The University RecordVolume IX JULY 1923 Number 3THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1The registration of students in the various divisions of the Universityfor the year 1922-23 is as follows:The Graduate Schools 3,452The Senior Colleges 1 , 741The Junior Colleges 1 ,934Unclassified Students 711University College 2 ,301The Divinity School 491The Courses in Medicine 390The Law School 440The College of Education 1 , 772The School of Commerce and Administration 840The Graduate School of Social Service Administration inGrand Total 14, 183Duplicates 1 ,423Net Total 12, 760If to this number we add the 6,800 receiving instruction in theCorrespondence-Study Department, the grand total of persons pursuingstudies under the Faculty of the University is 19,560. By main divisionsthe figures for this year compared with those of 1921-22 are as follows:In the Quadrangles. . .University College Correspondence-Study 1921-2210,4761,9^36,658 1922-2310,6992,3016,800 Increase223238142rRead at the One Hundred Twenty-ninth Convocation, in Hutchinson Court,June 12, 1923.177i78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWithin the Quarter just closing the number of members of the Faculties promoted to a higher rank has been 83.The number of those whose salaries have been increased with orwithout change of rank has been 197.There have been added to the Faculties by appointment, 18.GIFTSDuring the Quarter just closing the University has received thefollowing gifts:From the Chicago Woman's Aid $180 for the Fellowship Fund of theGraduate School of Social Service Administration.From the Blackhawk Post of the American Legion $255 to provide ascholarship for the best essay on the subject, "Why I Am Proud ToBe An American."From the Jewish Social Service Bureau of Chicago $360 to providetwo undergraduate scholarships in Social Service Administration.From the Institute of Economics of Washington, D.C., $1,000, toaid the Department of Political Economy in conducting research.As a bequest from the estate of Francis W. Parker, $1,000.An additional gift of $2,000 from W. E. Wrather, a graduate of theUniversity in the Class of 1908, for a geology field camp.From the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, $15,000.The Trustees of the Friendship Fund appropriated $5,000 on March20, 1923, for the Russian courses at the University for the fiscal year ofthe Fund beginning July 1, 1923.Mrs. Norman Bridge has subscribed $100,000 to the fund alreadyprovided by Mr. Frederick H. Rawson for the Rawson Memorial Laboratory to be built in connection with the University's medical work on theWest Side. The fund provided by Mrs. Bridge will be used to providethe Norman Bridge Pathological Laboratories which are to occupy thefifth floor of the Rawson Memorial Laboratory.Approximately $200,000 has been received from the Seymour Comanestate, the income of which is to be devoted to " scientific research withspecial reference to preventive medicine and the cause, prevention, andcure of diseases." This bequest is of special interest because of the recentrequest of the Senate that the University should provide the sum of$1,000,000 for research in the fundamental sciences and the suggestion ofthe Senate Committee on the Medical School that a like sum should beprovided for medical research. We welcome this, bequest of $200,000THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 179as a contribution toward these desired funds, and we shall be glad at anytime to receive like gifts from living donors.By the will of Professor E. E. Barnard, the University is to receive allhis astronomical gifts, the medals conferred upon him and also his homeand grounds, the latter to honor the memory of the late Mrs. RhodaCalvert Barnard, his wife.In addition to the notable gift of five rare and valuable medievalmanuscripts to the University from the alumni reported at the lastConvocation, another valuable manuscript has been added to the collection. This collection of manuscripts is only the first of a series of giftsof this sort which the alumni are proposing to present to the University.One of the alumni has generously offered to match amounts given byother alumni for manuscripts up to $5,000.Portraits have been painted, and are to be presented to the University, of professors Coulter and Michelson, Dean Hall, and formerDean Angell, now president of Yale University.THE AMENDMENT OF THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATIONAt the request of the University, the Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention, the corporation which in 1889-90 founded theUniversity, at its meeting in Atlantic City, May 26, gave its consent tothe revision of one of the original Articles of Incorporation of the University. This original Article provided that " at all times two-thirds ofthe Trustees and also the President of the University shall be members ofregular Baptist churches."By the action of the Board of Education of the Northern BaptistConvention all restrictions on the choice of President will be removed andthe proportion of the Trustees required to be Baptists will be changedfrom two-thirds to three-fifths, the total number being at the same timeincreased to twenty-five. It is a matter of great satisfaction to the University that this action was taken in a most friendly spirit, and that therelations between the University and the corporation which foundedit, are, if possible, more cordial than ever. A full account of the stepsleading up to this important change in the basic law of the University willbe published in the University Record.The Quarter just closing has been marked by an unusual measure ofactivity on the part of both Trustees and Faculties in the study of fundamental questions of policy. At least nine such committees or commissions, some composed of Trustees, some of Faculty members, some beingi8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDjoint commissions, have been actively at work. A mere enumeration ofthem will indicate the variety and scope of the matters covered.They include: The Committee on Selective Admission and SelectiveRetention; The Committee to Confer with Alumni on the Developmentand Building Plans of the University; The Committee on Extra-muralEducation; The Committee on Future Educational Policy; The Commission on the University Libraries; The Commission on the Moral,Religious, and Social Welfare of Students; The Committee on theMedical School; The Committee on the Summer Quarter. Of the workof these bodies it must suffice at this point to say a few words concerningone or two of these committees. The main results will appear later.The Library Commission faces an especially acute situation. At thepresent time the University owns nearly 1,000,000 volumes. About one-half of these are in Harper Memorial Library which is the main librarybuilding of the University. The remaining half are scattered throughsome fifteen departmental libraries. Most of these libraries are alreadyinadequate as regards space for books and work. Furthermore, thegrowing closeness of the interrelations between departments raises againthe question as to the wisdom of further modification of the plan of thedepartmental libraries in the direction in which we have already beenmoving.The Reynolds Club,— On October 19, 1892, only a few weeks after theopening of the University of Chicago Mrs. Joseph Reynolds agreed topay to the University a sum of money "to be used" as the terms of thegift stated, "for educational purposes in such manner as shall commemorate the name of Joseph Reynolds and to be expended for suchpurposes and in such manner as shall be agreed upon." Soon afterMrs. Reynolds' death in 1895 it was "decided to devote most of the fundto the erection of a student clubhouse," and in 1901 $80,000 was definitelyset aside for the erection of "The Reynolds Student Clubhouse." Infulfilment of the purpose for which the building was erected, the ReynoldsClub was organized in 1903 and, subject to suitable conditions, was givenpossession and use of the clubhouse. Partly in consequence of the growthof the fraternities and the erection in some cases of spacious fraternityhouses, partly, no doubt, from other causes, it has come about that thebuilding is no longer serving any large proportion of men students, but,instead, has become the meeting place of a relatively small fraction ofthem. On the other hand, the Young Men's Christian Association, andnumerous other organizations of men students, have been inadequatelyTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 181housed, and there has been a serious lack of places in which committeesand other small gatherings of students might be held.As a result of these conditions, the officers of the Reynolds Clubthemselves have reached the conclusion that the clubhouse ought to beoperated hereafter in such way as to meet the needs of a much largerproportion of the student body; in short, more upon the general planwhich has been for sometime operative for women students in Ida NoyesHall.More particularly it has been suggested that the Reynolds StudentClubhouse should be open to all men students without payment of fees;that it should provide a place for reading, conversation, games, for theholding of social and religious meetings, for entertainments of variouskinds, and for committee meetings; and that it should provide officespace for the organizations of men students that need such space.The Council of the Reynolds Club having approved amendments toits constitution in conformity with this general plan, it is expected thatthe University will take over the building. It will appoint a director ofmen's activities, who will have general advisory relation to all men'sorganizations in the University, and general oversight of the ReynoldsStudent Clubhouse. The Reynolds Club will continue in existence underits revised constitution, and its council, elected as heretofore, will serveas an advisory committee to the President of the University and to thedirector of men's activities in respect to the use of Reynolds Clubhouse.It is believed that this change of plan will, on the one hand, give tothe Reynolds Clubhouse a much wider usefulness than it has had of late,and more completely fulfil the wishes of the donor, and will, on the otherhand, make a materially greater contribution to the happiness and welfare of the men students. That the plan has received the voluntary-approval of the officers of the Reynolds Club is very high testimony tothe social-mindedness of our student body. With the beautiful IdaNoyes Hall serving the social needs of our women students, and with theReynolds Student Clubhouse serving a similar purpose with respect tothe men, the University will be well provided with facilities for thehealthy development of the social life of the student body, both menand women.THE PRESSThe year has been a fruitful one for the University Press. Forty-onenew titles in eighteen different fields of study have been issued or willhave been issued by June 30. The volume of sales is the largest in thel82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhistory of the Press. Among the forty-one titles are included significantvolumes in the fields of Bibliography, Botany, Business, Egyptology,English, Geography, History, Mathematics, Nature Study, Paleopathology, Physiology, Political Science, Religion, Sociology, and Travel.The books range chronologically from a volume setting forth the ancientevidences of disease in fossil vertebrates and the bones in early mandown to books dealing with modern business and sociological problems.The Press has always been maintained as an educational agency of theUniversity, not for financial profit. But it is of interest to note thatfinancially the year just closing has been the best in its history. Thewisdom of the University in establishing a Press as an adjunct to itswork of research and teaching, when no other American university hadsuch an agency, and in maintaining it through many times of difficultyand doubt, is now fully demonstrated.UNIVERSITY COLLEGEThe University of Chicago has for a number of years maintained adowntown college for the convenience of teachers in the Chicago andsuburban schools and for others regularly engaged in business or professional work. This department, known as University College, for thecurrent year enrolled 2,301 different students in 263 courses. Of thesestudents almost 400 were drawn from 70 suburban communities.Twenty-six young men and young women who receive degrees at thisSummer Convocation represent University College.THE CONGREGATIONAL SEMINARYIn the conduct of its Divinity School the University has followed to agreater extent than in any other field of work, the policy of associatingwith itself by affiliation schools originally founded independently of theUniversity. As a result of this policy it is likely to be the case that in afew years there will be grouped about the University a number of schools,each housed in its own building, but intimately related to the University.The largest of these theological schools is the Congregational TheologicalSeminary, founded in 1855 on the West Side, and affiliated with theUniversity in 1915. The recent laying of the cornerstone of the new andbeautiful group of buildings, which is to extend on 58th Street fromWoodlawn Avenue to University Avenue, is an event of which the University is glad to take cognizance. It is suggestive of what may happenin coming days, not only in theology but in other fields of learning.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 183THE SUMMER QUARTERThe Summer Quarter, which has been one of the regular sessions of ouracademic year from the very beginning of the University, has become inincreasing degree a session of especial interest to the University.Although comparatively few of the students enrolled at the Umversityduring the other three quarters of the year are in residence in the Summer,the registration for that period of the year includes a large number ofthose whom we may properly call our old students. The majority ofthese are superintendents, principals, and teachers or members of faculties of other institutions, who have been accustomed for several years tocome to us for summer study. They represent every section of theUnited States, Canada, and many foreign countries. The Universityhas come to regard these as among our most earnest students and mostloyal friends.A feature of special interest in connection with the Summer Quarter isthe presence at the University and on its teaching staff of the members offaculties of other institutions. Here again, we find many of those whomwe have come to regard as our regular associates. During the approaching Summer Quarter our faculties will include representatives of thefollowing institutions and organizations: Amherst, Bryn Mawr, Columbia, Colorado, College of the City of New York, Dartmouth, Indiana,Miami, Ohio State, Northwestern, Princeton, Smith, Lebanon Valley,Long Island College Hospital, Loyola, Kansas State Normal, Rockford,Rice Institute, Washington University, Wheaton, Yale, the universities ofCalifornia, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska,Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Texas, the PresbyterianCollege of Montreal, the London County Council, the University ofManchester, the Federal Board for Vocational Education.THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTEThe activities of the members of the various Faculties of the University are by no means confined to their duties as instructors in theQuadrangles. The University is very proud of the fact that by theirpublished works, their lectures and addresses, by their service on variouscommittees and commissions they extend their own influence and thatof the University. To record all these outside activities would be quiteimpossible. Occasionally, however, an enterprise in which our professorstake part is so exceptionally significant as to call for public notice. Thisseems to be true of the American Law Institute, which has been formed184 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto secure such a restatement of the principles of our laws as shall simplifyand clarify them and better adapt them as a whole to the needs of ourtime. The growing complexity and uncertainty of many branches oflaw, and the confusing divergencies of opinion upon them in various ofour states, often not corresponding to any rational differences in publicpolicy, have frequently been deplored, but the existence in our system ofgovernment of over fifty legally distinct jurisdictions with separatecourts and powers of law-making has made it difficult to devise any effective remedy. A committee of the Association of American Law Schools,appointed a year ago to consider the matter, became associated with anumber of representative lawyers and judges under the chairmanship ofElihu Root, and in February, 1923, a meeting was called in Washington,D.C., of several hundred prominent members of the legal professioninvited from all parts of the country to consider the formation of anational body adequate to deal with the situation. Judges were presentfrom the supreme courts of nearly all of the states, as well as leaders ofthe American bar and members of many law faculties. After full discussion of the situation, those present organized the American LawInstitute, incorporated in the District of Columbia, adopted articles ofassociation and by-laws, and elected a council to direct the work of theInstitute for the purposes already mentioned. The task of restating thelaw in each of its principal topics will be intrusted to experts, chieflylaw-school teachers, who will work with research assistants and withcommittees of other experts, submitting their results at intervals to wideand competent criticism of the profession, until the final draft is approvedby the council and the Institute. Such work, if well and carefully done,it is hoped and expected, will be very influential in clarifying and simplifying the law and producing uniformity throughout the country.The Carnegie Corporation has given the Institute the sum of$1,100,000 to support its plans for the first ten years, and other giftsare in prospect.Our own Law School has been represented in this work by Dean Hall,who has been a member, first, of the organization committee, and sincethen of the executive committee of the council of the Institute, and byProfessor Mechem, who has been chosen by the council to restate thelaw of agency, in which he has long been the country's foremost expert.THE MEDICAL SCHOOLIn the Quarterly Statement of three months ago it was stated thatactive steps were about to be taken for the realization of the plans of theTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 185University for a medical school on the Quadrangles, fulfilment of whichhad been delayed since 1917 by the great increase in building costs.Mention was then made of the fact that this school was to be devotedto the progress of medical science; that while it would undoubtedlyproduce practitioners, and those of a very high class, its main task wouldbe the promotion of investigation and research, and that it would beexpected that many, if not most, of its students would become investigators, or teachers, or both. It was stated that this field was chosen,not with the thought that medical science was an end in itself or that theSchool would have no part in the promotion of health and the lengthening of life, but in the belief that, as medical education stands today, thegreatest contribution which a medical school at the University of Chicagocould make to human welfare would be through the promotion of medicalscience and through the producing of men trained in this science.Since that announcement was made, committees both of the Boardof Trustees and of the Senate have continued their study of the situation.The plans for the buildings have been reconsidered and the search forsuitable men, eminent in their profession, to take the headship of theprincipal clinical departments, has been vigorously prosecuted. Asrespects the latter, we hope very soon to be in a position to make important announcements. As respects buildings and cost of maintenance,it is now clear, on the one hand, that a large sum of money aggregatingsome millions will be necessary in the near future to enable us to carry outthe plan of the University in its essential elements, and, on the other hand,that it is within the power of the University to create on our Quadrangles a school of medical research which will be of exceptionally highquality, will be in a position to make large contributions to medicalscience and practice, and will bring credit to the University and to thecity — provided only the citizens of Chicago really want such a school hereand will help to provide the money that will be needed to make it areality. We are confident that if the friends of the University of Chicagowill rally to its support in this matter, our friends in the East will give usthe co-operation that we need in carrying out our plans. Located as weare, in a city possessing numerous hospitals and several medical schoolsdevoted especially to the preparation of men for the practice of medicine,commanding a wide territory, including in its area many states, naturallytributary to Chicago, we are fully convinced that there is no more necessary service to be rendered and no more important contribution to bemade to public health than that which can be made by the developmenti86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof a University School of Medicine, such as is called for by our plans.We cherish, therefore, the earnest hope that the many friends of medicalscience and of the University, in the city of Chicago and vicinity, willwish to take part generously in this great and worthy enterprise.OTHER PLANS FOR THE FUTUREThe medical school is, however, by no means the only great enterpriseupon the development of which we have set our hearts. The convictiongrows upon us that we stand at the beginning of what ought to be aperiod of marked advance in the development of the University. As Ihave on more than one occasion remarked, the thirty-one years whichhave elapsed since the University opened its doors in 1892 have beencovered by two great presidencies, each with its marked and distinguishing features. If we should endeavor to sum up in a single word the characteristics of President Harper's administration, it would be in the word,"originality"; if we should seek in a similar way to characterize President Judson's administration, it would be in the word, "stability."Both periods were characterized by rapid growth in respect to endowments, buildings, faculty, and students. Prediction is always hazardous; forecast, only less so. Yet there is no possibility of stability exceptin progress, and no safe and wise progress without serious attempt, tothe best of our ability, to mark out in advance, the lines of policy whichit is most wise to follow. Assaying, then, the difficult role of a prophet,as the forerunner of one who may, perhaps, share with the President ofthe Board of Trustees the responsibility of President of the University tothe end of another thirty years' period, I venture to suggest what theoutstanding characteristic of the next period of the University's historyought to be.In my judgment, it will not be, and ought not to be, growth in numbers. I believe that we shall grow, because we shall so improve ourmethods of education and our facilities for instruction and research thatwe shall draw to ourselves increasing numbers of students and shall notfind ourselves able to refuse them admission. But I am equally convinced that achievement of larger numbers ought not to be, and will notbe, a part of our aim.So I believe that the erection of buildings will not be the markedcharacteristic of the new period. We shall build new buildings. Wemust, indeed, do so in order to accomplish effectively our educationalideals and ambitions. The execution of our plans for the medicalTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 187school will call for a hospital, dispensary, laboratories, and lecture-rooms,and the cost of this group alone will have to be reckoned in millions ofdollars.The Theological Building and the Bond Chapel, for which funds,believed to be adequate at the time they were given, are awaiting use,will be built as soon as the hoped-for change in building conditionsmakes it possible.The great University Chapel, which is to be erected on the block onwhich the President's house and the old Quadrangle Club stand, awaitsa more favorable condition of the building market.For years the University has desired to bring together under oneroof, in a general administration building, the principal administrativeoffices on the quadrangles, but so far has been deterred by lack of adequatefunds.For all of these a part, but only a part, of the necessary money isalready in hand. But there are other buildings almost as urgentlyneeded, for which, as yet, no provision has been made.The development of our graduate work in the modern languages andthe social sciences will demand, indeed even now calls for, the erectionof additional buildings in the library group, filling in the spaces east andwest of the Harper Memorial Library.The expansion of our work in chemistry to meet the urgent pressurein that department will call for an extension of the Kent ChemicalLaboratory, and the development of the libraries for the physical sciencesrequires even now a library building on the north side of the main quadrangle which shall serve the sciences as Harper Memorial Library nowserves the humanities.The School of Education has for several years been calling loudly foradditional space, especially for the development of the University HighSchool, and its claim is just.The housing of University College is also an acute problem. This isa formidable, though incomplete, list of the buildings that will need tobe erected for the University in the comparatively near future. Yet Irepeat that the new period of the University will not have as its outstanding characteristic the erection of new buildings. Those which come willcome as the product and instrument of an educational policy.THE KEYNOTE OF THE FUTUREThe keynote of the new period of the University's history will, inmy judgment, be discovery — not accidental, but deliberate and plannedi88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfor, and achievable as the result of organized research in many departments of investigation.I have already spoken of the medical school as a school of medicalresearch, and I am sure there can be no possible doubt that from itslaboratories there will issue a constant series of discoveries which willcontribute to the cure and eventual extermination of disease. Therecent discovery, by Professor Luckhardt, of a new anaesthetic, superiorto any previously known, and already tested in more than a hundredoperations on human persons, is but the forecast which we may expectto occur again and again as medical research goes forward in our hospitalsand in our laboratories.The very important discoveries already made by our astronomers,our physicists, our chemists, and our biologists in like manner warrantus in expecting discoveries of great significance in these fields.Perhaps most of you have already read of the discovery by ProfessorNoe in Illinois coal fields of coal balls, which have never before beenfound in this country, containing in themselves fossils of flowering plants,which at once carry the evidence that these plants are a great manymillion years older than was previously supposed. I suppose it requiresa botanist to appreciate to the full the significance of such a discovery,but the simplest minded of us can have some appreciation of the far-reaching effect of this discovery.Perhaps you have also read in the public prints of the far-reachinginvestigations and discoveries of Professor Harkins in the constitutionof atoms. Professor Harkins is engaged in fundamental work on thestructure of our so-called "elements." He has been the first to separatea single element, like chlorine, in quantity, into varieties of chlorine.With the aid of a moving-picture camera, he is now engaged in obtainingevidence of the stability or instability of atoms under severe bombardment — which would be comparable with the taking of a moving pictureof the behavior of a planet like Mars under bombardment by fast-moving bodies, like our moon.These are all forecasts of what we may expect as the result of thework going on in our laboratories.But, let us turn our thoughts for the moment to a field with whichmost of us are more familiar than we are with the fossils of floweringplants, or the constitution of the atoms, and consider what results maybe expected to flow when the principles of research, which have longprevailed in the physical sciences, begin to be adequately applied in theTHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 189field of commerce and business. I have spoken of this as a "familiarfield" but it has only recently become a field for scientific research.Here, men have worked largely by rule-of-thumb and tradition, and whileinventions have been commercialized and have brought tremendouschanges, it is only in rather recent years that men have thought to subjectbusiness processes themselves to exact scrutiny with a view to discovering how business may be conducted, with thorough conservation notonly of economic but of human values. When we reflect how enormoushave been the changes in the field of communication and transportationwhich have come through discoveries which were the product of scientificresearch, remembering that a single century covers the period in which thesteamship, the railroad, the trolley car, the electric engine, the telegraph,the telephone, the automobile, the submarine, the airship, and the radiohave been invented, and that most of these have been created withinthe lifetime of men still in middle life, one wonders what might not beachieved for human welfare if with equal intelligence and persistence menshould turn their thoughts to the improvement of our methods, andespecially to the relations of men, one to another, in commerce andindustry.That even the realm of law, where precedent has been almost thearbiter and court of last resort, is now beginning to become a field forresearch is forcibly illustrated in the facts which I have already statedconcerning the organization of the American Law Institute.But possibly there is no field in which more important discoveriesmay be expected in the next thirty years than in that of education itself.I know, at least, of no group of men more keenly awake to the necessityof research with a view to improvement than our educators, and Iinclude in this term not only those who are associated with the schoolsof education but those who are engaged in the processes of education,not professionally concerned with the training of teachers. So far,such research has concerned itself very largely with the lower grades ofeducation, with the kindergarten and elementary school and high school.But in our own University we are already actively engaged in the studyof the problems of education on the higher levels of the college and thegraduate school. Nor are we unduly forehanded in this matter. Withthe enormous increase in the number of college students in this country,with Freshman classes counting their members literally by the thousand,we confront a very real danger that in the process of mass education weshall lose much that in earlier days characterized our American colleges190 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand still more the colleges of England, after which ours were in a measurepatterned. As between the small college and the great university, theadvantages are not all on either side. But the disadvantages of greatnumbers of students gathered in a single college, involving the employment of wholesale methods of instruction and making intimate contact of the student with strong personalities on the faculty difficult ifnot impossible, are so great as to challenge us to discover some bettermethod of dealing with our young men and women who are seeking acollege education. Here, then, is a very important field for educationalresearch and discovery. That the solution of the problem does not liein the abandonment of the college and the conversion of the universityinto a research institution, with laboratory and a research faculty, butno students, or in a mere reduction of numbers, making a college education the privilege of an extremely small proportion of those who desireit, I venture to affirm with confidence, though without taking time toadvance the reasons on which my conviction is based. The remedy,I am persuaded, is rather to be found in some method by which we shallorganize within our great universities, groups of small colleges, themembers of which will come into closer contact with one another andwith members of the faculty than is now possible in most universities.In every such small college there ought to be one or more men or womenwho possess not only scholarship (this they must have) but that invaluable element of personality which gives to the true teacher his greatestpower over his students. We of the University of Chicago are peculiarlyfortunate, in that such a development is still possible for us. Hamperedneither by traditions which cannot be broken, nor by state legislatureswhose enactments cannot be forecast, possessing land on which to buildand building plans not yet so fully developed as to be beyond the possibility of adaptation, we can, if the results of our researches lead us to theconclusion that this is the wisest course, still create a group of colleges.Taking from Oxford and Cambridge what is fitted to our situation andleaving behind all that is not so adapted, we can create a type of collegeand a kind of college lif e that will be adapted alike to our location in thegreat city and our relationship to a great university. Certainly this isan enterprise to which we may well give our best thought in the hopeand expectation that we shall thus give to the succeeding generations ofstudents a higher type of education than is today possible to obtain inAmerica, and shall make a significant contribution to the welfare of thenation and the world. By so doing we shall in no degree hinder, butTHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 191rather help, the development of graduate and research work. Themeasure of separation which will result from carrying out such a plan as Ihave suggested, will be to the advantage of both the graduate schoolsand the colleges. The colleges will be at their best, unhindered by theovershadowing of the graduate and professional schools; and the latterwill have their free and broad development unembarrassed by therestraints or diversions natural to the college period. Both will beadvantaged by their proximity, both will be helped by a measure ofseparation.May I not justly claim that in all these various fields of which I havespoken, and indeed in several others which I have not mentioned, there isneed of research, and room for discovery; and that we shall not go astrayif we make these words and these ideas, not narrowly conceived butbroadly applied, the keywords and the slogan of the new period nowbeginning ?ADDRESS TO THE RECIPIENTS OF DEGREESBefore we bring these exercises to a close I want to say a few words in asomewhat personal and almost intimate way to those who are todayreceiving degrees from the University.For each of you this is an epochal day— one of the great days of life.And it is a festal day, not one of mourning but of joy. If I could Ishould like to make it a little more epochal and a little more festal, toadd at least one bay leaf to its crown of joy.That you are here today itself bears eloquent witness to your character. It signifies that you have turned away from many things thatyou might have done with the years spent in school, and have chosen togive your time to the acquisition of knowledge and scholarly habits;that you have put wisdom above the cheaper pleasures and the grossergoods of life and have been willing to pay the price of it. This daytestifies also to your perseverance. Many who began with you havefallen out by the way. You have held on, have made a creditable record,and are here because you have persevered.Your courses of study have been so various that there are no commonterms in which I can speak to you about the knowledge that you haveacquired. I cannot say I hope you have taken this course or that,mastered this science or that, or have learned this fact or that, becauseyou have been learning different things. There is no common denominator of your knowledge. But the University is a place not only for theacquisition of knowledge but even more for the forming of habits.192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHere we are much more nearly on common ground, and it is about habitsthat I want to say the few words that I speak to you.I hope you have had a good time in the University, and that you haveformed the habit of having a good time. No really good work in study,business, or profession is done in an atmosphere of gloom. There arethings enough in life to make us unhappy, but there are also enough tomake us happy. As Ruskin said long ago, "It is at our own will whether,passing along the ways of life, we see in the pools of water by the roadside the mud and refuse of the road, or the blue sky overhead.' ' I hopeyou have formed the habit of happiness. If not, I advise you to lose notime in doing so.I am sure you have all made friends and I hope you have formed thehabit of making friends. There is no more valuable habit that a man canpossess and there is no better place to gain it than at the University. Iespecially