The University RecordVolume IX APRIL IQ2 7 Number 2THE READJUSTMENT OF OURFUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS1BY HENRY CLINTON MORRISONProfessor of Education, and Superintendent of the Laboratory SchoolsAs a people, we do not think in terms of education; we think in termsof schools. We have no educational system; we have an elementaryschool, a high school, and a college.ISince the twentieth century came in, a social revolution has changedthe whole aspect of our institutional problem. This revolution has beena change in the attitude of society toward the educational process, whichhas brought about an unprecedented increase in the enrolment, particularly in the higher schools. By about the year 1900, there began toappear on the statute books, effective compulsory education laws andsoon afterward effective acts prohibiting the employment of childrenin the industries. Few people realized the forces which were being setin action. Not only were millions of children sent to school, but therewas generated in their parents a change of heart which was infinitelymore significant. Earlier generations had in large measure countedtheir children as invested capital, the monetary returns on which wouldbe enjoyed in the interval between the arrival of the working age andlegal majority. In the bitter anti-child-labor fights of the early yearsof the century the exploiting parent was far more an obstacle than theexploiting corporation. His children once in school, however, with the1 Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Twenty-eighth Convocation of the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 20, 1923.7374 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprospect of remaining there until fourteen years of age, or probablysixteen, the whole horizon of the parent shifted. He came to see thefree education of his children as a part of his American franchise whichhe had previously overlooked. Education up to sixteen usually meansthe high school, and the high school implies the university. Theadvocates of educational democracy had succeeded beyond their imaginings and had created for themselves problems which even in their ownlifetime they must meet.In the census year 1920, 69 per cent of the population in the age groupsfive to twenty-one was in school somewhere. Twenty-eight per centof the adolescent population was in high school and the undergraduatecolleges had begun to be overwhelmed with Freshmen. It is not at alluncommon to find high schools in single communities which enrol wellabove 50 per cent of their total possible membership. And yet theincreasing enrolment is only the symptom. The significant underlyingfact is the change in the attitude of society toward childhood and progresswhich the enrolment implies.Our traditional organization, with its neighborhood elementaryschool, its city high school, and its geographically remote college, cannoteffectively carry the load. It was not designed to do so. Each of thefundamental schools was developed to meet the need of a present generation and not the aspirations of a later and very different society. Solong as the student load took the form of a pyramid, with a broad basein the elementary school and abruptly sloping sides, with a process ofpowerful natural selection at work, the two higher institutions couldfunction acceptably well. But the pyramid has been truncated and isshowing manifest signs of changing its form in the direction of the prism.Natural selection has largely ceased to operate.Of the numerous maladjustments which might be cited I confinemyself to two which seem to me to be fundamental.The attempt to educate en masse substantially all comers has ledthe secondary and collegiate institutions to organize themselves on themodel of American industrialism. That no education viewed as a regenerating and transforming process applied to a highly complex organismcould ever successfully be carried out in that way goes without saying.But we had to do something. Hence the whole theory of standardizedcourses, on the perfect analogy of standardized processes in industry.Hence, too, the whole system of accrediting in Carnegie units, semesterhours, majors, and minors, until the humor of the situation has becomeirresistible. The youth who comes gravely forward and presents asTHE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 75indubitable currency of the realm his units and semester hours in exchangefor certification of intellectual and social status has simply been made kindred to Tom Sawyer and his tickets of many colors at Sunday school.The normal result of the process, in addition to its mischievous effectsupon the student's understanding of the nature of his own culture, is aserious aggravation of the problem of the student load. When we standardize higher education in terms of time-to-be-spent instead of in termsof intellectual achievements to be accomplished, we set up an increasinginflexibility in a process which is by nature most flexible. We as an institution have always been the first to resist such tendencies and we haveas a matter of history contributed through our quarter system the onlysubstantial corrective. But the root of the evil remains. The mechanism of accrediting which is in use fixes arbitrarily the date of intellectualmaturity instead of allowing it to seek its own level. If that date is ayear beyond what the actual requirements of the process are, the load isneedlessly increased by the whole student body of the last year. If theartificial prolongation is two years, then the load is increased by thestudent population of the last two years and so on. Nobody knows whatthe normal time requirement expressed in terms of actual cultural achievement really is. A very considerable amount of experimentation has beendone in the lower schools with almost uniform disclosures to the effectthat the time allowances arbitrarily set up in the past have been unnecessarily long. Interesting, and apparently significant, findings in ourown educational laboratory seem to suggest that the period assumed to benecessary for the process of general education may be at least two yearslonger than is actually needed, the intellectual requirements of the Bachelor's degree being what they are.And so we come to the second of our present critical issues, the financial support of education. It is popularly supposed that but a pittanceof our national public expenditure is so applied. Such is not the case.Of an aggregate federal, state, and municipal expenditure of approximately $8,000,000,000 about $1,500,000,000 is going to the support ofschools, exclusive of correctional and custodial institutions. If weexclude the federal fisc, about one-third of the total public revenue goesto the support of education. The figures are ridiculously underestimatedsince they do not include any real capital cost, for true capital accountsare almost never kept and provided for. Such in brief is the tale fortax-supported education.A much more reliable basis for thinking is to be found in a consideration of the proportion of the aggregate income of the people available for76 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDour purposes. Income in the United States fluctuates, but we shall notgo very far wrong if we keep in mind $60,000,000,000. Out of that mustbe paid the maintenance cost of society, at an economical standard ofliving, necessary capital investment, depreciation, and depletion. Themargin within which needed social work such as education can be carriedon is relatively small. Out of this margin must be paid the cost not onlyof tax-supported but of endowed institutions as well. The two differonly in their titles to a portion of the social income. The title of one isan act of the legislature. The title of the other is a commercial claim.More than that, the institutional cost of education is only a part of thetotal cost. To the institutional cost must be added the support of thestudent body in so far as the latter is for the time being economicallyunproductive. Evidently the increase in enrolment in the most costlystages of schooling cannot go on indefinitely. Fundamental adjustmentsmust be made.Apparently, the only possible condition under which education asthe basis of civilization in the modern state can go on indefinitely is thecreation by educational institutions of net increases in the balance ofthe social income available for the higher life, at least equal to: first, thatportion of the social income annually appropriated for educational costs;and, second, that draft on the social income created by the effect ofgeneral education on the common standard of living.In the end, the fundamental adjustment can be accomplished onlythrough the graduate school, in its discovery of new truth and throughits successful dissemination of truth. The obligation touches the graduate school in every department because every department has accessto human life in its higher economic relations.The assertion which I have just made may at first seem unwarranted.What relation to economic well-being can graduate study in the humanities, for instance, possibly have ? May I elaborate ?The relationship of the physical and biological sciences to the production and conservation of consumable goods and services is obvious.Indeed, it would not be difficult to show that these sciences have so faroutstripped the social sciences and the liberal arts that a serious maladjustment has resulted.The relationship of economic investigation to our underlying problemis also clear, but it has lagged far behind similar activities in the physicaland biological sciences. Society cannot advantageously utilize the intellectual product of the latter unless economic intelligence is at least equallyclear and well diffused.THE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 77In the modern world, the well-being of society depends fundamentallyupon the systematic diffusion of truth and generation of intelligencethrough educational institutions. The maintenance of effective schoolsand instrumentalities rests at bottom upon the scientific study of theeducative process and the higher professional training of teachers, enterprises of the university graduate school.So far, the relationship is clear. These graduate activities dealmainly with the positive aspects of production and control. The political and moral sciences, history, arts, and letters have a potential relationship to the economic problem, negative in character to be sure, but essential.The late Walter Rathenau estimated that on the whole one-third ofthe income of society is lost in waste and riotous living. His estimate isin striking accord with that of our own Treasury Department for the year1919, of $22,000,000,000 for luxury out of an aggregate popular incomeof somewhat over $60,000,000,000.A considerable percentage of the waste originates in political mismanagement which is in itself traceable to widespread political ignorance.Time and again schoolmasters have attempted to introduce thoroughtraining in political science in our schools and every time have beenestopped by lack of material, of qualified teachers, and of expert guidance.The graduate school is not producing material nor equipping teachersin quantity sufficient for the purpose. This statement is made in fullappreciation of the renewed and very promising activity which politicalscientists have in recent years inaugurated.The great bulk of the waste, however, originates in low standards ofpersonal satisfaction, and in a consequent morality which is sheer paganism. The untutored savage achieves his highest delight in gross personalpleasures, and in a display which keeps him in perpetual poverty. Ona somewhat higher plane, the savage has his analogue in the individualwhom material progress has raised to affluence without equipping himwith the tastes which lead to rational enjoyment. The savage squandershis all and wastes the patrimony of the next generation in a single feast.The inheritor of his culture squanders billions annually on superfluousautomobiles, loads his women with the spoils of a province, and getshis only form of approximate intellectual satisfaction from the weeklydevastation of many square miles of woodland. It is useless merely todeplore the evils of the day and worse than useless to attempt to regulatethem by taxation or other forms of legal control. In the end, ourbillions of luxurious waste will be saved only by generating in the massesa culture which seeks more rational enjoyment, and which eventuates in78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa better sense of values. That seems to me exactly as vital an economicand social problem for the liberal arts as was the identification and controlof the germ of yellow fever an economic and social problem for the studentof biological science. The problem can be solved, first, by equippingteachers for the secondary school with the actual culture which they areintended to impart; and, in the second place, by developing and training students of distinction for the production of genuinely culturalmaterial for popular reading.IILike other organisms, society tends to adjust itself to new lines ofpressure. Such an adjustment seems to be going on in the reorganizationof our institutions, as such, to meet the pressure set up by the new popularattitude toward education. That the appropriate adjustment will takeplace apart from the creative human intelligence is of course highlyimprobable. On the other hand, it is exceedingly unlikely that anyworkable adjustment can be invented by an individual or associationof individuals apart from correct interpretation of the social forces atwork. It is my purpose to attempt to exhibit the lines along which ourinstitutional adjustment is taking place and, if possible, to suggest someinterpretation of the process. May I ask you to recall our fundamentalinstitutions and the state in which they grew up ?The original American schools which achieved some degree of permanence were the college, which was in the main an importation andcalculated to serve a vocational purpose, and a later district school,which if not wholly indigenous, was at least singularly well adaptedto the social and political notions of the people among whom it grew up.Early in the second half of the nineteenth century there became established a new type of school for the education of the masses. This wasthe graded elementary school, with which we are all familiar. Likethe early college it was an importation but from a different source. Ithad been organized to meet the needs of a foreign society and a politicalsystem which had no analogue on this continent. It had no outlookinto higher institutions, and it consistently ignored the individual. Itwas thus fundamentally foreign to the whole genius of our own socialand political institutions. One can well believe that its true characterwould have been seen from the beginning had not its organizationappealed to a people who were already infatuated with the factory systemin industry. It lent itself primarily to the regimenting of great massesof pupils. The attacks of students of education who realized the mechanical character and sterility of its educational conceptions had little effectTHE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 79beyond the earliest grades. Out of this school probably grew our current popular habit of viewing education as a matter of time to be spentand a corresponding certificate to be obtained. The city dwellers of thelast two generations have in general been schooled that way and naturallythe prevailing view is that that is what education means. The earlierdistrict school, whatever its shortcomings, had no such views. You wentto the district school until your family decided that you had exhaustedits possibilities. This period might come early and it might come late,but in the end your objective was a comprehensible intellectual objectiveand not a time-to-be-spent objective.And we had one other indigenous school — the rural academy ofearly days— and its legitimate successor the free high school. Like thedistrict school this institution grew up to meet a specific American need,to wit, the higher education of the ambitious middle classes. In itsinception it paralleled the college, though it seldom rose to the intellectual dignity of the college. The public high school was its successor,but the high school did not become established until the graded schoolwas becoming dominant and the force of circumstances drove the twointo an uncongenial partnership. The Illinois statute book still bearswitness to the principle that there is no partnership between the twoexcept where local political pressure has enforced it. In the larger citiesof Illinois and in the nation at large, the two schools have been amalgamated into an incongruous machine which it is extremely difficult tolubricate.It has never been possible to stratify American society nor to imposea caste system. On account of this national characteristic, the unfortunate high school toward the end of the nineteenth century found itselfcaught between the intellectual complacency of its local partner and theunfeeling exclusiveness of the remote college. In brief, it had to takechildren and get them ready for college. It had to abandon in largemeasure its original purpose and take pattern after the first of the American middle schools, the Boston Latin School. Of course it rapidly becameas mechanical as the rest of the system. In the end, any youth who canshow 8 grades, plus 15 Carnegie units, plus 36 majors or 120 semesterhours is entitled to the Bachelor's degree. All institutional legislationis based upon revision in the weight and standard of fineness of thecurrency.The result has been a series of overlapping institutions, expensiveto maintain, wasteful in intellectual output, and sadly deficient in cultural output.8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAs soon as the city school system had become accustomed to a singleprofessional administration of both graded and high school, the frictioninvolved between the two became increasingly apparent. As soon asthe present era of large numbers in the higher institutions became fairlylaunched, the frequency with which new and expensive high-schoolbuildings were required helped the public to see things as the superintendent of schools saw them. The result was the rapid evolution of thejunior high school, so-called, another middle school which appropriatedthe last two years from the graded school and the first year of the traditional high school. Properly conceived, the junior high school madepossible administrative economies. The educator tried to adapt thisschool to the mental and instinctive equipment of early adolescence, butwith limited success.Meantime, another parallel process has been going on. I refer tothe so-called departmentalization of the upper years of the graded school.In essence this movement represented an attempt to carry into the elementary school the instructional methods of the high school, withoutnecessarily modifying the curriculum of the graded school. It seems tohave represented a significant part of the process of adjustment, to allintents and purposes in harmony with the junior high school movement,although distinct from the latter.The permanent contribution of the junior high school movementhas been the disclosure that children can utilize the intellectual materialsof higher education at an age level two and sometimes three years earlierthan the graded school had been willing to admit. There is no positiveevidence as yet that we have carried the rationalizing processes of thehigh school back to an age so immature that they cannot advantageouslybe utilized.So far as we have gone, then, the story is apparently one of the realignment of the two earlier standardized schools of the early twentieth century. The tendency is evidently to construct a secondary school whichis quite different from the standardized four-year, sixteen-units schoolof the preceding period. Let us now look to the later correspondingperiod, that in which the relationship of high school and college is involved.Here again has been a story of friction and waste, clearly recognizedfor thirty years. An earlier institution — the college — with its ownwell-developed traditions and methods attempts to get part of its workdone in an institution which started life with purposes wholly differentfrom those of the college, and which is still obliged to adhere in largepart to its earlier intentions. The well-recognized result has been thatTHE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 81the college has had to devote approximately two years to the completionof a stage in education, essentially to bring the student to a point atwhich he has the necessary intellectual background for higher study, andhas learned to work with some degree of independence.May we turn aside from our main inquiry for the moment to considerthe financial implications ?. The burden of huge numbers still at secondary levels, concentratedin relatively few localities, is bound to absorb more and more of theresources which should be available for true university work and in thatway to strike at the root of the whole economic structure of education.I have tried to show that the possibility of carrying on education at anyand all levels rests in the end on scholarship and professional trainingand scientific production which are best known at university levels. It is,to be sure, sometimes claimed that the early levels of college work paytheir own instructional costs. By dint of using inferior instructionalunits that is perhaps sometimes true. With good teaching, however,instructional costs are seldom very much more than 50 per cent of theactual full cost. Students have to be housed and every college takes pridein its buildings. In the actual cost of education, for every millioninvested in recitation halls, residence buildings, libraries, private fraternity buildings, and so on, there is involved an actual annual cost of approximately $20,000 for depreciation and obsolescence, plus the cost of maintenance and upkeep. These costs do not all appear as items on the collegebooks, but they must appear in our actual social accounting for they doaffect very materially the amount available for other essential purposes.We have, then, another distinct line of pressure and along this linereadjustment appears to be going on in a normal fashion. It takes theform, as I think, of the local junior college, an outgrowth of the last tenyears. These institutions typically represent the first two college years,adapted to the level of the high school or other secondary institution. Insome cases they appear in the place of four-year colleges which havegiven up their last two years and are concentrating upon the first two. Iam indebted to Professor Koos of the University of Minnesota for thefigures which I quote.Junior colleges of some sort are to be found in 37 of the 48 states; 35 junior collegesin city and high school districts enrolled last year 5,014 students; state institutionsenrolled 3,276; and private institutions 7,682. If complete data were at hand, weshould have a total enrolment exceeding 16,000.The graduates do not of course all find their way into the seniorcollege, but many of them do. On the whole such students appear to be82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas well qualified for senior college and graduate work as students originating in four-year colleges or within the same institution in which theircontinuation records are taken. Figures compiled in the Recorder'soffice show that 202 graduates of typical local junior colleges had acontinuation record with us showing an average standing of 2.9 gradepoints. One hundred seventy-three students transferring from typicalIllinois four-year colleges had a continuation record of 2.6 grade points.A sampling of 100 students originating in our own junior college had asenior college average for credited majors of 2.9 grade points.Viewed from the standpoint of support, teaching costs per capitain the local junior college will probably not vary greatly from equivalentcosts in the present four-year college. The overhead and capital costs,however, will in the long run be very materially less on a comparablebasis. In the ordinary local high-school situation, students at juniorcollege level are absorbed into the organization with very little absolute increase in overhead, and, while in the long run building spacemust be provided for them, the building cost is not proportionatelyincreased where such students are distributed over hundreds and perhapseventually thousands of local schools instead of being concentrated in afew colleges of the four-year residence type. Moreover, the capitalinvestment in residence buildings and the maintenance cost thereon iseliminated. To this extent, then, we can see some prospect of givinghigher education to the increasing student load.Viewing, then, the readjustment of the graded school, the high school,and the college which is going on, apparently in response to economicand social pressure, we are in a position to interpret the situation as aphase in the development of our fundamental schools.The three institutions, distinct in origin, distinct in purpose, anddistinct in life are coalescing and there will probably emerge from theprocess two institutions normally and naturally adjusted to the needsof childhood and youth and to the intellectual and cultural process neededby our society — a brief primary school and a prolonged secondary school.In the end, the result should be to free the university from a purelyeducational task which today absorbs the larger part of its energies andto transform the best of our higher institutions