The University RecordVolume X APRIL I 924 Number 2THE UNIVERSITY AND NATIONALLEADERSHIP1By WILLIAM E. DODDProfessor of History, University of ChicagoA winter in Washington tells a great deal at any time; the winter of1924 has told more than most people like to hear. Yet men must knowthemselves and the workings of their institutions if they would ever succeed in governing themselves.All Washington, the presidency, the Congress, and the news folk, isrilled with rumor and anxiety and fear. Men say upon the streets,"What next ? " But the matter is not more serious, perhaps, than it wasini872oric)ii. There is no leadership . The presidency, laboring underthe mandate, "back to normalcy/' cannot lift men out of their sloughof corruption and despond; Congress, divided among three groups, allunable either to move forward or backward, cannot set the country uponits feet; and of course the great inchoate mass of people, composed ofmany nationalities, cannot get together.What men see in Washington is only what they might see in manystate capitals if they would but look. It is the normal conditions ofthings, a little besmeared with the greed and self-seeking that at othertimes have been better submerged. And the normal condition of thingsis like this because of two great facts: (1) the system of nicely balancedpowers in congress and every legislature in the land which the fathers ofthe eighteenth century bequeathed to us; and (2) its twin sister, a method1 Delivered at the One Hundred Thirty-second Convocation of the University,held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 18, 1924.109no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof representation that ties every vote in congress or legislature fast to adistrict or county or ward. These are two constitutional arrangementsthat were agreed upon at a time when they seemed to be the very essenceof democracy. They have proved the undoing of democracy on a hundred occasions. I propose to review those devices of high respectabilityand long usage in the hope that university men may ask themselveswhether it be the duty of each generation to labor through life with theburdens of a dead past bound fast upon its back.i. At the close of the American Revolution there were so many debtsthat could never be paid and there were so many patent misapprehensions rife among the people that leaders like Washington and Madisonand Hamilton were able to shape the thought of the young nation inunprecedented fashion. One of the greatest things they did was to givethe national government the same nice poise and balance that most ofthe states had been struggling to escape. That is, a senate was to balancea house of representatives; and both senate and house, if ever theyagreed upon a line of policy, were to be balanced by a president; and,finally, a supreme court was, through what is called judicial review, topass upon measures that might, under urgent pressure, finally be passed.The ideal was to prevent hasty law-making; it was to save the majority from the consequences of popular unwisdom, to make governmentstable by setting up a sort of Newtonian system that would operate itself,a system that would save the people from the consequences of ignoranceand excitement. But the effect was a system that would not work itselfand could not be worked save when the greatest masters of governmentwere in charge. At a time when all men were farmers and when warringEurope was ready to buy all American farmers could send them, the delicate machine worked. When slavery became a great issue and the bestmen everywhere sought a means of escape, war was the only way out;and the war, while healing that one sore, set the germs of other sores thathave not yet been healed.A delicately balanced system, however, became the rule of the nation,a political method which assumed that responsibility and leadershipwere to be avoided and scattered. It was to become a system of laws,not men. But what mankind loves is men, not laws. What is the matterin Washington now is the absence of a great, towering man who might putdown a foot here and point a finger there — set the machine running.Under the rule of usage and constitution, such a man is banned. Thereis no place for him. If he does come, once in a quarter century, he setsarticulate men crazy lest he do something.THE UNIVERSITY AND NATIONAL LEADERSHIP in2. The second thing university folk might think about is the universally accepted method of representation, the county-and-district methodwhich the opponents of Washington and Hamilton, namely Jeffersonand Samuel Adams, thought the very palladium of liberty. I am quitesure that Jefferson would have abandoned the checks and balances ofWashington; and from all the evidence, Washington would have abandoned ihe county-and-district system of Jefferson. The one in the hopeof preventing the people from making fools of themselves, the other inthe hope that the people would correct the foolishness of "the rich, thewise and the good."What we are concerned with is the working of the district system ofrepresentation. It was thought to be the guaranty of the interest andsatisfaction of all the people since all representatives would be actualresidents. Yet democracy has suffered as much from this as from thedelicately poised government in Washington which only super-menhave been able to manipulate; and why? The local representativemust ever keep a majority of the voters with him. That means he mustsatisfy misapprehensions and keep guard over new elements and raceblocs, else a small minority that follows a special interest may unhorse him.It so happens that a few hundred voters in a few districts of the UnitedStates seeking special interests have, on a score of occasions, determinedthe course of history. Composed, as it is, of definite sections, alwaysmatched the one against the other, the United States under the districtsystem is governed by a very small minority. That surely was not theobject of Adams and Jefferson.The district system broke down long ago, but few men have beenwilling to say so. It is a curious fact that the hope of the conservativeshas been as much disappointed as the hope of the radicals. The peoplecould not be saved from the consequences of their blunders; the peoplehave not been saved through their most promising device of districtrepresentation.There is no way to save the people. They must save themselves,as recent British history so clearly demonstrates. It is now and ever hasbeen a mistake to consider constitutional arrangements and commonusage as modern laws of Medes and Persians. The majority must learnfrom its own blunders. And constitutional arrangements must beregarded as matters to be adjusted and readjusted to fit the needs of adeveloping nation.There are two evolutions of recent years that show how men tryto help themselves over chasms of their own digging. One of them is112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe "master president"— the autocrat, as some are prone to say. Themaster in Washington is a protest against a balanced constitutional system. The first master there was Thomas Jefferson, who suggested thevery committees of Congress, and himself wrote the laws he would haveCongress pass. A great, if a benevolent, despot, as Henry Adams makesso plain in his incomparable history. Another of these masters in Washington was Abraham Lincoln, an accidental president, who domineeredCongress, wrote the constitutions of states, and re-nominated himself forthe very good reason that he was the only leader of the time who knewboth what to do and how to do it. The third of these masters in Washington was so recent an appearance that I need not so much as mentionhim.Suffice to say, the country has been working toward a presidentialautocracy, tempered by quadrennial elections, in order to escape the deadlocks of a balanced system of government. It has been a slow and acostly evolution. Only once in half a century or so does there appeara master leader; and when such a one does appear, the situation is suchthat the necessary readjustments resemble revolution.The other evolution has been equally slow — the boss. In nearlyevery state and city there is a boss. He is there because the representative system does not work. Local representatives seek local interests;make combinations designed for sectional or class advantage. This isno new thing, not even American in its origin; but it has reached proportions in the United States matched nowhere else in the world. Business interests, labor groups, transportation blocs have logrolled andfought through legislatures so long and so bitterly that, by a commonconsent, a general manager is set up. He may or may not be an officeholder. He organizes a super-government, he controls nominations, hewatches legislation, and he protects business. He is everywhere theinvisible government that has grown up; he is strangely the promise ofstability, a guaranty that the people shall not make fools of themselves.Thus two institutions entirely extra-legal and extra-constitutional havegrown up. They represent awkward efforts of the people or of the so-called interests to help a situation created in the eighteenth century.When the great national conventions meet a few months hence weshall see another extra-constitutional activity. These conventions willbe mostly local bosses gathered together in the hope of tieing themselvesup with national leadership, trying to oil the stiff national machinery.Neither the men who go to national conventions nor the bosses who guideTHE UNIVERSITY AND NATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1 13these huge assemblies have any responsibility, except the responsibilityall men feel to serve what seems to be the common interest.It is all a problem of leadership in a country that was organized to geton without leaders. The fallacy of the slogan, "laws, not men," is thusshown beyond a peradventure. We cannot get on without leaders; yetwe have managed to make leadership, responsible leadership of legitimateinterests and groups of the country, well nigh impossible. Washingtonadvertises the fact every day. Illinois proves the case to all who haveeyes to see and ears to hear.What has all this to do with the university ? The answer is clearto me. The fathers took precautions in favor of educating the massesof people. Their measures came slowly into force; but the workings ofthe institutions they had set up nullified the effect of education in so faras public leadership was concerned. All men might learn to read andwrite and even to vote; but a balanced system of legislation and a deadening system of representation tended to put the able and the independent-minded out of business. It tended to keep the mediocre in office; thetendency has become a law in our day, the able and the far-seeing beingrarer in American government, state and national than in the government of any other civilized peoples.Since the universities public and private have become* so vital a partof all education and since such vast numbers of the population attendthem, it is not altogether impossible that a new and frank spirit ofanalysis and constructive criticism released in university circles might notpermeate the whole social fabric and thus bring home to the public theneeds of readjustment and the call to the public service. The countryand the university are the same thing. Neither the one nor the othercan go on holding together a garment that rends asunder every time it isused. A war of groups, such as one sees every day, each trying to controlin subterranean manner the machinery of government, cannot lead tosolutions of great problems. The university, the head of all educationin the country, might find solutions and train men to apply them if onlythe country knew that there was need.But the university cannot meet the need by multiplying courses thatshow men how to "play the game," that teach the youth the shortestway to riches, that fix in the minds of students a fear of new things or adread of change. Change is the law of life. Nor will great demonstrations or elaborate sideshows take the place of education. The multiplying of courses and the enumerating of facts is also a false trial. The oneii4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDobjective of higher education, after a few fundamentals, is the development of capacities, the particular capacity to think closely and accurately.That is what the early Princeton and Yale did; and never were institutions better justified in their fruits.It is not, however, so much what one studies; it is the close study ofsome one thing, the subordination of fancy and outside interest, ofstadium and race track, to some intellectual discipline. I do not knowwhether we should be over-run with students if such work were therule of life in the university. But if we should be able to get students tostudy, there would be such a dearth of teachers and apparatus and fundsthat any man who owned great wealth would of necessity feel compelledto supply the need. There is no other justification of great riches thanthe opportunity of giving them away. There is no other service the statecan render that can take precedence of education, education in the hopethat our civilization be worth preserving as well that it may be preserved.In the language of a great leader recently passed away : " There is no otherhope, but the university."THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1It is one of the advantages of the four-quarter system that membersof the Faculties of the University of Chicago are able, not only to take asummer vacation for purely recreational purposes, but occasionally, atleast, in the winter, to retreat to a place of quiet, where, uninterruptedby the necessity of meeting classes and undisturbed by contact with theircolleagues, they may give themselves to reading, reflection, and writing.Returning from such an absence, Professor Dodd has brought to us amessage which, however touched with humor, is on the whole serious andsobering. For it he has our hearty thanks. The facts to which he hasdirected our attention demand serious consideration, and nowhere moreso than in a University community. If, in contrast with his address, thetone of the statement which I have to make seems unduly optimistic, itmay perhaps be justified by the reflection that such work as we are undertaking and contemplating is, we believe, calculated in no small degree tocorrect the evils which he deplores.Two enterprises in which the University is interested to an extentthat makes them almost parts of our own enterprise have recently beenput upon a sound basis financially. The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory was founded in 1888 by a group of naturalists andpublic- spirited citizens of Boston. It is a co-operative organization ofAmerican biologists and institutions represented by them. It is supported by fees, gifts, and contributions of co-operating universities andresearch organizations, numbering seventy in 1923. Its facilities are,open to all American institutions of learning, for research. The firstdirector was Professor C. O. Whitman, subsequently the first Head ofthe Department of Zoology in the University of Chicago, who planned theLaboratory on a national, co-operative basis. The second director, stillin office, is Professor Frank R. Lillie, of the University of Chicago. TheLaboratory has thus been under the directorship of an officer of theUniversity of Chicago during the whole history of the latter.It has recently been placed on a permanent financial basis by a giftof $1,400,000 made jointly by the Rockefeller Foundation ($500,000),1 Read at the One Hundred Thirty-second Convocation, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, March 18, 1924.115n6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. John D. Rockefeller Jr. ($400,000), the Carnegie Corporation ($100,-000), and a supplementary gift of $400,000 from the Friendship Fundendowed by Mr. C. R. Crane, capitalizing Mr. Crane's annual contribution. These sums have now been paid into the treasury of the MarineBiological Laboratory. Bids have been received, and contracts will belet this month for the construction of a combined laboratory and librarybuilding to cost in the neighborhood of $600,000. This is in addition tothe existing facilities, and will give what will probably be the finest equipment for biological research anywhere in the world. Being open to allAmerican institutions, it equalizes to a great extent their research opportunities.The American Council of Education was formed in 1918. PresidentJudson, of the University of Chicago, was one of those who was mostactive in the creation of the Council, and was its first president.The American University Union in Europe was founded July 6, 191 7,its purpose being "to serve as a bond between the Universities of theUnited States and those of European nations." In this enterprise alsoPresident Judson was active, and was likewise elected chairman of itsBoard of Trustees. Professor Algernon Coleman, of the Universityof Chicago, is the present director in Paris. These two enterprises,namely, the American Council of Education and the American UniversityUnion in Europe, were merged at a meeting held in New York City,February 27, 1924. At that meeting a letter from Dr. Beardsley Ruml,director of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, under date ofFebruary 26, was presented, transmitting a resolution of the Board ofTrustees of the Memorial to the effect that $35,000 a year for five years,beginning January 1, 1924, had been appropriated to the American Council on Education for the support of its work in international education,one dollar to be paid for every dollar received by the Council in memberships or donations from other sources.Mention may also be made of the Committee on the Teaching andStudy of the Foreign Modern Languages and Their Place in AmericanEducation and Culture, for the prosecution of whose work the CarnegieCorporation has recently made a large grant. It is obvious that sucha survey of the foreign modern languages as is here proposed is verytimely. Among the executive members of this Committee are ProfessorNitze and Professor Wilkins of our Faculty.In our own Faculty, the group of social-science departments has thisyear been engaged in a large piece of co-operative research with a viewTHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 117to determining the feasibility of using the city of Chicago as a laboratoryfor social and political research. The results have been so gratifying thatan additional grant has recently been made for the prosecution of thiswork for a further three-year period. The development of this researchplaces the University in a wholly exceptional position as to facilities forthis type of investigation, and affords an unsurpassed opportunity forpioneer work in the development of research in the field of social sciences.Coming now into the very heart of the University, we are able toreport interesting progress in the study of our own life.In a co-operative movement called the "Better Yet" Campaign,twenty-five joint committees, each consisting of two or more Facultymembers and four or more undergraduates, are studying different suggestions, made in the first instance by members of the Senior Class, as toways of improving conditions of undergraduate life and work at the University of Chicago.Perhaps the most important of all these committees is the one whichis considering the distribution of students' time. Dante says that nearlyall the troubles of the human race come from not knowing how to usetime; it is certainly true that nearly all the troubles of the undergraduatebody come from this cause. The first task of the Committee on the Distribution of Students' Time has been to ascertain the facts as to the waysin which students actually spend their time. This is being done by use ofa very carefully prepared questionnaire which calls for a statement of thetime spent by each student in a typical quarter on each of his courses;in other studies, in literary or artistic interests; in non-athletic activities;in athletics; in other exercies; in class, fraternity, and club interests; inreligious and social interests; in self-support; in transportation, etc.Some 2,000 of these questionnaires have been returned, and the resultsare being tabulated as a basis for constructive study.Six committees have already completed their work. One of them hasrecommended that the membership of the University Board of StudentOrganizations be enlarged to include two or more undergraduates. Thisrecommendation has since been approved by the Board of StudentOrganizations itself, and enacted by the Board of Trustees.The two related committees on the direction of student activities andon the student-auditor plan have both submitted long and detailed reportswhich are now being carefully studied by administrative officers. TheCommittee on the Supervision of Social Functions has made recommendations which have already been carried into effect. Other committeesn8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhich have completed their work are those on the need for the provisionof informal University dances and on the development of interest in current affairs.Still other committees which are well advanced in their work arestudying the extent of the student desire for instruction in music, and theextent to which such instruction is provided elsewhere; the reorganizationof the Honor Commission; the distribution of activities among differentstudents in such a way that no student will engage in too many activities,and that as many as possible may benefit by the great, potential values ofsuch interests; the quality of instruction in large elementary courses;and the question of the adequacy of the women's clubs as now existingto meet the needs of undergraduate women in respect to social organization.We believe this movement to be notable, not only in its promise ofdefinite and important results in the study of the several problems, butbecause we believe the informal co-operative association of groups ofFaculty members and undergraduates in such constructive work to bevaluable both for the Faculty members and the undergraduates, and tobe symbolic of the friendly relations which in general should prevailbetween the older and the younger members of the University community.We desire to express our gratitude, both to the Faculty members andto the undergraduates concerned, for the time and the energy which theyare devoting to this work.Progress has been made by all the committees and commissions whoseappointment was mentioned in the "Quarterly Statement" of July, 1923.The report of the Library Commission has been printed, and is receiving careful study by many members of the Faculties.The Housing Commission has undertaken an investigation of thehousing conditions of the members of the Faculty and of the student bodyfor the purpose of making recommendations to the Board of Trustees forthe improvement of housing conditions. Preliminary to a final reportwhich will make recommendations for a definite policy in regard to thehousing of each division of the University over a period of years, the Commission has been occupied during the present year in the attempt to servethe present housing conditions. The first move has been in the directionof co-operative building and co-operative ownership of apartments formembers of the Faculty. A group of fifty-five families is now activelyinterested in the consideration of such a plan. It is hoped that within ayear it will have been so far carried into effect as greatly to relieve thesituation.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 119Of the student-housing problems one of the most pressing is that ofthe married graduate student, who finds the cost of suitable apartmentsburdensomely high. While an immediate solution of this problem is notin sight, attempt is being made to improve conditions, and to work out aplan whereby this class of students can be provided for.There is need also of proper provision for the large number of studentswho now live in outside lodgings. Final solution of this problem mustwait, however, until the Commission on the Colleges has made its report ,embodying an educational policy for the Colleges.The study of these matters has brought the Commission and the University face to face with the question how far the housing of students andFaculty is to be considered a part of the educational policy of the University; and in particular whether we are to pay no attention to the lifeof the student outside of the classroom, allowing him to shift for himself,or whether we are to attempt to make his whole life while in college contribute to his education. What the eventual answer to this question willbe there can be no possible doubt.The Faculty members of the Commission on the Future of the Colleges are rapidly progressing in their study of the very important matterreferred to them. Beginning with a reconsideration of the fundamentalquestions, what education is for, and what is the place of the college inthe whole educational scheme, they have passed to questions of organization and distribution. The important recommendations for the improvement of educational methods and of social control which they will presently announce are based on a careful consideration of the end and aimof a general education which shall qualify a student to begin his trainingfor a specific profession. They have already framed far-reaching recommendations respecting land and buildings, which, dealing also with theproblems before the Housing Commission, will require joint considerationby the two bodies.A large part of the time and energy of the administrative officers ofthe University has been occupied during the quarter in the study andtabulation of the needs of the University. The total amount of these hasproved to be much greater than any of us had anticipated, and it has nowbecome necessary carefully to compare the various proposals and projects,and to determine an approximate order of importance, and the approximate cost of the several enterprises. This work is now going forward.In it all the educational ideals of the University are being persistentlykept to the front. Not bigness in number or in buildings, not even beautyof architecture — though this cannot be neglected because of its great edu-120 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcational significance — but the education of men and women, by whichthey will be fitted to get the most out of life and to put the most into life,is the end that we are seeking to attain. It is already evident that toachieve even the objectives that are immediately before us will requireour most strenuous efforts for many months to come, and the co-operationof all our friends. Yet we are prepared to give the former, and we confidently expect the latter. To all members of the Faculty who haveexpressed their interest and made suggestions, and to all friends of theUniversity who have indicated in various ways their sympathy with ourpurposes, we desire to express our hearty thanks, and to ask for a littlefurther patience while the necessary preparations for an aggressive effortfor the development of the University's program of advance are broughtto completion.