hope that you have learned the art of keeping friends oncemade. In the words of our great English dramatist,Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel.I assume that all your teachers have taught you to be openminded,facing facts without prejudice, and keeping your mind open to all thefour winds of heaven, and I hope that you have heeded these teachingsand have formed the habit of unprejudiced facing of all the facts thatcome within your vision, and constantly seeking for more. This is notreally as easy as it sounds. I have found many men, real scholars intheir own field, but who, the moment they left it, became as blind andbigoted as any priest or theologian. Therefore, I say, I hope youhave formed the habit of openmindedness which will go with you intoevery field of thought or action.But most of all I wish to emphasize at this time the necessity ofacquiring a habit that the University does not always give a man.Indeed, it has been charged that by its life of ease and comparativeleisure, the college even tends to destroy this habit, which, for lack ofa better phrase, I shall call the habit of invincibility. Of course, Irecognize that no one can win all the prizes; that in every game, someone must lose as well as someone win; that many compete where onlyone gains the prize. I grant all this. What I am speaking of is notsurpassing someone else, but conquering difficulties, overcoming obstacles;not taking the prize from your competitor, but winning it from life;THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 193not the defeat of another, but the mastery of one's self and one's situation, the complete command of one's power, and a courage that noreverse can overcome. The soldier may fall in battle, smitten down bythe enemies' bullet, but he is not defeated; nothing can really bring himdefeat except a yellow streak in the man himself. In all the walks oflife, in business, in scholarship, in diplomacy, it is possible to acquire areal habit of invincibility, a quality of soul that makes the difficult moreattractive than the easy, and the impossible not an inhibition of effort,but a challenge to the greatest effort. He who has it may be surpassedin a contest, but never defeated. He may fail; he will never quail.Like Robert Louis Stevenson in his far-off Pacific Island, his strengthmay decline, but he himself constantly rise to higher levels of courage andof accomplishment. He who has this quality may go down fighting,but he will never strike his colors, and will dread no pain, but the pain ofremembering that in some situation he did less than the best of which hewas capable.You know the familiar words of Henley's "Invictus:"Out of the night that covers me,Black as the Pit from pole to pole,I thank whatever gods may beFor my unconquerable soul.But perhaps you are less familiar with the yet nobler words of our ownlamented University of Chicago poet, William Vaughn Moody:Of wounds and sore defeatI made my battle stay;Winged sandals for my feetI wove of my delay;Of weariness and fear,I made my shouting spear;Of loss, and doubt, and dread,And swift oncoming doomI made a helmet for my headAnd a floating plume.From the shutting mist of death,From the failure of the breath,I made a battle-horn to blowAcross the vales of overthrow.O hearken, love, the battle-horn;The triumph clear, the silver scorn:* O hearken where the echoes bring,Down the grey disastrous morn,Laughter and rallying!194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI wonder how many of you have ever read William James's TheEnergies of Men, and remember how in that remarkable essay he set forththe idea that in us all there are different strata and levels of energy,physical, mental, and moral. Ordinarily we live entirely on the firstlevel, and when we reach its limit, and feel ourselves exhausted wedesist, "tired to death," as with customary exaggeration we say. But,sometimes, under the stress of strong desire or stern necessity, findingourselves driven to go farther because our own lives or reputations, or thelives or happiness of our dear ones are at stake, reaching the utmost limitof our ordinary strength, we break through into another stratum, find anew supply of energy. Weariness vanishes, displaced by new courageand power. Sometimes, indeed, exhausting the resources of this secondstratum, driven still by stern necessity, we repeat the experience, breakthrough into a third stratum of power, and again find weariness vanishing,and courage and strength returning. Perhaps all of us have had suchexperiences, but I am persuaded that few of us have them as often aswe might and should. I do not recall whether James himself mentionsthe fact, but I am convinced that it is a fact, that each such experiencemakes its repetition easier, until it becomes almost a habit in moments ofgreat necessity, or of great opportunity, to draw upon our second andthird level of strength and rise to meet the extraordinary opportunitiesor necessities of life. Certainly there are great native differences inmen, but it may well be questioned whether the difference betweenmarked success and commonplace does not lie quite as much in capacitythus to exceed one's ordinary powers as in a difference of the powersthemselves.In us all, I am persuaded there is latent the spirit of the invincible.I commend to you its acquisition. May you all have joined the armyof the unconquerable, whom difficulties do not daunt, nor failure discourage, to whom all things are possible, and the impossible the mostalluring and charming of all.But there is one other habit of mind that possibly not all of you haveformed, and which if you have not I wish to urge you to acquire. If theUniversity has done for you all that it ought, if you have gained from itall that it has to give, you have acquired while you have been in residencea broader horizon than you had when you came here. Yet in a measureeven here you have been sheltered and secluded. You are going out intonew relationships, perhaps into a larger world. I counsel you to beready for a still broader vision, a still larger horizon, than you haveTHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 195gained even here. Learn to think in terms of the larger units, not of yourown school only, but of education; not of your own church only, but ofreligion; not of your own country only, but of the human race. Findyour own work and bend your energy to accomplish it, but at the sametime abjure all narrowness of mind and groundless prejudices. Drawa wide circle about yourself, see all that is in it, and all that lies at itsoutermost circumference. Make room within that circle for work, forfriendship, for religion, for patriotism, for interest in and sympathy withother nations than your own. Be a citizen of the world, of wide vision,of broad and generous sympathies. If your own task is small do it welland cheerfully, and dignify it and elevate it by thought and interests thatare as varied as the life and achievements of man, and as wide as theworld. I am the more concerned that you shall gain this breadth ofvision and of sympathy because of my keen sense of the responsibilitywhich America and American educators must face in these coming thirtyyears of which we have been speaking. One does not need to be a cynicor a pessimist to be sobered by the condition in which the world finds itselftoday. Not the most confirmed optimist can fail to recognize that thereare perils abroad in the world, greater perhaps than those of any previousperiod of human history. Nor can anyone whose vision is not hopelesslynarrow, fail to see that this situation brings to America a responsibilityand an opportunity which is shared, at the utmost, in equal measure, bybut one other nation in the world. Not the most hopeless little Americancan fail to see that God in his providence and we in our selfishness havecombined to put in our hands power and responsibility surpassing anything that our fathers knew or dreamed of. If America fails in thismoment of the world's history it will be a measureless disaster to theworld and a measureless disgrace to America. And the question whetherAmerica fails is mainly in the hands of our educators and the educatedyouth of the land.You, to whom I speak today, must bear your share of this responsibility, and it is not a small one. Coming, many of you, from smalltowns, and from small schools, you have had the added experience ofcontact with a large city and with a large university. You have methere the representatives of many races. You have learned to know thatthese youth from other lands are able, attractive, charming. You havelost, I hope, whatever race prejudice you brought here, and have learnedto respect other nations and other races. In our libraries you have seen,if you have not read, the books and periodicals that remind one how large196 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe world is, yet how intimate the relations of nation with nation. Itbelongs to you to become the missionaries of international outlook andof international thinking. Wherever you go I charge you to be faithfulto your own task, shirking no difficulty; examples of the spirit of invincibility; advocates and exemplars of the broad vision and world-widethinking. So will you leflect honor on the University, and by yourexample stimulate us who remain behind worthily to achieve our task.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESAt the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees the officers of 1922-23were re-elected and, in addition, Mr. William A. Sills was appointedAssistant Auditor,Mr. Samuel C. Jennings was elected Trustee in the class the term ofwhich expires in 1925. Mr. Jennings has been a member of the Board ofTrustees of the Baptist Theological Union. He resides in Evanston.He is an officer of the Columbian Bank Note Company.By a change in the By-laws the Board of Trustees hereafter willmeet on the second Thursday of each month (instead of Tuesday)and at 2:15 p.m. instead of 2 p.m.TESTIMONIAL TO PRESIDENT EMERITUS HARRY PRATT JUDSONThe Board of Trustees at its meeting held April 10, 1923, adoptedthe following testimonial to President Emeritus Judson:From the opening of the doors of the University of Chicago, indeed for monthsbefore that day, Harry Pratt Judson had a large part in shaping its course and inthe determination of those policies which have brought the University from a smallbeginning to the outstanding position it occupies today.First, as Dean of the Colleges and then as Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science, he actively participated in laying the educational foundations of theUniversity. Later, for one year as Acting President and for sixteen years as President,he carried the great burden of directing the rapidly expanding and developing institution. The accomplishment tells how wisely and well he performed the duties.Amidst the cares and perplexities of the multitudinous duties of the President,as head of the Department of Political Science, he has actively participated in theeducational work of the University. By his conspicuous ability as an educator andadministrator and his devotion to duty and fidelity to its interests, President Judsonhas made a conspicuous contribution to the University and thereby to human development. That there is just appreciation of his labors in the educational world is amplyattested by the large list of institutions which have conferred upon him honorarydegrees.No less conspicuous have been his services in civic life. His devotion to publicduty is exemplified by his trip to China for the China Medical Board, and his long andarduous journey while head of the American Relief Commission to Persia in 1918,a journey which might well have appalled a younger man. During the world-warhe patriotically aided the government with words and deeds. As Trustee of twogreat Foundations, with rare judgment he has borne his part in their managementand in the furtherance of their beneficent aims.197198 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAfter nearly one-third of a century of devoted service to the University, he hasasked to be relieved of the active duties of his office that he might have more time todevote to literary labors, and the Trustees have acceded to his wishes; and haveelected him President Emeritus.His participation in the deliberations of the Board has always been helpful andthrough his counsel and advice the solution of many perplexing problems has beenfound.Therefore, we the members of the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicagotake this occasion to express our high appreciation of the service of President Judsonto the University and to the cause of education; to extend our thanks for the finespirit of co-operation he has at all times displayed; and to voice our individual esteemand regard.The Trustees cannot permit this brief appreciation of President Judson's administration to be placed in the records of the Board without expressing their admirationand gratitude for the large contribution which Mrs. Judson has made. As hostessboth to the members of the University and its guests, she has constantly exemplifiedthe graces of a hospitality which has unified and enriched the life of the Universitycommunity. (Signed) Julius RosenwaldM. A. Ryerson {in absentia)T. E. DonnelleyWilber E. PostHarold H. SwiftThe testimonial has been engrossed and presented to Dr. Judson.In acknowledging the receipt of this testimonial President EmeritusJudson wrote:April 21, 1923Mr. J. Spencer DickersonThe University of ChicagoYours of the 18th with enclosure was duly received. I need hardly say that Iappreciate to the full the kind action of the Board, and of course shall keep the engrossedcopy among my treasures. I am especially gratified at the reference to Mrs. Judson.(Signed) Harry Pratt JudsonALBION W. SMALLProfessor Albion W. Small asked to be relieved of his duties as Deanof the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, and his request has beencomplied with.Dr. Small was appointed Professor and Head of the Department ofSociology in the opening year of the University and has held the positionwith distinguished success. In 1905 he was appointed Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literature. For these eighteen years, inconnection with editorial and classroom duties, he has performed thetaxing service in connection with this deanship with patience, tact,skill, and good judgment, rendering a service most useful to hundreds ofTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 199students who have received their higher degrees under his wise supervision, and with uniform courtesy and helpfulness to his colleagues onfaculties and in administrative offices.Under instruction of the Trustees the Secretary wrote Dr. Smallassuring him on behalf of the Board "of the high appreciation ofits every member of the long, faithful, and unselfish service you haverendered to the University from the beginning of its history."Dr. Small in reply wrote:I certainly appreciated your report from the Board of Trustees. It is gratifyingas the date for mustering out approaches to have the feeling that one may hand downto one's descendants a record of honorable discharge. When I accepted Dr. Harper'sinvitation to join the expeditionary forces for his invasion of the Mississippi Valley,I wrote that he might count me as enlisted for the campaign and that I did not intendever to be found sulking in my tent. I hope I have never been guilty of going backon that pledge.GIFTSThe Alumni Committee on Manuscripts has presented to the University five manuscripts of a value of $7,280.The Blackhawk Post of the American Legion has presented to theUniversity $255 to provide a scholarship as a prize for the best essay onthe subject "Why I am Proud to be an American."The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial has made a grant of$15,000 to be applied toward the expense of a project relative to thepreparation of materials of instruction affecting standard commercialcourses.The Duque de Medinaceli of Madrid, Spain, has given to the University a valuable volume entitled Archivo y Biblioteca de la Casa deMedinaceli. Series de sus Principales Documentos. 2. Bibliografica.Mr. Charles R. Crane has promised for three years more to continueto support the work of Mr. A. A. Bedikian for Armenian instruction.Also the Friendship Fund will continue to pay the expenses of theRussian courses conducted by Samuel N. Harper.The Chicago Women's Aid has for the third time given the sum of$180 for Jewish students.Mr. W. E. Wrather, a former student of the University, has given$2,000 for a geology field camp in that portion of southeastern Missouriparticularly adapted for study of the earth sciences. The Universityhas added funds sufficient to build a shelter on the ground given byMr. Wrather. This is his second gift to the University intended tostrengthen the Department of Geology.200 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMrs. Norman Bridge has subscribed $100,000 additional to the fundalready contributed by Mr. Frederick H. Rawson for the RawsonMemorial Laboratory to be built in connection with the University'smedical work on the West Side. The fund provided by Mrs. Bridgewill be used to provide the Norman Bridge Pathological Laboratorieswhich are to occupy the fifth floor of the Rawson Memorial Laboratory.The late Francis W, Parker, for many years a member of the Boardof Trustees, bequeathed to the University $1,000, the purpose to whichthe fund was to be devoted being by the will referred to the Presidentof the University for designation. Acting President Burton, in view ofMr. Parker's known interest in the Divinity School, has determined thatthe bequest shall create the Francis W. Parker Student Loan Fund andthat in its administration preference shall be given to students preparing for the ministry.The University has received from the estate of Seymour Comancash and securities valued at $200,024.43. By the will of Mr. Comanthis bequest is to be used to found the Seymour Coman Research Fund"for scientific research with special reference to preventive medicine andthe cause, prevention, and cure of disease."APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the Board of Trustees has made thefollowing appointments:Chauncey Samuel Boucher, Professor in the Department of History.Quincy Wright, Professor in the Department of Political Science.Andrew C. Ivy, Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology.Alfred S. Romer, Associate Professor in the Department of Geology.Baldwin Maxwell, Assistant Professor in the Department of English.Ernest Preston Lane, Assistant Professor in the Department ofMathematics.Charles T. Holman, Assistant Professor of Pastoral Duties andExtension Secretary of the Divinity School.D. H. King, Instructor in the Department of Romance.Ruth Lehman, Instructor in the School of Education.J. L. Palmer, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.E. E. Troxell, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.Napier Wilt, Instructor in the Department of English.Thomas F. Young, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 201S. H. Nerlove, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.T. O. Yutema, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.Rodney L. Mott, Instructor in the Department of Political Science.Hilda Laura Norman, Instructor in the Department of Romance.Jerome G. Kerwin, Instructor in the Department of PoliticalScience.Edwin A. Burtt, Instructor in the Department of Philosophy.Durbin Rowland, Instructor in the Laboratory Schools.Ella E, Ruebhausen, Instructor in the High School.Alice Mary Baldwin, Associate in the Department of History.William John Frederich, Associate in the Department "of Hygieneand Bacteriology.Margery A. Ellis, Teacher in the High School.James R. Perry, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools.Walter A. Heath, Teacher in the High School.Siegfried P. Harter, Teacher in the Laboratory Schools.Mary W. Dfilingham, Teacher in the High School.Hazel M. Schultz, Teacher in the High School.Kathryn A. Quigg, Teacher in the High School.Morris Wilson, Director of the Band.Douglas E. Scates, Assistant to the Examiner.T. Vernor Smith, Dean in the Colleges.J. W. E. Glattfeld, Dean in the College of Science.B. W. Dickson, Adviser of Foreign Students.Professor B. C. H. Harvey, Dean of Medical Students during theabsence of Dean Dodson.Dr. Gordon J. Laing, of McGill University, Montreal, Professor ofLatin, Editor of the Press, and Dean of the Graduate School of Artsand Literature.Major Frederick N. Barrows, Professor in the Department of MilitaryScience and Tactics, to replace Major H. E. Marr.PROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties have been promoted in rank:W. H. Spencer to Professor in the School of Commerce and Administration,Robert E. Park to Professor in the Department of Sociology.H. A. Carr to Professor in the Department of Psychology.202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDW. E. Clark to Professor in the Department of Sanskrit and Indo-European Comparative Philology.Elizabeth Wallace to Professor in the Department of FrenchLiterature.Mrs. Edith F. Flint to Professor in the Department of English.Arthur C. Lunn to Professor in the Department of Mathematics.Rollin T. Chamberlin to Professor in the Department of Geology.Arno B. Luckhardt to Professor in the Department of Physiology.Philip S. Allen to Professor in the Department of German.Rolla M. Tryon to Professor in the College of Education.Rollo L. Lyman to Professor in the College of Education.Daniel D. Luckenbill to Professor in the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures.Fred C. Koch to Professor in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry.Georges Van Biesbroeck to Associate Professor in the Department ofAstronomy.S. B. Barrett to Associate Professor in the Department of Astronomy.G. W. Sherburn to Associate Professor in the Department of English.D. H. Stevens to Associate Professor in the Department of English.E. S. Robinson to Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology.F. A. Kingsbury to Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology.Jacob Viner to Associate Professor in the Department of PoliticalEconomy.Carl E. Huth to Associate Professor in the, Department of History.Arthur P. Scott to Associate Professor in the Department of History.Nathaniel W. Barnes to Associate Professor in the School of Commerce and Administration.P. H. Douglas to Associate Professor in the School of Commerceand Administration.J. O. McKinsey to Associate Professor in the School of Commerceand Administration.A. J. Dempster to Associate Professor in the Department of Physics.Warder C. Allee to Associate Professor in the Department ofZoology.Esmond R. Long to Associate Professor in the Department ofPathology.E. T. Filbey to Associate Professor in the College of Education.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 203G. T. Buswell to Associate Professor in the College of Education.' O. J. Lee to Assistant Professor in the Department of Astronomy.Mary M. Rising to Assistant Professor in the Department ofChemistry.W. A. Noyes to Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry.Maurits W. Senstius to Assistant Professor in the Department ofGeography.A. W. Bellamy to Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology.C. O. Melick to Assistant Professor in the Department of Anatomy.Einar Joranson to Assistant Professor in the Department of History.J. Fred Rippy to Assistant Professor in the Department of History.Isaac N. Edwards to Assistant Professor in the College of Education.Karl J. Holzinger to Assistant Professor in the College of Education.Carlos Castillo to Assistant Professor in the Department of Spanish.Sara E. Branham to Instructor in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology.J. H. Roberts to Instructor "in the Department of English.Paul C, Miller to Associate Curator of Walker Museum.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to:Dr. J. M. Dodson, Dean of Medical Students, from April 1, 1923,to December 31, 1923.RESIGNATIONSThe following members of the Faculties have accepted positions inother institutions and are leaving the University:Leverett S. Lyon, Associate Professor in the School of Commerce andAdministration.Willard E. Atkins, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.F. A. O'Donnell, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.Laura Lucas, Teacher in the Elementary School.MISCELLANEOUSIt has been voted by the Trustees, except in specially designatedcases, that the word "Retired" shall be used instead of the word"Emeritus" after the names of members of University Faculties whohave been retired.The commission to study the present system of conducting extramural education of the University consists of Dean J. H. Tufts, Acting204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPresident Ernest D. Burton, J. P. Goode, Algernon Coleman from theFaculties, and Messrs. Gilkey, Felsenthal, and Scott from the Trustees.A committee is to be appointed by the University Senate to preparean inscription for a memorial tablet to Professor Charles R. Hendersonand to co-operate with the Trustees' Committee on Buildings andGrounds in designating the tablet eventually to be placed in theUniversity Chapel.During the Winter Quarter the attendance was as follows: Men,3,230; women, 2,947; total, 6,177.The Trustees have appropriated $5,000 for the expense in connectionwith an experiment being conducted by Professor A. A. Michelson fortesting certain propositions regarding the transmission of light and otherphenomena operating upon the Einstein theory of relativity.Alterations in the Physiology Building necessitating the expenditureof approximately $8,000 have been completed, thus providing improvedconditions for laboratory investigations and for the care of animals usedfor experimental purposes.Notable changes in offices and classrooms of Cobb Hall have beenmade at an expense of over $9,000. The changes will relieve, to somedegree at least, the congestion in halls and on stairways. In the nearfuture the Correspondence-Study Department will be transferred toEllis Hall, the space there to be utilized to be vacated by the FootballTickets Committee which will be moved to the Grandstand.The Board of Trustees has voted to continue to provide for all theemployees of the University, not having the benefit of contributory orother retiring allowances, a payment in case of death proportionate tolength of service of the person insured. During the present fiscal yearpayments to the beneficiaries of deceased employees aggregating $3,060have been made.Francis A. Blackburn, for many years a member of the Departmentof English, having been appointed Assistant Professor in 1892, died inCalifornia, June 20, 1923. He was born in Gaines, Michigan, in 1845.He was retired from October, 1913, and has since then lived inCalifornia. His wife survives him.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ANDTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION OFTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTIONBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDThe Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention is thepresent name of the organization formerly known as the AmericanBaptist Education Society which, in 1889-90, established the University of Chicago. After raising $1,000,000 and appointing a board oftrustees with Articles of Incorporation under the laws of Illinois, theSociety turned over to the Corporation — the University — all the fundsand subscriptions secured, including the original University site of threeblocks. The deed of these three blocks recited that it was made with thefollowing conditions, viz., that the premises, for the period of one hundredyears, should be used as the site of a college or university, that theyshould never be mortgaged or alienated without the consent of the Education Society, and that the President and two-thirds of the Trusteesshould be members of regular Baptist churches. The deed furtherprovided that "in the event of the breach of any of these conditions thetitle to the said premises shall revert" to the Education Society or itssuccessor. The provisions as to the President and two-thirds of theTrustees were made a part of the Articles of Incorporation.As the years went on the extraordinary growth and development ofthe University led the Trustees to feel that some modification of theseprovisions was essential to the highest future welfare of the University.Accordingly, in May, 19 19, following some tentative steps previouslytaken, the Trustees of the University requested the American BaptistEducation Society to appoint a committee to confer with a similar committee to be appointed by them "to consider the relations" between theSociety and the University. In October, 1919, President Judson reportedthat such a committee had been appointed and thereupon a committeeof conference was appointed by the Trustees.Conferences between these committees were held from time to timeand the committees of both bodies were continued or reappointed fromyear to year. Progress was made toward an understanding but no joint205206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDagreement was reached which could be laid before the Society and theUniversity.In July, 1922, Mr. Harold H. Swift, president of the University Board,appointed the following committee to represent the Trustees: Charles R.Holden, Chairman, the President of the University, Hon. Charles E.Hughes, Rev. C. W. Gilkey, and D. C. Shull. The committee of theEducation Society, which had now taken the name of the Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention, was composed of the followingmen: Corwin S. Shank, Chairman, President Clarence A. Barbour,D.D., President Clark W. Chamberlain, Herbert F. Stilwell, D.D., andFrederick E. Taylor, D.D.Several joint meetings of these committees were held in March andApril of, 1923, Acting-President Burton having become a member of theUniversity Committee, and they were able to agree on a report to besubmitted to the Board of Education at the annual meeting to be heldat Atlantic City, New Jersey, Saturday, May 26, in connection with thesessions of the Northern Baptist Convention, the delegates to the twobodies being the same. The conclusions of the committees were put intothe form of two requests submitted to the Board of Education by theTrustees of the University at a meeting held by them, April 10, 1923 .These requests together with the considerations by which they wereenforced were embodied in the following Statement and Request whichwas put into pamphlet form. On Thursday, May 24, Corwin S. Shank,chairman of the Board of Education Committee, announced to the Northern Baptist Convention, then in session, that the matter of the relationof the University of Chicago to the Board of Education would come up forconsideration in the form of a report from this committee on Saturday,May 26, and at the same time had 2,000 or more copies of the followingStatement and Request distributed. The delegates to the Convention,therefore, had two days in which to study the pamphlet and consider thewhole question."THE RELATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOTO THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THENORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTIONI- A STATEMENT AND REQUEST EROM THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO" 1. The American Baptist Education Society was organized in 1888,and incorporated in 1889 under the laws of the State of New York. In1920 by acts of the Legislature of New York, its name was changed toTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 207'The Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention.' Thebody so known is therefore legally the same corporate body which wasincorporated in 1889. Article I of the by-laws reads:" 'The membership shall be composed of all accredited delegates toeach annual meeting of the Northern Baptist Convention.'"2. In 1889-90 the American Baptist Education Society raised thesum of one million dollars ' to found a well equipped college in the cityof Chicago.' The form of subscription imposed no denominationalrequirements respecting Trustees and President."The denominational character of the college which was to be foundedwas implied only in the fact that the American Baptist EducationSociety solicited the funds for it. The whole sum was conveyed to theUniversity of Chicago, in land, cash, and subscriptions."3. The University of Chicago was incorporated under the generallaws of the State of Illinois, September 10, 1890."4. One of the provisions of the Articles of Incorporation is that thePresident of the University and two-thirds of the Trustees shall be members of regular Baptist churches, and that in this particular the Articlesof Incorporation shall forever remain unalterable. Compare, however,14 (4), p. 211."5. The Articles of Incorporation also provide that 'No other religious test or particular religious profession shall ever be held as a requisitefor election to said Board, or for admission to said University, or to anydepartment belonging thereto, or which shall be under the supervisionor control of this corporation, or for election to any professorship, orany place of honor or emolument in said corporation, or any of its departments or institutions of learning.'"6. The deed by which a portion of the land on which the buildingsof the University now stand was conveyed to the American BaptistEducation Society contains a provision that this land shall for a period ofone hundred years be used exclusively for educational purposes."7. The deed whereby the American Baptist Education Society inAugust, 1 89 1, conveyed to the University of Chicago the land for a site,which land in fact forms a part of the present site of the University andcontains some of the important University buildings, includes threeconditions:" (1) That the said premises shall for one hundred years from thedate of the deed be used exclusively by the University for educationalpurposes.208 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD" (2) That said premises shall not be alienated or mortgaged withoutthe consent of the aforesaid American Baptist Education Society." (3) That the denominational limitation prescribed in the Articlesof Incorporation with respect to the President and two-thirds of theTrustees shall not be violated, and that in the event of the breach of anyof these conditions, the title to said premises shall revert to the AmericanBaptist Education Society or its successor."8. The University of Chicago has at this time assets of nearly$50,000,000 and no debts."9. The University, founded with the intention that it should bemerely a college, or in a distant future a university of moderate dimensions, has, in fact, become a great university with graduate and professional schools on a large scale. Its students number in the course of ayear about 13,000. It is maintaining Colleges of Arts, Literature,Science, Business, and Education, and Graduate Schools in the samefields; Schools of Law, Medicine, and Theology, a Correspondence-Study Department with pupils in all parts of the world, and a UniversityPress, the leading one in the country, for the publication of books andjournals of scientific and educational value. It is developing a school ofmedical science of the highest rank, emphasizing medical research; ithas achieved an international reputation by the work of its professors inthis and other fields of research; it is vigorously prosecuting the scientificstudy of education, and conducting undergraduate and graduate work incommerce and administration which promises great advantages to allclasses of the community; it is seeking to develop a type of college,adapted on the one side to location in a great city, and on the other tointegral relationship to a large university."10. The University imperatively needs in its Board of Trusteesthe wise counsels and devoted service of men of the highest characterand ability. Questions of great importance demanding wide knowledge of financial and educational affairs are constantly coming before thisBoard for decision. In accordance with the Articles of Incorporationwhich require that two-thirds of the Trustees shall be members ofregular Baptist churches, fourteen of the twenty-one Trustees areBaptists and seven are non-Baptists. Since the business of the University demands attendance on Board meetings once a month or oftener,and increasingly frequent and arduous service on committees, it hasbecome more and more difficult to find among Baptists in or near Chicagoa sufficient number of qualified men who are able and willing to give thenecessary time and labor. It is not uncommon for a member of thisTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 209Board to devote from one-fourth to one-half his time to Universityaffairs. On the other hand the limit of seven on the number of non-Baptist members affords quite inadequate opportunity to secure thevaluable service both of citizens of Chicago and of alumni, who, thoughnon-Baptists, are competent to serve and willing as a public service togive the time and effort demanded."n. The administration of an educational institution of such scopeand magnitude is a task requiring in its President a man of the highesteducational qualifications and the largest administrative ability. Heshould possess thorough acquaintance with educational, social, economic,industrial, and religious problems; trained judgment and administrativeability; exalted personal character and religious faith. The number ofmen qualified to fill such a position is always limited and they are alwaysin demand. Baptists have produced quite as many such men as anyother denomination of equal size, possibly even more, but they cannotclaim a monopoly of them. The difficulty of finding a man for the presidency of the University within toy single denomination has greatlyincreased since the Articles of Incorporation were framed in 1890. Forthe highest usefulness of the University, the field within which searchfor a president may be made should not be as unrestricted as is consistent with the aims of a great institution of research and teaching underpredominantly Christian influence."12. In order to achieve these ends, the University desires:" (1) That the number of Trustees be increased to twenty-five andthat the proportion of members of the Board required to be Baptists bechanged from two-thirds to three-fifths. The result will be that fifteenmembers will by requirement be Baptists, and ten may be non-Baptists.Thus one will be added to the Baptist membership and three to the non-Baptist, while a decisive majority of Baptists will be maintained."