into real universities,institutions for educated, mature manhood and womanhood, possessedof ripened and definite cultural purposes.Along with this process of institutional realignment has gone in recentyears another process tending to reconstruct, not the institutional organization, but rather the teaching process. The tendency to which I referTHE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 83is manifested in such movements as the attempt to train pupils how tostudy; project teaching; direct teaching of languages; the testing ofeducational products; and, perhaps most significant of all, the recentlyaroused interest in teaching at college level, exemplified, on the one hand,by a considerable number of such courses as the Contemporary Civilization course at Columbia and, on the other, by definite plans for the studyof the teaching process inaugurated by the Association of AmericanUniversity Professors.This process, taken in connection with the process of institutionaladjustment, seems quite clearly to be a process of substituting for mechanical units of education expressed only in terms of time-to-be-spent andcourses-to-be-passed, an evaluation in terms of actual intellectual andcultural development achieved.IllMay we turn then to a consideration of the desirable purpose whichmust be achieved below the level of the true university.We may view general education, apart from special and vocationaltraining, as the process to which the youth must be subjected before,on the one hand, he can become a thoroughly intelligent and self-reliantcitizen and a contented and rational member of society; and, on theother, can become qualified to take up the pursuit of those higher studieswhich require consciousness of intellectual purpose, and ability to studyapart from the constant tutorial presence of the teacher. If we conceivethis to be a fair statement of the purpose of general education of youth,it becomes clear that the youth who is actually prepared to take a largeplace in society as an intelligent citizen and productive unit, is in noessential sense different from the youth who is at the same stage preparedto take up further study. The essence of the matter in both cases isintellectual independence, capacity to think for one's self, capacity touse the ordinary intellectual capital of society for purposes of independentstudy. Reflection will make clear, I am sure, how reliable the test isas applied to political action, to the interpretation of all kinds of socialsituations, to the understanding of the commercial or industrial organization. And the test is no less reasonable if we apply it to fitness for independent and creative study. I dare say that most university professorswould agree with me in the assertion that one of the commonest, if notindeed the most common, defect in the student who comes to us forgraduate study is to be found in the principle that he has indulged inpremature specialization, has yielded prematurely to a vocational pur-84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpose, in a word, is so handicapped by lack of cultural breadth and realcapacity for independent study that his graduate career inevitably failsof its best possibilities and above all of its supreme possibility of the generation of creative power.Such are, in the broadest aspects, the demands of real general education if we resolutely separate purely educational objectives from thedemands of social distinction with which they have become involved. Ithink we can go farther and describe in very general terms the processwhich such training involves and the achievements which it implies. Inthe broadest sense, I take it, it includes the following real achievements,each of them being an actual development in the individual himself.i. A rational comprehension of the environment in which civilizedman finds himself, including of course his spiritual and literary andartistic inheritance.2. Contact with other cultures than his own through command oftheir languages.3. A sense and appreciation of the common culture and spiritualcapital of the race.4. Clarity and coherence of mind which best reveals itself in command of the use of language.5. A body of intellectual and cultural interests which form the foundation of intellectual and cultural self-government and which are mani*f ested chiefly by personal satisfaction secured through wide reading andthrough the pursuit of the fine arts.6. Ability to use the methods of thinking which the civilized manemploys. I have no intention of setting up here a return to a disciplinaryconception of education. I simply mean that every individual who iseffectively adapted to the world in which he lives has to be able to thinkin the terms which the physical scientist uses, in those which the biologistuses, in those which the economist and mathematician use; and interms of the cultural values which are and have been the common possession of men who have been able to seek their satisfaction in the mostrational form.7. Intellectual responsibility and independence. That is to say, acapacity to use the ordinary intellectual capital of society for the purpose of study independently of the constant guidance and constraintof the teacher or of the system. This of course is the supreme productand the final test of the effectiveness of general education. Most American universities are still devoting a large proportion of their energies tothis process. In so far as this is true they are consistently performingTHE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 85the tasks of the secondary school. In so far as the university is obligedto occupy itself with compelling students to study, it is still dealing witha part of the educative process which is not essentially different from thatpart which is manipulated by the fourth grade. There can be no realuniversity in America except so far as there is developed a student bodywhich has arrived at the stage of intellectual self-government and intellectual responsibility.This is of course only to restate what has been stated time and timeagain on occasions similar to that in which we find ourselves today.The difference is in this: we have now arrived at the point in our professional evolution at which we can formulate a curriculum for generaleducation in terms of these real intellectual objectives and proceed tothe task of systematically developing them and systematically testingto see if we have got them, instead of merely laying out a series ofgrades and courses in terms of time to be spent and then resting uponthe hope that the products which we have always desired will somehowcome out of the process.That kind of curriculum is flexible. It can be administered with dueregard to the needs of individuals and in the end it is intellectually honestbecause it leads the student to interpret his culture in terms of realitieswhich he knows he has or has not, instead of in terms of symbolic measureswhich have no discernible relation to the reality. It makes possible thecoherence of the whole intellectual life of the student. For instance,it makes possible the utilization of the content subjects for the purposeof training in ability to write the English language. Such a curriculummakes it more readily possible to stimulate individual initiative andindividual responsibility and to discover and develop intellectual interests.The process implies breadth at the level of general education insteadof a pretense of depth. The community is periodically shocked by revelations of incredible ignorance on the part of students well along the educational pathway. If you will follow the literature dealing with that sortof thing you will observe that these lamentable ignorances occur in spots.This student is as innocent as a child of all rational knowledge of thehistory of his own country but is competent in chemistry; another is anentirely acceptable companion for a conversation about current literaturebut is marvelously ignorant of the simplest principles of physics or taxation; another still has excellent standing in mathematics but lumpstogether socialism, anarchy, communism, psychoanalysis, birth control,and the labor union movement, as things with which no honest man hasany concern. The situation without any doubt at all has its roots in86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe premature application of the elective system, coupled with a curriculum of general education which is so inflexible that no individual cansecure contact with more than a few of the narrowest kind of segmentsof the world in which he lives. The elective scheme in principle, and asPresident Eliot first enunciated it, has much in it with which the professional educator has to be in entire sympathy but, like the eight-gradeschool,, it early became simply an administrative device for gettingaround an uncomfortable situation.Education, if it means anything at all, means putting the individualin intelligent contact with and control of his environment. Apart fromvocational pursuits which are another story entirely, the environmentis on the whole the fixed term and not the individual. The fact that agirl does not like chemistry will not in itself enable her to place an intelligent interpretation on certain of her later household duties, but thefact does admonish us to adapt chemistry to the girl's comprehensionand uses instead of attempting to adapt the girl to chemistry in theabstract. The fact that a boy does not like economics will not in itselfenable him to take the intelligent and ethical position on the questionof taxation which every educated person ought to be able to take. Givencurriculum space, with a rational curriculum properly unified and properly taught, the principle of electivism below the true university levelwill probably come to be applied chiefly at the point at which the student's career leads him out of the course of general education into thefield of specific training for his vocational life.Apart from the standard fifteen units, plus 120 semester hours, theogre which stands at the doorway of the university is the maturity question. It is intensely real and it is critical of the student's capacity tofunction at various of the turning points in his educational career. It isunfortunate that it exists at all because the charge of immaturity is sucha temptation to us teachers to justify our own professional shortcomings.After all, what is maturity ? Certain kinds we can very readily identifyand measure. We can, for instance, speak with a great deal of precisionof the symptoms and stigmata which attach themselves to the variousstages of physical maturing. We have of late come to speak with considerable confidence of the stages of mental maturity, but neither ofthese has any specific and inflexible relation to intellectual maturityAgain, if we think of social maturity as that point at which the youth cansafely be trusted away from home, we find it hard to identify any particular relation between social maturity and physical maturity or chronological age. The whole subject is one which would amply repay a greatTHE READIUSTMENT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOLS 87deal of investigation, but we can make certain assertions with a considerable degree of confidence. We can say, for instance, that intellectual maturity is that point at which the student is capable of formulating his own program of studies and capable of pursuing the same with areasonable degree of independence. If he can do this at fifteen, he isintellectually mature, even though his voice may still be in the midstof its adolescent changes. If he has not reached this point at forty, heis not intellectually mature, even though he be the father of an amplefamily. Similarly, if we can accept the definition of social maturitywhich I have given as having a certain reality, we can say with someconfidence that some children are socially mature at ten. I have personally known more than one such and we all of us, I am sure, have knownindividuals who have these many years exercised the full franchise ofan American citizen without having reached any commendable degreeof social maturity. Apparently, physical and mental maturity are purelybiological questions while intellectual maturity and social maturity are,within broad limits, largely questions of experience, and of experiencewhich is within the control of the educator. If we care to go back tothe period before the days of the graded school and the dominance of thefactory system, one can find a fair sample of the possibilities, of intellectual maturity in the story of Agassiz' boys in their late teens asrecorded in the autobiography of Shaler. One can find abundant evidence of early social maturity in the youthful sea captains of the maritimehistory of Massachusetts. Physical maturity was not different thenfrom what it is now.In thinking about the new secondary school, the school of youth,the school of general education, we shall be pretty sure to reflect that agreat many instances of vocational training necessarily come within theage limits with which this school has to do. Others will be deferred asthey now are to graduate level, only the clear prospect is that the graduatelevel may be at least two years earlier than is now the case. Practicallyall vocational training to which the educative process is applicable willtend to be deferred as the years go on to a later and later period. It isno part of my purpose this afternoon to attempt an analysis of the relation of vocational enterprises to the general educative process. Sufficeit to suggest that in the more systematic social accounting which mustultimately be developed vocational training will have to be made aspecific charge upon the industry or profession affected instead of uponthe sources from which the revenues of general education are derived.This proposition is, it seems to me, independent of the conveniences of88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDadministering vocational training or the manner of its political control.It is vastly important that the principle of general education within thereach of all men should be conceived as the central, fundamental socialconsideration, rather than the numerous specialized types of trainingwhich grow out of it and which society may from time to time require.There are few remaining physical obstacles to the communicationof ideas. The newspaper can lay before the millions of our people notonce but several times each day the happenings of all the continents.No man need longer be without his book, or if he will, many books.Sixteen millions of people in the United States alone heed daily thedramatic art — such as it is. The living voice and the crash of great symphonies can be heard the globe around. But the newspaper, the moving-picture, the wireless telephone, are powerless to give the people whatthe people do not want, what they cannot understand nor appreciate.Journalism has attempted it and the high-grade journalist keeps up thebattle, but none knows better than he what a hopeless struggle it is. Inthe end, what the masses want is the measure of modern civilization.To make the oncoming generations desire better and better things is theobligation of the school and the school alone. The supreme task of themen and women of learning in this generation can be nothing else thanto erect and equip an educational system which society can support andwhich will carry to all men the reality and the healing strength and thesatisfaction of intellectual and cultural and spiritual self-knowledge andself-government.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1For seventeen years the quarterly Convocation has been presidedover with rare exceptions by President Harry Pratt Judson. Assemblinghere today none of us can forget or fail to appreciate the enduring servicewhich he rendered to the University. In the words of the resolutionpassed by the Senate, "under his presidency the student body has largelyincreased in number, the material resources of the University have beenmore than doubled, several of its most beautiful buildings have beenerected, and its prestige and influence greatly enhanced. The freedomof investigation and teaching which under his administration his colleagues have enjoyed, his strict adherence to a wisely conservative financial policy, his skill in administration, his unfailing courtesy, and hisdistinguished public services in war and in peace, have endeared him tohis associates and have reflected honor on the University."With your consent I propose that the Secretary of the Board ofTrustees shall in the name of the University Convocation here assembledsend to President Judson in Southern Pines, North Carolina, its greetingsand best wishes for a low golf score and a high longevity and the joy ofachieving his long-cherished plans in the field of scholarship and authorship.Professor Morrison has brought vividly before us the complexityand the incongruities of our American educational situation, and theprocess of stumbling and muddling by which we have arrived at it. Wecould scarcely have more convincing evidence of the urgent need ofpatient and thorough study with a view to a clearer definition of the goalsof the educational process, and the discovery of the methods by whichthese goals can be most economically and most surely attained. That aschool of education devoted primarily, not to passing on the traditionalideas of education, but to research and experimentation, has a raisond'etre, none of us can doubt. We are under obligation to Professor Morrison for his impressive presentation of this situation and the problem inthe solution of which we as a University, and many of us as individuals,are deeply interested.1 Read at the One Hundred Twenty-eighth Convocation, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, March 20, 1923.899° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe roll of deaths in our University community for the quarter justclosing is an exceptionally long one — the longest, so far as I can recall,in our history.Emil G. Hirsch, Professor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophyin the University, and Minister of the Sinai Congregation of Chicago,died January 7, 1923, at the age of 71 years. Dr. Hirsch had beenProfessor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophy in the University,serving without salary, for more than thirty years. He co-operatedgenerously in the movement for the establishment of the University, andused his great influence in the city to bring its financial campaigns tosuccess. In him the University has lost a great scholar and preacher anda loyal and generous friend.Walter Stanley Haines, Professorial Lecturer on Toxicology in theUniversity since 1901, died on January 27, 1923, at the age of 72 years.Dr. Haines had been Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology in RushMedical College for forty-five years, and occupied a position of greatinfluence as a teacher and lecturer.Edward Emerson Barnard, Professor of Practical Astronomy at theYerkes Observatory, died at his home at Williams Bay, on February6, 1923, at the age of 65 years. He had been a professor in the YerkesObservatory from its establishment, more than twenty-five years ago,had achieved international distinction, and been the recipient of manyhonors. He has been called the last of the great visual observers. Hisgreat Atlas of the Milky Way, embodying the results of nearly twentyyears of labor, was, at the time of his death, nearly ready for publication.His eminence in his department and the esteem in which he was heldby his fellow astronomers are attested by the series of resolutions comingto the University since his death from learned societies at home andabroad.John Frank McBride, Research Instructor in Organic Chemistry,died on March 5, 1923, at the age of 30 years. He had been connectedwith the University, first as an Assistant, and then as an Instructor inChemistry, for a little more than two years, and^died on the threshold ofhis career.Judson B. Thomas, for nearly twenty-five years a Trustee of theDivinity School, of which he was also an Alumnus, died on ConvocationSunday, March 18, at the age of 68 years. He had ably served hisgeneration as pastor and preacher, and the Divinity School as Trustee.In memory of these our colleagues, whose days on earth are endedbut whose works will live after them, let us stand for a moment of silence.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 91To many of us this Convocation stands out from all that have preceded it by reason of the gift which the Alumni have today made to theUniversity. As universities of the world count their age, the Universityof Chicago is still very young, and yet it has a large body of alumni, andamong them not a few who have attained high standing in their severaloccupations. In the city of Chicago alone there is a goodly group ofbankers, lawyers, physicians, preachers, teachers, and men of business,while others of like occupations are scattered the world over. TheUniversity rejoices in their prosperity, is proud of their achievements,covets their interest in its own future, as it is itself concerned for theirs^and deeply appreciates their affectionate pride in their alma mater.Professor Myra Reynolds, who came to the University in 1892 fromthe faculty of Vassar College to become the first fellow of the EnglishDepartment, has signified her wish to retire from her professorship at theend of the present quarter, and the Board of Trustees have acceded to herrequest. She will remain as head of Foster Hall, which position she hasoccupied and dignified for thirty years, till the end of the Spring Quarter.The University felicitates itself upon her long and useful service andhopes that the history of Foster Hall which she is now writing may befollowed by other productions of her brain and pen.Within the Quarter now closing Mr. Emerson H. Swift, Ph.D.(Princeton), instructor in the University of Michigan, has been appointedto an assistant professorship in the Department of History of Art, beginning October 1, 1923. By this appointment the work begun by the lateProfessor Frank B. Tarbell, and for a time intermitted, will be resumed.