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryCOMMITTEES AND COMMISSIONSDuring the Winter Quarter commissions and committees have beenappointed by the Board of Trustees as follows:On moral, social, and religious welfare of students: Additional members from the Faculties: E. H. Wilkins, A. H. Compton, D. H. Stevens,B. G. Nelson, Elizabeth Wallace, E. J. Goodspeed; additional memberfrom the Board of Trustees: C. F. Axelson; and from the alumni:Mrs. H. F. Mallory and Mr. Glenn Harding.On housing facilities: From the Board of Trustees: Messrs. Bond,Axelson, Dickerson, Holden, and Rosenwald.On development of plans for co-operation with alumni: From the Boardof Trustees: Messrs. Sherer, Axelson, E. L. Ryerson, Jr., and Swift.The following persons have been appointed members of a joint committee representing the Boards of Trustees of the Presbyterian Hospital,Rush Medical College, Central Free Dispensary, and the University:From Presbyterian Hospital: Messrs. F. S. Shaw, Ernest A. Hamill,and Horace W. Armstrong; from Rush Medical College: Messrs. J. J.Glessner, James Simpson, and John T. Pirie; from Central Free Dispensary: Drs. J. B. Herrick, Oliver S. Ormsby, and G. E. Shambaugh;and from the Board of Trustees of the University: Messrs. T. E.Donnelley, W. E. Post, and E. D. Burton.APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments to the Faculties in addition to reappointments were made during the Winter Quarter:William H. Spencer, Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration, from January i, 1924.Frances Gillespie, Dean in the Colleges for the Spring Quarter,1924, in place of Professor Elizabeth Wallace, on leave of absence.Walter Sargent, Professor in the Department of Art (formerly the Department of the History of Art), transferred from the School of Education.Arthur G. Bovee, Assistant Professor of the Teaching of French,beginning October 1, 1924.F. B. Plummer, to give instruction in the Department of Geologyfor the Spring Quarter, 1924.121122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDR. C. Emmons, to give instruction in the Department of Geologyfor the Spring Quarter, 1924.Dr. Louis Leiter, Instructor in the Department of Pathology.F. M. Powell, professor in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary,Honorary Fellow in Church History for the Spring Quarter, 1924.Allan F. Reith, Arthur Lowenstein Research Fellow.Dr. Hamilton Montogmery, Research Fellow in Dermatology underthe James Nevins Hyde Memorial Fund.Arthur Preston Locke, Research Fellow in the field of chemistryapplied to medicine under the Seymour Coman Research Fund.S. C. Kincheloe, to give instruction in Sociology in the Correspondence-Study Department.Jesse Philips Gibbs, George B. McCowen, Lawrence Hall Grinstead,James Ray Jackson, C. Robert Moulton, Elmer Lamont Rhoades,and A. B. Forsberg to give instruction by correspondence in the Instituteof Meat Packing under the Correspondence-Study Department.RESIGNATIONSThe resignations of the following members of the Faculties havebeen accepted by the Board of Trustees:W. F. G. Swann, Professor in the Department of Physics, to takeeffect September 30, 1924.Dr. H. B. Siems, Instructor and Curator in the Department ofChemistry, effective March 31, 1924.LEAVES OF ABSENCE FROM THE UNIVERSITYLeave of absence has been granted by the Board of Trustees to thefollowing persons:T. A. Mueller, University Libraries, for one year.Paul Shorey, for the Spring Quarter, 1924, in order to lecture atBelgian universities.Dr. A. B. Luckhardt, Department of Physiology, for the AutumnQuarter, 1924, for study abroad under arrangement with the GeneralEducation Board.Kenneth Fowler, Instructor in the Department of Pathology,for one year from January 1, 1924, for study in other laboratories.E. J. Wilczynski, Department of Mathematics, for one year fromJanuary 1, 1924, on account of ill health.Dr. J. M. Dodson, Dean of Medical Students, extended to October 1,1924.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 123GIFTSProfessor Robert Herrick has presented to the University a collectionof books consisting of 239 volumes, the majority dealing with Englishliterature.On January 22, 1924, the Library of the Law School received fromMr. Thomas B. Marston, executor under the estate of Margaret Lawrence, a new set of Illinois Supreme Court Reports, Volumes 1-308.This set is worth considerably over $600.Under the will of Professor Edward E. Barnard, deceased, theUniversity has received property valued at $13,857.42.The University has presented to the Department of Geology of theUniversity of Michigan, the plaster bust of Professor T. C. Chamberlin,retired, this bust having been replaced in Rosenwald Hall by a bronzebust.The University has presented a duplicate set of Illinois Law Reports(Vols. 1-113) to the Law Library of the Imperial University of Tokyo,Japan.MISCELLANEOUSUpon recommendation of the University Senate, the Board ofTrustees has so amended the Statutes of the University as to providefor student representation on the Board of Student Organizations, Publications, and Exhibitions. Under this provision two or more membersof the student body are to be nominated by the Undergraduate StudentCouncil and appointed by the President of the University.With the approval of the Board of Trustees, the President of theUniversity has appointed as members of the Executive Board of theFaculties of the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science:Messrs. Tufts, Gale, Laing, Nitze, Herrick, Marshall, Barrows, Mathews,Judd, and Spencer; and as members of the Executive Board of theFaculties of the College of Education: Mr. W. S. Gray, Miss KatharineBlunt, Miss Alice Temple, Mr. W. G. Whitford, Mr. E. R. Downing,Mr. F. S. Breed, and Mr. R. L. Lyman.The Department of the History of Art has been renamed the Department of Art.Mr. George O. Fairweather, of the Business Manager's office, hasbeen designated by the Board of Trustees to advise and counsel thosemembers of the Faculties who are considering plans for building aco-operative apartment house in the vicinity of the University.The expenditure of not to exceed $5,000 has been authorized for thepurchase of equipment and for alterations of Hutchinson Cafe in orderto install therein a soda fountain for the use of students of both sexes.124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Board of Trustees has renamed the three Divinity dormitoriesas follows:North Hall has been renamed Blake Hall in honor of E. Nelson Blake,the first President of the Board of Trustees; Middle Divinity Hall hasbeen renamed Gates Hall in honor of Frederick T. Gates, Secretary ofthe American Baptist Education Society at the time of the founding ofthe University; South Hall has been renamed Goodspeed Hall in honorof Thomas W. Goodspeed, formerly Secretary of the Board, whoseservices to the University are beyond formulation. All the persons whosenames have been given to these halls were concerned in the founding ofthe University. They were also friends of the Baptist Union TheologicalSeminary and of the Divinity School.By recent vote of the Board, the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital,new plans for which are nearing completion, will be built on the twoblocks of land bounded by Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth Streets and Ellisand Drexel Avenues.THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITYMEDICAL SCHOOL1By PRESIDENT ERNEST DeWITT BURTONThe university medical school, like so many other parts of our educational system, is in the making. It is, as the ancient philosophersrightly said of the world, becoming. The forces that have brought it tothe point which it has reached are many, but not least among them arethe ideals consciously created by thinking men and more or less completely embodied in this or that school. The discussion of the functionof the university medical school cannot therefore take the form of adescription or photographic reproduction of an existing institution,but must rather be an attempt to define the goal toward which we are byconscious effort moving.Speaking, then, from this point of view, I think we may safely saythat the university medical school aims to represent the university idealat its highest, and the spirit of the medical profession at its best.And this, in turn, means that its inclusive ideals are research andservice — not that the university stands for research and the medicalschool for service, but that both stand for both, perhaps the universityemphasizing the thought of research more than the medical school traditionally has, and the medical school service more than the universityhistorically has, but without emphasis on this difference of emphasis,both university and medical school standing for research and service.To this definition of ideals, let it be added as taken for granted without discussion that the ultimate purpose of a medical school is to relievehuman suffering, to increase the happiness and worthfulness of humanlife, promoting human health by curing or preventing disease. Let itbe further affirmed as a proposition that calls for no discussion that themedical school aims at this result largely by the training of a medicalprofession. Is is not simply a research institute, discovering facts, orsimply an institute of public intelligence. Whatever it may do eitherin discovery or in imparting to the people at large knowledge about1 Read before the Annual Congress on Medical Education, Medical Licensure,Public Health and Hospitals, Chicago, March 3, 1924, and published in The Journal ofthe American Medical Association, March 15, 1924.125126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhealth and disease, it aims also and especially at the education of physicians.But how are physicians to be educated ? Is medical education mainlya matter of the imparting of information or of the development of anattitude and the equipment of a mind with intellectual tools ? Does itsend out physicians who, having completed their medical education, willthereafter employ the remedies and methods which their preceptors havetaught them, or does it lay the foundations of an education on whichthe graduate will continue to build as long as he lives ? China has forcenturies had a medical profession but no medical schools. The practicing physician has passed on to his apprentice the rules he has learned fromhis predecessor. Farmers have been and still are educated in the sameway. Until lately, at least, blacksmiths and carpenters have been madein the same way in this country. All these examples illustrate onemethod of education — the method of impartation. It is centuries oldand still widely prevalent. Fifty years ago it was, I presume, almostthe only method in use in this country in all education, from the elementary school to the professional school. It was a matter of give and take.The professor or the textbook did the giving, and the student did thetaking.In his recent volume entitled Harvard Memories, President Eliottells a story which would be almost incredible if it did not come to us onunimpeachable authority. For a curriculum which consisted of coursesof lectures running through four months of the year and repeated yearafter year, it was proposed that there should be substituted a medicalschool in which the instruction should be progressive through each yearof the course, and should run through nine months of each year, insteadof through four only. It was further proposed that no candidate shouldobtain his degree unless he had passed a strict (written) examination onall of the chief departments of instruction, instead of five out of nine, ashad previously been the requirement. The professor of surgery, who atthat time had complete charge of the Medical School of Harvard University, went round to all the members of the board of overseers — he was aman of quick wit, picturesque language, and great personal influence —and told them that this young president was going to wreck the HarvardMedical School: it would cease to exist in a year or two if his revolutionary reconstruction of the school were allowed. "He actually proposes,"said this professor, "to have written examinations for the degree ofdoctor of medicine. I had to tell him that he knew nothing about thequality of Harvard medical students; more than half of them can barelywrite. Of course they can't pass written examinations."THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 127But the dogmatic method of instruction was of course not confined toNew England. A man who graduated in medicine in this city as recentlyas within twenty-five years told me that one at least of his professorsused to dictate his lectures, word for word, commas and semicolonsincluded, and on examination demanded that the answers to his questionsreproduce the exact language of the lecture, punctuation included. Thismethod of teaching was, of course, not peculiar to medical schools. Itwas the common method of professional teaching. Thirty-five yearsago I was one day expressing to the president of the school in which Ithen taught my indignation at someone who was doling out his opinionsto his students and expecting them to accept them as a matter of course.His comment was, "Well, with the majority of students, is there anythingbetter to do than to give them their message and expect them to go outand repeat it?" This is simply the method of the centuries, and is stillthe method in large areas of education.But it is in fact also out of date and doomed to extinction. For atleast fifty years it has been in process of displacement by another method,which I believe is destined eventually to affect profoundly our wholeeducational system. The force that is bringing about this change issimply the restoration of nature's own method and the systematizationof a process that has always been going on in the world.Let me explain what I mean by each of these statements; and firstin respect to nature's method. Every normal child is a natural investigator. Lying in his cradle, he begins to acquire knowledge by observation. Long before he can read a printed page or ask a question or evenunderstand vocal utterances, he discovers many things about the worldin which he lives. He knows that food gives him comfort, and lack of itpain; that his mother's face comforts him, and the faces of childrenamuse him. By this process he discovers what certain sounds mean,and by a long series of experiments learns how to make sounds. Thus heacquires the elements of language, learning to understand it and to speakit. With this new tool he acquires access to the experience of others,and adds rapidly to his store of knowledge by drawing on the commonstock of ideas in his environment. Entering on this stage he learns agreat many things that are not so, as well as many that are. But thefact of importance for my present purpose is that personal discoveryprecedes the give and take of conversation, and that it goes on throughlife. In school, indeed, the child is usually subjected to a process of so-called education which threatens to displace nature's method of observation and interpretation. But, released from the schoolroom, every childis obliged to fall back in large part on nature's method. No school that128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas ever conducted furnishes its pupils with answers to any large partof life's questions. We are all compelled to resort to experience, to observe, to interpret, to formulate tentative conclusions, and try themout to see how they work, till we conquer our world, or break our livesagainst it.A word on the other point — a process that has always been going onin the world — by which I mean discovery. What I have just said appliesin a sense to this point also. Every man is a discoverer from childhoodup. But I am thinking now of the discovery of things previouslyunknown, not only to the individual discoverer, but to the race. Theworld has always had its Galileos and its Christopher Columbuses, itsNewtons and its Franklins, its Darwins and its Pasteurs — men whosecuriosity has pushed them out to and beyond the frontier of human knowledge. And organized education has taken account of them, first bydenial and opposition, often by persecution, then by acceptance, andfinally by canonization and dogmatic reaffirmation.The new thing of which I am speaking is the definite recognition ofdiscovery as the method by which the world gets ahead, its definiteacceptance by educators, and the definite incorporation of it into oursystem of education. The great historic discoveries have been simplyexceptional instances achieved by men who have escaped the processof repression to which organized education endeavored to subject them.Simple as the matter is, simply the open-eyed adoption of a methodas old as human nature, and its incorporation into the processes of education from which it has been hitherto largely excluded by dogmatism —simple as the fact is, its importance can hardly be overstated. It isgiving us a new education, a new morality, a new world.For this world-old process, as thus definitely organized and recognized,we have adopted the word "research"; a word that you will scarcelyfind in any book over fifty years old or in any college catalogue overthirty years old, but which is today the outstanding word in our educational vocabulary.To the new spirit and point of view for which this word stands, weowe all that marvelous progress that has been made in medical sciencein the last half century. It is superfluous to give illustrations of this fact.It will be quite sufficient for me to name Pasteur, Koch, Claude Bernard,Ehrlich, Walter Reed, Lazear and Jacques Loeb.The result of all these researches is that the practice of medicine hasbeen transformed from a more or less rule of thumb administration ofdrugs into a rapidly developing art based on an incomplete but rapidlygrowing science.THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 129What, then, does the fact that we have come thus far mean for thefuture of the university medical school? Fundamentally, as I havealready said, it means that the university medical school of today ought,in its effort to develop a medical profession, to represent the universityideal at its highest, and the spirit of the medical profession at its best,combining the two great ideals of research and service. It demands thatit shall stand for the discovery of all possible facts, contributory to humanhealth, and for the training of men who will not be mere repeaters offormulas or practicers of rules, but themselves investigators, accurateobservers, and keen interpreters. It means that, controlled by the idealof service, and by the ambition for progress, the school will seek to traininvestigators and teachers and practitioners, all of whom will be controlledby the spirit of research and of service. In setting this as the standardfor the university medical school, I am not meaning to say that any othermedical school should have any other ideal. I mean only that the relationships and connections of a university medical school furnish to it anatmosphere and facilities that other schools are perhaps less likely topossess and which make more evident and imperative its duty to meetthese high obligations.But shall we be a little more specific ?IDEALS OF A UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL1. The day of the old "give and take" method of instruction — inwhich the professor did all the giving and the student took what wasgiven him — that day is gone, not to return. It may linger on in obscurecorners of the educational world, just as the snow of winter remains in thedeeper northern valleys when all of the rest of the world is green with theverdure of spring. But it is an anachronism that has no proper place inmodern education, least of all in a science which is making the rapidprogress that medicine is now making.Certain facts the student must, of course, know. At every stage ofeducation, the acquisition of the established and fundamental data is anecessary part of the process of education. The possession of them isnecessary to the practice of research or of the art to which they pertain.But it is an utter waste of valuable time for the professor of medicine tospend the classroom hours in rehearsing these facts to the student orhaving the student recite them to him. There are textbooks from whichthey can be learned, and brief examinations will serve to discover whetherthe student has acquired them. The principal business of the teachermust be to see to it that under his guidance and inspiration the studentacquires the investigative attitude of mind, and actual ability in research.130 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe methods of doing this, will of course, vary in different subjectsand even according to the genius of the individual instructor. The pointI am emphasizing is that while education must include the acquisition ofthe inherited store of information on the subject under discussion, itmust, especially in a subject which is at the stage which all departmentsof medicine have now reached, emphasize not less but more the investigative attitude of mind and the practical acquisition of the tools ofresearch.2. A second consequence of the progress which has been made inmedicine and in our perception of the true nature of education is that thecurriculum of a university medical school must include a much largernumber of courses and subjects than any single student can be expectedto take. I confess that I speak here without that exact knowledge of thefield which would enable me to illustrate this assertion as forcibly as Imight in some other realms of knowledge. Yet I feel sure I am right inthinking that on the one hand the subjects valuable for a physician toknow, and necessary to be known by some physicians, are far beyondthe possibility of any one student's acquiring them in a period which itis reasonable for him to spend in school; and on the other hand that auniversity school cannot afford so completely to misrepresent the presentstage of medical science as would be done by confining the courses offeredto a list which a student could cover in, let us say, four years. In anotherdepartment of my own university with which I happen to be familiar,the number of major courses offered is about forty. Of these, three arerequired for the professional degree, from six to twenty for the specialistdegrees, and no student probably ever took more than thirty, very fewover eighteen. I cannot think that the situation is utterly different inmedicine. In short, the university medical school must undertake witha certain approach to completeness to reflect the present state of knowledge and of outlook in the field of medicine, with its windows always opentoward the still unknown, and the student must be expected not to coverthis whole field, or to acquire a complete medical education, but to begina process of education which he will carry forward as long as he remainsin the profession. It may probably be left to him, with some suggestionsfrom the faculty, to see to it that he is prepared to meet the conditionsimposed by the state law as a prerequisite to his becoming a licensed practitioner.If it be urged that students cannot be expected to take more workor other work than that which the law requires, the answer is that experience shows the contrary. Of in students who completed their preclini-THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 131cal work and went on to the clinical courses in the University of Chicagolast year, eighty-one had done more work than was required for this promotion. On the other hand, among students doing work in the preclinicaldepartments, there were fourteen who had already received the M.D.degree and who had evidently therefore returned after achieving the professional degree to do further work in preclinical subjects, and there werefour doctors of philosophy who apparently included in their preclinicalwork more than enough work to achieve the Ph.D. degree. With a curriculum organized as suggested, the tendency to exceed the legal requirements in the interest of breadth and thoroughness of preparation wouldundoubtedly be still further accentuated.3. The university medical school must make extensive provisionfor research on the part of professors and fellows. There is a twofoldreason for this. First, the researches already made have yielded resultsof so great value that the