The University RecordVolume X JANUARY I 924 Ntjmber 1THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1There are few men in our Faculty, or in any other, more fitted torender such a service as Professor Small has rendered us today by hisaddress to the graduates. Years of service as a student of humansociety, as a teacher of young people, and as an educational administrator have left him not cynical or sour, but kindly, sympathetic, andhopeful. To my beloved friend and colleague, I return on my behalfand yours hearty thanks. I am sure I could not have done the graduatesof today a greater kindness than to add to their memories of thismemorable day this address and this personality.Since we last met in University Convocation, Mr. Willard A. Smith,for almost thirty years a member of the Board of Trustees of this University, has passed away. Mr. Smith was born in Wisconsin, September20, 1849, was graduated from Shurtleff College in 1869, and became aresident of Chicago in 1874, where he resided till his death, November 29,1923. Mr. Smith was for nearly fifty years the editor and proprietor ofthe Railway Review. He became a member of the Board of Trusteesof the University in 1894, when the University had far less funds, andin some respects more difficult problems than now. Ill health compelledhis resignation June 14, 1923. During the three decades in which heserved on the Board he gave his time and thought to the Universitywithout reserve, and served it efficiently in many ways. He will beremembered among the men of the early days to whose devotion to itsinterests the University owes its present strength and stability.1 Read at the One Hundred Thirty-first Convocation in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, December 18, 1923.12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWe all regret the absence of Mr. Heckman today. Though attendance at Convocation was not for him nominated in the bond, his interestin every phase of the University's life, intellectual as well as financial,has led him often to be present. Detained today by an illness whichhas confined him to his hospital bed for some weeks, I am sure you willall join me in the hearty wish that he may soon be with us again with hiswonted vigor and sympathy and courtesy.I am authorized by the members of the Board of Trustees to makeofficial announcement at this Convocation of the election of three members of the Board during this quarter, they being Mr. Charles F. Axelson,Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, Jr., and Mr. Robert P. Lamont.Mr. Axelson is an alumnus of this University, is in the insurancebusiness, a member of the Baptist Church, and so well known to theUniversity and the community that further comment is unnecessary.Mr. Ryerson is an alumnus of Sheffield Scientific School of YaleUniversity and a grandson of Joseph T. Ryerson, one of the pioneers ofChicago. He is vice-president of the firm which still bears his grandfather's name, a member of the Episcopal Church, and, because of hiscivic and philanthropic interest, is recognized as one of the outstandingsocially minded young men of the city.Mr. Lamont, elected today, is a graduate of the University of Michigan and is president of the American Steel Foundries Company. Mr.Lamont's first recognition in Chicago was as one of the engineers in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition, which you remember grewup alongside the University. Mr. Lamont is a well-known man of affairsin Chicago, a member of the Episcopal Church, of many prominent clubs,and a director of the First National Bank and other large corporations.Each of these men in his own way brings an accession of strengthto the Board.The most outstanding event in the history of the University for thesquarter just closing has been the progress that has been made in thedevelopment of the Medical School. For a long time that progress hadbeen delayed by the lack of a professor of medicine who could speak forthat important department of a medical school in matters of organizationof the school and buildings. Without him we were like a perfectly goodautomobile, whose only defect was that it had only three wheels andtherefore could not go at all. In the month of October, after long andcareful study of the matter, the Board of Trustees elected ProfessorFranklin Chambers McLean to a Professorship of Medicine, whichDr. McLean accepted. He entered upon his duties without delay.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 3Dr. McLean is one of our own Alumni, having been graduated fromthe University in 1908 and from Rush Medical College in 1910. Hereceived the degree of Master of Science in 1913 and that of Doctor ofPhilosophy in 191 5. His subsequent professorial record is a notableone. He served in the hospital of the Rockefeller Institute in NewYork City as assistant resident physician from 19 14 to 1916. In 1916he was appointed director of the Peking Union Medical College andprofessor of medicine in that institution, which was about to be established by the Rockefeller Foundation. Dr. McLean took a leadingpart in the planning of that college, with its elaborate system of hospitalsand schools. In 1918 he was ordered overseas with the rank of captain.Subsequently he was appointed senior consultant in medicine for theAmerican Expeditionary Force with the rank of major. In addition toJiis connection with the Peking Union Medical College, which has continued since 19 18, Dr. McLean's professional experience includes serviceon the Faculty of the University, the staff of the Cook County Hospital, the medical school of the University of Oregon, the University ofGratz in Austria, and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.The coming of Dr. McLean has made it possible to create arepresentative Committee of the Faculty on the Organization andDevelopment of the Medical School, and this Committee is now diligentlyat work preparing plans for the new hospital and associated buildingswhich it is expected will be built between Ellis and Drexel avenues andbetween Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets.Another event of great importance to the Medical School has occurredwithin the quarter. When in 1917 the General Education Board andthe Rockefeller Foundation each pledged $1,000,000 to the Universityof Chicago for the further endowment of its medical work, these pledgeswere conditional on the fulfilment of certain requirements which of necessity required a certain amount of time for their realization. Thelast of these conditions having been met within the last sixty days,these two corporations have each paid into the treasury of the University the sum of $1,000,000. This sum of $2,000,000 must, underthe conditions of the gift, be held perpetually for endowment of medicalwork.With the receipt of these gifts we have passed the first mile-poston the way to the full development of our Medical School. The entire$5,300,000 pledged in 19 16-17 nas now t>een Pa^ m- But w^ costsof building what they now are, and with no prospect of a reduction inthose costs, and with the other necesssities what we now recognize them4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto be, it is clear to us that, not to achieve our ultimate goal in medicaleducation, but to do effectively what we had in mind in 1916, will callfor not less than $6,000,000 additional to the fund now in hand. Of thissum we must look to Chicago for a large part.In 1920 President Judson announced that the University needed$10,000,000. The needs then enumerated are for the most part stillneeds; the $6,000,000 above named are an addition to them.The Board of Trustees, convinced that the University ought to beand is facing a period, not of expansion in the sense of marked increasein numbers either of students or departments, but in that of strengtheningthe work in which we are already engaged, and that in this period thereshould be a somewhat more closely co-ordinated administrative organization than has hitherto existed, has recently decided to associate withthe President of the University two vice-presidents, one to have specialresponsibility in respect to educational matters, and the other in respectto financial matters. For the first of these responsibilities the Board hasselected Professor James H. Tufts, who will therefore hereafter be knownas Vice-President and Dean of Faculties. Professor Tufts's thoroughfamiliarity with educational problems and the underlying questionsof psychology, history, and philosophy, together with his eminentfairness of mind, his administrative ability, and his capacity for hardwork, make him pre-eminently well fitted for this position, and hisappointment to it will, I am sure, give as great satisfaction to his colleagues on the Faculty as his acceptance of it has to the Trustees.Closely following upon the election of Professor Tufts to his officehas followed another appointment and acceptance on which the University is equally to be congratulated. Mr. Trevor Arnett is an alumnusof the University, having received his Bachelor's degree in 1898. Whilestill an undergraduate his extraordinary ability in financial matterswas discovered through his employment in the office of Major Rust,then the Business Manager. His advancement was rapid, and he becameAuditor of the University in 190 1.In 1920 the University consented to share his services with the GeneralEducation Board, and in 192 1 he resigned his place as Auditor of theUniversity to give his whole time to the General Education Board asone of its secretaries. Four years in the service of that Board, inthe course of which he has made exhaustive studies of many educationalinstitutions and situations, added to his long experience at the University,have made Mr. Arnett one of the leading educational experts of thecountry, well known from coast to coast. Meantime the UniversityTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 5has never lost sight of him, he having served for several years on itsBoard of Trustees. What we lost we have wished to regain, and afterprolonged negotiations, in connection with which extraordinarily stronginducements to remain in New York were offered him, Mr. Arnett hasvery recently accepted the call of the University to become Vice-Presidentand Business Manager. He will enter the service of the Universityin the spring as soon as he can be released from New York, and willbecome Business Manager upon Mr. Heckman' s release from duty,which, having reached the age of retirement, he has requested shouldtake place not later than June 30, 1924.At the urgent request of Director Judd, of the School of Education,that the School should have the benefit of Mr. Arnett's unusual knowledgeof educational problems, he will have the rank of Professor of EducationalAdministration in the Department of Education, though his arduousduties in the administration of the business affairs of the Universitywill leave him but little time for classroom instruction.The coming of Mr. Arnett to the University is not only a cause ofmuch rejoicing on the part of his friends here, who will welcome him forhis lovable personal qualities and his unusual executive abilities, but issignificant also as a new departure in University administration. It isthe conviction of more than one of those who have been concerned withMr. Arnett's return that there ought to be in universities in generala closer co-ordination between the work of those who are chiefly concernedwith the educational, and that of those who are chiefly occupied withthe business, administration. They have also thought that we were peculiarly well situated to take a forward step in this matter. Mr. Heckman' sconstant and intelligent concern for the educational interests of theUniversity and the similar attitude of the Trustees have largely doneaway with the traditional division of interest between Faculty andTrustees and between educational and business administration. Mr.Arnett's combination of business ability and thorough familiarity withthe educational affairs of colleges and universities, together with hispersonal qualities, furnish the conditions most favorable for an administration in which all questions of finance shall be viewed in the light ofintimate knowledge of and sympathy with the educational policies,ideals, and purposes of the University, and all plans for future development may be worked out with the full co-operation from the beginningof educational and financial officers.We welcome to our roster of officers Vice-President Tufts and Vice-President Arnett.6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWe have talked a great deal in recent months about the researchthat is going on in the University. Yet I doubt if many of us appreciatejust how much we are doing, or how wide is the range of our investigativework.We have also talked much about Institutes of Research within theUniversity. Yet I suspect that a very small proportion of our ownFaculty are aware that one such Institute is now in the midst of its fifthyear of existence, is engaged in a task in respect to which it is almostthe only research agency in the world, and in which it has already madenotable progress. I refer to the Oriental Institute, of which ProfessorJames H. Breasted is Director. Because no one else could make sothoroughly satisfactory a report of the work of the Institute, ProfessorBreasted has at my request prepared the following statement of itspurpose and scope.In the history of the universe the appearance of life on the earth marks the beginning of an epoch of transcendent interest. Beginning with its lowliest forms, thepaleontologists have traced that unfolding life as it pushed upward stage by stage,always rising until it culminated in man. But stopping there at the appearance ofphysical man, at a point when he was little better than his animal predecessors, theinvestigations of the paleontologists follow the development no farther. A vast gapensues — a gap in which a few prehistoric archaeologists grope here and there. Ageslater in the development, on the hither side of the gap, the historians take up the storyof man. Without so much as a wave of the hand at the paleontologist standing faraway on the other side of the tremendous chasm, our historians turn their backs on it,and unconsciously beginning their study of the career of man with a thousandunanswered questions, almost as if civilized society had dropped ready-made from theskies, they give little or no thought to the mysteries and problems of human origins.As a matter of fact the most fundamental acquisitions in the long process which hasmade man what he is were made in the neglected gap which lies between the paleontologist and the historian.It is already obvious that this tremendous transformation took place in the ancientOrient — the Near East. The prehistoric hunter of northeastern Africa, whose desire forself-expression was quite satisfied to ply the flint graving tool in carving symmetricallines of game beasts along the ivory handle of a stone dagger, was transformed by fiftycenturies of social evolution into a royal architect launching great bodies of organizedcraftsmen upon the quarries of the Nile cliffs, and summoning thence stately andrhythmic colonnades, imposing temples, and a vast rampart of pyramids, the greatesttombs ever erected by the hand of man. Such outward, often purely material, manifestations of advancing social and governmental organization, with which man'sunfolding inner life kept even pace, furnish the unwritten evidence by which the orientalist must trace the successive transitions which have lifted man from savagery to civilization. But with the increase of written documents after 2000 B.C., the story gainsenormously in content, fulness, and detail.Out of these sources, written and unwritten, still surviving in the ancient lands ofthe Near East, the story must be recovered, and the orientalist is the only modernTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 7investigator who is equipped to accomplish the task. It is a realization of this factwhich has resulted in the organization of the Oriental Institute in the University ofChicago. The Institute furnishes the means, financial and otherwise, the materialsand the opportunities which make it possible to mobilize the Department of OrientalLanguages as a research organization, while its staff still continues to serve the University as a teaching organization.Geographically the task of the Institute includes chiefly the lands of the NearEast from Persia westward to the Aegean and the Nile. Chronologically its work beginswith the remote ages of geological time and follows man till the rise of civilized nationsin Europe, though it does not stop there. Its methods must be those of the cosmopolitan student of man, who is alike historian, anthropologist, ethnologist, archaeologist, comparative religionist, versed in art and literature, and at the same timephilologist enough to be acquainted both with the classical and the leading orientallanguages of antiquity. Its subject-matter already suggested by the above list must alsoinclude everything which conditions the life and development of man in the realms ofgeology and mineralogy, zoology and botany, climatology and economic geography.The research projects which it has already begun range widely through thesefields. Time permits the mention of only two. Under the efficient direction of Professor Luckenbill the Assyrian Dictionary staff already has 300.000 cards in its alphabetic files. It will not only eventually furnish us the first exhaustively documentedand grounded dictionary for understanding the ancient documents of Western Asia,but it will also disclose a greater chapter in the history and development of humanspeech.The Coffin Text staff, which includes such men as Dr. Alan H. Gardiner, theleading British Egyptologist, is engaged in recovering the remote and little-knownancestry of the Egyptian Book of the Dead. These documents reveal the early stagesof man's ethical development and his dawning discernment of inner values — a fundamental human conquest preserved only in these documents and recoverable nowhereelse. Alongside this progress in the moral realm went the growing discernment of theproblems of the physical universe. In the Edwin Smith Medical Papyrus, entrustedto the Institute for publication, we have the earliest document in the history of science.With the similar purpose of illustrating the wide scope of our investigative work, I asked Dean Henry G. Gale to give me a statement forthe lay mind of the experiments which he and Professor Michelson havein hand for testing the relativity theory of Professor Einstein. Withcharacteristic modesty he has reduced his report of his own experimentto eight lines and added seven pages on the researches of his colleaguesin Physics. I hope the whole report may be printed elsewhere, butbecause of the extremely technical nature of most of these researches,I will read only Mr. Gale's statement of the experiment which he andMr. Michelson are making, adding only that it is itself a significantfact that the men whose researches Mr. Gale reports are over thirty innumber.Messrs. Michelson and Gale have completed preliminary tests on their ether driftexperiment which was designed to ascertain whether or not a beam of light traveling8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin a closed circuit on the earth's surface experiences a drag as a result of the earth'srotation. The preliminary experiments have shown that the difficulties of the measurement can be surmounted, and work is under way in preparation for the final experiment^which will be carried out in the spring.Taken with the statement of the work going on in the OrientalInstitute in Haskell, this statement of Mr. Gale and the long fists ofother researches going on in Ryerson still further illustrate both thewide range of the work we are doing and the essential kindredness ofthese researches. Both seek to fill gaps in our knowledge of the evolutionary process.To illustrate in another direction the breadth and scope of our work,I wish to cite an example of work having an immediate human interestbecause bearing directly on present-day, human welfare.Dr. Maximow, of the Department of Anatomy, is pursuing at thepresent time a series of experiments on tissue cultures. This methodof tissue culture consists in observation of minute fragments of livingtissue growing outside of the body in a drop of nutritive liquid in a glassreceptable under various conditions. One is thus enabled to elucidatemany fundamental facts concerning the structure and the functions ofliving substance. A paper recently finished and now in press dealswith the transformations of small particles of mammalian embryoswhile under cultivation. The laws, dominating the normal developmentof the embryo, are usually not easily deciphered through simple observation; under the conditions prevailing in a tissue culture they becomeclearly manifest in many cases. Besides, many hidden, latent qualitiesof various embryonic parts, the so-called prospective potencies, invisiblein normal development, also can be revealed. Small fragments of veryyoung embryos prove to be capable of a kind of independent existenceas individuals and can be kept alive for a long time. Another series ofexperiments is being conducted by Professor Maximow pertaining to theproblem of the inter-relationship between the tuberculosis bacilli and theliving cells of the adult mammalian organism. By inoculating tissue, growing outside the body under artificial conditions, with tuberculosis bacilli, itwas possible to create in glass containers the exact duplication of the tuberculous process, as evolved in the disease — typical epithelioid and giantcells, assembled in nodules, corresponding to the so-called tubercles,and with the same ultimate fate, caseous degeneration. This artificialtuberculosis may considerably facilitate further investigation on thereactions of the organism to the tuberculous virus and on the influenceof various chemical and physical agents on the course of the infection.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT gThese are of course but a few examples of which literally scores moremight be given, illustrating the wide range and diversified characterof the research work of the University.Before I leave the subject may I call attention to another interestingphase of our work, viz., the extent to which organizations and individualsoutside the University are co-operating with us in it by contribution ofmoney to the maintenance of it.For research work now going on at the University, the followingorganizations and persons are making contributions, for the most partwith assurance that they will contribute annually for a period of years.i. The E. I. Dupont de Nemours Company:Fellowship in Chemistry.2. Gypsum Industries Association:Two fellowships and $300 for expenses in Botany.3. National Research Council:Fellowships in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, fellows appointed for six years,4. National Tuberculosis Association:Contribution for research.5. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company:Appropriation for study of respiratory diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.6. National Canners' Association:Fund for investigation of Food Poisoning.7. Arthur H. Lowenstein, through the Institute of American Meat Packers:Fellowship for investigation of Bacteriology of Meat Products.8. The National Academy of Sciences:For research work in Chemistry.9. American Association for the Advancement of Sciences:For research in Chemistry.10. Institute, of Economics:Two fellowships, supported in part also by the University.11. Mr. Marshall Field:Fellowship in Political Economy.12. Mr. Harold H. Swift:Fellowship in Political Economy.13. Wieboldt Foundation:Scholarships in School of Social Service Administration.14. Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial:Appropriation for an investigation to test the possibility of further sociological research, using the city of Chicago as a Laboratory.15. Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial:Grant for the preparation of materials for instruction in Commerce andAdministration.16. The Commonwealth Fund:For the continuation of research in "Business Texts for Secondary Schools."17. The Commonwealth Fund:For a study in methods of teaching Arithmetic.IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORD18. Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.:For the work of the Oriental Institute.19. Mr. William Wrigley, Jr.:For the Santa Catalina Astronomical Expedition.The total amount of these gifts for research available within thecurrent year is $145,550.Not strictly within the class of annual grants but of similar effectis the income from the fund of $200,000 provided by the will of Mr.Seymour Coman for scientific research with special reference to preventive medicine, and the cause, prevention, and cure of diseases. Theincome from this fund is available this year for the first time.Of course these statements cover by no means all the researchwork that is going on in the University. Individual professors inpractically every department are carrying on studies in a great varietyof fields. Of essentially the same character, also, though somewhat lessformal in method, but of possibly even greater significance to the futureof the University, are the studies which are in progress in reference toour own internal life, some of which were mentioned in the ConvocationStatement of last June. The report of the Library Commission is nearingcompletion. The Housing Commission has its work well under way.The Commission for the Study of the Colleges has made a good beginning.In connection with the two last named, Professor Kingsbury has beenappointed to undertake an intensive but sympathetic study of the fraternities which are associated with the University. This study will be inno invidious sense an inquisition. Recognizing that the thirty fraternitieswhich with the consent of the University have been founded here areplaying an important part in the life of the student body, and specificallyin their education, the University desires to discover how they can playthat part to the best advantage of the whole student body. Mr. Kingsbury will begin his work in lie Winter Quarter and I am sure he willhave the co-operation both of the fraternities and of their counselorsin this study. The quarter just closed has also seen progress in theexperiments which the University is making in the matter of closercontact between the Faculty and students in the colleges, and of moreindividualized consideration of the students' problems. The enlargedstaff of deans in the colleges under the able and enthusiastic leadershipof Dean Wilkins has made notable progress in the direction of moreintensive attention to the work of students. The experiment has alreadydemonstrated, what many of us believed beforehand, that we have acompany of students who are quickly responsive to efforts to improveTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT IIconditions and will meet us at least half way in measures that look toa higher type of student life and better educational results. This spiritwas conspicuously manifest in the steps which have led to the practicaldisbanding of the Reynolds Club and the opening of the Clubhouse toall men students, and not less so in the continued activity of the Undergraduate Council.Much remains to be done before we attain our goal of a college orgroup of colleges furnishing ideal conditions for the college educationof men and women; but we are convinced that real progress in thatdirection has been made in the last quarter.' In all of these things we rejoice, and in any other forward stepswhich it has been possible to take in recent months. But they in noway obscure, if possible they make more evident, the fact that the wholesituation calls for further marked advances in various directions. I speaknot in the spirit of pride, which moves us always to desire to reportnew forward steps, nor am I speaking now in the name of ambition,under whose influence we dream dreams and build castles of lofty possibilities or impossibilities. I am thinking of the sober fact that by ourwork in the past, as a result of the eager demand for education whichthe youth of the country are making, it falls to us as a duty which wemust do our utmost to discharge, to offer to our constituency opportunities of education and research of a certain high standard and quality.There are frequent appeals to us to enter fields of education additionalto those in which we are now working. The time may come when weought to do this. But the pressure of this hour is to do thoroughlygood work in the schools and departments which we have alreadyestablished.Nor am I speaking now of the Medical School, whose great needs Imentioned a few minutes ago, nor of any kind of material equipment.In some cases, indeed, new buildings are so urgently needed that we arestrongly impelled to include these in our primary needs. To providethose that we ought to build as soon as plans can be drawn and fundsprovided would call for not less than $6,000,000.But the need that I am emphasizing today is for the strengtheningof the human factor, the educational staff, the men and women who areneeded in existing departments, and who are finally the decisive factorthat differentiates good education from poor. It is in this field thatour necessities are most urgent.We need money to add materially to the advances in salaries thathave been made within the current year.12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWe need money to strengthen departments that are so strong thatwe ought to put them in the very front rank, and to build up departmentsthat having been once strong have fallen behind by reason of deathor resignation.We need money to improve the quality of college instruction and tofollow up the steps we have already taken in the direction of providingmore adequate oversight and guidance of undergraduates and betterfacilities for a symmetrical education.To meet these most urgent needs would call for a minimum additionto our present budget of $150,000 a year. Capitalized, this means anadditional endowment of $3,000,000. This sum at least, in capitalizedendowment or in annual gifts for a specified period, we must soon askthe friends of the University and of Education to give us. We hope thatthey will respond. Not only in the beginnings of the University butin very recent years citizens of Chicago have given millions of dollars forbuildings and for various special purposes, in some cases without solicitation. When they come to know that to keep pace with the increasedcost of everything that enters into the cost of education and with therising educational standards we need large sums for the backbone essentials of education, we hope they will do not less than they have alreadydone for buildings and the development of new lines of study.We believe that the Alumni of the University of Chicago will beready to give substantial aid, as has been done in a notable manner bythose of other institutions, and that those who cannot give a capitalsum to endowment will give to a current expense fund. Each $50,000given each year by the Alumni would mean the same for the maintenance of the institution as an endowment of a million dollars. Weshall soon be appealing to the Alumni and to our friends at large inChicago and elsewhere. We hope that with such a history as we havebehind us, and such possibilities as are before us, we shall not appealin vain.And when these needs are met there will be a long list of other opportunities awaiting those who find in education of the youth of the landtheir best opportunity for investment.This statement is made to you today by authority of the Boardof Trustees, and comes to you in the name, not of an individual, but ofthe University.ADDRESS TO THE GRADUATES1By ALBION WOODBURY SMALLMr. President and Graduates:With slight changes of detail, the things that I shall say apply toyou all, irrespective of your particular degrees. I shall, therefore, continue to speak to you in your common character as graduates.There is an impression abroad that the purpose of a college is tochange high-school pupils into learned men and women.Not for purposes of publicity, but as a privileged communication,and in order to arrange at the outset a basis of easy understanding, Iobserve what every one of you who is wise to himself knows, namely,that it would be an ironical superstition if any one of you were to takethis popular notion seriously as applicable to his own case.As boy and man I have associated with college graduates more yearsthan I care to proclaim from the housetops; but if I should meet onthe day of his graduation a student with thorough and comprehensiveknowledge of anything, it would be a brand new phenomenon which Ishould be unable to explain.I know a New York boy fifteen years old. He is familiar with thesurface of pretty much everything in the city, from the Battery to thePolo Grounds, which it is good for a boy of his age to know. He is onterms of easy familiarity with the outside of Wall Street and lower Broadway and the whole length of the Avenue. He is at his ease in several ofthe choice churches and schools and theaters and hotels and museumsand department stores and many retail shops. He knows the besttrains between New York and Philadelphia. When he travels betweenNew York and Chicago, with unerring instinct for the most expensive,he automatically chooses the Century, and in its dining-car he gives anexhibition of precocity as a gastronomical expert by ordering the mostartistic combination of dishes that the menu affords. On the other hand,that boy knows practically nothing by actual inspection of anything thatwe think of as the police side of city life. For him the policeman'smeaning is exhausted when he has kept traffic moving and has warned1 Delivered at the One Hundred Thirty-first Convocation of the University, heldin Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 18, 1923/ after the conferring of degrees.13H THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpeople off the grass in Central Park. That boy would be an entertainingguide to visitors who wanted a superficial view of New York. If hewere suddenly thrown upon his own resources, however, to earn his ownliving, it would be weeks and possibly months before he would be worthhis salt in any one of the scores of business concerns whose names andlocations he could correctly recite.As that boy is to the life of the city, so is the typical college graduateto the intellectual world. Your college course will have fallen downbadly on the mental side if it has not revealed to you that you don'tknow much of anything, and what you do know you don't know verywell. You have only a scrappy assortment of superficial knowledge, andhard work is due for a long time before you can advance beyond therank of fair prospects, in any region of exact knowledge.Yes, I grant you these are hard sayings so immediately followingpossession of your diplomas. But I said T wanted to set up a basis offrank understanding!I grant you, too, that these candors seem to come with poor gracefrom one who is supposed to believe a college course is worth all itcosts for its intellectual results. I shall not attempt to resolve theparadox. I will simply say in passing that, even if the intellectual sidewere all, only rare exceptions among college men and women wouldwillingly permit their own sons and daughters to miss the college experience, and I am certainly not among those rare exceptions. Thevalue of a college course in its intellectual phases, however, is oftenenough set forth on occasions like this to warrant me in taking allthat for granted among ourselves, and to license me to put my emphasis upon another factor in the reckoning.A great many motives have played their parts in the establishmentand maintenance of American colleges. Even today there are widelydivergent theories as to what a college should be and should do. Iwill not discuss what the college of the future might, could, would, orshould be and do. I will not even venture a prophecy as to what thecollege