¦ Professor Arthur H. Compton, head of the department of physicsin Washington University, St. Louis, has been appointed to a professorship in physics. Mr. Compton will begin his service next July. Hehas established for himself a reputation as one of "the most productivemen in research." His special field has been X-rays and their application to physical problems, to which field he has made notable contributions. This appointment, added to that of Professor Swann, made lastAugust, will materially strengthen the Department of Physics.At the request of the Acting President the Board of Trustees has created the office of Dean of the Faculties, defining the duties of the newofficer as co-operation with the President in matters pertaining to theeducational administration of the University. The work of the University within its quadrangles, at University College, and through the Correspondence Study Department, has become so extended, the relations of thevarious schools and colleges to one another so intricate and vital, and theQ2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDquestion of policy and personnel so insistent and important, that the needof an officer who without restriction to any division of the Universityshall co-operate on the one hand with the Deans of the various schoolsand colleges, and on the other with the President in matters of internaladministration, has become imperative. To the new office the Boardof Trustees has elected a member of the Faculties who, having servedthe University from its foundation, is intimately acquainted with itslife, and by his judicial temper and broad sympathies commands theadmiration and confidence of Trustees, Faculty, and students, ProfessorJames Hayden Tufts.Within the present quarter the University has received a gift of$21,000 to make experimental studies "for the purpose of examining thepossibilities of social research, using the city of Chicago as a laboratory."This sum is given specifically for the purpose of testing the questionwhether surveys of this type are practicable, and without intimationfrom the donor of any intention to follow this gift with others to coverthe expenses of such surveys as may be proved to be desirable. Shouldthe result of this preliminary survey be favorable to a larger programof investigative studies of a similar character, it is to be hoped that thecitizens of Chicago may see in this fact an opportunity through theUniversity of Chicago to serve the city and to contribute to the creationof the better Chicago that we all desire.I have great satisfaction also in announcing a gift from a familywhich has for a generation filled an important place in the life of Chicago.Late in President Judson's administration, Mrs. Pearl Harris MacLeanand her brothers, Mr. Albert W. Harris, Mr. Norman D. Harris, Mr.Hayden B. Harris, and Mr. Stanley G. Harris, presented to the University the sum of $150,000 for the endowment of the Norman Wait HarrisMemorial Foundation, in memory of their father, Norman Wait Harris,long an honored citizen of Chicago. The income of this endowment isto be expended for the "promotion of a better understanding on thepart of American citizens of the other peoples of the world, thus establishing a basis for improved international relations, and a more enlightened world-order." The donors further state that "in committing thefund to a university they assume that it is thereby most reliably guaranteed against possible use in the particular interest of a single nationalityor other partisan group; and that its invariable support of strictly scientific inquiry and the spread of unbiased information is assured." Thefund will be administered by a Committee of Management of whichMr. Judson will be a member. None of us can fail to recognize the singularTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 93appropriateness and timeliness of this gift. It is with a keen sense ofresponsibility that the University accepts with thanks this memorialFoundation.It has not been usual on these occasions to report purchases made bythe University, but I am disposed to make an exception today in the caseof an unusual acquisition of books by the Libraries. I refer to the Crouecollection of Balzac. This collection consisting of first editions onlyand containing 117 volumes was made by a French Bibliophile in thedays when it was still possible to amass first editions of Balzac. Inasmuch as it was Balzac's practice to make his first edition a preliminary oneon the basis of which he prepared the more perfect editions of his works,it is possible by the possession of these first editions to see the greatnovelist in the very process of altering and improving his craftsmanship.The collection thus furnishes an admirable basis for literary research.The retirement of President Judson at the end of a notable presidency of sixteen years of itself compels those who are responsible for theadministration of the University, both Trustees and Faculty, to lookahead and define the tasks which lie before them, and consider the meansby which they are to be accomplished. To present at this time a detailedprogram of action, an articulated series of achievements to be undertaken in order, and of buildings to be built, would be premature. Thatmay and should come later, but is not yet practicable. A few broadstatements must suffice for this moment.1. The whole situation demands no radical change of policy, noviolent excision of any portion or aspect of the University's work, nosudden embarking on new enterprises, but it does clearly demand definitely planned and vigorously prosecuted advance in several directions.The Great War is nearly five years behind us. Its effects are not over andnever will be, but it is possible now measurably to define the results, so faras they affect economic conditions and educational demands, and it is themanifest duty of the University to plan its future in view of these results,and to push vigorously forward to meet the new situation, whatever it is.2. It is time for us, in the light of thirty years experience and in viewof present conditions, to define anew our special task. Whatever maybe the merits of standardization in education, its legitimate limits arefar exceeded when it is assumed that there is a standard type to whichall universities should conform. Our task is not that of our neighbors.We render the largest service not when we duplicate what they are doing,but when we discover our own special function and address ourselves tothat. Educators who have no official relation to the University have94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrepeatedly expressed the opinion that there is a task which is peculiarlyours, not of course without elements that enter into the task of otherinstitutions, but yet on the whole specifically our own. To discover anddefine that task is an enterprise that should engage the thought of us all.3. There is, I believe, a strong and growing conviction that when wefind that task it will involve an even stronger emphasis than has heretofore been placed on research, and that the spirit and practice of researchought to extend to every division of the University. Ryerson and Kent,the four buildings of the Hull Court Group, have always been the homesof research, and the addition of Ricketts, and now within a few days theopening of Ricketts South, bear visible testimony to the emphasis of theUniversity upon investigation in the field of the physical and biologicalsciences. Still more eloquent is the record of the actual achievementsof Michelson and Millikan, Hale and Barnard, Chamberlin and Coulter,Neff and Ricketts, Carlson and Luckhardt, to mention only a few ofthe names which form our roll of honor in these great fields of research.We shall certainly make no claim to a monopoly of the right ofresearch as against other universities, but we may justly, I believe, recognize that whatever others do, our tradition dating from the foundationof the University, our freedom to shape our own policy unrestricted byacts of state legislatures or by popular demand, impose on us an obligation that we cannot evade. And that we have no slightest thought ofabatement of our zeal in this direction is evidenced by the recent resolution of the senate asking that a million dollars be secured for the endowment of research in the fundamental sciences, an amount which it wasclearly understood would need in due time to be followed by other similarsums. Our only uncertainty is who will give the millions!Of kindred significance are the plans now rapidly taking shape forthe completion of our University Medical School on the Quadrangles.One of the great achievements of President Judson's administrationwas the working out of the plans for this school, and the raising of overfive million dollars in 191 7 for the putting of them into effect. The greatincrease in building costs and other expenses put unexpected obstaclesin the way of the actual realization of these plans. But it is now agreedon all hands, as President Judson himself clearly saw and stated, thatwhatever the difficulties in the way, the time has come for immediateforward steps and rapid progress. Committees of the Board of Trusteesand of the Senate are now diligently at work at the restudy of the plansof the school and of the buildings in the light of present conditions, educational and financial. It has been definitely determined that thisTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 95school shall be devoted to the progress of medical science. While it willundoubtedly produce practitioners, and these of a very high class, itsmain task will be the practice and promotion of research, and many ifnot most of its students will become investigators or teachers in the fieldof medical science. We choose this field not with the thought thatmedical science is an end in itself, or that it has a value apart from itspromotion of health and the betterment and lengthening of life, butbecause we believe that as medical education stands today, our greatestcontribution to human welfare can be made through the promotion ofmedical science and the producing of men trained in the science ofmedicine. Moreover, competent judges assure us that our situation isalmost uniquely favorable for the development of a school of this typebecause of the strength of our departments of physics, chemistry, and thevarious branches of biology, and the possibility of our developing a medicalschool in close physical contiguity to these departments and in intimaterelation with them.But it is by no means solely in the sciences that are represented bythe buildings on the north side of the Quadrangles that we look for noteworthy progress in research. The recent creation of a group organizationfor the social sciences, the receipt of the gift already mentioned for specialinvestigation of social and political conditions in Chicago, and the endowment of the Norman Wait Harris Memorial Foundation, are all signs ofa quickened interest in research in the field of humanities. We lookconfidently for further developments on this side of the Quadrangles.Within the humanities it is perhaps the field of education, withwhich Mr. Morrison's address has dealt so impressively, that appealsto many of us as demanding our most earnest attention in the immediatefuture, because it is by research in this field that we must determine ourown policy as a university. Our School of Education has already distinguished itself among institutions of this type in the country by itsemphasis on research, and frequent utterances of President Judson haveemphasized the thought that as a university we are committed to theimprovement of education through research in the laboratory of actualeducational work. At the present moment, the Curriculum Committeeof the Colleges, is, with the co-operation of officers of the School of Education, engaged in an intensive study of the problems of the Colleges.All this clearly implies what I believe we will all agree to, viz., thatthe emphasis on research, to which we all give allegiance, demands notthat we should become a research institute with investigators, but nostudents, not that we should do away with the Colleges or abate our96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinterest in them, but that retaining them, we shall do our utmost to makethem the best possible, giving to the young men and women who come tous for collegiate training the finest possible type of college education, andmaking thus, if possible, a contribution to the advancement of educationin the country at large. Alike from the point of view of research, and fromthat of our obligation to the city of Chicago and to the country, obligations which we can never forget, the intensive and comprehensive studyof the college problem seems to me clearly to be one of our immediateduties. I will not belie the very principles of research by prejudging theresults of this study, but in accordance with those principles, I venture tosay that it will not be conducted in a narrow or destructive spirit, thatit will not ignore the fact that our goal is the development of symmetrically educated, intellectually and morally efficient members of society.Our investigation will not forget the many-sidedness of human natureor the special characteristics and needs of youth of the college age. Itwill not make the mistake on the one hand of disregarding the need ofpreparing students for the graduate and professional schools, or on theother hand of ignoring that large body of students whose only graduatecourses will be pursued in the school of practical life. It will not emphasize the social, as if amusement were more educative than study, or thephysical, as if the body were more than the mind, but neither will it suppose that healthy personalities can be developed in intellectual monasteries. We shall try to escape the danger of mass education and in somemeasure at least to restore the ideal expressed in Garfield's definition ofthe ideal college as Mark Hopkins on one end of a log and a student onthe other. We shall be concerned far more with quality than with numbers, with character than with glibness of speech, and with power tothink than with ability to repeat others' thoughts. We shall recognizethat our students are destined hereafter to live as members of a community, that they now constitute a community, and we shall aim, byhelping them now to live normal lives, to fit themselves for the largerresponsibilities and wider relationships of the life that they will have tolive when they have left our halls to be students of fife and makers ofhistory.In short, recognizing that it is our duty, whatever others do, to emphasize research, we shall define research in no narrow sense, as if it could beconducted solely in laboratories of the physical sciences, but we shallsteadfastly maintain that men who conduct research, and the men forwhom it is conducted, are at least as important as the researches whichTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 97they conduct, and that our goal is not science in a vacuum, but sciencethat serves humanity, indeed more adequately stated, a better humanity.Maintaining these things we shall feel that whatever our specialdepartment of work, we are all working for a common end, and shall stillfurther develop that spirit of co-operation which is already a markedcharacteristic of our life as a university. Confronting a great and inspiring task, we shall go forward together with courage and hope, confidentthat the next chapter of the history of the University will be worthy ofthe splendid record of the thirty years already past.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryRETIREMENT OF PRESIDENT JUDSONAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held January 9, 1923, theSecretary read the following communication from President Judson:Chicago, January 9, 1923The Board of TrusteesGentlemen:Trustees are aware that for some time it has been my desire to be relieved of myduties with the University, in order that I may devote my time to completing certaininvestigations and to preparing certain publications which it has been impracticableto carry on under the pressure of administration responsibilities.My first appointment as professor and dean in the University of Chicago was madeby this Board in January, 1892. My appointment as Acting President was in January,1906, and my election as President of the University on February 20, 1907. As therefore my service has covered a period of more than thirty years, and as I have passedthe age at which retirement is customary, I ask to be permitted to close my dutieson the next anniversary of my election to the Presidency, February 20, 1923. Accordingly herewith I tender my resignation as Professor of International Law and Diplomacy and Head of the Department of Political Science, as President of the University,and also as Trustee, to take effect on the said date.May I take this occasion to express to the Board my gratitude for the cordialand sympathetic support which I have had so uniformly from all its members, and myconfident expectation of the continued prosperity of the University and the assuredattainment of its highest ideals. Some of us have shared in the work from the earlyslender beginnings in 1892, and we perhaps can best realize how steadily on the wholethese ideals have been maintained.It has been a privilege which I shall always cherish to have aided in this greatcreative undertaking.Very truly yours,Harry Pratt JudsonThereupon it was votedthat, complying with his request, President Judson be retired on February 20, 1923,from the presidency of the University and the professorship and headship of the Department of Political Science, and, resolved, further, that the salary he now receives asPresident and Head Professor be continued to June 30, 1923, that the retiring allowanceprovided for by action of the Board at its meeting of October 10, 1922, be made to takeeffect July 1, 1923, and that there be tendered to him the occupancy of the presidentialresidence until June 30, 1923.It was voted also to accept President Judson's resignation as Trusteeof the University.98THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 99It was voted also that in recognition of President Judson's eminentservices to the University, there be conferred upon him the honorarytitle of President Emeritus to take effect upon his retirement, and thata committee of five be appointed, of which the President of the Boardof Trustees shall be a member and chairman, to prepare a suitable expression of the affection and esteem in which President Judson is held by theBoard and by all members of the University.The committee of Trustees, called for under the foregoing action,consists of the President of the Board, Mr. Harold H. Swift, Messrs.Ryerson, Donnelly, Rosenwald, and Post. Under its direction a largelyattended reception to President and Mrs. Judson was held in HutchinsonHall on the night of February 19. Trustees, members of the faculties,alumni, students, and other friends were present. On the night ofFebruary 16, a reception to the retiring President and Mrs. Judsonwas given under student auspices in Hutchinson Hall.At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held February 13, 1923,President Judson presented his last recommendations concerning thefaculty and then spoke as follows:Mr. President: As this completes the business which I have for the Board today,and as this meeting is my last as President of the University and as Trustee, I ask tobe permitted to say a word in closing.I appreciate the action of the Board at the last regular meeting on matters relatingto my personal affairs. I wish also to express my very sincere appreciation of theunvarying and kindly support which I have had uniformly from the Board and fromeach of its members during all the years in which we have been carrying on the administration of the University together. The task of the . President has been greatlylightened by this harmonious co-operation. The full understanding of the larger aimsof the University on the part of Trustees, and the careful and fair consideration whichthe Board has always given to the President's suggestions, have been a controlling factorin whatever success the closing administration has had. May I add how deeply I feelnot merely the harmony of our official relations, but also the privilege of very genuinepersonal friendship which each Trustee has afforded me? This will in the comingyears be a source of abiding comfort.I wish also to put on record my great satisfaction at the action of the Board inplacing the administration of the University in the hands of Professor Burton. Ihave not only a genuine affection for him as a friend, but also entire confidence in him asa scholar, as an able administrator, and as a loyal servant of the University of Chicagofrom its earliest days. I am sure of the coming decade as the richest in accomplishment of any.Mr. President, I tender my cordial thanks to yourself and to all, and my heartfelt best wishes for the entire success of the great interests under your charge.The President of the Board, Mr. Swift, speaking on behalf of theTrustees said that while he considered it incumbent upon him to repre-100 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsent the Board in reply to President Judson, he felt himself totallyinadequate to the situation. He believed, however, that the Presidenthimself had hit the keynote of the situation in the word "friendship."The President's more than thirty years of service to the University andsixteen years as President had led to an unusual understanding and afull co-operation between him and the members of the Board. Hebelieved there were both an intimacy and a friendship in the Board ofmany years ago and in the Board of the present, far beyond what is usualin such a relationship. Mr. Swift said he had been especially impressedwith this fact during the last year when the question of President Judson'ssuccessor was being discussed; that always and from every quarter therewas sincere, cordial, friendly appreciation of President Judson, the manand the administrator.At the Convocation held March 20, 1923, Acting President Burtonsuggested that a message be telegraphed to President-Emeritus Judson.The Secretary sent the following:Dr. Harry Pratt ludson, Southern Pines, N.C.The University of Chicago in convocation assembled, on March 20, sends you itsgreetings and best wishes for a low golf score and a high longevity and the joy of achieving your long-cherished plans in the field of scholarship and authorship.J. Spencer DickersonThis answer was received:Southern Pines, North Carolina/. S. Dickerson,The University of Chicago, Chicago, III.Many thanks for telegram. If my years are to be in the inverse ratio to my golfscore, fear they will be few.H. P. JudsonACTING PRESIDENT BURTONAt a meeting of the Board of Trustees held January 9, 1923, Mr.Martin A. Ryerson, chairman of the committee appointed just a yearbefore, reported that with the hearty approval of the advisory committeeof the University Faculty the committee recommended the appointment of Professor Ernest DeWitt Burton, Head of the Department ofNew Testament and Early Christian Literature and Director of theUniversity Libraries, as Acting President of the University. The recommendation was unanimously adopted.At the meeting of the Trustees held February 13, 1923, Mr. Swift,President of the Board, reported that, in accordance with the action ofthe Board taken January 9, 1923, there had been offered to Dr. ErnestD. Burton the acting presidency of the University. This offer was madewith the understanding that Dr. Burton will administer the officeTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IOIaggressively and that the Trustees are expecting him to inauguratepolicies. Dr. Burton had indicated after conference that he was willingto accept the acting presidency. At the request of Dr. Burton, on January 15, Mr. Swift appeared before the Senate of the University andannounced the election, after which an announcement was given to thepress of the retirement of President Judson and of Dr. Burton's assumption of the office of Acting President upon the retirement of the former.At the Board meeting held March 13, 1923, the Secretary read thefollowing communication from Acting President Burton:March 12, 1923Mr. /. Spencer DickersonOffice of the SecretaryI beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of February 20 inf orming me of myelection as Acting President of the University of Chicago, my term of office datingfrom the retirement of President Judson on February 20, 1923.The magnitude of the task which the Board of Trustees is asking me to assume,and tjie responsibility involved in accepting it, might easily lead me to decline.But my deep interest in the University, to whose service I have already given thirtyyears of my life, a vivid sense of the great opportunity which accompanies the responsibility, and the assurance that in this work I shall have the co-operation both of mycolleagues on the Faculty and of the members of the Board of Trustees, lead me tocomply with the request of the Board of Trustees.Will you therefore please convey to them my deep appreciation of the honor whichthey have conferred upon me, and my acceptance of the office to which they haveelected me ?Ernest D. BurtonActing President Burton was elected Trustee at the meeting February 13, and on March 13, formally accepted his Trusteeship.CONTRIBUTORY RETIRING ALLOWANCESIn the year 1912 the Board of Trustees adopted a statute providingamong other things a retiring allowance for "any person in the serviceof the University and sixty-five years of age who holds the position ofPresident of the University, Director or Associate Director of the University Libraries, or University Examiner, and who has been for a periodof fifteen years in the service of the University, in a rank not lower thanAssistant Professor; and [for] any person in the service of the Universityand sixty-five years of age, who has been, for a period of fifteen years ina rank not lower than Assistant Professor, a member of the teaching staffof the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science, the GraduateDivinity School, the Law School, the School of Commerce and Administration, the Graduate School of Social Service Administration, or theColleges."102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe statute also declares that "a person between sixty-five and seventy years of age, eligible to a retiring allowance, may retire, or may beretired by the Board of Trustees; at the age of seventy years he shallretire, unless the Board of Trustees specially continues his service."This statute while affording a then almost unknown provision fora teacher at the end, or near the end, of his period of service made noprovision for his family before this time was reached, nor did it apply topersons in a rank lower than Assistant Professor.At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held January 9, 1923, thestatute which follows was adopted. It will be observed that it offersnew protection and, furthermore (in paragraph 8) indicates a methodby which members of the faculties of specified rank may be transferredfrom the benefits of the Retiring Allowance Plan to those of the Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan. In addition to this the University provides, under certain limitations, for each person who is not entitled tothese Retiring Allowances protection in the form of a death benefit.The recently enacted Statute is here reproduced:1. On and after January 1, 1922, the University will contribute toward the payment of premiums on an annuity policy for anyone in its service whose term of officein the University (as defined in Sections 3 and 4 of this Statute) began on or afterJanuary 1, 1922, who is entitled to participate in the Contributory Retiring AllowancePlan, in this Statute provided for, during the period of his service, an amount equal to5 per cent of the regular annual salary paid to such person by the University up to amaximum amount of $300 per annum and the said person shall contribute an equalamount for the same purpose. The term "salary" shall also include compensationreceived as an administrative officer but shall not include compensation for extra work?house-rent, or other perquisites.2. The annuity policy referred to in this Statute shall be the non-participating,deferred annuity policy, Teachers' Retirement Plan, now issued by the Teachers*Insurance and Annuity Association of America, or an annuity policy issued by thatassociation or by some other insurance company, but in all cases both policy and company shall be subject to approval by the Board of Trustees of the University.3. The persons hereinafter designated shall be required to participate in the Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan described in this Statute provided they shall renderservice to the University averaging not less than two-thirds regular service as definedin Statute 14 of the University:a) Persons appointed to the position of President of the University, Directorand Associate Director of the Libraries, University Examiner, University Recorder,and Secretary of the Correspondence-Study Department.b) Persons of an academic rank not lower than that of Assistant Professor andwho are members of the teaching staff of the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,and Science; the Graduate Divinity School; the Law School; the School of Commerceand Administration; the Graduate School of Social Service Administration, or theColleges.