(2) That the denominational restriction on its presidency beremoved." 13. The University therefore presents to the Board of Education ofthe Northern Baptist Convention the following requests:" (1) That it give its approval to the revision of Article III of theArticles of Incorporation so as to increase the number of Trustees fromtwenty-one to twenty-five."(2) That it give its approval to the substitution of the following:"'At all times three-fifths of the Trustees shall be members ofBaptist churches,' for the fourth paragraph of Article III, which nowreads:2IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORD'"At all times two- thirds of the Trustees, and also the President ofthe University and of the said college, shall be members of regularBaptist churches, that is to say, members of churches of that denomination of Protestant Christians now usually known and recognized underthe name of the regular Baptist denomination; and, as contributions ofmoney and property have been and are being solicited, and have been andare being made, upon the conditions last named, this charter shall notbe amended or changed at any time hereafter so as to abrogate or modifythe qualifications of two-thirds of the Trustees and the President abovementioned, but in this particular this charter shall be forever unalterable.'" (3) That it instruct its Board of Managers to execute and deliverto the University of Chicago a deed to all the property conveyed to theUniversity by the American Baptist Education Society in 1891, whichdeed shall be identical with that which was executed August 24, 1891,except that the fourth paragraph of the new deed shall read as follows:'"To have and to hold the same unto the said party of the secondpart, for its own use, forever, upon the express condition, however, thatthe said premises shall, for the period or term of one hundred (100) yearsfrom the date hereof, be used exclusively by the said party of the secondpart for educational purposes, as the site of a college or university, andupon the further express condition that the said party of the second partshall at no time alienate or mortgage the said premises for any debt orother purpose without the consent of the said party of the first part, andupon the further express condition that the requirement as set forth inthe Articles of Incorporation of the said party of the second part, asamended with the consent of the party of the first part in the year 1923,to wit: that three-fifths of the trustees of the said party of the secondpart shall be members of Baptist Churches, shall be at all times compliedwith, and in the event of the breach of any of these conditions, the titleto the said premises shall revert to the said party of the first part or itssuccessor.'"14. In sequel to paragraphs 10 and n and in further support andexplanation of its requests, the University begs to call attention to thefollowing facts:" (1) The University does not desire to sever its close connectionwith the Baptist denomination. It regards that connection as an assetboth to itself and to the denomination; and in strict adherence to thepurposes of the founders of a generation ago, as these are abundantlyshown by historic documents, seeks only such amendment to the Articlesof Incorporation of the University as will enable it to meet the newTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 211situation which has been produced by the changes, and discovered bythe experience of thirty-four years."(2) The University desires and proposes to continue to be aChristian institution. The retention of a three-fifths majority of Baptistson the Board of Trustees will insure not only the maintenance ofagencies and influences which will preserve the general religious atmosphere of the institution, but also the election of a president in harmonywith this purpose."(3) The proposed changes in the Articles of Incorporation arein accordance with the tradition and practice of Northern Baptists.They will put the University of Chicago substantially on the samebasis on which the majority of our leading colleges now stand. Thecharters of most of these schools make no prescription respecting thePresident; a certain proportion of the Trustees being required to beBaptists, responsibility for the selection of the President and faculty isthen left with the Trustees." (4) The amendment of the Articles of Incorporation is within thelegal power of the University. Under the Constitution of Illinois noarticles of incorporation are unalterable, and the power of modificationrests with the corporation itself. The University is seeking the consentof the Board of Education to the proposed changes in fidelity to its historicrelation to the Board of Education as the corporation that founded it." (5) A large number of Baptist donors to the original million dollarfund, and of the Baptists who have made subsequent gifts to the University, have already given their assent to the changes proposed."Of the $1,040,000 raised for the University in 1889-90, $600,000were given by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, approximately $250,000 by otherBaptists, and the remainder, approximately $190,000 by non-Baptists.Up to the present time the gifts to the University have amounted to$54,161,270. Of this sum Mr. John D. Rockefeller and his son havecontributed $34,853,375; other Baptists $901,094, or a total from allBaptists of $35,754,469; others than Baptists have contributed morethan $18,400,000."Of the Baptist donors, those whose gifts amount to a total ofapproximately $35,280,000, have filed with the University indenturesreleasing the University, as far as their gifts are concerned, from thedenominational limitations in the Articles of Incorporation."Of the Baptist donors who have not filed such indentures, some aredeceased and others inaccessible. No donors to whose attention thematter has been called have declined to sign the indentures.212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"Those who have filed indentures include Mr. John D. Rockefellerand Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr."(6) The omission of the word 'regular' before the word 'Baptist'in the section of the Articles of Incorporation referring to the qualifications of Trustees, is requested in order to bring it into conformity withthe terminology of the Articles of Incorporation of the Northern BaptistConvention. The word 'regular' is no part of the legal name of theNorthern Baptist Convention, or of the Board of Education of theNorthern Baptist Convention, and does not occur in thieir Articles ofIncorporation in any definition of membership."15. The University earnestly hopes that the Board of Educationwill act favorably on these requests at its meeting in Atlantic City,May 26. If thought necessary by the Board of Education, the University would accept a postponement of final action on the matter,until the annual meeting of 1924.""II. A HISTORICAL STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THEUNIVERSITY'S REQUESTPrepared by Rev. Thomas W. Goodspeed, D.D.1"It is just thirty-four years this month since the American BaptistEducation Society, at its annual meeting in Boston in 1889, resolved totake the steps that led to the founding of what is now the University ofChicago. Thirty-four years is a full generation, a period of time longenough for the taking place of great changes; so long, indeed, that a newgeneration has arisen to take the places of those who were active in thathistoric event. Our argument for the relief proposed for the Universityin this report is founded on these changed conditions, which have beenvery great."What was it the Society founded?" They did not found a university. They founded a college. Amongthe ten resolutions they adopted, the first was the following, 'Resolved,that this Society take immediate steps toward the founding of a well-equipped college in the city of Chicago.'"In making his first subscription, Mr. Rockefeller made it for acollege, saying, 'I will contribute $600,000, toward an endowment for acollege.' It is significant that he declined to make any subscriptionuntil it was definitely decided that the institution to be founded shouldbe a college and not a university.1 Dr. Goodspeed was associated with Rev. F. T. Gates in the raising of the firstmillion dollars in 1889-90, was Secretary of the Board of Trustees 1891-1913, and hasbeen Corresponding Secretary since 1913.THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 213"In the spring of 1889, a committee of nine of our leading men wasappointed by the Executive Committee of the Education Society toconsider and report on the 'Proposed institution of learning in Chicago.'These men were: E. Benjamin Andrews, William R. Harper, AlvahHovey, James M. Taylor, Samuel W. Duncan, J. F. Elder, H. G. Weston,Charles L. Colby, and Henry L. Morehouse. Among the changes of thelast generation, all these men have passed away. They recommended'a well-equipped college, leaving any desirable further development tothe natural growth of time.' And, their idea of ' a well-equipped college,'was that it should have an endowment of $1,040,000, buildings costing$375,000, thirteen departments of instruction, and fifteen professors."The truth is, that a generation ago we were able to think, educationally, only in terms of the small college. How could we think otherwise ? The small college was the only sort of institution we had. BrownUniversity had been in existence a hundred and thirty years. It wasour greatest institution and in 1889-90 it had two hundred and eighty-five students. Other denominations were little better off. The day ofthe modern university, foreshadowed in the small beginnings of JohnsHopkins and Clark, had not yet come."Now, a denominational college, with its simple organization, couldeasily find a president and sometimes did find a very able one, in its owndenomination. There are always plenty of men amply qualified toadminister the affairs of a college."The old University of Chicago, which, up to the time of its demisein 1886, had always been a small college, never having in any year ahundred and fifty college students, happened to have in its charter aprovision that the President and a majority of the Trustees should bemembers of Baptist churches. The new institution in Chicago, the well-equipped college then founded, was established to restore our educationalwork in that city. It was to be the successor of the old University andwas to inherit its name, its alumni, and such provisions of its charteras commended themselves."It is most important to recall why this inheritance was accepted andthe restrictive provision as to the President and two-thirds of the Trustees was written into the Articles of Incorporation of the new institution."The first thing to be said is this: The provision that the Presidentand two-thirds of the Trustees should be members of Baptist churcheswas not adopted in order to emphasize the denominational character ofthe new institution. The Articles of Incorporation themselves make thisperfectly clear in immediately adding to this requirement as to the Presi-214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdent and Trustees the following sweeping provision: 'No other religioustest or particular religious profession shall ever be held as requisite forelection to said Board, or for admission to said University, or to anydepartment belonging thereto, or which shall be under the supervisionor control of this corporation, or for election to any professorship, orany place of honor or emolument in said corporation, or any of its departments or institutions of learning.'"To make it still more evident that the founders of the Universitydid not make this provision for the purpose of emphasizing its Baptistcharacter, the following statement made at the time may be quoted asreflecting their views. A very friendly editorial had appeared in theChicago Herald, speaking of the new institution as ' the Baptist University.' On October 7, 1890, the paper printed a statement, signed by theSecretary of the Board of Trustees officially. In this statement, theSecretary, who was himself a loyal Baptist, referring to the editorial, said,'May I take exception to one phrase — "the Baptist University." Tothis we strongly object. It is not "the Baptist University." We donot call it so. We do not think of it as such. We have no intention ofmaking it such. The Baptists, indeed, conceived it, inaugurated theeffort to found it, and have contributed mor than ninety per cent of themoney thus far secured. The President of the University and two-thirds of the Board are Baptists. To this extent the University may bespoken of as "Baptist." It may be said to belong to them. This factmore than satisfies them, and if ever a people were filled with a noble andgenerous purpose to do a great and liberal service for the public, not forthemselves, but for all the people, this denomination is so inspired at thistime and in this movement. They are not building a Baptist University.They do not believe in sectarianism in university education. Theywould not build a sectarian Baptist University if they could. They wishto build a great and noble institution for Chicago and the Northwestand the Country that shall be conducted in the most liberal spirit andserve the entire community."This statement justly reflects the views and sentiments of a generation ago. This was the spirit in which the University was conceived andin which it has been conducted."But if the provision as to the President and two-thirds of theTrustees was not inserted in the Articles of Incorporation to emphasizeand preserve the Baptist character of the institution, why was it putthere?"The answer to this question has never been left in doubt. It wasput there to insure the continuance of the University forever as a Chris*THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 215tian institution. This, whenever the question arose, as it did arise, thespokesmen of the University, always and everywhere, in public and inprivate, affirmed. It was felt that to connect the University indissol-ubly to some one Christian denomination was the most certain methodof assuring its continuance as a Christian institution. It was felt thatthe one thing to be provided against was its ever falling into the hands ofthe enemies of evangelical religion. The University was to be Christianwithout being sectarian. As has been seen, its Articles of Incorporationexpressly forbid any discrimination against trustee, professor, or studenton the ground of his religious opinions, except such as is contained in therequirement that two-thirds of the Trustees and the President shall bemembers of Baptist churches. The men who founded the Universitydefined the word "Christian" in a sense that excluded narrowness anddemanded tolerance and the untrammeled pursuit of truth."The American Baptist Education Society established the collegeof a generation ago on these foundations and with these ideals, and ithas been in accordance with these ideals that the University has beenadministered for more than thirty years."But during those thirty years a tremendous development has takenplace. The infant has grown into a giant. The University has expandedbeyond all expectation. The faculty has increased from the originalestimate of fifteen to more than four hundred. The ten-acre campus hasexpanded to more than one hundred and sixty acres. The four or fivebuildings originally contemplated have come to number more than fifty.The proposed thirteen departments of instruction have multiplied to&ve times that number. The courses offered to students aggregate morethan two thousand. The assets of the University in lands, buildings,and endowments are nearly $50,000,000. The annual registration ofstudents has multiplied from 742 the first year to 12,500. The few scorealumni inherited from the old University have become an army of 16,000.The total number of those who have matriculated as students for a longeror shorter period has reached 102,000. To such proportions has themodest college the Education Society founded a generation ago grown,and such are some of the results that have followed its establishment."And here, possibly, the question may suggest itself — 'Why, if theUniversity has enjoyed so remarkable a history of growth and prosperityunder its original articles of incorporation, should these articles be nowamended ? One might just as reasonably ask- — 'Why should the UnitedStates ever amend that great Constitution our fathers adopted in 1787,under which our country prospered and expanded so wonderfully ?' Weall know that it was this very growth and expansion that made amend-2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDments to the fundamental law of our land not only necessary, butinevitable."How can it be otherwise with the University? It has developedbeyond all anticipation and the garments which fitted its infancy havebeen outgrown. It is not a matter to be wondered at that those whoknow the conditions and are responsible for the conduct and welfare ofthe University should ask for some necessary changes in its fundamental law."What, then, are the particular changes the University asks permission to make in its fundamental law, the Articles of Incorporation?"The first of these is, that the required Baptist majority on the Boardof Trustees be reduced from two-thirds to three-fifths. This is sovery slight a change that it will perhaps be conceded freely withoutargument." The non-Baptist public of Chicago has developed a great interest inthe University and treated it with extraordinary liberality. The contributions from sources outside our own denomination aggregate nearly$20,000,000. It is safe to say that hardly a month passes in which suchcontributions are not received. It is desired to recognize this extraordinary interest and almost unequaled generosity by giving to thesegenerous helpers a little larger representation in the Board of Trustees."It goes without saying that a very large number of the successfuland able men of Chicago are to be found outside the Baptist denomination.There are scores of these men, any one of whom, added to the Board ofTrustees, would increase the public confidence and interest in the institution. Only a few such can in any case be added. But the addition willbe of such value that the University asks the privilege of making it."There is another class which the University feels bound to recognize,and it is a most striking illustration of the new conditions which demandnew measures. A great body of alumni has come into being. It hasalready been indicated that the number of the alumni is very large, about16,000. It is increasing at the rate of 1,500 a year. Large numbers havenow grown to mature years and many of them occupy positions of honorand leadership in education, politics, and business. They are loyal totheir Alma Mater and take a deep interest in her fortunes. Contributions have begun to come from them and these increase in number andmagnitude. The time is certain to come, when, in its 50,000, or 100,000alumni, the University will have back of it a vast reservoir of loyalty,interest, and wealth that will go far toward supplying its material needs.They are a real part of the University, which, as a whole, is 'The University and its Alumni.'THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 217"Naturally enough, they feel that, like the alumni of other universities, they should have representation on the Board of Management.The University sympathizes with this view. It wants alumni on itsBoard. If it did not, if it failed to recognize its obligation to provide foralumni representation, it would weaken alumni loyalty — that greatest ofall its assets. And conversely the cordial granting of such representationis one of the many things that attach the alumni to the University inenduring loyalty."This, then, is the second reason for the request now made for achange in the required Baptist representation in the Board of Trusteesfrom two- thirds to three-fifths, viz., that there may be room for thatalumni representation, which is imperative."A natural question would be — Why not appoint Baptist alumni ?There are two answers to this question: One is, that they are appointed.A Baptist alumnus has been elected to the Board during the past year.But the following must be added."The Board of the University differs from the boards of most schoolsin that its sessions are not restricted to one or two a year, but are heldregularly once every month, and very frequently twice a month. Everyresident member belongs to two or more special or standing committeesto which important duties are assigned. It is therefore a working board.Positions on it are honorable, but they are at the farthest remove frombeing honorary. They are laborious, and they make residence in or nearChicago almost imperative. It is not always easy to find the best Trusteematerial among the Baptist alumni in Chicago. And the very best isneeded. The University requests the change suggested that it may beable to add from time to time some of the best qualified of its alumni tothe Board of Trustees." Such is the first request the University proffers. The other is thatthe denominational restriction as to the President be removed."After the announcement of the successful raising of the first milliondollars at the anniversaries in Chicago, in June, 1890, a great meetingwas held in the Auditorium. That prince of pastors and preachers,Dr. P. S. Henson, now of revered memory, spoke for the EducationSociety and, with prophetic foresight, said, 'I believe in a national university, a university so solid in its foundations and lofty in its aspirationsthat it deserves to be denominated national. And, in the good providence of God .... we are to have a great national university in this city.Dominated by Christian principle, permeated through and through bythe spirit of Him who has taught the nobility of service, .... this is thehigher education for which the world is waiting and this is the place to2l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDplant it No wonder that the public spirited citizens of everyfaith .... should watch this movement with profound interest andassist it with their generous contributions A tremendous trusthas been committed to us. A solemn responsibility devolves upon us.Let us discharge it in no little, narrow, sectarian spirit, but with broadestcatholicity.'"It was an interesting and striking confirmation of this propheticforesight of Dr. Henson, when, before a single generation had passed, in astudy of American universities appearing in the Harvard Alumni Bulletinof December, 1921, Albert Bushnell Hart gave the University of Chicagoa place among the six which could properly be denominated national."It has attracted its students from every state and territory in theUnion and has sent back to all of them representatives in teaching,preaching, law, medicine, politics, and business."Just as truthfully it may be called international, for it draws itsstudents from all the continents and from many nations. Every yearabout forty foreign countries are represented by some hundreds ofstudents." Moreover, almost every type of religious faith has representatives inthe student body. Every year students come from forty or fifty differingfaiths."But attention is particularly called to the fact that the institution isnot a college, though it conducts colleges, but it is a true university; itsprofessional schools of Divinity, Medicine, Law, and Education enrollabour 2,900 students; its other graduate schools about 3,000. It is infact a great school for advanced study, research, and graduate instruction.These graduate students came in 1920-21 from more than three hundredand fifty colleges and universities in our own country and foreign nations.They included, in addition to recent college graduates, high-schoolprincipals and teachers, presidents of colleges, and professors from manyinstitutions."In such a university, national and international, drawing its attendance from almost every country and every faith, sought out by menalready highly trained for advanced study and research, it goes withoutsaying, that the President must be a very exceptional man. He musthave an unusual combination of gifts and qualities."As things now stand, what is the first and indispensable qualification the University of Chicago is required to look for when seeking apresident? It is that he be a member of a regular Baptist church!He may possess every other desirable qualification, he may be universally recognized as pre-eminently the man for the place, but if he isTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 219not a member of a regular Baptist church, all his other qualificationsgo for nothing. He is ineligible; he is disqualified. Let Yale have him,or Michigan, or Minnesota!"Now the University asks that this be so changed as to allow it, infilling the presidency, to look for and choose the man who, in characterand all-round ability, is most eminently fitted for the place. He maystill be a Baptist. No denomination has produced greater presidentsthan our own. An inspiring fist of such could easily be named. Let ushope and pray that the denomination will continue to produce such men.They will be eagerly sought after by the University of Chicago. Allthat is requested is liberty to seek the best man that can be found. Ifthat man is a Baptist, so much the better. If he is not, that fact aloneshall not disqualify him."The above considerations, however, do not touch the heart of thematter. They only introduce us to the real difficulty."The University has assumed such proportions, its relations havebecome so widely extended, it has so many schools, colleges, departments,and courses of instruction, its organization has become so complex, itsbusiness interests are so many, so complicated, and so important, itsadministrative work has grown so enormously and touches so manyinterests, the questions requiring consideration and decision have somultiplied, the problems constantly arising are so many and often soimportant and hard to solve, that it has become extraordinarily difficultto find a President who possesses the gifts and acquirements that areessential."The University is just now organizing its Medical School which isto be of a somewhat new order, emphasizing the science of medicine andthe service to mankind by the further discovery of the facts about diseaseand its prevention and cure, to an extent and under conditions never yetelsewhere attained. The solution of the multiplied questions connectedwith this problem requires abilities of very high order, both scholarlyand administrative. And this is only one of the many problems that willconstantly arise to claim a President's attention." The point of all this is, that the college founded a generation ago hasbecome that quite new thing — a modern university, great, complex, mostdifficult to administer successfully, demanding a President of the mosteminent qualifications, and that no single denomination can give assurance of being able continuously to provide such a President."The University is not saying, 'We do not want a Baptist President.'It does want a Baptist President, if he is the man most eminently qualified to serve it. All it asks is that its hands may be so freed that it shall220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbe able to discharge most faithfully and successfully the trust committedto it by always keeping at its head the best and ablest President our wholecountry can produce."Our contention is not that the denomination will not have such aman when he is needed. It will probably always have more than oneman who is at once a scholar, an administrator, and a man of affairs,eminently fitted for the presidency of a great university. What we meanis, that granting there will be such men, there can be no assurance of theiravailability. Some of them will be too far advanced in years. Otherswill be filling positions of trust and responsibility which they cannot leave.This is precisely the condition the University has faced in recent years.There were Baptists of the right age and highly qualified in other respects,but they were not available. They could not, or would not, leave theimportant work they were doing."The University comes today, therefore, saying, 'If the time comeswhen our own denomination cannot, for any reason, furnish the President who is needed, do not deny us the privilege of seeking such a manwhere he can be found.'"These are the two requests submitted by the University in theconfident hope that both will be granted. The changes requested arebelieved to be essential to its highest future welfare, and entirely reasonable. If granted, a working Baptist majority on the Board of Trustees isassured just as certainly as at present, and a Baptist President is assuredjust as long as our denomination can offer the best man for the place."Will not the Society which, a generation ago, did such great thingsfor the University, complete its beneficent service by granting theserequests ?"The men who have manifested their interest in the University bycontributing the funds that established it and that have carried it on,have cordially assented to the changes requested. The contributors ofmore than ninety-eight per cent of the money given by Baptists have putthis consent in writing. The readiness of our Baptist contributors to dothis leads us to believe with confidence that the Board of Education alsowill be equally ready and cordial in giving its assent to the changesproposed."It seems to us that a conclusive consideration is the fact that theUniversity is not asking anything new or strange in Baptist practice.It is asking only what other institutions of higher learning under Baptistauspices already have."THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 221"APPENDIX"THE HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS" i. The Articles of Incorporation of the University of Chicago." 2. Form of subscription used in securing the first funds for the University."3. An Extract from the Deed conveying land to the American Baptist EducationSociety."4. The Deed conveying a portion of the land on which the buildings of the University of Chicago stand from the American Baptist Education Society to theUniversity."5. Waiver of Mr. John D. Rockefeller under date of February 24, 1909."6. Letter of Mr. John D. Rockefeller of March 7, 1923."7. Waiver signed by Baptist donors to the funds of the University."1. THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOState of Illinois^County of Cook J"To the Honorable, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State:"We, the undersigned, John D. RockefeUer, E. Nelson Blake, Marshall Field,Fred T. Gates, Francis E. Hinckley, and Thomas W. Goodspeed, citizens of the UnitedStates, desiring to associate ourselves for the lawful purposes hereinafter stated, andfor the purpose of forming a corporation (not for pecuniary profit) under the provisionsof the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois entitled ' An Act ConcerningCorporations,' approved April 18, 1872, and of the several acts amendatory thereof,do hereby state and certify as follows, to wit:" 1. The name by which said corporation shall be known in law is'The University of Chicago'" 2. The particular objects for which said corporation is formed are to provide,impart, and furnish opportunities for all departments of higher education to persons ofboth sexes on equal terms; to establish, conduct, and maintain one or more academies,preparatory schools, or departments, such academies, preparatory schools, or departments to be located in the City of Chicago or elsewhere, as may be deemed advisable;to establish, maintain, and conduct manual training schools in connection with suchpreparatory departments; to establish and maintain one of more colleges, and to provide instruction in all collegiate studies; to establish and maintain a university inwhich may be taught all branches of higher learning, and which may comprise andembrace separate departments for literature, law, medicine, music, technology, thevarious branches of science, both abstract and applied, the cultivation of the fine arts,and all other branches of professional or technical education which may properly beincluded within the purposes and objects of a university, and to provide and maintaincourses of instruction in each and all of said departments; to prescribe the courses ofstudy, employ professors, instructors, and teachers, and to maintain and control thegovernment and discipline in said university, and in each of the several academies,222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpreparatory schools, or other institutions subordinate thereto, and to fix the rates oftuition and the qualifications of admission to the university and its various departments; to receive, hold, invest, and disburse all moneys or property, or the incomethereof, which may be vested in or intrusted to the care of the said corporation, whetherby gift, grant, bequest, devise, or otherwise, for educational purposes; to act as trusteefor persons desiring to give or provide moneys or property, or the income thereof, forany one or more of the departments of said university, and for any of the objectsaforesaid, or for any educational purposes; to grant such literary honors and degreesas are usually granted by like institutions, and to give suitable diplomas; and generallyto pursue and promote all or any of the objects above named, and to do all and everyof the things necessary or pertaining to the accomplishment of said objects, or either ofthem."3. The management of said corporation shall be vested in a board of twenty-onetrustees, who shall be elected as follows:"At the first annual meeting there shall be elected by ballot twenty-one trustees.The trustees so elected shall, at their first meeting, classify themselves by lot into threeclasses of equal number, which classes shall be designated as the first, second, and thirdclass; and the term of office of the first class shall expire at the second annual meeting,and the terms of office of the other classes shall expire annually thereafter in the orderof their numbers. At each annual meeting succeeding the first, seven trustees shall beelected by the trustees by ballot. Vacancies occurring by death, resignation, removalor otherwise shall be filled for the unexpired term by the board at its first meeting afterthe vacancy occurs, and the member elected shall belong to the class in which thevacancy occurred."The qualifications of the trustees and president of the university and of its college, which shall constitute its literary or undergraduate deparment, shall be as follows:"At all times two-thirds of the trustees, and also the president of the universityand of its said college, shall be members of regular Baptist churches — that is to say,members of churches of that denomination of Protestant Christians now usually knownand recognized under the name of the regular Baptist denomination; and as contributions of money and property have been and are being solicited and have been and arebeing made upon the conditions last named, this charter shall not be amended orchanged at any time hereafter so as to abrogate or modify the qualifications of two-thirds of the trustees and the president above mentioned, but in this particular thischarter shall be forever unalterable."No other test or particular religious profession shall ever be held as a requisitefor election to said board, or for admission to said university, or to any departmentbelonging thereto, or which shall be under the supervision or control of this corporation,or for election to any professorship, or any place of honor or emolument in said corporation, or in any of its departments or institutions of learning."The membership of this corporation shall consist of the several persons who forthe time being shall be acting as trustees, and they shall annually elect trustees to fillthe places of those whose terms of office shall expire at the annual meeting. Personsnot members of the corporation shall be eligible to election, subject only to the qualifications hereinbefore mentioned."The board of trustees may make by-laws not inconsistent with the terms of thischarter, or with the laws of this state, or of the United States, for the government andTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 223control of said corporation, and of its several departments, and of the several institutions of learning under its care and control, and for the proper management of theeducational, fiscal, and other affairs of said corporation, and for the care and investment of all moneys and property belonging to it, or given or intrusted to the saidcorporation for educational purposes. Said by-laws shall provide for annual meetings,the