continuance of research is imperativelydemanded in the interest of the continuance of this process, and there isno place so favorable for the conduct of research as the school of a university, to which research is the very breadth of life. But, in the secondplace, the prosecution of research is necessary to give to the school itsproper educational atmosphere. The student must do all his work in anair charged with the spirit of research.Nor can such research be limited to that which promises to yieldresults immediately available for teaching or practice. No one can tellwhich will prosper, this or that. The university must not simply tolerateinvestigations which have no immediate goal in sight except the increaseof knowledge, and which may not for years make definite contributionto medical science and the improvement of medical practice; it mustencourage them and create an atmosphere in which they will flourish.I am sure that I do not need here to elaborate or urge this point. Allare familiar with the numerous instances in which research prosecutedfrom sheer interest in the enlargement of the field of knowledge has in theend proved to be of inestimable practical value. Research cannot besuccessfully prosecuted as one builds a house, by contract calling for aspecific result at a given date with penalties imposed for delay. It mustbreathe the atmosphere of freedom and adventure. Seeking an ultimatefact of chemistry, one may find an effective remedy for disease.Even the great manufacturing corporations have recognized this principle, and freely appropriate large sums of money for research withoutprescribing the problem or the period to be spent in studying it. Evenmore necessarily must the university do so. It is built on the faith that132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDall knowledge is worth seeking and will eventually be to the advantage ofhumanity, whether by sheer enlargement of its intellectual horizon, as islargely the case with astronomical researches, or by some practical alleviation of pain or shortening of the day's labor. This faith of the universitythe university medical school must share and exemplify.4. The university medical school should be such not in name only,but in fact, and as such recognize itself as an integral part of the university. A university is not properly an assemblage of unrelated schools,each living its own separate life, but a group of schools, each conscious ofits relationship to all the rest and participating in the life of the community as a whole. That a university medical school will find advantagein an intimate relation between the clinical and the preclinical departments, and between both these on the one side and those of physics andchemistry on the other, is so self-evident as barely to require mention.Nor need one spend any time in proving that physical contiguity is itselfconducive to such intimacy of intellectual relationship. The fact onwhich for the moment I wish to lay stress is the desirability that the members of the faculty of the university medical school shall take a consciousand active share in the common life and thinking of the whole universitycommunity. They have their contribution to make to that life. Thereare advantages to them to be gained from participation in it. The physician, like the lawyer and the minister, is not simply a practicer of a profession, but a citizen of the nation and of the world. Contact with themembers of other faculties is a matter of mutual advantage, a give andtake by which both giver and receiver will profit.5. The university medical school must always keep in view its ultimate purpose to serve humanity. It must be scientific, but its sciencemust be for men, its ultimate aim the benefit of mankind. It must havelaboratories for scientific investigations in every subject that pertains tonormal physical life and to pathologic conditions. But it must alsohave hospitals, and in such hospitals the patient must be not an impersonal subject of experimentation but a human being to be restored tohealth. This concern for the patient is demanded not in the name ofhumaneness only but in the interest of the art and science of medicineitself. For by their very nature they are concerned to conserve life, andto train their students to the habitual recognition of the welfare of menas the only justifying aim of their profession.6. The university medical school must stand not only for accurateobservation but for clear and accurate thinking as well. Perhaps theTHE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 133inclusion of this statement at this point and to this audience is an impertinence. But knowing from contact with other fields of thought howessential clearness of thought is, I venture to mention it even in respectto a field with which I have little personal knowledge. Accumulation ofdata by accurate observation, correlation of these data with the previously known facts — these things are necessary in every field. But notless necessary is the interpretation of these facts, by which they becomenot simply data but knowledge. In every field this calls for imagination,by which one frames hypotheses to account for the data, not one but as arule several, and the trying of them out by competitive process; cleardiscrimination between facts and hypotheses, and between hypothesesthat have as yet been subjected to no severe process of competition andcriticism, and hence are only hypotheses, and those which, though stillhypotheses, have weathered the storm of much criticism and are entitledto be taken as, for the time being at least, the bases of further thinkingand of action. To such clear thinking a knowledge of the history ofscience is very conducive. For by such knowledge one comes to understand how we have arrived at our present stage of knowledge and thought,and what the processes are by which further progress is to be made.7. The modern university school must be richly endowed. Hospitals,laboratories, research, competent instruction, all involve heavy expense.We have moved a long distance from the days in which a group of physicians could supplement their income from practice by conducting a medical school for pecuniary profit. In the university school of today, in anythoroughly scientific medical school, tuition fees of students can providebut a small part of the necessary expense of maintenance, to say nothingof the capital expense for buildings and equipment. A medical schoolequipped and maintained according to the ideals I have been trying toset forth calls for a capital investment of not less then ten million dollars,and double or treble that sum is not too much if the school is to includein its scope all the specialties of medicine and surgery. Such resourcesare possible only to institutions supported either by the state or by thegenerous gifts of public-spirited men of wealth. Fortunately there existsin America such a recognition of the value of the scientific school of medicine, and so large a number of men and women of means who are disposedto return to society in voluntary gifts the profits of the business in whichthey have engaged, as together give us hope that we may reasonablyexpect to see the wonderful advance of the last forty years from the stateof affairs described by President Eliot to that which is now to be seen in134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDseveral American universities, followed by another period of not lessremarkable progress. Both you who have helped to bring about theprogress of the last half century and you who are to take part in that ofcoming days have my hearty congratulations.PRACTICABILITY OF THESE IDEALSIt remains, however, to ask one question: Are these principles andtheories workable ? Most at least of them are simply general principleswhich, with slight change of terminology, might be applied to any field ofprofessional study. But it has frequently been stated, in particular bypractitioners of medicine, but also by some teachers of medicine, thatthe adoption of them will serve to train investigators and teachers, butnot practitioners. Indeed, it is claimed by some that the method willrender students unfit for practice.If I venture to discuss this phase of the matter, I do so only becauseof its immediate practical bearing on the policy of the university medicalschool; and in doing so I must confess that I am, even more than in theprevious parts of this paper, dependent for facts and advice on my medical colleagues and friends. How, then, does the case stand ?To the views here set forth it will be objected, in the first place, thatthe method will not prepare students for the state board examinationswhich they must pass in order to engage in the practice of medicine. Itmust, I think, be conceded that the university school of medicine can takecognizance of this objection only so far as the state board examination is areal test of the fitness of the applicant to practice medicine. The university school of medicine cannot constitute itself a mere quiz class, conceived and carried out with the purpose of helping the student to arrangehis facts in order, in anticipation of his needing them for an examinationof stereotyped form. But it does not follow that the graduate of theuniversity medical school will not be prepared to pass the state boardexaminations. For, in the first place, if he has received that measureof education which the university medical school ought to give him, hewill be able to look after this matter for himself, and, secondly and fortunately, the state boards themselves are now tending toward a veryenlightened attitude on this subject, and the old formal written examination is being rapidly supplemented by oral and practical examinationswhich test the applicant's ability to deal with the problems which he mustface in practice.A second objection needs more careful examination. Will the teaching of medicine, by the methods common to the other sciences, that is,with emphasis on problems rather than on information, and the attemptTHE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 135to stimulate a desire to know and to investigate, help or hinder a physician in his practice?To answer this question let it first of all be remembered that the chieffunction of the physician is that of meeting the problems of disease,whether these problems be physical, mental, moral, or social. I am not aphysician, but I believe I am well informed when I state that no twocases of a given disease are ever exactly alike. Through the experienceof our predecessors, and through the results of investigations, we havearrived at certain generalizations with respect to disease, and with respectto various diseases in particular. But does any individual patient everoffer the same picture to the clinician ? Is not each patient, in the strictest sense of the word, a new problem to his physician ? If that be so, andI do not see how it can be otherwise, then the physician is himself aninvestigator, and applies the methods of investigation to the problemswhich present themselves to him. The art of the practice of medicinewould then seem to be identical with the art of investigation, for investigation is also an art, and the educational approach to the training of theinvestigator and of the practitioner would be identical.In fact, the assumption that the university school of medicine willnot concern itself with the training of practitioners is itself without warrant. If we use the word training in its narrow sense, to denote theimpartation by rote of the technique required in practice, a techniqueto which nothing is to be added by observation, experience, investigation,or reading, in no way surpassing an unintelligent training of artisans, theassumption is probably correct. It is inconceivable that the real university school of medicine can have such training as its aim. What itwill attempt is education, with all that it implies, and training only asan element of education. Nor will it any more attempt to train investigators and teachers than it will to train practitioners. It will offer suchfacilities as it can, in the way of teachers, patients, laboratories, and intellectual stimulus, and it will endeavor to do its utmost to enable studentsto educate themselves in medicine. In the broadest sense one does notteach, one simply points out the ways in which learning may be acquired.Such facilities and such assistance and encouragement will be offeredalike to those who wish to engage in the practice of medicine and to thosewho may later become investigators or teachers. The university is notin a position to discriminate between these two types of service. Bothare of the highest importance to humanity. My thesis is that the sametype of education is adapted to the two, since the problems that they areto meet are fundamentally the same.136 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI return, then, in closing, to the proposition that I laid down in thebeginning, that the university medical school should stand for the university ideal at its highest and the spirit of the medical profession at itbest. This will mean not only that it will impart to its students that bodyof knowledge which is the requisite basis for the practice or teaching of 'medicine, but also that it will aim to make them skilled observers andinvestigators, who, animated with the spirit of service which has long beena characteristic of the profession, will bring to all the problems of thatprofession their highest skill in the investigation, prevention, cure, andextirpation of disease, and in the promotion of public health.LEOX MANDELLEON MANDELBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDIt is a far cry from my quiet study to that little country, the RhenishPalatinate, which lies on the west side of the Rhine north of Alsace andeast of the Saar Valley, for the last hundred years a part of Germany.Not quite fifty miles square, it is a little larger than Cook County, Illinois,but is divided into 66 1 communes, towns, and villages and sustains apopulation of nearly a million. Few states, large or small, have undergone so many changes in economic fortunes, in government and in boundaries. Many times it has been laid waste and made a desert by hostilearmies. But being one of the most fertile regions of Europe it has alwaysquickly recovered from the devastations of war and has supported a densepopulation. A few months ago, in the closing weeks of 1923, the so-calledSeparatists, under French protection, drove out all German officials andset up the Palatinate Republic. What its political complexion and connections will be when and after this sketch appears no one can now tell.It is a most attractive land of fertile valleys through which small streamsfind their way to the Rhine, rolling hills and low, wooded mountains.It has no large cities, though Mannheim and Heidelberg once belongedto it. Worms, famous for its connection with Martin Luther, is on itsnortheast boundary and Speyer is now its capital.It was not far from the center of this little old world state that onSeptember 10, 1841, Leon Mandel was born in the village of Kertzenheim.One wonders if the name Kertzenheim, Candlehome, the home of thecandle, indicates an early industry of the place. When Leon Mandelwas born it was a small village of less than a thousand people, and wassurrounded by many villages like it. I asked an intelligent lady whovisited Kertzenheim and the surrounding country in 1922 how near thevillages were to each other. She said without hesitation, "They areabout a quarter of a mile apart." And the answer indicates that theselittle villages abound in a way quite unknown to us. The houses are allof stone, most of them small, a story or a story and a half high. In theselive not only the merchants and mechanics but also the farmers. Thefarms are not in one large holding, but a farmer living in the village willhave three or four or eight or ten separate small holdings in differentdirections from the village. These small fields are like so many gardens.137133 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEvery foot of land is cultivated and many kinds of fruit and grain yieldabundant harvests.Almost every village had its Jewish colony. In Kertzenheim therewere some ten Jewish families. Like his sons after him, Faber Mandel,the father of Leon, was a dry goods merchant. He married CarolineKlein and there were born four sons, Solomon, Simon, Leon, and Emanuel.There was a boys' school in the village and there they got their earlyeducation. When Solomon was fifteen or sixteen and Leon eight or nineyears old, the father, Faber, died. His small dry goods business hadbarely supported the family and the mother was left in straitened circumstances. About the time of her husband's death her brother Simonmigrated to the new world and soon established himself in the dry goodsand notions business in Chicago. The oldest of his Mandel nephews,Solomon, accompanied him, or soon followed him, and became perhapsat first his clerk, but was soon a partner in the dry goods house of Kleinand Mandel.Three or four years after her husband's death, in 1852 or 1853, Mrs.Mandel decided to follow her brother and her oldest son to Chicago. Afew years before, the German Jews, suffering under many disabilities,had begun to emigrate to this country in large numbers. The revolutionary disorders of 1848 and the following years had increased this movement. They looked to the United States as the land of freedom and ofopportunity. Mrs. Mandel had a family of unusual sons, gifted by naturewith business abilities of a high order and ambitious for opportunities thatdid not exist for them in the little village of Kertzenheim. Their motherbelieved in them and sympathized with their ambitions, and with the helpof relatives secured the means for making the great adventure of seekinga more promising field for her sons' abilities more than four thousandmiles away in what was still the new city of Chicago. It was a greatadventure and a great undertaking. But though Mrs. Mandel was alittle woman, she was strong in body and of a high courage. When sheand her three sons, Simon, Leon, and Emanuel, started on their long journey it was so important an event that a cousin then five years old recallsdistinctly after sixty-nine years the loading of the family baggage in thewagon and their departure for the city of- Worms, fifteen miles away.From Worms the travelers proceeded to Havre, where they took a sailingvessel across the Atlantic. Welcomed in Chicago after the long voyageand established in a new home, both necessity and ambition sent at leastthe older son out to seek employment.When Leon Mandel made his home in Chicago in 1852-53 it was acity in embryo, really an overgrown village. It had 60,000 or 65,000LEON MANDEL 139inhabitants. There were only seven public schools, with thirty-fiveteachers. Perhaps Leon attended one of these for a year or more. Therewas no high school. Railroad connection with the East had been madeonly a year or two before. The Illinois Central was only just beginningto run trains out of the city, as was the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific.These were the only western roads running trains at the beginning of1854 except the Galena & Chicago Union. It was still the day of plankroads and tollgates. There was no drainage system and the first permanent sewer had not yet been built. The business district had not beenlifted out of the mud and the streets were still practically unpaved. In1853 there were only eight bridges across the Chicago River and its northand south branches. There were no street railways. Manufacturinghad hardly begun. Chicago was a crude, ragged, big village. But thepioneer days were over and the tremendous developments of the new erawere already under way. No place in the world offered greater opportunities to boys fitted by character, ability, and purpose to improve them.Leon Mandel was such a boy. Brought up by devout parents,endowed by nature with uncommon business abilities, feeling the spurof necessity urging him to industry, belonging to a highly gifted race, andambitious to succeed — these were the invaluable assets with which hebegan his career. There were, of course, handicaps. He was a foreigner and had prejudices to overcome. He had a new language to learn.He and his mother and his two brothers were without resources in astrange land. They had to begin at the bottom, and those first years inChicago must have been hard ones. That he was very early supportinghimself seems clear from the fact that the Chicago Directory of 1856records him as "clerk with Greenebaum Brothers, bankers at 45 ClarkStreet." The Greenebaum Brothers were those well-known men, Eliasand Henry Greenebaum, and their house, continued from that time tothis, had then just been established. Young Mandel was a boy fifteenyears old. Either before or after this clerkship he spent a short time withRosenfeld and Rosenberg, a dry goods store at 180 Lake Street. Alittle later he entered the employment of Ross and Foster, a wholesaleand retail dry goods house at 71 Lake Street. This firm which rankedamong the first in the city, later became Ross and Gossage, rememberedby many persons still living. Leon, as a boy, must have had an engagingpersonality, as it is related that Mr. Ross became fond of him and " invitedthe boy on numerous occasions to be his guest on hunting and fishingtrips and country outings" at his stock farm. He entered the service ofthe firm as a cash boy at two dollars per week, but displayed such application and ability that he was soon promoted to a clerkship on larger pay.140 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMeantime, his uncle and his oldest brother, Solomon, had put theirfunds together and established at 108 Clark Street, the corner of Monroe,the dry goods firm of Klein and Mandel, with the youngest of the Mandelboys, Emanuel, as their clerk. Their business grew so rapidly that ini860 and 1 86 1 they were able to offer such inducements to the otherbrothers, Simon and Leon, as brought them also as clerks into theiremployment. With their mother the boys lived over the store. Theirquarters must have been somewhat cramped, as Leon used to relate inafter life that he was often compelled to sleep on the counter in the store.The family, after its various fortunes, was now united and in the businessof its choice and the future began to brighten. Such indeed was the prosperity of the business and the promise of the future that in 1862-63 Solomon branched out for himself at 283-285 Clark Street, the corner of VanBuren, and took his youngest brother, Emanuel, with him as a clerk.Simon and Leon remained with their uncle and either at once or very soonbecame his partners, the firm name becoming Simon Klein and Company.Both stores prospered for the next two years, and then an event occurredwhich changed everything and determined the future of the three youngerbrothers. Solomon died when about thirty years old. He had, in tenyears, beginning with nothing, an immigrant in a strange land, by frugality, industry, and what must have been rare business ability, accumulated $20,000. He left half of this to his mother and brothers. Whilethe estate was being settled the Solomon Mandel business seems to havebeen continued, for a year later, in 1865, the three brothers formed thepartnership of Mandel Brothers and their place of business was that previously occupied by the deceased brother.It is through the very early entrance into the dry goods trade of Solomon, the oldest of the four brothers, to whose business Mandel Brotherssucceeded, that the firm traces the origin of the business back to 1855. Itwas the same business, continued in the same store under the new nameof Mandel Brothers.Since that time nearly sixty years have passed. Palmer, Field andLeiter of that day has become, after various changes, Marshall Field andCompany. Carson, Pirie and Company has become Carson, Pirie, Scottand Company. Mandel Brothers has continued with no change of name,sharing that unique distinction, among the great dry goods houses, withJohn V. Farwell and Company only. And it is a curious fact that thesetwo great houses were organized under their present names in the sameyear, 1865.It is difficult to realize the changes that have taken place in that partof Chicago where the firm of Mandel Brothers began its career. SouthLEON MANDEL 141of the corner of Clark and Van Buren was in the early sixties of the lastcentury a very attractive residence district. I was an attendant at oneof the churches which flourished only three or four blocks directly southand remember it as one of the pleasantest parts of the city. The locationof the store was altogether eligible. The proprietors were young. Leonwas twenty-four years old, Simon four years older and Emanuel two yearsyounger. They had been well trained in the business. They wereambitious to succeed. They worked early and late. They formed a conspicuous example of the family solidarity which characterizes the Jewishpeople. They had the advantage of succeeding to a business alreadyestablished by their older brother, Solomon, and with the new talentand energy they put into it the enterprise prospered from the beginning.It was at first a "dry goods and notions" store. Three years later, in1868, the firm appealed in the city directory as "Mandel Brothers,Wholesale and Retail dry goods." On their branching out into the wholesale trade Leon transferred his headquarters to New York as buyer forthe firm and continued to reside there for the next two years.It was probably as a customer that he became acquainted with thegreat New York merchant of that day, A. T. Stewart. His frank, genial,engaging manner attracted the merchant prince, and their businessacquaintance ripened into friendship. Anxiously looking for the secretof success, the young man said to Mr. Stewart