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1034. Instructors in the University after two years of service in the University in suchrank shall be eligible to participate in said plan.5. A person required to paticipate in the Contributory Retiring Allowance Planshall be permitted to count toward his annual contributions the premiums concurrently paid by him on annuity policies provided both the policies and the companiesshall be approved by the Board of Trustees of the University.6. In all cases the annuity policy or policies shall be deposited with the Universityand shall not be assigned, pledged, or surrendered without the consent of the University, so long as the University continues its contributions.7. A person reaching the age of sixty-five years, eligible to participate in the Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan, may retire or be retired by the Board of Trustees.At the age of seventy he shall retire unless the Board of Trustees specially continueshis service. In no event shall the University continue its contribution beyond theminimum age of retirement, or after a person withdraws from the University, orafter a person's relations with the University have been terminated by the Board ofTrustees of the University.8. Any person in the service of the University who entered such service prior toJanuary 1, 1922, and who prior to that date attained therein a rank or position rendering him eligible in due time to participate in the Retiring Allowance Plan set forth inStatute 16, may, with the consent of the Board of Trustees of the University, and provided application for such transfer is made within three years from the above date,transfer to the Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan provided for in this statute.In case of such transfer and in the event that the person shall remain in the service ofthe University, in a rank not lower than Assistant Professor, and a member of theteaching staff of the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science, the GraduateDivinity School, the Law School, the School of Commerce and Administration, theGraduate School of Social Service Administration, or the Colleges, until he has reachedthe age of sixty-five years, and shall until that date continue his contributions towardthe payment of premiums on an annuity policy as in the Statute provided, then theUniversity will, upon his retirement, procure for or pay to him, in addition to the payments provided for in this Statute, a supplementary non-transferable annuity in anamount equal to the difference, if any to his disadvantage, between the retiring allowance that would have been received under the provisions of Statute 16 and the annuitywhich shall be receivable under the policy taken out under the provisions of this Statute;and the University will procure for or pay to the widow of any person transferring tothe Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan, an annuity of one-half of the amount of hissupplementary annuity, as hereinbefore provided, during the period of her widowhoodprovided she was his wife at the time of his death and had been his wife for not less thanten years before his death. Any person electing to transfer from the Retiring Allowance Plan to the Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan shall be-entitled to the benefitsand shall, except as herein otherwise provided, be governed by the provisions of thelatter plan. Any person electing to transfer from the Retiring Allowance Plan to theContributory Retiring Allowance Plan shall not thereafter be eligible to any of thebenefits of the original Retiring Allowance Plan.9. The obligation of the University to contribute toward the payment of premiumson annuity policies shall be neither greater nor less than its obligation to continue topay salaries at any stated scale to persons in active service, so that if misfortune should104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcompel a reduction of salaries, its contributions toward the payment of premiums maybe reduced in the same proportion.10. Nothing in this Statute shall preclude the Board of Trustees from includingin the provisions of this Statute other persons in its employ than those described therein,or to make provision for transfer to this Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan of persons eligible on January i, 1922, to participate in retiring allowances as provided for inStatute 16; nor from granting retiring allowances or allowances on account of disabilityto officers of administration or instruction, or their widows, where the term and character of service, or the special circumstances of the case make the same appropriate.n. The University reserves to itself the right from time to time to modify, amend,or repeal this Statute, but in such event the provision already in force relating to anyperson under this Statute shall in no way be altered to his disadvantage except as provided in Section 9.NORMAN WAIT HARRIS MEMORIAL FOUNDATIONAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held February 2, 1923,President Judson submitted a communication from Mrs. Pearl HarrisMacLean representing herself and her brothers which is here reproducedslightly abbreviated:1 1 28 Ridge AvenueEvanston, Illinois, January 27, 1923President Harry Pratt ludson,University of ChicagoIt is apparent that a knowledge of world-affairs was never of more importance toAmericans than today. The spirit of distrust which pervades the Old World is notwithout its effect upon our own country. How to combat this disintegrating tendencyis a problem worthy of the most serious thought. Perhaps one of the best methodsis the promotion of a better understanding of other nations through wisely directededucational effort. Believing that the University of Chicago is eminently fitted toassume a part of this important task of clarifying thought and spreading truth, mybrothers, Albert W. Harris, Norman Dwight Harris, Hayden B. Harris, Stanley G.Harris, and I will be pleased to provide the Trustees of the University of Chicago withan endowment in the principal sum of One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ingood securities with which to create a foundation for such work, subject to the followingprovisions:First: The purpose of the foundation shall be the promotion of a better understanding on the part of American Citizens of the other peoples of the world, thusestablishing a basis for improved international relations and a more enlightened world-order. The aim shall always be to give accurate information, not to propagate opinion.In committing the fund to a University, we assume that it is thereby most reliablyguaranteed against possible use in the particular interest of a single nationality or otherpartisan group; and that its invariable support of strictly scientific inquiry and thespread of unbiased information is assured.We recommend that the method shall be that of public lectures by eminent menfrom all lands, men of wide experience in public affairs, whether educational, political,commercial, social or economic.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES i°5It shall be within the discretion of the Trustees to supplement the lectures by, orto substitute for them in any given year, an institute or conference for the discussionof questions of foreign policy and diplomatic concern, or to present information aboutthe conditions and altitudes of other nations The scope of the foundation shall be determined by the Trustees bearing in mindits purpose, and giving due weight to the value of discussion in the consideration ofthe various international problems. It would naturally include discussion of international problems, and consideration of the national life of the various peoples of theworld — their governments, their commercial and industrial affairs, their social condition, their educational systems, and their national ideals and policies. The particularsubjects to be presented shall be left to the judgment of the Trustees Second: In the event that at any time for any reason there shall cease to be a needfor lectures and studies of the character thus provided for, the Trustees may, at theirdiscretion, use the funds available, for the promotion of the study of the institutionsand government of this country in order to disseminate knowledge of the fundamentalprinciples upon which our Republic was founded, and to inculcate in our citizens thespirit of true Americanism.Third: The public lectures shall be published as directed by the Trustees.Fourth: Only the income of the endowment shall be used to carry out the purposeof the foundation Fifth: The foundation shall be publicly known as "The Norman Wait HarrisMemorial Foundation" in memory of our beloved father who was always deeplyinterested in world-affairs.This foundation is made possible by the generosity of my mother, Emma GaleHarris, who in her will provided a fund to be used as directed by my brothers and myselfas a memorial to our father Pearl Harris MacLeanThe Trustees voted to accept the generous gift establishing theFoundation upon the conditions as stated, and the Secretary hasexpressed on behalf of the Board of Trustees its hearty thanks for thisnoteworthy and useful contribution.TUITION FEES INCREASEDWith a view to maintaining the educational standards of the University in the face of increasing cost of such maintenance, the Trustees haveauthorized an increase in tuition fees, per quarter, effective with the Summer Quarter, 1923, as follows:In the Graduate Schools of Art, Literature, and Science and ofSocial Service Administration from $50 to $60.In the Colleges of Art, Literature, and Science, the College of Education, and the College of Commerce and Administration from $60 to $75.In the Medical Courses from $75 to $80.In the Divinity School from $50 to $60.In the Law School from $70 to $75.In the School of Commerce and Administration from $70 to $85.io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGIFTSThe Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has again renewed itsgrant of $3,000 to the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology forspecial investigation in respiratory diseases.Mr. and Mrs. Harry Allen have given $1,500 for work being done bythe Oriental Institute.Five thousand dollars has been placed in trust by the children ofMr. and Mrs. Eisendrath for scholarships, the fund to be called "TheMr. and Mrs. W. N. Eisendrath Scholarships."Mr. William Wrigley, Jr., has provided a fund of $5,000 with whichto finance the observation of the eclipse of September 10, 1923, at SantaCatalina Island, California, the expedition being under the directionof the Director of Yerkes Observatory.In the will of Mrs. Ann M. Swift, of Chicago, to the University isbequeathed $100,000 as a permanent fund, the income to be annuallyapplied to and used in the Department of Theology of the Universityor in promoting or maintaining any theological work which may be carried on by the University.The will of Professor E. E. Barnard bequeaths to the University allof his astronomical books; to Yerkes Observatory all the medals thathad been given him for astronomical work. To the University ofChicago he gave his home and the grounds that belong to it which adjointhe grounds of the Yerkes Observatory to honor the memory of hisdeceased wife, Rhoda Calvert Barnard. Also to Yerkes Observatoryhe gave the small astronomical instruments now on exhibition in theObservatory.PROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties, by action of the Board ofTrustees, have received a promotion in rank:Mary Calvert, to the rank of Associate at Yerkes Observatory.Professor J. H. Tufts has been appointed Dean of Faculties, toco-operate with the President of the University in matters pertainingto the educational administration of the University.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade by the Board of Trustees:Arthur H. Compton, Professor in the Department of Physics.Mrs. Anna Y. Reed, Assistant Professor in the Department of Education, School of Education.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 107Emerson H. Swift, Assistant Professor in the Department of Historyof Art.Marion E. Clark, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics,School of Education.Meta H. Kunde, National Research Fellow in the Department ofPhysiology.RESIGNATIONS AND RETIREMENTSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations and authorizedthe retirement of the following members of the Faculties:Frederick Starr, Associate Professor, retired, effective October 1,1923.Nathaniel Butler, Professor, retired, effective June 30, 1923.Starr W. Cutting, Professor, retired, effective September 30, 1923.Myra Reynolds, Professor, retired, effective April 30, 1923.Lester R. Dragstedt, Assistant Professor in the Department ofPhysiology, resigned, effective June 30, 1923.DEATHSEmil G. Hirsch, Professor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophy(since 1892), on January 7, 1923.Walter S. Haines, Professorial Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry, on January 27, 1923.Edward Emerson Barnard, Professor in the Department of PracticalAstronomy, on February 6, 1923, at Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay,Wisconsin.John Frank McBride, Research Instructor in the Department ofChemistry, on March 5, 1923.Judson B. Thomas, D.D. (D.B., 1880), Trustee of the BaptistTheological Union, March 18, 1923.MISCELLANEOUSRicketts Laboratory South which houses the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology and related activities has been completed and is nowoccupied.The old Quadrangle Club building has been altered and repaired forthe use of the School of Commerce and Administration. It comprisesoffices, classrooms, and a lecture hall. It is to be known as Commerceand Administration Hall. The removal of the staff and classes of thisschool from Cobb Hall relieves somewhat the pressure upon its space.The Board of Trustees has appointed several commissions to consider and report on future policies and procedures to be followed in theio8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdevelopment of different branches of the University's work. Amongthese commissions are those on moral, religious, and social welfare ofstudents; on medical affairs; on extra-mural education; and on theUniversity Libraries.The administrative committee for the Norman Wait Harris Foundation consists of the following members of the Faculties: Acting PresidentBurton, President Emeritus Judson, Messrs. Small, McLaughlin, andTufts.Extensive repairs in the attic of the Anatomy Building have beencompleted. Alterations in the Physiology Building are now being made.The sum of $5,000 has been appropriated for special purchases ofbodks for the Libraries.The University has accepted an oil portrait of Professor A. A. Michelson painted by Ralph Clarkson. For the time being it will be hung inthe new Quadrangle Club building.•„«(Jh.l.miu>tcwiiuiiui-ptfqucthi.Hif'ii.«T>wiAiIu 'cfrum<*it.l.^.^^|I^.Otl«v'^t'}td,dUltt()tli.'sra.t':I-to:1'i'',mV.TeoKoi^aii' - i JiawBw^tM«Crelur^l«m^lf.^Klmw^7^'^^,1' vG.gM.<<Juwu<«>.iaihmM.un>«c.uH«nKr.i.l" ,uVtur.vSTi^«<teiruoluanr.inMi.1«i«u.U.Cm.\tm4il>flftCftnpt!1trwttrtapmifebftnySiBuinncunctk•icofiiifttnitli-Mwtntrnrlif.uctun.rpnrx.\:.-.yjwbu . 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AfKiu,iundUtif»et*cduincMitiTana.utUnqiumrtopictt&kunruUrirtqiuimufuicnnlutftil ronuiicvu & / inioly wftaiirtiri^q <xi<\ tvj publiocuful'Kc « 'tiAMfcrqlpuiiii cmil»rc6l^nrqMiddii*i» / ucrtl^iUi&^tiin'J.'orim i'» n i fi fubwi* nn p w "../ tut uccaa& pw um qitto^brtf&ronum&Jictfl(PPf .yxftc/ifiuaptaauirgtjpmw:icfoUicmidiiic i 4MPqMOffq>rejtituiioUt -unVM'iiiMan^rcmpnr i cntpfcrttuu.jjT^i^jf-in^anc qianim (Tai Uie-qd <: [a*x^matatfrm&cdvuni us iTivnmin fo:Yiu. \ qAbjUquilof-npn Uu J«^Cuicupucivftvifnnqic »vfoc&.iutHim,icfti^cDTniffi pxiurppftiMuaUopjf*- Qptn.iufiatcftvfj^urp U4>q;ftx|inti.t.ic,qu«iiiii.utvuptlibi-t-iSuEuw.atintMin.prrmnr.J_^4quwrul«riuin>imaiimfin^iusptiftnicur.ro.urmftfiKapwUtqquinuirit.trf.Uii.iottuthfnrn-.rrS-.cMiiicninufimtcuniurfi*!fCtmmnU'liutriS-.. i ^Tiwnf"iaiy-i"'1t.fiil.l...;Ln^.iCviitr.•Hjiumi.^tf.ul'Unid'.l.Gqui-imptelvnj'ocru.imurptllnt.«i<Wfdnitiir-icclrciiJicmOipt ... ¦ -u-.j t>.:f-3 ^ o.tirpiHJUSTINIAN, COXST/TCTJOXES XOVEUAE, f. I, redoTHE ALUMNI GIFT OF MANUSCRIPTSA notable feature of the One Hundred Twenty-eighth Convocationwas the presentation of five valuable manuscripts to the University,through Mr. Charles F. Axelson, Chairman of the Alumni Council.The manuscripts were carried in the Convocation Procession by two ofthe College Marshals and one of the College Aides. As Mr. Axelsonrose to speak, they mounted the platform bearing the manuscripts. AsMr. Axelson mentioned the several manuscripts, he received them fromthe Marshals and Aide, and presented them to the Acting President,who in turn handed them to Mr. Hanson, Associate Director of theLibraries, and Mr. Henry, Head of the Readers Department, who stoodbeside him. In presenting the manuscripts, Mr.* Axelson said:"Mr. President: As Chairman of the Alumni Council I speak onbehalf of the entire alumni body of our University. Compared withthe alumni of other great universities we are few in number and youngin years. However, among us there is a constantly growing appreciationof the importance of the University of Chicago among the educationalinstitutions of the world, and with that appreciation there is an eagernessto assist in every possible way toward maintaining her rank as one of theleaders. With this idea of assistance in mind, the alumni undertookabout three years ago to raise and did raise a modest sum of money, apart of the income from which was to be used to foster the best interestsof the University. After having taken care of necessary expenses inconnection with the fund there recently became available some of thisincome. At about the same time we learned of the keen desire of somemembers of the faculty, in the interest of research work, for the acquisitionof certain original, rare, and valuable manuscripts, written in the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, and now obtainable asa result of post-war conditions in European countries. The alumniappreciate the value of research work of this character and they seriouslypropose to assist in its encouragement." With money available from the Alumni Endowment Fund, supplemented by additional gifts from two sources, namely, individual alumniand friends of the University, we have purchased five volumes which Inow take pleasure in presenting to the University.109no THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"i. This volume, labeled 'Magna Charta,' contains a copy of theMagna Charta and a collection of the principal statutes of the day,written in the fourteenth century."2. This Register of Writts is a collection of legal writs as used bythe early English lawyer and was written about the year 1320."3. These Yorkshire Manuscripts— there are two of them in onevolume — contain a treatise on the Nine Sciences written at the end of thethirteenth century, and a series of sermon sketches written at the beginning of the fourteenth century."4. This collection of ten manuscripts was written in England aboutthe year 1075. It contains among other features the Miracles of theVirgin, and is decorated with a remarkable painting of the Virgin andChild, grotesques and initials."5. I now present to the University a copy of what is known as theAuthenticum or Novellae Constitutiones of Justinian. According to thebest information obtainable, it is the first manuscript of any part of theJustinian Corpus Juris that has ever found its way to this country. Thebest evidence is that it was written at Bologna about the year 1250. Itis glossed, rubricated, and finely illuminated with one miniature, numerous historiated initials, and ornamental decorations. Aside from itsgreat value as an original text, it is regarded as the most artistic manuscript of its kind in existence."The alumni hope that this is only the beginning of similar contributions to our Alma Mater. We trust that, as her needs are unfolded,we shall in part at least be able to care for them. We are particularlyhappy, Mr. President, to make this presentation, on this occasion — thefirst convocation presided over by yourself as Acting President of theUniversity."In accepting the manuscripts, Acting President Burton said:"It is with peculiar pleasure, Mr. Axelson, that on behalf of theUniversity I receive from your hands this gift of the Alumni Fund Committee on Manuscripts. Notable for their antiquarian and paleographicinterest, even more so as sources for historical research — for every one ofthem is important for some phase of the social, moral or intellectual lifeof our ancestors — these manuscripts have for us their greatest significancein the fact they come to us from the Alumni and testify to theirinterest in the University. Because of their form and content they willbe made the subject of diligent study: because of their intrinsic worth,but especially because of the source from which they come, we shall countthem among our proudest treasures and guard them with jealous care.THE ALUMNI GIFT OF MANUSCRIPTS IIIThey mark a new step in the development of relations between the University and its alumni,"In the name of the University, I thank you and the Alumni whomyou represent, and all who have been associated with you in this notablegift."The manuscripts will be on view after Convocation in MitchellTower, at the north end of the cloister."In accordance with Acting President Burton's concluding announcement, the manuscripts were later displayed in a case under the AliceFreeman Palmer tablet, and were seen by a large number of those whoattended the Convocation.THE BALLAD OF RYERSON1By EDWIN HERBERT LEWISiA thousand summers ago, for the summers go by in dreams,The fiords beside the swan-road were the richest of earthly streams.For they let in the frightened herring whom the finner-whales pursue,And there for a silvery moment they guarded them in the blueTill the men of the reyr, the village, caught sight of the rippling finsAnd sprang to the oars and bent the ash to the creak of the tholing-pins,And lifted the living lightning, the silver in the net,Toiling with anxious faces and salting the sea with sweat.But when the day was over and the catch was safely home,Garnered like barley for winter in foam-floaters over the foam,The reyr swarmed to the mead-hall and asked for a song again,And the gleeman struck the gleewood, singing of gods and men.2He sang of the heavenly hammer, of Thor whom the giants fear,For he struck them down of a sudden like the flash of a herring spear.But one of them laughed at his lightning, the midgard serpent hoarThat girdles the earth to hold it, thralling the Thulian shore,Rounding the dim horizon while the white moons wax and wane,Like a rich ring wrought in the fire, that the ring-giver gives to his thane.But once in the hall of giants, where nothing is what it seems,And all is dark as the mirk-wood where mistletoe softly gleams,Being challenged to lift a kitten, he struggled with fearful strength,Wrested one foot from the floor and arched her velvet length,Not knowing he stretched the serpent that round the earth is curled,And almost split the horizon, and almost spilled the world.3The Norsemen laughed in the mead-hall, the fishermen where they sat,And swore it was no great wonder that a fish should hide in a cat.But the singer who shaped the story of that strife with desperate oddsSmiled and was silent and marveled at the lack of wit in gods.If Thor had but stroked the kitten in jotunheim dark and dim,His own fire would have sparkled out along the ocean's rim.1 Recited at the dinner given in honor of Martin Antoine Ryerson by his fellowTrustees of the University of Chicago, in Hutchinson Hall, January 27, 1923. Copyright 1923 by the University of Chicago.112id 1 1 < ui;n mi himi' (.uisnij) si uvici s oiMaiVjin An'ioini Kyi kson '10 I HI UNIVIKM'IYOI ( UK AGOMil I;0A1'I> 01 IIUIMI I ,S»-,hi Willi li III \! I'klMDI N'l J OI'- 'l.llli;| Y Yl AHiDA I I A( I li NILS IAIHI'1 111*1VO'UOM 10 'llll AIIAIKS.OI llll [}H\i'i KSI'IYHIS WIM (OUNSII ._IjIS l-.! 'OWI I 1)01 AND /I AlIII /' |||! | | !