first of which shall be held within one year from the date of these articlesof incorporation."4. The location of the university and of the college of arts to be established bysaid corporation shall be in Chicago, in the county of Cook and state of Illinois."5. The following persons are liereby selected as trustees to control and managesaid corporation for the first year of its corporate existence, to wit:"E. Nelson Blake, Ferd. W. Peck, Judge J. M. Bailey, Herman H. Kohlsaat, FrancisE. Hinckley, Charles L. Hutchinson, Prof. Wm. R. Harper, Eli B. Felsenthal, Hon.George A. Pillsbury, Martin A. Ryerson, Edward Goodman, Judge Daniel L. Shorey,Alonzo K. Parker, D. D., George C. Walker, J. W. Midgley, C. C. Bowen, AndrewMacLeish, Elmer L. Corthell, Fred A. Smith, Henry A. Rust, Charles W. Needham."In testimony whereof we, the incorporators first above named, hereunto set ourhands and affix our seals, this 18th day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousandeight hundred and ninety. John D. RockefellerE. Nelson BlakeMarshall FieldFrancis E. HinckleyFred T. GatesThomas W. Goodspeed""2. FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION USED IN SECURING THE FIRSTFUNDS FOR THE UNIVERSITY"subscription for institution of LEARNING IN CHICAGO"Chicago, Illinois, June 20, 1889"Whereas, The American Baptist Education Society has undertaken to raisethe full sum of one million dollars for the purpose of establishing a College in the Cityof Chicago, Illinois, and"Whereas, John D. Rockefeller, of the city of New York, has subscribed sixhundred thousand dollars of said sum upon condition, among others, that the wholeamount of said one million dollars is subscribed,"Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, and each and every subscription to said object, we the undersigned agree to pay to the American Baptist EducationSociety, for the purpose aforesaid, and upon the condition that the full sum of onemillion dollars is subscribed therefore, the sums set opposite our respective names, onthe first day of June, 1890: Provided, that each subscriber may pay five per cent (5%)of his subscription in cash on the first day of June, 1890, and the balance as follows—five per cent (5%) of said subscription every ninety days; or ten per cent (10%) ofsaid subscription in cash June 1, 1890, and the balance as follows: ten per cent (10%)every six months; or, twenty per cent (20%) of said subscription in cash June 1, 1890,and the balance as follows: twenty per cent (20%) yearly; said deferred payments tobe evidenced by promissory notes and to draw interest from June 1, 1890, at the rateof six per cent per annum."224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"3. THE PERTINENT PORTION OF THE DEED OF MARSHALLFIELD TO THE AMERICAN BAPTIST EDUCATION SOCIETY' " Said premises hereinbefore described are conveyed subject to all taxes and assessments subsequent to the year 1889, and upon the express condition that the same shallfor the period or term of one hundred (100) years from the date hereof be exclusivelyused for educational purposes, as the site of a college or university, and in the event ofa breach of said condition the title to said premises shall revert to said party of the firstpart or his heirs.' ""4. DEED OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST EDUCATION SOCIETYTO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO"This Indenture, made this twenty-fourth (24th) day of August, in the yearof Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-one (1891), Between TheAmerican Baptist Education Society, a corporation duly organized and existingunder and by virtue of the laws of the State of New York, party of the first part, andThe University of Chicago, a corporation duly organized and existing under and byvirtue of the laws of the State of Illinois, party of the second part, Witnesseth:"That the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum ofOne Dollar ($1.00) to it in hand paid by the said party of the second part, the receiptwhereof is hereby confessed, and in furtherance of the purposes for which the landshereinafter mentioned were conveyed to said party of the first part, does alien, remise,release, convey and confirm unto the said party of the second part, Forever, all thefollowing described premises, situated in the County of Cook and State of Illinois,to-wit:"Blocks Two (2), Three (3) and Seven (7), in Marshall Field's Addition to Chicago, in the East half of the North West quarter of Section Fourteen (14), TownshipThirty-eight (38) North Range Fourteen (14) east of the Third Principal Meridian,together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the revision and reversions, remainderand remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof, and also all the estate, right, title,interest, property, possession, claim and demand whatsoever, as well in law as in equity,of the said party of the first part of, in or to the above described premises and everypart and parcel thereof, with the appurtenances:"To Have and to Hold the same unto the said party of the second part, for itsown use, forever, upon the express condition, however, that the said premises shall, forthe period or term of one hundred (100) years from the date hereof, be used exclusivelyby the said party of the second part for educational purposes, as the site of a college oruniversity, and upon the further express condition that the said party of the secondpart shall at no time alienate or mortgage the said premises for any debt or other purpose without the consent of the said party of the first part, and upon the further expresscondition that the requirements, as set forth in the charter of the said party of thesecond part, that the President and two-thirds of the Board of Trustees of the sameshall be members of regular Baptist churches, shall be at all times complied with, and,in the event of the breach of any of these conditions, the title to the said premisesshall revert to the said party of the first part or its successor."This conveyance is made in pursuance of a resolution adopted at a regularlycalled meeting of the Executive Board of the said party of the first part, held in theTHE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 225City of New York, in the State of New York, on the first day of July, a.d. 1891, (whichsaid executive Board is vested with full power and authority to direct the making ofconveyances of any real estate belonging to the said party of the first part), a copy ofsaid resolution, duly certified by the Corresponding Secretary of the said party of thefirst part, being hereunto annexed and made a part hereof."In Witness Whereof, the said party of the first part has caused these presentsto be signed by E. Nelson Blake, of Arlington, Massachusetts, the President of itsExecutive Board, and Joshua Levering, of Baltimore, Maryland, its Treasurer, andits corporate seal to be hereunto annexed, in accordance with the terms of said resolution, the day and year first above written."The American Baptist Education Society,By (Signed) E. Nelson Blake, President of its Executive Board." (Signed) Joshua Levering, Its Treasurer.""5. WAIVER OF MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER UNDER DATEOF FEBRUARY 24, 1909"This Indenture, made the 24th day of February One thousand nine hundredand nine, between John D. Rockefeller, of the City, County and State of New York,party of the first part, and The University of Chicago, a corporation organizedunder the laws of the State of Illinois, hereinafter called the University, party of thesecond part."Witnesseth, that the party of the first part, in consideration of one dollar tohim in hand paid by the University, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, doeshereby for himself, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns release and discharge the University, its successors and assigns, from any covenant or condition tothe effect that the President of the University and two-thirds of its Board of Trusteesshall always be members of Baptist churches, which was contained or implied or whichmay be deemed to have been contained or implied in any gift of money or other property, real or personal, heretofore made by him; and does hereby grant, convey,sell, assign, transfer and set over to the University, its successors and assigns,all gifts whether of money or other property, real or personal, which he has heretoforemade to it, free and discharged from any such covenant or condition; and covenantsand agrees that any gifts which may hereafter be made by him, whether of real orpersonal property, shall be free and discharged from any such covenant or condition,unless the same shall be expressly stated in the instrument of gift transferring andconveying the same. This instrument is not intended to express any desire or suggestion that any change should presently be made in the matter of denominational control,but simply to provide that if at any time in the future the said University or its Trusteesshould consider such a change to be advisable, either in the interests of the Universityor of the public which it is intended to serve, the gifts from the party of the first partshould not present any legal obstacle to the making of such change."In Witness Whereof, the party of the first part has hereto set his hand andseal the day and year first above written.(Signed) John D. Rockefeller"In presence ofAntoinette Adams226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"6. LETTER OF MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLEROF MARCH 7, 1923Ormond Beach, FloridaMarch 7, 1923u Board of Trustees," University of Chicago,"Chicago, III." Gentlemen: In 1889 I made my first pledge of $600,000 toward a million dollarsfor the foundation of a college in Chicago under Baptist auspices. This pledge wasmade to the American Baptist Education Society under a plan made by that Society —a plan which met my entire approval. It was hoped that the initial sum would besupplemented by further contributions made by others and that the college would intime have a normal growth."That growth in fact has been phenomenal. So great was the need, so favorablethe location in Chicago, so generous the response of Chicago people, that the collegehas become a great university of nation-wide influence. Such an institution, with itsprofessional schools and its material contributions to knowledge, is of necessity undenominational in its administration. Realizing this vital and inevitable developmenton the 24th day of February, 1909, I executed an indenture whereby I released theUniversity, so far as any gifts of mine were concerned, from the condition in the Articlesof Incorporation providing that the President and two-thirds of the Trustees should bemembers of regular Baptist churches. In making this indenture, I said that thisinstrument was not intended to express my desire or suggestion that any change shouldpresently be made in the matter of denominational control, but simply to provide thatif at any time in the future the University or its Trustees should consider such a changeadvisable, either in the interest of the University or of the public which it is intendedto serve, my gifts should not present any legal obstacle to such change."The development of the University since 1909 has been even more notable thanit had been up to that time, and its eminently university character, as distinguishedfrom that of a mere college, has been very significant. I have followed that development with much interest, and from time to time have aided it by such contributions ascircumstances seemed to warrant. I understand that my total gifts to the Universityof Chicago amount to nearly $35,000,000, that the gifts of others than Baptists directlyto the University total approximately $15,000,000, and those of still others to non-Baptist institutions contractually bound to the University, are upwards of $10,000,000more." In the light of these facts, while I by no means urge a change of policy on the partof the Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention (which I understandis now the legal name of the body which was incorporated in 1889, as the AmericanBaptist Education Society), yet if the Board of Education should think it wise to adoptmeasures for releasing the University from all or any of the denominational restrictionsin its Articles of Incorporation and in the tenure of its property, such action would meetwith my hearty concurrence.Very truly yours,(Signed) John D. Rockefeller"THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 227"7. WAIVER SIGNED BY BAPTIST DONORS TO THEFUNDS OF THE UNIVERSITY"In consideration of One Dollar to the undersigned in hand paid by the Universityof Chicago, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and of the execution of documentssubstantially similar in effect to this by other persons the undersigned does hereby,for himself, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, release and discharge thesaid University, its successors and assigns, from any covenant or condition to the effectthat the President of the said University and two-thirds of its Board of Trustees shallalways be members of Baptist churches, which was contained or implied in any deed,gift or gifts heretofore made to the University by him, and does hereby consent to anychange or changes in the charter deemed best by the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago, which shall or may eliminate the provisions therein which requirethat the President of the University and two-thirds of its Board of Trustees shallalways be members of Baptist churches."Thus far the pamphlet issued by the University and distributedMay 24. On Saturday, May 26, two days after the foregoing Statementand Request of the University had been distributed in the Convention atAtlantic City, the delegates met as the Board of Education and about3:30 p.m. the committee on the Relation of the University to the Boardof Education submitted its report in a series of resolutions grantingthe requests of the University exactly as presented.The University was fortunate in that Dr. Frederick E. Taylor, thepresident of the Convention, and Mr. C. S. Shank, the president-elect,were members of the committee and that other members of it stood highin the Convention's confidence. In submitting the report of the committee, Mr. Shank read at length from the University's pamphlet andended by reading the resolutions of the committee and moving theiradoption. The motion having been seconded, a substitute was immediately offered going much farther than the University asked or thecommittee proposed, removing all restrictions as to the presidency andthe Trustees and directing that a new deed be given the University inwhich there should be no conditions and no reversionary clause. TheConvention was evidently friendly to the University and disposed totreat it generously and it looked for a time as if the substitute would beadopted. After the discussion had gone on in a most friendly spirit, formore than an hour, the Convention came to see that the adoption ofthe substitute would amount to a complete divorce of the Universityfrom the denomination and the feeling entirely changed. It began to beevident that the Convention had no wish to sever its relations with theUniversity.The question began to be called for and having been put the substitute was rejected by an Aye and No vote of probably five to one. The228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmotion for the adoption of the report of the committee was then put andcarried by so large a majority that the chairman immediately said: "Themotion is carried and the report is adopted." By a vote of more thantwo to one the Convention thus declared that while it granted therequests of the University it did not wish to be separated from it or tolose it.The following is the report of the committee as submitted andadopted.REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE RELATION OFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO TO THE BOARDOF EDUCATION OF THE NORTHERNBAPTIST CONVENTION"Your Committee on the relation of the University of Chicago tothe Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention, appointedat the annual meeting of the Board of Education held in Denver in 1919,vacancies in the same having been duly filled by the Board of Managersof the Board of Education, begs leave to report that it has received fromthe University of Chicago, at the hands of a duly accredited Committee of its Board of Trustees, a communication entitled, "The Relationof the University of Chicago to the Board of Education of the NorthernBaptist Convention," containing certain requests and supplementarydocuments, which communication your Committee herewith submits tothe Board of Education, and respecting it presents the followingResolutions:"Resolved, That the said communication be received, and the 'Statement and Request from the University of Chicago/ being Part I of saidcommunication, and the appendix containing the 'Historical Documents'in the case, be entered on the Minutes of the present meeting of the Boardof Education."Resolved, That the Board of Education of the Northern BaptistConvention, in annual meeting duly assembled, approves and concurs ingranting in the manner hereinafter set forth the requests of the University of Chicago, and that the Board of Managers and respective Officersof the Board of Education are instructed and empowered duly to execute,acknowledge and deliver as the acts of this Board of Education of theNorthern Baptist Convention proper instruments containing thefollowing:"1. Formal approval of the revision of Article III. of the Articles ofIncorporation of the University of Chicago so as to increase the numberof trustees from twenty-one to twenty-five.THE NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION 229"2. Formal approval of the substitution of the following, viz:"At all times three-fifths of the trustees shall be members of Baptist Churches."for the fourth paragraph of Article III of said Articles of Incorporation,which now reads:"At all times two- thirds of the trustees, and also the president of the universityand of its said college, shall be members of regular Baptist Churches — that is to say,members of Churches of that denomination of Protestant Christians now usuallyknown and recognized under the name of the regular Baptist denomination; and, ascontributions of money and property have been and are being solicited, and have beenand are being made, upon the conditions last named, this charter shall not be amendedor changed at any time hereafter so as to abrogate or modify the qualifications of two-thirds of the trustees and the president above mentioned, but in this particular thischarter shall be forever unalterable."3. A deed to the University of Chicago, to all the property conveyedin the year 1891 to the University of Chicago by this Corporation underits prior name of the American Baptist Education Society, which deedshall be identical with that which was executed under date of August 24,,1 89 1, except that the fourth paragraph, being the habendum clause ofsaid prior deed, shall be amended and the fourth paragraph of the newdeed shall read as follows:"To have and to hold the same unto the said party of the second part, for its ownuse, forever, upon the express condition, however, that the said premises shall, for theperiod or term of one hundred (100) years from the date hereof, be used exclusively bythe said party of the second part for educational purposes, as the site of a college oruniversity, and upon the further express condition that the said party of the secondpart shall at no time alienate or mortgage the said premises for any debt or other purpose without the consent of the said party of the first part and upon the further expresscondition that the requirement as set forth in the Articles of Incorporation of the saidparty of the second part, as amended with the consent of the party of the first part inthe year 1923, to wit: that three-fifths of the trustees of the said party of the secondpart shall be members of Baptist Churches, shall be at all times complied with, and inthe event of the breach of any of these conditions, the title to the said premises shallrevert to the said party of the first part or its successor."Corwin S. Shank, ChairmanClarence A. BarbourClark W. ChamberlainHerbert F. StilwellFrederick E. Taylor, Committee"THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF ATOMIC COLLISIONS AND THE BUILDING ANDDISINTEGRATION OF ATOMS(RESEARCHES ON ATOMIC STRUCTURE— KENTCHEMICAL LABORATORY)By WILLIAM D. HARKINSAtoms constitute the alphabet of nature and those who wish to understand nature should know the alphabet. An atom is exceedingly minute,since it has a diameter a thousand times too small to allow one to beseen under an ordinary high-power microscope. If placed together alonga line in a single row, it requires about one hundred million atoms toreach one inch. In spite of their invisibility, atoms have been studiedfor a century. During the last two and a half decades methods havebeen developed which make it possible to determine the sizes of theseminute bodies, and even to study their structure. It has been foundthat an atom, whose name indicates it to be indivisible, actually is aminute replica of a solar system, in that it consists of a central sun,called the nucleus, around which from one to ninety-two planets, callednegative electrons, move in orbits, similar to those of the planets.Although the atom is small, its nucleus, which is charged with positiveelectricity, is so much smaller that there is enough space in an atom togive room for about eight billion or more nuclei. However, no atom contains more than one nucleus. Although the nucleus of an atom is soexceedingly small, its track through a gas, such as air, is easily madevisible as a brilliant line of light. The steps in the development of themethod are of interest since they are also the fundamental steps in theas yet slightly developed science of "rain-making." In 1870 Aitkenfound that he was not able easily to produce a cloud, which consists ofminute water drops, by suddenly expanding and thus cooling very clean,moist air. However, if dust is present, a cloud is immediately formed,since each dust particle serves as a nucleus for the formation of smallwater drops. Many years later, C. T. R. Wilson, an investigator atCambridge, England, found that water would also deposit upon electrically charged particles, such as electrons, or charged atoms. In arain cloud, practically every water drop has grown about an electricallycharged particle so that each drop carries a charge of negative or positive230THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF ATOMIC COLLISIONS 231electricity. Only a few months ago it was found by Professor Bancroft,of Cornell University, that a rain cloud or a fog can be quickly dispersedby dropping through it from an airplane sand charged with electricityof a sign opposite to that carried by the cloud.Still other simple discoveries are utilized in making atom tracksvisible. Atoms of radium and certain other radio-active substancesdisintegrate naturally by shooting of! the nuclei of helium atoms at speedsas high as 32,000 times that of the swiftest rifle bullet. They produce inthe air a straight and narrow line, strewn with atomic wreckage, whichconsists of negative electrons and of atoms of air from which the electronshave been torn. Such atoms are called positive ions, since unlike normalatoms, they are charged with positive electricity. If a helium nucleus,technically known as an alpha particle, shoots thus at high speed throughmoist air, which has just been cooled by a sudden expansion, a minutewater drop collects upon each of the several hundred thousand electricallycharged particles thus formed from the atoms lying directly in its path.Here use is made of a principle made prominent by the ultra-microscope:that a minute particle when brilliantly illuminated, seems much largerthan its actual size, so when illuminated by powerful electric arcs, theatom track appears as a brilliant, narrow, and slightly beaded, butcontinuous line of light. This is usually straight except near the end ofthe track where the speed of the particle slows down to only a few thousand miles a second. The atom tracks produced are easily photographedby the use of an ordinary camera, or by the use of a moving picturemachine.When we began the work upon the photographing of atom tracks,this method, first devised by Wilson and later improved by Shimizu, hadbeen utilized only slightly, since Wilson's method was very slow, andShimizu's modification, while rapid, did not give sufficiently bright tracks.The apparatus at Kent Laboratory, as constructed by R. W. Ryan, SwiftFellow, 1922-23, gives very brilliant tracks and is synchronized with amoving picture camera, so 3,000 distinct photographs, each of which givestwo views at right angles for each set of tracks, may be obtained in an hour.This rapid method seems to give promise as a means of studying one ofthe most fundamental problems of nature, that of the stability of atoms.This problem had already been the subject of study in this Laboratoryfor a decade, and the most fundamental principles of atomic stabilityhad already been discovered by other means, but it was considered thatthis method offered an excellent opportunity for still further expandingthe bounds of knowledge in this direction.2$2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWhen an atom is torn apart, in such a way as to lose one or more ofits outer or non-nuclear electrons, it is not said to be disintegrated, sinceit easily picks up electrons from the air and becomes a normal atom again.However, if the nucleus is disrupted, no human being knows how torestore it to its original state, and a disintegration is said to have occurred.Thus the stability or instability of an atom is attributed entirely to itsnucleus.In the year 1915, -the first definite theory of the composition andstructure of the nuclei of atoms, as intra-atomic compounds of hydrogenand helium, was published in contributions from this Laboratory. Thetheory made the interesting prediction that an atom is in general lessstable when the positive charge on its nucleus is an odd number thanwhen it is an even number. This theory was very quickly substantiatedby two lines of evidence. First, it was found that in the meteorites, andon earth, most of the atoms are those of even numbered elements, andelements of odd numbers are relatively rare. Second, in 1919 Sir ErnestRutherford was able to disintegrate the elements of odd numbers, 5, 7, 9,11, 13, 15, to give hydrogen, by bombarding atoms with high-speed alphaparticles, but he did not succeed in disintegrating any element of evennumber. This confirmed the theory, not only with respect to the typeof atom disintegrated, but it also was in accord with the definite prediction that the disintegration of atoms of odd numbers would give hydrogen.It does not seem improbable that helium, which is produced by thenatural disintegration of atoms, may also be obtained by artificial disintegration. Now it happens that the methods used by Rutherford are suchthat a disintegration to give helium would probably remain undetected.The photography of atom tracks, on the other hand, is certain to revealdisintegrations of this type, provided they occur with sufficient frequency.In order to disintegrate an atom, it is necessary to hit the nucleus, and inour experiments, high speed alpha particles have been shot through twentybillion atoms, with the remarkable result that only five very sharp hitshave been secured; that is, these are the only cases in which the alphaparticles have rebounded backwards. Figure 1 (Plate I) shows the firstsharp atomic collision ever obtained, though Shimizu had previouslysecured a photograph of one glancing blow.The alpha particle (nucleus of a helium atom) shoots upward (fromthe bottom of the figure) at a speed of ten thousand miles per second, hitsthe nucleus of an atom of nitrogen, and rebounds in a downward direction. The nitrogen nucleus, which is hit, shoots upward after thecollision, and leaves a visible track. It will be seen that at the point ofcollision three lines converge: (1) the track of the oncoming alphaFig. i. — Sharp collision of atom nuclei (on left)Fig. 2. — Sharpest atomic collision. Exhibits the characteristics of an atomicdisintegration.THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF ATOMIC COLLISIONS 233particle, (2) the track of the same particle after the collision, and(3) the track of the nucleus which is bombarded. That this nucleus isvery stable is shown by the fact that it does not break up, although it ishit by a particle of nearly one-third its own mass, traveling with manythousand times the speed of a rifle bullet.If the bombarded nucleus should be hit by a faster particle and at astill sharper angle, the conditions for disintegration would be more favorable. If the nucleus should break up, a fourth track would emerge fromthe point of collision, and this would be due to a fragment, probablyeither a hydrogen or a helium particle torn off in the disintegration of anitrogen nucleus. Figure 2 reproduces a photograph of the sharpestatomic collision ever observed, and here, remarkably enough, the fourthtrack, characteristic of artificial atomic disintegration, makes its appearance, but one photograph gives scarcely enough evidence to provedefinitely that a disintegration has occurred. The discussion of thisphotograph will be given soon in one of the scientific journals. Figure 3gives the tracks of two electrons which seem to be thrown out in abackward direction from atoms in the track of an alpha particle. Raysof this type have not been observed previously, since they are exceedingly rare. Figure 4 shows an interesting and more common type ofatomic collision.About eight years ago it was suggested independently by Rutherford,and in a publication from this Laboratory, that the element helium isformed from hydrogen by a process in which weight is lost, so it is saidthat there is a " packing-effect." One of the suggestions of our paper hasnow been developed into an astronomical theory which is exciting muchinterest. It was shown that if one pound of hydrogen, which costs onecent or less, were to be converted into helium, the amount of energy givenoff should be, according to the theory of relativity, equal to that given bythe burning of ten thousand tons of coal, enough energy to drive a battleship around the world or to heat a house of six rooms for a thousandyears. This reaction would probably be most likely to occur where thepressure and temperature are very high, as deep down in the sun. Itseems not improbable that this may be the most important source of thesun's heat.One of the most important phases of our earlier work has been thediscovery of a half dozen of the most fundamental relations which determine the stability of atoms, and these have been used to predict theexistence of a considerable number of unknown atomic species, twentyof which have already been found. It may be of interest to state thatthese relations show that in the building of atoms, nature greatly prefers234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDeven numbers to odd numbers. Thus in most atoms the numbers ofnegative electrons, or positive electrons, the atomic weight, and theelectrical charge of the nucleus, are all even. Of the even numbers, onewhich is divisible by four is given the preference over one which is divisible by two, but not by four.One of the most important of the atomic relations discovered in theLaboratory is the now well-known "Whole Number Rule," according towhich the atomic weight of any atom, except hydrogen, is very nearly awhole number. On the basis of this rule, it was predicted that all of theelements of even numbers higher than 28 would consist of a mixture ofseveral different types of atoms, technically known as isotopes. Thishas since been verified by experiment. It was also predicted that anumber of the light elements would also be found to be mixtures, andparticular attention was called to the element chlorine, one of the constituents of common salt.In 1916, we attempted to separate the supposed element chlorineinto different atomic substances or isotopes, by diffusing the gas throughthe stems of church-warden smoking pipes (clay pipes). This work wasstopped by the war, but in January, 1920, definite evidence was obtainedthat for the first time an element had been separated into visible andweighable parts of different atomic weights. Since then the elementmercury has been split apart in the same way. Experiments are nowbeing conducted upon zinc and cadmium.In connection with the general work upon the structure of the atom,there has been developed a new periodic system, which plays the samepart in connection with the atomic species, as the periodic system ofMendeleeff for the elements.A number of able workers, most of whom obtained the Ph.D. degree,have taken part in this work. The early theory was developed in collaboration with Dr. E. D. Wilson. Three distinct separations of theelement chlorine into isotopes were obtained, respectively, by C. E.Broeker, Anson Hayes, and T. H. Liggett, and similar separations of theelement mercury by R. S. Mulliken and S. L. Madorsky. Dr. Mullikenalso greatly advanced our knowledge of the theory of diffusion of gases.The atomic tracks given in the present paper were photographed by R. W.Ryan, and studies of the stability of atoms under powerful electricaldischarges at temperatures of 20,000 degrees centigrade or more havebeen carried out by S. K. Allison. The present work on isotopes isbeing carried on with the assistance of Messrs. Buckner, Mann, Sunier,and Mortimer, and plans have been partly drawn up for co-operativework in this connection with the Bureau of Standards, since isotopes are ofFig. 