one day, "Please tell mehow you run your business." Far from being displeased, the older manwas flattered by the request and communicated all the information hecould as to his methods and gave Mr. Mandel many valuable suggestions.It was during this brief period of residence in New York that Mr.Mandel married Miss Belle Foreman, the daughter of Henry Foreman.Mr. Foreman was at that time representing the interests of the ForemanBrothers wholesale clothing house of Chicago, looking after the manufacturing end of the business in Philadelphia. Mr. Mandel being accustomed to exchange week-end visits with a cousin in Philadelphia who wasa friend of the Foreman family became, through him, acquainted withMiss Foreman and the acquaintance developed into an engagement andtheir marriage in that city in 1869. Soon after their marriage Mr. andMrs. Mandel returned to Chicago and made their home at 43 HubbardCourt. There their two sons, Frederick L. and Robert Mandel, wereborn.After this return from New York the firm changed its location fromClark and Van Buren streets to the northwest corner of State and Harrison streets, where they bought a lot and built their own store, fifty feetwide and three stories high.142 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe year 1871 found Mr. Mandel in exceptionally pleasant circumstances. He was thirty years old, happily married and with children inhis home. The long struggle against adverse conditions to make a placefor himself in a strange land was apparently over. By thrift, industry,integrity, ability, and indomitable purpose he had made this place forhimself in the new world. He had established himself in a prosperous andgrowing business and the future of the house of Mandel Brothers lookedbright with promise. Then came what will always be known in Chicagoas "The Great Fire." Mandel Brothers' store almost escaped the vastconflagration. The southernmost limit of the fire east of Clark Streetwas the north line of Harrison. Nothing was burned south of the MandelStore. It almost escaped. The home of Mr. Mandel on Hubbard Court,which is a short street, reaching only two blocks from State Street toMichigan Avenue, lying immediately south of Harrison Street, the southern limit of the fire, did escape by this single block. But what it contained was more precious than the contents of the store, his wife and twohelpless babes. As the hours of the fateful Sunday night wore on towardMonday morning and he saw that the flames had leaped the river andwere enveloping the business section of the South Side, he knew that hisstore called him, but feared to leave his little family in possible danger.The youngest boy was not three months old and the older less than twoyears. Leaving the house, the father and mother started out in the middle of the night, with the two boys in their arms, to seek refuge in thehome of Mr. Foreman, Mrs. Mandel's father, who had returned to Chicago and was living on Michigan Avenue, just north of Twenty-secondStreet. No conveyance could be got and they walked down WabashAvenue as far as Thirteenth Street. Here Mrs. Mandel told her husbandshe could go no farther. Happily a friend, M. A. Meyer, was living onthe corner of Michigan Avenue, only one block away. There they were,of course, hospitably received. Having found this safe shelter for hisfamily, Mr. Mandel hastened back to see whether his store was stillstanding. He not only found it standing but for some time had reasonto hope it might escape, as the line of fire ran northeast before the fiercesouthwest wind. However, he wisely decided to take no chances andhappily securing a conveyance of some kind, carriage or express wagon,at a cost of five hundred dollars, he piled this high with his most valuablegoods and sent them to Mr. Foreman's place on Michigan Avenue. Ijudge that several trips were made, as the goods were scattered over muchof Mr. Foreman's yard. The three brothers had a busy and anxiousnight. They hoped, indeed, that the fire would sweep to the north andwest of them. But as Monday morning came on it began to eat southLEON MANDEL 143into the wind, and finally the store with the greater part of the stock fella prey to the flames as they looked helplessly on.They had saved something, however, enough to make a new beginningwith if a place could be found in which to begin. Mr. Mandel, familiarwith the neighborhood in which his father-in-law lived, knew of a smallcigar store on Twenty-second Street and Michigan Avenue, and beforethe great fire had burned itself out he had bought the store with its stock,disposed of the stock, and moved his own goods in. It is well known thatthe other big dry goods houses moved temporarily to the region of Twenty-second Street. To Mandel Brothers, it is said, belongs the distinctionof being the first to open there after the fire. The lot on which the cigarstore stood extended beyond the small building on the corner fifty feetalong Michigan Avenue and work was at once begun to extend the structure to cover the entire lot. While Leon was attending to these matters,Simon and Emanuel were equally busy. One started immediately forMilwaukee and the other for Detroit to order new goods and get them toChicago as soon as possible. And thus, with the loss of hardly a day,Mandel Brothers were again carrying on.No one who did not live through it can realize the terribleness of theblow that had fallen on Chicago. On that never-to-be-forgotten Monday, October 9, 1871, I spent more than ten hours viewing the ragingtornado of fire from every side. In the morning I was at Kinzie and Wellsstreets and saw the conflagration beginning to engulf the North Side.Later in the forenoon I passed round the south side of the burning area,and in the afternoon spent hours on Michigan Avenue as far north asAdams Street. It was a frightful spectacle and an appalling disaster.It was one of those unspeakable calamities that ought to have left mendazed, bewildered, momentarily at least overwhelmed. The amazingthing about it was that the business men of the Chicago of that day didnot sit down to bemoan their losses for a single day. Instead of destroying initiative and courage and energy the fire seemed to have re-createdthem all. The day after the city seemed to be destroyed, Chicago roselike a giant refreshed and began the work of reconstruction, and the storyof its original creation is tame and commonplace compared with thestory of its re-creation. It was said of the men of the Chicago of thattime that not one of them stopped to weep until he realized the unparalleled generosity of a sympathetic world to his stricken city. They weretoo busy and of too high a courage.The Mandel brothers did not stop a moment to bewail their losses.These were great, probably all they had possessed, except experience,courage, ability, ambition, and energy. And one thing more they had —144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcredit. With these resources they began again. Rather they continued,for, as I have already indicated, they had not stopped. The day afterthe fire they were selling goods in their new store on Twenty-second Street.This was so good a street for the re-establishment of the trade that, asI have said, the other important dry goods houses reopened on or nearthat street. Most all the railroads entering the city from the south madeTwenty-second Street temporarily their terminal and brought trade tothe merchants. Mandel Brothers did a large business on Twenty-secondStreet, so large, indeed, that they continued it for more than twenty years.It was too profitable to be discontinued.But not for a moment was the purpose forgotten to make the businesscenter of the city the real field of their activities. Their credit was good.It is well known that after the fire eastern manufacturers and jobbersgenerously extended the credits of their Chicago customers and encouraged them to order all the goods they needed. With the Twenty-secondStreet store making money, and with unlimited credit, the Mandels, onlytwo or three years after the fire, in 1874, again opened their downtownstore which they had rebuilt on the northwest corner of State and Harrison streets, only to be again burned out in the fire of r874. Had itnot been for the incomparable extent and destructiveness of the fire of1 87 1 that of 1 874 would be remembered as the great fire. In the extent ofthe territory burned over it is second only to that of 1871. It broke outin the afternoon of July 14 and defied all efforts to stop it till the followingmorning. It began on Clark Street near Harrison, reached as far northas Van Buren Street and as far south as Polk, a distance of nearly half amile, and swept eastward to Michigan Avenue, covering an area of forty-seven acres. The buildings consumed numbered 812. One schoolhouseand eight churches, the Jewish synagogue among them, were destroyed.Nearly forty brick building blocks were burned and among these was thenew store of Mandel Brothers, which this time was directly in the lineof fire.In the preceding year, 1873, they had suffered from the panic whichhad affected so disastrously the business of the country, but had successfully weathered the storm, so successfully, indeed, that they had extendedtheir operations by opening the new store at State and Harrison. Itsdestruction, following so soon after the great fire and the panic, was littleless than a tragedy. Fortunately for Mr. and Mrs. Mandel they had notreturned after the great fire of 1871 to their home on Hubbard Court.By a narrow margin their house had escaped that conflagration onlyto be swept away by this one of 1874. But instead of returning toLEON MANDEL 145it they had moved a few blocks southeast to 372 Calumet Avenue,where they continued to live for about three years. There theirdaughter Fannie, who became the wife of Oscar G. Foreman, the banker,was bprn.In 1874 the three Mandel brothers were still young men. Leon beingonly thirty-three years old. They must have been possessed of indomitable courage and self-reliance and faith in the future of the dry goodsbusiness in Chicago. Otherwise they would, after all these staggeringblows, have contented themselves with their Twenty-second Street business until they had recovered from the losses they had suffered. But theyhad had a vision which inspired them and had conceived an ambitionto locate their store in the very center of the business district and maketheir way into the front rank in the dry goods trade of Chicago. Theynow took a long step in that direction and immediately re-establishedthemselves at 52 Washington Street, between State and Dearborn. Butthis was only a gesture to indicate their purpose. Their aim was thebusiest corner of State Street. This was said to be State and Madison,which has often been declared to be the busiest street crossing in theworld. Only a year after locating on Washington Street, therefore, theyrented 123 State Street, which was only fifty feet north of Madison. Inthe new location the business had a rapid development. The tradequickly became so large that it required a resident buyer in New YorkCity, and before the close of 1876 Mr. Mandel established an office andhis home in that city. The store was soon enlarged and within six yearswas occupying 117, 119, 121, and 123 State Street. In 1884 the northpart of the lot was purchased and the store enlarged. Mandel Brotherstook its place as one of the great retail dry goods houses of the city andwent forward in that career of uninterrupted success and prosperity whichhas continued for the forty years that have since elapsed.Although Mr. Mandel's home and business headquarters were inNew York he was of course in Chicago two or three times a year and inconstant touch with the selling as well as with the purchasing end of thebusiness. His office in New York was at 86-88 Franklin Street and anoffice was also established at No. 6 Rue Conservatoire, Paris. The constantly expanding business kept him in New York nearly eighteen years,from 1876 to 1893. During all this time, however, he regarded himselfas a Chicago man. He remained a member of the Sinai Congregation.This well-known Jewish congregation was organized in i860, while LeonMandel was still a boy. He became in later life one of its prominentmembers. For many years he sat on its executive board, and for several146 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDterms was vice-president, the friend and associate of Rabbi Emil G.Hirsch, who paid him this tribute:He, a busy man .... always had time for serving on the boards of our religiousand philanthropic societies. He was with us heart and soul when we resolved to applythe new method to the financing of our charities He was with us when we rebuiltour hospital. He was with us at all times in Sinai Congregation He stood byme unwaveringly. For him our Temple meant something. He certainly, if any, hadthe right to believe that he knew the contents of the book of life as did few others. Hehad written his name in the annals of this young giant city's story in letters indelible..... Could he not have reasoned with seeming strong justification that such messageas our pulpit is called and competent to give was not for him ? Yet the great and successful man of affairs was rarely absent from his pew when the hour came around for theloyal sons of Sinai to assemble for study and uplift.As one of these sons of the Sinai Congregation he was interested in allits undertakings. One of these undertakings was the establishment,about 1889, of the Jewish Training School which has done a veryvaluable work, particularly for the children of Jewish immigrants. Dr.Charles R. Henderson said of it: "It is one of the best schools I everknew, in both spirit and method It is not a trade or industrialschool. It is a training school offering opportunities for the training ofthe mental, moral and physical sides — the complete rounding out of thelife of the pupil." It has had a large attendance and its graduates enterthe city high schools without examination. In establishing and sustaining this school Mr. Mandel and his family were the chief contributors.Rabbi Hirsch tells the story in these words:We had been planning the founding of a school which, primarily designed to benefitthe children of recent refugees from Russian tyranny, was meant, to be at the same timethe pattern public school, the model, illustrating how the educational trinity — head,hand and heart — may in one comprehensive service he brought to flowering in the harmonious growth of competency, character and creative labor. But it was Leon Mandelwho made it possible for us to carry our plans into effect. One morning he did me thehonor of visting my study. I remember his words most distinctly. Said he: "I feelthat I am indebted to this city. I should like to discharge some of this indebtedness. Ihave heard of your intention to found a school something like that now in existence inNew York under the directorship of Felix Adler. I am with you and you are authorized by me to announce that my check for $20,000 is at the disposal of the friends ofsuch a school." It was the first time in our circles that a man offered a sum of this—for those days — great magnitude for one of our communal institutions while living.Most of our benefactors have remembered our needs in their last will and testament.But Leon Mandel was the pioneer among us in this noble and more consecrated fieldof philanthropical serving. He showed his mastership over his own possessions. Theywere his, not he theirs. And his example has since borne good fruit. He sowed a seedfrom which a great harvest has since sprung up.LEON MANDEL 147Later he contributed $5,000 more to the School. His daughter, Mrs.Oscar G. Foreman, gave $15,000, and Mrs Emanuel Mandel not only gavemoney but has been president of the board of the school and an activepromoter of its interests.In New York four more daughters were born in the Mandel family —Ida, who later married M. H. Mandelbaum, a Chicago business man;Blanche, who is now the wife of Jesse Strauss, a Chicago merchant;Louise, who married the late J. M. Wineman; and Florence, who stilllives with her mother. The sons and daughters received most of theireducation in New York. For some years they attended the public schoolsand later the sons spent some time in the private school of Dr. Sachs andthe Packard Business College. In 1884 Frederick went abroad for studyin Germany, and in 1885 Robert went to Paris where his older brotherjoined him and they spent a year together studying French. The growingbusiness calling for their services more and more insistently year afteryear finally prevailed over plans of further study and took them both toChicago, Frederick in 1888 and Robert in 1889, each entering the storeat the age of eighteen.As the business expanded the demands on Mr. Mandel in New Yorkas buyer grew more and more onerous. Simon and Emanuel were compelled to go to that city frequently to supplement his labors. At theoutset and through the early years they were the only buyers. But the^demands on the purchasing department so increased that additionalbuyers had to be trained and sent to New York, and later to Paris andother parts of the world until the work doneiy the three brothers came todemand the energies of a hundred and fifty buyers.It must not be supposed that Mr. Mandel devoted himself during hislong residence in New York to nothing but business. He was there thesame public-spirited, generous-minded man as he was in Chicago. Heconnected himself by contributions of money or personal service, orboth, with many organizations of charity. For many years he was adirector of the Mount Sinai Hospital of that city. He was generouslyinterested in the Hebrew, Orphan Asylum and in the instruction of deafmutes.The arduous work of many years finally so impaired his health thatin 1889 he went abroad for rest and recovery. Mrs. Mandel and theirdaughters accompanied him and they spent two years in Europe. Theirdaughters were placed in German schools while the father sought recoveryin various health resorts. Later they traveled and saw much of the OldWorld. Mr. Mandel was able to gratify his love of art by visiting the148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgreat collections and studying the productions of the world's most famousartists. But he also remembered his youth and the place of his nativity,the Rhine and the Palatinate. Among the places visited was Kertzenheim, the little village from which the mother and her three sons hadmigrated to America thirty-seven years before, when the boy Leon waseleven or twelve years old. He found his old school teacher still livingand the great merchant paid him a visit. He found his native villagevery much as he had left it, with the same cobble-stone pavement in themain street, the same small stone houses, and, as in his youth, the watchman calling the hours of the night.In 1891-92 the business in Chicago had so expanded as to need Mr.Mandel's personal presence. It had become more completely departmentalized and needed the personal supervision of all the brothers. Thenumber of trained and competent buyers had been so multiplied that thepurchasing end of the business could be left with them while Mr. Mandeldevoted himself to the further organization and development of the greatstore. He, therefore, returned to Chicago in 1892-93, making his homefor a year or two at 1903 Calumet Avenue. One of the first things he did,however, was to buy a lot and build a permanent home at 3409 MichiganAvenue. There in a commodious stone house he spent the last seventeenyears of his life.The store and business to which Mr. Mandel returned in 1892-93was very different from the store and business he had left when he wentto New York in 1876. The business had expanded so rapidly that in1880 a five-story building, 117 and 119 State Street, adjoining the oldstore on the north had been acquired, doubling their space and making areally great store. After his return the development of the business wasaccelerated. Mandel Brothers had arrived. The three German- Jewishclerks of 1862 in thirty years had built up a magnificently successfulenterprise of their own and were in the front rank among the merchants ofChicago. It sounds like a story out of the Arabian Nights, but there hadbeen no magic in it save the magic of a worthy ambition, business genius,foresight, integrity, service to the public, and the hardest kind of hardwork. The House of Mandel was established. The confidence andpatronage of a great public had been won and the future prosperity of theHouse was assured.But this assured prosperity did not satisfy Mr. Mandel and hisbrothers. They had, indeed, arrived, but they had not by any meansachieved the goal of their ambition. They had all passed their youth,but they had lost none of their initiative. The business had always beenLEON MANDEL 149a partnership, but in 1898 it became a corporation with Leon Mandel aspresident. I have already said that Frederick and Robert, his sons, hadentered the store in 1888 and 1889, when they were eighteen years old.Four of the five sons of the older brother, Simon — Frank, Milton, Leonard, and Eugene — also went into the store, as they grew up, as did Emanuel's sons, Frank and Edwin, the latter of whom entered the business onleaving the University of Chicago in 1896.The next step in the evolution of the great business was the extensionof the store south to Madison Street. It will be recalled that the firststore on State Street, No. 123, was 50 feet north of Madison and covered25 feet. The first expansion took in 25 feet north, No. 121. The nextincluded 50 feet more to the north, Nos. 117 and 119. These four numbers gave them about 100 feet front which they owned. They wantedand needed the corner, Nos. 125 and 127 State Street. But as it wasowned by Marshall Field and could not be bought, they leased it forninety-nine years with the five-story building which covered it. Althoughthis increased their space by one-third, suchwas the growth of the business and the demand for more room that, a little later, 150 feet across thealley and fronting on Wabash Avenue, with large additional store room,was acquired. The years only repeat this story of increasing businessever demanding more room and the struggle to keep pace with thesedemands. In 1904 these became so imperative that the Wabash Avenuestores were razed to the ground and during that and the following year agreat twelve-story building, covering the entire space, 150 feet on thatavenue, was erected, immensely enlarging and improving facilities andincreasing trade.I have told a story of very remarkable business foresight, enterprise,energy, and success. This is by no means the end of that story. Andthat is not the whole story of Mr. Mandel's life. He was far more than abusiness man. Absorbed as he was%in the annually expanding affairs ofthe great business, he had time for other interests. His early educationaltraining had been limited, but he had an alert intelligence, an inquiringmind, and by observation, reading, study, and reflection educated himselfuntil he became not only a well informed but a cultivated man. In abrief published sketch of him it is said:#-Music and the arts knew him as a generous patron and he was one of those activein the movement to establish permanent grand opera in Chicago. As he traveledabroad his love of fine paintings developed and his gallery contained many interestingcanvasses of Corot, Gerome, Alma Tadema, Rosa Bonheur, Schreyer, Breton and othersand these were frequently placed on exhibition in the Art Institute that they might beenjoyed by the public.