of the future will be and do. I shall confine myself strictly to.what the American college has been and done in one of its cardinalcharacters and functions.In my judgment then, the most important contributions of the colleges to American life thus far have been less intellectual than social.I would not quarrel with anyone who substituted the word " moral"for my word " social," provided he used the term "moral" understand-ingly; that is, in the sense which I attach to the word "social"!ADDRESS TO THE GRADUATES *5If I am not mistaken, the most learned men America has produced,the men who have contributed most to the broadening and deepeningand heightening of our intellectual life, have become constructive influences less because of the college course than in spite of it. If you wouldhave illustrations — I cannot now deal with proofs — read the passagesin John D. Long's Autobiography that describe his career at Harvard,or the corresponding chapters in The Education of Henry Adams. Menof my generation, a decade or two younger than Governor Long andMr. Adams, look back with shudderings at recollections of the ariditiesand sterilities of the college course of their day. Nor are these cases fromancient history in principle out of date. With full allowance for theenormous enrichment of the college courses in later years, it remains aninexorable necessity of the case that, in larger part, college intellectualactivities must have a relation to the mental activities demanded bymaturer life, much like the relation of gymnasium exercise to manuallabor of types that are economically as well as physiologically productive.On the other hand, from the beginning the colleges have pouredinto the current of American life a varying but never utterly failing streamof idealists. These graduates have been idealists as to interests —physical, economic, political, intellectual, aesthetic, religious. Theyhave embodied and expressed and put into action salutary social forces.The complete story will never be told of how much these graduates havedone to prevent deterioration of our national quality, and to promoteaccumulation of superior values. As a rule, at all events, our collegegraduates have been convinced optimists — not the fatalistic "Pollyanna"type of optimist, but such firm believers in the affluence of humanresources that they have insisted it is worth while to keep on trying.I must not take the time for analysis of these facts, nor for pryinginto their causes. I must content myself with one or two more aspects*of the facts.In the first place, whatever may have been in the minds of the personswho have created and supported our colleges, no adequate reason whythe community should create and support colleges could be found in theold culture conception of education. If we took the Matthew Arnoldversion of culture at its word, with rigorous literalness, those whopossessed culture, or more correctly, from the culturist's point of view,who were cultured, would be precious prigs — their minds conservatoriesfor the cultivation of exotics, and the public barred. If the communitywere well advised, it would take more interest in supporting institutionsfor producing millionaires than for propagating such unsocial freaks.i6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIf the millionaire gets any good out of his fortune, he must either investit or spend it. In either case, he has to share the use of it with others.The man of individualistic culture, modeled in strict fidelity to theformula, might retire into his own exclusive subjectivity and take hisculture with him. He could be of value to the community only as hesubordinated his culture to something alien to its principle.Fortunately, thousands of American college graduates who havemade their formal vows at the altars of culture have been beneficentlyinconsistent enough to work for the improvement of society., On the contrary, whatever has been the theory of education in theminds of professors, whatever has been their program and technique ofinstruction, the most vital and dynamic and decisive factor in the livesof American college students has been their intercourse with one another,supplemented and supported, in fortunate cases, by social influencesfrom instructors.There is very slight probability that any of you, or any other collegegraduates, will occupy at any time in the rest of your lives a position asfavorable as your college associations have been for forming appreciativeimpressions of your fellow-men in large numbers. Taken by and large,college students — yes, I expressly include now the men, contrary to allprima facie probability that I may be thinking only of the women —college students are lovable creatures, as full of faults as a nut is of meat.They are emotional, volatile, irresponsible, unpredictable. Yet, suchas they are, good, bad, and indifferent, with all their strengths and theirweaknesses, college students appear to one another with fewer disguises,and with such disguises as they wear more willingly transparent thanany equally large numbers of associates with whom you are likely in thefuture to mingle. On the whole, college students find one anothergenuine, generous, chummy, well-meaning and — shall I say, plausible?If I use that word for lack of a better, I mean by it that, as a rule, collegestudents give one another the impression that, after making all necessaryallowances, they are at heart pretty good fellows, and that a world madeup of their kind would be a much better world than has existed up to date.Nowhere in companies of equal numbers and intimacy, does the sordid,selfish element enter into human association in a lesser degree than inthe American college. Rivalries there are, of course, but they are notoften mean rivalries. They seldom prevent anyone from doing his best.They rather help each to do his best. If another's best is superior, it isquite likely that the inferior best is better than it would have been without the stimulus of the competition. Even in the most strenuous andspectacular of these rivalries, those of athletics, whether for spectatorsADDRESS TO THE GRADUATES 17or participants, contests are not often clashes of hates. They are usuallyhonorable and honoring trials of strength and skill and wit. It is afamiliar saying that the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 was won by theGerman schoolmaster. In the same sense, and with at least an equalapproach to truth, if meanwhile France, Germany, Austria— yes, letus include Russia — had averaged as many genuinely amateur baseballand football coaches as they had schoolmasters, there would have beenno war of 19 14.Reduced to the lowest and most commonplace terms, the everlastingand comprehensive problem of human society is how to increase the ratioof fair people playing a fair game. No type of American citizen is asfavorably disposed by his previous experience to help solve this problemas the college graduate. He is inclined to idealize the better qualitiesin his college associates, and illogically enough, to be sure, but fortunatelyfor society at large, the college graduate is predisposed to idealize menin general, to credit them with something approaching the balance ofqualities which he thinks he has found in his fellow-students, to assumethat men in general are better fellows than less idealistic judges thinkthey are; and to adapt his ambitions and his programs to that appraisal.Naturally, too, it must be admitted, in consequence of these facts, thecollege graduate is a somewhat easier mark than the average of men.As a rule, however, he thinks "it's worth it." In the back of the collegegraduate's head is the unformulated platform : " The men and the womenI have known in college are the kind of folks I want to live with the restof my days. So help me God, I'll do my best toward making that kindof folks the majority. I'll play the game hard. I'll play the game fair.I'll play the game for the team and the team is the world!"As you grow older you will notice that wherever there are reunionsof college men, ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty years after, on some keyor other this note will be struck and held. The small percentage ofcollege men whose "Psalm of Life" has not kept this pitch are instinctively rated by their fellows as pathetic lapses from the faith.All that I have thus brought to your minds proves to furnish forththe admonition that through your graduation today you are admittedamong the elect bearers of a tradition which holds a large fraction of theredemptive hope of mankind.You are morally as much under obligation to the world to keep thisfaith as the graduates of West Point and Annapolis are to obey theircountry's call to suppress insurrection or repel invasion.If there are one or two among you who have earned by your own workthe money to pay every bill for which you have been personally liablei8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDduring your college years, you have nevertheless discharged only a smallpart of the cost of your college opportunities. Unless thousands ofother students had joined with you in paying a portion of the runningexpenses, and unless somebody had long ago provided buildings andequipment and endowment to cover costs that students do not and couldnot pay, you could not have had these advantages.It is a part of the moral economy of the world that you shall capitalize,for the further enrichment of life as a whole, all that you have receivedin the way of working equipment and social outlook. It is your cue toapply, at whatever position in the world's work may fall to your lot,your college-acquired or college-strengthened ideals of how fair peopleshould act toward one another.In the year 1920, the latest for which comparable figures are available,the American colleges graduated a total of 36,718 men and women —one out of each 3,000 of the population. In the same year 2,607,000human infants were born in the United States — 2,607,000 potentialaspirants to college privileges some eighteen years later. Assuming thatthe factors on both sides of the equation of college availability will remainconstant, and ignoring the certainty that some children who entered thiscountry in 1920 in the arms of immigrant parents will outfoot some ofthe native children in the race for education, not more than one in eachseventy-one of the children born here in 1920 will receive a college diplomaat or about the year 1942. You are the fortunate survivors of the sameprocesses of natural and artificial selection which will reduce each of thosegroups of seventy-one in the 1920 class to a single individual. As suchsurvivors you are admitted into the most enviable association in American society.In evolutionary succession from aristocracies by birth, Americancollege graduates are the predestined Knighthood of Democracy.Your prerogative is not that of exemption but of liability to exceptional and exemplary service.Your chivalry may not be an assertion of privilege. It must bevoluntary response to obligation.Your standard of morale has been registered in the couplet of afamiliar hymn: Where duty calls or danger,Be never wanting there!Your high calling is to be gentlemen and gentlewomen in the spiritof the most authentic gentleman in the tide of times. "Whosoever willbe great among you shall be your minister; and whosoever of you willbe the chiefest shall he servant of all."THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS AT THECOMMEMORATIVE CHAPELASSEMBLY1Thirty-one years ago today, at this hour, in what was then theUniversity Chapel at the north end of Cobb Hall, the first chapel serviceof the University was held. And at the beginning of each autumnquarter since, an anniversary chapel has been held. For some yearsthe same persons who took part in the original service took the sameparts in the anniversary service. But that is, of course, no longerpossible. Of those who participated in that first service, PresidentJudson alone is living, and he, today for the first time in thirty-oneyears, is absent.But you who are here today are, I am sure* more interested in thefuture of the University than its past, and rightly so. It is in its futurethat you are to have your part.'Every autumn quarter begins a new period in the life of the University. Each autumn brings a large body of new students, and each yearwe take account of stock and redefine our ideals. In one respect thisis perhaps especially true today. Thirty-one years ago we were keenlyinterested in our numbers. I remember to have heard President Harpersay that on the morning of October i he sat in his office in Cobb Halland wondered whether there would be any students. Numbers werea matter of life and death; if we had no students, there would be noUniversity. That has been decreasingly so year by year, but still wehave been encouraged each year by our increasing number.The following figures show the growth of thirty-one years:Number in the Faculty October, 1892 (above rank of assistant) 92Number in Faculty October, 1923 (above rank of assistant) 405Number of students October 1, 1892 510Number of students in year 1892-93 744Number of students in year 1922-23 12 , 745Total number of buildings, October, 1892 4Total number of buildings, October, 1923 44Total property, June 30, 1893. $ 3,17^, S^-$7Total property, June 30, 1923 $51 ,336, 735 .01Expenditures 1894-95 $ 543 ,9^9 -35Expenditures 1922-23 $ 3»3I5,669.531 Address delivered by President Ernest DeWitt Burton at the CommemorativeChapel Assembly in Leon Mandel Assembly HaU, October 1, 1923.1920 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAt length we have reached the point when we no longer expect orespecially desire further increase; when we feel that the question ofquality not only overshadows that of numbers, but even puts it out ofconsideration. We do not even mention larger numbers among ourhopes, but speak only of the quality of our work.This fact is a powerful challenge to the definition of our ideal inspiritual terms only. It is from this point of view that I want to speakto you today of some of the things for which the University stands andwill stand in the future, and for which we hope you will stand.i. The University will stand for scholarship. That is an essentialcharacteristic of a University, without which it is a University in nameonly. A business house may stand for honesty and service and qualityof goods. But it does not stand for scholarship. An amusement hallmay stand for clean, healthful amusement, relaxation, and refreshmentof mind. The University stands for scholarship, and it is no place forthose who are not interested in scholarship.But let me remind you what scholarship is. It is not pedantry.It is not dry-as-dust facts. It is primarily an attitude and secondarilyan achievement. It is an interest in knowing things, a desire for truth,an insatiable curiosity, not about the trivial and the unimportant, butabout the great things of the world and of human life. As an achievement, it is the acquisition of knowledge, and still more, a confirmedattitude of openmindedness toward truth and acceptance of it.You will learn to sing the Alma Mater and to say of the University:She could not love her sons so wellLoved she not truth and honor more.That is the spirit of scholarship and it is the spirit of the University.2. The University will stand for the ideal of a symmetrical and well-balanced life. It is primarily a place for hard work. There is no roomfor the idler here. Amusement is not our principal business. I onceasked a professor in a European university what it was necessary fora student to do in order to get a degree in his university. His answerwas, only not to forget what he knew when he came. That is not ourspirit. Unless you have come here expecting to work hard you havecome to the wrong place. But we do not expect you to spend all yourwaking hours in study. There is room here for social contact of studentwith student, time for you to look after your health, and the cultivationof your manners. We believe in physical culture and athletics, we believein social intercourse and recreation. But we believe in them all asTHE PRESIDENT AT COMMEMORATIVE CHAPEL ASSEMBLY 21agencies of education and as concomitants of the principal business of"the place.3. The University will stand — more I think in the future than inthe past — for interest in and concern for the individual. We are determined to escape from the tendency to mere mass education, which isso strong today and the almost inevitable result of the great demandfor education. We do not expect to know you as so many hundredfreshmen. We expect that in the case of each of you there will be atleast one officer of the University who will know you as an individualand counsel with you as a friend whom he knows and understands.4. On the other hand the University will aim to create a communityconsciousness. You are all individuals, each with an individual consciousness. But you are even more truly members of a community,parts of a social organism. You are not simply preparing for life. Youare living, and preparing to live only as each stage of life is a preparationfor the next. We hope, therefore, that you will feel yourselves responsiblemembers of this community, and will take part in all phases of its life,learn to do team work, acquire the art of social living.5. The University will stand for character — high moral character.I have said that scholarship is an essential characteristic of the University. But it does not follow that it is the most important element ofits life. High character can never entitle the student to the Universitydegree if there be not also scholarship. But neither can any amountor degree of scholarship atone for the lack of character. We are engagedin the business of producing men and women who can play honorablyand efficiently their part in life, and we know they cannot do this withouthigh character. Therefore, we desire to create an atmosphere calculatedto develop character. And we hope you will yourselves not onlyrespond to such an atmosphere but will help to create it. We inviteyou all to take your part in creating and maintaining the moral standing of the University community.6. Finally, the University will stand for religion. I shall not stopto define the relations between religion and morality. Suffice it to saythat religion is something more than morality, and that the Universitywill stand for both. Nor shall I stop to define the precise type of religion for which it will stand. In fact, it is not primarily concerned withthat. What it is concerned with is that no life, whether of individualor community, is complete or symmetrical without religion. I doubt ifthere was ever a time in the history of the world when the need of religionas an element of human life was more evident than it is today, or when22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDleading minds were more frank to affirm its indispensableness. Someof you have read the very significant utterance of Ex-President Wilsonin a recent issue of the Atlantic Monthly:The sum of the whole matter is this, that our civilization cannot survive materiallyunless it be redeemed spiritually. It can be saved only by becoming permeated withthe spirit of Christ and being made free and happy by the practices which spring outof that spirit. Only thus can discontent be driven out and all the shadows lifted fromthe road ahead.You will all remember that in the speeches which President Hardingdelivered on that journey which was interrupted and ended by hissudden death he expressed in different words the same sentiment. Andit is a significant fact that President Coolidge has already made it plainby his conduct that he stands on the same platform. But it is not ourpresidents only that are preaching the importance of religion. Someof you have seen a manifesto prepared by Professor Millikan, formerly ofour Department of Physics, and signed by some scores of scholars inmany departments of study, affirming the essential harmony of scienceand religion, and implying the imperative need of both. And if youlook over the pages of our leading magazines, you will find constantevidence of the same thing.But it is not because it is the fashion of the hour that the Universitywill stand for religion. It will stand for it because we believe that thewhole history of the race shows, and never more clearly than now, thatlearning and religion can never be safely divorced. Each needs the other.Religion needs the free atmosphere of the University to keep it frombecoming superstition or bigotry. Learning needs religion to keep itfrom becoming selfish and pedantic.The University will therefore stand for both — not to prescribe foryou the type or character of your religion — not to impose on you creedor ritual, but by its chapel and its Sunday service and in various otherways constantly to remind you that religion, self-chosen, self-directed,unconstrained individual and social, is an essential element of the highest type of life.It is in a University that will stand for scholarship, for a symmetricallydeveloped life, for consideration for the individual, yet for the cultivationof a community spirit, for character and for religion — it is in a Universitythat stands for these things that I welcome you to full membership,and I hope that every day you spend here will add to the richness, fulness,and depth of your life.FRANKLIN CHAMBERS McLEANProfessor of MedicineTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAMENDMENT TO ARTICLES OF INCORPORATIONAt the meeting of the Board held October n, 1923, there waspresented the certificate of the action taken by the Board of Educationof the Northern Baptist Convention, May 26, 1923, formally approvingthe amendment of the Articles of Incorporation by which the number ofTrustees of the University is increased from twenty-one to twenty-fiveand the proportion of Baptists is reduced from two-thirds to three-fifths,and the restriction is removed which required that the President of theUniversity shall be a Baptist. The certificate of the Secretary of Stateof Illinois amending the Articles of Incorporation was also submitted.The new deed executed by the Board of Education of the NorthernBaptist Convention which takes the place of that of 1891 was alsorecorded in the minutes. The new deed conveys to the University acertain portion of the University quadrangles with the restrictions asto denominational affiliation modified to agree with the revised Articlesof Incorporation.In accordance with the change in the Articles of Incorporation threeadditional Trustees were elected during the Autumn Quarter, 1923.They are Mr. Charles F. Axelson, an alumnus of the University in theclass of 1907; Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, Jr., and Mr. Robert P. Lamont.All three are engaged in important business enterprises in Chicago andeach is also interested in activities which relate to the betterment of thecity.COMMITTEES AND COMMISSIONSDuring the Autumn Quarter commissions and committees havebeen appointed by the Board of Trustees as follows:On housing facilities: From the Faculties: C. E. Parmenter, Vice-Chairman, N. W. Barnes, Dr. Lydia M. Dewitt, Dr. Marie Ortmayer,R. L. Lyman, R. S. Piatt, and F. A. Kingsbury. The Chairman andother members will be appointed from the Board of Trustees.On the future development of the Colleges: From the Board ofTrustees: Messrs. Bond, Donnelley, and Gilkey, and from the Faculties:2324 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMessrs. Prescott, Wilkins, Jones, Morrison, Norton, Spencer/ andMrs. Flint.Associate Professor F. A. Kingsbury has been appointed to make astudy of the fraternities of the University from the point of view ofhousing, financial management, educational and social influence.VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITYAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held December 13, 1923,following prolonged consideration of the matter by a committee of theBoard, it was voted that in view of the developing educational plansand enlarging business affairs of the University there should be associatedwith the President of the University two Vice-Presidents, one havingspecial responsibility in reference to the educational work of the University and the other in reference to its financial affairs. As a first step inthis direction James H. Tufts, Dean of Faculties, was elected Vice-President and will hereafter have the title "Vice-President and Dean ofFaculties."MR. TREVOR ARNETT APPOINTED BUSINESS MANAGERMr. Wallace Heckman, Counsel and Business Manager of the University, several months ago expressed his desire to retire, not later thanJune, 1924, from the position he was filled with such marked ability andefficiency for more than twenty years. After thorough considerationof the organization of the Business Manager's office by a committee ofthe Board, a survey both of the needs of the University and of the mencapable of filling the office, the committee reported at the special meetingof the Board held December 18, 1923, nominating as Business ManagerMr. Trevor Arnett, secretary of the General Education Board, hisservice to begin sometime, doubtless, in the spring of 1924. He wasunanimously and enthusiastically appointed. At the same time he wasappointed Vice-President of the University and Professor of EducationalAdministration in the Department of Education. In accepting theoffer to return to the University which he served as Auditor most acceptably for twenty-one years, Mr. Arnett emphasized the great opportunitywhich his new task offered as a constructive contribution to the cause ofhigher education.The appointment of Mr. Arnett represents a new and significantdeparture in University administration, a closer relationship andco-ordination in directing and overseeing the educational and financialaffairs of a great institution of higher learning.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 25APPOINTMENTSThe following appointments to the Faculties in addition to reappointments were made during the Autumn Quarter by the Board:James H. Tufts, Dean of Faculties, as Vice-President of theUniversity.Franklin C. McLean, Professor in the Department of Medicine.Trevor Arnett, Professor of Educational Administration, in theDepartment of Education.Captain Jewett D. Matthews, Assistant Professor in the Department of Military Science and Tactics.Fay-Cooper Cole, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1924.Edith Rickert, Professorial Lecturer in the Department of English,for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1924.Edward W. Boshart, Lecturer in the School of Education for Winterand Spring Quarters, 1924.William H. Spencer, Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration.Edith Abbott, Dean of the Graduate School of Social Service Administration.J. Blumentstock, Associate in the Department of Physiology.Herman O. Duncan, Teacher in the University High School.The President of the University has appointed the following Fellows:James R. Senior, in the Department of Chemistry.John T. Myers, in the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology.Elmer W. Hagens, to the Friedberg Fellowship.Scott V. Eaton, in the Department of Botany.Arthur R. Williams, in the Department of Botany.Homer R. Rainey, in the Department of Education.William C. French, in the Department of Education.R. D. Judd, in the Department of Education.Jared K. Morse, in the Department of Physics.Melvin Mooney, in the Department of Physics.Tracy Y. Thomas, in the Department of Physics.Herman Zanstra, in the Department of Physics.Marschelle H. Power, in the Department of Chemistry.Edward J. Stieglitz, in the Department of Medicine.Margarete M. H. Kunde, in the Department of Physiology.Gerald W. Hamilton, in the Department of Physiology.Leigh Hoadley, in the Department of Zoology.26 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties have been promoted inrank:Patrick A. Delaney to Instructor in the Department of Anatomy.Theophil Grauer to Instructor in the Department of Anatomy.Ann Brewington to Instructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration.Arthur L. Beeley to Instructor in the School of Social Service Administration.Otto Struve to Instructor in the Department of Astronomy.LEAVES OF ABSENCE FROM THE UNIVERSITYLeave of absence has been granted by the Board of Trustees to thefollowing members of the Faculties:Laura Lucas, Teacher in the High School, for one year.Cora C. Colburn, Director of Commons, for the Summer and AutumnQuarters, 1923.L. C. Marshall, Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration,for the Autumn Quarter, 1923.D. A. Robertson, Associate Professor in the Department of Englishfor the Winter Quarter, to undertake investigations on behalf of a committee of the Association of American Universities.Dr. John M. Dodson, Dean of Medical Students, extended to March31, 1924.James H. Breasted, from January 1 to October 1, 1924, for the purpose of carrying on expedition work of the Oriental Institute in Europeand the Near East.RESIGNATIONSThe resignations of the following members of the Faculties havebeen accepted by the Board of Trustees:Robert Herrick, Professor in the Department of English.C. N. Hitchcock, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.L. C. Marshall, as Dean of the Schools of Commerce and Administration and Social Service Administration. Mr. Marshall continues inservice as Professor and Chairman of the Department of PoliticalEconomy.D. A. McPherson, Associate in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology.S. P. Harter, Teacher in University High School.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 27GIFTSProfessor John M. Manly has recently presented to the University,for its libraries, a collection of 234 books dealing largely with Italianliterature and history.The Education Research Committee of the Commonwealth Fundhas made an appropriation of $14,000 to the University for continuationof the work of research in which Dean Marshall has been engaged, andan appropriation of $14,000 to enable Director Judd and ProfessorBuswell to make a study of methods of teaching of arithmetic.Elizabeth Vilas has given $225 for a scholarship. It is to be knownas the " Elizabeth Vilas Scholarship in Home Economics."The Wieboldt Foundation has appropriated the sum of $i,oop forscholarships in the University for use in the School of Social ServiceAdministration.Mr. Alois Delug, professor of painting in the State Academy of FineArts, Vienna, has presented to the University a full-length oil portraitof Professor John M. Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany,"as an expression of gratitude for help rendered to Austria by Americanscientists, and in particular, by the Board of Trustees, the Faculty, andthe students of the University of Chicago." The portrait has beenaccepted by the Trustees. It will be hung in the Botany Building.The American Meat Packers Association, by an annual gift of $2,500for three years to the association by Mr. Arthur Lowenstein, of Chicago,has created in the University a fellowship to be known as the "ArthurLowenstein Research Fellowship." The problem with respect to whichresearch is to be prosecuted is prevention of meat spoilage. The Fellowis to be chosen by the Chairman of the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology. Mr. Allan F. Reith has been appointed as Fellow onthis foundation.MISCELLANEOUSThe General Education Board and the Rockefeller Foundation havepaid their pledges of $1,000,000 each made in 191 6 for the endowmentof the Medical School of the University.The fourth annual dinner of the Trustees for members of the Facultieswas served in Ida Noyes Hall refectory on December 13. Over 300persons were present.Mr. Fred M. Torrey, of the Midway Studios, has completed thedesign for the Rosenberger Medal which is to be awarded by the University, from time to time, "in recognition of achievement through researchin authorship, in invention, for discovery, for unusual public service."28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. Willard A., Smith, for twenty-nine years and until his resignationin the spring of 1923 a Trustee of the University, died November 29,1923. Resolutions commending his long and useful service to theUniversity were adopted by the Board and printed in the UniversityRecord for October, 1923.Beginning with January 1, 1924, University College is offeringcourses in the office building of Immanuel Baptist Church, MichiganAvenue and Twenty-third Street. Additional space has also been rentedfor use of the College in Lakeview Building, the present location.The City Council of Chicago has passed an ordinance vacatingIngleside Avenue between Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets. Thetwo blocks bounded by Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets and Ellisand Drexel avenues may be used as the site of the Billings Hospital.SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMBOF TUTENKHAMON1By JAMES HENRY BREASTEDDirector of the Oriental Institute, University of ChicagoIn marked contrast with other lands, Egypt does far more for usthan merely to preserve its ancient tomb buildings. The impressivetomb of Hadrian at Rome now contains neither the body nor any of theroyal mortuary equipment of the great emperor whose sepulcher it was.The same is true of the tomb of Theodoric at Ravenna. The tomb ofCyrus in western Persia lies open, deserted and forsaken, and only Greekstories of Alexander's adventures tell us of the splendor with which itwas once furnished and adorned. Of the magnificent tomb of Mausolus,so typical of the monumental sepulcher that it has left us the wordmausoleum, only fragments of sumptuous marble sculptures like thosein the British Museum have survived. I have stood over the palacecrypts of the Assyrian kings in their earliest capital at Assur on theTigris — or over the spot where their royal burial vaults once were —and found them almost or quite undiscernible, even in ground-plan,while the stone sarcophagi which once contained the royal bodies havebeen smashed to fragments. Throughout the length and breadth of theancient world in Europe and Asia the storms of war and weather haveswept over the royal tombs and usually left little behind, even of thebuildings, to say nothing of their equipment.Even in Egypt, however, the most massive and seemingly imperishable tombs have failed to protect the royal dead from desecrating hands.The earliest buildings of stone masonry ever erected by man were thepyramids; and the first architect to begin such building, nearly 3000 B.C.,was the founder of stone-masonry architecture. For over fourteencenturies after he showed the way, the sovereigns of Egypt built theirtombs in the form of pyramids, some of which are the greatest buildingsthat early man ever achieved. Over seventy such pyramidal tombs havesurvived, but in only one has the body of the royal builder been found.After 2000 B.C. thinking Egyptians had already discerned the futility1 This article is appearing simultaneously in the University Record and in Artand Archeology, the editor of which has kindly concurred in this arrangement.293o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof these colossal sepulchers; and the thought that not even the kingcould preserve his body after death brought a somber note into Egyptianliterature, one of many indications of the first age of disillusionmentand pessimism. By 1600 B.C., or a little after, following closely on therise of the Egyptian Empire, the pharaohs abandoned the pyramid. Thenobles had long hewn their tomb chambers into the face of the cliffswhich look down upon the Nile Valley from both sides of the river. AtThebes, some five hundred and fifty miles from the Mediterranean, asthe Egyptian Empire arose, the nobles and successful military men hadalready followed the example of their ancestors and had begun thatremarkable series of private tombs hewn in the Theban cliffs, whichtoday honeycomb the face of the mountain and look down upon themodern visitor approaching from afar across the plain. They have madethe necropolis of Thebes a veritable historical volume, revealing thesplendor of the wealth and power of the Egyptian Empire, about