3. — Electrons shooting downward fromA new type of ray. alpha ray tracks at top of figure.Fig. 4. — A more frequent type of collisionTHE PHOTOGRAPHY OF ATOMIC COLLISIONS 235fundamental importance in connection with the establishment of theinternational standards of electrical resistance and electromotive forces.Mention should also be made of the important discovery of Dr. LesterAronberg, who received the Ph.D. degree in this Department in 1917.He found that isotopic elements have slightly different spectra, while anumber of noted investigators had previously reached the conclusion thatthey were identical. Dr. Aronberg's discovery has since been confirmed bya noted English spectroscopist. This particular work was the outgrowthof our ideas in connection with the study of atomic structure outlined inthe present paper, and its successful conclusion was due very largely tothe advice of Professor H. G. Gale in regard to the spectroscopic work.Three of the men who have taken part in this work will be NationalResearch Fellows in the Department of Physics at Harvard Universitynext year. In continuing work upon complex salts begun here, Dr.George L. Clark (Ph.D., 1918), working at Harvard, has discovered thebest method yet found for the determination of the positions of atomsin crystals. This is a noteworthy discovery.As an outgrowth of our work on the structure of atoms, and on thesize and shape of molecules a new theory of emulsions was published in191 7. In some emulsions, such as milk, oil occurs in drops inside water;in others, water is emulsified in oil. Both types of emulsions occur inthe animal body, so a theory which would explain the mechanism oftheir formation would be of fundamental importance to physiology.It was found that the molecules of substances most efficient as emulsifying agents act as though they are shaped like wedges. The best emulsifying agents are soaps, and the molecule of a soap has oxygen and ametal at one end, and an oil-like chain of carbon and hydrogen at theother. Now the soap molecules go into the boundary between an oil andwater, the " oil-like" end turning toward the oil, and the " water-like"end, which contains the metal and oxygen, turning toward the water. So,if the broader end of each wedge-shaped molecule is " water-like," thiswill curve the surface so that water will lie outside and drops of oil inside.If, on the other hand, the oil-like end is broader, the oil will lie outside,and the water inside. The wedge-like soap molecules fit into the curvature of the drop like the stones in an arch. There is now considerableevidence in support of the theory, which is now known as the "Orientation Theory of Emulsions."Since the above was written a second photograph somewhat similar tothat shown in Figure 2 has been secured. This also shows the characteristics of a photograph of an atomic disintegration. However, there is stillabout one chance in ten thousand that it is due to a multiple collision.THE OLDEST KNOWN FLOWERINGPLANTS OF AMERICABy ADOLF C. NOfiThe University of Chicago recently came into possession of a specimen which is the oldest known stem of a highly developed plant everfound in America or anywhere else in the world. It was found in a so-called coal ball from the O'Gara Mine, Number 9, of Harrisburg, Illinois.Coal balls are round lumps of limestone which form in a coal seam, andusually preserve plant tissues from carbonization. While all the vegetable matter around the coal ball becomes shapeless, amorph, black coal,the forms of life in microscopic minuteness are saved from destruction asfar as they are inclosed in the preserving limestone. If that limestoneball is taken out of the coal seam, and is cut into thin sections by a finediamond saw, and the thin sections in turn are ground until they becometransparent to light, then we can apply a high-power microscope to theseinfinitely fine sections, and we see the plant cells and fibers and organsin exc ctly the same forms as if they were still alive. Our whole knowledgeof the anatomy and morphology of the ancient plants which grew hundreds of millions of years ago is derived from these lumps which are foundin coal seams.The coal seams of England, France, and Germany have long ago beenthe object of careful searches for coal balls. Strange to say, here inAmerica where we have the largest coal deposits of the world, nobodypaid any attention to coal balls. It is true that they are not so obviousnor frequent as they are in England or Northern France, but the comparatively short search undertaken by the author in the summers of 192 1 and1922 produced a number of coal balls from Illinois and Kentucky, andfriends have sent him others from Texas. They are probably quite common in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Indiana, and must be found in thePennsylvania coal fields. The next few years will probably bring tolight a great number of these most interesting form of concretions.Among some coal balls which were collected by the State GeologicalSurvey of Illinois for the author, there was one which promised excellentresults. He turned it over to Mr. J. H. Hoskins, a graduate student whowas just ready to start on his Doctor's dissertation, and had him sectionand describe it. To the great amazement of teacher and student, the236OLDEST KNOWN FLOWERING PLANTS OF AMERICA 237stem of a flowering plant, or as we say in scientific vocabulary, anAngiospermic plant was discovered in the coal ball. The stem had acertain similarity to a cornstalk. Very minute examination of numerousthin sections from the stem was undertaken, and the preparations weresubmitted to the scrutinizing eyes of the members of the Botany Department of the University of Chicago, which is famous as a leader in thestudy of plant morphology. There was no doubt left that our stembelonged to a highly developed seed plant, and, strange to say, side byside with it were found fern stems and other plants of true coal-measuretype.The indisputable fact is established that some of the highest developedtypes of plants have lived at a time which is very close to the thresholdof known terrestrial plant life. We are accustomed to look upon plantevolution as a subject of converging lines of descent — lines which converge in the geologic periods lying between our time and that of the coalmeasures. Now we are forced to consider these lines as almost parallelinstead of visibly converging. Just as the sunbeams look parallel to us,but are converging to a focus which is immensely distant to us, so theseparallel lines, which represent the histories of the different great planttypes, seem to be parallel, but must converge somewhere in the infinitetime. No matter how far we go back in the records of plant and animallife on earth, we find highly developed types at the beginning; but wasit the beginning of life ? No, it is simply the beginning of life-records.Life must have existed hundreds, perhaps thousands of millions of yearsprevious to the oldest-known life-recording rocks. The space of timewhich elapsed between the coal measures and our time looks enormouslylong compared with human experience, and yet it was only a very smallfraction of the time in which terrestrial life has evolved. Formerly,geologic time was measured in millions, later in hundreds of millionsof years, and now it must be reckoned in thousands of millions of years.The discovery of highly developed flowering plants, which antedate probably by hundreds of millions of years the oldest flowering plants whichwere known to date, does not touch at the foundations of plant evolution,but merely emphasizes the relativity of our time conceptions as expressedin life-history on earth.The study of American coal balls promises to enlarge enormouslyour knowledge of ancient plant life. Considerable quantities of suchcoal balls have been secured of late, and every encouragement has beengiven for the development of this subject through appropriations by theUniversity, by the State Geological Survey, and by a grant from the238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNational Academy of Sciences in Washington. Already a considerableamount of fresh material has been secured, and the Botanical and Geological departments of the University of Chicago will, in the next few years,probably witness a number of new discoveries in the structure of fossilplants; and ten or fifteen years from hence, there will be a real Americanscience of fossil-plant morphology based on American material, insteadof an almost exclusively English and French fossil-plant morphology, asit has been up to now.-+.^^K ¦N0R1IAX WAIT HARRISNORMAN WAIT HARRISBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDOn the last day of June, 1922, I passed through the township ofBecket, Berkshire County, western Massachusetts, along the maineast-and-west motor road. At the close of the day we reached theadjacent village of Stockbridge, famous as the home of Jonathan Edwards.Writing a home letter in the evening, I said, "The Berkshire Hills are asbeautiful as they have been described to be." The natural beautyof the Berkshire hills has long been the pride of the inhabitants, thedelight of visitors, the inspiration of poets, and the theme of novelists,essayists, and historians. For two or three generations lovers of naturehave been building their country homes among these hills and everyyear thousands of visitors follow the winding motor roads through theenchanting valleys. The township of Becket lies on the eastern lineof Berkshire County among the hills and low ranges into which the GreenMountains of Vermont here descend. The township is a farming andgrazing country having a few centers, most of which, in accordance withthe New England fashion, have variations of the same name, Becket,Becket Centre, East Becket, West Becket, and North Becket. Thelast of these is a real village and in it is the Baptist church.It was in a small but picturesque farmhouse not far from NorthBecket that Norman W. Harris was born, August 15, 1846. The firstAmerican ancestors of the family were Thomas and Elizabeth Harris,who, migrating from England to Massachusetts, were, in 1630, residentsof Charlestown, which is now a part of Boston. Daniel Harris, the greatgrandfather of Norman, was one of the early settlers of Becket, movingthere from Plainfield, Connecticut, in 1788, a generation after the firstsettlement of the town. Nathan Wait Harris, Norman's father, was afarmer who worked his 240 acres of land with such intelligence and successthat he was able to retire at sixty, spending the rest of his life in the neighboring village where he died on his birthday, May 13, 1900, being justeighty-nine years old. He was a deacon of the Baptist church of NorthBecket for thirty years and served it as clerk and Sunday-school superintendent. He was so universally respected and trusted that he was madethe executor of many estates and was honored by the town with its highestpositions, altogether a father of whom his children might well be proud.239240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn March 31, 1836, he married Charity Emeline Wadsworth. TheWadsworths were among the original settlers of the town. No familystood higher in the community and it has had distinguished representatives in the nation. A Wadsworth mother gave to the world HenryWadsworth Longfellow, the poet, and one of the Wadsworth men wasGeneral James S. Wadsworth, who fell mortally wounded while leadinghis division with " distinguished intrepidity" in the Battle of the Wilderness.The mother of N. W. Harris was a worthy representative of theWadsworth family. While the father was a somewhat stern and dominating man, the mother was an embodiment of sweetness and light. Herdaughter, Martha Emeline Harris, from whose sketch of her brotherNorman many of these facts are borrowed, says that their mother "wasa rare woman of broad sympathies, a great reader who kept herself abreastof the times, although living on a farm, and was one who, with her warmand loving heart, surrounded her children with an atmosphere whichgreatly helped to soften the otherwise somewhat hard fines of theirlives. She exemplified what she often said should be true that the motherought to be the angel of the household." She was one of those mothersof whom it has been written: "Her children rise up and call her blessed."In the later years of her son Norman's life, at the annual Thanksgivingfamily gathering the members of the party were called upon to mentiontheir great occasions for thanksgiving. Mr. Harris when his turn cameto speak said reverently: "My mother."There were four children in the family: D wight J., the oldest,Flavel, Norman W., and Martha Emeline, the youngest. The olderbrother and the sister are still living, the brother, Dr. D. J. Harris, beingnow in his eighty-fifth year. The sister makes her home with him.Norman was one of those restless, energetic, irrepressible infants,who, as soon as they can walk, must be constantly on the move and mustbe watched with ceaseless vigilance. The strange world into which hehad come aroused his curiosity and he wanted to explore everythingwithin his reach. He had to be kept continually in sight lest he shouldrun into danger. As he grew into boyhood he found himself in a wonderful country of wooded hills and winding valleys, of clear flowing brooksand beautiful lakelets, which excited his curiosity and furnished fieldsfor his activity. The district schoolhouse was across the road from hisfather's barn and there he became, as a matter of course, a pupil. Inthose earlier years, however, he had little use for books. The wondersof the outdoor world were far more interesting to him than reading andNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 241spelling. The farm with its cows, sheep, and horses, the woods, thebrooks, and the ponds were the books he studied. The big dog, who,harnessed, churned the butter, the grove of maples which supplied thefamily with most of its sugar, the woodchucks which he trapped insummer, the pickerel for which he fished through the ice in winter, theheavy snowfalls which sometimes drifted to the eaves of the one-storyhouse, affording the excitement and sport of digging a tunnel to the outside world, all these things, with the work of the farm, gave him his earlyeducation.The father was a hard-working man and believed in bringing up hissons to labor, and they were early introduced to all the work of a NewEngland farm. Perhaps the most tedious and monotonous of all thetoil was the picking up and gathering into piles of the inexhaustiblequantities of stones which covered all the fields. It seems as thoughtheir father went too far, when, in addition to all the other work, herequired them "to attend to the stock in the barn across the road fromthe schoolhouse during the recess play hour and at noon in the winter."But such was the apprenticeship of the Harris boys to industry.Though in his earlier years Norman must have been a trial to histeachers, for he would not study, it should not be supposed that he wasa frivolous, irresponsible lad. He was a real boy whose intellectualnature and spiritual life were not yet awake. This awakening camewhen he was eleven years old. At that time the great religious revivalof 1857 swept over our country. It was felt in Becket, and Normanand his brothers experienced its spiritual awakening and united withthe North Becket Baptist Church. The religious interest then bornin his heart, with the ebb and flow all of us experience, continued to theend of his life and made him the Christian man he came to be. It wasaccompanied or followed, as so often happens, by a corresponding awakening of his intellectual life. The little district school was fortunate enoughto secure a real teacher who was in love with his work. He spent muchtime in the Harris home and inspired Norman with a love for studyand an ambition for an education. The boy became eager to fit himselffor college and for many years thereafter his dearest hope was to makehis way through college and become a lawyer. His father, however, toldhim that he could only give the oldest son, Dwight, a college educationand that he expected Norman to stay on the farm. Dwight was thenattending the Connecticut Literary Institute at Suffield, thirty milesfrom home, going later to the University of Michigan and becoming aphysician.242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe father, though an intelligent and conscientious man, did notquite understand his youngest son, Norman. The boy had an innategenius for business, and as his afterlife proved, for big business. It wasnot strange that this was hid from his farmer father, though the two hadone business transaction that was highly suggestive. The following isthe story as his sister, Miss Harris, tells it:Sheep were kept on the farm and Norman was very fond of them. Once, whentwo lambs were sick, his father told him and his brother Flavel that if they would takecare of them and they lived, each might have the one he cared for as his own, and thatthey might have the increase, they letting him have the wool. The lambs bothrecovered and in time Norman's had a pair of twins and those twins had twins. Thiscontinued at such a rate that his father finally said that he could no longer continuehis offer as Norman's flock would soon outnumber his own, but offered to buy them.Norman did not accept this proposition, but paid sometimes his father and sometimesa neighbor for caring for them, he all the time keeping a most careful account of expensesand receipts. This was his first business venture and he always looked back to it asthe first round on his ladder to success.With the awakening of his mind and his new thirst for knowledgethe boy had begun to read books. He developed a love for reading thatcontinued through life. He became, as the treasures of literature wereunfolded to him, a great reader of books. His mother, herself a lover ofbooks, encouraged and helped him. A series of sea tales fell into hishands, perhaps J. Fenimore Cooper's, and since he could not go to collegehe determined to go to sea. He could no longer be happy on the farm.He was made for active life in the world of business. His father did notknow, nor did he, just what the matter was. He thought he wanted tosail the seven seas and grew more and more discontented at home. Hehad to get away. His father feared he was lacking in steady purpose andwas troubled about his son's future. The misunderstanding betweenthem increased. The break came one day when his father had left homefor Westfield, twenty-five miles distant, after refusing the boy's requestto go with him. Norman went to his father's money box and, takingthe exact sum due him, ran away from home. He made of course fora seaport and, with a wisdom beyond his years he engaged for a shortvoyage instead of a long one that he might make sure whether he reallywanted to follow the sea or not. He had been so well brought up andhad so clean a mind that the blasphemies and obscenities of the sailorsquickly disillusioned him and at the end of the short voyage he left theship permanently cured of any longing for a lif e on the ocean wave. Greathad been the excitement and distress at home over his disappearance. Aletter to his mother from New Haven took his father post-haste to thatNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 243city. He was compelled to start for home with no news of the runaway,but it so happened that the boy returned on the same train, though hecarefully avoided his father till the home station was reached.When the Civil War came on in 1861 young Harris was not yet fifteenyears old, but filled with patriotic ardor he was anxious to enlist. Naturally enough his father would not consent that a mere lad of fourteenshould venture on the toils and dangers of war. But he would not bedenied. The truth was that the farm was no place for him. He wasunhappy on it. He felt "cribbed, cabined and confined," and longedto get out into the world of men, not knowing at all what that worldwas. It ended in his again running away from home and attemptingto enlist. He was so evidently too young for army service that he wasrejected. That he did not simply wish to get away from home was shownby his immediate return. His mother now begged him never to "runaway" again, but when the time came that he could stay no longer totell his father and "go like a man." After earning a little money inan agency for the sale of photograph albums in which he was very successful, he asked his father's permission to attend the Westfield Academy,a few miles southeast across the Green Mountain hills. The father againrefused to help him, but the mother came to his assistance with money ofher own, and the matter was arranged and he attended the academylong enough, it is said, to graduate in 1863.Meantime his ambition to get into the war continued and increased.Mindful of his mother's entreaty he determined to go "like a man" andone night in the spring of 1864, as he started for bed he handed his fathera letter telling him that he was going the next morning to Pittsfield (a fewmiles northwest) to enlist. In some way during the night the father waspersuaded not to make an issue with his son and in the morning noobjection being made he started for Pittsfield. Boys were then receivedinto the army at eighteen and though young Harris lacked five monthsof that age he was not far wrong, when, to the recruiting officer's question:"You are about eighteen, are you not?" he answered, "Yes." It wasin this way that on March 18, 1864, he became a member of the Fifty-seventh Massachusetts Infantry. After going into camp at Worcesterhe was taken down with measles. The disease was made so serious bya cold that tuberculosis was feared. He was invalided home and hisregiment went without him into that inferno which began in the Battleof the Wilderness and ended at Appomattox with a loss in killed andwounded in less than a year's service which was exceeded by that ofonly two regiments during the war.244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt being by this time understood that Norman would not be a farmerhis father formally gave him his liberty to work out his own career inthe following document which illustrates a father's right to his son'stime and earnings at that period in Massachusetts.North Becket, Mass., May 3d, 1865This is to certify, I, Nathan W. Harris, am the father of Norman W. Harris, andI, the said Nathan W. ha^ve given to the said Norman W. his time until the said NormanW. shall be twenty-one years of age, and I, the said Nathan W. will make no claimon the said Norman W. for his wages, and I, the said Nathan W. will not be responsiblefor any debts that the said Norman W. may contract.Nathan W. HarrisNorman was then eighteen years old. Two weeks before he hadcompleted the prescribed course of study in the Ames BusinessCollege of Syracuse, New York. After securing this release he undertook to sell life insurance for a New York company and after makinga complete failure, at the end of six weeks he gave up his job, telling themanager that he could not sell insurance. The manager told him tostick to it, but to go west and grow up with the country. He took thisadvice and in 1865 went to Cincinnati as soliciting agent for the Massachusetts Mutual. He was not then, at eighteen, the well-dressed, fine-looking, cultivated-appearing man he later became. He had spenthis life on a New England farm and three other young men in the office,city bred, took him for a green country boy and thought they would havesome fun with him. They told him they were anxious to help him and eachof them gave him the address of a man who might want insurance. Hereceived their proffers gratefully and started out at once to find one ofthe men named. The first address led him to a shoestore kept by a Jewwhere repairing was done. Without speaking of insurance he boughta pair of shoe strings for a cent and a few days later went in again andrepeated the purchase. A day or two later he took a shoe to be repaired,spending all told twelve cents. On this visit the Jew approached himand said: "I see you coming in and buying things. What is yourbusiness ? " "Life insurance," said Mr. Harris, whereupon the man toldhim that he had been so tormented by agents trying to dragoon him intotaking insurance that he had ended by driving them out of the store,and asked why his customer had said nothing to him about it. Mr.Harris answered in effect: "You are a business man and know whereto get the best of anything you want, and if you wanted insurance youwould come to my office." Thereupon the storekeeper began to askquestions and ended by taking out a policy for $10,000. He then said,NORMAN WAIT HARRIS 245"I have a friend to whom I would like to introduce you." The friendproved to be the second name on his fist and he also eventually took$10,000, and said, "I want to take you to a friend of mine." I cannotbring myself to spoil a good story because it seems too good to be true,but the fact is that this friend was the third man on the list his officeassociates had so kindly given him and he also took $10,000 insurance.All three had been so untactfully pursued and pestered by his fellow-solicitors that they had finally driven them out of their stores. Thisexperience helped to make him the insurance expert he became.When he was nineteen Mr. Harris, in company with a partner, wasput in charge of the district of West Virginia and southeastern Ohio.His partner looked after the office and kept the accounts while he didthe more important field work. At the end of a few months he discoveredthat his partner had stolen $1,000 of the receipts. Being assured bya lawyer that although as a partner he was responsible for the wholeamount of the loss, the company could not collect from him because hewas not of age, he replied that he would never plead the baby act. Hemet his responsibility "like a man." He returned to Cincinnati, saw thegeneral agent, made good the $1,000 from his savings and found himselfwith a balance of $40. In telling this story many years later to an audience of young men he said: "I saw my ambition wrecked, my collegecourse gone and I comparatively a stranger in a western city." Hehad lost his savings and the college course on which his heart had beenset, but he had gained the invaluable asset of a reputation for both integrity and ability.Seldom has a young man shown the development which this farmboy exhibited in the year and a half succeeding his arrival in Cincinnati.When he reached that city he had thus far failed as an insurance man andhis associates in the office looked upon him as a good subject for theirpractical jokes. One year later he was appointed general agent of theCincinnati office of the New York Equitable Life Insurance Company.In the spring of 1867 the Union Central Life Insurance Company wasorganized in Cincinnati and elected him secretary and manager. Hewore a beard and looked older than he was, but he was still a boy inyears, being only twenty years old. Some of the directors, later learninghis age, were much disturbed, feeling that it was a serious mistake tointrust the launching and development of so important an enterpriseto a boy. They went to him and frankly stated their anxiety and itscause and suggested that he resign his position. He said to them, "Iagree with the committee that I am too young and inexperienced for246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis very important position, but having accepted it I cannot resign. Iwill work, work night and day, for the balance of the year for the successand honor of the Union Central." Mr. Harris must have had eventhen, something of that magnetic and convincing personality that wonmen's confidence, and the committee went away satisfied. And heredeemed his promises. He pared expenses to the bone. He workedday and night. He developed the promise of business abilities of thehighest order. When the end of the year came there was no questionof his resigning.Two years after the organization of the company a young man namedElbert P. Marshall became Mr. Harris' assistant. Forty-two yearslater, at the dedication of the new building of the Harris Trust andSavings Bank in Chicago, Mr. Marshall, then vice-president of theinsurance company in which they had begun life together, said:Whether in his office or on the street, in the railway train or in his home, insurancewas a constant theme and "our company/' he would constantly say, "we must makethe best in the land." .... There were four rival Cincinnati companies at that earlydate, each struggling for existence. Finally, in 18 71 the rivalry ended and for us thevictory was won, for all were absorbed in the Union Central — a clear case of the survivalof the fittest. Then in 1873 came the great Jay Cooke panic, and long, weary, waitingyears followed It was a dark time for life insurance. Of seventy companiesreporting to the New York Life Insurance Department in 1870, at the end of thatdepression forty had fallen by the wayside. It was during this period of financialdepression and dark days of life insurance that the genius and resourcefulness of Mr.Harris were exhibited in a marked degree. I could recount many instances of hisskill displayed in solving the many problems coming before us in those memorabledays. There were problems of taxation, hostile legislation to be headed off, and evenmore hostile state officials who were seemingly bent upon strangling the youngcompany When Mr. Harris and his brother, Dr. D. J. Harris, who was thenhead of our mortgage loan department, severed their connection with the Union Centralin 1 88 1 the records show that the company then had about $9,000,000 outstandinginsurance. The total assets were $1,600,000 and its income for that year was $400,000..... At the end of those years Mr. Harris was almost a physical wreck and only atrip to Europe and several months of absolute rest from business saved his life.The country boy from the Becket farm had redeemed his promise tothe directors who were troubled over letting a minor undertake the launching of an insurance company in which their funds were invested and whichthey hoped to make one of the great companies of the country. Hehad worked day and night according to his promise and had worn himselfout, but he had wrought out a wonderful success and proved himself oneof the ablest insurance men in the land. Continuing along the fines onwhich he had organized and developed it the Union Central has becomeone of the leading insurance companies of the United States. BeginningNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 247at twenty years of age, a boy, who only a few months before had lefthis father's farm — this record of achievement was nothing less thanextraordinary. The United States Review said of his work, "It is, webelieve, for a man of his years, wholly unprecedented in the life insurancehistory of this country."It was just before he took charge of the affairs of the Union Centralthat Mr. Harris was first married. Attending one Sunday a service ina Methodist church in Cincinnati he saw in the choir a young woman whoso attracted him that he asked the friend who was with him if he knewwho she was. He did not and young Harris, then nineteen years old,said, "Well, I shall find out who she is." This he did, found that hername was Jacyntha Vallandingham, got acquainted and fell in love withher, and, his affection being returned, they were married January 1, 1867,when he was only twenty years old. He matured early and began lifeyoung. Two sons who lived were born to Mr. and Mrs. Harris inCincinnati. The older son was Albert Wadsworth Harris who grewup in his father's later business in Chicago, succeeded to the presidencyof the Harris Trust and Savings Bank and later to the chairmanship ofthe board of directors. The second son was Norman Dwight Harris,who elected to follow scholarly pursuits instead of business, became aDoctor of Philosophy of the University of Chicago and later head ofthe department of political science of Northwestern University. Thesesons while yet very small boys were left motherless, Mrs Harris dyingat the end of seven and a half years, July 22, 1873.On January 28, 1875, Mr. Harris married Clara Cochnower, thedaughter of John Cochnower, a banker of Cincinnati who was also president of the Union Central Insurance Company. The second Mrs. Harrislived less than a year and a half after her marriage, dying July 1, 1876.The sister, Martha E. Harris, who had been a very successful teacher,now gave up her own career and went to her brother's relief and madea home for him and his two boys for the next three years.On April 21, 1879, Mr. Harris married at Newton, New Hampshire,Emma Susan Gale, a daughter of Dr. Jonathan Greeley Gale, of thatplace. Mrs. Harris was two years younger than her husband and survivedhim after a married life of thirty-seven years. Their children were onedaughter and two sons. The daughter, Pearl Emma, married MurdochHaddon MacLean who later became a vice-president of the Harris Trustand Savings Bank. The two sons were Hayden Bartlett Harris, wholeft the Harris organization to carve out an independent business career,and Stanley Gale Harris now representing the bank in San Francisco.248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThere is one interesting incident in the life of Mr. Harris in Cincinnatiinto the details of which I do not enter, though it led to important resultsin his after-fife. He belonged to a Baptist family and was himself amember of a Baptist church and active in its work. He reached someconclusions as to Baptist polity which are now widely accepted, but werethen, fifty years ago, displeasing to the deacons of his church. Thematter came up for discussion in the Bible class to which he belonged andto avoid making trouble he withdrew from the church and joined theMethodist church, and, though he never lost his interest in the denomination of his youth and early manhood, he became a loyal, influential,and highly useful member of that church.When in 1 88 1 Mr. Harris retired from the conduct of the Union Central Life Insurance Company with health shattered by fourteen years ofstrenuous devotion to its interests, he sought restoration in six months'rest and recreation abroad. He had already made up his mind to enteron a new career and to found a new business in Chicago, which had becomethe financial center of the West. He did not take a vacation, therefore,but definitely gave up his connection with the company and left theinsurance business. Returning from his trip abroad with restoredhealth he did not go back to Cincinnati, but went to Chicago, makinghis home in Evanston. There his daughter Pearl and his son Haydenwere born. After living a few years in Evanston he moved to 368LaSalle Avenue, Chicago, where his youngest son Stanley was born,and later built a handsome house at 4520 Drexel Boulevard which becamethe permanent family residence.When Mr. Harris went to Chicago to establish himself in a newbusiness that city bore little resemblance to the metropolis of today. Itwas a comparatively small town having a population of about half amillion instead of the nearly 3,000,000 to which it has grown. Therewere then about twenty national and state banks. There are now ninetimes as many, about 180. "The bank deposits of 1923 largely exceed$2,000,000,000. In 1881 they were less than one-fiftieth the presentaggregate, about $50,000,000.When Mr. Harris went to Chicago, about the beginning of 1882,he was still a young man, thirty-five years old. But he had a thoroughbusiness education and training. His all important preparatory discipline was over and he was ready to enter on his real career. One-half his life was past. The other half was before him. In all thebusiness qualities that make for success he was well equipped. Wellacquainted with business methods he had, also, courage, foresight,NORMAN WAIT HARRIS 249energy, patience, persistence, integrity, all that goes to make up character, together with high intelligence and indomitable purpose. Materiallyhe was not well equipped. He had accumulated about $20,000 to investin any new enterprise and his brother, Dr. D. J. Harris, who was to be hispartner would put in half as much, a scant $30,000 all told.Mr. Harris had had an inspiration, a vision of a new business enterprise, the possible success of which seemed to him so great that he fearedto communicate it to any one lest he should seem a mere dreamer ofdreams. He told the story briefly thirty years later in speaking at theopening of the new building of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank.He then said:Beginning in the year 1867 1 commenced traveling over the Central West and laterthrough the South. I also made two trips to Europe, spending some six months eachtime. I became greatly impressed with the future development that was sure to takeplace in our West and South, for I felt assured, from my observation of the thicklypopulated condition of Europe as well as of the population of the Eastern States, thatthe rich country of the West and South would not long remain so slighdy developed.I considered very carefully the numerous and great improvements that must of necessity be made: the schoolhouses, the public roads and bridges, the water works andsewerage plants, and the public improvements in general for the growing towns andcities; and when I had gathered together some figures on the subject the amount ofmoney that would be required was so enormous as to be almost beyond conception.I did not show these estimates to anyone — not even to my brother, Dr. Harris, whobecame my first partner. I feared that he would think I was out of my head. Thequestion then arose in my mind, How was all this great sum to be secured ?In 1 88 1, after resigning my position as secretary of the Union Central Life InsuranceCompany of Cincinnati, in the organization and development of which I had taken anactive part since 1867, 1 decided to go into the banking and investment business witha special view of buying bonds in the West and selling them entirely in the East. Ivisited this city and investigated the financial situation here. I called upon Mr. S. M.Nickerson, the president of the First National Bank .... now under the managementof the ablest banker of the West, President Forgan.Mr. Nickerson I had previously known. I went over with him in detail myfinancial condition, my experience, and my aspirations. On my second interviewwith Mr. Nickerson he advised me to locate in Chicago and said if I would do so hisbank would loan to me, upon any securities that I would buy, such funds as I mightrequire in addition to my own, and also that the First National would refer to us thenumerous parties who applied to them desiring to sell outside bonds, as they onlydealt in government, Cook County, and listed railway bonds. He most faithfullykept his part of the arrangement and I wish on this occasion to acknowledge my greatobligation to the First National Bank of Chicago. A large part of our early successwas due to their often expressed faith and confidence in our ability, honesty, and goodfaith.At that time I was greatly impressed with the fact that bonds would be availablefrom the West during all my lifetime, but the great question to solve was how to findthe investors who would buy them.250 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThis he believed he could do and make such a business as he proposedto conduct profitable.It was an inspiration of business genius. Mr. Harris had a newand great idea. Not that dealing in bonds was a new idea. Of courseit was not. But he saw the greatness of the opportunity, as few othersdid, and thought he saw how to improve it in a big way. He foresawa vast output of bonds for the development of the West and Southwestcoming on, for which a market must be created. There was in Chicagoat that time no bond-investing public, or almost none. The possibleinvestors were in the East, but they had small confidence, or none, inwestern securities, municipal and corporation bonds. A market had tobe created. Mr. Harris proposed to make himself and his house the agentof those issuing bonds for the development of the West and of easternpurchasers as well, serving both parties with the same fidelity. Hewould purchase issues of bonds, but they must be of the highest quality.In the interest of a possible eastern investor, a thousand miles away,who had no means of knowing anything about their value, he proposed,by the most searching investigation, to satisfy himself of the value of allbonds offered by him, to see that they were amply secured, legally authorized, properly worded and properly executed so that the interests of thosewho bought them should be safeguarded at every point. It was notquick success he looked for, big sales of anything that could be foistedon the market, but by making the interests of investors his own and byscrupulous integrity, he intended to win a reputation for reliability andintegrity that would, in the long run, assure large success.At the same meeting at which Mr. Harris spoke, Albert G. Farr,first employee and later partner, said on this point:We had all sorts of experiences. We had to contend with officials not familiarwith the laws, and not familiar with what bonds should be. We not only had to lookout for the legality, but we had to look out carefully for marketable qualities. Wehad to look out for the semi-annual payments, as against the farmer's once a year. Wehad to look out for metropolitan payment, in New York or Chicago We hadto educate officials as best we might. We had to work at the legislatures to get betterlaws. We certainly did our share in getting those limitations on debt which so manyof our younger Western