*5° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThis testimony is confirmed by Dr. Hirsch, who says of him:He, the village-born German Jewish lad, grew to be a lover of Art and a discriminating judge of painting. Strange contrast this, — the child under the roof of a humblecottage, in a hamlet whither art never wended her way; — the man owner of one of thechoicest collections of modern paintings brought together in this city. Much as heloved his canvasses he regarded them only as his in trust for others. His little gallerywas open to all who might have the right to visit it from their worship of genius or skill.One of the most useful organizations in Chicago is the AssociatedJewish Charities. During the last forty years of the nineteenth century,the Jews of Chicago, rapidly increasing in numbers, organized variouscharitable efforts. In the year 1900, with great wisdom, they unifiedtheir charitable work by organizing the Associated Jewish Charities,which undertook to provide for their fifteen or twenty accredited charitable institutions. Mr. Mandel was one of the men interested in this greatpublic enterprise. For a number of years he was one of the directors andan annual and increasingly large contributor to its funds. The "Associated," as they term it, is the central organization for the collection anddistribution of funds. The various charities maintain their organizedlife and administer their own affairs, but the "Associated" relieves themfrom the burdens of soliciting and collecting funds. It has had a remarkable history. It quickly gained the support of the Jewish people. Thenumber of its subscribers rapidly increased until they reached nearly orqujte 10,000, and many of them from time to time increased their contributions. Among these was Mr. Mandel who, beginning with a thousand dollars in 1900, increased the amount from year to year until at thetime of his death, eleven years later, he was giving six or eight times asmuch.The first on the list of institutions maintained in large part by the"Associated" is the Michael Reese Hospital. This is the great Jewishhospital of Chicago, most catholic in its management, receiving patientsof all faiths and all races. It is the successor of a Jewish hospital whichwas destroyed by the great fire of 187 1. It received its name from a verywealthy Jew who spent many years in California and died in Europe. Hehad relatives in Chicago and, dying about 1879, left $97,000 for the Jewishhospital in that city. The first Michael Reese Hospital was built on thecorner of Twenty-ninth Street and Ellis Avenue, a three-story brickbuilding with two wings. It rapidly outgrew these quarters and soonafter the organization of the "Associated" it was determined to replacethe old building with a more commodious one. Mr. Mandel was one ofthose deeply interested in the project, so deeply indeed that he was madethe chairman of the building committee. It was at first proposed toLEON MANDEL 151raise $400,000 for the new building, but this being found inadequate, thesum was increased to $700,000, and this was raised by the building committee. Mr. Mandel contributed personally $11,000, to which the firmof Mandel Brothers added $20,000, and the Mandel family togethercontributed about $50,000. The result was one of the largest and mostcompletely equipped hospitals in Chicago, which in addition to caringfor paying patients does a very large charitable work for Jews and Gentiles alike.The University of Chicago was founded in 1890-91, while Mr. Man-del was in Europe, and began its educational work October 1, 1892. During the succeeding year its total attendance reached 742. At the end ofseven years it exceeded 3,000. Meantime it had been compelled to getalong without a chapel or assembly hall large enough to much more thanaccommodate its faculty, to say nothing of the student body. The needof such a hall became every year more urgent until it seemed imperative.In 1899 the facts were laid before Mr. Mandel. He was already a friendof the University, having made contributions to it five years before. Hegave a hospitable hearing to this new appeal and finally contributed $75,-000 for the erection of an assembly hall and $10,000 for the installation ofan organ. The Leon Mandell Assembly Hall is one of the beautifulcollection of buildings known as the Tower Group. These are the Hutchinson Hall, the Mitchell Tower, the Reynolds Club House, and the LeonMandel Assembly Hall. They are all connected and unified by a spaciouscloister. The cornerstones of all of them were laid on the same day,June 18, 1 90 1, the last day of what was known as the Decennial Celebration. This celebration was made memorable also by the presence ofJohn D. Rockefeller, the Founder, who listened with interest to theaddresses made at the laying of these cornerstones. Before the layingof each stone President Harper made a brief statement, the stone waslaid by a student, and an address was made by a member of the faculty.President Harper, after telling how the University had suffered for lackof such a building, said :The Assembly Hall, of which the corner-stone is at this moment to be placed, willbe that building on the grounds which, more than any other, will represent the unityof our University life. Here we shall receive words from the lips of the greatest characters. Here we shall assemble for recreation. On this spot there will grow up a community of feeling, a center of activity which no other portion of the grounds will furnish.The University is indebted for this great addition to its general equipment to a highlyesteemed citizen of Chicago, Mr. Leon Mandel, whose interest in higher education andin the work of the University has led him to make this generous gift.The corner-stone address was delivered by Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch,Minister of the Sinai Congregation and professor in the University of152 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRabbincal Literature and Philosophy. It .was so unique and eloquentthat I cannot refrain from quoting the following: "They who know thehistory of the donor will read his life's record as pointing a moral easily"deduced from that of many thousands that left home and family acrossthe ocean to seek and find here a new liberty to develop their manhood.He, like so many of his generation, brought to these shores no other capitalsave that of determination, no other treasure save those spelled integrityand devotion to duty. They came not in quest of gold so much as theydid in search of opportunity Certainly they received much fromthe hand proffered in generous welcome to receive them But theynever forgot their indebtedness to the land of their adoption and maturelove. It is not unessential to recall to the Americans of this generationthat our civilization as well as our people did not spring from one source..... The whole world has been our mother. America is in very trutha new world. This will be among the clearest notes which the LeonMandel Assembly Hall will strike in the reflective minds of those forwhose high purpose it is destined. Receiving much the immigrants ofother lands conferred much. Representative of his class, typical of theimpulses regnant in their dispositions, the man for whom this buildingwill be named, was prompted to his gift by the recognition that, if Chicagoand America have offered him opportunities, he would be untrue to thebest and noblest of his nature were he not willing to make some return inservice and helpfulness in the temple of the higher humanities to his kindcity and country. He willingly enrolled himself among the generous,large-hearted and strong-minded merchants of other nativity that, havingmade the Chicago of our day, would prepare for the uprearing of a stillmore superb Chicago of the dawning century. A German by birth, anAmerican by election, Mr. Mandel has indeed shown himself to be atypical Chicagoan both by his commercial sagacity and his liberality."Mandel Hall was completed and occupied about October i, 1903, withthe group of which it is a part, but the formal opening took place onDecember 22, 1903, in connection with the University Convocation.President Harper referred with gratification to the fact that Mr. Mandelhimself was present to witness its beauty and utility. Dr. Harry PrattJudson, later president of the University, delivered the dedicatoryaddress. In the course of it he said: "The Community life of a University is never gathered up in its completeness and given due effect until it isfitly housed. Heretofore with us it has never been possible to assemblethe academic body in such way that dignity of surroundings might addgrace to the occasion. The president of the United States, the ambassador of a great nation, a distinguished orator, have more than once honoredLEON MANDEL *S3the University by their presence. But there has been no fitting place toreceive them other than an amphitheater designed for the display ofchemical marvels, or a dilapidated tent, or a hired public hall. Hereafterno such sordid necessity will compel. The University as a communityhas a home, and a home which in its simple beauty and impressive dignitywell accords with the rarest ideals of culture. The decades, the centuries,will pass, and through them all the University will assemble here forvaried public purpose. The charm of music, the inspiration of the oratordiscussing great questions of thought, the stately ceremonial by whichacademic honor is given to worthy achievement — all these and many moreforms of University life will hallow this place long after we who meet tohonor its inception shall have passed away. Here will center slowly theaccumulated precious associations which make so fragrant and piquantthe venerable traditions of an ancient seat of learning. Here the generousand far-seeing thought of the man of affairs who has given the Universitythis poem in stone and oak will be perpetuated for many generations tocome in the name of Mandel Hall."In its value to the University the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall hassurpassed all these prophecies. Within its walls the complex Universitylife has become vocal and found expression as nowhere else. In it havebeen held orchestra concerts, dramatic performances, lectures, educationalconferences, oratorical contests, intercollegiate debates, athletic massmeetings, daily chapel assemblies, Sunday preaching services, the University Convocations, and other gatherings almost without number.And no name is more familiar to the students of the University and toits alumni already scattered all over the world than Leon Mandel.As the building of the Assembly Hall was not the first of Mr. Mandel'sgifts to the University, so, also, it was not the last. When after the deathof President Harper in 1906 his friends united to erect the Harper Libraryas a memorial of him, Mr. Mandel contributed $3,000 to the fund. Altogether he gave the University $88,500.The mother of Mr. Mandel was a little woman, but vigorous andactive. She lived to an advanced age, far beyond eighty years. Hersons returned all the love and care she had lavished upon them throughouttheir youth and early manhood. Leon always kept her picture on hisdesk. She made her home with her sons, sometimes in one family, sometimes in another. She lived to see these sons achieve a success in businessof which she could not have dreamed when she brought them to Americaand Chicago. At the time of her death in 1893 she was making her homewith the family of her son Leon. This was the first break in the originalfamily circle since the death of her oldest son, Solomon, nearly thirty154 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDyears before. Fifteen years later the youngest of the brothers, Emanuel,died while on a visit to Europe in 1908.When I was diverted from the story of Mr. Mandel's business lifethe Wabash Avenue store had just been built and I had reached the year1904-5. The great building had so enlarged the business facilities ofMandel Brothers that it did not seem possible that they could need moreroom for many years. But their trade increased so continuously andrapidly that they were soon confronted with the need of greatly increasedfacilities. They called in Holabird and Roche as architects who preparedplans for a new building to stand on the corner of State and Madisonstreets. The old store occupying the site was itself a great structureeight stories in height. The north half of it was taken down while business continued as usual in the other half and half the new building rosebeside it. This was then occupied and the business went on uninterruptedly while the rest of the old building was razed to the ground andthe second half of the new one was erected. The process was one thattook years, from its inception in the minds of the brothers and the architects till its completion in 191 2. When finished it revealed itself as oneof the beautiful stores of the world. With three floors below the groundlevel it rises sixteen stories above the surface, 307 feet. The frontage ofthe entire store is 150 feet on State Street, 340 on Madison Street, and150 on Wabash Avenue. It has more than seventeen acres of floor spaceand about 5,000 employes. It is a small world in itself, where customersmay find the products of every country for inspection and purchase. Itis one of the great retail departmental dry goods centers of the world.The opening of the new and enlarged store took place September 23,191 2, and was a great day in the history of Mandel Brothers, when admiring thousands of visitors and customers thronged the spacious and splendid rooms from morning till night. Mr. Mandel did not live to rejoice inthis final fruition of the dreams, ambitions, and labors of more than fiftyyears. His younger brother, Emanuel, had died, as I have said, fouryears before, too soon to even enter into the work of planning the newstore. His older brother, Simon, died five weeks before the great opening.The three brothers labored and their sons entered into their labors.Leon had the joy of conceiving the noble plan and directing much ofits execution and even seeing the walls of the first section rise. Andthus he was able to realize something of the beauty and majesty of themonument that commemorates the lives and labors of the three brothers.But he had contracted a wasting disease which, since his death, theadvance of medical science has conquered. The winter of 19 10 he spentin California hoping to find relief. Returning to Chicago in the spring heLEON MANDEL 155passed the summer months at home. In the hope that the eastern seaside might help him, Mrs. Mandel went with him to Atlantic City.All their hopes, however, were disappointed. He rapidly grew worse andafter a single month died on November 4, 19 11, in the seventy-first yearof his age.The funeral was held at the family residence in Chicago, November7, when his minister delivered the address from which I have quoted inthis sketch. The State Street merchants had appointed John G. Shedd,Andrew MacLeish, Charles A. Stevens, and Joseph Basch to representthem. There were twenty honorary pallbearers, the men above namedand President Harry Pratt Judson, Edwin G. Foreman, Joseph Rosen-baum, Julius Rosenwald, M. Born, Joseph Beifeld, William Eisendrath,Norman W. Harris, William S. Holabird, Edward Morris, Elias Greenebaum, J. Kuppenheimer, M. S. Rosenfield, Henry G. Foreman, B. Kaufman, and William Wilhartz. On its way to the cemetery, Rosehill, thefuneral procession passed by the great store, then closed and silent.Mr. Mandel had made his will a year before his death. In it, amongother things, after amply remembering Mrs. Mandel, he provided thathis interest in the business should go in large part at once and in the endwholly to his two sons, and made ample provision for his daughters andtheir children. He made bequests to relatives and old employes. Whileliving in New York he had been interested in the Hebrew Benevolentand Orphan Asylum and the Association for the Instruction of DeafMutes, and had bought bonds of both these charities. The will directedthat these bonds should be canceled. It also provided a trust fund of$50,000 for employes of Mandel Brothers, and the sum of $50,000 wasgiven to the Associated Jewish Charities of Chicago. His will and thelife that preceded it revealed Mr. Mandel as a man devoted to his familyand interested in the welfare of his fellow-men.His life had centered about his business and his family. He hadindeed other interests. I have spoken of his interest in charities and education. He was a member of the Standard, Ravisloe, and Lake ShoreCountry Clubs. He played golf. But he was not very much of a clubman. The hours that many men spend in their clubs he preferred togive to his family. He went to entertainments, but he preferred tospend his evenings at home. It was his habit to walk to business. Thiswas a walk of at least an hour, from Michigan Avenue and Thirty-fourthStreet, and was a strenuous bit of exercise with which to begin the businessday. As I recall him, Mr. Mandel was one of the most courteous, genial,and agreeable of men. His face was the index of the essential kindlinessof his nature. That kindly face is familiar to the students of the Uni-156 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDversity. In 191 2 Mrs. Mandel presented to it a portrait of her husband,painted by Ralph Clarkson, which is hung among those of other benefactors of the institution on the walls of Hutchinson Hall.On the day of his funeral an editorial appeared in the Quincy (Illinois)Herald, an appreciation of him, from which I quote the following:His winters, with his family, have been spent in Coronado, California, for fifteenyears. It was there that the writer became personally intimate with him and grew toappreciate his kindliness, urbanity and courtesy. He made friends with every one andthe attachments then formed were lasting and true. He was the soul of courtesy..... Full of humor, quick to respond with wit and jest, never at a loss to sustain hisside of an argument with vigor and effect, Leon Mandel was a most companionableman, a model that others might well pattern after.He was, of course, first and last a business man of very exceptionalability. Thousands of men have engaged in the dry goods business inChicago. Who among them all began life in that city with poorer prospects than this immigrant boy, seventy years ago ? Who among thementered the dry goods business with less capital than this cash boy withhis wage of two dollars a week ? Who suffered more prostrating blowsof fortune than this young business man who twice within three yearslost by fire all, perhaps more than all, he had ? In spite of all the handicaps of his youth, and all the disasters of his earlybusiness life, he achieveda success that placed him in the front rank among the merchants ofChicago. He did this because he worked hard for more than fifty years,because he was a man of integrity and honor, because he was so likeablethat he made his customers his friends, and because he possessed businessabilities of the highest order for success in his chosen field. At the timeof his death the House of Mandel was in the full tide of success. It hadbeen founded so solidly, the methods and principles on which it was conducted were so sound, that the death of the brothers who had made it hadno effect on its progress. The sons had been so wisely trained and hadso grown into the conduct of the business that it went on with increasingmomentum. During the last twelve years they have increased the yearlysales to three and a half times what they were when the administrationcame into their hands, a fact honorable to them and to their fathers alike.But my real reason for writing of Leon Mandel, the head of the House,is not his large business success, but the fact that he began in its earlydays to distribute its fruits for the good of others and continued to do thisin increasing measure to the end of life; that he had a heart open to thecalls of charity, interested in the founding of schools and the promotionof higher education and concerned for and active in advancing the generalwelfare. These are the things that dignify all other kinds of success andgive distinction to human life.Portrait by Aloh IMugJOHN MERLE COULTERPROFESSOR COULTER'S LECTURESIN CHINA AND JAPANProfessor John Merle Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany,was granted, by the Board of Trustees, a leave of absence for the Autumnand Winter Quarters of 1923-24, to lecture in the Orient. ProfessorCoulter sailed from Seattle on the "President McKinley," August 30,arriving in Yokohama just ten days after the earthquake. The shipwas there taken over by the United States Navy, and held for three daysat Yokohama, and again for three days at Kobe, on relief duty for theearthquake sufferers, many of whom were brought to the ship to be fed,clothed, and temporarily housed.Professor Coulter's China itinerary was arranged by a governmentorganization called "The National Association for the Advancement ofEducation." In addition to what might be called the official program,there were numerous invitations from various organizations. A listof possible subjects was furnished each institution, which then madeits own selection. The subjects were as follows: "Evolution of thePlant Kingdom," "The Meaning of Evolution," "The Present Statusof Evolution," "Role of Science in Modern Civilization," "Biology as aPractical Science," "Botany as a National Asset," "The Practical Service of Botany," "The Botanical Opportunity," "Future of BotanicalResearch," "Plant Communities," "The Problem of Food Production,""Reconstruction of Agriculture," "Inheritance and Response," "TheIdeals of Science," "The New Spirit," "Science and Religion," "TheReligion of a Scientist," "The Science of Religion," "Evolution andChristianity," and "The Factors of Success."The following itinerary includes all of the formal speaking engagements, in addition to which there were numerous receptions and banquets:Shanghai, September 21 : Address at opening of School of Commerce.Nanking, October 5-27: National Southeastern University (twentylectures), Nanking University (5 lectures), Gin Ling College (2 lectures),Nanking Theological Seminary, Provincial Agricultural School, ChristianGirls' School, First Middle School, Biological Seminar, and HubigaiChurch.Shanghai, November 1-10: Shanghai College (3 lectures), TungshiUniversity, Futan University, College of Commerce, St. John's University, Chinan Institute, Lowrie Institute, Shanghai Middle School,i57i58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAmerican School, McTyeire High School, Kiangsu Educational Association, Newberry Bible- School for Women, World Chinese Student'sFederation, Community Church, Y.M.C.A., and Rotary Club.Hangchow, November 11-15: Hangchow Christian College (3lectures), Middle School, Provincial Educational Association, FellowshipClub, and Y.M.C.A.Shanghai, November 16: University of Chicago Club.Ningpo, November 17-19: Yu Yau College, Presbyterian Academy,and Church service.Soochow, November 21-23: Soochow University (4 lectures), andSchool of Agriculture.Tsinan, November 27-30: Tsinan University (4 lectures), NormalSchool (3 lectures), School of Agriculture, and Faculty group.Peking, December 3-January 4: Peking National University (4lectures), Peking University (2 lectures), Agricultural College (5 lectures),Normal University (6 lectures), Woman's College of Peking University(2 lectures), Tsing Hua Indemnity College (5 lectures); Peking UnionMedical College, and Y.M.C.A.Tientsin, January 7-10: Nankai University (2 lectures), NationalMiddle School (2 lectures), Methodist School (2 lectures).Professor Coulter went from Tientsin through Manchuria and Koreato Japan. His Japan itinerary was as follows:Kobe, January 18-21: Kwansei College (4 lectures), Kobe College,Canadian Academy, and Union Church.Osaka, January 24-26: Rotary Club and Y.M.C.A.Kyoto, January 27-31: Doshisha University (2 lectures), ImperialUniversity, Medical University, Third Higher School, Foreigners' Club,and Kyoto Church.Nara, February 1 : Woman's Higher Normal School.Tokyo, February 3-March 4: Tokyo Imperial University, WasedaUniversity, Keio University, Toyo Kyokwai University, Japan Woman'sUniversity, Rikkyo University, Tokyo Teachers' College (3 lectures),Agricultural College, Japan Woman's Christian College, Aoyama Gakuin(2 lectures), Jiyu Gakuin, Joshi Gakuin, Meiji Gakuin, American School,Association for the Propagation of Scientific Knowledge, Asiatic Society,Association Concordia, Tokyo Botanical Society, University of ChicagoClub of Japan, Union Christian Church (2 lectures), Tokyo MisakeTabernacle, Scott Hall, and public address in City Auditorium.Professor Coulter delivered more than two hundred addresses in thecourse of his journey.THE MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSONOn the day of the funeral of former President Wilson, February 6,1924, a Memorial Service for him was held in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, at 2:30 p.m. The members of the Faculties entered the Hallin academic procession. In the absence of President Burton, Vice-President Tufts presided. Prayer was offered by Professor EdwardScribner Ames. Professor Ames said:"O God, our dwelling-place in all generations, we turn to thee inthis hour. In common with all citizens of this great nation we look outfrom the gates of death upon the life of him who was our great leaderthrough years of tumult and of war. With millions of our countrymenwe search our hearts, as we stand in the deep shadows. We thank theefor the clearing vision of these days, for the assuaging of partisan feeling,and the fairer estimates of sober and generous thought."Bless us as we are met here in this University to remember thegreat leader who went out from the life of a scholar into the practicaltasks of the nation's and the world's life. Grant that we today, andthose who come after us, may increasingly appreciate what our WarPresident so heroically gave himself to achieve, peace between the nations,love among all men, and justice and mercy for the world."Forgive us our blindness, our selfishness, and our slowness of heart.Quicken in us his prophetic words. Unite us in this great nation increasingly by the voice and authority of all thy prophets throughout ourhistory who have tried to teach us democracy and the enlightenment ofpeace. So may we find our way through the tumult and disorder andconfusion and suffering of these days toward high planes of life and thefulfilment of the things that belong to our fairer destiny. ThroughJesus Christ, our Lord, Amen."Vice-President Tufts then spoke as follows:"In common with many of our countrymen and with many in otherlands, we have met to pay our tribute of respect to the memory of thelate Chief Magistrate of the Nation. We have met to honor the memoryof a great interpreter of our country's and humanity's ideals. In thewords of President Coolidge, 'He led the nation through the terrificstruggle of the world-war with a lofty idealism which never failed him.159i6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHe gave utterance to the aspiration of humanity with an eloquencewhich held the attention of all the earth and made America a new andenlarged influence in the destiny of mankind.' And finally, when wemeet as a University, we cannot forget that Woodrow Wilson was calledto the services of the State from the faculty of a sister University — hewas a fellow citizen in the republic of letters."Two aspects of his career seem by general consent to stand out.In the great crisis when our nation was hesitant and distracted by doubtsand claims which at first threatened to destroy it, he struck a note ofsuch lofty purpose that it elevated and unified the country. When hesaid, 'The right is more precious than peace,' the boys from colleges,the young men from their homes in every walk of life, the wives andmothers were made to hear the voice that came without reply. Theyvolunteered or accepted service as a solemn duty because the largerissues were stated by the President with such compelling power."In the second place, he dared greatly in his hope for a new andbetter world order. That his hopes are not yet fulfilled it is easy tosee, but that is the record and the words of the standard bearer of themodern scientific spirit and method who three hundred years ago calledmen to turn from the unfruitful disputes of the past and make trial of anew method. 