| KOI S |i| |\'| IA( l|{?NS\l',l I VAIUITHE RYKRSON TABLKTTHE BALLAD OF RYERSON H3For all things were likest to lightning unto the gleeman's eye —The flash of fish in the water, the flash of wings in the sky,The flash of the sword in battle, the glint and glitter of death,And Brynhild's glance and Gudrun's arms and Balder's dying breath,Mistletoe in the winter, white violets in the spring,They all were Thor in hiding, but this he dared not sing.4The years went by in glimmers, the singer was cairn-dust now,The thorn that slew bright Balder shone out on Jesus' brow.But the sword bit harder than ever and plucked at the richest brain,Sent heroes home on the night-wind, the host of the wrongfully slain.It sought out the perfect Sigurds, it touched them swift and sure,It made Valhalla richer and left the wide world poor.The Reyr pondered the sword-curse, the brand once hid in the oak,And gat them forth on the swan-road and lived with the Holland folk.And here they shrank to a handful in fighting the curse that was Spain,Till the root of their tree was riven, and the swan of their crest was fainFor the quiet of western waters. Again they took to the flood,Ryersons under the welkin, weary of shedding blood.5The years go by in glimmers, and I hear a pleasant croon.The Ryerson sword is rounded, and spins like a merry moon,Biting the oak and the pine-tree, for there was no time for stone,To house the host of the harried who came at last to their own.With the sweet French girl beside him one gazed and boded no good,For he knew how the flame will follow the resin it loved in the wood.And the first who came were -freemen and counted the cost of things,But after them rolled a rabble, the leavings of war and kings.Now why in God's name should they come, and why should the rails run inFrom the lands that paid for Caesar with hunger and hate and sin,With inches shorn from their stature, with brain-pans reaved and bereft ?Ah, they knew far better than we knew that little of earth is left.6God, how they swarmed the rim of the lake with little of lawAnd made them pitchy barracks for the fire-drake's waiting maw!And the fire-drake came for his own. He came for the lost sunshineHidden by Balder's summers in the secret shadowy pine.He peered within the chambers where once the sap had welled,And found them lying empty, their raftered grace upheldBy walls of amber atoms, each haloed like a saintAnd shutting in its fire with hyaline restraint.No heart of an atom he touched, but from every atom he toreThe wreath of its righteous wrath, and all that wrath he woreAs he sate him down to feast on a thousand summers of lightStored in a thousand homes to be lost in a single night.114 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD7But they laughed when the feast was over, and molded the earth again,And wrought them a lasting city on trie world-inviting plain.They wrought it with buried sunlight, black fern and the irised oil,Thralls disenthralled they wrought it, with grace and glory of toil.But what of the day when the planet is full and the breeding constrained?When the last black fern is a ghost and the last of the coral drained ?Will the sword bite harder than ever ? Will the grace and glory be done ?These grave gray halls are the query, and the gravest is Ryerson.For the man is become a tower, though he labored for you and meWith the heart of a man and the brain of a man and grave sweet courtesy.More greatly is he builded than the towers of Asgard town,For beyond the twilight of the gods Ryerson looketh down.8Rude is the minstrel's measure, and rudely he plucks the strings,But in Ryerson rainbows murmur the music of heavenly things.Is not this stranger than heaven that a man should hear aroundThe whole of earth and the half of heaven and see the shadow of sound ?He gathereth up the iris from the plunging planet's rimWith bright precision of fingers that Uriel envies him.But when from the plunging planet he spread out a hand to feelHow fast the ether drifted back through flesh or stone or steel,The fine fiducial fingers felt no ethereal breath.They penciled the night in a cross of light and found it still as death.Have the stars conspired against him ? Do measurements only seem ?Are time and space but shadows enmeshed in a private dream ?9But dreaming or not, he measured. He made him a rainbow bar,And first he measured the measures of man, and then he measured a star.Now tell us how long is the metre, lest fire should steal it away?Ye shall fashion it new, immortal, of the crimson cadmium ray.Now tell us how big is Antares, a spear-point in the night ?Four hundred million miles across a single point of light.He has taught a world to measure. They read the furnace and gaugeBy the lines of the fringe of glory that knows nor aging nor age.Now this is the law of Ryerson and this is the price of peace —That men shall learn to measure or ever their strife shall cease.They shall measure the cost of killing, and measure the hearts that bleed,And measure the earth for sowing, and measure the sowing of seed.ioWhen Ryerson rose like a dream, none dreamed of the Kghtning massedIn the welded heart of an atom. None saw the shadow castBy the light more thrilling than light, the unseen searing waveThat searches a man and foreshadows the man he will be in his grave.These fresh-hewn walls were ivied or ever that sight was borne,And the atom lay like a jewel unbroken and unworn.THE BALLAD OF RYERSON H5Light it lay in the beryl and light in the berylline seas,Its cloistered charges balanced, and dim as the Hyades.The thunderbolts were imprisoned in crucibled crystalline ore,And locked in the laughing ocean, and shut in the shining shore,And lulled in the light of evening, and hushed in gentle grainAnd unimperiled lilies impearled with quiet rainnA world of woven Hghtning, incredible, unguessed,Where we saw an Easter lily, and Raphael saw the rest.He saw within the lily-cells his own seraphic sky,And smelled the breath of asphodels, and felt them passing byOn suns and clustered planets building the fragrant flower.And so with all the fragrant earth, save when with heavenly powerGod loosed the bands of an atom and bade its fires recedeInto the treasure-house of lead against the day of need.Now God be thanked for the graciousness that gave us Ryerson,And the day that was near to dawning, and the rainbow's task begun,And the parallels delved by the diamond, ready to do their partAnd shrink to a crystal lattice to read the atom's heart.12"It is time," said God. Then Raphael lifted a lily of fire,Hurtling the hope of a hearth when the hearths of earth expire,And came unto a woman, and said, "Be not afraid,"Though your woman's hand be blanched and burned by the sun-grain cannonade."And she who received the lily is called the brave Marie,And all the wide world wondered at that epiphany.Now who shall measure the sun-grain in the miracle God has wrought ?Lo, Paris and Cambridge and Ryerson were needed to make one thoughtTill on the final droplet-star, the massiest tiniest sphere,The moon-grain lingered a moment and told the secret here.Now take the charge and the crystal! Young heroes, unlock the lead,And kindle a rose for mother ere the rose of her hearth be dead!O planet ridged with Calvaries and rimmed with Suvla Bays,Not all your nights are veined with fire, not all of your lightning slays-Then why have you slain your darlings ? And why did your heart discloseFury and flame and the flash of lead when your dearest brought you a rose ?Ah, the rose! The expectancy and the rose!The beat of the harp is broken, the heart of the gleeman is fainTo call him back from the grave and rebuild the shattered brainOf Moseley dead in the trenches, Harry Moseley dead by the sea,Balder slain by the blind man there in Gallipoli.No longer the towers of Oxford whisper the middle age,But the dearest of hopes destroyed and the great unwritten page.No longer the Trinity meadows bloom as in other days,But the sunlight dreams of violets beyond the violet rays.n6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD14Beyond the violet seek him, for there in the dark he dwells,Holding the crystal lattice to cast the shadow that tellsHow the heart of the atom thickens, ready to burst into flower,Loosing the bands of Orion with heavenly heat and power.He numbers the charge on the center for each of the elementsThat we named for gods and demons, colors and tastes and scents,And he hears the hum of the lead that burned through his brain like fireChange to the hum of an engine, the song of the sun-grain choir,As it spins the chalked lightning to banish shadow and shade,Or drives the heavy hammers by the sun-grain cannonade,Or weaves the wings of the humming-birds that flash through heaven afar,Or grinds the golden barley by the voltage of a star.ISNow if they slay the dreamers and the riches the dreamers gave,They shall get them back to the benches and be as the galley slave.But if they be wise to measure the star beneath their feet,Intense with tissue of power and woven with waiting heat,There are starry uses of stars. Let them love their planet and seeHow it longeth to bear the burden and let the slave go free.They shall loose the lightning gently, the granite shall bloom with grain,And under the rainbow glory young Eden shall come again.Rude is the minstrel's measure, forgetting how he began,And singing the princely mead-hall but not the prince of a man.But one is the heart of brothers, and the brain of brothers is one.Who taught me to sing of the others ? Why, who but Ryerson.EMIL GUSTAV HIRSCHBy IRA MAURICE PRICEAmong the public-spirited citizens of Chicago who took an activeinterest in the campaign of 1890 to meet the conditions of Mr. John D.Rockefeller's gift to a proposed new university in this city was RabbiEmil G. Hirsch, who had already, for ten years, been in charge of theSinai congregation. His warm fervor for everything civic, his generoussympathy with educational movements of all kinds, and his vision of thefuture of' the city led him to affiliate himself with those who were activelyengaged in meeting Mr. Rockefeller's conditions. His training in European universities (Berlin and Leipsic, 1872-76), his mastery of rabbinicaland biblical lore, and his personal knowledge of what a real universityshould be, impelled him to influence and inspire his friends to aid inbringing the campaign to a successful issue.When President William Rainey Harper cast about for men to formhis new Semitic faculty, to be the largest such faculty on this continent,if not in the world, the one man in sight for the chair of Jewish learningwas Dr. Hirsch. Consequently, on December 29, 1891, the Board ofTrustees of the University of Chicago elected Emil Gustav Hirsch Professor of Rabbinical Literature in the Department of Semitic Languagesand Literatures.In the organization of the faculty of this Department for classroomand lecture work, it was soon discovered that, while we had inheritedfrom the library of the Baptist Union Theological Seminary invaluabletreasures of old biblical books, we were deficient in much of the new literature in Semitic fields. The Sinai congregation under Dr. Hirsch'sleadership came to our relief, and nobly supplemented the initial appropriations available from the treasury of the University. For severalyears hundreds of valuable volumes were added to the library of theSemitic Department, bearing the words, "Given by the Sinai Congregation"; and these were largely books on the Old Testament field, ratherthan that of rabbinics, thus showing the genuine interest of the Professorof Rabbinical Literature in the welfare of the entire Department.The courses of study and lectures offered by Dr. Hirsch in the firstdecade of the University's history embraced, besides rabbinical literatureand philosophy, Old Testament Criticism and several of the Semiticcognate tongues, such as Syriac, Mandaic, and advanced Ethiopic; and117n8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDalso Arabic civilization. These courses indicate the wide range of histraining and interests, covering almost the entire Semitic field.Dr. Hirsch's familiarity with the literature and progress of learningin these several branches of study were a constant source of joy and gratification in the conferences of the Department. His students, whilemainly those of his own people, included some choice men whose interestscentered in the Semitic languages in general and in a comparative studyof Semitic languages in particular. Dr. Hirsch's available fund of knowledge, his facility in expressing himself, and his keen wit, won for him,both in classroom and public lectures, an alert and appreciative audience.Some of the notable Jewish leaders of this generation in this countryreceived their inspiration and training at his feet in the University ofChicago, and are now perpetuating his influence and power.Dr. Hirsch was always ready to contribute his time and strength,outside of the classroom, to the interests of the University. On July 2,1896, he delivered one of the addresses at the dedication of Haskell Oriental Museum, in which he emphasized with " eloquence, learning and deepconviction" the significance of Oriental and particularly Semitic studies inthe understanding of the religious capabilities of men for all the future.With the taxing burdens of a large congregation, the editorial dutiesof a live weekly paper, and the claims of an appreciative municipality,Dr. Hirsch never failed to keep in mind the best interests of the University. In 1904, through the generosity of one of his parishioners, Mr.Julius Rosenwald, the University library was the recipient of a collectionof 6,065 volumes and 159 pamphlets — being German literature, particularly of the period 17 50-1 870. "The collection had originally belongedto Michael Bernays, literary critic, historian, and Professor of Germanat the University of Munich, who has contributed many valuable workson Goethe and his period." The collection is now known as the "EmilG. Hirsch-Bernays Library" and is "kept together in a separate alcove orroom either in the German department, or in the General Library, sofar as is consistent with their being brought under the general classification of the Libraries." This library is a perpetual memorial of Dr.Hirsch's interest in the University, as well as of the generous donor, Mr.Julius Rosenwald, who in so many other ways has placed us all underobligation to him.Members of the Sinai congregation have also given the Universitytwo of its most useful and best-equipped buildings, Leon MandelAssembly Hall and Julius Rosenwald Hall.In later years Dr. Hirsch's increasing burdens made it necessary thatstudents should meet him in his own home, 3612 Grand Boulevard, andEMIL GUSTAV HIRSCH 119there receive their instruction. Happy the groups which had the incomparable privilege of sitting at the feet of such a master in Israel!Dr. Hirsch's lamented death (January 7, 1923) is the fourth in thepersonnel of the Semitic Department since 1892, the writer being theonly one left of the original faculty. At the beautiful and impressivememorial service to Dr. Hirsch, held at Sinai Temple, February 25,Acting President Ernest DeWitt Burton of the University spoke appreciatively of Dr. Hirsch's many services to the University since 1890. Dr.Burton said:"I count it a high privilege to stand in this place so often occupiedby him whose life and achievements we commemorate today, and tosay a few words of appreciation of him to you who so often heard hismessage here. Yet as I have listened to those who have preceded me Ihave had a deepened sense of the inadequacy of anything that I can sayto do justice to his career. If I shall speak of him almost wholly in reference to his relation to the University for which I have the honor to speaktoday, I trust you will understand that I am doing so not because I forgethow great he was as a minister of this congregation, as a citizen of Chicago, as patriot and as leader of men, but because I know that others willspeak of him in these latter respects and I would use the few minutes Ican take to speak of that aspect of his life that I know best."Rabbi Hirsch was one of the influential factors in converting theUniversity of Chicago from a dream into a reality and in giving to thatreality its character. When in 1891 the plan to establish a Universityin Chicago was agitated and efforts were being made to raise funds forit, he at once threw himself into the enterprise and lent his influenceto secure gifts to the proposed University. It was an extraordinarymanifestation of breadth of mind and generosity of spirit, but thoroughlycharacteristic of the man that he thus gave his influence and help to thefounding of an institution which by its character was, and was expectedto remain, under the auspices and influence of a Christian denomination,but which he believed would make a contribution to the higher life of thecity and the country. The interest which he thus manifested and thehelp which he gave to the University more than thirty years ago he continued to the end of his life. A large gift of money toward the foundingfund, another toward the building up of the Semitic Library, the Hirsch-Bernays collection of books in the Modern Languages, and two of theimportant buildings at the University testify to the generous and substantial interest of members of this congregation in the University, andalso bear indirect but eloquent testimony to Dr. Hirsch's interest in itand to his influence with you.120 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"But it was not only in helping to meet its financial needs that Dr.Hirsch contributed to the building up of the new University. One whowas in close touch with the University in its formative days testifies thatfrom the very beginning of its history he was a potent influence in determining its scholarly ideals and standards. Dr. Hirsch had been for yearsa student in Germany, and had there won his Ph.D. degree. He was ascholar not only in a wide field of knowledge but of high ideals and ofaccurate knowledge. He became a member of the University Facultyas Professor of Rabbinical Language and Literature, offered a long listof courses, attended Faculty meetings, and took an active and valuedpart in establishing the scholarly standards of the University."He was one of the editors of the Journal of Semitic Languages andLiterature, occasionally contributed articles to its pages, and made evenmore valuable contributions of counsel and advice."Dr. Hirsch was a remarkable example both of versatility and ofbreadth of sympathy. Carrying the burden of the minister of this greatcongregation, interested and participating in many movements for thebetterment of the life of the city, he yet had the interest and found thetime to make a very real and positive contribution to the promotion ofscholarship and the building up of a great University."Yet I cannot close this brief testimony without speaking a wordalso of a somewhat more intimate character. I had the pleasure of apersonal acquaintance with Dr. Hirsch, not as intimate as that whichwas enjoyed by some of my colleagues, but real and valued. My specialfield of study for more than forty years has been a particular part ofthat larger field in which Dr. Hirsch was interested. He was a studentof Jewish literature, I of the New Testament, which is itself a small but,as I believe, a very important part of the remarkable literature producedby the Jewish people. Of the New Testament books Dr. Hirsch wasalso a student, and in many ways we saw things alike. But whether wesaw them alike or could not see eye to eye, we were always good friendsand I held him in high esteem as a scholar and patriot, a man of highmoral aims and of deep religious spirit."Speaking for myself and for the University, I wish to pay todaymy tribute to Dr. Hirsch as, like Abraham of old, a friend of God, and,like all the great prophets of Israel, a friend and leader of men."As the years go by we shall always look back with prof ound gratitudefor the friendship, the spirit, and services of our friend, and with a growingand enlarging thought of what one earnest, active, persistent personalitycan do in the formative period of an educational institution.From Popular JfstronomyEDWARD EMERSON BARNARDEDWARD EMERSON BARNARDBorn at Nashville, Tennessee, December 16, 1857Died at Williams Bay, Wisconsin, February 6, 1923By EDWIN B. FROSTIn 1895, in anticipation of the early completion of the Yerkes Observatory, the University of Chicago called to its faculty E. E. Barnard, ajunior astronomer at the Lick Observatory. He had already won forhimself, by his own efforts, distinction in astronomy, and had mademany important discoveries. For twenty-seven years he has enrichedscience in serving the University as a senior astronomer at the YerkesObservatory with the title of Professor of Practical Astronomy. He hada passion for observing the heavens and he recorded very preciselywhat his keen eye discerned. He was a pioneer in revealing the wondrousdepths of our stellar universe by means of the photographic camera asdeveloped for this purpose.Fatherless at his birth, he was able to attend a common school foronly about two months, and before he was nine he began to work in aphotographic establishment in Nashville. One of his duties was to keeppointed at the sun a very large apparatus for giving life-sized enlargements. This trying duty of sitting on a roof during the heat of summertaught him well the motions of the sun. He successively learned thedifferent steps in the art of photography and applied all his spare momentsto study and reading, and in particular to watching the skies. He knewthe principal stars and constellations long before chance put in his handsa chart from which he could learn their names. He lent a couple ofdollars to an acquaintance,' who left, unasked, as security, a volumeof the works of Reverend Thomas Dick. This volume contained, aftera long essay on the sin of covetousness, a number of essays on astronomywith illustrations and star maps. The writer himself recalls finding thesame volume on a parental bookshelf, and remembers the comparativeexcellence of the chapters on astronomy.As soon as Barnard was able to earn enough money he bought a 5-inchtelescope, and with it discovered several comets. By 1883 he had sufficiently prepared himself in his leisure hours to be received as a studentat Vanderbilt University, and he was given the degree of Bachelor ofScience in 1887. He was placed in charge of the small observatory of theuniversity from the time he became enrolled as a student. He discovered,in all, ten comets while at Nashville, but what was more important, he121122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDestablished for himself a reputation as a reliable observer by his veryaccurate descriptions of whatever he studied in the telescope. When theLick Observatory of the University of California was opened in 1888 onMount Hamilton, it was natural that this gifted, self-trained observershould be called to an important post as a junior astronomer in thatinstitution. There he made the brilliant discovery of the fifth satelliteof Jupiter, a very difficult object which circles around the planet in halfa day, at a distance of only about 65,000 miles from the surface of theplanet, and the existence of which had never been previously suspected,despite all the study of Jupiter's satellites since their discovery by Galileoand by Simon Marius nearly three centuries before. Barnard hadreceived the high privilege of the assignment of one night a week with thegreat 36-inch equatorial on July 1, 1892, and the fifth satellite of Jupiterwas discovered by him on the eleventh night on which he had that telescope for his own researches. He also discovered numerous comets whileat the Lick Observatory, and made important observations of nebulaeand many other celestial objects. In the summer of 1889 he began tophotograph the Milky Way with a common portrait lens, of the typethen used by photographers, which he attached to a 6-inch equatorial,using the latter for guiding. Long exposures brought out the wonderfulstructure and richness of these distant parts of the universe. Theseremarkable photographs thrilled him, as well as his associates, and, later,the entire scientific world, with their significance and beauty.After leaving Lick Observatory there was some intermission inBarnard's observational work while he was waiting for the completionof the Yerkes Observatory. The work of the Observatory was inaugurated in 1897, and soon thereafter he began a triangulation, with themicrometer, of the more important stars in the globular clusters, andlater he measured many photographs taken with this and with otherinstruments. The work proves that these clusters are immensely moredistant and hence larger than was supposed, because in a period oftwenty-five years hardly a star has shown any perceptible motion.These clusters are evidently gigantic republics, having no dominantcentral body, in which each component star moves under the combinedattraction of all the separate bodies of the system. In respect to theseobjects, as well as to many others, the astronomers have had their conceptions greatly enlarged by the negative results, as to internal motion,of such patient measurements as these of Professor Barnard. Theseresearches must be prepared for publication, which will be a considerabletask.EDWARD EMERSON BARNARD 123In contrast to the extreme slowness of motion in the star clusters, astar in the constellation Ophiuchus was discovered by Mr. Barnard, onhis photographic plates in 1916, which moved among its neighbors withthe enormous speed of more than ten seconds of arc per year, the greatestknown angular proper motion. The original plates were taken with theBruce photographic telescope of 50 inches length, but when photographedwith the 40-inch telescope the scale is so large that the motion in a fortnight is detectable and measurable. Like his friend, S. W. Burnham, towhose experience and skill he owed much in their association in the earlydays at the Lick Observatory, Professor Barnard made very precisemeasurements of the positions of a great number of stars which were ofparticular interest for one reason or another. As in the case of the starclusters, this lays the foundation for discoveries of motion in the distantfuture by other astronomers who may repeat these measures. His precise measurements of position included some asteroids, many comets, andthe fainter, more difficult satellites of the planets. In 1900 he made a fineseries of measures of the asteroid Eros in an international co-operativeattempt to determine more accurately the distance from the earth to thesun. But his measurements were not confined to positions. He alsomeasured the diameters of asteroids and planets, and studied the rotations of Jupiter and Saturn and the dimensions of the rings. He alsocarefully determined the brightness of some of the variable stars in theclusters, of the