States now have.And so the new enterprise was launched. The capital, as has beensaid, was about $30,000, the accumulation of fourteen years in the insurance business. The amount seems woefully inadequate for the undertaking on which he was entering. I have quoted from him the mannerin which it was augmented by the help of Mr. Nickerson and theFirst National Bank. But when one considers that connectionsNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 251had to be made in the Flast for the sale of the bonds purchased in theWest it is easy to see that in the early years of the business there musthave been times when things went very hard. Mr. Harris knew whatwas before him and opened his office and began business in very modestquarters. He engaged deskroom in the law office of Willard and Driggsin the old Ashland Block at 59 Clark Street.Mr. Farr said:The office force, the first few hours, consisted of Mr. N. W. Harris himself. Alittle later your speaker [i.e., Mr. Farr who was a young lawyer in the law office]was added. A few days later we had a messenger and office boy, Mr. Albert W.Harris. A little later we had a real company when Dr. Harris joined us as the firstpartner of Mr. N. W. And so we went on.At the end of six months the business required more room and wastransferred to the Howland Block, 176 South Dearborn Street. Aftertwo years and a half necessary expansion took them to the old MontaukBlock, where is now the Monroe Street end and entrance of the FirstNational. After four years and a half the growing business found largerquarters in the Crilly Building at 163 Dearborn Street. In all thesechanges of location they kept very close to the First National. AsMr. Farr tells it:We used to put on our letter heads at 176 Dearborn, "Howland Block, oppositethe First National." We used to put on our letter heads in the Montauk Block,"Adjoining the First National." At 163 Dearborn, again, we said, "Opposite the FirstNational." What Mr. Harris has said tonight has shown you that there was a reason..... An event in the bond world was a case of competition in an award in Indiana,where, to win, I telegraphed to Mr. Harris late one day, "The only way for us to getthese bonds is to lay down $98,000 in greenbacks tomorrow morning." Mr. Harriswent to the First National Bank, and through that institution the money came. Ihad the money the next morning. You can see plainly that in those days we werenot only sometimes "adjoining" and sometimes "opposite" the First National Bank,but in a very intimate sense we were "next" to the First National Bank.When, in the spring of 1882, Mr. Harris began, with insufficientcapital, his new and doubtful enterprise, he became, at the same timethe representative of the Provident Life and Trust Company of Philadelphia for the states of Illinois and Indiana in the making of real estateloans. This was an anchor to windward to hold the ship safe againstpossible storm in getting the business of buying and selling bonds profitably under way. His older brother, Dr. D. J. Harris, having hadcharge of the loan department of the Union Central Life InsuranceCompany of Cincinnati, was an expert in dealing in farm mortgages andhe now joined his younger brother as the first partner in the firm of N. W.Harris and Company. In the early years this was the larger end of the252 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbusiness and for a time it looked as though it might remain so permanently. But N. W., as he came to be known in the house, never lost hisfaith in the final large outcome of the business of the buying and sellingof bonds, which was the one thing he had in mind from the outset. Aboutthose early years Dr. Harris writes me:My brother's special work was visiting cities, towns, etc., for the purpose of buyingmunicipal bonds. He also, in the very early years, went East frequently to make salesof the bonds. Mr. Farr had been employed by my brother to assist him in a generalway. Later on he was regarded as N. W.'s lieutenant and supplemented him wonderfully. He was taken into the firm as a partner in 189 1. In those early days, if N. W.was away Mr. Farr or I did his work, and if I was away N. W. or Mr. Farr looked aftermine.Slowly at first, but surely, the business of buying and selling bondsincreased. The first real place of business, after the original desk spacein the law office, was one room, perhaps fifteen by twenty-five or thirtyfeet, with only one window beside the window in the door. Here thenew business was carried on for two and a half years. Then, as it beganto increase, more commodious quarters were secured in the Montauk.It became in three or four years a real business with so promising a futurethat Mr. Harris began to consider the establishing of an eastern branch.The West was developing rapidly and public improvements were everywhere in contemplation or under way. More and more municipal bondswere seeking purchasers. The time had not yet come when Chicagocould absorb any large part of them. As a result bond issues could bebought at prices that made dealing in them very profitable, if they couldbe sold. By frequent personal bond-selling tours through New EnglandMr. Harris had satisfied himself that in the accumulated capital of theEast there was a market. Wealth was only waiting to be shown opportunities of safe and profitable investment. He had learned the businessthoroughly, understood the situation, and proceeded to improve theopportunity.In 1886 he took the very important step of opening a branch officein Boston. Why in Boston instead of New York I do not know.Perhaps, because New York was too much absorbed in stock-jobbingoperations and great railroad bond deals. Among the speakers at theopening of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank Building in 191 1 wasIsaac Sprague, the head of the Boston business, who said:Of course in Boston as in Chicago our reminiscences center around Mr. N. W.Harris. I remember very well my first meeting with him In a very small backoffice behind a stock broker's office .... I had an interview with Mr. Harris As soon as I saw him I felt that I had come into the presence of a leader of men, a manof distinction, a man of mark in whatever company he might be, in whatever businessNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 253he took up. We only talked a short time, but he outlined in a general way the businessplan which he had little more than started then. It appealed to me strongly That meeting with Mr. Harris was almost the best thing, if not the very best, thathas ever come into my life Mr. Harris came to Boston frequently I remember,particularly, the first time he came after that first interview, he nearly got me into astate of nervous prostration. In fifteen minutes he could tell of more things that hewanted done and that ought to be done than any man could do in a month Mr.Harris furnished the energy for our organization. He was the generating station andthe rest of us the distributing plant When you bear in mind that we werehandling western municipal bonds, no eastern securities at all, no railroad bonds andno corporation bonds, and that the western municipal bonds were mostly those ofcounties, school districts, and small cities, and that .... people did not know muchabout them, you can realize that it was quite a task to start and build up a businessentirely from the beginning. Just to show you how it worked out, the first threesalesmen that we engaged left us after working from a few weeks to a few monthswithout any of them selling any bonds.When Mr. Harris sent a salesman, who had had two or three years training in the Chicago office, to assist the able men in charge at Boston, thenew business quickly became a success. The year following the opening ofthe Boston office N. W. Harris and Company made bond sales aggregating$3,400,000. It had become a successful and profitable concern and wasgathering momentum every day. I cannot here tell the history of theBoston office. The office force of two in 1886 had multiplied to onehundred and twenty- two in 1922. Its sale of bonds the first year reacheda total of $1,014,930.70. In 1922 the sales were running at the rate ofover one hundred times that amount.Mr. Harris was not slow to learn the necessity of training salesmenfor their work. He therefore made the home office a real training school.Chicago gradually became a field for the sale of bonds and there theyoung men who aspired to be salesmen worked under the inspiration ofthe master. I have been much impressed by a statement of one of theseyoung men. He writes:When I entered the employ of N. W. Harris and Company, Mr. Harris was inCalifornia. Within a few days, however, his thought of his business associates wasmanifested by the arrival of a box of luscious oranges which were distrbuted generously to all the officers and employes. When Mr. Harris arrived later his appearancesent a thrill of energy all down the line from the partners to the lowest office boy.There was a magnetism about Mr Harris' personality that was impelling. His frank,open face, his good nature and kindly manner, with the energy of his movements, allinspired instant confidence. As he moved about the office he gave the impression ofboundless energy and accomplishment. He was a veritable Rock of Gibraltar in motion.Under such a master men learned fast. They were intensivelytrained. And after they were trained he sent them East to tell othermen how to do it and inspire them with the spirit of the house.254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe business grew. By 1890 the annual sales reached six or sevenmillion dollars. More and larger issues of bonds were being put out inthe West and Mr. Harris and his partners decided that the time had cometo open a branch office in New York. In the Chicago house Arthur M.Harris, the son of one of the partners, Dr. D. J. Harris, had passed anapprenticeship in the business, and was now twenty-five years old. Inan address at the opening of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank Buildinghe said:It was in the summer of 1890 that N. W. Harris said to me, "I desire you to go toNew York and look for a suitable office where we can open headquarters for the saleof bonds .... New York being the financial center there is a large business to bebuilt up, especially in New York City, for the sale of securities." We opened ourfirst office in a small room on the third floor at 15 Wall Street and began businessthe last of October.They did not stay long on Wall Street. The rapid growth of the businesscompelled them to find larger quarters, and Mr. Harris did not wantto have his house connected in the public mind with Wall Street.In one of his inspired moments Mr. Harris had induced a younglawyer, Allen B. Forbes, to give up the law in 189 1 and enter the house.Mr. Forbes was in the Corporation Buying Department in Chicagountil 1900, when he went to New York as head of that office. Under hismanagement the business developed in an extraordinary way. In theaddress in 191 1 Arthur M. Harris speaking of this development said:I well remember a month when the total number of sales was eleven (four ofwhich were governments) and the total amount sold $59,000. That sounds strangecompared with daily figures ranging from $100,000 to $2,000,000 and over.In concluding his address, turning to the head of the house he said:Mr. Harris, the great success of your New York Office has been due to the factthat, as in selecting your men here in Chicago, to be retained here or later sent tous, the consideration has always been, first character, second ability; so those samemen sent to us have chosen the men for New York for identically the same reasons.In the case of Mr. Forbes, character and ability were so united asto produce a very exceptional man. When he went to New York in1900 he was made a member of the firm. In 191 1 that office was incorporated as Harris, Forbes & Co. and on January 1,1916, this also becamethe name of the Boston branch. The business having come to coverthe whole of the United States naturally overflowed into the Dominionof Canada. The Canadian office was opened in Montreal on December19, 1912, and in 1921 became Harris, Forbes & Co., Limited. An officewas opened in Toronto and the same history of success and expansionthat marked all the other departments of the great business attended theCanadian office from the beginning.NORMAN WAIT HARRIS 255When Mr. Harris began his business he specialized in municipalbonds, buying them only after the most careful investigation. Later thescope of the business was enlarged to include the securities of railroads,public utility, and other corporations, and the Chicago house developedinto a bank. Very recently the house has published Forty Years ofInvestment Banking. Speaking of these securities, it says:The investigations preceding the purchase of corporation bonds are even moreexacting than for municipal issues. Not only are the earnings and the relation of thevalue of the physical property to the bonded debt carefully checked, but the characterof the management, its relations with its customers and the public, the future of theindustry as a whole, and the prospects of the particular corporation involved areall fully looked into.Mr. Harris always said to his associates:Spare no expense to get the best lawyers, engineers, accountants, etc.—look foronly the weak points, the strong ones will come out any way. We can't hope to handleall the good issues, but we want to use all our efforts and ingenuity not to handle anyof the bad ones.In speaking of the development of the business from its small beginnings it is related that:In the early days the public had comparatively littie knowledge of bonds and itfrequently required months and even years of effort to bring an investor to the purchase of even a single bond. Mr. Harris foresaw this difficulty and trained and gradually sent out a staff of young men "missionaries" whose work consisted in travelingabout the country telling people of wealth about bonds, the principles underlying themand the care with which they were purchased by the Harris organization. Thesemen made no attempt to sell bonds, but merely spread broadcast information aboutbonds and the policies and ideals of the organization. This pioneering soon borefruit and the rapid increase in the absorbing power of the market is due in no smallmeasure to Harris missionaries.This extraordinary measure was in addition to letters, newspaperadvertising, and circulars of information.An investor once secured became as a rule a regular customer. Hewas so regarded and added to the permanent list of clients. And withgood reason. As a rule he continued to invest in the Harris securitiesas did his children after him. Take a single example, illustrative of athousand like it. The History of Forty Years of Investment Banking,after telling the story of selling to four generations of a lumberman'sfamily, says: "We first sold bonds to another prominent lumbermanin 1895 and have since sold to nineteen different members of the family,total sales being $8,801,298. We have served four generations of thisfamily."Slowly but surely the public became convinced of the conscientious,intelligent, and thorough investigation Mr. Harris made of the securities256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhe offered. Investors came to understand that he bought them outrightand owned them himself before offering them for sale. They came so torely on him and the principles on which he conducted his business thatthey began to send their money to the house and say, "Invest this forme in bonds of your own selection." When this time came the success ofN. W. Harris & Company was assured. A bond-selling business beganto develop in Chicago. It was no longer necessary to depend solely onthe eastern market. As Chicago's population multiplied and its wealthincreased the home office became not only a buying but also a sellingoffice. I have said that in 1887 the house sold bonds aggregating alittle over $3,000,000. This was the year after the opening of the Bostonoffice. In 1 89 1 the first full year after the opening of the New Yorkoffice the sales increased to a little over $7,000,000. Ten years later in1901 they were $40,000,000. When, five years later they rose to $67,000,-000, a change of organization and method became imperative, and February 4, 1907, the investment banking house of N. W. Harris & Co.became incorporated as the Harris Trust and Savings Bank. Thisinstitution carried on business for four years in the Marquette Building.Its establishment widened the scope of the business, adding trust andsavings departments. From the first it was regarded as one of the important banks of Chicago. The stock it offered for sale on its incorporationwas largely oversubscribed and many of the leading bankers andbusiness men of Chicago were stockholders. Among them were suchwell-known names as John G. Shedd, James Simpson, J. Ogden Armour, S. W. Allerton, George M. Reynolds, Leon Mandel, Cyrus H.McCormick, Harold F. McCormick, Clement Studebaker, and others.In the board of directors were James T. Harahan, Allen B. Forbes,Albert W. Harris, B. A. Eckhart, Albert G. Farr, Isaac Sprague, John B.Lord, and George P. Hoover, with N. W. Harris, who was the presidentof the bank. The capital was $1,250,000 and it opened for businesswith $3,000,000 of deposits. The business of the bank increased sorapidly that it soon became apparent that it must have a buildingof its own where it would have room in which to operate and expand. In 1909, therefore, a site was purchased on the south side ofMonroe Street, between Clark and LaSalle streets. It had a frontage of 90 feet and a depth of 190 feet. Of this site Mr. Harris saidtwo years later that it "was sold in 1836 for $89 by the state of Illinoisand twice afterward it was sold for taxes. In 1868 it sold for $72,000.In 1880 it was sold by George Sturges, the old banker, to John Bordenfor $100,000. We purchased it from John Borden in August, 1909, forNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 257$900,000 cash." On this site the twenty-story Harris Trust and SavingsBank Building was erected in 1910-11. The bank occupies such spaceas its growing needs require and the upper floors are rented for offices.On September 16, 1911, the new building was opened with a banquetattended by large delegations from the New York, Boston, and Chicagooffices and other invited guets. Addresses were made by Mr. Harris,Albert G. Farr, Allen B. Forbes, Everett B. Sweezy, Isaac Sprague,Arthur M. Harris, Andrew Cooke, John R. Macomber, and Albert W.Harris, all representatives of the House, and by Elbert P. Marshall,vice-president of the Union Central Life Insurance Company of Cincinnati, Nathaniel Kingsbury, vice-president of the American Telephoneand Telegraph Company, and James B^. Forgan, president of the FirstNational Bank of Chicago. The evening closed with the presentation ofa handsome loving cup to Mr. Harris. In presenting it Mr. Forbes,the toastmaster, said:We who have known you best, best appreciate that, allied to a nature powerful,dominating and controlling, linked with those faculties which have made your namea power in the world of affairs and finance, is another quality (perhaps greatest of themall), a warm hearted capacity for personal friendship, which has, to more than one ofus, in times of stress and trial, been a comfort and tower of strength. And to you asa man, our friend, I wish on behalf of all who are here present and those who are not,to tender you our highest esteem, our warmest friendship, and our love.This was one of the great occasions, perhaps the greatest occasion, inthe life of Mr Harris.Mr. Forgan in his address referred to the ability to grasp situationswhich Mr. Harris had exhibited in starting his business thirty yearsbefore, "combined with the reliability and integrity for which he hadsince made a national reputation." He also said, "We have frequentlycongratulated ourselves on the efficiency and high character of theyounger men whom we have been privileged to call to our assistanceand we congratulate ourselves today in having official organizationswhich, for ability, integrity, reliability and devotion to duty, cannot besurpassed."Albert W. Harris, then vice-president and later president of the bank,spoke of the policy of the Harris organizations, saying:Mr, N. W. Harris, at the very beginning, decided on a policy which up to datehas never been changed as follows: First, Never misstate or misrepresent the factsconcerning any securities offered to the public, or in any way abuse its confidence.Second, make security the first requisite and profit the second. If you cannot get thefirst, decline the second, or in other words, do not buy an issue of bonds, or sell it unless,after full investigation we would be willing to invest our own funds in the issue. Third,attend strictly to our own business, and not buy or sell stock on margin, or act as brokers258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfor other parties. Fourth, spare neither time nor expense in securing reliable information regarding all securities, prior to their purchase. Fifth, should any trouble occur,protect our customers from loss, where possible, by using our best endeavors in theirbehalf — never compromising the principle until we have exhausted every remedy withinour reach. Sixth, and finally, treat our competitors fairly, and not say disparagingthings about them, or the securities they offer, bearing in mind always that it is notthe amount of business, but the kind of business we do that counts; and if what is doneis done right the amount will take care of itself This is the Harris policy.It was this policy, adopted by Mr. Harris in the beginning and continuedthrough forty years, to which, Mr. Farr said, he added the element of"keeping everlastingly at it" that led to the large success of the business.He had the gift of surrounding himself with able associates. He chosethem with care and trained them into efficiency. When, for example,one of the present officials applied to him for a position he sat down andtalked with him at length, made another appointment and again talkedwith him until he was satisfied that there was promise in him. Sometimeafter engaging him, he asked him, rather incidentally, if his study ofthe market suggested to him any specially good investment. His answerpleased Mr. Harris, as a day or two before he had himself personallyinvested in the security the young man named. In this way young menwere employed, kept track of and trained and, as they developed,advanced to positions of responsibility. The result has been that theorganization is now managed by men who became employees in theiryouth in humble positions and on small pay and have grown up withthe business. On the recent retirement from the presidency of the bankof Albert W. Harris to take the chairmanship of the board of directors,Howard W. Fenton, senior vice-president was made president, Hejoined N. W. Harris & Co. in 1895, twelve years before the present bankwas organized and began with a weekly pay check of $6. The wayis thus wide open for the office boy of today to the highest position.What have been the concrete results of the business Mr. Harrisstarted in 1882 ?The two employes with which he began have become more than athousand.In 1882 the house had one office and in 1922 it had thirty-six officesin the United States, Canada, and England.At the end of its first year it had only two customers on its books."By 1922 the total number of persons served by the Harris organizationhad grown to approximately one hundred thousand, extending intoevery state in the Union and many foreign countries."NORMAN WAIT HARRIS 259In 1887 five years after the business was founded the sales were alittle over $3,000,000. Eight years later they had increased to $20,000,000 a year, and in 1922 they exceeded $500,000,000.In 1882 the house began with a capital of hardly $30,000. In 1922this had increased to more than $15,000,000 and the combined resourcesof the organization were approximately $70,000,000.Up to 1916 it had bought securities to the value of more than $2,000,-000,000 and had distributed them among investors. But such was themomentum the business had acquired that, during the seven years thathave elapsed since that date, this aggregate has increased to over$5,000,000,000.This is a somewhat extraordinary story of insight into economicconditions, of foresight of business developments, of high courage inventuring one's all on his matured judgment, of unfaltering courage inthe face of discouragement, of enlarging views and growing ability keepingpace with increasing opportunities, of the driving power of a dominatingpersonality and of the steady growth of a very small business into a verygreat one which crowned the life of its founder with large success.In presenting to Mr. Harris the loving cup at the opening of the newbank building Mr. Forbes said that allied to "a nature powerful, dominating, and controlling," qualities which had made the name of Mr.Harris "a power in the world of affairs and finance," there was anotherquality, perhaps greatest of all, "a warm-hearted capacity for friendship."On the same occasion Mr. Farr, the first employee and a close associatefor thirty years, said:I should fail if I did not bear testimony to that friendship, that kindness, thatconsideration which Mr. Harris has always shown me, or, if I did not bear testimonyto the fact that, during our relationship, there has never been a wound to heal, neverbeen a tiff to patch up, never been a sharp word between us— unless I said it and thatI do not remember.A "powerful, dominating, controlling personality," cannot, in thenature of things, always seem to his employees to radiate sweetness andlight, but those who were nearest to Mr. Harris found him considerate,friendly, kind. Those who knew him best liked him most. Underneaththat dominating will there was a warm heart.In 1916 the Economist of Chicago said in its editorial columns:From the economic point of view the great significance of the life of Norman W.Harris was the change in the West from a simple producer of certain commercialarticles, principally foods, to the possession of capital in its more liquid form, the changefrom the mere selling of goods and receiving money therefor to the accumulation of260 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwealth which expressed itself in the form of securities. This process assimilated thewestern country to the older civilizations and has made us one with New York andLondon in the handling of financial affairs. Mr. Harris was more a part of this andmore a maker of it than any other citizen of Chicago, for he cultivated in all thoseyears more than any other one person the thought of placing savings in solid securities.His work grew with the growth of the city and the West and he impressed upon allthe wisdom of investing rather than speculating. This distinction belongs peculiarlyto him, because tjie organizations of which he was the head were Chicago and westernand not in any sense mere branches of financial houses in the older cities. The businesshe carried on was a normal growth of the West, .... and the wealth of the Westas expressed in bonds or in stock certificates largely took that form because of hisintelligence, guidance, and inspiration.Was it the remembrance of his youth and the picturesque countryin which he had been brought up that led Mr. Harris as his years increasedto want a summer home where there were woods and water? At allevents he bought a tract of forested land on the north shore of LakeGeneva, 75 miles northwest of Chicago, and there built in 1906 a spacioussummer residence. In memory of his mother he gave it her family nameand called it Wadsworth Hall. As the years went by the family tookmore and more delight in it. There was a fleet of boats and the yacht"Normandie." The summers at Lake Geneva lengthened. The housewas opened early in the spring and not closed till late in the autumn.The time came when the winters were, for the most part, spent abroad orin California, and the summers at Lake Geneva and, instead of the cityhouse, Wadsworth Hall became practically the family residence.While the principal business of Mr. Harris was naturally that of thegreat organization of which he was the head, interest or necessity puthim, at times, into the directorate of other companies. He was, forexample, chairman of the board of directors of the Michigan StateTelephone Company and a director of the American Telephone andTelegraph Company.He was, also quite naturally, a member of various clubs, among themthe Union League and Chicago clubs in Chicago as well as others inNew York. But he was not very much of a club or society man. Hisbusiness, his church, his benevolences, and his home commanded hisinterest and his time. He loved books. He had not had a liberal education in his youth, but he was far more widely read than many collegegraduates.In 1913 after forty-seven years of the most strenuous devotion tobusiness Mr. Harris began to feel the need of moderating his activities.He was sixty-six years old and there were premonitions of failing health.NORMAN WAIT HARRIS 261His son Albert succeeded him in the presidency of the bank and heassumed the less taxing position of chairman of the board of directors,continuing in that relation to the business to the end of his life.He had always delighted in travel and business had taken him toall parts of our own country and sometimes abroad. As his son Albertgrew up into the business and developed abilities of a high order hisown liberty increased and he found time to spend some of his wintersin Pasadena and in motoring through California. Motoring, indeed,with golf, at which he played a fairly good game, were his principalforms of recreation. In his trips abroad he motored through a greatpart of Europe. In one memorable journey in 19 12 he and Mrs. Harriswere accompanied by Professor N. Dwight Harris and wife. They sawmuch of Egypt (this being the second visit there of the father and mother).Returning west they visited Greece and Italy and motored through theDolomites, the Austrian Tyrol (now Italian), Bavaria, South Germany,by way of Alsace into France, the Vosges Mountains, and across Franceto Paris. In the fateful summer of 19 14 Mr. and Mrs. Harris went toGermany, intending after a brief stay at a sanatorium to motor throughthe country. It so happened that the physician they consulted was themedical advisor of the Kaiserin. He strongly advised them to abandonthe plan of the motor trip through Germany. Day after day he recurredto this, suggesting that they would be wise to return home. Mr. Harristold him they did not wish to return and open their summer home. Thedoctor then urged him to go to England. He became so insistent ontheir leaving Germany that Mr. Harris began to fear that he or his wifemight be physically worse off than they had suspected. Finally thedoctor became so urgent that they left for Paris which they reachedJuly 28, 1914. The American Ambassador, Myron L. Herrick, was awarm friend and they dined at bis house that same evening. Afterdinner the two men went into Mr. Herrick's den to smoke. While theywere visiting the telephone bell rang and Mr. Herrick went to receivethe message. Mr. Harris noticed that while he said little, his face wentwhite. When he hung up the receiver he turned and said : " Unless EarlGrey can perform a miracle Europe will be plunged into war within aweek." All at once he understood the reason of the insistence of theKaiserin's physician that they should get out of Germany.Quite unintentionally and most regretfully I have left myself scantallowance of space in which to speak of some of the most important andfar-reaching activities of a life crowded with such activities. A life devoted only to business and family interests is only half a really normal life.262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDevoted as Mr. Harris was to business and his family he did notforget the higher things of the spirit and the welfare of others. He madethese also his daily business. As one who knew him well writes me:"The household regime was of the old-fashioned New England religioustype. Not only the blessing at the table, but morning prayers directlyafter breakfast, whether the family was alone, or no matter how manyguests, were the invariable rule." To me one of the most significantincidents in the life of Mr. Harris is the following. On one of his visitsto New York a banquet of the organization was being held when wordwas received of the critical illness of one of the most honored officials.It was announced and Mr. Harris stood up and said: "I want to askall of you to rise and stand while I offer a prayer for Mr. Black." Hisreligion was as sincere and simple as that. Nothing seemed more appropriate to him in the midst of a banquet than that he their chief shouldlead them in a prayer for a well-loved associate who was in imminentprospect of death. The banquet over he went at once to his friend'sbedside.Soon after he made his home at 4520 Drexel Boulevard, becomingconvinced that there was no more promising field for a church than theneighborhood in which he lived, he was the prime mover in establishingthe St. James Methodist Church. G. F. Swift and others united with himin the movement. They secured Mr. Mclntyre, later bishop, as pastor.Mr. Harris contributed $30,000 toward the church edifice and St. Jamesrapidly grew into one of the great churches of the city. It was one ofthe main interests of Mr. Harris throughout the later years of his life.Lacking the space to speak adequately of the really notable recordMr. Harris made in his personal labors and contributions of money forthe public welfare, which might well fill all the pages of this sketch,I must content myself with merely outlining the story. For he did notconfine himself to gifts of money which would have been the easy way.He gave himself as well. He gave more than twenty-five years ofservice, as a trustee, to Northwestern University. He served the YoungMen's Christian Association of Chicago as a trustee and as vice-presidentof its board. He was a member of the International Committee of theY.M.C.A. He acted for many years as president of the board of theChicago Training School for Home and Foreign Missions. He was agoverning member of the Art Institute of Chicago and served the Northwestern University Settlement as treasurer. He was a trustee of theWesley Memorial Hospital and of the Methodist Deaconess Orphanage.To these and other public-welfare causes he gave time and service outof a very busy life.NORMAN WAIT HARRIS 263He did not wait till he became rich before he began to give moneyas well as personal service. He was economical in his personal expenditures, but not in his benevolences. As soon as he began to be prosperoushis benefactions increased and grew great with his prosperity. Amongthe things one likes to hear of was his remembrance of his native townin gifts to the church of his youth, in assisting the town library, plantingshade trees along miles of the highways and providing funds for helpingthe boys and girls of Becket who wanted to go through high school orcollege. In Brookline, Massachusetts, there is a missionary trainingschool building erected in memory of his mother. There is a HarrisMissionary School building in Manila in the Philippines. He gave$50,000 to Mount Holyoke College of which Mrs. Harris was a graduate.He established prizes of $500 and $300 in the Art Institute of Chicago,to be given annually in connection with the exhibition of paintings byAmerican artists. In addition to annual and other special contributionshe twice gave $10,000 to the Y.M.C.A. of Chicago. With Julius Rosen-wald he gave $25,000 toward the Colored Y.M.C.A. building, and againwith Mr. Rosenwald, John G. Shedd, Cyrus H. McCormick, Victor S.Lawson, William Wrigley, Jr., J. Odgen Armour, Joseph N. Field, JamesA. Patten, and Mrs. G. F. Swift and her family he gave $50,000 for thebuilding of the Association Hotel which has proved to be one of thewisest philanthropies of Chicago. He assured the establishment of theDeaconess Retiring Fund of the Methodist Church, giving $100,000 tostart the Fund.In 1894 Mr. Harris gave the Chicago Missionary Training School itssite at Indiana avenue and Fiftieth Street, paying $20,000 for it. For thefirst two buildings for the School he gave large sums, $25,000 at one time.Later he contributed $50,000 for a chapel and organ. This school isone of the noblest memorials of his life. Another of these memorials,into which he put more than $30,000 is the Harris Home for Nurses ofthe Wesley Hospital.I will not lay myself open to the accusation of the Pine Torch, theweekly paper of the Piney Woods School for colored people in Mississippi.It said of the papers which, after the death of Mr. Harris, told somethingof his benefactions: "They forgot to say that he stretched out a helpinghand as one of the largest donors to the humble little school in the pineywoods for colored boys and girls." Thus in the light and in the dark hedistributed his bounty.Among his great contributions was one of $250,000 for the "N. W.Harris Public School Extension of the Field Museum for the Study ofNatural History." This fund carries the Museum to the pupils of all264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe public schools. The specially prepared specimens, duplicating thevast and varied treasures of the great Museum, are transported in motorcars constructed for the purpose, and remain in a school for two weeks,to be exhibited and studied and then replaced by others. The interest thisawakens among the pupils and its educational value to them are equallygreat.But the largest gifts of Mr. Harris were made to Northwestern University. In addition