'Of ourselves,' said Bacon, 'I say nothing, but for thematter in hand, we desire men to regard it not as an opinion, but as awork to be done, and to hold it for certain that we are not laying thefoundation of any sect or theory, but of that which will profit and dignifymankind.' Moreover, that they should be strong in hope, yet not trustthat the matter can be altogether perfected within the course of one age,but deliberate over to succeeding ages."The man Woodrow Wilson has passed on. The task of creatingand perfecting a world order remains."We should have thought it especially fitting if our colleague,Professor Dodd, the biographer of President Wilson, would have beenable to be with us, as it was at first hoped he might be. We are fortunatet,hat others of our colleagues can interpret for us so well the variousaspects of a life and career which we are here to commemorate."Professor Merriam, of the Department of Political Science, willspeak of Woodrow Wilson as a political philosopher, and as a partyleader."Professor Merriam said:" I have been asked to speak of Woodrow Wilson as a political philosopher, a party leader, and an exponent of democracy.MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 161"Wilson was the most thoroughly trained student of governmentand the most distinguished scholar who ever entered the White Houseas the nation's chief. He was the first president with a distinctivepolitical theory since the days of Thomas Jefferson. His study ofpolitics was literary, however, rather than scientific, more concernedwith dialectics than with discovery. As a political writer and thinkerhe was more interested in life, color, and vividness of expression thanin technical investigation or in measurements and analysis of politicalfacts. This was a source of strength, and also an element of weakness.In his political philosophy he leaned toward the nineteenth centuryrather than the twentieth, the companion of Mill, Bagehot, and even ofBurke in his conception of the theory of things political. As a politicalscientist his work was that of stimulating interest in politics and educatingpublic opinion."As a party leader Wilson was distinctly of the twentieth centuryand of the moment. Where he acquired his astounding facility inpolitics remains a mystery, but the fact is that he was unsurpassed atany time in the art of party leadership. Wilson and Jefferson wereour greatest party leaders. Wilson was master of his most astuteopponents and never suffered serious defeat in his brief eight years,until he encountered the two-thirds rule in the United States Senate.The technique of his party management commanded at all times thesincerest admiration of his bitterest foes."He possessed the qualities of a great political leader — sensitivenessto social and political currents sweeping around him enabling him tojudge of the opportune moment. He had readiness in the inventionof community policies that would lead his people onward or out. Facilityin dramatic expression was his in commanding measure, from his defianceof the New Jersey boss to his personal appearance in Congress and hisentry into Paris."He was possessed of that high courage without which no one canadvance far in politics or war. He risked his political life on many abattle field as he chanced his life in his last tragic struggle for the treatyof Versailles."He was less fortunate in the treatment of conflicting groups, andin the ability to hold together opposing interests in a common cause."Only in personal contacts did he fall short of the equipment of agreat leader. And if he had been as human as Lincoln he might havefailed because his strength would have been so uncanny as to arouseopposition to his very might.l62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"As a party leader the work of Wilson stands as a high achievement,comparable with the success of Gladstone and Lloyd George in England,and of Jefferson and Roosevelt in our own country."Finally, as a leader of democracy the fallen president looked towardthe twenty-first century, and here his place is at once most certain andleast sure. We do not know what the twenty-first century will bringforth."We may rate him as one of the greatest exponents of moderndemocracy, comparable in this respect to Jefferson, Mazzini, Lincoln,and Roosevelt. Many striking figures have emerged in these laterdays— Lenin, Mussolini, Ghandi, and Wilson. Of these the Slav undertook to substitute the reds and the rule of Communism for democracy. The Italian undertook to substitute the black shirts of the Facistifor the rule of democracy. The American president whom we honortoday undertook the championship of democracy at a critical period inits history. The two great tasks of modern democracy are —"The accommodation of conflicting social classes, including the recognition of women and of labor in social and political life. In these fieldsWilson was a distinguished leader. He understood the democratic movement in America and strove to realize its ideals in American life. Hisbitterest foes are those who resented his steady advocacy of governmentby the many instead of government by the few."The establishment of world order and the abolition of war is thenext great task of democracy, and in this field President Wilson wasa valiant leader. He undertook what he conceived to be the war againstwar, and the establishment of a system of world organization which hebelieved would banish the shadow of war from human life. In this heseems to have lost. But, in his own words, 'I would rather lose in acause that will some day win, than win in a cause that will some daylose.' The greatness of an idea is not measured by its reception but byits disposition."The fallen leader needs no overzealous friends to gloss his faultsor gild his granite figure. Like all the sons of man he was imperfect.But heroes are not made to order and we must take them as they are.The slow view of history, long after the eulogies and the execrationshave died away, will give a perspective we cannot possibly have today."We cannot pierce the veil of the future and read the fate of Americaor of the great experiment in democratic fellowship in which we areengaged. But it is clear that leaders of integrity, courage, vision, andcompetence are indispensable to the future of our land. WashingtonMEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 163and Jefferson and Lincoln and Roosevelt and Wilson are great achievements of our nation and of our time. They give the lie to the poisonousplea that only graft and cowardice and narrow vision and the demagogue'sart bring success and honor to individuals, or that self-interest and greedalone bring greatness to a people. They urge the America from whichthey sprung toward loftier heights and finer hopes, and they lead theirworld and their race nearer the goal of intelligently ordered life."Leaders are nothing if they are not the standard bearers of causes,greater than those who carry the standard. Today we bow at the tombof a great leader of men, but through the funereal sadness of the hourwe see that his work and cause go marching on."Vice-President Tufts then introduced Professor Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlin, of the Department of History, who spoke of WoodrowWilson as an internationalist.Professor McLaughlin said:"Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: These are solemn and seriousdays, but not days of gloom; rather days of rejoicing because we havehad a great man with us and he has gone to his long rest, a rest which hehas richly earned and, I have no doubt, a rest that he devoutly longedfor. Through years now of illness and weakness and physical incompetence he has looked faith, fate, and death in the face. And thetragic and pathetic fact of it all is that he died fearing that he hadfailed in a great cause. I do not know anything in history that is soaffecting, certainly among the lives of great men, as this open-eyed,big-hearted service to his fellow-men, and the years of suffering anddiscouragement that followed the effort."My mind has been irresistibly recalled to the first time that I saw,met, and heard Woodrow Wilson, then Professor Wilson at the heightof his mental and physical vigor. I heard him speak, with all thatflashing wit and genial kindly humor. He had some quality of physicalbuoyancy and a contagious spirit that seemed to take hold of one andcarry one along with it to unsuspected heights. To those of us whoknew him in his prime physical weaknesses of his later years have, Isuppose, been especially affecting."I do not think, however, that we have lost or buried the realWoodrow Wilson — his spirit is immortal. If there is anything in religion,if there is anything in democracy, if there is anything in civilization,then the great principles that Woodrow Wilson gave up his life for mustsurvive. He was a great statesman and a great orator. In spite of hisbrilliance, in spite of his uncanny cleverness, he had the power of touching164 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe hearts of the multitude. There was a time when I thought he hadtouched the hearts and reached the inmost minds of the multitudes ofAmerica, but I am not sure that he had. He did reach the hearts andminds of millions upon millions of men in Europe, for they had sufferedas we had not. And his words in the days of 19 17 and 19 18 seemed tothem words of inspiration, more than earthly Words, words that gavethem new hope upon life, new courage to face the sufferings and trialsof the present. He was a great orator, and in rhetorical speech he putforward many fundamental principles which may appear to have failedbut surely will bear fruit; they will continue to be of service to mankindnow that he has gone."I was asked to speak very briefly about his principles in international affairs, and I will in a moment let him speak for himself. Youwill remember that when he came to the presidential chair he inheritedthe old wearisome Mexican trouble, which like poverty is always withus and has been for I don't know how many decades. At the beginningof his administration he laid down certain principles; these principleshe endeavored to carry out during the remaining years of his publicservice. He laid down a principle of dealing with Spanish America,and the principles of his famous Mobile speech of Ocotober, 19 13,are the principles which he endeavored to five up to and to have Americalive up to during the rest of his life. That speech is the heart and centerof a noble theory of international duty."Since 1903 America had been endeavoring to cultivate the goodwill of Spanish America, and to make Central and South Americanstates believe we had no special axe to grind, we had no selfish purpose,we were not their enemies. It was a policy adopted by Roosevelt,Elihu Root, and Taf t. President Wilson took up the policy and carriedit forward; clearly and eloquently he announced doctrines of good will,doctrines of justice and right, of friendliness and peace. His wordsaffected the opinion of South America; the world would have learnedsomething from them if it had listened."'Comprehension,' he says, in speaking of South American states,'must be the soil in which shall grow all the fruits of friendship, becausethere is a reason and a compulsion lying behind all this which are dearerthan anything else to the thoughtful men of America; I mean the development of constitutional liberty in the world. Human rights, nationalintegrity, and opportunity, as against material interests — that, ladiesand gentlemen, is the issue which we now have to face."'I want to take this occasion to say that the United States willnever again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest. She willMEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 165devote herself to showing that she knows how to make honorable andfruitful use of the territory she has. And she must regard it as one ofthe duties of friendship to see that from no quarter are material interestsmade superior to human liberty and national opportunity. I say this,not with a single thought that anyone will gainsay it, but merely to fixin our consciousness what our real relationship with the rest of America is.It is the relationship of a family of mankind devoted to the developmentof true constitutional liberty. We know that that is the soil out of whichthe best enterprise springs. We know that this is a cause which weare making in common with them because we have had to make itfor ourselves " ' This is not America because it is rich. This is not America becauseit has set up for a great population great opportunities of materialprosperity. America is a name which sounds in the ears of man everywhere as a synonym of individual liberty. I would rather belong to apoor nation that was free than to a rich nation that had ceased to be inlove with liberty. But we shall not be poor if we love liberty, becausethe nation that loves liberty truly sets every man free to do his best andbe his best; and that means the release of all the splendid energies of agreat people who think for themselves. A nation of employees cannotbe free any more than a nation of employers can be '"There are no more eloquent words in the English language thanthose words; they contain the philosophy of political righteousness uponwhich he hoped to interpret the Monroe Doctrine in our dealings withthe nations of Central and South America. You notice I emphasized,as I read, the word 'material.' He is contending against the notion thata nation is rich if it has abundant material prosperity. He is declaringthat a nation is rich and powerful and strong and great if it has a greatsoul and spiritual capacity and readiness for great service; that Americadoes not mean materialism but a spirit."The Wilson policy, as he announced it in these early times of hisfirst administration, was to be more than a mere abnegation, a refusal toseize the territory of our neighbors; it rested on the political idea thata nation has a right to shape its own destinies and manage its own affairs,that its progress is a benefit to civilization and not to itself alone; thatweaker nations must feel that they can live in safety beside the big ones;that it is the duty of one nation to help the other and not to crush it;.that capital must make way for the ethics of decent politics and decentinternationalism; that protection may be aided by external capital, butthat economic exploitation — so easily degenerating into plunder — shouldnot be countenanced, above all, not by our government; that economici66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDburdens should be eased rather than augmented and that the basis ofbusiness and peaceful industry is good feeling and morality and not themailed fist or shining armor."It was difficult to carry that policy into practical politics, and I suppose had we been able to do so, we should have had the millenium. Butit was a noble appeal to justice. How trying were the days that passedwhen he was accused of shilly-shallying, of being afraid to take a stronghand with our weaker neighbor ! He was said to indulge in the ' harmless 'occupation of 'watchful waiting.' His policy was ridiculed in the publicpress! Have you read the letters which passed between him and WalterPage? Not only the safety of our soul, if we had one, not merely thematerial wealth of Mexico and South America, but the well-being ofthe world was at stake. It was a matter of supreme importance thatwe should carry out with our neighbors a policy of supreme justice andgood faith. And so he did not waiver. I wonder if any one of us wishesnow that he had waivered ? I wonder if any one of us now wishes thatwe had waged war upon Mexico in obedience to that watchword ofimperialism — civis Romanus sum — the watchword of imperial Rome,the watchword of imperial Britain in her most imperial days, and thewatchword that was being hurled at Wilson during the perilous days of19 1 6 and 19 17 ? He preferred to let the Mexican people find their ownway out, for he knew that if we took upon ourselves the task of whatwas called 'civilizing Mexico' in order to save the American dollar,we should ruin ourselves, and harm the world. Because we had actedrighteously toward Mexico we could enter the world-war with highheads and clean hands."May I touch just upon one or two other of President Wilson'sphrases during those trying days after the European war began ? Thosewords he also used in connection with the policy toward our weakerneighbor at the south. You remember he said, 'There is such a thingas being too proud to fight.' He was ridiculed the world over. I wonderif we are not all ready to believe today that that is possible — that aman may be above fighting, that a man's honor or a nation's honor isnot so tender that one must rush to arms upon the slightest provocation.I wonder if men cannot believe, as Wilson said, that we may be so sureof our integrity, so devoted to what is just, that we are unwilling to flyto arms to defend our position on the old principle of the duello."And then he said, 'Peace without victory.' These words too werereceived with derision. Did men fight, forsooth, in order to be beaten ?Were the nations of the world giving up their sons to death that theyMEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 167might be defeated? But that is not what he said. People didn't readthe message. As usual, they selected a phrase, made a slogan out ofit, distorted its meaning. He didn't say, 'War without victory'; hesaid, ' Peace without victory.' There are very few thoughtful people inthe world that don't agree with that now. What he was asking for wasan unvindictive peace, a peaceful peace, a peace based upon right, justice,and consideration for the conquered, not a malignant peace, not a peacethat was the mother of war, but a peace that would beget peace."Nobody would listen to him, or, more truly, few would listen to him.He went abroad in 19 19 hoping to carry out in the final peace thosedoctrines that he had enunciated. He believed that we understoodhim; he didn't see that we had become the victims of war psychology;he didn't see that only a few had really penetrated to the center of hisworld philosophy; and he didn't have behind him as his defense andprotection even the democracy for which he was sacrificing his life andhealth at that very moment. Perhaps he failed; he had to give up muchif not all else for the League of Nations, hoping that, after all, the Leaguewould cure the defects of the peace. He had to face the old evil-eyedmilitarism, all the reactionary forces of the world, all the intrenchedforces of materialism, all the old diplomatic chicane. He was woundedand he partly fell. The philosophy of the Monroe Doctrine which hepreached in 19 13 when he first came to office, he hoped to establish inthe world at large. He announced this hope before he would consent toour entering the war! He was trying as early as 191 7 to see if the nationsof the world would accept this principle before he sacrificed Americanlife in war." 'Only a peace between equals can last; only a peace the very principle of which is equality and a common participation in a common benefit..... The equality of nations upon which peace must be founded,, if itis to last, must be an equality of rights Right must be based uponthe common strength, not upon the individual strength, of the nationsupon whose concert peace will depend No peace can last orought to last which does not recognize that governments derive all theirjust powers from the consent of the governed, and that no right anywhereexists to hand people about from sovereignty to sovereignty as if theywere property I am proposing, as it were, that the nations shouldwith one accord adopt the doctrine of President Monroe as the doctrineof the world; that no nation should seek to extend its policy over anyother nation or people, but that every people should be left free to determine its own policy, its own way of development, unhindered, unthreat-i68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDened, unafraid, the little along with the great and the powerful Iam proposing that nations henceforth avoid entangling alliances whichwould draw them into competitions of power, catch them in a net ofintrigue and selfish rivalry and disturb their own affairs with influencesintruded from without I am proposing government by the consent of the governed; that freedom of the seas which in internationalconference after conference representatives of the United States haveurged with the eloquence of those who are the convinced disciples ofliberty; and that moderation of armaments which makes of armies andnavies a power for order merely, not an instrument of aggression or ofselfish violence.'"The future success of such noble utterances as these is in the handsof the young men and women now in college and university halls. Thefuture is with you. Will you take the road of materialism and greed andenvy, and suspicion and hatred and war, or the road to kindliness andfriendliness and helpfulness and peace?"Vice-President Tufts introduced the Reverend Charles W. Gilkey,Pastor of the Hyde Park Baptist Church, and a member of the Boardof Trustees of this University, who spoke of the idealism of Wilson.Mr. Gilkey said: >"Not very long ago I stood in a great museum beneath the bust ofa famous man. I looked at it first from one side, then from another,then from yet another. But still it remained, to me at least, just a massof metal, lacking individuality, lacking life. To use the very convenientslang of the hour, 'I couldn't get it,' either as a likeness or even as asuggestion of the great man whom it represented. We have all hadthe same experience before a great picture; it seems only a blur ofpigment, only a confusion of color, until you find just the right pointat which to stand. There was an attendant in the room who doubtless recognized my perplexity and sensed my disappointment, for shecame and took me over to a point where you could see only the sharpprofile. 'Here,' she said, 'is the one place from which to see this best.'With one glance I saw that she was right. There it was — there he was :no longer a mass of metal, but an individuality and a person. I wentaround to the other side of the figure to see if it would appear as well fromexactly the opposite view; but no, there was just that one spot in thewhole room that gave the right point of view for that figure."I suspect that the whole world today is very much in that sameperplexed situation. It pauses for an hour before a mysterious bafflingfigure, of which nevertheless it instinctively feels that here has been oneMEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 169of its greatest men. It does not know from just which angle to lookat him. From almost every angle, at this short and hurried perspective,we are somewhat preplexed and baffled; and yet our hearts tell us thatsomewhere there must be a single spot from which we can already beginto glimpse his greatness. It is fascinating to stop at different pointsof view, each of which has its own enticement and its own plausibility."Where in modern political history, as Professor McLaughlin hasalready suggested, shall we find so dramatic a personal career, with somany tremendous moments, on so vast a stage: his emergence intopublic life from academic life, his entrance into the Presidency, hisrelation to the Great War, those stupendous days at the close of thewar; and then that most dramatic of all, political happenings of ourgeneration, when he who had bestrode the narrow world like a colossusin 19 1 8 was in 1920 a broken, fallen idol? What later Shakespearesand what greater Drinkwaters in generations to come will take thisdramatic career as an inexhaustible subject for their historical dramas ?And what philosophers in decades and generations to come, meditatingon the mystery of human experience, will turn back to the ironic factthat this man who wanted to be a president of peace was driven by circumstances that neither he nor anyone else could control to be a greatwar president; and then, when in one last heroic effort he gathered all hispowers to seek to resume the role that was nearest his heart and to becomeagain a president of peace, found himself baffled and thwarted and brokenby the mysterious forces and destinies that control our strange humanexperience ? And, perhaps, in days that may be even more psychologicalin the future than they are at present, it may be not so much these dramatic elements in his career or these dramatic ironies in which he wasinvolved, as the baffling contradictions and mysteries of his own strangepersonality, that will attract the interest and the exploration of men longafter we are gone."I sat, three years ago, in the suburbs of London, in the library ofone of the keenest Scotchmen I know. As we were discussing theenigma of Wilson's personality, he took down a volume of Bradley'slectures on Shakespeare and began to read his contrast between Greektragedy and Shakespearean tragedy. For the Greeks, the tragic conflictsprang from some inscrutable outer fate, but for Shakespeare it wasrooted in the inner nature of the hero himself: a conflict between theconscience of Macbeth and his ambition; between the jealousy of Othelloand his affection; between the clear insight of Hamlet and his weak will.All alike were truly natures tragically divided against themselves. And170 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthen the shrewd Scotchman added, 'That has long seemed to me theheart of the tragedy of Woodrow Wilson. He has for a long time appearedto me a man whose primary greatnesses have been at critical momentsthwarted by his secondary limitations. What a tragedy it is!'"Through such shadows and such mysteries we are all groping ourway; but I should like simply to suggest that there is one point of viewwhere we may take our stand even today, on this day of his funeral,and begin to glimpse his greatness. We shall do that when we thinkof him as an idealist. Strange, is it not — and how many of the contradictions and the frailties of our human nature are suggested by this veryfact — that the very title which has been hurled at him these long yearsas an epithet is now in every headline and on every platform today hiscrown of glory — 'Idealist.'"The first time I ever saw or heard him I was in a little group ofstudents at Princeton, to whom he uttered two memorable sentences.One was, 'There is no more priggish business in the world than developingone's own character. Character is a by-product developed in service.'Was it ever better said? And from that first sentence of his that Iremember, spoken twenty years ago, to that last one which echoed aroundthe world only a few months ago, there has been the same characteristickeynote. 