whichwe should know so little without them. Below these tombs of thenobles stretched the palaces and temples of the imperial pharaohs,forming the first great monumental city of the early world. There theremarkable civilization of the Nile Valley, already two thousand years old,ripened into a rich and noble culture, far superior to the chiefly mercantilecivilization of Babylonia and Western Asia, and approached only by theremarkable culture of Crete, which drew much from the land of thepharaohs. Fed by the wealth of Western Asia and the Mediterranean,both of which it dominated, the imperial power of Thebes found expression in imposing architectural forms of dignity and splendor. Therefollowed the first civilization which might be called truly refined; andin the marvels of its extraordinary arts and crafts it compared with thatof Louis XIV. The Theban cemetery rapidly became a great storehouseof Empire culture, for the desire to equip the dead with all materialcomforts and conveniences led the Egyptian to put into the tomb anelaborate outfit of furniture and household appurtenances. In analmost rainless climate and far above the reach of the Nile inundations,this mortuary equipment has sometimes survived in an incredibly perfectstate of preservation.From his palace in the city below, the pharaoh must often havelooked up at this vast cliff cemetery and wondered whether his body wouldbe safer there than in the ancestral pyramids, many of which he hadseen open and plundered. About 1550 a pharaoh for the first time tookthe momentous step of ordering his tomb excavated in the face of theTheban cliffs. But this exposed position of the royal tomb was notSOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMON 31approved by his successor, who instructed his own architect to observethe greatest secrecy and to shift the pharaoh's cliff-tomb over into adesolate valley in the desert plateau immediately behind the Thebancliffs, where it was to be excavated " no one seeing, no one hearing." Fornearly five hundred years this valley continued to be the pharaoniccemetery, throughout the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties, till it contained some sixty tombs, nearly all royal. Some timeafter 1100 B.C. it ceased to be used.By 1 1 50 B.C. the Egyptian Empire had collapsed and the weak anddecadent post-Empire pharaohs were quite unequal to the task of protecting the "Valley of the Kings' Tombs," as we now call the royalcemetery of the Empire. For generations after the fall of the Empire,and often undoubtedly with the connivance of government officials, thetomb robbers of Thebes continued their depredations, penetrating oneroyal tomb after another and plundering at will the magnificent burials.We have a considerable body of very interesting court records, writtenon papyrus, which contain accounts of the prosecution of various bandsof these cemetery robbers in the reign of Ramses IX (1142-1123 B.C.).Decked in the splendor which the wealth of Asia had brought them,the bodies of the great emperors sleeping in the lonely valley were beingrapidly despoiled, and within a generation the tombs of the whole line ofthese pharaohs, representing almost half a millennium, the entire periodof the Empire, had been looted.The impotent post-Empire pharaohs, the last of the line of Ramses,were pushed aside after 1100 B.C. by the priests of Amon, who made theirhigh priest king. This feeble line of priest-kings thus supplanted thepharaohs as the popes displaced the Caesars at Rome; and, as the earlypopes beheld or even assisted in the dismantling of the great buildings ofimperial Rome, so the priest-kings of Egypt were helpless to stay thedestruction which was steadily overtaking the splendor of the EgyptianEmpire at Thebes. But they respected the bodies of the great emperorsand began a policy of shifting them from tomb to tomb, or bringing themtogether in one place for better protection. Eventually, all the royalbodies, together with some scanty wreckage of their once magnificentmortuary equipment, were brought together in a secretly prepared cachehewn in the face of the western cliffs of Thebes. This hiding place atlast proved effective. It was sealed for the last time early in the Twenty-second Dynasty, not long after 940 B.C. Here the greatest kings ofEgypt slept on unmolested for nearly three thousand years, until theearly seventies of the nineteenth century, when the modern Theban32 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdescendants of those same tomb-robbers, of whose prosecution underRamses IX three thousand years ago we can still read, discovered theplace, and the plundering of the royal bodies was begun again. Bymethods not greatly differing from those employed under Ramses IX,the modern authorities forced the thieves to disclose the place. Thusnearly three thousand years after they had been sealed in their hidingplace by the ancient scribes, and some thirty-five hundred years afterthe first interment of the earliest among them, the faces of the Egyptianemperors were disclosed to the modern world, and, perhaps with questionable taste, are still to be inspected in modern museum show cases in Cairo.Since Belzoni found the tomb of Seti I in 1817 and brought itsmagnificent alabaster sarcophagus to England, modern investigationof the cemetery has penetrated into one after another of these royalsepulchers, finding them all plundered by the ancient post-Empiretomb-robbers whose depredations we have narrated. The body ofthe powerful Amenhotep II was the only one found still lying in thesarcophagus, but it had been completely despoiled and the tomb thoroughly looted. Almost nothing remained but the king's bow, which heproudly tells us in his inscriptions no other man could draw, and whichhe had therefore laid by his side in death, where the modern excavatorsfound it still lying, unmolested by the ancient marauders. Quiteproperly left lying in his tomb by the intervention of Lord Cromer,Amenhotep II has been the only known pharaoh who still slept on in hisown sepulcher. It has become proverbial among students of Egyptianhistory that all the royal burials in the Valley of the Kings' Tombswere completely plundered by the post-Empire tomb-robbers, and thatnot one had survived the violence and destruction which immediatelyfollowed the fall of the Empire.If this sketch of archaeological history has not wearied the reader,we are now in a position to understand the extraordinary and unexpected character of the royal tomb discovered in the famous valley byMr. Howard Carter in the course of investigations maintained by theEarl of Carnarvon. Perhaps if the reader shares with me the zest ofexamining the evidence and determining the status of this remarkabletomb, a privilege which I owe to the kindness of the Earl of Carnarvonand Mr. Carter, he will better understand the unparalleled value of thediscovery, and likewise experience some of the pleasure which suchinvestigations afford.Lord Carnarvon had for some years been moving the huge massesof limestone rubbish with which the foot of the steeps and slopes of theSOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMON 33famous Valley of the Kings' Tombs is encumbered. Carter's longacquaintance with every local detail of the place and his skill and experience in dealing with its peculiar difficulties, combined with Lord Carnarvon's unflagging perseverance in the face of discouraging disappointments in former years, have steadily carried forward foot by foot andyard by yard the systematic clearance and minute examination of thefoot of the cliffs and the floor of the valley. Would they find the missingtomb of Tutenkhamon ? The tombs of all the great emperors had longago been found. But at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty there was agap. It was caused by the fact that the revolutionary pharaoh Ikhnaton(Amenhotep IV), after annihilating the old gods, especially Amon,and introducing the exclusive worship of a sole God, the sun-god Aton,had forsaken Amon's imperial city of Thebes and built for himself anew capital at Tell el-Amarna. There he established the earliest monotheism, and there he had made his tomb. Dying without a son, he wassucceeded by first one and then another son-in-law. The second ofthese sons-in-law, Tutenkhaton ("Living Image of Aton," as his namesignified), was unable to maintain the religious revolution against priestlyopposition. The priests of Amon at the old capital forced him to returnthere and resume the worship of the old gods, especially Amon. Theyobliged him even to change his name by* inserting Amon in the place ofAton. He became Tutenkhamon, "Living Image of Amon"; and hiswife, the princess Enkhosnepaaton ("She Lives by Aton"), was likewiseconstrained to renounce the name her great father had given her andbecome Enkhosnamon ("She lives by Amon"). The discovery in theValley of the Kings' Tombs of royal burial linen bearing the name ofTutenkhamon, coupled with other indications, made it probable thatthis king was himself buried in the great royal cemetery of the valley.The astonishing revolution which he had survived had carried the artof Egypt to a level of power and beauty surpassing anything beforeknown, whether in Egypt or anywhere else in the early Orient. If themissing tomb of Tutenkhamon could be found, perhaps some of thisartistic splendor might have escaped the post-Empire robbers. Whocould tell ?We were drinking tea on the deck of the dahabiyah "Cheops" aswe drifted past the now somber and palmless Island of Philae to a mooring place at Shellal, at the head of the First Cataract. It was the sixthof December, and, aided by a tug, we had run from the cataract to thewonderful temple of Abu Simbel and back in five days. Abu Simbel isthree hundred miles above Luxor, and we were congratulating ourselves34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthat we had done all this within a week and a day after leaving Luxor.The next morning brought a bag of letters from the Aswan post-office.Among them was a kind note from Lord Carnarvon in which he said:"Two days after opening the cache or tomb I learned you had beenthrough Luxor. I wish I had known, for I might then have persuadedyou to stop a day and see a marvelous sight. Still there is anothersealed door to be opened and I hope I shall then have the pleasure ofseeing you there." He did not say what it was. He knew we wouldunderstand that the lost tomb of Tutenkhamon had been found.A few days later the "Cheops" tied up at Luxor. Lord Carnarvonhad returned to England to complete arrangements for the propercare of the great discovery. I found Carter just returned from Cairo,bringing with him a heavy iron door for closing the tomb. From hisCairo train he came over to see us and sat for an hour resting and tellingof the great find. He was weary of telegrams and sick to death ofreporters, and he had on his shoulders a very heavy responsibility. Inorder to make all safe he had filled in the outer entrance of the tombwith a great many tons of limestone chips, which it would take severaldays to remove. Then he must instal the iron door and run down a wirefrom the neighboring small electric-light plant used to light the otherroyal tombs for the tourists, for it would of course be very unsafe towork with candles in such a place. When all was in readiness hewould send me word to come and have a first view. Meantime nothingwould be done and the chamber would be left exactly as when firstopened.Before the war Luxor had become a fashionable winter resort. Ithas not yet recovered its former popularity, but there was no lack ofwinter guests. When Carter's native runner finally brought his noteon board, it contained a warning against being followed. In order tomislead the prying and the curious, and especially to avoid being followedby gentlemen of the press, we unconcernedly crossed the river in ourfelucca and ostentatiously engaged our donkeys to take us only to thefoot of the western cliffs and not around through the entrance to theValley of the Kings' Tombs, where Carter had his house. Havingcrossed the broad Theban plain, a ride of three quarters of an hour, weleft our donkeys, and, climbing the steep cliffs in the blazing Egyptiansunshine, dropped down into the royal cemetery valley on the other sidewithout having been followed by anyone. As we came down we couldsee just above the tomb of Ramses VI the huts of the government watchmen who guard the place at the present day. Immediately below thisSOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMON 35tomb Carter's clearance had exposed a flight of steps hewn into the limestone of the mountain. This had led to the discovery of the new tomb*At the foot of these steps we saw a stout wooden grating fastened bymany padlocks, which Carter's people at once began unlocking. Whenthis was removed, it revealed a spacious gallery some twenty-five feetlong, likewise hewn in limestone, descending at a sharp incline andterminating below in Carter's heavy iron door. These two doors, thefirst of wood, the second of iron, replaced two ancient closures of masonrywhich Carter had found filling the two doorways. f The plastered faceof the closing masonry, when found by Carter, still bore many royalseal impressions which he broke away in forcing an opening. As wedescended the gallery we found the iron door covered with a white sheetto moderate the drafts. Suddenly electric bulbs of three thousandcandle power hanging behind the sheet were turned on, and there wasa blaze of light seen through the white fabric. The door was a heavyopen grill; and as Carter pulled down the sheet, I saw through the openwork of the door a sight I had never dreamed of seeing. Under this blazeof light I beheld the antechamber of a pharaoh's tomb still filled with themagnificent equipment which only the wealth and splendor of the ImperialAge in Egypt in the fourteenth century before Christ could have wroughtor conceived; and, as it at first seemed, with everything still standing asit was placed there when the tomb was closed three thousand two hundredand fifty years ago. The gorgeousness of the sight, the sumptuoussplendor of it all, made it appear more like the confused magnificence ofthose counterfeit splendors which are heaped together in the property-room of some modern grand opera than any possible reality survivingfrom antiquity. Never was anything so dramatic in the whole range ofarchaeological discovery as this first view vouchsafed us here when thewhite curtain was pulled down. Carter was busy at the padlocks (American Yale locks !) and steel chains, and then the door swung open. Stepping in at last, I was utterly dazed by the overwhelming spectacle,The chamber was, I should guess, about fourteen by somewhat morethan twenty feet in size. Against the rear wall, and occupying almostits entire length of over twenty feet, were placed head to foot threemagnificent couches all overwrought with gold. As we faced them theywere breast high and evidently required a flight of portable steps whenmajesty mounted to bed. The one at the right was made in the form ofa standing panther, the creature's head rising as the bedpost at the headof the couch where his forelegs furnished also the supporting legs ofthe couch, his hind legs serving the same function at the foot. In thetf THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsame way the middle couch had the form of a mottled cow with tallhorns, and the third at the left was a grotesque Typhon-like hippowith mouth open showing the grinning teeth. Under the coucheswere chairs and caskets, chests and boxes. The chairs were sumptuousand magnificent beyond description. One of them, indeed, and by farthe finest, which was mentioned in the dispatches as a throne (thoughthis is not correct), displays in the inside of the back representations ofthe king and queen standing together, the work done in gold and silverwith incrustation and inlay of semiprecious stones in bright colors.In art and craftsmanship it is one of the finest pieces of work now inexistence from any age of the world, and far surpasses the best work ofthe craftsman now surviving from any other early time or people.Literally stunned with surprise and admiration, I could only utterone ejaculation of amazement after another, and then turn and shakeCarter's hand. Emotion struggled with the habit of years to observeand to understand. The critical faculties were getting much the worst ofit in the struggle. There was reason enough, for all about us lay acompletely new revelation of ancient life, quite transcending anythingof which we had ever known before. In a corner at the right I kneltbefore a lovely casket containing part of the royal raiment. The outsideof the casket was all painted with scenes in miniature, representing thepharaoh and the royal suite engaged in hunting and in war. Description can but feebly suggest the exquisite character of this painted decoration and the power of the unknown master who did it. The dying lionclutches with his mighty paw at the arrow which has entered his openmouth and hangs broken at his gnashing teeth. His wounded comradesof the jungle lie all about him in postures of pathetic suffering; and allthis is done with such marvelous refinement of detail, especially in depicting the hairy manes, that one is reminded of similar work by AlbrechtDtirer. Indeed the whole suggests the art of the Japanese painters ofa century or two ago.In the left corner of the front wall lay the dismounted wheels andother parts of a number of royal chariots. They were adorned withsumptuous designs in gold and incrustation of semiprecious stones likethe back of the royal chair, and were fully equal to it in art and craftsmanship. The wheels bore evident traces of having been driven overrough Theban streets three thousand two hundred and fifty years ago.They were therefore not show pieces especially prepared for the king'stomb, but were vehicles intended for actual use. And neverthelessadorned like this! Not vulgar and ostentatious magnificence but theSOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMON 37tempered richness of refined art formed the daily environment of thesegreat emperors of the East in the fourteenth century before Christ alongthe Nile. The splendor of Nineveh and Babylon now begins to seem buta rough foil, setting off the refined culture of a higher civilization atEgyptian Thebes which could boast such craftsmen as this royal furniturewas revealing for the first time — men quite worthy to stand besideLorenzo Ghiberti and Benvenuto Cellini. As I stood in that rock-hewn chamber, I felt the culture values of the ancient world shiftingso rapidly that it made one fairly dizzy.I wandered up and down before the couches, aimlessly fingeringnotebook and pencil. Of what use were notes made in such a state ofmind, with a whirling myriad of thoughts and details crowding forrecord all at once? There between two of the couches were four alabaster vases carved with open-work flowers growing on each side andforming the handles. No one had ever seen such vases before. Yonderwas a casket of jewelry, and under one of the couches lay a magnificentcourtier's baton with a superb handle of gleaming gold, the designs beingdone in filigree and lovely chevrons made up of tiny spheres of gold,laid scores of them to the inch on the background of sheet gold. Justbehind it was a door in the back wall of the chamber, opposite thechariots and accessible only by crawling under the left-hand couch.Carter handed me a portable electric bulb and I crawled under the tallcouch to peep through the door. It had been masoned up, but thismasonry had been broken through at the bottom. Through this breach,as I thrust in the bulb, I could see a second room, the "annex chamber,"so filled with royal furniture that it was impossible to enter the placewithout injury to its contents.At the opposite end of the antechamber (the right end as one entered)there were further indications of additional chambers of the tomb. There,facing each other on either side of a sealed and still unopened doorwayin the end wall of the chamber, stood two life-sized statues of the kinglike silent sentries guarding the sealed inner chamber at whose door theystood. The statues were of oiled wood, blackened with age, which, inspite of their sumptuous gilding, had invested the royal figures withsomething of the "somber livery of the burnished sun" under which theking had lived. The figures stood on two reed mats, which were stillin position under them.A second glance had quickly dispelled the first impression that theroyal tomb equipment was undisturbed. Evidences of disturbance androbbery were unmistakable. Sumptuous open-work designs in heavy33 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsheet gold which filled the spaces between the legs of the finer chairs hadbeen wrenched out and carried away. The chariots had suffered in thesame way, and when the robbers finished with them they threw theparts down in confusion. They left the inner or annex chamber ingreat disorder. Of two shrines under the right-hand couch one hadbeen broken open, and when the golden serpent goddess within was foundnot to be of massive gold, it was left with the door open, while its companion shrine, of identical design and of the same size, was left withthe clay seal still unbroken protecting its tiny double doors. As therobbers left they found in their way a common couch for ordinary household use. They tossed it hastily aside as they escaped from the tomb,where they were perhaps interrupted at their work, and it still lies highon the top of the Hathor couch, with one of the cow's horns stickingthrough the plaited thongs tightly stretched across the couch frame.Of course, the marauders must have taken with them many goldenvessels and other objects made entirely of gold.Besides being a Sherlock Holmes task of unusual interest, it was atthat juncture a matter of importance to determine who these earlytomb robbers were, or at least to gain some rough approximation of thedate when they forced their entrance. Carter had found the two outsidedoorways, at the two ends of the descending gallery, still displayingclear evidences of having been broken through and then sealed up again.The forced holes had not been large. They were made in the rubblemasonry with which the doorways were closed. The roughly plasteredface of this closing masonry, still bearing the precious seal impressions,had of course been carefully preserved by Carter. It did not seem to mepossible that the post-Empire storm of destruction which, as we haveseen, swept over this royal cemetery, could have included this tombamong its victims and still have left the content of the place so largelyintact. Having ventured to doubt the current report that this tomb,like all the other royal tombs in the valley, had been looted by post-Empire robbers, I raised the question in conversation with Carter. Hisreply was an urgent request to come over the next day and study thedoor sealings carefully, for he said that his many duties and responsibilities had not given him any opportunity to examine them with any care.The rough masses and lumps of plaster bearing the seals were storedin a neighboring tomb which Carter was using as a workshop and laboratory. The next day found us busily poring over these fragments.Unfortunately, the ancient officials who had made the seal impressionshad neglected to use enough dust on the seal. The plaster had conse-SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMON 39quently stuck to the seal and when it was pulled away the plaster underit came away with it, leaving the impression almost or totally illegible.However, the same seal was used many times and by putting togetherall the impressions of each one it was possible to read four different sealson the two doors. Three of them contained the name of Tutenkhamon,and the fourth was that of the cemetery administration and not necessarily post-Empire. The resealing after the robbery was not markedby the name of any post-Empire king. These facts were in themselvesevidence that we were dealing with the tomb of Tutenkhamon, and notwith a cache merely containing his mortuary furniture. They likewisemade it highly probable that there had been no post-Empire robbery.In a cemetery where the post-Empire catastrophe had been socomplete, was it conceivable that any royal tomb should escape destruction ? What could have saved this royal burial from the greedy handsof the post-Empire robbers ? In considering this question it is important to recall that the tomb of Ramses VI is almost directly over that ofTutenkhamon. The many tourists who have for years visited thebeautiful tomb of the former king have little dreamed that below theirfeet lay the magnificent burial of Tutenhkamon. When Ramses VI'sworkmen were excavating his tomb, the Egyptian Empire had justfallen (about 1150 B.C.). The robberies which were to wreck the burialsof the great pharaohs were just beginning. Immediately below theseworkmen the tomb of Tutenkhamon was over two hundred years old.As they proceeded with the excavation of Ramses VI's tomb, they carriedout their baskets of limestone chips and other rubbish and threw themdown the slope right over the mouth of Tutenkhamon's tomb. It isnot likely that they knew it was there, for they built directly across theentrance of Tutenkhamon's tomb a line of stone huts, in which theyslept at night. Covered still deeper by the workmen's huts, the tomb ofTutenkhamon was never discovered by the post-Empire tomb robbers,and it thus became the only royal tomb which escaped their depredations. This is clear enough to me now as I write, but it was not by anymeans demonstrated at the end of our first day's examination of the doorseals from the two upper doors. There was still the inner, unopeneddoorway guarded by the king's statues! So Carter urged me to comeover for a third visit the next day, especially to examine this unopeneddoorway, which likewise bore royal seals.As I rode across the Theban plain the next morning my mind wasabsorbed with the problem on which we were engaged. If Tutenkhamon's tomb had really escaped the post-Empire robbers, as seemed40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhighly probable, who could have robbed it under the power and wealthand efficiency of the great pharaohs of the Empire — rulers quite capableof protecting the tombs of their ancestors ? There was only one bit ofevidence which might throw light on this question. If you enter thetomb of Thutmose IV at the present day, you will find on the wall writtenin ink by an excellent scribal penman a neat memorandum to the effectthat the royal burial in this tomb was restored by order of King Harmhab.Now Harmhab was the almost immediate successor of Tutenkhamon.That means that a royal burial had suffered robbery soon after thedeath of Tutenkhamon. His tomb may likewise have been entered bythe same robbers. The thought of this bit of evidence made my rideacross the beautiful Theban plain that morning quite different from anyride I had ever taken there before. Behind the majestic, sun-bathedcliffs of the western plateau rising before me slept still undisturbed inimperial magnificence one of the great sovereigns of the ancient East,just as he had been laid away three thousand two hundred and fiftyyears ago. Behind the still unopened sealed doorway must be thechamber where he lay, and there we should gain an even more splendidvision of ancient life from the marvelous works of art with which thelords of the Egyptian Empire had furnished the burial of their imperialsovereign in the fourteenth century before Christ, Would post-Empireseals on the inner doorway dispel this pipe-dream ?I found Carter with a sheaf of telegrams and letters from all sorts ofpeople who were trying to gain a glimpse of the wonderful tomb. Whenhe had disposed of these, we rode up through the mouth of the wild andimpressive valley, just outside of which Carter has for many years hadhis house. Under the burning Egyptian sun the valley was glowing withtremulous light which touched the rocks with splendor — a fitting placefor the sepulchers of Egypt's greatest dead, the "sons of the sun," asthe pharaohs called themselves. Over our heads rose a mountain ofsunlit limestone above the chamber to which we descended. The silenceof forgotten ages seemed to brood over the place as the echoes of ourfootfalls faded and we stood quietly in the great king's tomb.Before us was the still unopened door. The floor before it wasencumbered with small objects, which it was unwise to move before thepreliminary records of the conditions in the tomb were made. To ourregret also, we were obliged to stand on the ancient reed matting on whichthe king's statues had so long ago been placed. Otherwise we could notbring our eyes near enough to the seal-impressed mortar. Then beganthe detailed examination of one broken, imperfect and mostly illegibleSOME EXPERIENCES IN THE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMON 41seal impression after another. As the work absorbed us, there seemed tobe voices haunting the silence. Certainly there were quite audiblenoises. From strange rustling sounds they increased now and then toa sharp snapping report. These were the evidences of melancholychanges which were already taking place around us. For some threethousand two hundred and fifty years before Carter first entered it, theair in this chamber had been unchanged. In all likelihood the temperature too had changed but slightly if at all in all that time. Now theincoming draughts were changing the temperature and altering theair. Chemical changes were goirig on, and the wood in the furniturewas adjusting itself to new strains, with resulting snapping and fracturingwhich we could plainly hear. It meant that the life of these beautifulthings around us was limited. A few generations more and the objectsnot of pottery, stone, or metal will be gone.At either shoulder as I worked looked down upon me the benignface of a ruler who had dominated the ancient world in the days whenthe Hebrews were captives in Egypt and long before Moses their leaderand liberator was born. It was a noble portrait gazing down upon me inquiet serenity, as I puzzled over the seals impressed there when theking had not been long dead. Only the soft rays of the electric lightsuggested the modern world into which these amazing survivals from apast so remote had been so unexpectedly projected. Thus in the silenceof the tomb, always conscious of the royal face contemplating me ateither elbow, I continued the examination of the seals, till I had inspectedevery impression from the top of the doorway to a point near the bottom,where the small objects and the reed matting interfered with the examination. It was evident that this mysterious unopened inner doorway contained the same seals which I had found on the other two. A new onealso, of which there were fifteen impressions, contained the name ofTutenkhamon himself. There was no Ramses, no post-Empire seal orresealing, and consequently there had been no post-Empire robbery!What I had dreamed of, in crossing the Theban plain that morning,was an undoubted reality. As I stood in the silent chamber between thetwo statues of the pharaoh still imperturbably guarding the sealed doorway before me, it was evident that behind it lay the body of the onlypharaoh of the Empire which had escaped the destruction wrought bypost-Empire disorder and lawlessness. There he was unquestionablyawaiting us, lying in undisturbed magnificence. For the hole at thebottom of this doorway was evidently much too small to have permitted the removal of anything but quite small objects. The seals at the42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbottom of the doorway needed further examination in order to determinewho did the resealing after the robbery, and a detailed study was notpossible until the chamber before the doorway had been cleared andthe doorway completely freed.Carter therefore invited me to return from Cairo, whither our CoffinText campaign was calling us, as soon as he should have cleared the antechamber and made ready to open the burial chamber. On the fourteenthof February the work on the Coffin Texts was interrupted by a telegramfrom Lord Carnarvon, and the next morning I found myself againseated before the mysterious sealed doorway. The antechamber hadbeen cleared, and there was nothing to prevent a careful examination ofall of the one hundred and fifty seal impressions. Again the evidence wasunequivocal — the robbery had been but slight and cursory. It had happened very soon after the burial, for every seal belonged to Tutenkhamon'sreign. The tomb had escaped the post-Empire devastation. The nextday, February sixteenth, the sealed doorway was forced and we enteredthe burial chamber. When we opened the doors of the gold and blueglaze catafalque, which had not been swung back for three thousand twohundred and fifty years and saw the unbroken royal seal on the innercatafalque, the evidence of the seals on the mysterious doorway wasamply corroborated. But the story of all that is only now being completed; for the sarcophagus, which modern eyes have not yet seen, is tobe opened this very January. The marvelous tale of the opening ofTutenkhamon's tomb, including also the wonders in the innermostchamber beyond the sepulcher — a tale without parallel in the wholerange of archaeological research — may then be unfolded in all itsrevealing interest. We shall then be able to show it as it is — a treasurehouse of sumptuous works of art from the earliest age of spiritualemancipation in the career of man.THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY1By ERNEST D. BURTONI appreciate this opportunity of coming before this group of Chicagomen to speak about the business of a university. When I say university,I am not referring in particular to the institution with which I have thehonor to be connected, but to a university as such. And yet I am sureyou will not resent my drawing my illustrations largely from the University of Chicago, For it is in fact one of the institutions of the city ofChicago which the citizens of Chicago have, in large part, by theirbrains and by their money created, and as men who are yourselves creating the great enterprises of the city I feel sure that you are interested toknow of this enterprise. There is a long fine of men, too long indeed forme to begin to enumerate, who now for more than thirty years havegiven without stint of their time and their ability and money to make theUniversity what it has become. I hesitate to mention any names, lest Ishould seem thereby to neglect others equally worthy, but I may perhapsbe permitted to say that the university has been peculiarly fortunate inthe two presidents of its Board of Trustees, Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, whooccupied that position for thirty years, and Mr. Harold H. Swift, who,coming into office at about the same time of life at which Mr. Ryersontook office, has already proved himself a worthy successor of a distinguished predecessor.I am going to speak to you about the business of a university, bywhich I do not mean the business administration of the university asdistinguished from its educational work. For, in fact, while a competentbusiness administration is indispensable to the success of the university,the real business of the university is not business in the narrower senseof that term. To put it in the language which for you I am sure willneed no defining, what I wish to discuss with you is the task of the university, the things for the accomplishment of which it exists.And the first thing I have to say is that the business of a universityis service. Whatever may be said of a business college or a young ladies'seminary, a university has no right to exist as a corporation for pecuniaryprofit. Whether its funds come to it by taxation or by gift of individualszAn address delivered before the Chicago Association of Commerce and theUniversity Club of Chicago.4344 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDor from these sources supplemented by tuition fees and exemption fromtaxation, the one comprehensive task of a university is to serve, to givenot to get, to