to occasional contributions for various purposes hegave $25,000 to endow the Harris Lectureship, which, every year,brings to Evanston some distinguished scholar to deliver a course ofsix lectures. Later he gave $250,000 for Harris Hall, a fine building ofthree stories for housing the departments of political science, history,and economics. He was a large contributor in establishing the ChicagoCommunity Trust.This is a wholly inadequate story of the benefactions of Mr. Harris.The number of causes to which he was acccustomed to contribute reachedclose to one hundred. They included institutions of learning, churches,missions, Christian associations, hospitals, orphanages, homes for theaged and the friendless, relief societies, civic federations and leagues,and all kinds of public-welfare causes. To most of them he contributed,not only liberally, but regularly and continuously. It cannot be doubtedthat his various contributions amounted to much more than $1,000,000.Mr. Harris was one of the great givers of Chicago, giving cheerfully andgraciously.In 1909 I called on him to ask him for a thousand dollars for theUniversity of Chicago. I found him one evening at his home on DrexelBoulevard. He gave me a cordial welcome, though I was a comparativestranger, listened with apparent interest to my appeal and without hesitation gave me what I asked. He seemed pleased to give and treatedme as though I had done him a favor in presenting to him the opportunity.I rejoice that the writing of this sketch enables me to make known, notonly his extraordinary liberality, which, indeed, is already well known,but particularly the gracious manner and delightful spirit in which hisgifts were made.In the autumn of 19 15 Mr. and Mrs. Harris started on a trip to theOrient, accompanied by Professor Harris and his wife. Fortunatelya nurse was also one of the party. They stopped for a time in Honoluluand then went on to Japan. Before reaching that country Mr. Harrisbecame so ill that he was compelled to take the first steamer borne. Hiscondition was so alarming that his son Albert went to Victoria to meetNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 265him. On reaching Chicago, after spending a few days in the WesleyHospital, he was taken to Wadsworth Hall at Lake Geneva. He gradually failed, the action of his heart perceptibly growing weaker. Thelast day of his life was July 15, 1916. On that day his son Albert took oneof his chief business associates to call on him. As they were leaving heinsisted on seeing his visitor to the station landing and his son to his homefarther up the lake. He was carried on a cot to the deck of the "Norman-die." Having landed his son at his dock, he lifted his cap and calledout cheerfully, "Good bye, boy!" Later in the afternoon he fell into aquiet sleep from which he did not wake again on earth, and just beforemidnight quietly breathed his last. Had he lived just one month longerhe would have been seventy years old. He was carried to his burialfrom St. James Church, bishops Hartzell and Quayle, both old and cherished friends, speaking at his funeral.The Economist of Chicago paid him a very wonderful tribute whenit said:Norman W. Harris expressed in his life and in his thirty-four years of activitiesin this city more of the great economic change in the West, more of the elevating contact of man with man and more of the stimulating and regulating function of fixedprinciples than any other resident of Chicago or vicinity whose death has been recorded since the city was founded.I do not know whether this extraordinary estimate of Mr. Harris isentirely correct, but it is a privilege to tell the story of the life of a man ofwhom such an opinion is voiced by so authoritative a journal.I have received some illuminating statements of the impression Mr.Harris made on those who knew him well. Here is one:It always impressed me that Mr. Harris was an easily understandable man.That is, he was not particularly communicative on business matters, but he did notwear masks. He was what he purported to be. He was reticent while he was reachingdecisions, but he was not evasive. On the other hand, I had frequent occasions to sayto myself while watching his dealings with others, "He doesn't feel that this man'smotives are plainly visible. He is trying to make up his mind what is going on in theback of the stranger's head." I formed the opinion that, not only for businessreasons, but for his own satisfaction, he was a sort of amateur psychoanalyst. It wasa fad of his to try to size up other people's personal equation, to make out whatmotives besides the ostensible ones were behind their acts, and to pass judgment ontheir intellectual processes, as to whether they were of a kind which seemed to himreliable. I know, too, from his own words, that he tried to form the same sort of opinions of the acts of governments. Before and during the war he several times indicatedto me that he was studying the acts of different European governments for indicationsas to the stability of their credit. At the same time he expressly disclaimed all preten -sion to wisdom on this larger problem. He simply felt the need of instruction about it .266 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOf his business characteristics and methods another refers to "hisuntiring energy," but says that he did not like to be bothered with detailsand adds, "Mr. Farr whom he selected to assist him was pre-eminentlyfitted for details and his experience, accuracy, and training made himinvaluable." This man goes on to point outHis insistent policy of protecting the interests of investors to whom securities hadbeen sold by doing everything possible, without regard to expense, to reduce to a minimum the loss from a security that might turn out badly, such cases fortunately beingvery rare. A third characteristic was his remarkable ability to lay out work foremployees so that they should never have occasion to be idle. He was never idlehimself and he could not tolerate idleness in others.Continuing along this line a long-time employee says:Even when supposedly on a vacation weekly statements followed him when in thiscountry and cables when abroad. He always carried in his pocket for reference andcomparison a record of the business in minute detail from its inception in 1882. Whenin the bank his mind was always absorbed in the business. He had with him a memorandum book for each of us who did things for him. In fact his presence was felt themoment he entered the bank. Mr. Harris was a great reader along business lines.This enabled him to look ahead and see future tendencies in the financial world. Thematter of selecting the employees revealed his ability as shown in his success in surrounding himself with able men. There was little left for investigation after he had finishedwith credentials. This close attention to the business sometimes gave a wrong impression to the employees who thought him stern and unapproachable. On the contrary,underneath this business manner was an interested and lovable nature. He was kindlyand thoughtful in giving opportunities to employees to obtain an interest in the business.Another who knew him long and well speaks of him as follows:Mr. N. W. Harris was the soul of honor and a man of indefatigable energy. Hebelieved in the gospel of hard work as the only pathway to a successful career; but hepossessed in a remarkable degree business intuition, powers of organization and concentration, and the gift of judging character. He was a man of high ideals andremained faithful to his early religious training throughout all his life. He was affable, friendly, and easy to meet, but he possessed remarkable self-control and coulddeal sternly, but justly, with anyone when circumstances demanded it. By naturehe was kindly and generous.He himself felt that he had lived a complete and full life. It isrecalled by members of his family that some weeks before his death hesaid, one day, that he had accomplished all he set out to do, that he hadfinished all the work he had planned to carry out, and that he had doneall the things in which he had a special interest — even to his travels.Mr. Harris accumulated and bequeathed to his family a large estate.But in accordance with the benevolent practices of his life he left abequest of $500,000 for charitable and educational institutions. Hisfamily committed the distribution of $400,000 of this fund to the ChicagoCommunity Trust. In addition to this, annuities aggregating aboutNORMAN WAIT HARRIS 267$10,000 were provided for seven schools and charities in which he hadlong been interested. Being dead he still lives in these noble benefactions.Mrs. Harris survived her husband about three years, till 1919.Desiring to leave some enduring memorial of him and having the sameconfidence in the family he had shown, she left a fund for such a memorialin the hands of the children. In 1922 Mr. and Mrs. M. Haddon MacLean,the son-in-law and daughter of Mr. Harris, attended at Williamstown,Massachusetts, the sessions of the Institute of Politics. The interestand importance of the subjects discussed when laid before the sons ofMrs. Harris suggested the nature of the Memorial to be established.Several members of the family had been students of the University ofChicago and it was decided to establish the memorial in connection withthat institution. President Judson was consulted and the suggestionsof prominent professors were secured. The proposal, as finally maturedand approved by the familv, was submitted to the Trustees on February 2,1923, in a letter signed by Mrs. MacLean.This Letter of Gift called attention to the desirability of promotingamong Americans a better understanding of other nations and the valueof wisely directed educational effort in combating the disintegratingtendency of the spirit of distrust which pervades the Old World, and whichis not without its effect upon our own country. Believing that theUniversity of Chicago is eminently fitted to assume a part of this important task of clarifying thought and spreading truth, the children of Mr.Harris, Albert W. Harris, Hayden B. Harris, Stanley G. Harris, and PearlHarris MacLean, together with M. Haddon MacLean, provided theTrustees of the University with an endowment in the principal sum of$150,000 with which to create a foundation for such work.The purpose of the foundation was stated to be the promotion of abetter understanding by American citizens of the other peoples of theworld, thus establishing a basis for improved international relations anda more enlightened world-order. It was specified that the aim shouldalways be to give accurate information, not to propagate opinion, andit was recommended that the method should be that of public lectures byeminent persons from all lands, persons of wide experience in publicaffairs, whether educational, political, commercial, social, or economic.It was provided that the Trustees might supplement the lectures inany way approved by them in keeping with the spirit of the bequest.Wide latitude was given to the Trustees in administering the foundationand it was provided that the scope of the work should be determinedby them, always bearing in mind its purpose.268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn order that the foundation should not in the future fail of its purposebecause of changed conditions, it was provided that in the event thatat any time for any reason there should cease to be a need for lecturesand studies of the character provided for, the Trustees might, at theirdiscretion, use the funds available for the promotion of the study of theinstitutions and government of this country in order to disseminateknowledge of the fundamental principles upon which our Republic wasfounded, and to inculcate in our citizens the spirit of true Americanism.This foundation was made possible, it was stated, by the children ofMr. Harris, through the generosity of their mother, Emma Gale Harris,who in her will provided a fund to be used as directed by the children asa memorial to their father.This proposal received the warm approval of the Trustees and thusthere has been built into the history of the University of Chicago, as atribute of family affection, this unique memorial, which, through succeeding generations, will help to bring the nations of the earth nearertogether in understanding and good will and encourage "a more enlightened world-order," while at the same time it promotes among our owncitizens "the spirit of true Americanism."Mr. Harris will not be forgotten. His own life linked his name withthat of another university, by long service and princely benefactions.And, among the many memorials of his life those which make his name apart of the history of two great universities will not be the least enduringand beneficent.JAPANESE PRINTSTHE JOHN BILLINGS FISKE PRIZE POEMBy BERTHA TEN EYCK JAMESCommittee of Award: Llewellyn Jones, of Chicago; Robert Frost, of the University of Michigan; and Professor John Matthews Manly, of the University ofFOREWORDTO AN ARTISTBe content to traceExquisite laceAgainst a cloud;Nor see a mountain massGaunt-ribbed and bowed.HIROSHIGE (1796-1856)FROM "THE HUNDRED VIEWS OF YEDO"I. OUTSIDE THE TEMPLEEvening, the sunshaf ts long,Blue shadows, a bubbling of song,Silver strings, and an echoing gong,Gleaming stars in the arch of the sky,Golden lights, and the slow flitting byOf great moths, and the night wind's sigh.2. THE FLOWER STANDA bit of shadowy street, the sunlight slanting thru,A rough, gray table and the shining flowers;Why are flower women so old, and the blossoms so young and fair?3. DUSKThe lamps along the street are like great cat's eyes glowing in the dark,The shadows seek the garden, and the squaresOf dimly lighted windows seem like poolsReflecting the gold sunset's fading gleam.4. THE NIGHT STREETSThe night streets are deep, long canyons and the shops are caves;In some of the caves are gnomes and fairies,And in some are pirates and robbers;Their swords and daggers flash from way back in the caves,The lights along the streets are tired little stars come down to rest.269THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAUTUMNThe sea is blue but tinged with gray,As if tomorrow's sorrowsCould veil today.The grass, blue-bronzed by autumn's breathySwaying, sighs not. ForgotIs coming death.The emerald forest hushes. AllIts wild life grieves. Three leavesFlutter and fall.SHADOWSThis is a day of shadows, gray and blue,Of mists, and filmy veils of rainThat hangs bright drops on every little leaf,On every twig and every blade of grass.NOVEMBERA wind blows thru the Autumn wood.The leaves are plastered wet on the bare earth;Still dark with rain the trees against the cloud;Here in a little hollow lies water, gray,And a few scarlet berriesIn the frost-shriveled grass.MOON AND RAINThru a great cloud-rent gleams the Summer Moon,Rounded and shining as a perfect life;Across the black waves blow the golden drops,Melting to rest in the unwearied sea.EOKUSAI (1760-1849)TWO PRINTS1The golden clouds are spread against the skyLike the bright tail of some celestial bird;The lake is lilac, fringed with silver grayWhere the long surges ripple, all unheard.2And now slow evening dims the golden flame,The warm sky pales to purple gray. The sunIs hidden. Thru a snowy net of cloudsThe evening stars are kindled, one by one.JAPANESE PRINTS 271BLACK AND FLAMEThe woods are dark; the hills are dark behind;Across the shadowy sky one flaming cloudGlows with the sunset light, belowIt gleams reflected in a little pool.THE MORNING SKYThe morning sky is cloud-white, smeared with gray;The trees have little pointed tufts of leaves;On the wet shining boughs the bright drops hang;The grass is silver-beaded with spring rain.WISTERIAWisteria against a cool, gray wall,Pale purple, darker tints, and marble-white;Here flock great moths and little butterfliesIn the soft light beneath the patient stars.KASON {modern)THE QUESTGray geese come byOver a clouded sky,Up from the seaStrongwinged they fly.Dark flame in the west,Unending their quest.Is it desire ?They pause not nor rest.Dusk follows noon;Wild geese are blackAgainst the moon.WILD GEESEThe tips of three young poplar trees, whose leavesAre like stiff little bows of watered silk,Stand up against a clouded sky.Above, a flock of wild geese, flying north.KITAOAre you there, Kitao ?A vine leaf scrapes the pane;White petals fall thru twilight;Birds call again.The black cat crouches low,Watching a night-moth clingOn a gray stone, in moonlight,Alone in Spring.Faint winds among the grasses go—Are they your whispers, Kitao ?272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSHARAKU (1775-1810)DEVIL DANCERSAgainst a white wallA black figure jumps and gesticulatesFiercely. Outside are distant thumps!It starts and waits. Another grotesque comesTo a great snore of saxaphones and drums.SHIGETSUGU (1850)FANTASIACarved jade trees, twisted, thorned,Against a lemon sky.Roots grasp at the gray rocks.The sun, colorless as a ghost moon,Scarcely stains the afternoon mists,Scarcely flings a quivering shadowOn the darker rock.THE FIR TREEThe fir tree on the lawnHas long clutching armsLike an octopus;Dark against the pale skyIt has caught the thinnest new moon,A curving golden fish.WINTER NOCTURNEOut of a deep blue sky the starsGlint like the tips of trembling icicles.Indigo on crystal, shadow barsLie long across the fields of snowAnd bats, like separate shadows, come and go.A SNOWY TREE FROM A WINDOWThe room is golden, rich with light;Outside a thick mist flattens the cold waste;Against its blue-gray curtain one bare treeSprays slender jets of twigs, and down the trunkA puff of snow, like dull thick powder, clings.SHINZAN (modern)SOLITUDEBrown water and blue water, in a pond;Reeds rustle here; beyondA fountain glistens clearAnd in the purple shadow of a stoneOne goldfish swims alone.JAPANESE PRINTS 273IN THE FISH POOLAround the fish pool are rocks and tufts of reed;In it is reflected the gray sky of November;The goldfish dart like lightning thru the mirrored clouds.THE BROKEN RESERVOIRA purple flood sweeps out across the golden grainThat pales to silver 'neath the dancing waves,Rainbow-tinted fishes swim among the stalks;The jeweled hummingbirds dart against the blue.SOZAN (modern)JAVA SPARROWSHow gray it is today, how shadowed the woods;How blankly colorless the low-hung sky;Bare trees are fragile twists of black;The grass is frost killed, matted, yetPlump sparrows eye the winter with bright cheer.IVYVine and shadow-vine, a double netOn the gray granite walls;The pointed leaves are waxy, russet-bright.IN A GARDENThe shadow of leaping fountain jets is thrownAcross the gray-flagged walk; the wind-tossed sprayFalls in the dusky tiger-lilies' cup.TENKO (modern)WHEAT AND THE RISING MOONThe wheat, sweet-scented, silvered by the stars,Ripples across the valley; in long barsUpon the stream the flood of moonlight lies.A distant gleam of clustered firefliesPowders with light the fir-grove's shadowy bound.The night is gray and silver, without sound.A LANDSCAPEAcross the silence of this clouded noonThe leaves stir not; the leaves fall not;There comes a bubbling chime of bells,Dim as a dream, as soon forgot.The thick sky curves, the shadowed woods sweep round;The leaves alone, the leaves are sharp.Each golden bell-note is a sphereSmooth as the low tones of a harp.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDUTAMARO (1753-1805)COLOR SCALE IN YELLOWShe stood beside a pool at dawn;Her flesh was golden and her loosened hairFell in two dusky columns to her feet;The swirling ends were twisted in the grass, That grew beside the fountain and her eyesFollowed a brown and amber butterfly,Dipping among the yellow iris buds.AN UTAMAROAt dusk in a dim garden; one pale starThrobbed from a smoke and lilac tinted skyAbove the fluttering shadow of slim trees.Dark grasses bordered faint flagged paths, where stonesWere like cold pools, and phlox and lilies leanTo scent the evening. Then a lady cameIn veils and purple robes, sweeping the leaves;Like a night wind, their rustle; and her eyes,Black-lashed, were gray and lilac as cold pools.YAKO (modern)THE MOONThere is a pale, drowned moonDeep in the fountain pool,Glowing with wan, soft fire.Each willow, a dim ghoul,Trails its long fingers down;The twigs a netted snareTo catch alon^ dark waves] Her silver floating hair.DAWNThe stars that glimmered in the dawn sky burstLike golden bubbles from a still green pool,Leaving the unseen spray of a lark's song.ON THE JAPAN SEA1The purple hills are stiff as cut paper against the sky;The evening sun glints on the orange sailOf one late fishing boat that seeks the bay.2Here the flat marshes almost meet the sky;Only a fringe of hot, uncolored seaLies on the dim horizon. And alongThe river, that reflects pale sky and yellowed grass,Red sails and their red shadows drift like leaves.THE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-NINTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-ninth Convocation of the Universitywas held in Hutchinson Court at four o'clock on the afternoon of June12. The whole Court was sheltered from the sun by a tent and awnings,and the candidates for certificates and degrees, numbering 645, wereplaced directly in front of the platform. The Acting President presentedhis Convocation Statement, which is included in this number of the Record.The award of honors was as follows: Honorable Mention for excellence in the work of the Junior Colleges: William Bender, VirginiaBostick, Helen Mary Burns, Carolyn Maud Campbell, Virginia Carlson,Lambert Jackson Case, Dorothy May Chilton, Bernice Justin Clifford,Samuel M. Cohen, Amelia Dent Cowen, Elsa Ellen Dahl, Mary EleanorDavis, Herbert C. De Young, Charles Vern Dinges, Erling Dorf, ArthurJohn Steckman Fieser, Myrtle Antoinette Forrester, Hortense LouiseFox, Olive Gillham, Meredith Perry Gilpatrick, Harry Theodore Glaser,Sara Ruth Goldman, Avis Gwendolyn Hamilton, Henry Nelson Harkins,Ethel Lyda Hollingshead, J. Virgil Huffman, Anabel Ireland, MauriceKaminsky, Harvey Kaplan, William Kelso Keir, Dorothy Estelle Koch,C. Miiller Koeper, Edwin Joseph Kunst, John Kenneth Laird, BarnabasHai-Tsung Lei, Griffith George Levering, Mildred Caroline Lindvall,Robert Harry Long, Frances Weir Mallory, Zelda Leah Marks, LillianMei, Katherine Henrietta Meyer, Julius Milenbach, Evelyn LorettaMcLain, Evangeline Lorette Nine, Jack Irving Rabens, Catharine GroteRawson, Nina Marie Reason, Bernard Richard Rosenberg, Peter AlbertRosi, Justin Erving Russell, Carl John Sandstrom, John Wheaton Sargent,Dructlle Charlotte Schroeder, Tsabel Southwortb, Clifford Spencer,Mandel Lawrence Spivek, David Wark Stodsky, Max Swiren, CharlesThorne, Mary Eloise Vilas, Gladys Marion Walker, Benjamin MorrowWasher, William Henry Whitmore, Edith Whitney, Dorothy RodickWillis, Mary Elizabeth Wilsdon, Edward White Wilson. HonorableMention for excellence in the work leading to the Certificate of the Collegeof Education: Elizabeth Agnes Lamp. The Joseph Triner Scholarshipin Chemistry: Vladimir Urse. Scholarships in the Senior Colleges forexcellence in the work of the Junior Colleges: Annie Florence Brown,Botany; Hortense Louise Fox, Greek; Ira Freeman, Physics; SamuelLouis Goldberg, Chemistry; Jensen Meredith Hedegarde, Political275276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDScience; Louis Stevenson Kassel, Mathematics and Chemistry; JohnKenneth Laird, Jr., Latin; Evelyn Loretta McLain, Spanish; RobertMcMurry, Psychology; Carl Johan Sandstrum, Zoology; David Shipman,Philosophy; David Stodsky, German; Henry Van Zyl, Jr., Education;Gladys Marion Walker, Geography; Margaret Walker, Sociology; MaryBelle Wilcox, History. Scholarships in the Senior Colleges for excellencein the work of the first three years of the College Course: Margaret Bas-sett Abraham, English; John Jacob Abt, English; Eugenia Campbell,Latin; Augustine Gabriel Confrey, Psychology; Ruth Allen Doggett, Geology; Irwin Le Roy Fischer, English; Rose Fishman, Spanish; FrederickMax Haase, Geology (half scholarship) ; Harry James Hunt, Political Economy; Betty Gatewood Johnson, Physics; Arnold LeoLieberman, Chemistry;Paul Sidney Martin, Sociology; Katherine Elizabeth Mackay, Botany;Helen McPike, French; Lulu Ernestine McWilliams, Education; FredLewis Schuman, Political Science; Lucy Lucile Tasher, History; MildredSelma Tokarsky, Mathematics; Alice Marsh Treat, Greek; Vinette RoseWaska, Geography; William Gustav Wender, Geology.• The Bachelor's Degree conferred with Honors: Irene Roberts Alvir,Nelson Paul Anderson, Helena Flexner Baldauf, Theodore CharlesBartholomae, Walter Bartky, Richard Herman Bauer, Norman WoodBeck, Herbert Charles Beeskow, Lydia Beidel, Samuel M. Berg, EmilFrederick Bohne, Donald Grobe Brower, Anoria Marie Frances Butler,Thomas Carlin, Lars Mathias DeWet Carlson, Oregon Carlson, CharlesWendell Carnahan, Henry Irving Commager, Louise Margaret Comstock,Mary Elizabeth Duckett, Verda Irene DuVal, Harold Edwin Eby,Arthur Newton Ferguson, Louise Fletcher, William Jacob Friedman,Helene Friese, Logan Fulrath, Ruth Elizabeth Galinsky, Helen Grant,Elizabeth Greenebaum, Lennox Bouton Grey, Myron Sidney Gutman,Helga Anita Hagen, Livingston Hall, William Charles Harder, III,Nathan Joshua Harrison, Florence Louise Heden, Elizabeth BlancheHeiny, Sarah McGill Hennen, Arthur Lloyd Higbee, Eunice May Hill,Lydia Catherine Hoeppner, Walter Frederick Hoeppner, James LeverettHomire, Vernon Liles Horn, Helen Carolyn Howard, George Huling,Theresa Catherine Keidel, Olive Mary Koch, Juanita Hazel Kramer,Alice Louise Larson, Ernest Jules Joseph Leveque, Moreno Jona Levy,Everett Jacob Lewis, Anne Coral Long, Thomas Hobbs Long, MarjorieDeans Lyon, Helen Caroline Mang, Josephine Augusta Mansfield,Samuel Marmor, Lawrence Martin, Agnes Mackenzie Montgomerie,Janet Myers, Elvira Minerva McAyeal, Dorothy Rebecca Newkirk,Edward Arthur Nudelman, Marjorie Parker, Walburga Anna Petersen,Marcella Agatha Pfeiffer, Anna Gwin Pickens, Ruth Elizabeth Porter,THE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-NINTH CONVOCATION 277Alma Helen Prucha, Adolph Joseph Radosta, Jr., Elsa Reinhardt,Pearl Louise Robertson, Esther Louise Ruble, Mac Harper Seyfarth,Isabelle Packard Sloan, Edna Staudinger, Sydney Stein, Jr., MeyerJerome Steinberg, Doris Mahala Strail, Tsau-Sing Su, William PalmerTaylor, Neva Helen Teeters, Maurice Turner, Adah Elizabeth Verder,Gertrude Alice Vogdes, Elizabeth Wallace, James Marvin Weller,Virginia Wheeler, Howard Eugene Wilson, Ethel Oleta Woodring,Ethel Martha Woolhiser, Bessie Judith Zaban, Karl Edward Zener,David Ziskind, Royal Robert Ziv.Honors for excellence in particular departments of the SeniorColleges: Irene Roberts Alvir, Romance; Nelson Paul Anderson, A nat-omy, Physiology, Physiological Chemistry; Helena Flexner Baldauf,History; Theodore Charles Bartholomae, Political Economy; WalterBartky, Mathematics and Physics; Richard Herman Bauer, German;Herbert Charles Beeskow, Botany; Mary Agnes Bell, Home Economics;Samuel M. Berg, Mathematics; Donald Grobe Brower, Physics andMathematics; Marjorie Burkhart, Home Economics; Lars MathiasDeWet Carlson, Political Economy; Henry Irving Commager, History;Louise Margaret Comstock, English; Mary Elizabeth Duckett, History;Verda Irene DuVal, English; Harold Edwin Eby, English; MaryCelestin Fisher, Botany; Louise Fletcher, History; William JacobFriedman, History; Helene Friese, Botany; Helene Friese, Geology;Logan Fulrath, History; Ruth Elizabeth Galinsky, Sociology; LouisFrank Gillespie, Law; Helen Grant, French; Elizabeth Greenebaum,English; Lennox Bouton Grey, English; Myron Sidney Gutman,Political Economy; Helga Anita Hagen, Mathematics; Livingston Hall,History; William Charles Harder, III, Chemistry; Nathan JoshuaHarrison, Political Science; Florence Louise Heden, History; ElizabethBlanche Heiny, Kindergarten Education; Eunice May Hill, History;Walter Frederick Hoeppner, Anatomy, Physiology, PhysiologicalChemistry; James Leverett Homire, Philosophy; Vernon Liles Horn,English; Helen Carolyn Howard, English; George Huling, Mathematics;Theresa Catherine Keidel, Psychology; Olive Mary Koch, English;Juanita Hazel Kramer, English; Juanita Hazel Kramer, French; AliceLouise Larson, Art Education; Ernest Jules Joseph Leveque, Romance;Ucal Stevens Lewis, English; Anne Coral Long, English; ThomasHobbs Long, Political Economy; Thomas Hobbs Long, Political Science;Marjorie Deans Lyon, Home Economics; Helen Caroline Mang, French;Helen Caroline Mang, English; Josephine Augusta Mansfield, French;Lawrence Martin, English; Janet Myers, Home Economics and HouseholdArt; Elvira Minerva McAyeal, French; Edward Arthur Nudelman,278 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrench; Marjorie Parker, Education and Kindergarten-Primary Education;Walburga Anna Petersen, Botany; Walburga Anna Petersen, Zoology;Marcella Agatha Pfeiffer, Botany; Marcella Agatha Pfeiffer, Sociology;Ruth Elizabeth Porter, English; Alma Helen Prucha, Mathematics;Alma Helen Prucha, French; Adolph Joseph Radosta, Jr., PoliticalScience; Pearl Louise Robertson, History; Esther Louise Ruble, Education; Esther Louise Ruble, Art Education; Isabelle Packard Sloan,Education; Victor James Smith, Education; Edna Staudinger, English;Sydney Stein, Jr., Political Economy; Tsan-Sing Su, Political Economy;Ruth Catherine Swenson, Botany; William Palmer Taylor, Physics;Neva Helen Teeters, English; Maurice Turner, Law; Gertrude AliceVogdes, French; Elizabeth Wallace, Romance; James Marvin Weller,Geology; Virginia Wheeler, Geography; Howard Eugene Wilson,History; Ethel Oleta Woodring, History; Bessie Judith Zaban, English;Scholarships in the Graduate Schools for excellence in the work of theSenior Colleges: Harry Grant Atkinson, Education; Henry IrvingCommager, History; Louise Fletcher, Greek; Louis Barkhouse Flexner,Chemistry; John Edward Gahringer, Anatomy; Walter FrederickHoeppner, Physiology; Theresa Catherine Keidel, Psychology; ElviraMinerva McAyeal, French; Ruth Emily McCracken, Mathematics;Walburga Anna Petersen, Zoology; Marie Anna Prucha, Botany; PearlLouise Robertson, Political Science; William Palmer Taylor, Physics;Adah Elizabeth Verder, Hygiene and Bacteriology; Edward CharlesWagenknecht, English; James Marvin Weller, Geology (half scholarship) ;Virginia Wheeler, Geography; John Daniel Wild, Jr., Philosophy.Election to the Chicago Chapter of the Order of the Coif on nomination by the Faculty of the Law School for high distinction in the professional work of the Law School: Ben Herzberg, Edward DickinsonMcDougal, Jr., Julian Peter Nordlund, Allin Hugh Pierce, HubertOscar Robertson, Sydney Kaufman Schiff, Claude William Schutter,Julian Seesel Waterman.Election as associate members to Sigma Xi on nomination oftwo Departments of Science for evidence of promise of ability inresearch work in Science: Joseph Leopold Adler, Walter Bartky,Edward Justin Block, Mildred Elizabeth Faust, Louis BarkhouseFlexner, Paul Luther Gross, Margaret Marie Heinrichs, Henry DavidHirsch, James Sharon Hudnall, Robert Hugh Johnson, Asa LeeMathews, William Walter Merrymon, George Douglas Mounce, FrankCobb McDonald, Ruth Neuhausen, David Douglas Porter, AgnesEthel Sharp, Charles Chapman Snow, Donald Raymond Stevens,THE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-NINTH CONVOCATION 279Halstead Coleman Terry, James Stratton Thompson, William GustavWender, Albert Earl Woodruff. Election of members to Sigma Xi:Elva Eudora Barrow, Edward Blankenstein, Garrett Lincoln Bol-yard, Anne Bourquin, John Hodgdon Bradley, Jr., Emelio Bulatas,Juan Dayoan Campos, Nicholas Dimitrius Cheronis, Chester WilliamDarrow, Stanley Dalton Dodge, Jose Maria Feliciano, Lucius PerryFloyd, Edwin Jay Foscue, Beals Ensign Litchfield French, RebekahMonaghan Gibbons, Lawrence Murray Graves, Roscoe Everett Harris,Horace VanNorman Hilberry, Barton Hoag, Robert Orland Hutchinson,Nathaniel Kleitman, John Schnebly Kyser, Claiborne Green Latimer,Henry Milton Leppard, Milton Marshall, Clemmy Olin Miller, NeilBruce MacLean, Daniel Allan MacPherson, Clarence William Newman,Henry Cole Parker, Fredda Doris Reed, Cora Pauline Sletten, DanielLytle Stormont, Edward Lewis Turner, Charles Langdon White.Election of members to the Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa:Irene Roberts Alvir, Nelson Paul Anderson (December, 192 1), HelenaFlexner Baldauf, Walter Bartky (December, 1922), Norman Wood Beck(March, 1922), Emil Fredrick Bohne, Donald Grobe Brower (March,1922), Eugenia Campbell, Thomas Carlin (March, 1922), Henry IrvingCommager (June, 1922), Harold Edwin. Eby, Gladys L. Finn, IrwinLeRoy Fischer, Louise Fletcher, William Jacob Friedman (June, 1922)^Ruth Elizabeth Galinsky, Elizabeth Greenebaum (December, 1922),Lennox Bouton Grey, Myron Sidney Gutman, Helga Anita Hagen,Livingston Hall, William Charles Harder, III, Nathan Joshua Harrison,Eunice May Hill, Walter Frederick Hoeppner (June, 1922), GeorgeHuling (December, 1922), Nathaniel Kleitman (Gamma of New York,1919), Olive Mary Koch, Alice Louise Larson, Ernest Jules JosephLeveque, Arnold Leo Lieberman, Thomas Hobbs Long (June, 1922),Lawrence Martin, Mary Gertrude Mason, Elvira Minerva McAyeal,Edward Arthur Nudelman, Alma Helen Prucha (June, 1922), RuthElizabeth Porter, Adolph Joseph Radosta, Jr., Helen Gertrude Robbins,Pearl Louise Robertson (June, 1922), Esther Louise Ruble, PhilipRudnick, Fred Lewis Schuman, Pearce Shepherd, Philla AdelaideSlattery, Edna Staudinger, Sydney Stein, Jr. (December, 1922), ArthurStenn, Lucy Lucile Tasher, William Palmer Taylor (June, 1922), VeraPhyllis Thome, Alice Marsh Treat, Adeline Elizabeth Vaile, JamesMarvin Weller (December, 1922), Bessie Judith Zaban, Karl EdwardZener (March, 1922), Royal Robert Ziv.The Florence James Adams Prizes for excellence in Artistic Reading:Thomas Hobbs Long, first; Mary House, second. The Milo P. Jewett28o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPrize for excellence in Bible Reading: William Barnes Matthews.The John Billings Fiske Prize in Poetry; Bertha Ten Eyck James.The David Blair McLaughlin Prize for excellence in the Writing ofJEnglish Prose: Harry Hobart Bingham. The Wig and Robe Prize forexcellence in the work of the first two years in the Law School: MargaretWhittlesey Perkins. The Civil Government Prize: George DonaldMacCarron, first; John Frederick Russell Christianson, second. TheConference Medal for excellence in Athletics and Scholarship: HaroldArthur Fletcher. Commissions in Field Artillery Officers' ReserveCorps, United States Army: Hilger Perry Jenkins; Leslie Keith Mac-Clatchie; Merle Thomas Wetton. The Howard Taylor Ricketts Prizefor Research in Pathology is divided between Lauretta Bender and RobbSpalding Spray. The National Research Fellowship in Physiology:Margarete Meta Hedwig Kunde. The National Research Fellowshipsin Physics, provided by the Rockefeller Foundation: Jared K. Morse;Tracy Yerkes Thomas; Z. Vandstra. The Mr. and Mrs. Frank G.Logan Research Fellowship in Bacteriology: John Tennyson Myers.Degrees and certificates were conferred as follows: The Colleges:the certificate of the College of Education, i; the degree of Bachelorof Arts, 5; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 246; the degree ofBachelor of Science, 102 ; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Education, 40; the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education, 1; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Commerce and Administration, 59; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Social Service Administration, 8; TheDivinity School: the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 5; The Law School:the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 12; the degree of Doctor of Law, 42;The Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science: the degree of Masterof Arts, 65; the degree of Master of Science, 23; the degree of Doctorof Philosophy, 35.During the academic year 1922-23 the following certificates anddegrees have been conferred:The Certificate of the Two Years' Course in the College of Education 2The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science 770The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science, in Education 119The Degree of Bachelor of Laws 24The Degree of Master of Arts in the Divinity School 36The Degree of Master of Arts or Science in the Gradute Schools. . . 291The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity 15The Degree of Doctor of Law (J.D.) 60The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Divinity School , 9The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Schools ic -THE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-NINTH CONVOCATION 281The Convocation Prayer Service was held in Hutchinson Hall onSunday Morning, June 10, at 10:30 a.m. The Convocation ReligiousService was held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at n :oo. The sermonwas preached by the Reverend William Coleman Bitting, D.D., SecondBaptist Church, St. Louis, Missouri.The Convocation Reception was held on Monday evening, June n,in Hutchinson Hall. The receiving line consisted of President and Mrs.Burton, Mr. Harold H. Swift, Miss Myra Reynolds, Dr. and Mrs.Wilber E. Post, and Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Goodspeed.The Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa held its annualmeeting at 6:30 p.m., June 6, at the Quadrangle Club, with ProfessorBenjamin S. Terry presiding. After dinner an address was made byEdward A. Birge, President of the University of Wisconsin, and formerPresident of the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. The followingofficers were elected: president, Professor Addison Webster Moore;vice-president, Professor Rollin Thomas Chamberlin; secretary andtreasurer, Professor George Linnaeus Marsh.The Alumni Reunion on Friday and Saturday, June 9 and 10, wasa notable success. It has been estimated that about 2,000 alumnireturned to take part in the activities of the 1923 Reunion. The programstarted with a farewell dinner to Professor Frederick Starr on June 5at the Hotel LaSalle. The "C" dinner on Thursday night, June 7,was held in Hutchinson Cafe, with Mr. Stagg presiding. Many old"C" men returned for the occasion. The Annual Sing held on Fridaynight, June 8, in Hutchinson Court, was better attended than ever beforein the history of that tradition. After the singing, Mr. Stagg presentedthe "C" blankets to this year's winners, and the evening's event closedwith the singing of the "Alma Mater." The Alumnae Breakfast washeld on Saturday, June 9, in Ida Noyes Hall, with about 240 alumnaeattending. Mrs. Ernest DeWitt Burton and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judsonwere special guests. The Class Parade, held at 4 : 00 o'clock on Saturdayafternoon, June 9, circled the campus, and then passed through HullCourt into Stagg Field, headed by the University band and a troopfrom the Military Science Department. The banner for the best floatwas awarded to the Class of 1908. The Reunion Supper was held inBartlett Gymnasium, at 6:30 p.m., with Charles F. Axelson presiding.Dr. Burton delivered the address, outhning something of the future ofthe University, and pointing out its great work in the field of "discovery." The garden party at 8:00 p.m. in Hutchinson Court, whichwas beautifully illuminated for the occasion, brought the Alumni celebration to a close.