fluctuating novae or temporary stars, and of many starswhose variation was irregular. He did not neglect the nebulae, eithervisually or photographically, in so far as they could be well observedwith the 40-inch or with the Bruce photographic telescope; he didnot use our 24-inch reflector, but during a visit to Mount Wilsonhe secured some excellent photographs of Saturn with the 60-inchreflector.The photographic study of the Milky Way, in which he had been apioneer, had an irresistible fascination for him. In the last few years hisattention had been much given to the remarkable dark markings and spotsin these regions. At first he called them vacancies and lanes, and hewas slow, as were we, his colleagues, to accept the view that these arereally areas of relatively feeble luminosity, or are actually non-luminousabsorbing matter, in fact, dark nebulae. He believed it thoroughly,however, at the last, for some of the objects. He was a conservative,and yet was ready to accept new ideas when the evidence was clear tohis keen eye or visible upon his wonderful photographs. In his articlem the Astrophysical Journal for January, 1919, entitled "On the Dark124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMarkings of the Sky," he gives a catalogue of 182 such objects and hisnumbers will probably be their permanent designation.The Bruce photographic telescope, having doublet objectives of 10inches and t\ inches aperture, and a guiding telescope of 5 inches, wasconstructed, after much investigation of types of lenses, with funds givento the University of Chicago by Miss Catherine W. Bruce on the directsolicitation of Professor Barnard. The very fine results obtained withthe larger lens made it seem desirable to issue an Atlas of the MilkyWay, and the money required for its publication was granted by theCarnegie Institution of Washington in 1907. A careful study was madeof methods of reproduction, and Professor Barnard finally adopted thesuggestion that everything on the negatives could be brought out on thenewer types of photographic paper. As the edition was to be 700, andthere were to be no less than 50 photographs, this involved the preparation of 35,000 prints. The work was undertaken by the well-knowncommercial photographer in Chicago, Alex J. W. Copelin, and covereda period of about two years. Professor Barnard felt it necessary to examine personally every print, and many thousands which did not satisfyhis exacting requirements were rejected. During the last two years hehad been persuaded to give as much time as possible to the completionof the textual descriptions of these prints, and fortunately they werenearly completed at the time of his last illness. He did some work onthis while on his sick-bed, even within a week of his death. The Atlaswill be a lasting memorial to his great service to science in this field.Comets had an irresistible charm for Professor Barnard. This waspartly from the early associations, for he had founded his reputationupon his fruitful searches for them, and the series of prizes, in money,for such discoveries, won by him when at Nashville, made it possible forhim to complete a little house which he was building. The sudden andunexpected changes displayed by some of the later comets which he followed at the Yerkes Observatory held him at the telescope through thenight, making successive photographs. Whenever there was a cometin the sky, and the moon out of it, he was likely to be found in the Brucebuilding, photographing the comet repeatedly whenever it showed any"activity" or tendency to changes. His total number of negatives ofcomets made at the Yerkes Observatory was about 1,400.It is a singular fact that, despite his passion for precise measurements,Professor Barnard regarded the photographs of the Milky Way and ofcomets as pictures, and not especially as subjects for measurement.They constitute both, however, and his collection of nearly 4,000 photo-EDWARD EMERSON BARNARD 125graphs will doubtless yield many secrets when it is possible to examinethem thoroughly with the "blink" comparator.1 He did not have thetime for this, nor did he feel disposed to have it done by others. Arrangements will be made for this in the near future, and full credit will be givento the tireless worker whose eye and guiding hand insured the perfectionof the negatives.Professor Barnard was not a teacher. He had not himself knownwhat a satisfaction it is for a teacher to have an apt pupil who can helphim in his work and at the same time gain valuable experience. AtNashville he had to be his own teacher, but at the Lick Observatory hehad the great advantage of the sane counsel of S. W. Burnham, who wasmany years his senior. It was difficult for Professor Barnard to allowthe graduate student to directly participate in work with him; he couldnot bear to lose the time from observing, or to have less accurate measurements made; similarly he begrudged the possible loss, in quality, of aphotograph if someone less skilled than himself took some part in theguiding. This is much to be regretted, for Barnard leaves no successor— no pupil who worked with him for a long period of time and got thebenefit of all his methods and of his unequaled knowledge of the heavens.But he always displayed the greatest kindness, and gave his attention,whenever he was not busy at the telescope, without reserve, in answeringthe questions of a sincere inquirer after astronomical knowledge, whethera student or a casual visitor. To the goodly company of Volunteersand Fellows who have been at the Observatory, the long conversationswith Mr. Barnard on evenings when the sky was cloudy will always bememorable.Mr. Barnard's simple and gentle character is so well known to everyone who came in contact with him that it seems almost superfluous torefer to it. It was the simplicity of greatness. He was cordial in thehighest degree to all of his colleagues, and always sought to avoid anycontroversy or criticism of the work of any other man, however much hemight inwardly doubt its correctness.All phenomena of the sky were of interest to him, whether they werevisible to the naked eye or in telescopes, or solely on photographs. As1 The "blink" is a remarkable instrument, devised by the Zeiss Company, whichpermits the observer to view in rapid succession two photographs of the same part ofthe sky taken at different times. If no changes occur the eye will hardly detect thetransition from one picture to the other in the eyepiece, but if any object has changedits position relative to the other stars, or if its image has varied in size, then this objectalone will be the one to which attention will be attracted.126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDearly as 1883 he had independently discovered the Gegenschein, anexceedingly faint patch of light seen directly opposite the sun, the originof which is still obscure, and he always observed it when conditions permitted. It is surprising to realize how few astronomers have ever personally observed this phenomenon. He took great delight in a brilliantaurora, observing its details minutely and recording everything thatcould be defined as to time or place or color. The luminous nocturnalhaze attracted his attention, and he would often photograph especiallystriking forms of diurnal clouds in our own atmosphere.The mystery of the solar corona appealed to him greatly and heobtained excellent photographs of it at the eclipse of January 1, 1889, atWillows, California, and in 1900 at the station of the Yerkes Observatoryat Wadesboro, North Carolina, but here he denied himself the privilege ofa direct view of the corona, remaining inside the spacious camera withMr. Ritchey to assure the accuracy of the exposures and the perfection ofthe results. They saw the corona only as it was projected on the photographic film. He was invited to join the large expedition to Sumatraorganized by the United States Naval Observatory for the total eclipse ofMay 18, 1 90 1. His station was at Padang Padang and he planned everydetail with the greatest of care for photographs of the corona on a largescale. The duration of totality was very long, nearly a maximum of sixminutes. It was tragic that a thick blanket of clouds totally preventedhim from making any observations at that time. He was absent from theObservatory for about six months, and this further deprived him of theopportunity of observing Nova Persei when it was bright. He was greatlyinterested in the eclipse of June 8, 1918, and made a trip of inspection withthe writer in September, 191 7, to select suitable stations in Wyoming andColorado. He went on with the advance guard of our party to our principal station at Green River, Wyoming, six weeks before the date of theeclipse. He took infinite pains in the adjustment of the horizontaltelescope used with our coelostat and could be content with nothing butperfection in the focusing of all of the cameras for which he had anyresponsibility. Unfortunately, a great cloud drifted across an otherwiseperfect sky on that afternoon, veiling the sun until two or three minutesafter totality was over. While it did not prevent us from securinginteresting pictures, this untimely intrusion of clouds, although familiarenough to him, as to all astronomers, was a keen disappointment toMr. Barnard. This was, however, somewhat alleviated by his independent discovery of Nova Aquilae on that evening. We shall not soonforget the events of that night. His health was poor, and he wasEDWARD EMERSON BARNARD 127almost completely worn out with the anxiety he had felt during theweeks preceding the eclipse. He felt very pessimistic about the valueof the photographs which he had made, which were not to be developeduntil after we returned to the Observatory. Returning late in theevening on our borrowed Ford truck from a trip to our camp on thedesert, where he had gone again to pack up the plates which he hadexposed, his incoherent exclamations of surprise puzzled his companions. Not far from Altair, above the lofty butte toward the east,'was a brilliant star equaling Altair in brightness. Though wearyto the point of almost total exhaustion, he shuffled up to the writer'sroom at the hotel, where we were about to call a trying day's work done,and pointed out to us the new star. It was a high point of exaltationto him and to us all, and we speedily drove out to camp and had thespectroscopes working continuously through that night and the twofollowing nights, while he carefully compared the brightness and colorof the nova at frequent intervals with all available stars in the vicinity.The star was independently discovered by many other astronomers andamateurs; earliest, of course, by those who had the advantage of longitude, in India. It was subsequently proved by pictures, fortunatelytaken at Heidelberg and at Harvard, that the star had increased itsbrightness some 40,000 times in a period of about 48 hours. On theevening of June 9, the star was at its maximum brightness, surpassingVega and almost equaling the brightness of Sirius and Canopus of thesouthern sky, not then visible. Professor Barnard kept up his carefulestimates of the brightness of the nova after it declined, from June 10onward, using first the naked eye, then a field glass, then larger telescopes, till finally he followed it for the last few years with the 40-inchrefractor, when, after many fluctuations of brightness and after passingthrough a nebular stage, it had returned to its original magnitude ofabout 10.5.Professor Barnard was a very prolific contributor to scientific journals. Even in his youth he conducted an astronomical column in aperiodical issued at Nashville, known as the Artisan. For the years1893 and 1894 he was an associate editor of the monthly journal ofAstronomy and Astrophysics, which, in 1895, was succeeded by theAstrophysical Journal and Popular Astronomy. A list has been made ofover 840 separate articles and addresses by him. His largest singlevolume which has thus far appeared is the eleventh volume of thePublications of the Lick Observatory, entitled The Milky Way and Comets.This is a quarto containing collotype reproductions of 133 of his most128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDimportant photographs made during the years 1892-95, while he wasat the Lick Observatory, with descriptive texts. His micrometricobservations of the asteroid Eros, made in 1900, constitute Part II ofVolume II of the Publications of the Yerkes Observatory.Professor Barnard made short visits to Europe on three occasions.In 1893 he spent three months there on leave of absence from the LickObservatory. In 1897 he went to receive the gold medal of the RoyalAstronomical Society. At the end of 1899 he again made a hurried tripto Europe in an attempt to secure a lens for the Bruce telescope whichwould be the utmost that was possible in optical construction. Severalof the leading firms made objectives for the test, but the choice was madeof the 10-inch doublet produced by John A. Brashear, the self-madeoptician of Pittsburgh.Professor Barnard's life seems to the writer to be full of incidentsthat are illustrative of his character. Two of them may be recalled atthis time. It was in the year 1884 that he made his first trip away fromhome. He had met hardly any of the astronomers of whom he had readand with some of whom he had been in correspondence. One of his firststops was in Pittsburgh, where he went to call upon Mr. Brashear.Barnard was very shy, and paced up and down on the porch of the simplehome of the former iron-worker for some minutes, while gathering courageto knock; but Mr. Brashear heard the step outside, went out, and tookhim in to the warm hospitality of his home. It was the beginning of alife-long friendship between the two men, and Mr. Brashear always affectionately called him "Eddie." He was most kindly received at theobservatories which he visited, and found that the careful work whichhe had been doing as a searcher for comets had already made for him aplace in the gatherings of his colleagues. He finished his trip by attending the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement ofScience at Philadelphia.In the later years of his life Mr. Barnard developed a great interest,and even enthusiasm, for the fine pictures, of a conservative sort, in thebest museums. When he had to be in Chicago for a day he always triedto find a few minutes to go to the Art Institute and enjoy a few of itstreasures. But he did not have as much appreciation of art in 1893,when he was in Europe. A Russian nobleman, Baron Engelhardt, maintained an excellent private observatory at Dresden, and Mr. Barnarddesired to meet him personally and stopped in that city for the purpose.Not having made any prior engagement, he did not find the Baron athome, and being unconscious, or forgetful, of the art treasures of Dresden,EDWARD EMERSON BARNARD 129he immediately drove to the other railway station to catch a train forBerlin. He was delayed by his unfamiliarity with the language, andbarely caught his train. The passengers already seated showed theirusual unwillingness to admit another to the so-called privacy of the compartments, until a guard thrust Mr. Barnard bodily into an open dooras the train started. After he recovered his composure enough to lookabout he fell to studying the face of a gentleman beside him; the genialcountenance, with its large moustache, and white hair above the kindlyeyes, seemed familiar to him. After awhile he solved the problem andasked his companion if he were not Mark Twain. Each of them musthave had an interesting trip to Berlin. Some of us who were in Europeat that time know what an interest Mr. Clemens had in astronomy, asis partly revealed in Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven, and he no doubtimproved the opportunity to gather celestial data from this enthusiasticyoung astronomer beside him. Mr. Barnard was also able to give himreports of some of the California characters whom Mr. Clemens had madefamous.Mr. Barnard had a delicious vein of humor which was very familiarto his intimate friends. He could tell of some of his early experiencesin a most amusing manner. Conformity to the latest fashion was ofno special concern to him. He was accustomed to wear a black tie of atype perhaps more familiar in the seventies, though evidently somehowprocurable even at the present time. This variety is mounted on apasteboard frame, and is attached, rather precariously, to the collarbutton by a small elastic cord. Accidental detachment was, therefore,of frequent occurrence; in fact, the presence or absence of the tie wassometimes used by a friend as a test of vision; but to the suggestion thata more modern type of tie, the kind that passes around the neck of thewearer, might save the inconvenience of perpetual uncertainty as towhether or not the tie was attached, the reply was made by Mr. Barnard:"Why, this kind of tie once saved my life!" To the surprised inquirerhe added: "You see, I was at the Grand Canyon, and looking down intothat vast chasm, suddenly the tie fell off and floated down half a mileinto the depths below. What if it had been around my neck!"As may be inferred, Mr. Barnard was not entirely of this world.His interests and his thoughts had been so long in the heavens that manyof the affairs of the earth had little interest for him, and often escapedhim. He was most generous and sympathetic with all who were introuble, and did not forget the difficulties of his own youth when in contact with others under similar circumstances. Away from his observa-130 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtory and from his home, Mr. Barnard was always rather shy and restive,but in his office, and particularly in his home, he was a most delightfulhost and entertained his guests with charming hospitality, in which Mrs.Barnard fully shared. He gave public lectures occasionally, but wasalways nervous for some days in advance of such an engagement,although, in fact, his knowledge of the subject was extraordinarily complete and he had a remarkable memory for his pictures and the circumstances of any of his important observations. He always rememberedthe regions of the sky where in his early days he had found many nebulaewhich might easily be mistaken for comets.On the occasion of the meeting of the American Astronomical Societyat the Yerkes Observatory in September, 1922, Professor Barnard wasinvited to give an evening lecture on comets. He was not limited intime, and had for an audience friends who were interested in every detail.He lost all traces of nervousness and presented to us, with slides, an intimate recital of his observations of many of the most notable objects ofthis character in a way that will never be forgotten by his hearers. Hegave a fine lecture on the Milky Way in the evening course of lecturesat Mandel Hall in the summer of 1919, but his appearances at theUniversity had been infrequent in recent years.He was stricken with diabetes early in the year 19 14, and had toundergo the severe privation, by the doctor's orders, of giving up observations with the large telescope for a year. As a result of his obediencehis health was greatly improved, and for the past seven years he observedin nearly the full measure of earlier days. It was regarded by theDirector of the Observatory as no small part of his duties to see that sucha man should be induced to spare himself as much as possible and restricthis night work to save him from exhaustion and to gain time for the reduction and discussion of his great accumulation of observations. But itwas almost impossible for Mr. Barnard to keep away from the Bruce photographic telescope when the sky was clear and the moon did not interfere.He always hoped to get some photographs a little better than the hundreds he had, or centered on some special detail which he particularlywished to investigate.He was greatly affected by the death of his wife in May, 192 1, aftera brief illness, and after forty years of married life in which she haddevoted herself completely to his comfort. They had no children, andthus he missed the joys and responsibilities of parenthood, even as he hadhimself missed the experience of the relation of son to father. He wasfortunate in having as a member of his family, and as his assistant inEDWARD EMERSON BARNARD 131his computations and the work of his office, in recent years, Mrs. Barnard's niece, Miss Mary R. Calvert.Mr. Barnard took great comfort in his home, which he built on landadjacent to the Observatory grounds in 1896. He enjoyed the annualchanges of nature around Lake Geneva, the coming of the delicate tintsof spring over the hillside, and the glories of the autumn foliage. Hewatched with great interest the growth of the trees and shrubs plantedaround his home, and he gave especial care to his fruit trees. He wouldalways refer very amusingly to his efforts to combat the insects or thepests which were ever ready to assail his favorite trees. The usualculmination was a raid by sapient bipeds from the city who were enjoying the fresh air of the country, and everything else they could reach.It was a touching tribute to Professor Barnard's affection for his wife, aswell as an evidence of his regard for the Yerkes Observatory, that hiswill provided that his home should become the property of the University,as a memorial to Mrs. Barnard.His final illness was of only six weeks duration, and began ratheracutely. The best of medical skill was given him, and up to a shorttime before his death the specialist was hopeful of his recovery. Hislast observation was the occultation of Venus by the moon on the morningof January 13, which he saw from his bedroom window, and carefullynoted the time, as was his custom. He died at eight o'clock on theevening of February 6, and simple funeral services were held on the following day in the rotunda of the Observatory, which seemed to us theappropriate place. The interment was at Nashville, after servicesattended by many of his friends in the city of his youth and by the officersof Vanderbilt University. He had always been highly appreciated atNashville, and one of the interesting evidences of this was the erection,not long ago, by the Nashville Automobile Club in co-operation with theNashville Historical Committee, of a tablet at the place in the citywhere the young enthusiast discovered his first comet in 1881.Academic honors naturally came to Professor Barnard in recognitionof his achievements in science. He received the honorary degree ofMaster of Arts from the University of the Pacific in 1889; that of Doctorof Science from Vanderbilt University in 1893 ; and of Doctor of Lawsfrom Queen's University in 1909. He became a member of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science at the Nashville meetingin 1877, when he was a youth of twenty, and then he probably for thefirst time met an astronomer of eminence in the person of Simon New-comb, then president of the Association. Mr. Barnard was vice-presi-132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdent for the Boston meeting in 1898. He became a fellow of the RoyalAstronomical Society in 1888, and ten years later was elected an associateof that Society. He received their annual gold medal in 1897. He was amember of the principal astronomical societies at home and abroad; andwas a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1892) ; ofthe American Philosophical Society (1903) ; and of the National Academyof Sciences (1911). He became a director of the B. A. Gould Fund ofthe National Academy of Sciences in 19 14, and an associate editor ofthe Astronomical Journal, which is subsidized from that fund. Fivetimes he received the Warner prize of $200 for the discovery of an unexpected comet; from the French Academy of Sciences he received theLalande Gold Medal in 1892, the Arago Gold Medal in 1893, and theJanssen Gold Medal in 1900; from the Astronomical Society of Francehe received the Janssen Prize in 1906; and from the AstronomicalSociety of the Pacific he received the Bruce Gold Medal in 1917. Hiswill places these medals in the keeping of the Yerkes Observatory,.together with his scientific books and papers.Measured by the calendar, his life was but little more than sixty-five years, but by the number of hours he had spent under the nocturnalsky or in the domes, his period of activity was more than that of the ordinary octogenarian. His work was unfinished, and it will be no smalltask to bring out in suitable form the great amount of important contributions to science contained in his notebooks and on his photographs.His work never would have been finished even though he had lived ascore of years longer, for he could never give up the fascination of currentobserving to devote himself to the task of keeping up with his arrears.Named by a prominent English authority two decades ago as the greatestliving observational astronomer, he would be still more accorded thishigh position in the estimation of his contemporaries. His loss isirreparable to astronomy, to the University under whose auspices hehad worked so long, and, most of all, to his colleagues at the YerkesObservatory.ADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETTADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETTBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDA. C. Bartlett was born in Stratford, Fulton County, New York,June 22, 1844. Fulton County is historic ground. It was the home ofSir William Johnson, one of the great figures of colonial history, Indiansuperintendent, who won and held the loyalty of the Iroquois confederacyof the six nations, and who died while holding a great Council of theIndians at his home in Johnstown in 1774. He owned most, if not allof Fulton County, but his great holdings were forfeited to the