impart not to acquire. Whatever of acquisition enters intoits plans must come in solely as subordinate means to its supreme end,and that end service. The university must first of all serve its students,but not its students only. Its obligations are to the city in which it islocated, from whose citizens it receives no small part of its support; tothe state and the nation, to whose stability it owes the opportunity ofcontinuing its work; to the world, from all parts of which its studentscome, to all parts of which its graduates go back.This broad definition of its field of service is demanded, moreover, notsimply by the extended character of the relationships of a university,but by the fact, which I hope to make clear a little later, that much of itswork can be done successfully only as the university consistently maintains a breadth of horizon limited only by the possibilities of itsoutlook.But it is obvious that this definition of the business of a universityas service lacks something of definiteness and exactness. There are manyother institutions that exist to serve. The church, the museum, the artinstitute; yes, and more and more, we are coming to recognize that eventhose corporations which the law defines as corporations for pecuniaryprofit are bound also to render service, and we are more and more claiming and confessing that the railroad, the street car, the packing house, thedepartment store, while making for their stockholders a reasonablepecuniary profit, are bound to give service, and that their very right toexist is based upon their being serviceable. Moreover, individuals aremore and more recognizing that to society, which furnishes that elementof stability without which their efforts to promote their own business would be futile, they owe an obligation of reciprocal service. Whatthen is the special type, or what are the special types, of service whicha university is called upon to render ?To this question I should like to return a fourfold answer. Thebusiness of a university is discovery, dissemination of knowledge, trainingof men for service, and development of personalities: discovery of newfacts and, by the collection and interpretation of them, of new truth; thedissemination of knowledge through oral speech and printed page, butespecially of the results of the discoveries which the scholars of the university have made; the training of men to make practical use of their knowledge in the service of mankind; and the development of personalitiescapable of large participation in life and of large contribution to life.THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY 45In the space of time that is permitted me to use here today, I wantto lay special stress upon the first of these four aspects of the business ofa university. For it is discovery by which the business of a universityis distinguished from that of all other schools. If I were speaking today from the point of view of a college, as I was only a few days ago inthis city, I should lay stress upon the development of personalities.But, the distinctive business of a university is discovery. Or, if I mayhere again substitute for this more familiar word, the shop word whichwe more commonly use at the university, research.Discovery is the distinctive note of the intellectual fife of the modernworld. Of all the great discoveries, the results of which constitute thepresent possessed store of human knowledge, far more than half have beenmade in the last hundred years, and probably within the last fifty. Withrare and almost negligible exceptions, the ancient world, at least so far aswe have been able to recover its history, the medieval world certainly, theoriental world even until today, has been characterized not by the discovery of new facts or truths, but by the dogmatic transmission and thedocile acceptance of the opinions of the past. To speak broadly, and without attempt at the fine qualification which would be necessary in a strictlyscientific statement, throughout the centuries down to the nineteenththe prevailing question of the people has been: What would our predecessors say about this ?It is the abandonment of that attitude, and the adoption of the attitude of inquiry concerning the facts, and the development of method bywhich from observed facts one may discover large truths, that have madethe world in which we live today something else than the world of the darkages. The steam engine, the locomotive, the telegraph, the telephone,the trolley car, the automobile, the airship, wireless telegraphy and telephony, the phonograph, the motion picture and the radio are all of themthe products of discovery, and while some of these things may seemrelatively trivial, I am sure that you will all agree that the subtraction ofthem all from our modern life would plunge us back into the conditionsof the dark ages. And yet, in mentioning these examples of discoveries,I have selected them almost wholly from one area and if I were to undertake, with any measure of thoroughness, to supplement this list from discoveries in other fields, I should consume all the time that is left to meand then should only begin my task. Time would utterly fail me to setforth one-hundredth part of that which has been accomplished practicallywithin the lifetime of the men now living. May I read to you just a listof some of these important discoveries?46 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe spectroscope, by which we are able to determine the physicalcomposition of stars many millions of miles distant.The spectroheliograph, invented by a Chicago youth of hardlytwenty-one, George E, Hale, son of a Chicago manufacturer and scientist.The interferometer, the invention of Professor Michelson of our ownDepartment of Physics, who thirty years ago was able by it to measurethe satellites of Jupiter and more recently has accomplished the still moreimportant result of determining the diameters of distant stars.The seismograph by which we record and, in a measure, predict earthquakes.The whole science of meteorology by which shipping interests andfarmers receive advance information as to the weather.The rigidity of the earth has been measured by determining the tidesin the solid earth. This is also an achievement of Professor Michelson.The atom, once supposed to be the ultimate in matter, as its namesuggests the indivisible, has been discovered to be, instead, a world initself, comparable indeed, not in size but in organization, to a solarsystem, composed of a small positively charged nucleus, which carries the weight of the atom, and electrons located at relatively largedistances from this nucleus, negatively charged. It has been found,moreover, that all electrons, in whatever kind of matter, are alike, that thepositive element of the atom, the nucleus, is either always the same or,at the utmost, of two kinds.The nebular hypothesis of the origin of the earth, proposed by LaPlace, and long an accepted truth, has, in the opinion of many physicists,been displaced by Professor Chamberlin's planetesimal theory whichhas a far-reaching significance in more than one field of thought.The discovery of the bacterial origin of disease, and the fact that manydiseases, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, hookworm, diphtheria, typhoidfever and yellow fever, are the result of living growths, commonly calledmicrobes, has settled many long-pending controversies and opened up adazzling vista in the field of alleviation of human suffering and the banishment of disease.But this very list reminds us of a fact of great significance, namelythat research has become in our day, not an individual enterprise, notthe task of the lone inventor or of the exceptional thinker, but an organized business in which scores and hundreds of men are engaged in the pursuit of definite results on a co-operative and organized plan. And so,in connection with the great electrical companies, with the great packinghouses, with the canning industry, with banking, with hotel management,THE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY 47organized institutions of research are conducted, sometimes by anindividual corporation, sometimes by an association of corporationsoperating in a given field. So familiar are these institutions of researchto you gentlemen to whom I am speaking, that an enumeration of themwould be superfluous. Yet, perhaps, if one should read here a full listof such research enterprises conducted by corporations for pecuniaryprofit, even you would be surprised at the length of the list, the amountof money invested, and the large number of men employed.But now the very length of this list and the very extent of the workbeing carried on and supported by corporations which are, by the law,classified as organized for pecuniary profit, raises the question: Why,then, should the university be engaged in research — why should discoverynot be left to the Edisons and the Steinmetzes and the others who are,outside of the university, conducting such great researches? I amparticularly desirous of answering that question which may, not unnaturally, arise in your jninds.The business of a university in the field of research is, on the one hand,to deal with the fundamentals, the things that lie deep beneath all thatis special and particular, all that has to do with any specific fine of investigation, and, on the other, to secure completeness and symmetry; in otherwords, to bring the researches in various fields into relation with oneanother and see to it that there are no important gaps in the roundedcircle of possible knowledge.In short, the business of the university in the field of research is tosecure fundamentalness and completeness.Among men engaged in research you will always find two types ofmind and two methods of approach. On the one side, there is the manwho is interested in the practical, who wants to know how to make abetter electric lamp, who wants to extend the distance over which thetelephone can work successfully, who wants to make a ship that can flyin the air as well as the great liners float in the ocean. The practicalquestions of this type that confront our modern life are, of course, simplyinnumerable, and they appeal tremendously, and altogether legitimately,to men of a certain type of mind.On the other hand, there is the type of mind which we may perhapscharacterize as that of intellectual curiosity, that of the man who simplywants to know, without reference to what the knowledge he might acquirewould accomplish, the visionary man, if you please, far removed from thepractical interests of fife, who wants to know how far away the stars are,not because he can do anything with the fact, but because he wants to48 4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDknow; the man who wants to know what the ultimate constitution ofmatter is; whether the atoms are, after all, the ultimate components ofmatter, or whether it is possible to break them up into more ultimateelements; the man who wants to know how the ancient Egyptians lived,not because he expects to get from them anything that would affectmodern life, but just because he craves the information.Now, the great fact concerning these two types of mind which it isimportant to emphasize is this: that the man who begins with a practicalquestion is almost inevitably driven back, step by step, to the ultimate,and that the man who begins with nothing but curiosity, simply wantingto know, has often proved to be the man who made the most valuable,practical discoveries. The truth is that we absolutely need both typesof mind and that always the practical leads back to the ultimate and theultimate leads forward to the practical.Could I take the time for it, I could, not from my own personalknowledge, but from the contributions which my colleagues have made tome, enumerate scores of examples of both these facts. Let me, instead,mention one or two typical examples, reminding you that these might bemultiplied a hundred fold. It is said that when Benjamin Franklinannounced his initial discovery in the field of electricity, arrived at youwill remember by the flying of a kite, he remarked that he did not supposeit would ever be of any practical use. Yet, since his day, and as a sequelto his discovery, there has come into our modern world all that enormousprogress in the field of transportation and communication which discoveries in electricity have made possible. Sheer intellectual curiositybegan the work. Its later developments cover the world and affectpractically every human being in his everyday life.The great science of modern chemistry owes its tremendous advancement, one might also say its very existence, to these two types of mind.German chemistry was primarily practical; English chemistry was theoretical; Frenchmen and Americans have shared the two points of viewsomewhat equally. The result has been, not that the theorists havefound theory and the practical men achieved practical results, but thattogether, each inevitably tending toward the other's point of view, theyhave made tremendous progress in the fundamentals of the science andenormous contributions to practical life, of which every one of us everyday shares the benefits.The invention of gas masks as a protection against the poison gasesemployed in the world-war was made possible by researches into theabsorptive power of different samples of charcoal, researches which wereTHE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY 49undertaken as a pure incident of an absolutely abstract inquiry and whichoccupied, not the four or five weeks which were expected but four years.Fortunately these four years had already elapsed when the United Statesentered the world-war and appealed to our physicists for help in discovering some protection against gases.Lord Rayleigh's and Sir William Ramsay's work on the purely theoretical problem of the density of nitrogen led to the discovery of the raregases of our atmosphere, of which helium is now being used in our largeairship, the Shenandoah, as a non-inflammable gas of great lifting power,giving the United States a great advantage over all other nations, sincehelium is found in our natural gas.Baeyer in Munich started out to prepare indigo artificially in 1867,and after many years succeeded. In this work, he advanced the theoryof organic chemistry more than any other man of his generation.Milikan's work on the electron was wholly directed toward theoreticalrelations, but his experimental results were utilized to develop wirelesstelephony.In the development of the Mazda lamp in the research laboratory ofthe General Electric Company, Dr. Langnuier advanced our theoreticalknowledge of surface effects of metals, gases, and liquids far beyond whathad been known to us before. The discoveries of Pasteur in reference tothe bacterial origin of disease and the efficacy of inoculation in the prevention of such diseases, discoveries of such far-reaching significance thatthey deserve to be called fundamental, resulted from a process of studywhich he began for the practical purpose of serving the wine industryof France. His life, I am told, included a singular swinging backwardand forward from the practical to the fundamental and from the fundamental again to the practical.Now the significance of this fact is that there needs to be some placein the world where discovery is not limited or hampered by restrictionto either the theoretical or the practical, where the investigator may followwherever his facts lead him, whether into the absolute ultimates of allknowledge or into the most practical of applications. The Universitysays to its professors engaged in research: " Go where you please. Studywhat you like. Follow the line of investigation where it leads you, intothe discovery of an anesthetic which can be used immediately for thealleviation of human pain, or to the determination of the distance of thestars from the earth." Such facts as the latter have no immediate bearing upon the problem of a subway in Chicago or an extension of our tradeto South America, but the discovery of them, from the point of view of a5° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDuniversity is immensely worth while, because, and I should like to putstress upon this, the university is built upon the view that, on the one hand,all knowledge is so related to all other knowledge and its importance issuch that any discovery, however abstract or fundamental or remote fromhuman interest, may some day relate itself to the vital business of life inthe twentieth century.But now to turn from fundamentalness to wholeness. I have drawnmy illustrations so far mainly from the physical sciences, but I want nowto lay emphasis on the fact, which I believe is becoming more and morerecognized by scholars in all fields, that research is just as important inthe field of the sciences that have to do with the history and activitiesof men as individuals and men in society as it is in those which have to dowith atoms and molecules and stars and physical forces. Indeed, thereis a widespread conviction, which I myself am inclined to share, thatunless there is a sufficient transfer of interest in our thinking and in thefield of research from the physical to what I may broadly call the humansciences, the physical sciences themselves carry with them an element ofdanger. This danger lies in the fact that, if we go on learning more aboutexplosives and more about poison gases and more about transportation andmore about communication of thought, and do not also learn the greatfundamental facts concerning how, civilizations rise and fall, what arethe social forces that affect the development of a nation and propel itupward or downward, what are the fundamental principles in accordancewith which men must live, both individually and socially, there is greatdanger that civilization will perish, not by its excessive knowledge, butby its ill-balanced unsymmetry of knowledge. Therefore I am butexpressing the opinion of many others who have said it better than I cansay it, when I affirm that if the real values of the world, which ultimatelylie in men and not in things, are to be conserved and increased, if as a racewe are to go upward and not downward, there must, in these comingdays, be a study of human society and human history as keen, as penetrative, as far-reaching as the last fifty years have witnessed in the fieldof astrophysics and bacteriology.I must not, indeed, leave the impression that researches in this fieldhave not yet begun. It must be conceded, I think, that modern researchbegan in the physical field and that that fact has given to research in thatfield a tremendous start as compared with its application to the human sciences. It must also be admitted that the results of research in the humanities are usually somewhat less exactly measurable than in physics andchemistry. Yet research is now thoroughly domesticated in the humanTHE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY 5*sciences and is rapidly forging forward to overtake the investigators inthe physical field.To mention just a few illustrations may I cite:The numerous investigations that have been made and are now inprocess in the field of education — investigations undertaken or financedby the General Education Board, the Carnegie Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Sage Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, etc.A striking example in this field is the report on Medical Education madeby Mr. Abraham Flexner when he was on the staff of the Carnegie Foundation, as the result of which the number of Medical Schools has beengreatly reduced and the standing of Medical Education markedlyimproved.The researches which are accumulating from decade to decade in theUnited States Census, making it possible to understand elements of ourAmerican situation which are vital to all our interests.The studies which both officials and academic people have beenconducting for years in respect to the economic, political, and socialeffects of immigration upon American life, and the legislative policiesthat the facts call for.The experimentation that resulted in the Federal Reserve system,and in the minor modifications since its adoption.Surveys which have been or are going on in several cities in respectto interracial relations, the zoning plan, morality and crime, etc.Experimentation in many cities with the commission form of government in comparison with the older political forms.The investigation now going on in co-operation between businessmen and academic economists such as Commons of Wisconsin, Ripleyof Harvard, and Fetter of Princeton, about the effects of the "Pittsburghplus" standard of prices in the steel trades.Yet while all these examples illustrate the fact that research is nowwell established in practically all areas of knowledge, it remains true thatthere is need of some institution which stands continually for wholenessand symmetry in research, and that this is the task of the university.They cannot be expected in the same measure of the institute of banking, or of an electrical laboratory, or even of an institute of medicalresearch.Nor could all of these special institutes of research together makejust that contribution to the advancement of knowledge, or to the promotion of human welfare that the university can make. If you couldestablish in New York and Pittsburgh, in St. Louis and Chicago, in Den-52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDver and San Francisco, institutions representing separately all theseveral fields of investigation, they would fail, just by reason of this specialcharacter and their separation one from another, to make that contribution which the university can make.Some of you have heard of Dr. Luckhardt's discovery of a new anesthetic which promises to supplant all other anesthetics, and to make nomean contribution to the healing art. It is a rather interesting fact thatthe occasion for this discovery, the original impulse to it, arose not in themedical school nor in the medical sciences, but in commerce and inbotany. A Wisconsin florist, observing that his flowers withered muchmore rapidly when shipped to Chicago than when sent to other cities,asked the Department of Botany at the University of Chicago to findout why. It was soon discovered that these flowers were anesthetizedby a certain gas prevailing in the streets of the city of Chicago, anda further study of this anesthetic proved that it was helpful to dogs andhuman beings.We have, at the University, what is called the Quadrangle Club, andone of my colleagues remarked to me a few days ago that this social clubwas the most valuable asset the University had from a scientific point ofview. At noontime, the physicist, the chemist, the botanist, the historian, and the astronomer sit down around the same lunch table and thereis no constraint and no program. A chance remark of the historian bringsthe botanist and the chemist into the discussion and perhaps before theyhave finished their luncheon each one has gathered from his colleaguessomething which has helped to correct the one-sidedness of his thinkingor to suggest an entirely new line of thought. The mere fact that onecan, with little effort or none, learn the latest thought of investigators in"remote or similar lines of thought, serves to broaden our horizon, increaseour points of contact and stimulate our thinking.This, then, is what I am trying to affirm: that in this age of the world,characterized as none other has ever been by research, an age which byvirtue of that fact has made greater progress in acquiring knowledge ofthe world and of how to live in the world than was made in twenty centuries before — in this age of the world in which commercial enterpriseshave the far-sightedness and breadth of mind to establish institutions ofresearch, there is a place for the university and a duty to be discharged,which neither the college, nor the professional school of science or medicineor technology, nor the specialized research laboratory, can achieve. Andthis task is, as I have said, to deal with the fundamental and the seemingly useless, which often proves ultimately to be the most useful, toTHE BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY 53broaden men's horizons, to f acilitate contacts and relationships, to securethat symmetry of investigation without which research itself is in dangerof being so one-sided as to lead to disaster.I have left myself very little time in which to pay any attention to theother three parts of the business of the university, dissemination of truth,training of men for practical service, and the development of personalities.Let me just say, in a few words, respecting dissemination, that the university recognizes that its duty is not only to find out truth, but to giveto whatever it discovers the widest possible publicity. No universityprofessor patents his discovery. From the foundation of the University,there was incorporated, as an essential part of it, the University Press,and from the beginning honor has been given to the man who publishesthe results of his work, in other words, to the man who having discoveredsomething which can be of use to the scholars of the world, puts it on theprinted page and sends it out to the world. I am happy to be able tosay that the University Press, which for many years had a hard strugglefor existence, is now on a firm foundation and that its purpose is, andalways will be, not to make money, but to send out in the most accessibleform the thinking of the members of the faculty and of the other menconnected with it.I must be equally brief in speaking of the third and fourth purposesof the University — to train men for service and to develop high-mindedpersonalities. But I do want to take time enough to say that we regardthese as indispensable parts of our task, both because of their intrinsicimportance and because research itself cannot be most successfully prosecuted when divorced from them. The real values of life are in people,and this fact needs always to be in the back of the mind, at least, of theinvestigator. If ever we imagined, as I think a generation ago many ofus in America did, that knowledge is of itself sufficient to make democracysafe for the world and the world safe for democracy, we surely have beendisillusioned by the experiences of the last decade. To know is notenough. It has in it a fatal defect. Precisely those to whom we intrustknowledge it is most important should also possess character, a broadhorizon, a social sense, high ideals not for themselves only but for society,and a will trained to refuse the worse and choose the better and to prefera contribution to the welfare of the race to any possible personal gain forthemselves.These, then, are to my thought at least the outstanding elements ofthe business of a university: discovery in every possible realm of humanknowledge, the useless and useful, fundamental and specifically practical;54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe dissemination of knowledge by which the largest possible number ofpeople may avail themselves of it; the training of men for service; and thedevelopment of personalities capable of the largest possible participationin life and of the largest possible contribution to life.For more than thirty years, now, the Board of Trustees and thefaculty of the University of Chicago have been engaged in the effort toproduce such a university as I have described. In this effort, we havehad the constant interest and co-operation of the citizens of Chicago.Our task is, by no means, complete. Great areas remain unoccupied,great opportunities appeal to us. In the entering into these and inoccupation of them we need, and we hope to receive, your growing interestand your increasing co-operation.THE BUSINESS OF A COLLEGE1By ERNEST D. BURTONEvery living institution needs constant re-examination and restudyto determine whether its growth is in the right direction. Like a livingplant, you can cut and prune it too much. You can pull it up by theroots and start it over again too often. Yet like the plant it yields itsbest results to diligent farming.And the American college is very much alive today. Its right tolive has been challenged, and that challenge calls for answer at a suitabletime, but I shall not attempt that answer now. Instead, I shall assumethat it has been made, that you agree with me, that there is still a placefor the college, and that we are interested in its future and in seeing to itthat that future is the best possible. In short, I take it for granted, onthe one hand, that the college is to remain, but, on the other hand, thatit is not to remain stagnant and unchangeable, that it is alive, and isgoing to keep alive, and therefore to develop. The question that Iam interested in is, How ought it to develop ?The first answer that I make to this question is the negative one thatit is not the business of the college to become a research institute.Research is not its primary business. The research institute and thegraduate school of research are primarily concerned with things, thingsconcrete and things abstract, with stars and planets, with moleculesand microbes, with light and heat and force, with the forces that madethe world and the forces that are making human society and history.The college is primarily concerned with personalities and their development.Research, in the stricter sense of the word at least, is concerned withaddition to the sum of hitherto possessed human knowledge. By it wediscover a new star or planet, a new element or plant, a new fact ofhistory, a new law of social progress, a new language or a new principlein accordance with which languages are developed. This is not the taskof the college student, if for no other reason, for this sufficient one that,with rare and negligible exceptions, discoveries that add to the sum of1 An address delivered to the Vassar College alumnae at Chicago, November 16,1923.5556 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhuman knowledge can be made only by those who already have a largestock of the acquired knowledge of the world.Let me illustrate this by a striking example. In a recent number ofthe periodical called Asia, Roy Chapman Andrews relates how on ascientific expedition into Northern Asia his party discovered, one morningbefore breakfast, certain fragments of bone, and in a rapid examinationafter breakfast, other impressions of bones outlined in the rock. On thebasis of these seemingly trifling discoveries, Mr. Andrews says, to usehis own words, that they "added that morning an entirely new geologicalera to the knowledge of the continental structure of Central Asia, openedup a paleontological vista dazzling in its brilliancy, and proved thatwhich the expedition was organized to prove or disprove — that Asiawas the Mother of the life of Europe and America." What did thesefew pieces of broken bones mean to the workmen who accompanied thatexpedition ? What would they have meant to an American college boy ?What would they have meant to us here ? The tremendous conclusionwhich Mr. Andrews and his fellow-investigators drew from them theydrew only because they added these trifling facts to an already acquiredbody of scientific knowledge.Yet I must not leave the impression that I think there is no placefor research in the college. On the contrary, it is my belief that as anattitude of mind it is essential to the well-being of the college. Thecollege student cannot be expected to make additions to the sum ofalready possessed human knowledge, but he can be daily adding to thesum of his own knowledge. And he ought to do this, not by the unquestioning acceptance of the dogmatic assertions of textbook or teacher,but by a process of discovery entirely analogous to that by which themore advanced investigator makes his additions to his own and to humanknowledge. The day has gone by when the college can be regarded as aplace for the authoritative impartation and the docile acceptance oftraditionally transmitted facts or dogmas.In the first place, this method is against nature, and involves a reversalof the process that every child adopts unconsciously. Every normalboy and girl is born with eyes that see and ears that hear, and all childrenbegin before they are out of the cradle to accumulate facts, not out of abook, but by observation. Almost as surely does the child begin toput facts together, and to deduce conclusions. He is not adding to thesum of human knowledge, but he is constantly adding to his own fundof knowledge, and the method of the two processes is essentially the same.To project into the midst of this normal experience of the child a processTHE BUSINESS OF A COLLEGE 57of so-called education in which he is practically required to cease observingfor himself, and to learn only from the printed page or the spoken word,is to do violence to Nature herself.Of course as soon as he can talk, the child seeks information frompeople also. He instinctively attempts to draw from the store of accumulated knowledge so far as this is accessible in parents or teachers. Butunless he is forced to it by an unnatural process, he does not abandonhis former method of acquisition, but only adds to it a new one. He isstill "an active investigator, skeptical until he has settled his doubt byexperience, or had the investigative spirit crushed out of him by a perversemethod of education.Moreover, if he is to go on to higher study or to active life, he mustagain take up the method of research. No textbook was ever written,no lecture was ever delivered, that will furnish to the college studentrules by which to deal with the situations which he will actually meet inpost-collegiate life. He must face these in a spirit of inquiry and interpretation. In other words, he must go back to the methods of the cradle.When, therefore, the college, in bringing the student, as it must, intocontact with books and teachers and the accumulated store of the world'sknowledge, attempts to confine education within the limits of acquisitionfrom these sources, and to discourage and to repress the instinct ofresearch, it is destroying something which is not only native to the youth,but which, if he is to succeed in after life, he must laboriously recover.The college must therefore, in my judgment, be characterized by thespirit of research. The pupil, though he is for the most part only learningfor himself what other people already know, adding, in other words, tothe sum of his knowledge rather than to the sum of the world's knowledge, should do this in the same spirit as that which animates thechemist or the astronomer.But there is another sense in which the college, I believe, should bepermeated by the spirit of research. I am thinking now of the faculty.It is obvious that no teacher can stimulate in his students a spirit ofresearch which he does not himself possess. If to him the word of thetextbook is the "court of last resort," if he has himself no eyes to seefacts or powers of mind to set them in relation to one another, he willnot be likely to cultivate this spirit in his pupils. He may, in most cases,be unable to carry his researches to such a point that he will make additions to the sum of human knowledge, but there are always areas to himunknown, into which he may be making excursions. He ought to beanimated by the spirit of research, sympathetic with it in his students,58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDready to learn from them, never suppressing the spirit of inquisitivenessby his own dogmatism, but always encouraging it and guiding it.There is, moreover, one field in which college professors as a group,if not singly and as individuals, can well hope to add not only to theirown knowledge but to that of the world. I am thinking of the problemof college education itself, and of what I believe at least to be the fact, thatwe have neither in this country nor elsewhere arrived as yet at the ultimate truth respecting the best method of doing our educational work inthis field. Every college faculty should, in my judgment, be a formallyor informally organized seminar on college education, always workingat the question of how their work can be more successfully accomplished.The most valuable results of such study may not be the