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREGENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the SpringQuarter were: April 8, Reverend DavidJones Evans, Th.D., First BaptistChurch, Kansas City, Missouri; April 15,Reverend Charles Reynolds Brown, D.D.,LL.D., Dean of the Yale Divinity School,New Haven, Connecticut; April 22,Reverend Henry van Dyke, D.D., LL.D.,Professor of English Literature, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey;April 29, Dr. van Dyke; May 6,Bishop William Fraser McDowell, D.D.,L.H.D., Washington, D.C.; May 13,Bishop McDowell; May 20, ReverendCornelius Woelfkin, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D.,Park Avenue Baptist Church, New YorkCity; May 27, Dr. Woelfkin; June 3,Reverend Ivan Lee Holt, Ph.D., St.John's Methodist Church, St. Louis,Missouri; June 10, Reverend WilliamColeman Bitting, D.D., Second BaptistChurch, St. Louis, Missouri.The Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, gave a concertat the University on the afternoon ofApril 10, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall.The University baseball team playedtwelve conference games in the courseof the Spring Quarter, from April 2 toJune 15, as follows: Northwestern 3-1;Iowa 2-13; Northwestern 8-13; Wisconsin 4-6; Illinois 3-16; Ohio State8-9; Illinois 0-6; Iowa 0-2; Wisconsin3-7, Purdue 5-6, Indiana 4-3, Purdue5-6.Official announcement has just beenmade by the Board of Trustees of theUniversity of the election to the Board,of Mr. Samuel C. Jennings, an officialof the Columbian Bank Note Company ofChicago. Mr. Jennings, who is amember of the First Baptist Church ofEvanston, is very highly regarded amongChicago business men for his knowledgeof business conditions and his conservative judgment. A remarkable Manuscript has beengiven to the University Library by theAlumni Fund Committee on Manuscripts.It is a fine Fourteenth Century Manuscript of Roger of Waltham's MoralCompendium. This work has never beenpublished, and very few manuscriptcopies of it are known to exist; there aretwo in Oxford, two in Cambridge, andtwo in the British Museum. While it haslong been known that the Compendiumwas used by Sir John Fortescue in writinghis famous work on the Governance ofEngland, the extent of his use of it, andthe great interest of the Compendiumitself, has not been understood. Rogerof Waltham was an English churchmanand courtier, who flourished at the beginning of the Fourteenth Century. Hiswork has added importance, because someof the sources upon which he drew forEarly English History are no longerextant.The Volume contains, in addition tothe Compendium, a Fifteenth CenturyManuscript of the Constitutions of George,Archbishop of York, and of his predecessor, Cardinal John, of St. Balbina.These have been printed, but only from aBritish Museum Manuscript which hadbeen partly burned in the great fire of1 73 1 . The Manuscript formerly belongedto the Earl of Ashburnham, and beforehim to Sir William Betham. As SirWilliam Betham was Deputy for AdmiralChichester Fortescue, a direct descendant of Sir John's, it seems likely thatSir William may have obtained thisManuscript from the Admiral, and thatit may have descended to the Admiralfrom his ancestor, Sir John, and thushave been the identical Manuscriptused by him in composing his work onthe Governance of England.John M. Manly, Professor and Headof the Department of English in theUniversity, has already made a carefulexamination of the Manuscript. Mr.Frank McNair is the Chairman of theAlumni Fund Committee on Manuscripts, which is presenting the Manuscript to the University. This is thesixth important Manuscript the Com-282EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 283mittee has turned over to the Universitywithin the past three months.As headquarters for a geological fieldstation, ten acres of land in Ste. GenevieveCounty, Missouri, were given to the University in 19 2 1 by one of its graduates,Mr. William E. Wrather, a geologist ofDallas, Texas. At the same time thedonor provided a concrete building forkitchen and dining-room purposes and aconcrete springhouse to protect the watersupply. Through the generosity of thedonor two new buildings also are nowbeing erected, one for dormitory purposesto accommodate twenty students, andanother to provide facilities for showerbaths.Field instruction in geology has beenconducted by the University in Ste.Genevieve County each season since1914, except during the two war years191 7-1 8. The establishment of thepermanent camp has made possible muchmore efficient class work. The regionavailable for study exhibits a remarkablevariety of geological phenomena in asmall area. The whole district studiedis about five or six miles long and lessthan three miles wide, and the permanentcamp is situated near the center. Withinthis area more than twenty-five distinctgeological formations are outcropping,ranging in age from the Cambrian to theMississippian, most of them being moreor less abundantly fossiliferous. Inaddition, unusual fault phenomena provide problems of, great interest for classwork, while there is a remarkable opportunity for the collection of fossils fromnumerous Paleozoic horizons.It is proposed in the near future toexpand the work at the Field Station intoa real Field School of Geology and tocontinue it throughout the SummerQuarter, with a number of distinctcourses and the proper instructors foreach.The large number of students of foreignbirth attending the University has led theUniversity to appoint a new officer, anAdviser to Foreign Students. Mr. BruceW. Dickson, who has just been appointedto this office, is a graduate of Carson andNewman College, Tennessee, and hasstudied at Yale University, the University of Arkansas, and the Universityof Chicago, receiving his Master's degreeat Chicago in 19 16. The University now enrolls 8>$ Chinesestudents, 64 of Russian birth, 35 Japanese, 28 Filipinos, 25 of Canadian birth,six born in Poland, six in Italy, and fivein Korea; in all, thirty-six foreign countries are represented in the student body.Of the 335 students of foreign birth inthe University, one-fourth are Chinese.More than sixty of these students areearning their way, partly or wholly.As to their scholarship, it is an interestingfact that, while the foreign studentsnumber about one-twentieth of theenrollment at the University, they contribute one-tenth of the members toSigma Xi, the scientific honor society.Mr. Dickson's work will be to advisethese students in their choice of studies,and in every way possible help to maketheir stay at the University profitable tothem.The old Quadrangle Club building atthe University, which has been remodeledfor the use of the School of Commerce andAdministration, now comprises offices,classrooms, and a lecture hall. It is tobe known as the School of Commerce andAdministration, and the removal of thestaff of the School to its new quarters fromCobb Lecture Hall relieved somewhatthe crowded condition of the latterbuilding.The School of Commerce and Administration, under the direction of DeanLeon C. Marshall, has had a strikingdevelopment, and now has a staff ofabout forty instructors and six hundredstudents.A form of athletics new to the University aroused the interest and attentionof students during the Spring Quarter.The sport of polo was introduced on thecampus by the officers of the Departmentof Military Science and Tactics. As partof the equipment of the Field Artilleryunit of the R. O. T. C, the governmentmaintains forty-four horses at theUniversity, and from these the speediestand most suitable have been selectedand trained for the sport.In the autumn of 1922 several advancedstudents who registered for a course inmilitary physical culture were givenspecial instruction in polo, and thisspring they formed the University ofChicago Polo Association, open only tomembers of the Battery. Over half theBattery have applied for memberships.284 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMatch practice on Greenwood Fieldthree afternoons a week has alreadydeveloped enough skill in the team tohold the army officers, experienced in thegame, to a good score. The student teamwas booked for several match games withthe National Guard regiments in May.The officers in charge believe that thesport will prove a valuable asset to theUniversity.By his will Professor Edward EmersonBarnard, for more than twenty-five yearson the staff of the Yerkes Observatory,has bequeathed to the University allof his astronomical books and to theObservatory all the medals that have beengiven him for astronomical work, as wellas the small astronomical instrumentsnow on exhibition in the Observatory.To the University Professor Barnardalso has given his home and the groundswhich belong to it which adjoin thegrounds of the Yerkes Observatory, tohonor the memory of his wife RhodaCalvert Barnard.Among the medals awarded to Professor Barnard for his work in practicalastronomy are the Lalande, the Arago,and the Janssen gold medals from theFrench Academy of Sciences; the goldmedal of the Royal Astronomical Societyof Great Britain; and the Bruce goldmedal of the Astronomical Society ofthe Pacific.Dr. Barnard was the discoverer of thefifth satellite of Jupiter, and also of manycomets, and had made hundreds of photographs of the Milky Way, comets, andnebulae.By appointment of the War Department, Major Frederick N. Barrows,of the Field Artillery, U.S. Army, willsucceed Major Harold E. Marr as Headof the Department of Military Scienceand Tactics in the University on completion in August of the latter's four-yearappointment at the University. MajorBarrows' first military experience andtraining began with the Spanish- AmericanWar as a member of the 3 2d MichiganInfantry, and later he served an enlistment of three years in the Third Cavalryof the regular army.Returning to civil life, he enteredHamilton College, and upon graduationin 1907 was appointed second lieutenantof Field Artillery, U.S.A., in whichbranch he has since served continuously, attaining the rank of Major in 1920.During the World War he held thegrade of lieutenant-colonel.The new Annual Professor in theAmerican School of Classical Studiesat Athens will be Professor Carl DarlingBuck, Head of the Department of Comparative Philology, General Linguistics,and Indo-Iranian Philology in the University. He will sail early in July,returning in time for the opening ofthe Autumn Quarter, 1924.Professor Buck, who was a member ofthe American School in 1887-89, hasreceived from the University of Athensthe honorary degree of Doctor of Lettersand has been president of the AmericanPhilological Association. Among hispublished works are a Latin Grammar(with William G. Hale), a Sketch of theLinguistic Conditions in Chicago, and anIntroduction to the Study of the GreekDialects. He has been connected withthe University since its foundation.A prize of twenty-five dollars for thebest ode on the restoration of the Columbian Fine Arts Building in Jackson Park,Chicago, has been awarded to MissFredericka V. Blankner, a graduatestudent at the University, who alsoreceived the second prize in the Illinoispoetry competition conducted by theChicago Woman's Club. Miss Blankner,who received her Bachelor's degree in1922 with honor and was elected to PhiBeta Kappa, has held a scholarship inRomance during the present year andhas been president of the Italian Society.She received the Master's degree at theJune Convocation.John Merle Coulter, Professor andHead of the Department of Botany inthe University, has just been appointed amember of the National Research Councilon the Division of Biology and Agriculturefor the period of three years beginningJuly 1, 1923.Announcement has been made of theelection to the board of directors of theJohn Crerar Library, Chicago, of DeanHenry Gordon Gale, of the OgdenGraduate School of Science at the University. Dean Gale, who has been connected with the Department of Physicsat Chicago for over twenty years, is oneof the editors of the Astrophysical JournalEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 285and the author of A Laboratory Course inPhysics, and of Practical Physics. In1921-22 he was chairman of the divisionof physical sciences in the NationalResearch Council.At the recent celebration of the fiftiethanniversary of the first permanent department of education to be established ina university of the United States, theUniversity of Iowa conferred the honorarydegree of Doctor of Laws on DirectorCharles Hubbard Judd, of the Schoolof Education at the University. DirectorJudd, who represented the University atthe celebration and took part in the program, is not only head of the Departmentof Education, but also chairman of theDepartment of Psychology in the University, and the author of numerousauthoritative books on educational subjects.Professor Henry C. Morrison, Superintendent of the Laboratory Schools in theSchool of Education at the University,attended the celebration as a representative of Dartmouth College.With the opening of the Autumn Quarter at the University, Professor Gordon J.Laing, Dean of the Faculty of Arts andhead of the department of classics inMcGill University, Montreal, will becomeDean of the Graduate School of Arts andLiterature in the University, as well asProfessor of Latin, and General Editorof the University Press.Dean Laing, who was formerly Chairman of the Department of Latin atChicago and editor of the UniversityPress, was called January 1, 1922, toMcGill University, where he has had anotable success as administrator andlecturer.In 1911-12 Dean Laing was the AnnualProfessor in the American School ofClassical Studies in Rome; and amongthe honors that have come to him arethe vice-presidency of the ArchaeologicalInstitute of America and the presidencyof the Classical Association of the MiddleWest and South. He is to give coursesin Latin literature at Columbia University during the summer. ProfessorLaing received the honorary degree ofDoctor of Letters from the University ofToronto on June 7.Professor Frank R. Lillie, chairman ofthe Department of Zoology at the Uni versity, has been appointed by the National Research Council chairman ofthe board on National Research Fellowships in the Biological Sciences. Thenew series of fellowships in the biologicalsciences (including zoology, botany,anthropology, and psychology) will beawarded to persons who have demonstrated a high order of ability, for thepurpose of enabling them to continueresearch at suitable institutions, preferably in the United States. The basicstipend for first appointments will be$1,800.Professor William D. Harkins, of theDepartment of Chemistry, has beenelected secretary for four years of theCommittee on Grants of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience. Professor C. Judson Herrick,of the Department of Anatomy, is amember of the same committee.At the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of University Extension, just beingcelebrated at the University of^ Cambridge, England, the representative ofthe University, Professor Richard GreenMoulton, received the honorary degreeof Doctor of Laws. Professor Moultonwas for twenty-five years professor ofliterature in the University, and isinternationally known as the editor ofthe Modern Reader's Bible.The University of Vienna has recentlybestowed the Decoration of Honor uponMr. Harold H. Swift, of Chicago, inorder to express its gratitude for assistancereceived by its members during a numberof years from the University. It seemedespecially appropriate that the Presidentof the Board of Trustees, as representative of the University, should be therecipient of this honor.On the same occasion a gold medalwas conferred upon Dr. Adolf C. Noe,Assistant Professor of Paleobotany in theUniversity, for his efforts to secure fundsfor the aid of members of Austrian universities and other institutions of learning abroad.As a recognition of high attainments inhistorical scholarship Professor BenjaminTerry, of the Department of History atthe University, has recently been electeda Fellow by the council of the RoyalHistorical Society of England. ProfessorTerry's special field of research has been286 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin English history, and he is the authorof a History of England from the EarliestTimes to the Death of Victoria, and ofA History of England for Schools.Professor Terry, who received hisDoctor's degree from the University ofFreiburg, and the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws from Colgate University,has been Professor of English Historyin the University since its foundationin 1892.In the largest interscholastic basketball tournament ever held, forty teams,representing over thirty states, were incompetition at the University fromApril 3 to 7 inclusive. Four hundredparticipants were quartered at the variousfraternity houses and the ReynoldsClub. Teams and coaches were entertained by the University students at abanquet on April 2, when tournamentrules and instructions were given forthe contests in the Frank DickinsonBartlett Gymnasium. New England,the South, and the Far West were allrepresented in the tournament, the opening game being between Walla Walla,Washington, and Gloversville, New York.Director Amos Alonzo Stagg, Head of theDepartment of Physical Culture andAthletics at the University, had generalcharge of the meet.At the annual meeting of the AmericanOriental Society at Princeton, NewJersey, April 4-6, Ira Maurice Price,Professor of the Old Testament Languageand Literature in the University, waselected Vice-President of the Society forthe ensuing year.Dean Nathaniel Butler, of UniversityCollege, delivered an address on "TheCollege" at the All-College Dinner inCleveland, April 12, at the time of theAnnual Convention of Alumni andAlumnae Secretaries.Albert A. Michelson, Professor andHead of the Department of Physics in theUniversity, was elected President of theNational Academy of Sciences on April26, to succeed Dr. C. D. Walcott, of theSmithsonian Institution. A portrait ofProfessor Michelson has just been completed by Mr. Ralph Clarkson of Chicago,and placed temporarily in the Quadrangle Club. The portrait is to be a giftto the University from a large number of Professor Michelson's former pupils,and other friends and admirers. DeanHenry G. Gale has been a leading spirit inthe enterprise. Professor Michelson hasbeen Head of the Department of Physicssince the organization of the University in1892. Among his achievements havebeen the fixing of the length of theFrench meter in the light waves, and theinvention of the Interferometer and itsapplication to the measurement of giantstars. He is rated the leading physicistin America.In the School of Citizenship, held inIda Noyes Hall at the University, theaddress of welcome was given by President Ernest D. Burton, and the openinglecture, "Some Problems of our Democracy," by Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin, Head of the Department ofHistory. A round table on practicalpolitics was conducted each day by Professor Charles E. Merriam, of the Department of Political Science; and DirectorCharles H. Judd, of the School of Education, lectured on "The Relation of theSchools to Other Public Institutions in aDemocracy."Round tables on public administrationand on taxation were also conducted byAssociate Professor Leonard D. White,of the Department of Political Science,and Assistant Professor Jacob Viner, ofthe Department of Political Economy.Other University representatives onthe program as lecturers were: James H.Tufts, philosophy; Ernst Freund, law;Arthur W. Scott, history; EllsworthFaris, sociology; Forest A. Kingsbury,psychology; Sophonisba P. Breckinridge,social economy; and Edith Abbott,social service administration. An illustrated lecture, followed by a campustour, was given on "The University ofChicago" by David Allan Robertson,Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science.A general summary of the work of theround tables and the sessions of the schoolwas given at a luncheon, April 27, atthe Hotel Del Prado, Professor CharlesE. Merriam presiding. The school, insession for five days, had an attendanceof about two hundred.The death of Henry M. Atkinson, oneof the greatest baseball players evergraduated from the University, and oneof its most loyal alumni, occurred at hisEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 287home in Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2,as the result of an infection. Mr.Atkinson was a consulting mining engineer of high standing in Salt Lake City.Mr. Atkinson held down second base allthe years of his competition, playing onthe championship team of 1896. Hemade many trips to Chicago to attendthe annual alumni-day celebration.The nineteenth annual musical comedy,The Filming of Friars, was presented bythe Blackfriars, a men's social organization at the University, on the evenings ofMay 4 and 5, and May n and 12, withmatinees on May 5 and 12. The newcomedy, said to be one of the best inhumorous conception and lyrics, waswritten by Earle Ludgin and staged byHamilton Coleman, who has alreadyproduced several successful Blackfriarplays. Special attention was given tothe musical composition for the bookand lyrics. All parts were taken bymen, of whom there were twenty-fivein the cast and thirty-four in thechorus.Among the recent productions of theBlackfriars have been Anybody's Girl,The Machinations of Max, BarbaraBehave, and The Naughty Nineties.At the meeting in Washington, May4 and 5, of the American Council onEducation, Director Charles H. Judd, ofthe School of Education at the University,was the representative of the Universityand also of the North Central Associationof Colleges and Secondary Schools, ofwhich he is president. The first presidentof the Council was President EmeritusHarry Pratt Judson, and the presentdirector is Mr. Charles R. Mann, formerlyassociate professor of physics in theUniversity.At the recent meeting in Chicago of theNorth Central Association of Collegesand Secondary Schools, Director Juddwas elected president for the ensuingyear. For the past five years DirectorJudd has been chairman of the Commission on Higher Institutions in theAssociation.Professor Judd, who has also beenpresident of the National Society ofCollege Teachers of Education and ofthe American Psychological Association,is the author of Psychology of High- School Subjects, Introduction to the Scientific Study of Education, and Evolution ofa Democratic School System.On May 10 and n the Thirty-fifthEducational Conference of the Universitywas held with administrative officers andteachers of Co-operating Schools. Themaximum attendance at these conferences was 1 ,938. The schools representedwere scattered over a region almost equalto what is known as the MississippiValley, although the largest contingentcame from Chicago and its immediateterritory. In addition to the principalsand teachers of high schools, the Conference brought to the University severalhundred high-school students who tookpart in competitive honor examinations.The administrative officers of theschools held sessions for the discussionof problems of school organization, andthe close of the Conference was devotedto departmental sessions concerned withthe teaching of high-school subjects.At the annual meeting of the Renaissance Society, held May 24, in HarperAssembly Room, the following officerswere elected for the year 1923-24: president, Mr. Ferdinand Schevill; vice-presidents, Mrs. Charles H. Judd, Mrs.Marquis Eaton, Mr. Ozora S. Davis, Mr.Walter Sargent, and Mr. Henry K.Holsman; secretary, Miss Susan Pea-body; treasurer, Mr. William ScottGray; executive committee, Mr. HarryA. Bigelow, Mr. John M. Manly, MissSarah B. Tunnicliff, Mr. Wallace Heck-man, and Miss Helen Gardner.Julius Stieglitz, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Chemistryat the University, has been awarded theWillard Gibbs Medal, given annually bythe Chicago section of the AmericanChemical Society to a chemist preeminent for his research in pure or appliedchemistry. The medal, established byWilliam A. Converse, of Chicago, in 191 1,has been awarded in past years toMadame Marie Curie, the discovererof radium; Svante Arrhenius, director ofthe Nobel Institute at Stockholm;T. W. Richards, of Harvard University;A. A. Noyes, formerly president of theMassachusetts Institute of Technologyat Boston; W. R. Whitney, director ofthe research laboratory of the GeneralElectric Company; and others. The288 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmedal was presented by its founder,Mr. Converse, at the meeting of theAmerican Chemical Society at the CityClub, Chicago, on the evening of May 25.Professor Stieglitz, who spoke on the"Theory of Color Production in D)^es,"was awarded the medal in recognitionof his remarkable work in organicchemistry.Professor Stieglitz has been a member ofthe Department of Chemistry at theUniversity since its foundation in 1892,Director of the University Laboratoriessince 191 2, and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry since 1915. He hasbeen President of the American ChemicalSociety, and is a member of many scientific societies, American and foreign.By the action on May 26 of the Northern Baptist Convention in session atAtlantic City, the request of the Trusteesof the University was granted, with theresult that hereafter the presidency ofthe University will not be limited tomembers of the Baptist denomination,and three-fifths instead of two-thirds ofthe University Board of Trustees are tobe members of a Baptist church. Thepresent membership of the Board willbe increased from twenty-one to twenty-five.Much gratification over the action ofthe convention has been expressed byalumni and friends of the University, asit brings to realization the desire whichthe Trustees have had for a number ofyears to broaden the field of choice forpresident and trustees. The changesare regarded as of great significance forthe future of the University.A portrait of James Parker Hall,Dean of the University Law School, waspresented by the Law School Alumni tothe University on the occasion of theLaw School Alumni Dinner on June 12.The portrait is the work of LeopoldSeyffert, of Chicago. Mr. R. E. Schrei-ber, an alumnus of the Law School, hasbeen a moving spirit in the enterprise.All the money for the purpose was securedfrom the Alumni of the Law School.Dean Hall has been a member of theLaw School Faculty since 1902, and Deansince 1904.At the class-day exercises of the University in June, the graduating class presented to the University a bronzetablet bearing a bas-relief of PresidentEmeritus Harry Pratt Judson, whoretired from the Presidency in February.The cost of the bronze relief was a thousand dollars. The gift of the Seniorclass to the University a year ago was theartistic Gothic bridge over the botanypond in Hull Court.At the Commencement Exercises ofOberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, on June20, the honorary degree of Doctor ofScience was conferred upon CharlesJoseph Chamberlain, Professor of Morphology and Cytology in the University, and upon Henry Chandler Cowies,Professor of Ecology. Professor Chamberlain and Professor Cowies receivedtheir Bachelor's Degree from OberlinCollege in 1888 and 1893 respectively.At the same time the Degree of Master ofArts was conferred upon Amos AlonzoStagg, Professor and Director of theDepartment of Physical Culture andAthletics in the University, who receivedhis Bachelor's Degree from Yale in 1888.Several members of the Universityfaculties will lecture during the summeron the Pacific coast. Professor J.Maurice Clark, of the Department ofPolitical Economy, will give courses atLeland Stanford Junior University. Professor Floyd R. Mechem, of the LawSchool Faculty, will be at StanfordUniversity as a lecturer in the LawSchool, and Professor H. Hackett Newman of the Department of Zoology,author of Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenicsand The Physiology of Twinning, whohas been doing research work at themarine biological laboratory at PacificGrove, California, will lecture at theUniversity of California.At the close of the Winter QuarterProfessor Walter Sargent, who has beenfor fourteen years Professor of ArtEducation in the School of Education atthe University, lectured before the ArtAssociation and the Parent-TeacherAssociation of Oberlin, Ohio. Sometwenty or more of Professor Sargent'slandscapes were on exhibition for amonth at the Dudley P. Allen MemorialArt Building of Oberlin College. .He haspreviously been represented in exhibitionsof the Society of Artists in New YorkEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 289and the American Artist's Exhibitionin Chicago.Jean Marie Carre, Professor of Comparative Literature at the Universityof Lyons and Exchange Professor ofFrench Literature at Columbia University, delivered a lecture on "Byron et leromantisme francais," in Harper Assembly Room, at 4:30 p.m., on April 5.Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge,Johnsonian Professor of Philosophy atColumbia University, delivered threelectures at the University in April, inHarper Assembly Room, at 8:00 p.m.,on the William Vaughn Moody Foundation. His subjects were: April 9, "TheRealm of Mind," April 10, "ObjectiveMind," and April n, "Many Minds."A distinguished authority on the history and religion of Persia, ProfessorA. V, Williams Jackson, of ColumbiaUniversity, gave the Haskell Lectures onComparative Religion at the UniversityApril 11, 12, and 13, and April 25, 26,and 27. Professor Jackson, who was^ amember of the American-Persian ReliefCommission led by President Harry PrattJudson, discussed the general subjectof "Manichaeism" in six_ lectures, forwhich recent discoveries in Turkestanhave supplied much new material.Otto Meyerhof, Professor of Physiology in the University of Kiel, lecturedat the University in Kent Theater, at4:30 p.m., on April 20. The subjectof his lecture was "Autoxydation Processes in the Cell."Count Lerchenfeld, formerly PrimeMinister of Bavaria, delivered a lectureat the University in Harper AssemblyRoom, at 8:15 p.m., on April 25, on"Old and Modern Construction of theState."Dr. William E. Dodd, Professor ofAmerican History in the University,recently gave the Henry Ward BeecherLectures at Amherst College. The general subject of the series was "TheEnd of an Era." The series closed onApril 28. Professor Dodd also lecturedat Cornell University before returningto Chicago. Among his published works are Statesmen of the Old South andWoodrow Wilson and His Work.Professor Manley O. Hudson, of theHarvard Law School, who was activelyconcerned in the Paris Peace Conferencein 1919 and has been a member of thelegal section of the Secretariat of theLeague of Nations, spoke in Kent Theaterat the University, May 25, on "TheLeague of Nations and the World Court."Professor Hudson was a member of theCommission on Ports, Waterways, andRailways at the Paris Conference; alsoof the Commission on New States and theProtection of Minorities; and of theCommission on the Reply to the GermanCounter Proposal. His actual relation tothe Paris Conference and to the Leagueof Nations enabled him to speak frompersonal experience on the problems ofthe League of Nations and internationalaffairs.Mr. and Mrs, Frank V. Dudley lectured before the Renaissance Societyin Harper Assembly Room at 8:15 p.m.,May 26, on "An Evening with Art inPainting and Song."Princess Santa Borghese gave anillustrated lecture on "ContemporaryItalian Art" in Harper Assembly Roomat 8: 15 p.m., April 26, before the Renaissance Society.One of the important books appearingin April from the University Press wasthat by President Ernest DeWitt Burtonon The Study of the Teaching of Jesus inIts Historical Relationships. In his preface President Burton says:"Profoundly convinced of the valuefor our day and generation of the studyof the life and teaching of Jesus as therecord of these has been preserved forus in the gospels of the New Testament,I have for some years given myself in myUniversity teaching with special interestto a course on 'The Teaching of Jesus.'In this work I have increasingly felt theneed of a book which should present thematerial, both of Jesus' own teachingand, for purposes of comparison, of thatof his contemporaries. It is to meetthis need that I have prepared thisvolume."To enable the student more quickly,and easily to grasp the meaning of the290 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgospel passages, they have been translated into modern English.Other publications for April includeThe Moral Life of the Hebrews, by J. M. P.Smith; Government in Illinois, by WalterF. Dodd and Sue H. Dodd; and University of Chicago Poems, by EdwinHerbert Lewis.A remarkable tribute to Professor JohnMatthews Manly, Head of the Department of English at the University, is avolume just issued from the UniversityPress under the title The Manly Anniversary Studies in Language and Literature. The volume is presented to himby his students and associates on thecompletion of his twenty-fifth year asHead of the Department of English inthe University. The book, of nearlyfive hundred pages, bound in blue buckram and stamped in gold with the coatof arms of the University, has forty-twocontributors, including, among others,Robert Morss Lovett, whose appreciation of Mr. Manly opens the volume,Robert Herrick, Frederic Ives Carpenter, Joseph Quincy Adams, CharlesRead Baskervill, David H. Stevens,George Sherburn, George L. Kittredge,Tom Peete Cross, WiUiam A. Nitze, Ernest H. Wilkins, Karl Pietsch, andCarl Darling Buck.The volume concludes with a record ofProfessor Manly's life and a bibliographyof his work.A valuable collection of twenty-twoEnglish plays that were originally stagedin London between 1660 and 1780 hasbeen edited from the original editions,with general and biographical notes,by David Harrison Stevens, AssistantProfessor of English in the University.The volume, Types of English Drama,1660-1780, of over nine hundred pages,is dedicated to John Matthews Manly,under whom Professor Stevens receivedhis Doctor's degree at Chicago.This remarkably interesting collectionof plays produced during the hundredand twenty years following the Restoration of Charles II includes Dryden'sAll for Love or The World Well Lost,Addison's Cato, Gay's The Beggar'sOpera, Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer, and Sheridan's The Rivals and TheSchool for Scandal.All the plays have literary or dramaticmerit and constitute satisfactory materialfor a course in drama following the workof the Elizabethans.ATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 1923ATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 1923 2911923 1922 Gain LossBy Schools and CollegesMen •Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature, and Science:1. GraduateSchools —280322 203120 483442 244316 183118 427434 568Science Total 60259567643 3235i746935 9251,112i,i4578 56063964046 30152050336 8611,1591,14382 6422. The Colleges- 47Unclassified 4Total i,3i41,916120634 1,0211,3442622 2,3353,260146836 1,3251,885115436 1,0591,36019310 2,3843,245134746 15121 49Total Arts, Literature, andII. Professional Schools:1. Divinity School —10Total 1609868 3026II 19012479 1559499 322514 187119113 35*2. Courses in Medicine —34j •2 1 3 7 1 8 5Total 1681167090 38611 2061227i91 2001265686 40622 2401325888 133 343. Law School —10Total 276204317821815 8215524361 2842354820225416 268253719023426 10203829312 2782284521926528 6734. College of Education 5. School of Commerce and Administration —171112Total 45446 661525 5201931 48724 7o1320 5571524 47 376. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Total 10 40 5o 6 33 39 11Total Professional 1,088 397 1,485 1,141 388 1,529 44Total University 3,004 i,74i 4,745 3,026 1,748 4,774 292472,7572953*052 451,6961,0292,725 2924,4531,3245,777 2612,7652212,986 441,7048332,537 3054,4691,0545,523Net Totals in Quadrangles.University College 270254 16Total 38 32 7o 30 43 73Net Total in the University 3,014 2,693 5,707 2,956 2,494 5,45© 257292 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 1923Graduate and Undergraduate Students GraduateArts, Literature, and Science Divinity School Courses in Medicine Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration Total Duplicates Net Total in Quadrangles.University College Total..Duplicates .Net Total in the University. 925178124122191,4161391,2772521,52915i,5i4* Unclassified students.