state by theadherence of his son, Sir John Johnson, to the king in the revolutionarystruggle. The years of that struggle were terrible ones for all that region.The horrible Massacre of Cherry Valley by a raiding party of Toriesand Indians led by Walter Butler, one of the former gentry of the region,was only one of the many that kept that whole country in a state of terror.In the last of these raids, toward the close of the Revolution, Sir JohnJohnson and Walter Butler were defeated in the battle of Johnstown anddriven in headlong rout north and west through the wilderness whereA. C. Bartlett was later born and brought up. At the passage of theWest Canada Creek, not more than 6 or 7 miles from the home of hisyouth, where the enemy made a last stand, Walter Butler was slain.It is related that the Oneida Indian who shot, tomahawked, and scalpedhim cried out to him before striking the final blow, "Cherry Valley!remember Cherry Valley!"These were among the traditions of Mr. Bartlett's boyhood oftenrepeated at every fireside. The natural features of the countryside retoldthem to the boy's imagination and fixed them in his memory. He livedamong the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. Brooks, creeks,rivers, lakes, hills, valleys, and wonderful forests were all about him.Even as late as 1880, thirty-six years after Mr, Bartlett was born, Ver-planck Colvin, the state surveyor, said of the northwest part of FultonCounty which is Stratford township:A dense forest, largely consisting of valuable evergreen timber covers the mountains down to the very margins of beautiful lakes and trout streams, and wild game,deer and bear, are found even near the margins of the forest.It is little wonder that Mr. Bartlett remembered and loved to the endof his life the region where he was born and spent his youth. It was133134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDan unforgettable country. The mountain peaks of the Adirondacksto the north, the green hills all about him, the great forests with theirunchanging foliage, the clear streams singing their way through the woods,the enchanting lakes hidden among the pines and spruces and balsamsand cedars, the solitary eagle winging his way above the trees, all theseremained with him, vivid pictures of his youth, never forgotten andenriching all his maturer years.The Bartletts of the United States do not trace their ancestry backto a single American progenitor. There were, perhaps, a dozen men ofthat name who came to the New World and made their homes in differentplaces during the forty years following the landing of the Pilgrims. Theyfounded as many distinct families which sometimes have intermarried,and it is not always easy for a Bartlett to trace with certainty his ancestry.It was not easy for A. C. Bartlett. He became interested in the matterin the last years of his life. His father was Aaron Bartlett and his grandfather Lieutenant-Colonel Ichabod Bartlett, who served in the War of1812. This was as far back as the line of descent could be traced. Having undertaken the preparation of this sketch, the question of Mr. Bart*lett's ancestry interested me. I examined all the Bartlett genealogicalrecords. I could find no connection of any of the several families withLieutenant-Colonel Ichabod Bartlett until I came to the genealogy ofRobert Bartlett, who came to Plymouth in the ship "Anne," in 1623,three years after the landing of the Pilgrims.The record that follows is a curious one. Robert Bartlett marriedin 1628 Mary Warren, of a family afterward famous in Massachusettshistory. He had a son, Benjamin, who in 1656 married Sarah Brewster,granddaughter of William Brewster, the beloved elder of the Plymouthchurch. Benjamin had a son, Ichabod, who in 1699 married ElizabethWaterman and had a son, Ichabod the second, who married SusannahSpooner in 172 1 and had a son, Ichabod the third, who in 1753 marriedHannah Rogers and in 1754 had a son, Ichabod the fourth. Here therecord ends, and the question arises, was not Ichabod the fourth the fatherof Lieutenant-Colonel Ichabod who was born about 1775 and was thegrandfather of A. C. Bartlett of whom I write ?But here is another record. Robert Bartlett of Plymouth hadanother son, Joseph, who in 1665 married Hanna Fallowell, and had ason, Joseph the second, who married Lydia Griswold in 1692, and had ason, Joseph the third, who in 1717 married Elizabeth Bartlett andhad a son, Joseph the fourth, who married Laurana Drew and had a sonIchabod,rwho was born in 1 775. Here this record ends. Was this IchabodADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT *35that Lieutenant-Colonel Ichabod born in 1775 who was A. C. Bartlett'sgrandfather ? It seems to me quite certain that through one of these twofamilies the line of A. C. Bartlett's descent runs straight back to RobertBartlett, who came to Plymouth in the ship "Anne" in 1623. Thesefamilies had been gradually making their way westward and at the beginning of the Revolution had almost reached the western limit of Connecticut. The Ichabod, who later became a soldier, made his way a littlefarther west and north to the region of Albany and entered the Armyfrom Montgomery County, New York. The country was a wildernesswith little opportunity for communication with New England, and in theconfusions of war the soldier lost connection with his relatives. Hemarried, moved into the backwoods of Herkimer County under theshadow of the Adirondacks, and began the life of a pioneer. Dying beforehis grandson was born, the story of his ancestry died with him. Hislast years were spent at Salisbury Center, Herkimer County, and therehis son, Aaron, the father of A. C. Bartlett, was born. There also hemarried. Losing his wife and left with two daughters, in 1836 he marriedagain, this time Delia Dibell.Nathaniel Dibell, her father, was a farmer who settled in the neighborhood soon after his own marriage, bought and improved a large farm,raised a family of eight daughters, served the community in various publicoffices and lived an honored and useful life.Aaron Bartlett, after spending many years on a small farm, movedto the village of Stratford, a few miles northeast of Salisbury Center,and opened a small store. He was forty-three years old when in 1844his son, Adolphus Clay, was born.By this time southeastern New York had become well settled andhad begun to call for the lumber and other products of the northernforests. Mr. Aaron Bartlett developed somewhat unusual businessabilities. He foresaw the demands of the southern market and in addition to his store established a saw-mill and a tannery. The creek notonly gave him power to run his mill but floated his lumber and leatherto market, and he prospered. He became the leading citizen of the villageand was universally respected. By 1854 he had won his way to whatwas at that time considerable success, when death brought his plans toan end. He left his widow, his two daughters, and his son $5,000 each.The son was thus left fatherless at ten years of age.The earlier home of both the Bartletts and the Dibells had beenSalisbury Center, not more than 5 or 6 miles southwest of Stratford,and soon after her husband's death Mrs. Bartlett moved with her little136 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfamily to that place. There the boy continued his education, begun inStratford, in the village school. His old friend, Bliss Kibbe of Stratford,tells me that "as a boy and young man he was unusually bright andpleasing." It will appear later that he was warmly attached to hisfriends and associates and it will be easy for those who knew him in hismature years to believe that he was a favorite in the villages where thefirst nineteen years of his life were spent.Parts of three of these years he was away from home at higher schools.One of these he spent at Dansville Academy. Dansville was 160 or 170miles west of his home and he seems to have been drawn to that placebecause one of his sisters was there taking treatment in the sanitarium.The places familiar to him in his boyhood never lost their interest toMr. Bartlett and when, perhaps half a century later, he was taking anautomobile trip with his friends, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. B. Whipple, throughthe East, he made it convenient to stop at Dansville and took Mr.Whipple not only to see the Academy but to visit the room in which helived while at the school. Following the year in Dansville, he spent twoyears in study in the Liberal Institute at Clinton, which was not morethan 25 miles from his home in the adjacent county of Oneida. That hehad a bright mind and was a devoted student is made evident by thereports of the Institute for the years 1862 and 1863 from which it appearsthat he received 10, the highest mark given, in practically every study.He had found time during these years to teach the village schoolin Salisbury Center for one term at least. After leaving the Institute hesecured a clerkship in Salisbury Center in the store of J. C. and M. B.Avery. This had continued for a short time only, when, being energetic and ambitious, he concluded that the wages to be earned in clerking in a country store would never get him far, and he decided to tryconclusions with fortune in a larger field.Mr. Bartlett had one striking peculiarity. He cherished a deep andenduring interest in the villages and the people where his youth was spent.He loved to visit them in his later life. Whenever he returned to Stratford, Mr. Kibbe tells me, he "always went into his old home and wouldpoint out where he used to hang his little pink sun bonnet." He tookmuch interest in the older people who were young with him, helpingthem when they needed help. He sent money to keep the village cemeteries of both villages in condition. He sent money to be used for peoplewho were sick. For a number of years he sent from sixty to seventyhams to be presented to as many heads of families for the holidays. Atone time he took steps to purchase the old family home in Stratford thatADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 137he might establish a public library in memory of his parents, but theowners of the property demanded so exorbitant a price that he gave upthe project. When anyone from his old home called on him in his officein Chicago, he would not let them go till he had learned all they knewabout the people of both towns. When he made his will he left $500 foreach of the four churches in Salisbury Center and Devereaux. Thelatter place and Stratford are really one, the village being called Stratford on the east side of the East Canada Creek and Devereaux on thewest side. The creek being the county line at that point, Devereauxis in Herkimer and Stratford in Fulton County, the combined villageshaving a population of about 200, the churches being on the Herkimerside of the stream. Salisbury Center was a little larger than Stratford-Devereaux, having 350 or 400 people.Mr. Bartlett was nineteen years old when he entered on what was,and what must have seemed to him and his mother, the great adventureof his life. He was not a poor country boy, but he was a country boywith little or no knowledge of cities. He had what might be called ahigh-school education. He had taught school and had a little experiencein business and he had decided on a business career. Where he shouldbegin must have been often discussed in the little family. In 1863 thename and fame of Chicago had become known in every village in thecountry. Its wonderful growth, its rapid development as a great centerof business, its promise of success to young men of energy and ability,formed a compelling attraction to ambitious boys and young men whoflocked to it from every part of the country. The family discussions inSalisbury Center resulted in the decision that young Bartlett should tryhis fortune in Chicago.To leave his home in the little village of a wilderness country and go800 miles west to a strange city to work out a career was a momentousstep for a boy of nineteen to take. It might well be called a great adventure. He went, not knowing what might befall him. He had, indeed,some decided advantages. He had been well brought up and had thegreatest of all assets — character. Endowed by nature with a good mindand having by study laid the foundations of an education, he had a secondinvaluable asset — intelligence. By training and inheritance he wasboth industrious and frugal. Recalling his father's ability and successhe was ambitious to succeed. He found Chicago a city of 150,000inhabitants. In 1863 business was booming. Young Bartlett was sixfeet tall, had a fine, open countenance and made a prepossessing appearance. When he started out to seek a situation he was not long in finding138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDone. This was a clerkship in the wholesale hardware store of Tuttle,Hibbard and Company. With this house, under various changes ofname, he remained for fifty-nine years — to the end of his life.The firm of Tuttle, Hibbard and Company was organized in 1855,Nelson Tuttle, W. G. Hibbard, Frederick Tuttle, and George M. Grayeach furnishing an equal share of the small capital required. NelsonTuttle, a former dry-goods merchant, had charge of the finances andcredits. Frederick Tuttle and Mr. Gray were silent partners. Mr.Hibbard was the only hardware man in the firm and, continuing withthe business until his death in 1903, has always been regarded as itsfounder. When young Bartlett became an empolyee in 1863, the placeof business was at 62 Lake Street, corner of State Street. The store wasin a five-story block, but it was only 24 feet wide and 140 feet deep.The salary of the new clerk was a trifle more than $1.25 a day— $400 ayear.Next door to the hardware house, when the business first began in1855, was a stove store, the manager of which was Franklin F. Spencer.Between Mr. Hibbard and Mr. Spencer a warm friendship grew up andin 1865 they bought the hardware business of Tuttle, Hibbard andCompany and the firm name became Hibbard and Spencer. Th e businessprospered. Young Bartlett, who began as general utility boy, soon madea place for himself and grew into a position of responsibility in the sellingdepartment. The business soon outgrew its narrow quarters and in1867 moved to Michigan Avenue between Randolph and Lake streets,next door to the building then occupied by the Pullman Palace CarCompany.The firm of Hibbard and Spencer pursued a liberal policy towardits more capable and faithful employees and in 1868 introduced thepractice of sharing profits with them which has continued ever since, itsscope having been broadened since the beginning of the new century.Mr. Bartlett was one of the first to profit by this liberal policy. He wonhis way to recognition by interest in his work and devotion to it. Ithas been said of him that although there were eleven employees when heentered the store, "he was the first to arrive in the morning and the lastto leave at night." He was frugal in his expenditures, walking 2 milesto and from business to save money. For the first ten years of the business the firm had no traveling salesmen. Dealers came in from thecountry, looked over the stock and gave their orders in the fall and againin the spring and then depended on a few orders by mail to keep goodtheir assortment between visits. In 1865 one salesman was put onADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 139the road. "For several years he was the sole salesman outside thehouse." I have said that Mr. Bartlett began early to be engaged inthe selling end of the business. As he studied it he began to see thepossibilities of enlarging the sales through traveling salesmen. I readin accounts of his life that "he was among the first to conceive the ideaof sending out salesmen on the road to call on the trade. To him is verylargely due the immense sales system Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett andCompany have developed."Mr. Hibbard supervised the buying, Mr. Spencer the financing, andthe selling fell more and more into Mr. Bartlett's hands. He gave toit earnest purpose, high intelligence, and tireless energy. It was onlynatural, therefore, that the time came when a partnership was offeredhim. This took place at the beginning of 1871. He put $10,000 intothe business, part of this sum being the inheritance from his father andpart the savings of between seven and eight years of employment withthe firm. He was only twenty-seven years old and was a general partnerin a business which seemed to have an assured future. A single sentenceof a written statement of his prepared some years later really explainsthe secret of the success which a boy of nineteen had worked out in lessthan eight years. He said:If the young men when coming into the house fully realize how much their advancement and ultimate welfare and success depend upon their thoroughness, diligence,loyalty and integrity their futures are assured, for with that realization no one of intelligence can deliberately throw away his opportunities.Thus by 1 87 1 he had scored his first great success in business and thefuture was bright with promise. He had not got into the firm namewhich still remained Hibbard and Spencer. He was, however, no longeran employee, but a partner in a business that was increasingly prosperousevery year and promised wealth to its owners.And then came the great fire of 1871. The store and almost all itscontents were swept away. His $10,000 the flames had swallowed up.He said to his old Stratford friend, Mr. Kibbe, "that the morning afterthe big fire he got up a little worse off than nothing." How did he andhis partners meet the calamity ? The story is told in a letter they sentto their customers on Tuesday, October 10, 1871, the last day of the fire,while the ashes of their store were still hot. This was the letter:Dear Sir:In the terrible calamity that has overtaken our thriving city we have sufferedseverely. Nearly our entire stock of goods is in ashes, and yet we have great reasonto sincerely thank God for the preservation of our lives and the solvency of our firm.140 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn the past we have endeavored, by promptness and fair treatment of our customers,to merit and receive the patronage of the hardware trade. We shall redouble ourenergies in the future.We have now a great personal favor to ask of each of our many friends and of thetrade throughout the Northwest, viz., that those who are indebted to us will remit withthe least possible delay, and that you will favor us with your orders for goods. We havea remnant of our stock from which we shall ship as far as possible, in perfect order, andthe balance of your memorandum will be sent to New York, where two of our firm areengaged in filling orders and forwarding goods with the utmost dispatch. We shallmake prices cheap and allow you difference in freight when goods are shipped from NewYork. Hoping to make it to your advantage to grant this great favor and assuringyou that it will be appreciated, we remain,Yours truly,Hibbard and Spencer489 State St., Chicago54 Cliff St., New YorkThis letter is a good illustration of the spirit with which the businessmen of the stricken city met that tremendous crisis.The letter was followed by corresponding activity. Before theend of the week in which the fire occurred the floor was being laid in anew one-story, wooden store on the lake front opposite the site of theold store on Michigan Avenue. The saved remnant of the stock was heregathered and displayed, and business promptly resumed. Mr. Bartlettwas one of the partners who went East to see their largest creditor.The Hardware Age says of this visit:In talking to the head of this eastern concern Mr. Bartlett said he had come awaywithout any figures or statement, but that everything would be paid in full. The headof the firm replied, "I fear that you Chicago men with your western spirit and enthusiasm are undertaking more than you can accomplish without injustice to yourselvesand your future state. We shall be glad if you pay 100 cents on the dollar, but will bejust as well satisfied if you can pay 50 or 25 cents on the dollar. Our stock is open forall goods you may order, and, if you are short of money draw on us."This wonderful spirit of sympathy and co-operation on the part of theircreditors was matched by their debtors and customers. Money pouredin from debtors and orders from customers. The following year theywere in a new building on the corner of Wabash Avenue and Lake Street,beginning a new career of rapidly increasing prosperity which has had nointerruption. In 1877 the firm name became Hibbard, Spencer and Company, and in January, 1882, the business was incorporated under thename of Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett and Company, with Mr. Hibbardpresident and treasurer, Mr. Spencer vice-president, Mr. Bartlett secretary, and Charles H. Conover and J. W. Nye directors. After thedeath of Mr. Spencer in 1890, Mr. Bartlett became vice-president. OnADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 141the death of Mr. Hibbard in 1903 Mr. Bartlett succeeded to the presidency. This was just forty years after he went to Chicago and enteredthe service of the firm. He was fifty-nine years old. It was at just thistime that the company completed the erection of its immense new building on the south bank of the Chicago River, at the foot of State Street.It is eleven stories in height and extends a little over 350 feet along theriver, and fronts on State, South Water, and River streets. In additionto this there is a great warehouse for surplus stock on the north bank ofthe river, 120 by 420 feet, with five floors and basement. To such physical proportions had the little store, 24 feet wide, into which the boy 19years old had entered in 1863 and found employment at a little over onedollar a day as "general utility boy," developed. The great adventurefrom a worldly and business point of view had been a wonderful success.High character, large intelligence, and sustained devotion and industrycombined with a great opportunity, furnish the key to the secret of hisbusiness success. It was said of him that he had such powers of mentalconcentration that he was capable of doing, when the occasion demanded,a well-nigh incredible amount of work. The Hardware World declaresthat "he and the late E. C. Simmons of St. Louis were looked upon asthe originators of the modern wholesale hardware jobbing houses."It will be recalled that in the letter which the firm of Hibbard andSpencer sent out to their customers after the great fire of 187 1 they spokeof their territory as being "the Northwest." Mr. Bartlett had chargeof the selling end of the business. It was his work to find markets andsell goods. He soon began to reach out after new business, to increasethe number of traveling salesmen and send them farther afield. Theyextended their operations in every direction— west, south, east, north.The continent became too small for them and in the end, through them,Mr. Bartlett carried the business of the firm throughout the United States,Mexico, Canada, Cuba, Porto Rico, and west to the Philippines, hispartners meantime conducting their divisions of the enterprise with thesame efficiency.On August 27, 1867, Mr. Bartlett married Miss Mary H. Pitkin.The first Mrs. Bartlett was born August 27, 1844, and was the daughterof La Fayette Pitkin, a business man of Delavan, Wisconsin. Theywere married at that place. Born the same year, they were twenty-three years old at their marriage. After living in various parts of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Bartlett made their home about 1880 at 2222 CalumetAvenue, remaining there till 1888. From that time the permanent cityhome of the family was at 2720 Prairie Avenue. In the same block were142 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe homes of their friends — Charles L. Hutchinson, A. A. Sprague,O. S. A. Sprague, and neighbors on the avenue were E. A. Hamill, FrankG. Logan, and Dr. Gunsaulus.There were four children of this marriage, Mae Bartlett who marriedDwight B. Heard; Frederic Clay Bartlett, the artist; Frank Dickinson;and Florence Dibell Bartlett. Frank, who was born in 1880, died abroadin July, 1900. He was a student in Harvard University and died duringthe summer vacation, while visiting his brother in Munich.I am told by one of the old friends of the family that the childrenwere brought up to take responsibility and be helpful and useful. Whentraveling with their father and mother, the boys were expected to purchase the tickets, check the baggage, and take the other responsibilitiesand duties of the trip. When this friend and his wife were visiting inthe Bartlett home, he says the eldest daughter " then 18, was looking afterthe house and servants that year," and he adds, " the home was a placewhere a king or a peasant could be at ease."At the end of twenty-three years the charming home suffered theloss of the wife and mother. The first Mrs. Bartlett died in 1890. Herhusband was still a young man, being only 46 years old, and his childrenwere still young.Mr. Bartlett's character and ability early gave him a standing amongthe leading business men of Chicago. He was one of the men who conceived and organized the Chicago Freight Bureau in 1883. The objectof this organization wasto give the Railroad and transportation companies such information regarding thevarious lines of goods it represents as shall insure their proper classification; to securefreight rates to all shipping points that shall in no case discriminate against Chicago;to assist in adjusting claims for losses, damages, or overcharges, and to render its services to members, individually and collectively, in all matters pertaining to the transportation of merchandise