things that arediscovered, but the maintenance on the part of the faculty of the spiritof inquiry, which will inevitably affect their teaching and permeate theatmosphere in which the student does his work.Nevertheless, I come back to say that the primary task of the collegeis not research, and that the attempt to improve the college by forcingback into it the point of view and methods of the research institute oreven of the graduate school is fraught with grave danger. The instituteof research deals with things — things concrete and things abstract, withfacts and principles and truths. The college deals primarily withpersonalities.My second negative assertion about the college is that it is not a tradeschool. By trade school I mean one of those necessary institutions inwhich youths are taught the rules and methods of accomplishing certainstandardized processes, schools for blacksmiths, schools for barbers,schools for bookkeepers, schools for teachers even, if the purpose of theschool be to impart the rules for teaching by the standardized methodsof conducting schools. The characteristic mark of what I am callingthe trade school is not the field within which it operates, but the wayit operates, namely, not by teaching the pupil to think his way thoughhis problem, but to acquire and to practice, without originality, thestandardized methods of the trade, be it blacksmithing, or hair-cutting,or bookkeeping, or school teaching, or preaching.What then, is the business of a college? If it is not to conductresearch that adds to the sum of human knowledge, if it is not to producethe practicers of trades, what is its central task ? One can hardly answerthis question without seeming to be dogmatic, or else presenting a longand complex argument in defense of his answer. Limitations of spaceexcluding the latter, I must take the risk of the former, only hoping thatTHE BUSINESS OF A COLLEGE 59many of my hearers will also find themselves of my opinion and supplythe arguments which I omit. The central business of a college is, Ibelieve, to develop, not ideas in the abstract, nor the human tools ofthe trades, but personalities capable of a Jarge participation in life andof a large contribution to life. One argument only I advance for thisopinion, viz., that personalities of this type are the world's greatest need,and that the college rightly administered is capable of producing them —not, indeed, of finishing their training, but of starting them in the rightdirection. The process of education will necessarily be lifelong.But if this is the central business of the college, what are the specificthings that it ought to do for all its students ? Three things, as I see it.First, a college ought to enable all its students to place themselves inthe world, to recognize where they are. It ought to help each studentto acquire such a knowledge of the physical universe, of the history ofthe race, of the structure of society, and of the nature of the individual,that, taking his stand at the center of his own being, he may have a senseof where he is. I pity profoundly the man to whom all past history is ablank, who, looking back, sees an impenetrable wall at the moment towhich his own memory extends. He lacks the fundamental conditionof the highest enjoyment of life and of any large service to the world.The college ought to save him from such isolation, and enable him tofind himself.The second thing that a college ought to do for its students is toteach them to think, not to follow precepts, not to practice an art according to fixed methods, or to play a game according to the rules of the game,but to observe facts, to set them in relation to one another, to view themdispassionately, to draw conclusions from them. The impulse to do thisis, as I said a few minutes ago, inborn; but it needs encouragement,development, practice, intensification. The thinker, dispassionate butacute, is one of the world's great needs.The third thing that is necessary to the achievement of the businessof the college is the development of character. If once we thoughtthat an education that consisted in the acquisition of facts was all that wasneeded to make democracy safe for itself and the world, we have surelybeen thoroughly disillusioned. Breadth of knowledge, power to think,are indispensable prerequisites to large participation in life or largecontributions to life. But apart from high moral character they are notonly inadequate but positively dangerous. And because this is so, noinstitution that undertakes to give these former things can escape theobligation to concern itself for the latter also. It is my conviction on6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis point, indeed, that largely influenced me in the choice of that rathervague word "personality." I recently read an address in which, if Ifollowed the writer's thought correctly, he summed up the duty of thecollege as teaching the student to think. I feel obliged, on the otherhand, to maintain the old-fashioned doctrine, if it is old-fashioned, thatany definition of the function of the college in purely intellectual terms,however broad and inclusive, or however rigid and exacting, is fatally falseby defect. Unless to whatever it does for the student by enlarginghis horizon and by sharpening his power of intellect it also does its bestto see that he acquires sound principles and right habits of action, ithas failed at a point where failure is fatally serious.In naming these things as the chief function of a college, I do notwish to be understood as denying that a college education may also haveoccupational value, or even as affirming that occupational preparationmust be purely incidental and indirect. I rather believe that when wehave studied out our problem of college education a little further weshall discover ways in which much of what we do in the college course,if not all of it, will have a double value, on the one hand, adding to thestudent's knowledge and cultivating the power of discovery and the spiritof research, and, on the other hand, by means of these things directlypreparing him for his future occupation.So far as I know, however, this problem of the discovery of culturalvalues in occupational subjects and occupational values in culturalsubjects has as yet been very imperfectly solved. This is a matter thatcalls for the spirit and practice of research on the part of college facultiesand other students of education. While it remains unsolved, or veryimperfectly solved, we must, I suspect, content ourselves with saying thatevery college course ought to contain a large element of what we commonly call the cultural effect of education, broadening of horizon,sharpening of perception, training to think and to appreciate, and thatalso in the majority of cases, at least, materially to contribute to thestudent's preparation for his occupation.But be that as it may, I at least come back with emphasis to myassertion that the central and constant function of the college is thedevelopment of personalities. But if this be true, there follow from itcertain corollaries that I think have an immediate practical significance.When I spoke of the college as developing a certain type of personality, I used the word "develop" with intention; for, in fact, it cannotcreate them. Nor can it develop them out of every type of individual.THE BUSINESS OF A COLLEGE 61It follows, then, that the college must select its students, and winnowout those that cannot or will not respond to its influence.This is much more important than was formerly the case. Thenumber of applicants for admission to college has so enormously increased,and the cost of education has also so greatly increased, that the collegesare compelled to consider whom they will admit. And this, in turn,means that the conditions of admission and retention must be carefullyreconsidered. Obviously, ability to pay the tuition fee is not a sufficientcriterion. Nor do I believe that a marking system taken by itselffurnishes an adequate test. We must find tests at once more delicateand more exact.This brings me to my second corollary, viz., that the college mustdeal with its students as individuals. Mass education is ill-adaptedto produce the highest type of personalities. It is better than none,but it is far from being good enough. The touch of the individual teacheris the most potent educational force. If it be said that our colleges havenot a staff adequate to supply such individualized guidance, I answerthat if we are to do our work we shall have to find them. Better a fewstudents well educated than many inadequately trained.We have passed through three periods in reference to the rigidityof our curriculum: that of the wholly prescribed curriculum, all studentstaking the same studies; that of free electives, each student followinghis own more or less ignorant impulse; that of majors and minors, andmore or less rigidly formulated sequences. For the college student Ibelieve our next experiment must be that of a sympathetically guidedindividualism.My third corollary is that if the college accepts the responsibility ofdeveloping personalities, it must make a comprehensive study of allthe forces that make for such personality, including not only the curriculum in the specific sense, but every phase and element of college life —athletics, companionship, classroom discipline, voluntary reading, moraland religious influence, and must concern itself constantly with all ofthese things. And this, in turn, brings me back again to the necessitythat college faculties shall be conducting research in the field of collegeeducation.But, after all, the main thing that I want to say and to emphasizeis that the business of the college is to develop personalities, personalitiesthat are capable of large participation in life and of large contributionto life. If we recognize this to be the business of the college, everythingelse will in time take care of itself.STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLASBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDOn the wall of the cloister of the Mitchell Tower group of buildingsat the University of Chicago is a bronze tablet showing a bust of StephenA. Douglas. Below the bust is the following inscription:In honor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, in 1855, generously contributed to thefounding of the first University of Chicago established in Chicago, this tablet is erectedin June, 1901, by the Decennial Class of the University of Chicago.This tablet calls attention to the fact that there was a Universityof Chicago, quite distinct from the present one, the preliminary stepstoward the founding of which were taken thirty-five years before theexisting University was established. The contribution to its foundingmade by Mr. Douglas was the donation of the site. I have before me asI write the original contract for a deed of this site and also the originaldeed itself. The University received these interesting documents fromone of the last officials of that first University long after it closed itsdoors in 1886, and they are preserved as papers of historical value.At the time of making the prehminary contract, Mr. Douglas wasserving his second term as United States Senator from Illinois. Thecontract was made and executed in the city of Washington on April 2,1856. By it Mr. Douglas agreed to give to Dr. John C. Burroughs ofChicago a piece of land, "Near the southern boundary of the City ofChicago, Illinois," bounded as follows:On the east by the street or avenue known as Cottage Grove Avenue, on the northand south by two parallel lines commencing on Cottage Grove Avenue— opposite —the north line of Groveland and the south line of Woodland Park and running west to anorth and south line at such a distance from the center of Cottage Grove Avenue asthat within the four lines thus described there shall be embraced ten acres of ground,inclusive of a space thirty-three feet in width on each of the four sides of said plat toprovide for a sixty-six feet street on all sides of said tract.Taking out this provision for streets a nearly square plat of ground wasleft containing a little over eight acres.The contract goes on to say:The condition of this agreement is such that if the said John C. Burroughs ....shall fail within a reasonable time to procure the organization of a board of trusteesof a University, according to the statutes of the State of Illinois, to consist of the62STEPHEN A. DOUGLASSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 63following persons, viz., Stephen A. Douglas, Hiram A. Tucker, Wm. B. Ogden,John H. Kinzie, Charles Walker, E. D. Taylor, Samuel Hoard, James H. Woodworth,Levi D. Boone, Walter S. Gurnee, Mason Brayman, Rev. Robert Clarkson and JohnC. Burroughs, residents of the City of Chicago, and James Dunlap of Jacksonville,Illinois, Elijah Gove of Quincy, Illinois, Charles H. Roe of Belvidere, Illinois, HenryG. Weston of Peoria, Illinois, Simon G. Miner of Canton, Illinois, and N. W. Minerof Springfield, Illinois, and such other persons as they may appoint, to which trusteesthis agreement shall be assigned, and which board of trustees shall procure the plansfor a building such as shall be mutually agreed upon by them and the party of the firstpart aforesaid [Mr. Douglas] all differences to be referred to the decision of ThomasU. Walters, architect of the National Capitol at Washington, D.C., said building tobe erected on the premises herein before described and to cost not less than one hundredthousand dollars to be expended as follows, twenty-five thousand dollars within oneyear from the first day of May next — Provided the foundation shall be completedwithin the present year; and the further sum of twenty-five thousand dollars withintwo years from the first day of May next, and the further sum of fifty thousand dollarswithin or prior to the expiration of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty:Then in case of the failure of the said party of the second part to perform the conditionsabove named, or any part of them, this agreement shall be null and void. Otherwise,it shall remain in full force and virtue, and then on the completion of the building asaforesaid, the said party of the first part agrees for himself, his heirs .... that hewill execute and deliver to the board of trustees aforesaid or their successors in officefor the purposes of the University herein before mentioned, a good and sufficient deedof conveyance And the said party of the first part further agrees to give to theparty of the second part immediate possession of the before mentioned premises.Although Mr. Douglas has always been known as Stephen A. Douglas,he signed this agreement as he usually, if not invariably, wrote hissignature, S. A. Douglas.On the back of this agreement there is an additional paragraph inthe handwriting of Mr. Douglas which shows that although the trusteeswere failing to carry out the agreement he was himself deeply interestedin the project. It is dated Chicago, November 10, 1856, and reads asfollows:I Stephen A. Douglas, party of the first part of the foregoing agreement do herebyextend the time for laying the foundation of the University until the first day of Mayand for expending the first sum of twenty-five thousand dollars until the first day ofOctober 1857, all the other conditions remaining in all respects as stated in said agreement. This extension of time is granted on the condition and with the understandingthat the title of said land shall forever remain in said University for the purposesexpressed in said agreement and that no part of the same shall ever be sold or alienatedor used for any other purpose whatever.And again he signed "S. A. Douglas."The warranty deed conveying the site to the University is anotherindication of the deep personal interest the donor had come to feel in64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe new institution. The agreement of 1856 provided for the executionof the deed after the lapse of nearly five years and the erection of abuilding for which not less than $100,000 should have been raised andexpended. The corner-stone of the building had been laid, with Mr.Douglas present, on July 4, 1857. Very little money, however, had beenraised and even to erect the south wing of the proposed building it becamenecessary to negotiate a loan. It was under these circumstances thatMr. Douglas, on August 30, 1858, deeded the site to the University infee simple, without any conditions whatever. He was the president ofthe board of trustees. It was necessary if any building whatever waserected to secure the funds for it by a loan on the property. Mr. Douglaswas so interested in seeing the founding of the University actually accomplished that under these circumstances and two and a half years beforehe had engaged to do so he conveyed the site to the trustees. The conveyance is a simple warranty deed and is signed by him and his wife —"S. A. Douglas" and "Adele Douglas."This first University of Chicago was short lived. It succumbed to aconstantly increasing burden of debt and closed its doors and ended itsexistence in 1886, thirty years after Mr. Douglas made his first agreementto donate its site.The present University of Chicago never had the slightest connectionwith the institution Mr. Douglas helped to found. It seems necessaryin the interest of truth to correct the statement of a very recent book andto say that it is not true that anybody "endowed the Douglas Universityand moved it to the Midway Plaisance." It is not true, as this authorstates, that "it has continued its uninterrupted graduating years fromDouglas' time till now." What the writer calls the " Douglas University"graduated its last class in 1886. The present University of Chicagograduated its first class seven years later in 1893. It was organized undera new charter and with a new board of trustees appointed originally bya new organization, the American Baptist Education Society. It wasa wholly new institution. Yet the present University would be thelast to affirm that it owes nothing to the first University of Chicago.It received from that institution its name. One of the last acts, if notthe very last act, of the trustees of that school, adopted in 1890, fouryears after its last class had graduated, was the formal changing of itsname to "The Old University," in order that the new institution justthen being founded, might legally assume the name of "The Universityof Chicago." The new school also inherited, if only by adoption, thealumni of the old one. One of the early enactments of the board ofSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 65trustees reads, "Resolved that in view of the relation of the New University of Chicago to the institution that formerly bore that name, we herebyconfirm and re-enact the degrees conferred by the former University ofChicago and we invite the graduates to consider themselves alumni ofthis University and to co-operate with us in building it into greatness."And there was a third great inheritance. The Old University hadproduced a profound conviction that Chicago was the predestined seatof a great institution of learning and the inextinguishable desire andunalterable purpose that a new University, built on more secure foundations, should succeed the old one. It was this interest and this desireand this purpose that, when the time came and the call for offerings wasmade, brought so great a response. When Stephen A. Douglas gave thesite of the first University of Chicago he was in fact laying the foundationsof the greater University that was to come.These considerations have moved me to respond to urgent suggestionsthat I should place among these University Sketches a memorial to Mr.Douglas. It is not my purpose to follow in any detail his remarkablecareer as a public man. I shall dwell more particularly on his relationsto Chicago and to the fortunes of the University he did so much to found.In doing this, however, I must give a more or less connected story ofhis lif e.The founder of that branch of the Douglas family in America ofwhich Stephen A. Douglas became the most conspicuous member cameto Cape Ann, Massachusetts, about 1640, from Northamptonshire,England. The family made its way to Connecticut and then to NewYork, and the grandfather of Mr. Douglas in 1795 moved to Brandon,Vermont, where he owned and cultivated a farm of four hundred acres.The grandmother and mother of Mr. Douglas were both descendantsof William Arnold, one of the early governors of Rhode Island Colony.His father was a physician of Brandon, then a small village, where hewas struggling to establish himself when his two children, a girl and boy,were born. Brandon, which did not become even a small village tillabout the end of the Revolutionary War, is situated a few miles northof Rutland in the beautiful valley between the Green Mountains on theeast and the northern extremity of the Taconic range on the west.A little river, the Neshobe, flows through it, emptying into the morefamous Otter Creek, in which MacDonough built the fleet with which hedestroyed the British squadron in the Battle of Lake Champlain in theWar of 181 2. Beautiful for situation, Brandon came to be known as"the drawing-room town of New England."66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDStephen Arnold Douglas was born in a story and a half cottagewith seven-foot ceilings in the early days of Brandon, April 23, 1813,and was named after his father. When he was a few weeks old hisfather was sitting before the fireplace in his little cottage, holding hisinfant son in his lap, when he suddenly died. We are indebted toHoratio L. Wait, a well-known lawyer of Chicago for nearly fifty years,for a most important incident connected with this tragic event. Mrs.Wait was the granddaughter of John Conant of Brandon, who was anintimate friend of the Douglas family. In a letter of June 14, 191 1,Mr. Wait wrote:Soon after Stephen A. Douglas was born, early in the morning his father wassitting in the living room before an open fire, holding the infant in his arms. JohnConant, the neighbor and friend, came in and just as he opened the door into the roomthe father died suddenly of apoplexy and the infant rolled into the fire. John Conantliterally rescued the child from the fire.Dr. Douglas died thus suddenly at thirty-one years of age, leavinga daughter and this little son who bore his name and who was only twoand a half months old. I cannot learn what became of the estate ofDr. Douglas' father. He survived his son, the doctor, sixteen years,living till 1829, was a somewhat conspicuous citizen, owner of a largefarm, but I find no mention of him in connection with the fortunes ofhis grandson. In 1838 when Mr. Douglas was twenty-five years old,he began to write an autobiographical sketch, for the purpose, as he says,'of refreshing my mind in future upon subjects that might otherwisebe forgotten.' It contained about 4,500 words and was never continued.It tells the story of the family inheritance and of his life as a boy asfollows:Upon the death of my father my mother moved to a small farm left her by herfather about three miles north of my native village and resided with her brother,Edward Fisk, who was an industrious, economical, clever old bachelor, and wantedsome one to keep house for him. This arrangement suited them both, as their farmsjoined, and each was so situated as to need the aid of the other. Here I lived withmy mother and uncle upon the farm until I was about fifteen years of age and thendetermined to select some other mode of living. I had no great aversion to working ona farm, nor was I much dissatisfied with my uncle, but thought him rather a hardmaster and unwilling to give me those opportunities of improvement and educationwhich I thought I was entitled to. I had enjoyed the benefits of a common schooleducation three months each year and had been kept diligently at work the rest ofthe time. I thought it a hardship that my uncle should have the use of my mother'sfarm and also the benefit of my labor without any other equivalent than my boardingand clothes. I therefore determined upon leaving my home and my true friends andsee what I could do for myself in the wide world among strangers. My mother remonstrated, warned me of thejlangers and temptations to which young men are exposedSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 67and insisted upon my selecting some trade or engaging in some business that wouldgive me a steady home and regular employment. I promised to comply with herwishes, that is, keep good company, or, in other words, keep out of bad company,avoid all immoral and vicious practices, attend church regularly and obey the regulations of my employer: in short I promised everything she wanted if she would consentto my leaving home. Accordingly in the spring of 1828, being about fifteen yearsof age, I bid my mother, sister and uncle farewell and left home for Middlebury, aboutfourteen miles distant, and engaged to learn the cabinet making trade with one NahumParker. I put on my apron and went to work, sawing table legs from two-inch plank,making washstands, bedsteads, etc., etc. I was delighted with the change of homeand employment. There was a novelty about it that rendered it peculiarly interesting.My labor furnished exercise for the mind as well as the body. I have never been placedin any situation or been engaged in any business which I enjoyed to so great an extentas the cabinet shop Toward the end of the year I became dissatisfied with myemployer in consequence of his insisting upon my performing some menial servicesin the house. I was willing to do anything connected with the shop, but could notconsent to perform the duties of a servant in the house. A difficulty soon arose between^Mr. Parker and his wife and myself and resulted in my leaving him and returning home.So much was I attached to the life of a mechanic that I could not content myself athome and soon got a situation in the shop of deacon Caleb Knowlton, a cabinet makerin Brandon, my native village. I remained with my new employer about a year andpursued my business strictly, as all the apprentices in the shop were required to do.Whilst I lived with Mr. Parker I formed a taste for reading, particularly political works,by being associated with a number of young men who spent their time nights and Sundays in reading and study. At this time politics ran high in the presidential election between General Jackson and J. Q. Adams. My associate apprentices and myself werewarm advocates of General Jackson, whilst our employer was an ardent supporterof Mr. Adams and Mr. Clay. From this moment my politics became fixed and all subsequent reading, reflection and observation have but confirmed my early attachmentto the cause of Democracy.In the winter of 1829 and 30 I was taken sick and compelled to return home.My physicians informed me that my physical strength was too feeble to enable me towork at the cabinet business and that it would be necessary for me to select some otheroccupation. Finding my health too feeble to work in the shop I commenced going toSchool at the Academy in Brandon, under the direction of J. M. Chipman and continuedunder his instruction until the fall of 1830.While these changes were taking place in the fortunes of the boyhis sister had married and in this same year (1830) his mother, who wasstill a young woman, married Gehazi Granger, the father of her daughter'shusband. The family, thereupon, moved to Canandaigua, New York,and Stephen about the beginning of 1831 entered the Academy at thatplace and continued his studies for two years. We get an insight intothe work of these two years, the most important of his school experiences, in the following sentence from the autobiographical fragment:"Whilst connected with the Academy at Canandaigua I devoted myselfzealously to my studies, the Greek and Latin languages, mathematics,68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrhetoric, logic, etc., and made considerable improvement." It willbe seen that this was advanced work in an academy, in which the boydid not continue long enough to graduate.He had already decided to enter the law either as a profession, or,as I rather suspect, as a stepping-stone into what was his real profession — •politics. At the beginning of 1833, therefore, he entered the office ofWalter and Levi Hubbell, in Canandaigua as a law student and continuedwith them about five months. It seems clear that he could not dependon his new father for help in completing his preparation for the law andhe determined on what proved to be a decisive step in his career.His autobiography continues:Finding myself in straightened pecuniary circumstances and knowing my mother'sinability to support me through a regular course of law studies .... I determinedupon removing to the western country and relying upon my own efforts for a supporthenceforth. My mother and relations remonstrated, urging that I was too young andinexperienced for such an adventure; but finding my resolution fixed and unchangeable,they reluctantly consented, and kindly furnished me with three hundred dollars, thelast of my patrimony, with which to pay my expenses. On the 24th of June 1833,(being 20 years of age) I bid farewell to my friends and started alone for the"Great West," without having any particular place of destination in view.On reaching Cleveland he was taken sick with bilious fever which costhim four months of time and all his money except forty dollars. Withthis small sum he went on to Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis,everywhere looking for an opening and finding none. Arriving at almosthis last dollar he abandoned the cities for the country and, after tryingtwo or three villages in Illinois, found his way to the small town of Winchester in Scott county with a few cents only in his pocket. In tellingthe story of this period Mr. Douglas says:There was on the second day after my arrival an administrator's sale, at whichall the personal property of a dead man's estate was to be disposed of at auction andthe administrator applied to me to be clerk at the auction, make out the sale bills,draw the notes, etc., which I very cheerfully consented to do, and performed the dutyin the best style I knew how and received five dollars for two days labor.Once more in funds, he succeeded in getting together about forty pupilsfor a school which he conducted from December 1, 1833, to March 1,1834. Though having little legal knowledge he also did considerablelaw business in Winchester before justices of the peace. I dwell a momentlonger on Winchester that I may quote what seems to me the most significant statement in Mr. Douglas' autobiographical fragment. Strangeto say there was a lyceum in Winchester. Being the village schoolteacher and having a natural love for debating, young Douglas was anactive member. He says:STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 69One evening at the Lyceum, Mr. Josiah Lambert, a lawyer of some distinctionfrom Jacksonville, made a speech, denouncing the leading measures of General Jackson'sadministration Being a great admirer of General Jackson's public and politicalcharacter and a warm supporter of the principles of his administration, I could notremain silent when the old hero's character, public and private, was traduced and hismeasures misrepresented and denounced. I was then familiar with all the principles,measures and facts involved in the controversy, having been an attentive reader ofthe debates in Congress and the principal newspapers of the day, and having read alsowith great interest the principal works in this country, such as the debates in theconvention that formed the constitution of the United States and the conventions ofthe several states on the adoption of the Constitution, the Federalist, John Adams'work denominated a defense of the American Constitution, the opinions of Randolph,Hamilton and Jefferson on the constitutionality of the Bank, and the History of theBank as published by Gales and Seaton, Jefferson's works, etc. I had read all of themand many other political works with great care and interest and had my politicalopinions firmly established. I engaged in the debate with a good deal of warmth anddefended the administration of General Jackson and the cause of the Democraticparty in a manner which appeared highly gratifying to my political friends, and whichcertainly gave me some little reputation as a public speaker: much more than Ideserved.How many boys in the United States, in any period of its history,have read, at twenty years of age, such an amount of constitutional andpolitical literature ? Douglas was a politician from his youth. At theend of three months in Winchester he went to Jacksonville, a few milesnortheast, was admitted to the bar before his twenty-first birthday andbegan to practice law and politics. He practiced law a little and politicsa great deal. He was recognized almost immediately as the readiestand most redoubtable of political debaters. He was welcomed intolocal Democratic leadership. His feet and hands were small, his legsshort. He was only 5 feet 4 inches in height, but his body was full,his shoulders broad, his voice resonant, his face strong, his style simple,direct, and forceful, and his mental agility in the presence of an opponentunapproachable. His confidence in himself could not be shakenby any assault, his courage was invincible, and his power over an audiencewell-nigh unbelievable. His rise to prominence was inevitable. Withinten years he became successively State's Attorney of the first judicialdistrict, a member of the Illinois Legislature, Registrar of the UnitedStates Land Office at Springfield, Secretary of State of Illinois, judgeof the Illinois Supreme Court, and member of Congress. I cannot followhim through these rapid advances.But one incident in his congressional career deserves particularmention. When he took his seat in Congress in December, 1843, abill came up, not for the first time, proposing to repay to General Jackson70 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa fine which had been imposed upon him by Judge Hall of the FederalCourt at New Orleans. In his famous defense of New Orleans in theWar of 1812 Jackson had found it necessary to declare martial law andto arrest Judge Hall and banish him from the city. After the return ofpeace the judge had fined the savior of the city $1,000 for contempt ofcourt and the general had paid it out of his own pocket. AlthoughJackson had been President for eight years and repeated efforts had beenmade to pass a bill in Congress to refund this $1,000 fine and removethe stigma from the old hero's record, the matter was still pending thirtyyears later, Mr. Douglas had always been the most enthusiastic ofJackson worshipers. Before he had been in Congress six weeks he spokeon the bill in vindication of his hero with fire and eloquence and convincing power. The bill became a law and Mr. Douglas took his place atonce among the foremost debaters of the House, although on the otherside was "the old man eloquent," John Quincy Adams. Jacksonreceived his $1,000 with thirty years' interest. There is a pleasantsequel to this story. Not long after the debate Mr. Douglas attended aconvention in Nashville and went out to call on General Jackson at theHermitage. On recognizing his. visitor as the Douglas who had soeffectively defended him, the old general expressed to him the warmestthanks and, according to the testimony of the editor of the State Registerof Springfield, Illinois, said to him, among other things:You are the first man who has ever relieved my mind on a subject which has restedupon it for thirty years. My enemies have always charged me with violating theConstitution of my country My friends have always admitted the violation,but have contended that circumstances justified me I thank you, sir, for thatspeech. It has relieved my mind from the only circumstance that rested painfullyupon it I can now go down to the grave in peace, with the perfect consciousnessthat I have not broken, at any period of my life, the Constitution, or laws of my country.Mr. Douglas was twice re-elected to the lower house. He was madechairman of the Committee on Territories and reported the bills organizing several of the new territorial governments. He conceived large viewsof our country's future. He saw it occupying the entire continent. Hewould carry the Oregon boundary up to Alaska. He was one of theforemost advocates of the "fifty-four-forty or fight" policy and felthumiliated when the boundary line was brought down to the forty-ninthparallel. He was strong for the annexation of Texas, the Mexican War,and the acquisition of every possible square mile of new territory. Heurgently advocated large grants of land by the government to encouragethe construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, and later of a road tothe Pacific.STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 71Almost immediately after his last election to the House of Representatives, in 1846, Mr. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate,taking his seat in 1847. The same year witnessed two other importantevents in his life. One of these was his removal to Chicago. The otherwas his first marriage. On April 7, 1847, ne married Martha, daughterof Colonel Robert Martin, of North Carolina. Colonel Martin was aslave owner and, dying a year or so after the wedding, left his property,including his slaves, to his daughter, Mrs. Douglas. Although theseslaves never became the property of Mr. Douglas, going on the deathof his wife to his children, the fact that they were in the family morethan once embarrassed him.We have arrived in this sketch at about the period to which theportrait accompanying it belongs. I obtained the picture through thekindness of Herschel V. Shepard, an assistant attorney-general of Illinois.It came down in his father's family from about 1849. We know thatMr. Douglas was in Chicago in the autumn of that year. Mr. Shepardtells the following interesting story of it:My father, along with other farmers, came in from McHenry County, Ills., toChicago to hear him speak. Father told me it was not far from the business center ofour city and in an open field of about ten acres, and was quite crowded with listeners.He spoke from a temporary platform built for the occasion and to an enthusiasticcrowd. His voice was heavy and full and his delivery forceful and could be heard byeverybody standing on the outskirts of this large open field. Father was impressedwith his short stature, his large head, his heavy dark hair and luminous eyes. Hecommenced his address, as was usual with him, "My fellow citizens," and held spellbound the crowd for an hour. This picture, although many were taken during hispublic career, is the only one I have seen of its kind. I showed it, about twenty-fiveyears ago, to his son, Stephen A. Douglas Jr., and he was anxious to secure it, but forsentimental reasons I did not want to part with it. He said he knew of this picture,but knew of only one other like it in existence, and said "I consider it the best oneof all the pictures of my father, when we was in his prime in the U.S. Senate and onthe political platform!" Father said at the close of that day's speech he, with severalothers, called on Senator Douglas to pay their respects, that the Senator's personalitywas warm and pleasing and he received before he left, from the hands of SenatorDouglas, this picture with his compliments, and cordial thanks to them for calling onhim.His name first appeared in the City Directory of Chicago in 1849.His address was the Sherman House. In 185 1 he appeared again, butwas then at the Tremont House and thenceforth that house was hisChicago headquarters. After he built his house, apparently in 1856-57,his residence was set down as Cottage Grove Avenue, without anynumber as it was outside the city limits. He seems sometimes to haveoccupied it, but he really lived in Washington, and when, occasionally,72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhe visited Chicago he made his home at the Tremont House. It wasthere he died.It was in 1849, not long after be made Chicago his home, that hepurchased a tract of land, eighty acres, more or less, fronting on LakeMichigan, lying south of the city limits of that date, between Thirty-third and Thirty-fifth streets and extending west to, or near to, MichiganAvenue. The property became in a few years valuable. And this wasonly one of the many investments he made in Chicago real estate. Hebought largely and widely. The time came when he owned outrightthirty or forty pieces of real estate in and around the city, to say nothingof thousands of acres on which he held contracts. No man of his timehad larger views as to the future of Chicago. Many stories are told ofthe extraordinary foresight of his land purchases. It is said that whenhe was general counsel for the Illinois Central Railroad he acquired eitherby grant or purchase from that company large holdings in the Calumetregion. The people in the land department of the road looked upon thisas a joke, referring to it as Judge Douglas' "frog pond." He was verydemocratic in his relations with others and his friends in the office ralliedhim about his frog pond. He told them that it was all right to talk abouthis frog pond, but assured them that the time would come when theCalumet region would be the center of a great manufacturing regionand a part of the city of Chicago— all of which has come to pass.By 1856 Judge Douglas, as he was always called, was, prospectively,a very rich man. But in that same year he began himself to pull downthe structure of his wealth. It was in 1856 that he sold 90 or 100 acreson the western limits of Chicago for $1,000 an acre and at once contributed$40,000 to the Democratic campaign fund and the election of Buchananto the presidency. In his campaign for re-election to the Senate in1858, two years later, the great conflict with Mr. Lincoln, he is said tohave spent all that remained from that sale of real estate. He helpedto finance his own desperate struggle for the presidency in i860 bymortgaging most if not all of the rest of his real estate holdings. Thefinancial panic of 1857 had reduced their value enormously and madesales impossible at almost any price. After his death, therefore, almosteverything he had was found to be mortgaged to the limit. Had helived, with the revival of land values, he would have become prosperousonce more. As it was, after his debts were paid little was left for hisfamily, and that little went to them only after years of litigation.To return from this diversion, it was a high compliment to Mr.Douglas that on the day he took his seat in the Senate he was appointedSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 73chairman of the Committee on Territories. He had held that positionin the House with great credit. It was at that time an importantposition, as we had acquired vast territories which were being rapidlypopulated and every year these territories were clamoring for organization, or seeking admission to the Union as states. No other man hasever had so much to do with this kind of public service. Mr. Douglasreported the bills by which Utah, New Mexico, Washington, Kansas,Nebraska, Oregon, and Minnesota became territories and those bywhich, Texas, Iowa, Florida, California, Wisconsin, Oregon, and Minnesota became states.When he entered the Senate he was still a young man, only thirty-four years old. He found himself in very able company. Among hisfellow-senators were Webster of Massachusetts, Calhoun of SouthCarolina, Dix of New York, Reverdy Johnson of Maryland, Benton ofMissouri, Mason of Virginia, Cass of Michigan, Houston of Texas,Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, Corwin of Ohio, Bell of Tennessee,Crittenden of Kentucky, and, a little later, Henry Clay.It was not to be expected that in such company as this the youngSenator from Illinois, only 34 years old, would win any place of greatprominence. But Mr. Douglas never took a back seat in any company.He was soon in the forefront of every battle that was being fought. Hewas afraid of nobody, rejoiced in conflict, was a consummate debaterand quickly made his way to the front in the Senate. It was in theSenate that he finally accomplished his greatest service for his own state.Conceiving a great intersectional line of railroad from Chicago to Mobilethat should help to make the North and South acquainted and bindthem together, he united the representatives of the two sections in asuccessful effort to secure from Congress large land grants to encouragethe building of such a line. After years of effort he thus secured toIllinois for the construction of the Illinois Central the grant of alternatesections of land on both sides of its right of way. One of the provisionsof the bill required that the company should forever pay 7 per cent ofits gross earnings into the State Treasury for the support of the state.The sections reserved were doubled in price so that the governmentreally gave away nothing.It would be hard to overstate the service Mr. Douglas rendered thestate of Illinois and the city of Chicago in carrying this great measurethrough Congress. It took seven years to do it, but the delay resultedin greatly extending and improving the bill as finally passed. It wasfirst proposed to construct a road through the center of the state from74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCairo to Galena, leaving Chicago far to one side. It was through theefforts of Mr. Douglas that the Centralia-Chicago line was made a partof the Illinois Central System from the beginning.When the final plan of the great land grant directly to the state toaid in building the road was about to be adopted by Congress, a companyalready organized succeeded in getting a bill through the Illinois Legislature ceding to it all lands that might at any time be granted to thestate for that purpose. Believing this to be merely a land-grabbingscheme, Mr. Douglas called the leader of what he regarded as a dangerousconspiracy before him and by threatening to expose and denounce theplan and defeat the passage of any bill, he compelled him to sign andsend to Illinois a full release of any claims whatever under the Act. Hethus secured the grant to the state free from any compromising commitments and dangerous claims.Through the courtesy of Vice-President A. C. Mann of the IllinoisCentral Railroad Company, I have received the following interestinginformation. Under the terms of the state charter approved February10, 1851, the company was granted the title to 2,595,133 acres of government land in Illinois which had been ceded to the state to aid in the building of a Lakes-to-the Gulf railway. In return for this grant, the charterprovided that the road should pay into the State Treasury annually,in lieu of other taxes, a special tax of 7 per cent of the gross earnings fromits charter fines. The Illinois Central has realized up to the presentdate $23,225,028 from the sale of its lands, while payments to the stateunder the charter tax up to April 30, 1923, aggregated the total of $55,-644,388.56. With the great development of the road the annual payments to the state have largely increased in later years. The buildingof the Illinois Central Railroad was one of the chief agencies in the veryrapid development of the state, and Mr. Douglas was the principalfactor in making its early building possible.His initiative, audacity, and real power soon brought Mr. Douglasinto the acknowledged Democratic leadership in the Senate. It wasafter he entered that body that the storm of the slavery agitation beganto threaten the life of the republic. He was elected and re-elected tothe Senate three times, as he had been to the House of Representatives.It was during his senatorial career that the storm of slavery agitationintensified to that cyclonic fury which so nearly shipwrecked the nation.In an effort to allay the storm and bring the agitation to an end HenryClay proposed the famous compromise measures of 1850. These measures provided that California should be admitted into the Union as a freeSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 75•state; that the rest of the Mexican Cession should be organized into territories with no restrictions as to slavery; that the slave trade be prohibited in the District of Columbia, but not slavery itself; that the interstatetrade in slaves be let alone and that an effective fugitive slave law beenacted. With the efficient co-operation of Mr. Douglas, who, indeed,finally took the laboring oar, the compromise measures were passed andit was generally hoped that the slavery agitation peril was over.But while Congress enjoyed a three years' respite from that agitationthe entire North flamed into indignation over the peculiarly offensivepart of the compromise measures — known as the more effective FugitiveSlave Law. Toward the end of October it became known that SenatorDouglas was about to return to his home in Chicago, and the last weekof that month was one of the most exciting in the history of the city.The Fugitive Slave Law had been passed on the 18th of September.On Monday evening, October 21, the common council of Chicago adopteda series of red-hot resolutions, denouncing the law as infamous and allthe senators and representatives from the free states who aided in itspassage "as only to be ranked with the traitors Benedict Arnold andJudas Iscariot." On Tuesday evening, the 22d, a great mass meetingof citizens was held in the City Hall where similar resolutions werepresented and fiery speeches made. Into this meeting Senator Douglascame late, but in time to hear the speeches. Before the adoption ofthe resolutions he was called out and invited all interested to attenda meeting at the same place the next evening when he would explainthe law and his own course in favoring its enactment. On Wednesdayevening, the 23d, the City Hall was packed to the doors. His ownfriends rallied in great force and he made one of the great speeches ofhis life. He spoke for three hours and a half and the meeting passedunanimously a series of resolutions he proposed in favor of obedience, tothe Constitution and the laws and repudiating the resolutions of thecouncil. This was regarded as one of the greatest oratorical triumphsof his fife.On the very next evening, Thursday the 24th, the council againmet, when a motion was made to expunge from the records the resolutionsadopted on the preceding Monday evening and was laid on the table forfuture action. The greatest meeting of the week was held on Fridayevening, the 25th, "to hear arguments in opposition to those" urged bySenator Douglas. At this meeting James H. Collins and Edwin C.Larned spoke amid great enthusiasm. A series of resolutions condemningthe obnoxious law in milder terms than those of Tuesday was adopted76 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDamid great excitement and confusion. But this did not end the warof words. On Saturday evening the friends of Senator Douglas held ameeting, with speeches approving his course. But his friends did nothave the last word. The biographies of Mr. Douglas have commonlyaffirmed that the council rescinded its condemnatory resolutions andexpunged them from the records. This is precisely what it did not do.At a meeting of the council held November 29, by a vote of 9 to 3,it refused to expunge the condemnatory resolutions. It had beenthreatened that the action of the council would be made to work injuryto the city, but further action was taken, again denouncing the FugitiveSlave Law and going on to say:We do not consider it our duty to counsel the city officers of Chicago to aid orassist in the arrest of fugitives from oppression, and by withholding such aid or assistance we do not believe that our harbor appropriations will be withheld, our railroadsinjured, our commerce destroyed or that treason would be committed against thegovernment.The resolution was adopted by a vote of n to 3. From Chicago Mr.Douglas went out into the state defending the compromise measuresand was received with coldness or hostility in the North, but with increasing cordiality as he proceeded south.In January, 1853, Mr. Douglas suffered a great affliction in thedeath of his wife, to whom he was deeply attached. Mrs. Douglasleft two children. The elder spent most of his life in North Carolina,where he had a successful career, became Judge Robert Martin Douglas,and died in 19 17, sixty-eight years old. The younger son, Stephen A.Douglas, Jr., became a Chicago lawyer and died in 1908. After thedeath of his wife, Mr. Douglas went abroad. He spent six months ormore in visiting the various countries of Europe and the Near East,returning home in the autumn of 1853.The year 1854 brought Mr. Douglas to the capital and fatal blunderof his life. He introduced into the Senate and carried through Congressthe Kansas-Nebraska bill. This was a bill to organize Kansas andNebraska as territories with the following provision, that it was "notthe intent nor meaning of this Act either to legislate slavery into a territory or to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people perfectly freeto form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way."But not content with this the Act declared the Missouri Compromiseof 1820 "inoperative and void." The Missouri Compromise foreverexcluded slavery from all the territories north of the line of 36:30 northlatitude, this being popularly known as Mason and Dixon's line.STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 77The Missouri Compromise had become in the minds of northernpeople almost as sacred as the Constitution itself. Mr. Douglas himselfhad said, "It is canonized in the hearts of the American people, and noruthless hand will ever dare to disturb it," and he had gone so far, afterwe had acquired so vast a territory, including California, from Mexico,as to make an effort to extend this line, north of which slavery shouldnot go, to the Pacific Ocean. And now his own hand had obliteratedthat line and opened all the territories to slavery. I do not stop toinquire into the motives of Mr. Douglas in this fateful act, but onlyto point out that it was his undoing. In the Lincoln-Douglas debateat Freeport Mr. Lincoln said that that evil genius which had attendedhim through his life, giving him an apparent astonishing prosperity,had at last made up its mind to forsake him. There was an outburstof indignation against him from one end of the North to the other. Heafterward declared that he could travel from Boston to Chicago in thelight of his own burning effigies. After the adjournment of Congresshe returned to Chicago and announced that he would speak on theevening of September i in front of North Market Hall. During theafternoon flags were hung at half-mast and as the evening came on bellswere tolled as for a great public calamity. An immense crowd gatheredin front of the hall. When Mr. Douglas appeared on the platform ata quarter past eight and began to speak he was greeted with hisses.Waiting for them to subside, no sooner did he begin again than "bedlambroke loose." Taking advantage of every lull in the storm he liftedup his great voice only to have it drowned by the threatening roar ofopposition. For two hours, some say for four, he struggled in vain to beheard. Never was lion-like courage better illustrated. He never fora moment quailed before the storm. But in the end he gave up theunequal and hopeless conflict and, fighting mad, courageously made hisway with a few friends around him to his carriage and was driven, throughthe hostile and menacing crowd that pressed close about him all the way,the four or five blocks to the Tremont House. At that time he was themost unpopular man in America. As one of his biographers says,"Personal friends turned their backs upon him; life long associatesrefused to follow his lead; even the rank and file of his followers seemedinfected with the prevailing epidemic of distrust." All the world knowsthat out of the ensuing storm of popular revolt the Republican Partyemerged and a new era in American politics began.It must not be supposed that at this time of general distrust andhostility throughout the North Senator Douglas was without devoted78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfriends. In Chicago their loyalty found expression in a public dinnerat the Tremont House. Two hundred guests attended this banquetand he delivered the speech he had been prevented from making onSeptember i.Was it at this banquet that Mr. Douglas made the first proffer ofa site for a university to any denomination that would receive it andfound such an institution ? This is the only public dinner given to himin 1854 or 1855 of which I find any record, and it is stated that at sucha dinner he made this proposal and that Charles Walker, one of hisfriends and adherents, a prominent Baptist of Chicago, whose son GeorgeC. Walker gave Walker Museum to the present University of Chicago,on hearing it rose from his seat and after walking up and down the roomfor a few minutes stopped and said, "Judge Douglas, I will accept youroffer on behalf of the Baptists of Chicago." Mr. Walker, who wasregarded by Mr. Douglas as one of the most public-spirited citizensof Chicago, later became one of the leaders of his denomination in receiving the site of the University and was the vice-president of its Board ofTrustees to the end of his life. It is known that at about the time ofthis public dinner Mr. Douglas, walking over his property on CottageGrove Avenue with his friend Rev. Dr. Ansel Eddy, a Presbyterianclergyman, had expressed his willingness to give a part of it for a collegeor university. Dr. Eddy undertook to interest the Presbyterians ofthe city and received from Mr. Douglas the proffer of a site on conditionthat he should raise $100,000 in cash or good subscriptions for theerection of the necessary buildings. This Dr. Eddy failed to do. Learning of these negotiations and their failure, Dr. John C. Burroughs, pastorof the First Baptist Church of Chicago, encouraged by Charles Walkerand others, went to Washington in March, 1856, and found Mr. Douglasso interested in the plan of a university in Chicago that he had no difficulty in securing for himself and the Baptists the conditional profferof the site. Owing to the intense hostility against Mr. Douglas prevailing in 1856-57 the trustees had great difficulty in raising funds forthe proposed institution. He had been made president of the Boardof Trustees and held that position for five years, until his death. Theprejudice against him was transferred to the University. Because ofhis intimate relation to it, it encountered not indifference only, butactive opposition. His enemies attributed unworthy motives to him.They openly declared that he had given the site to increase the valueof his surrounding property and to bolster up his political fortunes.To bring the University into disrepute they called it "Douglas University."STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 79These attacks became so serious and injurious that on August 8,1857, Mr. Douglas wrote the following letter, one month after the layingof the corner stone of the University building. It is dated in Chicagoshowing that he was in the city at that time, perhaps building his homein the oak grove on his property, which he called "Okenwald." He hadmarried, in 1856, Adele Cutts, of Washington, a most attractive ladywho became one of the leaders of Washington society, and they weremaking a home in Chicago. This is the letter he wrote:Rev. J. C. Burroughs.My dear Sir: I have learned with surprise and regret that many persons andnewspapers opposed to me in politics have allowed their partisan feelings and prejudicesto influence their action to the extent of endeavoring to injure and perhaps destroythe Institution over which you have been chosen to preside, for no other reason thanthat the ground upon which it was to be established was owned and donated by me.So long as their efforts were expended in abusing me and maligning my motives byattributing to me the design of making a pecuniary speculation under the veil of benevolence, I was content to remain silent and trust to the people of Illinois, with whomI have lived and whom I have endeavored to serve with fidelity and honor for nearlya quarter of a century, to do justice to my motives and vindicate my character.But when my enemies go so far as to assail the Institution itself and endeavor tomarshall the forces and excite the influence of a powerful political party to destroyits influence merely because I donated the grounds and own the surrounding lands, Ifeel it my duty, so far as I have the power, to obviate the objections. With this viewI propose to you, as President of the University of Chicago, and through you to theboard of trustees, that in lieu of the lands that I have donated, I will refund all monieswhich have been expended thereon, including the cost of laying the corner stone, andin addition I will subscribe and pay fifty thousand dollars toward establishing theUniversity upon the plan which has been adopted on any other site which the boardof trustees may select within the state of Illinois — the said sum of fifty thousand dollarsto be expended in the endowment of a Department or School of Law in said University.In the event that the board of trustees, at their next meeting shall accept this proposition as a measure more favorable to the success of the Institution than the donationof the present site, I shall hold myself in readiness, on one day's notice, to give amplesecurity for its faithful performance on my part. I have the honor to be very respectfully your friend and servant,S. A. DouglasNo one can hesitate to say that this proposal reflects the highesthonor on Mr. Douglas. The trustees so felt, but a month later, September 2, 1857, they held a meeting and unanimously declined his proposition.The matter was felt to be so important, however, and a proper understanding of the case by the public seemed so necessary to the welfareof the institution, the founding of which was as yet in its preliminarystages, that a committee was appointed "to prepare a reply to the letterof Judge Douglas." It was a committee of distinguished men, the chair-8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDman being Senator James R. Doolittle of Wisconsin. The other membersof the committee were Judge John M. Wilson, Bishop Robert H. Clarkson,Dr. L. D. Boone, a mayor of Chicago, and H. A. Tucker, banker. Theletter is too long for insertion here. It said there was no other site inChicago so eligible for a University; that while several other siteshad been proposed, they had chosen the one offered by him unanimously;that the board was composed of men of all parties and several religiousdenominations and that their entire unanimity ought to satisfy everyonethat no political or sectarian feelings or prejudices had in the slightestdegree influenced their action; that any political prejudice must, as itrested on no good foundation, be merely temporary; that the trusteeswould not only forfeit the respect of the public, but lose their own self-respect, if they yielded their unanimous judgment to mere temporarypersonal or political considerations; and that if the trustees should nowyield to the prevailing clamor they would by their own act becomeself -convicted of a charge then wholly groundless. This correspondencedid much to clear the air. When, three and a half years later, SenatorDouglas died honored and lamented by every loyal citizen his connectionwith the institution came to be one of its enduring glories. The relationwas honorable to the University and to the man. This became evident,indeed, very quickly. Within a few months almost the entire Northwas resounding with loud applause of Senator Douglas. The way inwhich this reversal of public opinion came about forms one of the mostdramatic episodes in American history. Douglas had carried through Congress his Kansas-Nebraska bill in the name of his great doctrine of popularsovereignty. By this famous doctrine he had carried back from thestates to the people of the territories the right to regulate in their ownway all their domestic institutions, including the introduction or rejectionof slavery. Thereupon armed bands from the neighboring slave stateshad invaded the territory of Kansas, set up polling places, elected a pro-slavery legislature, which recognized slavery, formed a pro-slavery stateconstitution and applied for the admission of Kansas into the Unionas a slave state. As a result civil war raged in Kansas and the nationlooked on appalled. President Buchanan urged upon Congress theapproval of this "Crime against Kansas" and it looked as though thecrime was to be consummated by making Kansas a slave state againstthe will of the great majority of its people. Then Douglas revolted.Flinging away all personal considerations he went to the President,begged him to reverse his policy and, finding arguments and entreatiesvain, told him he would use every means in his power to defeat theSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 8ladministration's purpose. Buchanan said to him, "Senator, I wishto remind you that no Democrat was ever successful in opposing thepolicy of an administration of his party." The Little Giant drew himselfup and replied, "Mr. President, permit me most respectfully to remindyou that General Jackson is dead," and withdrew. Then came thegigantic struggle in Congress over the Lecompton slave constitutionfor Kansas, and Douglas fought the battle that defeated the conspiracyagainst Kansas as heroically as did Chase and Sumner and Seward.He returned to Illinois in July, 1858, to engage with Abraham Lincolnin his memorable campaign for re-election to the Senate. He had regainedall his old popularity and added to it. He entered Chicago escorted bya delegation of friends in a special train and greeted with the boomingof cannon. He was driven to the Tremont House, in an open barouchedrawn by six horses, amid the applause of cheering thousands. In theevening an immense multitude assembled to hear him deliver the firstspeech of his campaign for the senatorship. It was in this campaignthat the most famous political joint discussion in history took place,the Lincoln-Douglas debates.The passing years have not dimmed, but only added to the publicestimate of their historical significance and importance. In all theplaces where the two protagonists spoke together, efforts have beenmade to determine the exact spot where they stood as they spoke andpermanently mark it with a tablet or other memorial. Not only so,but a small monument in the town of Bement in Piatt County standsnear the house in which the two men made the final arrangements asto the places in which they would speak together and how they woulddivide the time. And a larger monument, sixteen feet in height, standson the spot in Monticello in the same county, where earlier on the sameday, July 29, 1858, they met by accident and agreed on the formalconference in Bement. And in all these places from time to timememorial meetings commemorate the great debate. It is with difficultythat I resist the temptation to dwell on that interesting historical event.I have time for a personal reminiscence only. It was my good fortuneto attend the Galesburg debate. I was a boy of 16, but it made anindelible impression on my memory. It was a raw October day, butsuch was the public excitement and interest that the vast assemblageof nearly or quite twenty thousand stood for three hours to listen to thespeakers. The buildings of Knox College, on whose campus the debateoccurred, formed a quadrangle, open on one side. The speakers' platformwas built against the rear of the main building. Flanking this central82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstructure, to the right and left were two classroom buildings and fromthe rear of each of these extended a long one-story students' dormitory.The audience was gathered between these dormitories. The studentstook possession of the roof of the nearest dormitory on the speakers' left as the best place for seeing and hearing. I recall that Iwas about midway of the roof and possibly a hundred feet away. I hadnever seen either of the two men before and I was struck at once with theextraordinary physical contrast between them. Mr. Douglas was 5 feet,4 inches in height, but stockily built, weighing 140 pounds, with a bold,aggresive looking face. Mr. Lincoln was just a foot taller, 6 feet, 4inches, not lanky, for he weighed 180 pounds, but rangy and muscular.His face was subdued in repose, thoughtful, pensive, but lighting upin a remarkable way, when, in speaking, he became intellectually arousedand spiritually exalted.Mr. Douglas opened the debate and great was our disappointmenton the dormitory roof when we found we were too far away to hear.He had been speeking almost daily for three months, often in the openair for three hours at a time and had used up his voice. We saw a manwith a leonine face apparently speaking with the greatest vehemence,but no sound reached us. He spoke for an hour and as soon as he satdown Mr. Lincoln rose and spoke an hour and a half. And then wehad the second surprise of the day. Mr. Lincoln also had been speakingalmost daily for nearly a hundred days. What, then, was our surpriseand delight when his voice rang out over the great assembly clear as abell! It was a high tenor with great carrying power. On the dormitoryroof we heard every word distinctly, as did the most distant listeners.There were seven of these joint debates, at Ottawa, Freeport, Gales-burg, Quincy, Charleston, Jonesboro, and Alton, beginning at OttawaAugust 21 and closing at Alton October 15. The people came out inthousands and stood in the open air to listen for three hours, Mr. Douglasopening four of the debates with a speech of one hour, Mr. Lincoln following with one of an hour and a half, and Mr. Douglas closing with one of halfan hour. Mr. Lincoln opened three of the discussions. Each speakerhad to close promptly when his time was up. He could conclude thesentence he had begun, but could not begin another. Both men werevictorious in the great struggle. Mr. Douglas won the prize he hadimmediately in view — the senatorship — and Mr. Lincoln won the prizehe, perhaps, subconsciously had in view — the presidency. It is quitecertain he elicited from his adversary statements that made the electionof Mr. Douglas to that high office impossible. Although in the famousSTEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 83or infamous Dred Scott decision the Supreme Court had said thatslavery had a right to exist in every territory, Douglas had said at Free-port that the people of a territory could exclude it by unfriendly legislation. This declaration became known throughout the country asthe "Freeport Doctrine," and gave great offense to the South. Thesouthern people never forgave it. When, after the great debate, Mr.Douglas made a tour of the South, he was sometimes received coldly,but when, returning from it, he spoke in the northern cities he was everywhere received with enthusiasm.Reaching Washington after the organization of Congress in December,1858, he found that his former southern friends had begun war upon him.He had been deposed from the chairmanship of the Committee on Territories which he had held ever since he entered the Senate. Southernsenators began to attack him, but he did not retreat an inch from theadvanced position he had taken. He strenuously opposed the revivalof the slave trade and reaffirmed the "Freeport Doctrine."Mr. Douglas was a candidate for the presidency at three Democraticnational conventions. At the Baltimore Convention in 1852 on thetwenty-ninth ballot he received 91 votes, Buchanan 93, and Cass 27,Franklin Pierce being finally nominated on the forty-ninth ballot.Douglas was at that time only thirty-nine years old. He was again acandidate in 1856, being still a young man. The convention was held atCincinnati and on the tenth ballot he had 118 votes. By i860 it hadbecome evident that the South would not support him. But the Democrats of the North, grown weary of southern domination, were determinedthat he should lead them in the presidential campaign of that year.The National Convention assembled in Charleston, South Carolina,on April 23 and adopted the Douglas platform by a vote of 165 to 138,only 12 southern