ. F. Norton was re-elected secretary ofthe Laboratory Section of the Association.Professor Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Deanof the Colleges of Arts, Literature, andScience at the University, made a tendays' trip through the East, during whichhe addressed several groups of Chicagoalumni. He met the Boston alumni onNovember 12, the New York alumni onNovember 13, the Philadelphia alumnion November 17, the Pittsburgh alumnion November 18, and the Clevelandalumni on November 19. November 14and 15 he spent at Amherst, attending theinauguration of President George D.Olds.At the thirty-ninth annual meeting ofthe American Historical Association atRichmond, Virginia, from December 27to 31, two of the leaders of discussion onthe subject of "The Colleges and Historical Research" were William E. Doddand Marcus W. Jernegan, Professors ofAmerican History in the University,At the dinner of the Mississippi ValleyHistorical Association, Professor WilliamE. Dodd gave the address on "A GreatDebate in American History: The Virginia Convention of 1829-30." In theconference on Slavonic history one of thespeakers was Samuel N. Harper, Associate Professor of Russian Language andInstitutions.ATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 19241924 1923GainMen Women Total Men Women Total Loss1 Arts, Literature, and Science:'i. Graduate Schools-360395 301129 661524 286353 266119 552472 10952Total 75557o86242 43047964734 1,1851,0491,50976 63954389144 38547762541 1,0241,0201,51685 161292. The Colleges—Tumor *79Total 1,4742,229no747 1,1601,59©2539 2,6343,8191351056 1,4782,117no437 1,1431,5281847 2,6213,645128844 131747212Total Arts, Literature, andII. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Chicago Theological Total 16413457 37218 20115565 I5iin61 292410 18013571 2120*2. Medical Courses —6Junior 4 4 10 10 6Total 19515077884 2963 22415680884 18214386100 3452 21614888100 8843. Law School —8Candidates for LL.B Unclassified Total 31923381212615 9198419407 3282214214030112 3293i3914726610 7248520289 3362794416729419 7 84. College of Education 585. School of Commerce and Administration —Senior 27Junior Unclassified 7Total 425n 7o3017 4954117 46253 622618 5243121 10 296. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Undergraduate 4Total n1,1373,3^6284 473901,98035 58i,5275,346319 81,1633,280273 444241,95237 521,5875,232310 6114Total Professional Total University 60*Deduct for duplication Net Totals in Quadrangles . 3,082 1,945 5,027 3,007 1,915 4,922 105University College 552 1,836 2,388 462 1,555 2,017 37iTotal 3,6346 3,78i13 7,41519 3,46926 3,47©37 6,93963 476Deduct for duplication Net Total in the University 3,628 3,768 7,396 3,443 3,433 6,876 5208586 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 1924Arts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Medical Courses Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration.Total. .Duplicates .Net Total in Quadrangles.University College Total. .Duplicates.Net Total in the University.Grand Total * Unclassified students. Graduate1,1851781551564241i,757165i,5924912,08362,o77 Undergraduate2,63423*69172221453173,5891543,4351,8975,332135,3i97,396MARION TALBOT