'Our civilization will never be safe materially until it isredeemed spiritually.' If We are to understand him at all and begin tosense his greatness, it will be when we take our position here, and lookat him as an idealist."It is hardly necessary to remind ourselves that it is too early yet totell where in the company of humanity's great idealists he will finallystand. Neither you nor I, nor any other of our generation, are wiseenough to do that. I do not venture therefore to compare him withany of the great idealists of history; but I do want to remind youof two or three things about all idealists that are of real comfort, ofheartening assurance, and even of triumphant prophecy, on a daylike this."The first is this: that all great idealists are unappreciated, andmost of them are scorned, by their own generation. In the square inRome where Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600, there stands now astatue to his memory on which is the inscription 'Raised to GiordanoBruno by the generation which he foresaw.' And we need not doubt thatadequate honors to Woodrow Wilson will be raised in days to come bythe generations which he foresaw! It was the greatest of idealists whoreminded us that it is part of the age-long tragedy of human life thatMEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 17 1every generation stones its own prophets, while it builds tombs for theprophets whom its fathers stoned."A second thing we must remember is this : that all the great idealistsin human history are remembered and valued, not for their limitations,not for their faults, not even for their failures, but for that somethingthey supply in abundance, without which our spirits starve. It is invery truth 'The bread that comes down from heaven and gives life tothe world.' I suggest no comparisons, but I remind you simply that wedo not disparage Lincoln because he was not an infallible judge of men,because he spent too much time over fourth-class postmasterships,because he was not the greatest of administrators. We do not disparageWashington because he had a quick temper and could swear. We donot disparage Luther because he was wrong about the Peasants' War.We do not care especially about the Corinthian criticism of Paul, thathe was a small man with a slight nervous affliction, nor do we ventureto suggest that something was wrong with Jesus because he never sethimself up to be a successful man of the world and refused to be a judgeor a divider over those who brought legal and economic problems to him.Whatever their failures or their limitations in any of these respects —it is not for those things that we remember them. Nay, those are thethings we quickest forget, and they are forgotten soon enough. Itis rather that faith and hope and love without which human natureis never satisfied, and which these have provided and shared with incredible generosity — it is for this greatest gift and service that we rememberthem."Then, once more, it has always been said of such men that theyare impractical and visionary. It is the same stone which every generation flings at its prophets. Are not men saying it still after nineteencenturies about the Sermon on the Mount and Him who uttered it?But so strange is our human nature, so baffling the mystery and thecontradictions of our human life, that the most virulent newspaper whichhurls these adjectives on its editorial page will, at the top of that samepage, bear as its own date of issue a year reckoned from that ImpracticalVisionary's birth; and the most disillusioned of our own letters, lamenting that meaning has gone out of life, and wondering whether it isworth while any longer to keep it all up, will date itself from that samelandmark of human history."And, lastly, we must remember about all the idealists of history,that the instrument by which they do their work, not only in their owntime but long after they themselves are gone, is that same feeble and172 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprecarious instrument whose apparent futility is always urged againstthem: 'words, words, words.'"How often have you and I heard that said these last ten yearsabout the utterances of this man? Homer had something to say along time ago about "winged words." They fly around the world — andthese did! Shelley too had something to say about such words:"Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike withered leaves, to quicken a new birth!And, by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O, wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind ?So are the words of all great idealists sparks. All around the world theykindle fires, fires of love of liberty and fires of love of peace; and aboutthose fires humanity, still on its long winter march, gathers to warm —not so much its hands as its heart! By these same fires, like successivebeacon lights, it is guided on its age-long journey. And who in our generation ever lighted so many of them ?"I found myself turning today to some verses that you doubtlessall know well; but I wonder if, as I read them, written as they were byArthur O'Shaughnessy fifty years ago, you will not be startled, as I havebeen, by their strange appropriateness to this gathering, and this occasion,and this man."We are the music-makers,And we are the dreamers of dreams,Wandering by lone sea-breakers,And sitting by desolate streams;World-losers and world-forsakers,On whom the pale moon gleams:Yet we are the movers and shakersOf the world forever, it seems."With wonderful deathless dittiesWe build up the world's great cities,And out of a fabulous storyWe fashion an empire's glory:One man with a dream, at pleasure,Shall go forth and conquer a crown;And three with a new song's measureCan trample a kingdom down.MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR FORMER PRESIDENT WILSON 173"We, in the ages lyingIn the buried past of the earth,Built Nineveh with our sighing,And Babel itself in our mirth;And o'erthrew them with prophesyingTo the Old of the New World's worth;For each age is a dream that is dying,Or one that is coming to birth."A breath of our inspirationIs the life of each generation;A wondrous thing of our dreaming,Unearthly, impossible seeming —The soldier, the king, and the peasantAre working together in one,Till our dream shall become their present,And their work in the world be done."They had no vision amazingOf the goodly house they are raising;They had no divine foreshowingOf the land to which they are going:But on one man's soul it hath broken,A light that doth not depart;And his look, or a word he hath spoken.Wrought flame in another man's heart."And therefore to-day is thrillingWith a past day's late fulfilling;And the multitudes are enlistedIn the faith that their fathers resisted,And, scorning the dream of to-morrow,Are bringing to pass, as they may,In the world, for its joy or its sorrow,The dream that was scorned yesterday."But we, with our dreaming and singing,Ceaseless and sorrowless we!The glory about us clingingOf the glorious futures we see,Our souls with high music ringing:O men! it must ever beThat we dwell, in our dreaming and singing,A little apart from ye."For we are afar with the dawningAnd the suns that are not yet high,And out of the infinite morningIntrepid you hear us cry —174 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHow, spite of your human scorning,Once more God's future draws nigh,And already goes forth the warningThat ye of the past must die."Great hail! we cry to the comersFrom the dazzling unknown shore;Bring us hither your sun and your summers,And renew our world as of yore;You shall teach us your song's new numbers;And things that we dreamed not before:Yea, in spite of a dreamer who slumbers,And a singer who sings no more."The service was concluded by the Benediction, pronounced byProfessor Ames:"May the God of all peace and of all wisdom and of all grace be inthe hearts of all the people of this nation and the peoples of this worldevermore to bring about His righteousness and the reign of justice onthe earth, through Jesus Christ, Amen."THE BIONOMICS GREENHOUSESBy ALBERT W. BELLAMYIThe erection of the new Medical School, which is soon to begin onthe blocks just west of Cobb Hall and the Classics Building, will providea magnificent and imposing structure for the western end of the campus,making a fitting continuation of the University buildings overlookingthe Midway, and replacing the more or less unsightly array of greenhouses and Ellis Hall.The activities now housed in the Bionomics and Botany greenhouses,demanding as they do, a structure planned with the idea of utility ratherthan structural beauty, are to find shelter on some other and probablyless conspicuous part of the campus. It appears just now, however,that only the Bionomics Laboratory is to move immediately, since itstands on the site of that unit of the Medical School first to be erected.One of the discussions of a proposed new laboratory to replacethe Bionomics greenhouses brought out the fact that a considerablenumber of the members of the University probably knew very littleabout the Bionomics Laboratory, or at least did not recognize it as animportant part of the Zoological Department. At the suggestion ofDean Gale, this article was prepared to make known the nature of thework going on in the Zoology experimental plant and the relation inwhich it stands to the welfare of the department.In passing, it should be said that the work for which the Universityzoologists are known has been published simply as contributions fromZoology, whether the actual research had been done in the laboratoriesin the Zoology building, at the Marine Laboratory at Woods Hole,Massachusetts, or elsewhere, or in the Bionomics greenhouses — in whicha very considerable part of the present experimental work of the department is being done.nThe term "Bionomics" means literally, "laws of life," and, accordingto present usage, refers particularly to the origin of types, forms, orspecies of animals and plants and the relations in which they stand toone another and to their environments. When first proposed, however,i7S176 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe name was used in a much broader sense to include the relations ofliving things to their environment in general, or, in other words, muchof what is now called "ecology." While somewhat unfortunate as thename of a laboratory, because so little known or used, in this countryat least, even among biologists, it was not wholly inappropriate in theearly days of the laboratory, which was erected primarily to accommodate Professor Tower's experimental studies of evolution in the potatobeetle and related forms. Since these beetles feed on potato and othersolanaceous plants, it was necessary to grow them in large numbers;hence, the original greenhouse construction.Some years ago the growing needs of the Department of Zoology fora specially equipped research laboratory made necessary the removalof other lines of experimental work to the present Bionomics greenhousesand, with the discontinuance of the potato-beetle experiments, it was gradually adapted, as well as a greenhouse can be adapted, to accommodatea more varied type of experimental work. At the present time the experimental work in Sex Research, Ecology, Genetics, and a part of the workin Physiological Zoology find shelter here — with the aid of an occasionalumbrella and other "shelters" when' it is raining, or on cold days whenthere is heavy condensation on the inside of the glass roof and walls,and more or less elaborate protection against dust and dirt when it isnot raining. In addition, the departments of Pathology, Botany,Physiology, Physiological Chemistry, and Bacteriology make continualor occasional use of the special facilities for temperature control availablehere.The difficulties of adapting a greenhouse for general experimentalwork in Zoology, while realized to some extent when the work began,were appreciated fully only as the work progressed and the lack of flexibility and adaptability to the variety of work done in modern departmentsbecame apparent. It has become increasingly clear during the lastfew years that sooner or later a more suitable laboratory would berequired, a modern laboratory constructed somewhat along the linesof the Natural History Building at the University of Michigan, theVivarium at the University of Illinois, or, to take an example closerhome, similar to the new Ricketts Laboratory.The problem of planning and providing for the erection of a newlaboratory suited to the research needs of the department is thereforenot a new one. The plans for the erection of the Medical School on thesite now occupied by our greenhouses have merely made it necessary tosolve, the problem immediately.THE BIONOMICS GREENHOUSES 177IIIThe relation the proposed new experimental laboratory has to thewelfare and progress of work in Zoology can best be indicated by ageneral description of the present Bionomics greenhouses and the workbeing done in them.The Sex Research program being carried out by Professor Lillieand his students, and which is supported, in part, by grants from theNational Research Council, is placed in this laboratory. They areworking on chickens.It is known that in many breeds of poultry the hens, under certainpathological conditions, may assume the feathering, comb, carriage,voice, and behavior of a normal male. There is one case on recordin England of a hen that was the mother of one brood of chicks and, afew years later, the father of another. This change of a hen to a birdthat, in some cases, is hardly distinguishable from a male can be inducedexperimentally and has been done recently on a large scale in the Bionomics Laboratory.These remarkable changes that are being studied, along with therelated problems, are of interest chiefly for the light they throw on somevery old problems concerning the nature, origin, and manner of expressionof those characters that make one individual male and another female,and certain new problems arising out of Professor Lillie's studies of thefreemartin in cattle.Work of this character naturally involves quite an array of coops,outdoor runs, isolation cages, incubators, and brooders. The operatingroom is an important part of the equipment, for here the delicate operations necessary to experiments of this nature are performed under conditions as nearly aseptic as is possible in a greenhouse where dust and dirtfind such ready entrance.The colony of rats and guinea pigs, upon which Dr. Moore is studyingsex-gland transplants and the relation between body temperature andfertility, is housed in dark rooms in the basement of the Zoology building.While it is possible to make progress, as is evidenced by the abundantand very interesting results Dr. Moore has been reporting, some annoyance and delay is experienced in keeping the animals in good breedingconditions in these dark rooms. The more adequate quarters plannedin the new laboratory will be very welcome indeed.About twenty years ago H. S. Jennings suggested that the vagariesobserved in studying the behavior of animals were due to differences178 , THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin their physiological states or individual capacities to react in definiteways to the various stimuli of their environments, but he made noattempt to measure these differences in physiological states, and so,to determine their possible correlation with different types of behavior.Professor Allee began the study of this group of problems while a graduatestudent in the University, and, with his return as a staff member severalseveral years ago, the facilities of the Bionomics greenhouses were gradually adapted, as well as could be, to the prosecution of this work. Atthe present time his investigations center around the study of animalaggregations — the tendency that certain animals show for forming moreor less dense bunches or aggregates, herds, swarms, etc., either naturallyand habitually or under the influence of environmental or other factors,such as the onset of cold weather, e.g., or a change in physiologicalstate such as accompanies the approach of a breeding season.An analysis of the reaction of fishes to water currents is also beingmade by Dr. Grant Smith, a guest of the University.Also the available laboratory facilities are used for a class in experimental animal behavior and for graduate students working in animalecology.These studies on animal aggregations, animal behavior, and generalecology bring into operation quite an interesting display of apparatus.There are respirometers of various kinds and sizes for measuring therate at which animals, both aquatic and air breathing, consume oxygenand produce carbon dioxide; apparatus for the production and regulationof artificial daylight and for the measurement of light intensities; apparatus for studying the behavior of animals in water currents; instrumentsfor measuring and recording the acidity or alkalinity of the water inwhich various animals live; equipment for the study of the behaviorof animals when subjected to different air pressures; and the usualarray of constant temperature incubators for both high and low temperatures, temperature recorders, and so on.In both plants and animals it is known that regions of intense activity,such as the head end in animals and the growing tip in plants, tend todominate, integrate, or control the activities of other regions, and mayeven inhibit certain of them. This controlling influence appears to beof a nervous or transmissive nature even in forms that have no visibleconducting (nerve) paths. If anything happens to block this conductionor disturb sufficiently the equilibrium between dominant and subordinateregions, the latter may become more or less completely independent;THE BIONOMICS GREENHOUSES 179i.e., physiologically isolated, and so give rise to a new individual. Someof the experiments on these and the related problems that ProfessorChild has carried out so successfully were made possible by the construction of special apparatus and the use of the Bionomics equipment.Among other results of more technical than general interest, the resultsserved incidentally to illuminate the fundamental similarity of certainfeatures of plant and animal organization.Also Professor Child, Dr. Hyman, and Dr. Bellamy are makingprofitable use of the Bionomics equipment in the study of the relationsbetween certain dynamic features of animal organization and the electricalcurrents that all living things produce, as well as the behavior of someof the lower aquatic animals when exposed to elctrical currents.One of the intriguing and very old questions that perplex people ingeneral and biologists in particular is the origin of those new charactersin animals and plants that lead to the establishment in nature of newvarieties and, ultimately, new species. The writer of this article, inaddition to his duties as curator of the Bionomics Laboratory, is workingin this field, studying the hereditary behavior and origin of new types ina group of tropical fishes.These fishes, attractive animals nx themselves, make very favorablematerial for the study of such problems, for one reason because of theirgreat variability and for another because distinct genera will cross andproduce fertile hybrids — a very rare occurrence in animals. In two ofthe genera considerable new knowledge has accumulated on the heredityof several color-varieties. Further, several new types of fishes conspicuously different from either of the parent species have appeared in thegeneric hybrids and their offspring, such that, if one came across themin nature, he would very likely describe them as new species.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-SECOND CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Thirty-second Convocation was held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Tuesday, March 18, at 4:00p.m. The Convocation Address, "TheUniversity and National Leadership,"was delivered by William Edward Dodd,Professor of American History. TheConvocation Statement was presented byPresident Ernest DeWitt Burton.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges wasawarded to the following students: JoseMaurinta Aruego, Jeannetta Alice Baldwin, Samuel Berger, Seymour Berkson,Henry Ferdinand Boettcher, Max HilyardBraun, Leonard Cardon, Vivian AdeleClark, Lillian Orton Cox, Solomon RebberEilert, Benedict Seneca Einarson, EdithAdele Fletcher, Bernard Wise Friedman,Arthur Herbert Fritschel, Roger LincolnGoetz, Edith Aileen Heal, Jensen Meredith Hedegarde, George Melvin Johnson,Aubrey Kellner, William Charles Krum-bein, David Lamberg, Howard GersonMeyer, Margaret Josephine Novak,Adah Marie Peirce, Susan Louise Perkins,Eleanor Smith Rice, Daniel Calton Rich,Irvin Richter, Dorothea Rudnick, GeorgePowell Schick, Emily Lillian Sedlacek,John Marshall Stalnaker, Irving Stenn,Henry Philip Weihofen, May Yeoman.The Bachelor's Degree with honors:Frederick Whipple Appel, Foster KingBallard, Rosybell Benton, Louise Boswell,Helen Rees Clifford, Elizabeth CarolineDavis, Ruth Allen Doggett, EdmundHenry Droegemueller, William RussellFredrickson, Thomas Benton Harkins,Leonora Pease, Alice Clara Theresia Peterson, Agnes Squire Potter, Anna LouiseRylander, Aaron Lester Stein, JosephTaymor, Alice Marsh Treat, CharlotteWoods Trout.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges : Frederick Whipple Appel, Zoology; FosterKing Ballard, Chemistry; Joseph BarnesBeach, Law; Rdsybell Benton, Botany and Zoology; Orlin Ernest Bonecutter,Education; Louise Boswell, Geography;Ruth Allen Doggett, Geology; WilliamRussell Fredrickson, Mathematics andPhysics; Thomas Benton Harkins, Chemistry; John Landesco, Sociology; LeonoraPease, English; Alice Clara TheresiaPeterson, Botany; Anna Louise Rylander,English and General Literature; HelenElizabeth Simpson, English.Election of associate members toSigma Xi: Edward Donald Campbell,Orlin Denton Frank, Severin JamesGertken, Constance Endicott Hartt,Elbert Dung Wui Ho, Israel Morris Le-vine, Arnold Leo Lieberman, WilliamJoseph Quick.Election of members to Sigma Xi:Charles Marvin Blackburn, TheodoreElliott Boyd, Malcolm Donaldson Brode,Alexander Eichel Brunschwig, RichardFoster Flint, Alexander John Javois,Barclay Lincoln Jones, Frank BrazzilKelly, Theodore Koppanyi, Edward Larson, Robert Kho Seng Lim, Paul Franklin Morse, John Tennyson Myers, JamesEdward McCarthy, Eugene ThomasMcEnery, Thomas LeRoy McMeekin,J. Frank Pearcy, Pierre Gain Robinson,Hilario Atanacio Roxas, Mac Harper Sey-farth, Rowland Alphred Sheets, ErmaAnita Smith, Nell Elizabeth Stewart, Edward J. Strick, Newton George Thomas,Wilbur Rudolph Tweedy, James MarvinWeller.Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Foster King Ballard (June, 192 1), Elizabeth CarolineDavis (March, 1923), William RussellFredrickson, Ira Freeman, John HobartHoskins, Victor Levine, Amy Claire Root,Helen Josephine Steinhauser, JosephTaymor, Alice Marsh Treat (June, 1923)Harold Rideout Willoughby (WesleyanUniversity, 191 5).Degrees were conferred as follows: TheColleges: the degree of Bachelor of Arts,5; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy,37; the degree of Bachelor of Science, 31;the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in180EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 181Education, 14; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Administration, 16;^ the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Social Service Administration, 2; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 4. The Graduate School of Arts andLiterature: the degree of Master of Arts,13; the degree of Master of Arts in Commerce and Administration, 2; the degreeof Master of Arts in Social Service Administration, 2. The Ogden GraduateSchool of Science: the degree of Masterof Science, 9; the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, 6. The Divinity School: thedegree of Bachelor of Divinity, 3; thedegree of Master of Arts, 4; the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy, 1. The Law School:the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 3; thedegree of Doctor of Law, 8.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, March 16, inthe Reynolds Theater. At 11:00 a.m.