delegates voting for it and only 30 northern delegatesagainst it. It was the North against the South. When it came toballoting for candidates fifty-seven ballots were taken without result,Mr. Douglas leading all other candidates, receiving 145J votes, 56! lessthan the two-thirds required to nominate. Seven or eight southerndelegations formally withdrew from the convention, which adjournedto reassemble in Baltimore on June 18. The seceders also arrangedto meet at the same time in the same city. When they met againAbraham Lincoln had been nominated by the Republicans at Chicago.At Baltimore the northern Democrats took so firm a stand, goingso far as to admit contesting delegations from Alabama and Lousiana,that Virginia and most of the delegates from four other southern states84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwithdrew. The regular convention nominated Mr. Douglas by an almostunanimous vote and the southern seceders named John C. Breckinridgeof Kentucky. In the contest that followed Mr. Douglas conducted hisown campaign. He made a speaking tour which led him to every sectionof the country, everywhere attracting great audiences. Perhaps in theSouth they were not always enthusiastic, but he did not hesitate to standbefore them for loyalty to the Union. When asked in Virginia whetherthe election of Lincoln would justify the South in seceding, he said,"I emphatically answer No!" In North Carolina he said that he "wouldhang every man higher than Haman who should attempt to resist byforce the execution of any provision of the Constitution." Althoughhe received only 12 electoral votes he was second only to Mr. Lincolnat the ballot box and far in advance of Mr. Breckinridge. The popularvote stood: Lincoln, 1,857,610; Douglas, 1,291,574; Breckinridge,850,082. The Bell-Everett ticket crowded Mr. Breckinridge with646,124 votes. The combined vote of the Douglas and Bell ticket,votes for both these tickets being regarded in the South as votesfor the preservation of the Union, exceeded in the slave states thatgiven for Breckinridge by 129,000. Thus the South itself voted forthe Union.Returning to his seat in the Senate after the election Mr. Douglasused every ounce of influence he possessed to prevent secession. Helost no opportunity to raise his voice for the Union. He labored unceasingly for a compromise that would save the integrity of the nation. Buthe declared that Mr. Lincoln, "having been elected, must be inauguratedin obedience to the Constitution." He welcomed the President-electto Washington, stood near him and held his hat during the inauguraladdress, declaring that address " an emanation from the brain and heart ofa patriot." After hearing of the attack on Fort Sumter he at once calledon the President and assured him of his loyal support. When Mr.Lincolnsubmitted to him his call for volunteers, Mr. Douglas approved everyword of it, only saying that he would make the call for 200,000 meninstead of 75,000. He then sat down and wrote out the following statement to be wired to the press of the country:Senator Douglas called upon the President and had an interesting conversationon the present condition of the country. The substance of it was, on the part of Mr.Douglas, that while he was unalterably opposed to the Administration in all politicalissues, he was prepared to fully sustain the President in the exercise of all his constitutional functions, to preserve the Union, maintain the government, and defend thefederal capital. A firm policy and prompt action was necessary. The capital was indanger and must be defended at all hazards and at any expense of men and money.STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 85After conference with the President Mr. Douglas decided to visitIllinois and exert all the great influence he knew he possessed to rally hisfriends to the defense of the Union. On his way he spoke twice to thepeople of West Virginia and Ohio. But his objectives were the capitalof his own state and Chicago. He reached Springfield on April 25,and spoke to the legislature and a great audience of citizens in an addresswhich was a trumpet call that resounded from one end of the state tothe other. Horace White of the Chicago Tribune said of it:I was one of the listeners to that speech and I cannot conceive that Demosthenesor Mirabeau, or Patrick Henry, or any orator of ancient or modern times could havesurpassed it. ... .If the roof of the building had been carried away by the tempest that was issuingfrom the Little Giant none of his listeners would have been surprised. Douglas hadonly a few more days to live. He was now forty-eight years old, but if he had livedforty-eight years longer he never could have surpassed that eloquence or exceededthat service to his country.That great speech made Illinois solid for the Union. The vastfollowing of Mr. Douglas rallied loyally to their country's cause. FromSpringfield he went to Chicago where he spoke in the Wigwam, the hallin which, only a few months before, Mr. Lincoln had been nominatedfor the presidency. It was crowded to the doors. In the appeal hemade to the patriotism of the people, he said:The question is, are we to maintain the country of our fathers, or allow it to bestriken down by those who, when they can no longer govern, threaten to destroy There are to be no neutrals in this war, only patriots and traitors The shortestway to peace is the most stupendous and unanimous preparation for war.Mr. Douglas was never so great, never rose to such heights of moralgrandeur, never did such inestimable service to his country as duringthese last weeks of his life. The strain on his physical and nervousenergies had been great. Physically he was no longer the little giant hehad been. His health was breaking. Financial worries distressed him.To conduct the extraordinary political campaigns of the last threeyears he had mortgaged almost everything he possessed and financialobligations were pressing heavily upon him. Old maladies attacked himand on June 3, 1861, only a few weeks after his impassioned appeal inthe Wigwam, he died in Chicago still a young man, only 48 years old.He was buried on the lake shore, near his home and little more thanone block east of the University he had helped to found, of the Boardof Trustees of which he had been president from the beginning. Itappropriately fell to the military company of the University to be theguard of honor at the funeral. I recall the day the more perfectly, after86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsixty-two and a half years, because as orderly sergeant of the companymy station was at the entrance of the grounds on Thirty-fifth Street,near the lake shore. Through this entrance, which was directly southof the place of interment, the funeral procession passed. Above him hisfriends and the state built a monument, the work of Leonard W. Volk,a column rising a hundred feet into the air, crowned with his statue,facing the east and looking out over the great inland sea.This is but one of the many memorials of Mr. Douglas. On October5, 1 918, in celebrating the centennial of the admission of Illinois into theUnion, the state dedicated a statue of him by Gilbert P. Riswold in thegrounds of the Capitol at Springfield. His great-granddaughter, VirginiaAdams Douglas, as a part of the exercises, placed a wreath at the feetof the statue. She was eight years old and had been brought from herhome in North Carolina by her father, R. A. Douglas, for her part in theceremony. Chicago named for him one of its great parks as another ofthese memorials.One of the most interesting of the events commemorating this memorable man occurred far from Illinois in the state and village of his boyhood.As the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Mr. Douglas approached,the town of Brandon, Vermont, where he was born, took measures tocelebrate that anniversary. In anticipation of the day Albert G. Farr,a well-known citizen of Chicago born in Brandon and having his summerhome there, presented to the town a monument to the memory of Mr.Douglas and it was erected nearly in front of the cottage in which hewas born. It is about ten feet in height, "based on pure Grecian formsand is carried out in white Vermont marble quarried near Brandon."The portrait in bas-relief on the front of the monument is the portraitmade by Lorado Taft for the tablet in the cloister at the University ofChicago. Under it is the following inscription:Stephen A. Douglas, teacher, lawyer, orator, statesman, United States Senatorfrom Illinois 1847 to 1861, Democratic candidate for President of the United Statesagainst Abraham Lincoln. Loyal supporter of Lincoln and the Union in the earlydays of the War of the Rebellion. Bom at Brandon, April 23, 1813, in the cottagewest of this site. Died in Chicago, June 3, 1861.On the reverse side of the monument is the following inscription:This monument set up by citizens of Brandon, Vermont, April 23, 1913, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Stephen A. Douglas who wasborn just west of this monument.The bas-relief on the other side is a replica of the one at the University of Chicagoby Lorado Taft. Under the original is an inscription referring to the generous contribution by Mr. Douglas toward the foundation in 1855 of the first University establishedin Chicago, which is now the University of Chicago.STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS 87The space in which the monument stands is called "Douglas Green."The vine-clad story and a half cottage in which he was born is now ownedby the Daughters of the American Revolution and is occupied and maintained by the D.A.R. of Brandon.At the dedication of the monument 2,500 people were present.Ex-Governor E. J. Ormsbee presided, the grandson of Mr. Douglas,Hon. Martin Francis Douglas, unveiled the monument, and UnitedStates Senator J. Hamilton Lewis of Chicago, delivered the address.This sketch is written to bring to mind again this once famous sonof Illinois and Chicago, not because he had any agency in the foundingof the Umversity of today, since he had no such agency, but in recognitionof his enlightened and generous interest in higher education in Chicago,illustrated in his devotion to that earlier institution which lived a littlewhile and passed away, but created convictions and inspirations whichresulted in the building on broader and deeper foundations of the University of Chicago which this generation knows. With its future expansionand greatness may his fame, as an early friend of learning and a lover ofhis country in the days of its extremity, increase.THE CINCINNATI PRIZE ANDDR. LEONARD E. DICKSONBy ELIAKIM HASTINGS MOOREDuring the recent holiday week the American Association for theAdvancement of Science met in Cincinnati. A generous friend enabledthe Association to offer a prize of $1,000 for the most important scientificcontribution presented at the Cincinnati meetings of the Associationand its affiliated societies. The prize was awarded to Professor LeonardEugene Dickson, of the University of Chicago, for his report, presentedto the American Mathematical Society, on his recent work on Algebrasand Their Arithmetics.Friends of the University will be highly pleased that the award fellto one of the Chicago group of investigators. Professor Dickson receivedhis doctorate here in 1896, the first year in which doctorates in Mathematics were conferred, and he has been on the staff now almost a quarter-century. By his numerous memoirs and books, characterized by breadthof scholarship, keenness of insight, elegance of exposition and richnessin new results and points of view, Dr. Dickson holds a very high positionamong the mathematicians of the world. He is one of the few Americans who are Corresponding Members of the French Academy of Sciences.The recent researches of Dr. Dickson initiate a new general scienceof Higher Number Theory. A Cincinnati colleague has well characterizedthe new theory as comparable in importance to the Absolute Calculus ofRicci and Levi-Civita, which has proved to be indispensable for Einstein'sGeneral Theory of Relativity. From the mathematical standpoint thejustice of the comparison is beyond question, and I am inclined to agreewith the inference suggested by the final observation. For, now that thephysicists are finding atomicity in an increasing variety of physicalphenomena — for example, that every type of radiant energy is emittednot continuously but at intervals in integral multiples of a definite unit,the so-called quantum — Dickson's various types of integral elements mayhave important applications in certain future treatments of MathematicalPhysics.A few words must suffice to indicate the mathematical setting of thenew theory. It is an extensive generalization of the classical theory of88THE CINCINNATI PRIZE AND DR. LEONARD E. DICKSON 89ordinary whole numbers, of the Kummer-Dedekind theory of integralalgebraic numbers of 1850-80, and of the recent Hurwitz theory of integralquaternions. It utilizes in its development a treatment, in many important details more precise and explicit than any heretofore given, of thelinear associative algebras of Benjamin Peirce and of the still more generalalgebras of Wedderburn. The arithmetic of a rational algebra of thiscategory rests upon the definition of integral elements and of associatednotions (primeness, ideals, etc.) in such wise that every integral elementis essentially uniquely expressible as the product of (definitely ordered)prime ideals. This basis of the general theory Dickson has securelylaid, and he has already made important applications of it to the solutionof hitherto refractory problems of Diophantine analysis. Of the earlierstages of his work Dickson has given a very readable presentation in hisbook entitled Algebras and Their Arithmetics, published in June, 1923,by the University of Chicago Press in the University of Chicago ScienceSeries.THE INDIVIDUAL UNDERGRADUATE AND THE COLLEGECOMMUNITYBy ERNEST H. WILKINSOur working definition of the purpose of undergraduate educationin the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Science of the University ofChicago describes that purpose as "the development of character,primarily, but not exclusively, through increase in knowledge and development of the ability to reason."The fulfilment of this purpose calls clearly for the treatment ofstudents as individuals, not merely as members of a class. For it isonly as you recognize the differential characteristics of individual mindsthat you approach adequacy in the conveyance of knowledge and in thedevelopment of the ability to reason; and it is only when you know aman as an individual that you can understand his problems, guide himwisely, and lead him to look to you naturally and gladly for guidance.Yet the fulfilment of the same purpose calls for recognition of thecommunity bond — recognition of the fact that no man in the Universityliveth unto himself, that every word and deed of every man impingesupon and modifies other life. For it is only as you recognize this principle, and lead students to its recognition, that you can approach agreement in the more intricate problems of student life. And it is only asyou recognize this principle that you can fully educate — for intelligencedoes not grow in a vacuum, and true education implies the establishmentfor each mind of the intellectual companionship which that mind mostneeds.A very notable step in the direction of the treatment of studentsas individuals was taken last year in the work of the Committee onSelective Admission and Retention, of which Professor Morrison waschairman. The admission blanks prepared by this committee call notonly for the conventional and necessary statistical information, but goon to ask such questions as these: "What are your favorite amusements?" "How have your recent vacation periods been spent?" "Ifyou have a 'hobby,' what is it?" "What magazines and newspapersdo you regularly read?" "Of all the things you have accomplished,90ERNEST HATCH WILKINSDean of the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and ScienceTHE UNDERGRADUATE AND THE COLLEGE COMMUNITY 91which have given you the greatest personal satisfaction?" In eachcase, moreover, the student is asked to write a brief autobiography.The blanks as filled out are human documents of surpassing interest.They tell of childhood in many parts of the new world and the old; ofenvironments now favorable, now difficult; of a wide variety of enthusiasms, of struggles, and of successes. They read as though they were —and indeed some of them surely are — first chapters in the autobiographiesof great men and women.Before registration this autumn each registering dean was given anopportunity to read the blanks of the students he was to register; andit thus became possible for the dean to greet the student with a friendlyknowledge of his experience in school days.The success of these blanks at once suggests the desirability of apersonnel record of a more human type for the college years. It is ourhope that such a record may before long be devised.A second step in the same direction was taken last summer by President Burton in the enlargement of the staff of College deans. Thereare now ten deans in the Colleges as against five a year ago; and thenumber of students assigned to each dean has thus been reduced to abouttwo hundred and fifty. This number is still too large — but even sothe registration interviews have been of a much less mechanical and morehuman type than heretofore. The acquaintances thus begun shouldgrow more and more effective from quarter to quarter, for the plan isthat so far as possible each student shall throughout his course be assignedto the same dean who welcomed him as a Freshman.A third step, taken in the autumn, is the beginning of a study ofmethods of special care and encouragement for the leading students.It has been too frequently the case in the past that instructors andadministrative officers have spent so much time and energy in keepingthe poorer student up to the mark that they have had very little leftfor the leading students. Yet the group of leading students comprisesnearly all of those who hold greatest promise of making real contributionsto the welfare of society — by thought, by life, by creation, or by discovery— and the highest service the college can render to society would seem tobe in the fullest development of the potential leadership of such menand women.We are experimenting with various types of care and encouragementfor them, and have reason to hope that the experiments are alreadymeeting with some measure of success. Some of the larger classes havethis autumn been sectioned on the basis of ability, thus giving to each92 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstudent a chance to work at the highest level of his capacity and interest.Several instructors have given privileges and exemptions of varioussorts to the leading students; and the deans have given them the verypractical advantage of priority in registration for the Winter Quarter.Be it known, however, that we do not identify the " leading student"with "the student of highest scholastic standing"- — but are seeking adefinition which shall be a rightly proportioned and wisely selectiveexpansion of this tentative statement:A leading student is one who possesses in notable degree many qualities whichpromise growth and attainment in leadership — such qualities, for instance, as attractiveness in personality, technical ability, accuracy of observation, intellectual curiosity,power of initiative, ability to reason, purposefulness, love of one's fellows.The two phases of recognition of the community bond which arereceiving most attention just now are the study of the relationshipbetween student organizations and the life of the classroom, and theendeavor to establish a closer contact and better understanding betweenthe teaching staff and the undergraduates.Student organizations of many sorts, social, dramatic, literary,athletic, arise and seek to flourish in response to the more or less unconscious call of the community bond. They have in them possibilitiesfor the development of character which are of very high value indeed,and should be fully recognized in a balanced estimate of college training—but we have not yet learned how to avoid excess in these matters andhow to make the most of the potential benefits. The feeling is general,among students as well as teachers, that there is need both for a betterdirection of activities (in the broadest sense) than we have had hitherto,and for a wider and wiser distribution of activities, that is, for a systemwhich shall bring a greater number of students into activities, and shallprevent the cornering of activities by a relatively small group' of students— much to the detriment of their own college work. In athletics, totake a particular instance, the feeling is general, among both studentsand teachers, that we should have a greater development of intramuralsport.An extensive experiment which should help to produce a betterunderstanding between the undergraduates and the teaching staff hasalready been initiated, and is to be carried on this winter. It grows outof a particular experience of the autumn which showed that facultymembers and students could work together in committee harmoniouslyand effectively, and the sporadic recognition of various chances forimprovement in the conditions of college life and work. Late in theTHE UNDERGRADUATE AND THE COLLEGE COMMUNITY 93Autumn Quarter the members of the Senior Class were asked in Chapelto submit statements of what seemed to them the main opportunitiesfor improvement in college conditions. More than one hundred differentsuggestions were made, bearing on many different fields of collegeexperience and college interest. A general Faculty-Student committeehas sifted these suggestions, and has selected thirty of them to be studiedduring the Winter Quarter, each by a separate Faculty-Student committee. We are calling the collective work of these committees the" Better Yet" Campaign: for our thought is that the conditions of undergraduate life and work at the University of Chicago, already good,should by co-operative faculty and student effort be made — better yet.RECENTLY APPOINTED PROFESSORSChauncey Samuel Boucher, Professor of History in the University,was formerly professor of history in the University of Texas. He is aDoctor of Philosophy of the University of Michigan. His specialinterests are southern and western history. He is the author ofseveral books and articles upon certain phases of the history of theSouth.Quincy Wright, Professor of International Law in the University,comes from the University of Minnesota. He carried on his graduatework in the University of Pennsylvania, and was a Fellow in HarvardUniversity, where he was assistant to Professor George G. Wilson, andin the University of Illinois, where he received his Doctor's degree. Hischief interest is in the field of international law and relations, and hisbest-known publication is The Control of American Foreign Relations.In 192 1 he was awarded the Phillips Prize, given by the AmericanPhilosophical Society.Arthur H. Compton, Professor of Physics in the University, washead of the department of physics at Washington University, St. Louis,before coming here. He has made some notable discoveries and somevery valuable measurements in the field of X-rays, which constituteshis main interest in physics.William F. G. Swann, Professor of Physics in the University, comesfrom the University of Minnesota. Professor Swann is one of theleading mathematical physicists of the country. His special interesthas been in the field of electricity and magnetism.94CTTAUXCEV SAMUEL BOUCHERProfessor of History QUTXCV WRIGHTProfessor of International LawARTHUR H. COMPTONProfessor of Physics WILLIAM F. G. SWANNProfessor of PhysicsEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIRST CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred^ Thirty-first Convocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, December 18,at 4:00 p.m. The Convocation Statementwas made by President Ernest DeWittBurton, and the Address to the Graduateswas delivered by Albion WoodburySmall, Professor and Head of the Department of Sociology.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges: MaryBernadine Authenrieth, Lucy ErnestineBaker, Franklin John Behrndt, RobertSamuel Campbell, Mildred Esther Cohn,Margaret Frances Culver, George ElliotDowning, William Lake Embree, Theodore Emil Fruehling, May Louise Fulton,Martha Agnes Gose, Frank Gregor, Jr.,Dorothy May Jacobson, Dorothy Cop-inger Mead, Mary Elizabeth Mead,Charles Kline McNeil, Mabel Newitt,Edwin Clarence Podewell, Ernest Hocking Runyon, Charlotte Eleanor ArnoldSeneshalle, Elizabeth Stefanski, PrestonZimmerman.The Lillian Gertrude Selz Scholarshipfor the young woman who completesthe work of the first year with thehighest standing: Margaret JosephineNovak.Scholarships in the Junior Colleges forexcellence in the work of the First Year:Abraham Adrian Albert, Jeannetta AliceBaldwin, Brooks Kepler Blossom, RalphSteele Boggs, Adeline Beatrice Cohen,Edwin Jay De Costa, Benedict SenecaEinarson, David Manus Gans, HenryMeyer Geisman, Roger Lincoln Goetz,Samuel William Halperin, Allen Heald,George Lloyd Irgang, Victor Johnson,Henry Mitchell Kraus, William CharlesKrumbein, Marie Anna Hermine Rem-mert, Dorothea Rudnick, Louis Scala,Daniel Warren Stanger, Albert MeyerWolf.The Bachelor's Degree with honors:Julia Tupper Atwater, Annabel JosephineMarie Clark, Stella Marie Coesfeld, Irvin Nettie Cross, Inga MargretheHagen, Clare Amelia Whyman Harvey,Marjorie Edith Howard, Frances LoranaHunter, Maurice Tiemann Lesemann,Lucile Meredith, Alice June Meyer,Anne Protheroe, John Marion Radzinski,Philla Adelaide Slattery, Koschichi Tsu-kamoto, John Daniel Wild, Jr.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges:John Potts Barnes, Law; Stella MarieCoesfeld, Romance; Irvin Nettie Cross,Geography; Inga Margrethe Hagen,French; Clare Amelia Whyman Harvey,History; Marjorie Edith Howard, English; Frances Lorana Hunter, History;Maurice Tiemann Lesemann, English;Theresa Helen Lynch, Psychology; LucileMeredith, English; Alice June Meyer,History; Philla Adelaide Slattery, English; Philla Adelaide Slattery, German;Lillie Nellie Von Bremer, English;William Gustav Wender, Geology.Election of associate members to SigmaXi: Reed Warner Bailey, Roy Allen Burt,John Archer Culbertson, Ezda Deviney,Ruth Allen Doggett, Frederick HazardFrost, Frederick Max Haase, Jr., WorthieHarold Horr, Cornelia Carolyn Marschall,William Grovenor McGinnies, WalburgaAnna Petersen, Lewis Cass Robinson,Arthur Raymond Williams.Election of members to Sigma Xi:John Bargate Appleton, Harvey DurellChase, George Hoffman Cresse, GailMonroe Dack, Marguerite Darkow,Robert Barclay Dustman, Pansy AliceEvans, John Edward Gahringer, BasilElijah Gilbert, Kenneth Hancock Goode,Albert Martinius Holmquist, Jewell Constance Hughes, Mildred Hunt, GeorgeRufus Johnstone, Mary Juhn, WalterFerdinand Loehwing, Nicholas Atha-nasius Milas, Cecil Loveland Morrow,Vivienne Robison McClatchy, AndrewMcNally Neff , Thomas Crawford Phem-ister, Thomas William Ray, Jr., JohnC. Rogers, Louis Sattler, Meta LouiseSchroeder, Donald Raymond Stevens,Chiao Tsai, William Weldon Watson,Mary Westall, Ruby Kathryn Worner,Hoylande Denune Young.9596 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDElection to. the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa fbr especial distinctionin general scholarship : Annabel JosephineMarie Clark, Stella Marie Coesfeld(June, 1922), Clare Amelia WhymanHarvey, Marjorie Edith Howard, FrancesLorana Hunter, Alice June Meyer,Philla Adelaide Slattery (June, 1923),Abram Owen Thomas (State Universityof Iowa), Koshichi Tsukamoto, JohnDaniel Wild, Jr. (March, 1922).The certificate in the College of Education was awarded to Margaret ElizabethHire.Degrees were conferred as follows:The Colleges: the degree of Bachelor ofArts, 2; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 55; the degree of Bachelorof Science, 28; the degree of Bachelorof Philosophy in Education, 17; thedegree of Bachelor of Science in Education, 2; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Commerce and Administration,12; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophyin Social Service Administration, 1.The Graduate School of Arts and Literature:the degree of Master of Arts, n; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2. TheGraduate Divinity School: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 3. The Ogden GraduateSchool of Science: the degree of Masterof Science, 6; the degree of Doctorof Philosophy, 8. The Divinity School:the degree of Bachelor of Divinity,1. The Law School: the degree ofBachelor of Laws, 1 ; the degree of Doctorof Law, 3.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, December16, in the Reynolds Theatre. At 11:00a.m., in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,the Convocation Religious Service washeld. The Preacher was the ReverendNorris Lowell Tibbetts, Hyde ParkBaptist Church, Chicago.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter were: October 7, Professor Theodore Gerald Soares, University of Chicago; October 14, BishopWilliam Fraser McDoweU, D.D., L.H.D.,Washington, D.C.; October 21, BishopMcDowell; October 28, Reverend LynnHarold Hough, D.D., Central MethodistEpiscopal Church, Detroit, Michigan;November 4, Dr. Hough; Novembern, Reverend George A. Buttrick, First Presbyterian Church, Buffalo, New York;November 18 (Settlement Sunday),Professor Harry Augustus Bigelow, Chairman of the University Settlement Board;and Miss Mary McDowell, Head Resident, University of Chicago Settlement;November 25, Reverend Wallace Petty,D.D., First Baptist Church, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania; December 2, Dr. Petty;December 9, Dean Edward I. Bosworth,D.D., Oberlin, Graduate School of Theology, Oberlin, Ohio; December 16, Reverend Norris Lowell Tibbetts, Hyde ParkBaptist Church, Chicago.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,on the following dates: October 23,November 6, and December 4.The University football team playedeight games in the course of the AutumnQuarter, from September 29 to November24, as follows: Michigan AgriculturalCollege 34-0; Colorado AgriculturalCollege 10-0; Northwestern 13-0; Purdue20-6; Illinois 0-7; Indiana 27-0; OhioState 1 7-3 ; Wisconsin 1 3-6. The Illinoisgame was played at Urbana, and allothers were played on Stagg Field. Thelargest attendance was at the Wisconsingame, November 24, which reached 3 1 ,764.After weeks of preparation at CampWrigley on Catalina Island for observingthe sun's total eclipse on September 10,Director Edwin B. Frost and his partyfrom the Yerkes Observatory wereprevented by clouds from using theelaborate apparatus installed for observation. For several hundred miles alongthe coast the weather conditions werewholly unfavorable, Director Frost said,and all the American observers weredeeply disappointed, except the combinedparty from Swarthmore and Alleghenyobservatories, whose station was locatedin the state of Durango, Mexico.Clouds at an altitude of 7,000 or morefeet prevented the observers of theYerkes, Carle ton, and Dearborn observatories from taking photographs of theeclipse. One or two of the smallercameras were operated, but the largerinstruments were not used.Director Frost reports that CampWrigley, some 1,300 feet above the sea,EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 97had about sixty-five astronomers andtheir associates at the time of the eclipse,and among these were representatives ofnot less than twenty-five institutions. Afull account of the preparations made bythe Yerkes Observatory for observing theeclipse, written by Director Frost, willappear in Popular Astronomy.Miss Cora C. Colburn, AssistantProfessor of Institution Economics inthe College of Education at the University, has been given six months' leaveof absence to go to New Haven to makeand carry out plans for the reorganizationof the Yale Commons. It is the hopeof the Yale Corporation that MissColburn may be able to reorganize theinstitution in such a way as to obviatemany of the difficulties of administrationin the future. She has already madenotable progress in that direction.As Director of University Commonssince 191 5 she has had a remarkablesuccess, and has also made importantsurveys of living conditions at theMontana state schools and the University of Wisconsin.A prize of $1,000 has just been awardedto Leonard Eugene Dickson, Professorof Mathematics in the University, atthe seventy-fifth meeting of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience, held in Cincinnati. The prizeawarded Professor Dickson was offeredby a member of the Association in Cincinnati for the most important piece ofwork contributed at this meeting.Dr. William E. Dodd, Professor ofAmerican History in the University,recently completed a series of historicallectures at Emory University, Atlanta,Georgia, the general subject being "Liberty and Authority." The first lecturediscussed "The Ideals of the Revolution"; the second, "The Issue in the CivilWar"; and the third, "The Advent andSignificance of Woodrow Wilson." Professor Dodd has already received fromEmory University the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws.At the recent home-coming-day exercises of the University of Alabama,Dr. Dodd delivered an address to agreat audience on "What ArmisticeDay Meant Five Years Ago and WhatIt Means Today," On the same daythe University conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on ProfessorDodd and also on United States SenatorOscar W. Underwood.Reverend Charles W. Gilkey, ministerof the Hyde Park Baptist Church,Chicago, has been appointed by theUniversity to deliver the Barrows Lectures in India for the year 1924-25,and has been given a leave of absence,on salary, by his church for six monthsfor the purpose. The purpose of theBarrows Lectureship, founded thirtyyears ago by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskellin honor of Dr. John Henry Barrows,has been to present in a friendly, temperate, and conciliatory way the truths ofChristianity to the scholarly and thoughtful people of India. The lectures areto be given in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras,and other important cities.Other lecturers upon the BarrowsFoundation have been Dr. John HenryBarrows, Principal A. M. Fairbairn,of Mansfield College, Oxford; PresidentCharles Cuthbert Hall, Union TheologicalSeminary, New York City; and ProfessorCharles R. Henderson, of the University,who went to India in 191 2. Since theoutbreak of the Great War, no Barrowslecturer has been sent to India.Mr. Gilkey is a graduate of HarvardUniversity and of Union TheologicalSeminary in New York. He has alsostudied in Scotland and Germany. He isa Trustee of the University and a preacherof unusual power, especially with studentaudiences, having served as universitypreacher at Harvard, Yale, Princeton,Toronto, Stanford, and many otheruniversities. Mr. Gilkey is to reachIndia in October, later lecturing in Chinaand Japan.President Emeritus Harry PrattJudson, of the University, has beenre-elected chairman of the trustees of theAmerican University Union in Europe.Among the new members of the administrative board are President A. LawrenceLowell, of Harvard University, andAnson Phelps Stokes, former secretaryof the Yale Corporation.Dr. Franklin C. McLean, formerlyDirector of the Peking Union MedicalCollege, who has recently been appointedProfessor of Medicine in the University,has had a distinguished career in medicinesince his graduation from the University98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin 1908 and from Rush Medical Collegein 1910. He also received the degreesof S.M. and Ph.D. from the University.For two years he was Assistant Resident Physician in the Hospital of theRockefeller Institute in New York City,and in 19 16 was appointed Professor ofMedicine and Director of the PekingUnion Medical College, then about tobe established by the Rockefeller Foundation. In the planning of that magnificentinstitution with its elaborate system ofhospitals and schools, Dr. McLean tooka leading part. In 19 18 he was orderedoverseas with the rank of captain,and was subsequently appointed SeniorConsultant in Medicine for the A. E. F.with the rank of Major. Beside hisconnection with the Peking UnionMedical College since 191 6, his professional experience includes service on thefaculty of the University, the staff ofthe Cook County Hospital, the MedicalSchool of the University of Oregon, theUniversity of Gratz, Austria, and theRockefeller Institute for MedicalResearch.Dr. McLean will first devote himselfto the planning of the medical buildingsof the University, and to the organizationof the Medical School, toward which hisappointment is the first step. All friendsof the University's medical enterprise,and all alumni of the University, will beglad to know that an alumnus of the highprofessional standing of Dr. McLean hasbeen secured for this important post.The Committee on the organizationand development of the Medical School,is now preparing plans for the organization of the Faculty and for the newhospital and associated buildings whichit is expected will be built betweenEllis and Drexel avenues and between58th and 59th streets.Another event of great importance tothe Medical School is the fact that theconditional pledges of the General Education Board and the Rockefeller Foundation of a million dollars each have recentlybeen paid into the treasury of the University, and this sum of two milliondollars must under the conditions of thegift be held perpetually for endowmentof medical work.In presenting Professor John MatthewsManly, Head of the Department of English at the University, for the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Wisconsin, the speaker said:"John Matthews Manly has probablydone more than any other teacher in theWest to throw light upon the history andpractice of the tongue we speak. For thelast twenty-five years, at our neighboringinstitution in Chicago, his seminar hasbeen the training place for a multitude ofteachers. His men, teaching in everyfaculty, and carrying on investigationsthat he started, have made his placesecure. He is modern enough to havebrought real intelligence into the Intelligence Division of the General Staff ofthe Army during the World War; yethe is traditional enough to know that thebasis of the understanding of today liesin the life of the past."In addition to the honorary degree conferred by the University of Wisconsin,Professor Manly has received the degreeof LL.D. from Furman University andthat of Litt.D. from Brown University.The Nobel Prize for Physics has justbeen awarded by the Swedish Academyof Sciences to Professor Robert AndrewsMillikan, formerly of the Department ofPhysics at the University but now directorof the Norman Bridge Laboratory ofPhysics and member of the administrativecouncil of the California Institute ofTechnology. Professor Millikan, whowas connected with the University fortwenty-five years, has already receivedthe Comstock prize for research inelectricity from the National Academyof Sciences and has been vice-chairmanof the National Research Council.Among his best-known books is TheElectron, which is soon to be publishedin a revised and enlarged edition by theUniversity Press.The University is in possession -of anew paleobotanical collection, organizedfrom specimens gathered by AdolfCarl Noe, Assistant Professor of Paleobotany in the University, on his fieldtrips throughout the coal basins of theMiddle West, from contributions madeby his field assistants and students,and from various gifts and exchanges.Especially well represented are theplants of the Coal Measures of America.This division includes a unique collectionof American and English coal balls,a splendid assortment of Mazon Creekfossils, donated by Mr. CD. Young ofEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 99Morris, Illinois, and numerous contributions from the Illinois State GeologicalSurvey. The group of younger florascontains Cretaceous plants from theOntario Museum in Toronto, and fromthe Peabody Museum of Yale University,while the latest fossil floras are represented by Tertiary specimens fromOregon, collected by Dr. Ralph Chaneyand Mr. Frederick Frost. A herbariumof recent plants, for comparison withfossils, was donated by the Universityof Vienna and the Jardin des Plantesof Paris. The paleobotanical collectionsof the University are second only to thoseof the National Museum in Washington.During the past three years a seriesof investigations on persons and animalshas been carried on by the Departmentof Physiology at the University withreference to the physiological effects ofprolonged fasting. Among the strikingresults shown is the fact that prolongedfasting (15 days for men, and 30-45days for dogs) increases the basal metabolic rate and the secretion of gastric juicefor many months after eating is resumedand the body has regained its normalweight. The basal metabolic rate is ameasure of the power of tissues to consume or burn the food. This power isgreater in the young than in the adult oraged individual.The precise mechanism by which prolonged fasting induces these changes inthe body is as yet unknown. A certainnumber of the body cells may be destroyed by the fast and replaced withnew or young cells when eating is resumed.Or this may occur in some glands (such asthe thyroids, the adrenals, the gonads)that have special relation as stimuli tometabolism. This problem is underinvestigation.There are many excellent investigationson what goes on in the body duringfasting. The present study in theDepartment of Physiology at the University furnishes the first scientific dataon some of the after-effects of fastingwhen not carried to the point of injury.The chairman of the Department,Professor Anton J. Carlson, author ofThe Control of Hunger in Health andDisease published by the UniversityPress, is president of the AmericanPhysiological Society and its representative in the National ResearchCouncil. Two fellowships of the value of $500each have been given by the WieboldtFoundation of Chicago to the GraduateSchool of Social Service Administration ofthe University and have been awarded totwo graduate students of the AutumnQuarter, 1923: Emil G. Kerchner,A.B., University of Illinois, 1922, andRoger Freund, A.B., Hiram College,1920.The award of the Fellowships carrieswith it the obligation to carry on aninvestigation during the winter andspring quarters in the social service field.The two subjects for research in 1924 arethe following: (1) Public Begging inChicago. A study of street begging andof begging families known to charitableorganizations, the encouragement ofbegging by unwise philanthropic gifts,and the methods of enforcement by thepolice of the ordinance against streetbegging. (2) Americanization Work ofSettlements and Other Private Organizations. A study of classes in English andcitizenship carried on outside of thepublic school system to determine howfar such classes are adequate to the needsof various immigrant neighborhoods.The Home Economics Department ofthe University has been given a scholarship to be awarded to a student majoringin the food and nutrition division of homeeconomics who will "keep herself physically fit." The donor is an alumna,Elizabeth Vilas, 1922, who is now servingas nutrition worker with the AmericanRed Cross in Del Rio, Texas. Shebelieves that a home economics teacheror nutrition worker should herself be ingood health. The first recipient of thescholarship is Mary Cannon, a Senior inthe Department.The Annual Home-coming Dinner ofthe members of the Faculties was heldin Hutchinson Hall at 6:30 p.m. onFriday, October 5. Addresses were madeby James Henry Breasted, Professorof Egyptology and Oriental History,William F. G. Swann, Professor ofPhysics, Gordon Jennings Laing, Deanof the Graduate School of Arts andLiterature, and President Ernest DeWittBurton. One hundred and eighty-fivefaculty members were present.From November 1 to December 13,there was held at the University on Thurs-ioo THE UNIVERSITY RECORDday evenings an Institute for ChurchWorkers, in which courses were offeredin Bible study, religious education,church organization and administration,and the religions of other peoples.The faculty of the Institute includesDean Shatter Mathews, of the DivinitySchool; Georgia L. Chamberlain, of theAmerican Institute of Sacred Literature;Archibald G. Baker, Assistant Professorof Missions; and Charles T. Holman,Assistant Professor of Pastoral Duties.In addition to the University PublicLectures open to all, there was a courseof lectures on "The Teachings of Paul,"by Dean Mathews, showing how Paulapplied the Christian gospel to problemsof his own day; class work, by MissChamberlin, on "The Bible in theReligious Education of Kindergartenand Primary Grades"; "The Religions ofOther Peoples," by Professor Baker;and "Modern Methods in ChurchWork," by Professor Holman.This is the fifth year of the Institute,which provides an unusual opportunityfor instruction from competent specialistsin their various fields.|J^;;.:i3i^.|^:^|^^^*The annual dinner given to the members of the Faculties by the Board ofTrustees was held in Ida Noyes Hall onDecember 13, and was attended by aboutthree hundred.Mr. Harold H. Swift, president of theBoard of Trustees, who is an alumnusof the University, presided, and the newTrustees were introduced by Mr. HowardG. Grey. The new members of theFaculties were introduced by JamesHayden Tufts, Dean of the Faculties,and Charles W. Gilkey spoke in behalf ofthe Trustees. The response for thenew members of the Faculties was givenby Emerson H. Swift, recently appointedAssistant Professor of the History ofArt; the Faculties were represented byJames Parker Hall, Dean of the LawSchool; President Emeritus Judson waspresent and spoke; and the closingaddress for the University was given byPresident Ernest DeWitt Burton.At a mass meeting of Italo-Americansheld in Chicago on November 4, 1923, tocelebrate the anniversary of the battle ofVittorio Veneto, the birthday of the kingof Italy, and the Fascisti's march on Rome, the principal speech in Englishwas delivered by Associate ProfessorRudolph Altrocchi, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures.His address was subsequently publishedin pamphlet form and also in the November number of II Carroccio, the Italianreview of New York,On the same occasion a speech inItalian was delivered by Miss FrederickaV. Blankner, a graduate student in theRomance Department, which was alsopublished in the same pamphlet.At the fifty-fifth annual meeting ofthe American Philological Association,recently held at Princeton University,Professor Gordon J. Laing, Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literatureat the University, was elected vice-president of the Association. DeanLaing is also vice-president of theArchaeological Institute of America,and has been president of the ClassicalAssociation of the Middle West andSouth.Mr. Willard A. Smith, for manyyears a member of the Board of Trusteesof the University, died at the EvanstonHospital, Thursday morning, November29. The funeral service was held at theMemorial Church of Christ at 2 :oo p.m.,Saturday, December 1.The thirty-eighth annual meetingof the American Historical Associationwas held in Columbus, Ohio during theholidays. In the group meeting onSocial Aspects of the American Revolution, Dr. Marcus W. Jernegan, Professorof the History of Education, presenteda paper on "Educational Influences inthe Revolution." Professor Andrew C.McLaughlin, head of the Departmentof History, was the chairman at thejoint conference with the Political ScienceAssociation and the National Council forSocial Studies. In the group meetingon "Mediaeval History," Professor JamesWestfall Thompson was the chairman,and in that on "The Monroe Doctrine atthe End of a Century," Assistant Professor J. Fred Rippy discussed "SomeContemporary Mexican Reactions toCleveland's Venezuelan Message."John Thomas McNeil, who receivedhis Ph.D. degree from the University inEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 1011920, and is now Professor of History atKnox College, Toronto, was awarded thebiennial Herbert Baxter Adams Prizefor his thesis on "The Celtic Peniten-tials," which was prepared under thesupervision of James Westfall Thompson,Professor of Medieval History in theUniversity.The eighteenth annual meeting of theAmerican Sociological Society, was heldin Washington, D.C., from December26 to 29. Professor Robert E. Park,of the Department of Sociology, who wasin charge of the division on research,made a report of "A Project for the Studyof Obeah in the West Indies." He alsodiscussed " Community Organization andCommunal Efficiency" at a joint sessionwith the National Community CenterAssociation. Associate Professor ErnestW. Burgess, who is the secretary-treasurerof the Society, presented a paper on"The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project."At the fortieth meeting of the ModernLanguage Association of America, held atAnn Arbor, Michigan, December 27, 28,and 29, the University was representedby Professor William A. Nitze, Head ofthe Department of Romance Languagesand Literatures, who made a brief reportof the year's work in the literature of theRenaissance, with suggestions as tocurrent problems. Professor Tom PeeteCross, chairman of the Department ofGeneral Literature, was secretary ofthe English section; Professor PhilipSchuyler Allen, chairman of the Department of German, presented a paper inthe Germanic section; Professor EdwinP. Dargan, of the Romance Department,was chairman of one of the group meetingson Comparative Literature; and AssociateProfessor George W. Sherburn, of theEnglish Department, was secretary.Professor George T. Northup wassecretary of the group meeting on SpanishLiterature since the Renaissance, andProfessor Percy H. Boynton was chairmanof the group meeting on AmericanLiterature. Associate Professor DavidH. Stevens, of the English Department,reported on "A Milton Bibliography."Professor T. Atkinson Jenkins, of theRomance Department, is a member ofthe executive council of the Association. At this meeting the Italian grouporganized the American Association ofTeachers of Italian, the purpose of whichis to promote the study of the Italianlanguage and literature in the UnitedStates. Among the ofiicers elected were:Honorary president, Professor Charles H.Grandgent, of Harvard University, whoreceived the honorary degree of L.H.D.from the University in 19 16; vice-president, Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Professor of Romance Languages in theUniversity and editor of the Universityof Chicago Italian Series; and secretary-treasurer, Rudolph Altrocchi, AssociateProfessor of Romance Languages, whohas contributed a volume to the sameseries. Other institutions represented inthe new organization are the universitiesof Illinois, Toronto, and California,Vassar, and Northwestern.Representatives of the University at thenineteenth annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, heldin Columbus, Ohio, from December27 to 29, included Professor CharlesE. Merriam, chairman of the Departmentof Political Science; who presented apaper on "The Significance of Psychologyfor a Study of Politics" and also gavea report on "The Social Science ResearchCouncil." Professor Merriam, who isfirst vice-president of the Association,presided at the session devoted to PopularGovernment and Parties.At the conference on administrationAssociate Professor Leonard D. White,of the Department of Political Science,presented a paper on "The SecondInternational Congress of Public Administration"; and Professor Andrew C.McLaughlin, head of the Department ofHistory, presided at the joint conference of the American Historical Association and the National Council for SocialStudies.At the seventy-eighth meeting of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Cincinnati,Ohio, from December 27 to January 2,there was a large representation fromthe University. This meeting markedthe seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the Association.Among the University men on theprogram was Professor Leonard E. Dickson, who presented a paper on "Alge-102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbras and Their Arithmetics," given byinvitation of the Mathematical Association and of the Chicago section. Professor Arthur H. Compton, of the Department of Physics, presented a paper on"The Scattering of X-Rays"; Dr. William D. Harkins, who is secretary of theChemistry section, exhibited motionpicture photographs of atomic collisions;Professor Forest R. Moulton, secretaryof the Astronomy section, led in a discussion on "The Infinity of Space";Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, formerhead of the Department of Geology andformer president of the Association, whorecently celebrated his eightieth birthday, gave a notable address on the subject, "Seventy-five Years of AmericanGeology"; and Professor Rollin T.Chamberlin, a paper on "ClockworkMeasurements of the Internal Shearing inan Alpine Glacier."Professor Henry C. Cowles, of theDepartment of Botany, gave his addressas retiring president of the BotanicalSociety of America; Dr. Elliot R.Downing, of the College of Education,presented a paper of special interest on"Science Teaching in European Schools";and Dr. Charles Manning Child, of theDepartment of Zoology, told of experiments with electricity on growing animalbodies in the embryonic state.Among the vice-presidents of the Association are Professor W. F. G. Swann,of the Physics section, who presented apaper before the American PhysicalSociety, and Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, of the section on BotanicalSciences. Members of the Council ofthe Association include Dr. LudvigHektoen, representing the Society ofAmerican Bacteriologists, Professor JohnMerle Coulter, representing the AmericanAssociation of University Professors, andProfessor Henry C. Cowles, of theDepartment of Botany, who is an electedmember.Four past presidents of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience have come from the University— Thomas C. Chamberlin, geologist;Albert A. Michelson, physicist; JohnMerle Coulter, botanist; and Elia-kim Hastings Moore, mathematician.Director James Henry Breasted, ofthe Oriental Institute of the University,sailed from New York December 29 forEgypt, where he hopes in the middle of January to witness at Luxor the reopeningof the tomb of the Egyptian EmperorTutenkhamon and the uncovering of thepharaoh's body. While the doorway tothe burial chamber was broken throughby Mr. Howard Carter, acting for theEarl of Carnarvon, last winter, theroyal sarcophagus was found to be sothoroughly enveloped with successivecatafalques, all but the outer of whichstill bore their original seals unbroken,that it was impossible, before the heatof the summer arrived, to undertake toreach the sarcophagus proper. Moreover, the sarcophagus and its coveringsso completely filled the burial chamberthat it proved necessary to remove notonly the masonry which barred the doorway but the whole wall which separatedthe burial from the ante-chamber. Thispreliminary work will have been accomplished by the time Professor Breastedarrives.Director Breasted expects to devote apart of this winter, as he did last year,to work on the Oriental Institute'sCoffin Texts project in the Cairo Museum,where by far the greater number of theinscribed coffins of the Egyptian MiddleKingdom (dating about 2000 B.C.) arenow preserved. The so-called CoffinTexts embody in religious literature theworld's earliest transition from a mechanical to a moral view of the hereafter.The William Vaughn Moody lecturesdelivered at the University during theAutumn Quarter were:"Recent Discoveries in the AncientOrient, and Personal Experiences inthe Royal Cemetery at Luxor," byJames Henry Breasted, Ph.D., Professorof Egyptology and Oriental History,Chairman of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, and Directorof the Oriental Institute in the University,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, October25, at 8:00 p.m."The Fourth Assembly of the Leagueof Nations," by Hamilton Holt, LL.D.,Former Editor of The Independent andPresident of the Third American PeaceCongress, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,November 5, at 8:00 p.m."Some Phases of the Reconstructionof Europe," by Fridtjof Nansen, authorand explorer, and high commissionerof the League of Nations for the EconomicReconstruction of Greece, in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, November 19, at 4:30 p.m.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 103"Why Translate the New Testament ? "by Edgar Johnson Goodspeed, Ph.D.,Professor of Biblical and Patristic Greekin the University, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, November 22, at 8:15 p.m."English Cambridge Thirty YearsAgo," by Terrot Reaveley Glover, Fellowand Classical Lecturer of St. John'sCollege, Cambridge, England, and PublicOrator of the University of Cambridge, inHarper Assembly Room, December 7, at8:15 P.M.The Most Reverend Nathan Soder-blom, D.G., Archbishop of Sweden andPro- Chancellor of the University ofUpsala, delivered a lecture in HarperAssembly Room at the University, at4:30 p.m. on October 18, on "Humor andMelancholy in Martin Luther."Jane Addams of Hull-House delivereda lecture in Leon Mandel Assembly Hallat the University, at 4:30 p.m., October31, on "Social and Political Movementsin the Orient."Dr. Vavro Srobar, former Ministerof Reconstruction of Slovakia, delivereda lecture in Harper Assembly Room atthe University, at 4:30 p.m., November13, on "The Success of the CzechoslovakRepublic and Its Causes."The University offered to the citizensof Chicago the privilege of hearing,November 16 in Orchestra Hall, the firstauthoritative public lecture given inthis country on the opening of theburial chamber of Tutenkhamon atLuxor, Egypt, the lecturer being Professor James Henry Breasted, Directorof the Oriental Institute of the University and Chairman of the Department ofOriental Languages and Literatures.Tickets were sent to more than twothousand friends of the University, anda remarkably representative audienceheard Dr. Breasted. The occasion wasa brilliant event in the history of theUniversity's relations with its friends inthe city. Later in the autumn Dr.Breasted spoke before the UniversityClub, the Association of Commerce, andother representative bodies.Professor von Schulze-Gavernitz,Ph.D., LL.D., of the University ofFreiburg, Germany, delivered a series of three lectures in Harper AssemblyRoom at 4:30 p.m., December 11, 12, and13, on "The Treaty: Reparation andReconstruction. ' 'The University has just received agift of over two hundred volumes,many of them rare books of the sixteenthcentury, from Professor John MatthewsManly, Head of the Department ofEnglish in the University. Three ofthem are incunabula, that is, booksprinted in the fifteenth century. Thisgift of Professor Manly' s increases theUniversity's list of such printings to 134.A volume of rare manuscripts, presented to the University at the recentWinter Convocation by the Class of191 1, was written in England in thefourteenth century and contains threeworks, the first, Speculum HumanaeSalvationis, having never been publishedin a complete edition. Twenty-nine ofits forty-five chapters were printed fromwooden types during the fifteenthcentury. The authorship of the bookhas been much discussed, and the volumeis of great interest as a source of otherworks, among them certain parts of thefamous plays produced at York in thefourteenth and fifteenth centuries.The second manuscript, Manuale Sacer-dotis, is not mentioned by any bibliographer, and has never been reprinted.It was apparently written by the Priorof the Abbey of Lylleshull in Shropshirebetween 1309 and 1329.The third manuscript, Versus Propheciejohannis DeBrydlyngton, is a politicalsatire edited by Thomas Wright in hispolitical songs.Announcement is just made by theUniversity Press of a new volume on TheSocial Origins of Christianity, by Dr.Shirley Jackson Case, Professor of EarlyChurch History and New TestamentInterpretation in the Divinity School.The story of Christianity's rise isilluminated in this volume by a newreading of the history in the light ofcontemporary social experience. Attention is fixed especially upon the environments, attitudes, and activities in reallife of those persons and groups who,from generation to generation, constituted the membership of the new movement.104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn contrast with the customary emphasis on dogma, the present volume dealsspecifically with the more comprehensive and fundamental matters ofsocial experience as a key to the understanding of the genesis and early historyof the Christian movement.Announcement is just made of a significant new book for teachers, entitledHow to Teach Handwriting, the authorbeing Dr. Frank Nugent Freeman,Professor of Educational Psychology inthe University. This is the consummation of a series of studies whichProfessor Freeman has been carryingon for some years. He has published anumber of technical works on handwriting. In his earlier monographs andbooks on this subject he brought togetherthe results of experimental and statisticalstudies on a more extensive scale thanany other educational writer who hasdealt with this special field. In thepreparation of the present volume he hashad the co-operation of a number of schoolpeople and the special co-operation ofMiss Mary L. Dougherty, who hastried out experiments in normal schoolsand city systems. On this basis oftheoretical and practical study of handwriting Professor Freeman has nowrecommended a definite plan of procedurewhich -can be utilized by teachers inconducting their instruction in penmanship.The tenth volume in the successfulseries of "Handbooks of Ethics andReligion," published by the UniversityPress, has just appeared under the titleof The Rise of Christianity. The author,Professor Frederick Owen Norton, ofCrozer Theological Seminary, Pennsylvania, was for three years a graduatestudent in New Testament Literature andInterpretation at the University, andreceived his Doctor's degree from thisinstitution in 1906. The book, which isdedicated to President Ernest DeWittBurton of the University, is intended topresent an interpretation in narrativeform of the source materials for theorigin and early development of Christianity. By the general reader it maybe read continuously as a story, withoutattention to the source references orthe supplementary reading; by thestudent it may be used as a guide to the study of the most significant periodin the world's history.Arrangements have been completedwith a Boston publisher for the publication of two new volumes by ProfessorPaul Shorey, Head of the Department ofthe Greek Language and Literature in theUniversity. The first, on Greek Thinkersand Modern Thought, will contain hisseries of lectures recently given on theGuernsey Center Moore Foundation atDartmouth College. The second volume,Roman Poetry and Its Influence onEuropean Culture, is to be ProfessorShorey's contribution to the new series,"Our Debt to Greece and Rome."A volume of unusual significancebecause it is a product of uniqueco-operation between a great universityand a great industry is The PackingIndustry, announced for early publicationby the University Press. It consists oflectures delivered at the University byexperts in the packing industry representing the Institute of American MeatPackers. The introductory lecture on"The Institute and Its DevelopmentPlan" is by Thomas E. Wilson, formerpresident of the Institute. "Live Stock:The Basic Raw Material of the PackingIndustry" is discussed by Henry C.Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture; "ThePacking Industry: Its History andGeneral Economics," by L. D. H. Weld;"The Packing Plant and Its Equipment," by Arthur Cushman; "Operation: Beef, Lamb, and By-Products," byVictor H. Munnecke; and "Pork Operations," by Oscar G. Mayer. Other subjects discussed in the volume are "Financing the Packing Industry," by E. A.Cudahy; "Science in the Packing Industry," by William D. Richardson; and"Distribution of Meat Products," byF. Edson White.The University has authorized anarrangement with the Institute of American Meat Packers by which the followingplan of instruction has been adopted:Evening courses for men engaged in thepacking industry, which are now beinggiven. Correspondence work to beginlater in the present academic year.Research connected with the preparationof instructional material for evening,correspondence, and day courses. Daycourses of collegiate grade to begin prob-EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE i°5ably in the autumn of 1924. Researchfor the purpose of extending the boundaries of scientific knowledge.By this co-operative plan activitiesadministered under the Institute ofMeat Packing constitute in effect thebeginnings of a school of the science andeconomics of meat packing.Associate Professor Emery T. Filbey,Dean of University College, has beenappointed Director of the Instituteof Meat Packing. Dean Filbey, a graduate of the University who has specializedin industrial education, has been atvarious times head of the technicaldepartment of the University HighSchool, a member of the Departmentof Education, and director of the technicaldivision of the United States WarTraining School of the University.Under the auspices of the RenaissanceSociety of the University an exhibitof recent paintings by Walter Sargent,Professor of Art Education, is beingheld in Ida Noyes Hall. The exhibitioncontinues till January 15.Professor Sargent, who recently alsoexhibited thirty-one canvases at PrattInstitute, New York City, has just hada new volume published on The Enjoyment and Use of Color. He will resumehis regular work in the College of Educa-tionfrwith the opening of the WinterQuarter.Professor Robert Morss Lovett, of theEnglish Department at the University,who has been for six months on theeditorial staff of the New Republic, resumes his regular work at the UniversityJanuary 1.Professor Lovett, who has done muchto stimulate an interest in poetry at theUniversity, has recently written theintroduction to a new volume of versepublished by past and present membersof the Poetry Club of the University.Among the poems included are thoseby Bertha Ten Eyck James, MarianManly, and Elizabeth Madox Roberts,all of whom have been awarded the JohnBillings Fiske Prize in Poetry givenannually at the University.Director Charles Hubbard Judd, of theSchool of Education at the University,will spend the week of January 7 atPurdue University, where he will discuss- with the members of the faculty problemsof college instruction. On January 18 he will attend the Mid- Year EducationalConference at the State Normal School,Ypsilanti, Michigan.Director Judd and Dean William ScottGray, of the College of Education,recently attended the Cleveland Conference, a meeting of prominent educators from all parts of the country.Dr. E. V. McCollum, head of theDepartment of Chemical Hygiene inthe School of Hygiene and Public Healthof the Johns Hopkins University, willspeak at the University on the evening ofJanuary 11 in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall. His subject will be "The Relationof Diet to Bone and Tooth Developmentand Tooth Preservation."Dr. McCollum is a well-known investigator of problems of nutrition, particularly in the field of vitamines. Hislecture will be of especial interest tochemists and physiologists, and to themedical and dental professions. However, it will be presented in such a manneras to be understandable by anyone interested in the subject of nutrition, asDr. McCollum has peculiar gifts forpresenting his subject to a lay audience.Professor John Mathews Manly, Headof the Department of English at theUniversity, is to deliver the LowellInstitute Lectures in Boston during thelast week of January and the first weekof February, 1924. His subject for theseries of lectures is "Some New Lighton Chaucer." Some of the lectures willbe illustrated with hand-colored slidesshowing the illuminated pages of theEllesmere Manuscript. This manuscript,now in the Huntington Library, isamong the choicest manuscripts preservedfrom the Middle English period. Hitherto, the illuminated pages of the manuscript have been accessible to only afew scholars.Richard Le Gallienne, poet and critic,and Raymond M. Alden, Professor ofEnglish in Stanford University, willgive the William Vaughn Moody Lecturesfor January at the University of Chicago.Mr. Le Gallienne will speak, January24, on "The Will to Romance in Contemporary Life and Literature"; and Professor Alden will give two lectures, January30 and 31, on "Literature and Morality."Among Mr. Le Gallienne's well-knownbooks are The Religion of a Literary Manio6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand Modern Book of English Verse. Professor Raymond is the author of AnIntroduction to Poetry and the editor ofthe variorum edition of Sonnets of Shak-spere.An Armistice Day Service was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall on Monday,November 12, at 4:30 p.m. PresidentErnest D. Burton presided, and addresseswere made by Professor Charles E. Merriam and Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin,The first volume in the new series of"Oriental Institute Publications" isannounced for publication in Januaryby the University of Chicago Press underthe title of Oriental Forerunners of Byzantine Painting. The author, ProfessorJames Henry Breasted, Director of the Oriental Institute, in his recent publiclectures on archaeological discoveriesin the Near East, has referrred to thediscovery of a series of remarkableancient wall paintings uncovered duringthe excavation of a machine-gun positionin the enormous Roman stronghold of§alik!yah occupied by the British astheir farthest outpost on the upperEuphrates, some three hundred milesfrom Baghdad.This first volume of the "OrientalInstitute Publications," descriptive ofthese paintings and accompanying inscriptions, will have an introduction bythe famous Belgian archaeologist FranzCumont, and will be illustrated byfifty-nine figures in the text, two maps,and twenty plates, four of them in color.ATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 19231923 1922 Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts, Literature 286352 266119 552471 277327 224137 501464 5i7Science Total 63854380144 3854776254i 1,0231,0201,51685 6045618867i 36146763144 9651,028i,5i7115 582. The Colleges —Senior 8Junior Unclassified 30Total 1,4782,116no437 i,i431,5281847 2,6213,644128844 1,5182,122117833 1,1421,5032448 2,6603,6251411241 193 39Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate 134Unclassified Chicago Theological Total I5iin61 292410 18013571 158977416 3629n 1941268516 94 14*2. Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior 14Junior Unclassified 10 10Total 1821418599 3451 2161468699 17813485991 40622 218140871011 63. Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidates for LL.B Unclassified Total 325313914726610 6247520289 3312784416729419 319254217631327 10232622441 3292574819835728 2214. College of Education 5. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate 431639Senior Junior Unclassified Total 46253 622618 5243121 55886 732435 631324i 107I6. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Undergraduate 20Total 8 44 52 14 59 73 21Total Professional i,i59 422 i,58i 1,252 450 1,702 121Total University 3,275 1,950 5,225 3,374 1,953 5,327 102*Deduct for Duplication 2723,0034653,468 361,914i,5553,469 3084,9172,0206,937 2723,1023443,446 431,9101,2973,207 3155,oi21,6416,653Net Totals in Quadrangles.University College 379284 95Total Deduct for Duplication 13 19 32 36 33 69Net Total in the University 3,455 3,45o 6,905 3,4io 3,174 6,584 32.1107io8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 1923Arts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Courses in Medicine Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration.Total..Duplicates .Net Total in Quadrangles.University College Total..Duplicates .Net Total in the University.Grand Total. Graduate1,023163*35146443i1,542143i,399378i,7775i,772 5,i336,905Unclassified students.WILLIAM K. DODD