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, the Convocation Religious Service was held. Thepreacher was the Reverend Albert ParkerFitch, D.D., New York City. *GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the Winter Quarter were: January 6, Right Reverend James E. Freeman, D.D., Bishopof Washington; January 13, BishopFrancis J. McConnell, D.D.,LL.D.,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; January 20,Bishop McConnell; January 27, Reverend Harry Emerson Fosdick, D.D.,First Presbyterian Church, New YorkCity; February 3, Reverend Miles H.Krumbine, First Lutheran Church, Dayton, Ohio; February 10, Robert E. Speer,D.D., Secretary, Presbyterian Board ofForeign Missions, New York City; February 17, Reverend William S. Abernethy,Calvary Baptist Church, Washington,D.C.; February 24, William H. P.Faunce, D.D., LL.D., President of BrownUniversity; March 2, Reverend HughBlack, D.D., Litt.D., Professor of Practical Theology, Union Theological Seminary, New York City; March 9, ProfessorBlack; and March 16, Reverend AlbertParker Fitch, D.D., New York City.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall on the following dates: January 15, February 12 and 26, and March n. On January 29, a soprano recital was given byClaire Dux, and on March 4, a pianorecital by Guy Maier and Lee Pattison.The University basket-ball team playedfourteen games in the course of the WinterQuarter, from January 3 to March 15, asfollows: Yale at Chicago, 24-21; Purdueat Lafayette, 24-35; Northwestern atEvans ton, 26-18; Butler at Chicago,15-26; Indiana at Chicago, 29-24; Wisconsin at Chicago, 35-18; Iowa at IowaCity, 31-18; Michigan at Chicago, 20-18;Iowa at Chicago, 13-21; Indiana atBloomington, 26-25; Northwestern atChicago, 42-26; Michigan at Ann Arbor,23-24; Purdue at Chicago, 35-21; Wisconsin at Madison, 14-30.President Emeritus Harry Pratt Judson,of the University, has recently been electedpresident of the Chicago chapter of theAmerican Scandinavian Foundation, thepurpose of which is to promote theexchange of scholars between Scandinavian and American universities. President Emeritus Judson has also beenrecently elected president of the PersianSociety of America. It will be recalledthat in 19 1 8 he was director of the American Relief Commission in Persia.Dr. Judson, who has been for a numberof years a member of both the GeneralEducation Board and the RockefellerFoundation, is now engaged in the preparation of a volume on government, whichis expected to be ready shortly for thepublishers.The American Council on Education,of which President Emeritus Harry PrattJudson, of the University, was the firstpresident, and the American UniversityUnion in 'Europe, of which PresidentJudson also was the chairman of theboard of trustees, and Professor AlgernonColeman, of the University, is the presentdirector in Paris, were recently merged ata meeting held in New York City.A life-size portrait in academic gownof Dr. John Merle Coulter, Head ofthe Department of Botany in the University, has just been presented to theUniversity by Austrian scientists andartists in appreciation of the support rendered by American scientists during the182 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtime of the Austrian famine, following theGreat War. Dr. Coulter headed the committee at the University, whose purposeit was to relieve the sufferings of theAustrian middle classes, especially theteachers in universities.The portrait was painted by ProfessorAlois Delug, of the State Academy ofFine Arts in Vienna, who has paintedmany portraits of European statesmenand leaders in science and industry.A Traveling Fellowship worth $1,500,provided by Mrs. Joseph Bond, of Pasadena, California, has been awarded bythe University to Mr. Harold R. Wil-loughby, a graduate of Wesleyan University and a sergeant of artillery in thelate war, who has just passed his Doctor'sexamination at the University with thehighest honors. Mr. Willoughby sails atonce for Palestine and Greece, where hewill spend the spring, and, after visitingGermany and England in the summer,will return to the University in Septemberto take up work as Instructor in the NewTestament Department.The Institute of Lectures organized onthe Harris Foundation at the Universityfor the promotion of a better understanding on the part of American citizens ofother peoples of the world, will be inaugurated at the University on June 25.Among the distinguished lecturers fromEurope who will take part in the SummerQuarter program will be Professor Herbert Krause, of the University of Konigs-burg; Professor Charles de Visscher, ofthe University of Ghent; Sir ValentineChirol, formerly with the British ForeignOfhce; and Professor Ramsay Muir, ofthe University of Manchester. They willdiscuss present conditions and poliicies ofEurope.There will be in addition to the lectures,which will occur every afternoon fromJune 25 to July 18, a conference consisting of these lecturers, resident professorsin the field of foreign relations, localbusiness men, bankers, etc., interested inforeign relations, and, it is hoped, representatives of the State, Navy, War, andother departments at Washington. Thisconference will be under the chairmanshipof some distinguished American and willdiscuss some topic of present Europeanpolitics. Some of its sessions will be open.It is also planned to have an unusuallylarge number of courses in the Summer Quarter dealing with different phases ofthe foreign-relations problem. ProfessorJames Wilford Garner, Head of theDepartment of Political Science, University of Illinois, will give a course in European governments; Mr. Walter S. Rogers,formerly with the State Department,one on "International Communications";Associate Professor Jacob Viner, a coursein international trade; Dean James H.Tufts, in the philosophy of internationalrelations; and Professor Quincy Wright,in international law and diplomacy.The Board of Trustees of the University have renamed the three men's dormitories, hitherto known as South Divinity,Middle Divinity, and North Hall, in honorof three men who have been identifiedwith the development of the Universityin past years. Middle Divinity is to beknown as Gates Hall, in honor of Frederick T. Gates, of Montclair, New Jersey,who was for many years President of theGeneral Education Board. Mr. Gateswas active thirty-five years ago in theestablishment of the University, personally securing from Mr. Rockefeller hisfirst definite pledge of $600,000, andworking with Dr. T. W. Goodspeed inraising the additional $400,000 on whichMr. Rockefeller's gift was conditioned.He was for many years a Trustee of theUniversity, and has been one of its mostinfluential friends.North Hall is to be known as BlakeHall, in honor of E. Nelson Blake, whowas the first President of the Board ofTrustees of the University, and was aleading business man of Chicago for manyyears, being at one time President of theBoard of Trade. Mr. Blake was thefather of Mrs. Herman H. Kohlsaat ofNew York, and Mrs. Potter Palmer ofChicago is his granddaughter.South Divinity Hall is to be known asGoodspeed Hall, in honor of Dr. ThomasW. Goodspeed, who was actively engagedwith Mr. Gates in the establishment ofthe University in Chicago and in interesting Mr. Rockefeller in its foundation,and was for twenty years Secretary of theBoard of Trustees. Since his retirementtwelve years ago, he has written theHistory of the University and a volumeof Biographical Sketches of its principalbenefactors. For nearly fifty years past,he has been in the service, first of theDivinity School, and later of the University.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 183Director Charles Hubbard Judd, of theSchool of Education, spent two weeks inTexas during March in making a specialreport on junior high schools and on thestate adoption of textbooks.The state legislature of Texas hasauthorized a state school survey and hasappointed as one of the members of thecommission a graduate of the University^T. D. Brooks, who received his Master'sdegree in 1920 and his Doctor's in 192 1.Dr. Brooks is Professor of Education inBaylor University. Associate ProfessorC. T. Gray, A.M. 1911, and Ph. D. 1916,now of the University of Texas, is to makea special survey of reading. Director ofExtension T. H. Shelby, A.M. 192 1, andAssociate Professor B. F. Pittenger, Ph.D.1016, both of the University of Texas,will take part in the survey of high schoolsand institutions of higher education.Julius Stieglitz, Ph.D., Professor andChairman of the Department of Chemistry at the University, is rated one of thetwenty-one leading chemists in America,according to a committee of the AmericanChemical Society. Professor Stieglitz hasbeen connected with the Department ofChemistry since the founding of theUniversity. He was recently awardedthe Willard Gibbs Medal by the ChicagoSection of the American Chemical Society,of which he was president in 191 7. Hislatest work has been on a Theory of Colorin Organic Substances. He has done agreat deal of work in molecular rearrangement, and has also been interested in anElectron Theory of Valence. ProfessorStieglitz, who is the author of a very-successful book on Quantitative Analysis,is Vice-President of the division of chemistry in the National Research Council.The University has received fromThomas B. Marston, executor of theestate of Margaret Lawrence, a valuablegift of Illinois Supreme Court Reports forthe Law School Library. The set includes more than three hundred volumes.The Law Library now contains nearly50,000 volumes, including all of the American, English, Irish, Scotch, Canadian,Australian, New Zealand, and higherIndian reports; recent South Africanreports; and nearly all of the session lawsof the American states.The drawing of Mitchell Tower fromHutchinson Court, which appears on the cover of the Alumni pamphlets, is thework of Harry Dodge Jenkins, a Chicagoartist, whose son, Hilger Perry Jenkins,is a recent graduate of the University.The Committee of Award for the JohnBillings Fiske Poetry Prize agreed thatnone of the poems submitted this yearmerited the Prize, and the Prize, therefore, was not awarded. The Committeeconsisted of Professor John M. Manlyof the University, Chairman, ProfessorBliss Perry of Harvard University, andMr. Edwin Arlington Robinson, the distinguished American poet.At the recent University of Chicagodinner in connection with the meeting ofthe Department of Superintendence of theNational Education Association there werefour hundred alumni present, representingthirty- two states. Among the speakerswere President Ernest DeWitt Burton,of the University, President Edward C.Elliott, of Purdue University, Vice-President James Hayden Tufts, of Chicago, Dean William S. Gray, of the College of Education, Dean Gordon J. Laing,of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, and Director Charles Hubbard Judd,of the School of Education.Dr. Frankwood E. Williams, of theNational Committee for Mental Hygienein New York City, lectured in HarperAssembly Room at 8 :oo p.m. on January4. His subject was, "The Present Statusof the Mental Hygiene Movement."Elmer Verner McCollum, Professor ofBio-Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, lectured in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at 8:00 p.m. on January n.The subject of his lecture was, "TheRelation of Diet to Bone and ToothDevelopment and Tooth Preservation."Ethan Theodore Colton, NationalSecretary of the Foreign Department ofthe Young Men's Christian Association,lectured in Harper Assembly Room at4:30 p.m. on January 24. His subjectwas, "What I Saw in Russia."Conyers Read, non-resident Professorof History in the University, delivered aseries of lectures in Harper AssemblyRoom at 4:30 p.m. on February 5, 6, and7, on "Elizabethan England."Professor Clarence Ward, of OberlinCollege, delivered an illustrated lecture184 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin Harper Assembly Room at 8:15 p.m.on February 13, on "The Charm of theFrench Cathedrals." This lecture wasgiven under the auspices of the Renaissance Society.Brigadier-General Sir Percy Sykes,Gold Medalist of the Royal GeographicalSociety, delivered an illustrated lecturein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at 8:15p.m. on February 18. His subject was,"Persia: The Land and the People."Sherwood Eddy lectured in LeonMandel Assembly Hall at 4:30 p.m. onFebruary 20, on "The Implications ofthe Present World Situation." and againin the evening at 8:00 p.m., on "TheSpiritual Renaissance." These lectureswere given under the auspices of theYoung Men's Christian Association.Dr. Ludwig Stein, of Berlin, lectured inHarper Assembly Room at 4:30 p.m. onFebruary 20. His subject was, "ThePhilosophical Situation in Germany."Robert Morss Lovett, Professor of English in the University, delivered a lecturein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at 8:15p.m. on March 6. His subject was, "Liberalism: Past and Present."Louise Wallace Hackney, of the National Arts Club of New York City,delivered an illustrated lecture in HarperAssembly Room at 8:15 p.m. on March 12,on " Chinese Art and Life." This lecturewas given under the auspices of the Renaissance Society.The William Vaughn Moody lecturesdelivered at the University during theWinter Quarter were:"The Will to Romance in Contemporary Life and Literature," by RichardLe Gallienne, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall at 8:15 p.m. on January 24."Literature and Morality," by Raymond Macdonald Alden, Professor ofEnglish in Stanford University, in HarperAssembly Room at 4:30 p.m. on January30 and 31.Director James Henry Breasted, ofthe Oriental Institute of the University,who interpreted the royal seals on thedoors of Tutenkhamon's tomb when itwas discovered, was also present at theopening of the great sarcophagus in Luxoron February 12, when the golden mummycase of the Pharaoh was found — a dis covery that ranks as perhaps the greatestin the history of Egyptology.The fact that the body of the famousEgyptian king doubtless rests within themummy case is made all the moreinteresting because through DirectorBreasted's translation of the royal sealsit was rightly inferred that the archaeologists were dealing with the tomb ofTutenkhamon, and not merely with acache containing his mortuary furniture.Over one hundred fellowships have justbeen awarded at the University for theyear 1924-25. Of the whole numberawarded, twenty-six are assigned towomen.Sixty different educational institutionsare represented by the recipients of thefellowships, including the University ofLondon; Oxford and Cambridge universities; Queen's University, Canada; Manchester - College; the universities ofSaskatchewan, Manitoba, and Toronto;the American University of Beirut; andthe University of the Philippines.Of the whole number of successfulapplicants, forty-two have already received the Master's degree.Professor Paul Shorey, Head of theDepartment of the Greek Language andLiterature at the University, who sailedon the "Olympic" March 22 for Belgium,will give a series of lectures at the Belgianuniversities on Plato and Aristotle. Onepublic lecture will be given at the Fonda-tion Universitaire in Brussels on "LePlatonisme dans la Litterature Franchise" and four lectures on "L'Evolutiond'Aristote" to be repeated at each of thefour universities of Brussels, Louvain,Liege, and Ghent. Professor Shoreywill return to Chicago about July 25 togive courses in the Second Term of theSummer Quarter.Two inquiries from Doctors of Philosophy abroad have come for postgraduatework in chemistry at the University underthe direction of Professor Julius Stieglitz,Chairman of the Department. One ofthe applicants is Dr. Raymond Breckpot,who received his Doctorate of Science atthe University of Louvain and haspublished two research papers. Thesecond applicant is Dr. Ram Prasad,a Doctor of Philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whois spending the current year at the University of Berlin. Both applicants, asEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 185Doctors of Philosophy, have been grantedthe privileges of guests of the University.In reponse to a recent inquiry regardinghis views on war, President ErnestDeWitt Burton, of the University, madethis statement:"I am strongly opposed to war;absolutely opposed to any war of aggression, and wholly convinced that theAmerican people should plan in everyway possible to avoid the necessity oftaking up arms even against a nationwhich may be doing or threatening to dous an injustice. I believe that all of usin America should set ourselves to cultivate that friendly interest in other peoplesand that readiness to endure rather thanto inflict wrong which will tend to exterminate the war spirit. But to theproposal made by some that we shouldpledge ourselves never under any circumstances nor in the face of any dangerto ourselves, or to others, or to civilization, to resist aggression with force, I amquite unable to give assent. I earnestlyhope that the time may never come whenwe shall have to use force against anyorganized body of our own citizens orany other nation but I believe we muststill by a policy of moderate preparednesshold ourselves in readiness to take uparms, if despite our best endeavors toavoid it this is nevertheless necessary."The University has always stood forfreedom of thought and inquiry. Itdeprecates the creation of organizedpartisan groups, especially on the groundthat this is unfavorable to that calmnessof thinking and discussion which isrequisite to rational decision."The attendance at the University forthe Winter Quarter just concluded showsan increase of 399 over the attendancefor the same quarter last year. Thetotal attendance in the Winter Quarterof 1923 was 6,177, and in 1924, 6,576.Dr. Julius Stieglitz, Chairman of theDepartment of Chemistry at the University, has been invited to give theDohme Memorial Lectures on the "Relation of Chemistry to Progress in Medicine," at the Johns Hopkins UniversityMedical School, in May. This is thesecond year the lectures have been given.Professor Algernon Coleman, of theRomance Language Department, at theUniversity, who is serving this year as Head of the American University Unionin Paris, has recently written to DeanWilkins, as follows, in reply to an inquirymade on behalf of some students whowere thinking of going to France nextyear with the expectation of earningpart of their expenses :"Your inquiry about the employmentopportunities available for students inParis reached me here today on ourarrival from Rome and Siena."It is safest to say that no persons withfunds insufficient to carry them throughtheir stay over here should come toEurope. A few people do get employment. The Union has been able occasionally to make such connections, andit might be that a well-organized studentemployment bureau in Paris would beable to open up a good many more things.But I have known of too many fellowswho have hunted for weeks and foundnothing in Paris to encourage anyoneto think that work is to be had. Furthermore, the rate of pay is usually quitesmall when considered in American terms,unless a man has something unusual tooffer. The Union always says: Don'tcome over unless you have enough moneyto live on — and that is sound advice asfar as I have been able to form anyjudgment."An American translation of the OldTestament, to be published by the University of Chicago Press, has been authorizedby the University Board of Trustees.The editorship of this translation hasbeen intrusted to Dr. J. M. PowisSmith, Professor of Old TestamentLanguage and Literature in the University, who has secured the co-operation inthe work of translation of three otherscholars; viz., Professor Alexander R.Gordon, of McGill University, Montreal,Canada; Professor Theophile J. Meek,of the University of Toronto; andProfessor Leroy Waterman, of the University of Michigan."A journey in the steerage should beone of the first subjects of study forAmerican students of immigration,"says Professor Edith Abbott, the newDean of the Graduate School of SocialService Administration at the University.With this experience in mind Dean Abbotthas assembled in her new volume onImmigration, published by the Universityof Chicago Press, laws, reports from or-i86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDganizations and individuals, and a remarkable set of social case records.; Typicaldocuments of the attempted regulationof steerage conditions tell the story ofearly emigrant ships from 1751 to 1882,and reports from our modern commissionsshow the conditions of the twentieth-century journey.The admission, exclusion, and expulsionof aliens are dealt with in the second partof the book, and domestic immigrationproblems in the third.This collection of material will make itpossible for large numbers of students touse conveniently an important series ofdocuments heretofore accessible to onlya few, and will, for the first time, makeavailable a body of unpublished caserecords of great significance in the fieldof immigration.As the first fruit of recent archaeologicaldiscoveries in the Near East by DirectorJames Henry Breasted, of the OrientalInstitute of the University, there has justbeen issued from the University of Chicago Press, in handsome format, the firstvolume of the Oriental Institute Publications, under the title of Oriental Forerunners of Byzantine Painting.The first-century wall paintings pictured and described in the book, with anintroduction by the famous Belgianarchaeologist, Franz Cumont, were uncovered during the excavation of amachine-gun position in the enormousRoman stronghold of §alihiyah occupiedby the British as their farthest outposton the Euphrates, some three hundredmiles from Baghdad. The value of thevolume is unexpectedly increased by thefact that the most important of the wallpaintings has since been so seriouslydamaged by the Arabs that this recordis now the chief source of our knowledgeof it. The record itself, made by Director Breasted under the protection of theBritish Indian troops who were just withdrawing from the region, represents buta single day's field work of the expedition.Students of art and history will findin the volume, which is illustrated withtwenty-three plates (four of them incolor printed in France), two maps, and fifty-eight figures in the text, a new vistaleading back from Byzantine art to anearlier oriental background.The University Press has just publishedan illustrated volume of the studies invisual education which were made undera grant from the Commonwealth Fund.The studies were under the direction ofDr. Frank N. Freeman, Professor of Educational Psychology, and were contributed to by twelve other individuals.Among these were several who have beenconnected with the University as graduates or students. F. Dean McCluskey,A.M. '20, Ph.D. '22, Associate in Education at the University of Illinois, had alarge share in the investigation and usedpart of his experiments as his Doctor'sthesis. Miss Carolyn Hoefer, A.M. '18,research worker with the ElizabethMcCormick Fund of Chicago, with MissEdna Keith, a former student and kindergarten-primary supervisor at Joliet, Illinois, conducted the study of the use ofmotion pictures in health education. Mr.Howard Y. McClusky, who is a candidatefor his Doctor's degree in education, wasassociated in several of the experiments.Mr. A. P. Hollis, of the DeVry Corporation and a former graduate student, alsoparticipated. Mr. David E. Walker,Assistant Superintendent of Schools inEvanston and a former graduate studentin the Department, collaborated in thestudy of the use of the motion-picturefilm in teaching handwriting.The report includes thirteen individual studies. Experiments were conducted in public schools of seven citiesand in two university schools. In general the purpose was to compare theeffectiveness of various visual methodssuch as slides, stereographs, charts, maps,pictures, and other demonstrations andto measure the effectiveness of oral presentation either alone or in associationwith these. A further aim was to discover which methods are most suitablefor the various kinds of subject-matter.Particular emphasis was laid upon thestudy of motion pictures because of theprominence they are assuming in present-day education.ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 19241924 1923Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts, Literature 278358 253103 53i461 275338 199113 47445i 5710Science Total 63655875632 35649750634 9921,0551,26266 61358874858 31250650437 9251,0941,25295 67102. The Colleges-Senior 39Junior Unclassified 29Total i>3461,982in235 1,0371,3931471 2,3833,375125936 1,3942,007124734 1,0471,3593i310 2,4413,3661551044 9 58Total Arts, Literature, andScience ; .II. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate 30Unclassified Chicago Theological 8Total 14812251 222210 17014461 1659970 442810 20912780 17 39*2. Medical Courses —Graduate Senior 19Junior Unclassified 8 8 6 6 2Total 1811417798 3262 2131477998 17512878991 38631 2131348110013. Law School —Graduate 13*Senior ". Candidates for LL.B Unclassified Total 31628361501976 8227418216 3242554016821812 306203918225022 1021852239 3162384420428922 8174. College of Education 5. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate Senior 3671Junior Unclassified Total 38962 492715 4383317 49385 661822 5592627 76. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Undergraduate 10Total 81,0703,052259 423801,77336 501,4504,825295 131,1723,179277 404161,77539 531,5884,954316 3138129Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplication Net Totals in Quadrangles . 2,793 1,737 4,530 2,902 1,736 4,638 108-University College 5oi 1,583 2,084 366 1,254 1,620 464Total 3,29420 3,32018 6,61438 3,26844 2,99037 6,25881 356Deduct for Duplication Net Total in the University 3,274 3,302 6,576 3,224 2,953 6,177 399187i88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1924GraduateArts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Medical Courses Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration Total .Duplicates.Net Total in Quadrangles.University College Total .Duplicates .Net Total in the University.Grand Total 9921591441474033i,5iS1511,3644611,82541,8216,576* Unclassified students.WILLIAM E. DEVERMayor of Chicago