and the extension of the trade of Chicago.Mr. Bartlett was for some years the head of the Bureau, which,working in cordial co-operation with the transportation companies, dida vast service to the business interests of the city.Mr. Bartlett did not follow the example of many of his contemporarieswho put their surplus into Chicago real estate. He preferred to investit in stocks and bonds so that his estate consisted, not exclusively indeed,but very largely, in personal property. Not only was this true, but hehad a very decided preference for the securities of corporations which hadtheir headquarters in Chicago. It followed naturally that he becamepersonally connected with the management of many Chicago businessenterprises. In 1886 he was vice-president of the Purington-KimballADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 143Brick Company. He was a director of the Chicago and Alton RailroadCompany when T. B. Blackstone so ably and successfully conducted itsaffairs. He was a director of the First National Bank, the first bank inChicago to organize as a national bank, May 1, 1863, under the then newlaw providing for national banks. He was also a director of the Metropolitan National Bank and of the Liverpool and London and GlobeInsurance Company. He was one of the founders of the NorthernTrust Company in 1889 and was a director from its organization to theend of his life. He and the late Byron L. Smith, the president of theNorthern Trust, were close friends. Mr. Smith lived south of Twenty-second Street and he and Mr. Bartlett often walked down to businesstogether.Mr. Bartlett was a very genial, friendly man and became a memberof many clubs. As early as 1882 when he was still a young man, thirty-eight years old, five years after the organization of the Commercial Club,he was associated with the leaders of Chicago business as one of its members. Among these were Marshall Field, George M. Pullman, JohnCrerar, Erskine M. Phelps, A. A. Sprague, O. S. A. Sprague, William A.Fuller, Edson Keith, Charles L. Hutchinson, Martin Ryerson and MartinA. Ryerson, father and son, John V. Farwell, Marvin Hughitt, P. D.Armour, and other men eminent in the history of Chicago. In 1887Mr. Bartlett was president of the club. He was a member of the UnionLeague, the Chicago, the Literary, the Caxton, the Quadrangle, theTwentieth Century of New York, and other clubs.Mr. Bartlett was one of those men, all too few, who are not onlyinterested in, but devote themselves to, promoting the public welfare.In 1878 he accepted an appointment from Mayor Heath as a memberof the Board of Education. He was an active member of the Board ofthe Chicago Relief and Aid Society which later, through a consolidationof relief associations, became the United Charities of Chicago. He wasa trustee of the Old Peoples Home of the city and vice-president of itsboard, his active connection with it continuing more than twenty yearsuntil his death. When its fine new building was erected at 4724 Vin-cennes Avenue he gave $50,000 to the building fund and the north wingbears his name. For some years he was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Orphan Asylum, serving this oldest of Chicago'scharitable institutions until absorbed in the responsibilities of anothergreat cause.The charity to which he devoted the most time and attention andmoney was the Chicago Home for the Friendless. This great charity144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas an outgrowth of the early Ragged Schools and was founded in 1858"to afford protection and assistance to worthy destitute women andchildren until other homes and means of support can be secured for them."For sixty-five years the Home has been engaged in this beneficent mission. With the growth of the city its work has increased until, at thetime this is written, more than 1,200 childien and 300 women are receivedand cared for every year. These are not permanent residents. Theyare cared for until permanent homes can be found for the children andother means of support for the women. The ordinary family is perhaps250. The number of children, not to speak of the women, in the HomeJanuary 1, 1921, was 172. The number admitted during the year was1,041. The number dismissed, for whom homes had been found, was1,051. This is an extraordinary work with an extraordinary power ofappeal. So it seemed to Mr. Bartlett, and he devoted more than thirtyyears of his life to it. He became president of the Home and of its Boardof Managers in 1890, and continued to work for it during the rest of hislife. Many Chicagoans will remember the old Home for the Friendlesson Wabash Avenue near Sixteenth Street. If they will compare it withthe great building on Vincennes Avenue and Fifty-first Street, lookingout on Washington Park, they will see an impressive illustration of thegrowth of this work of humanity and behold one of the monumentswhich Mr. Bartlett left behind him. The recording secretary of theBoard of Managers in sending me the "Appreciation" adopted on thedeath of Mr. Bartlett said: "No words can express the love and admiration of the Home for the Friendless for Mr. Bartlett. He was our towerof strength." I cannot tell the story of his work in any other way sowell as by giving in full this "Appreciation."The death of Mr. A. C. Bartlett has come to the Chicago Home for the Friendlessas a great wave of sorrow. To every member of the Corporation and Board of Managers it is a distinct personal loss. For over thirty years this institution had been underhis special care and watchful interest. He had a deep and intelligent concern in allthe life of Chicago and sought to improve conditions wherever needed. Every phaseof life was familiar to him; hence he had a ready sympathy with sorrow and troubleand always sought to relieve those who suffered.Mr. Bartlett became President of the Home for the Friendless in 1890, on theresignation of Mr. C. B. Holmes. He immediately saw the need of a new location andnew and larger buildings and began to plan for the future. He worked so quietlythat few realized what was being accomplished. He with Mr. S. B. Cobb and Mr.Thomas Murdock gave $50,000 each to build the present Home. He also secured thegift of the present site and through his influence and untiring efforts came most of thelarge gifts for the building and furnishing and in 1897 he was happy to see the beautiful building finished and in use.ADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 145He was always desirous to increase the effectiveness of the work and to reach everyhuman need. In one of his annual messages to the Corporation are these characteristiclines— "The great problem is not how to raise money, but how to broaden the rangeof service," and under his leadership the work progressed enthusiastically. He wasinterested in every phase of the work, ready to listen, to advise, to act. Intelligent,wise, efficient, just and righteous, he was a wonderful leader, a quiet, broad mindedChristian man whom it has been a pleasure and an honor to know and be associatedwith in the work.When failing health made it necessary for him to be away from the active work,there was no loss of interest. The Home could always reach him and every interestof the work was vital to him. He responded to every call whether for counsel or financial support.This is a tribute such as only the choice spirits of our race receive.The Home, having no sufficient endowment, is largely dependenton annual contributions for carrying on its work. Mr. Bartlett, in addition to his great gifts, made, with many others, annual contributionsto meet its current needs. His family so sympathized with him in thislong devotion to the needs of the friendless that they have offered a largesum for the endowment of the Home if a sufficient fund can be secured.When advancing years and failing health compelled him to give up thepresidency, he was made honorary president, Robert O. Lord, of theHarris Trust and Savings Bank, being elected to succeed him.This exceptional devotion to these great causes did not close Mr.Bartlett's heart to other calls. In a great city like Chicago the demandsof good causes on the benevolent are multitudinous and unending, andMr. Bartlett was a generous giver in many directions. All the recognizedcharities were on his list for annual or occasional assistance. Nor didthese exhaust his beneficences. Mr. John J. Glessner, learning that Iwas writing this sketch, sent me the following story:Some score or more years ago a very active worker in welfare work here died suddenly, leaving but a small estate and his home heavily mortgaged. His widow wouldhave lost this, but Mr. Bartlett, learning of it, started out from his house on PrairieAvenue one Sunday afternoon, walked the length of that street from his home (No.2720) to 1 6th Street on one side of the street and back on the other and collected enoughmoney from the residents not only to pay the mortgage, but to give the widow a goodstart.And Mr. Glessner adds:That is the kind of thing that Mr. Bartlett was doing very often, and never sayinganything to anybody about it.Business, interest in charities, benevolence did not exhaust his activities. He was a many-sided man. He took an active part in the artistic,literary, educational, and religious life of the great city. He was one ofMr. Hutchinson's helpers in developing the Art Institute of Chicago,146 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbeing one of its trustees for thirty-five years, from 1887 until his death.He was a member of the Chicago Historical Society for thirty years.From 1 89 1 to 1900 he was a trustee of Beloit College and left a bequestto that institution of $10,000. He was a trustee of the Chicago Atheneumwhich, organized in 1871 as the Young Men's Christian Union to furnishaid to sufferers of the great fire, developed into an educational institution,with a library and reading-room.Mr. Bartlett had been brought up as a Universalist and when hewent to Chicago was, for a time, connected with one of the churches ofthat faith. After Dr. John Henry Barrows settled in Chicago as pastorof the First Presbyterian Church in 1881, his very attractive personalityand preaching drew Mr. Bartlett to that church. The two men becamevery warm friends and during the fifteen years of Dr. Barrows' pastoratefrom 1881 to 1896, Mr. Bartlett was a most faithful supporter of his work.He was a regular attendant at the Sunday services, became a trustee andwas a strong factor in the financial support of the church.At the beginning of 1883 Dr. Barrows began to preach Sunday evenings in Central Music Hall in which the Central Church, ProfessorDavid Swing, pastor, held morning services. I have received from Mr.Philo A. Otis so interesting an account of these Sunday evening servicesthat I give it in full:The Sunday evening services at Central Music Hall were started by William L.Tomlins, Conductor of the Apollo Musical Club, the first service being held Sundayevening, December 10, 1882. In a few weeks the financial problems were such thatMr. Tomlins was about to abandon the work. He asked me if I would get Dr. Barrowsto speak some Sunday evening, which Dr. Barrows was very glad to do, and accordinglyaddressed the audience Sunday evening, January 7, 1883. Mr. Tomlins was assistedin his work by a chorus from the Apollo Musical Club, of which I was a member, withClarence Eddy as organist. While waiting that evening for the people to assembleI told Dr. Barrows of Mr. Tomlins' difficulties and that the financial problems were sogreat he was about to abandon the work. "I can make this go" was the minister'sanswer. In a few weeks he brought it up before the Session of our church and, thereupon, a committee was appointed, consisting of A. C. Bartlett, CM. Henderson, myfather, James Otis and others who paid the cost of the services, with Mr. Tomlins tolead the choir, with a quartette of the First Church and Clarence Eddy as organist.These Sunday evening services were continued until 1888.Mr. Otis adds:Mr. Bartlett was a fine man, was a member of the Board of Trustees of the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra, and in many other ways contributed to the good of the community.After Dr. Barrows left Chicago Mr. Bartlett went with Dr. FrankW. Gunsaulus into the Central Church. He was there a member of theADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 147"Society." He was twice president of the Board of Trustees, always agenerous supporter of the work of the church, and left $10,000 to itsendowment fund.Mr. Bartlett was invaluable to Dr. Barrows in all his devoted laborsfor the great Parliament of Religions held in connection with the World'sFair in Chicago in 1893. Mrs. Barrows writes me that "he assisted inraising the money to bring to Chicago the penniless Orientals and laterorganized the company which financed the publication of the History ofthe Parliament of Religions" When Dr. Barrows died he told his wifeto put her affairs in Mr. Bartlett's hands. Her appreciation of the wayin which he administered this trust may be gathered from one sentencein a letter from Mrs. Barrows telling of his relations to Dr. Barrows andservices to him and his family. She says: "He was the best man, exceptmy husband, I ever knew and the most truly Christian."Mr. Bartlett always took a deep interest in public affairs, thoughhe was too busy with all these business, charitable, educational, andreligious interests to be able to take a very active part in politics. Hewas, however, sufficiently prominent in the affairs of the RepublicanParty to be strongly urged in 1909 by a large body of Chicago businessmen for nomination to the United States Senate to succeed Albert J.Hopkins.At the time of the nation-wide interest in a better banking systemwhich finally resulted in the National Reserve Bank, Mr. Bartlett, himself a director in several banks, took a deep interest in that movement.He united with other able men in organizing the National CitizensLeague for the Promotion of a Sound Banking System and was madetreasurer of the League which was organized under the laws of Illinois,with sections in many, if not all, of the states. The League publisheda periodical in which the whole question was discussed by able men,bankers, merchants, university professors, and authorities on nationalfinance. Among the addresses published was one by Mr. Bartlett beforethe Western Economic Society in Chicago in 191 1. This movementhad its part in the evolution of the National Reserve Banking System,the adoption of which introduced a new and better era in the financialhistory of our country.On June 15, 1893, Mr. Bartlett married Miss Abby L. Hitchcock.The second Mrs. Bartlett was the daughter of Bailey H. Hitchcock ofToledo, Ohio, the brother of Charles Hitchcock, a prominent lawyer ofChicago, the subject of one of these sketches. The child of this marriagewas Eleanor Collomore, now the wife of W. W. Purdue of Alabama.148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAfter a married life of nearly twenty-nine years, Mrs. Bartlett survivesher husband.As his years and wealth increased Mr. Bartlett sought relief from theburdens of business in various ways. He traveled much in his own country and abroad. He had winter homes in Asheville, North Carolina,and Phoenix, Arizona. His favorite residence in summer was at LakeGeneva, Wisconsin. There he built a beautiful summer home.Country Life in America in 1916 printed a series of articles on "TheBest Twelve Country Houses in America." One of these bears this title:"The House in the Woods; The Home of A. C. Bartlett; Lake Geneva,Wis. ; Howard Shaw, Architect." In the course of the article the author,Henry H. Sayler, says that Mr. Shaw built a home for two families, thatof A. C. Bartlett, business man, and that of his son, Frederic Clay Bartlett, first of all a mural painter, but also by reason of an excess of the facility of art expression a decorator, worker in stained glass, and poet. Hecontinues:Mr. Frederic Bartlett's whole training has been along the lines of free expressionof oneself in design. He knew the road as well as the man who drove and thereforedid not insist upon clutching constantly at the brake. The result of such a completeunderstanding between owner and architect, naturally enough is the best piece ofwork that Mr. Howard Shaw has produced.In addition to the house and its various dependencies there is a studio,closely related to the house itself, but so designed as to be capable ofseparate use. The symmetrical and beautiful ground plan shows theclose relation that exists between the house and studio and the formalgarden which at the same time separates and connects the two into aunity. In this beautiful place Mr. Bartlett made his home during thesummer months in his later years.He was, perhaps, drawn to Phoenix, Arizona, for some months ofthe winter because it was the home of his daughter, Mrs. Heard. Heseems there to have combined business with pleasure. With his son-in-law, Dwight B. Heard, he organized the Bartlett, Heard Land and CattleCompany in which he invested largely. But what interests me mostabout his life in Arizona is a series of statements made in an editorial ofthe Arizona Republican, of Phoenix, in its issue of June 1, 1922. Amongother things the editor says:Of his personal life it is unnecessary to speak to the people of this community inwhose development he has had so great a part for more than a quarter of a century.He is known for his nobleness of character, for his unfailing good nature and his unremitting optimism which inspired all with whom he came in contact. He took everywhere with him the spirit and the deeds of helpfulness Some years ago it wasADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 149brought to the knowledge of the writer that Mr. Bartlett had established a system ofcirculating libraries for out of the way places in Arizona .... at points where bookswere not easily accessible. Carefully selected books were sent in boxes and after atime they were replaced by other books. Persons familiar with books were employedin the collection and distribution of the libraries, all of which entailed a considerableexpense. We learned of this benefaction rather by accident from the late AndrewDowning and Mrs. Downing who were custodians of the libraries in Arizona.Mr. Bartlett got much out of life, not in the enjoyment of wealth, but in the pleasureof accomplishment and of the service which he was able to give to others.Thus wherever he went he could not help exhibiting the benevolence ofhis nature. At Lake Geneva he assisted the Eleanor clubs in securingtheir summer camp, part of the land being a gift from him in addition.In his seventieth year, 1914, Mr. Bartlett secured relief from theheavier burdens of business by retiring from the presidency of the company in which he was succeeded by Charles H. Conover. From January,1914, he was chairman of the Board of Directors, remaining in that position during the remainder of his life. This gave him greater leisure fortravel and recreation. His favorite recreations were motoring and golf.He was very fond of golf, belonging to several clubs, and played on manyfields. He sometimes played at Lake Forest, and when he and ByronL. Smith, A. A. Sprague and Ezra J. Warner arranged a game togetherit was known among their younger and more frivolous friends as "thegrandfathers foursome." Before the automobile was developed he loveda good horse and found recreation in horseback riding and sometimesrode many miles a day. He and Dr. William R. Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, were very warm friends. PresidentHarper was once his guest at Asheville, North Carolina, and Mr. Bartlettand his son Frederic took him on a riding trip through the Blue Hills.The Doctor had not been on a horse for twenty years and the first daythe party rode 40 miles. As a result it took four men to lift the Doctordown from his horse and stretch him groaning on a cot. Mr. Bartlettand Frederic walked several miles and obtained a jar of goose grease andthen spent the greater part of the night rubbing the patient with it.Mr. Bartlett remarked in the morning that unless the good Doctor hadbeen well greased he would never have slipped back into life!The horse disappeared and the automobile took his place. Motoringwas his favorite method of reaching Lake Geneva, about 80 miles fromChicago. He would cover the distance in two-and-three-quarters hours.He made long trips in his car with his family or friends. Just before hisdeath he was planning a motor trip from California through the CanadianRockies to Chicago. He visited Europe frequently and went as far westas Honolulu.*5° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe first time I ever met Mr. Bartlett was in the winter of 1889-90,when I was soliciting subscriptions for the founding of the Universityof Chicago. I called on him in his office on the corner of Lake Streetand Wabash Avenue. He was then the secretary of Hibbard, Spencer,Bartlett and Company and by no means the man of wealth he afterwardbecame. I recall distinctly, after the lapse of more than thirty-threeyears, the cordial reception he gave me, an entire stranger, and thesympathetic hearing I received. He did not at that time give me a subscription, but he treated me so well that I went away with a warm feelingfor him in my heart which later grew into admiration and affection. Hehad the gift of sympathy and good will. He was companionable. Hisfine sense of humor and fund of stories were a constant source of joy tohis friends.I think it was Doctor Barrows who brought Mr. Bartlett and President Harper together in an acquaintance which ripened into a warmfriend-ship. Dr. Barrows was deeply interested in the University and helpedto interest his friend, Mr. Bartlett. Many things united to increasethis interest. The impression the University was making on Chicago,the influence of members of its Board of Trustees who were his intimatefriends, like Martin A. Ryerson and Charles L. Hutchinson, his relationsof increasing intimacy with Dr. Harper brought him into closer and closertouch with the institution and in 1900 he accepted an election as trustee.In 1892, the year the University opened, it had built a temporarybuilding which was used as a combined press and library building and amen's and women's gymnasium. It was a poor, miserable, one-story,unsightly affair, of which we had never been proud. The growth of theinstitution in eight years from an annual enrolment of 742 to one of morethan 3,000 had made the gymnasium ridiculously inadequate, and theground on which it stood, the southwest corner of Fifty-seventh Streetand University Avenue, was needed for the tower group which nowoccupies the site. The funds for this group, which comprises the Hutchinson Commons, the Mitchell Tower, the Reynolds Club House, andMandel Hall, had been provided and the work of construction waitedthe demolition of the "old gym." The need of a new and adequategymnasium had become imperative. The exigency was understood byMr. Bartlett, but it is not known that he had considered the building ofa gymnasium before the death of his son, Frank. That great afflictionfell upon him, as already indicated, in July, 1900, only a month afterMr. Bartlett's election as a trustee of the University. The boy was amost lovable character and of rare promise. His father had hoped heADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT I5iwould like the business and succeed him in it. He had expected muchfrom this promising young life and he quickly reached the determinationthat it should not end without result. It was only a few weeks after hisson's death, early in September, 1900, that he proffered to the University$125,000 for the building of a gymnasium as a memorial to his son. Thiswas an unspeakable relief to the president and trustees and the profferwas accepted with the liveliest satisfaction.Frank Dickinson Bartlett, the son in whose memory the gymnasiumwas built, was the second son of Mr. Bartlett. He was born in 1880 andat the time of his death in 1900 had just completed his Sophomore yearin Harvard University.The corner stone of the new gymnasium was laid on ThanksgivingDay, November 18, 1901. President Harper, Professor Stagg, and Dr.Gunsaulus spoke, and Mr. Bartlett laid the stone. Mr. Stagg was naturally full of enthusiasm over the prospect of having a noble building inwhich to do his work, and in his exalted mood said : " In vision I see a continuous and unending procession of stalwart, courageous, and manly menreaching down through the centuries. These are they who have passedforth from this glorious building. Strong and earnest and confident,they go to fight the battle of lif e. Vigorous mentally, powerful physically,they take up life's burdens and responsibilities with the enthusiasm andconfidence born of superb health and robust minds."Listen! I hear them singing. It is the song of a great multitude,perfectly attuned. It is a hallelujah to our donor."After the laying of the stone by Mr. Bartlett, Dr. Gunsaulus said,among other things: "Those of us who were privileged to know thesunny hearted and large brained young man in whose memory this building is now consecrated will remember him as not less nobly made and thoroughly trained in body than in mind and heart. If ever there was ayoung man who made one confident of the subtle and supreme consonanceof soul and body in their rhythmic mutualness of expression, that boywas Frank Bartlett Nature had been most liberal with him ingiving, not only a sheath in whose enf oldings the spiritual man developedalong with and out of the natural man, but nature so richly ordered hisconstitution that the highest joy of youth, namely, the transformationof physical strength into intellectual and spiritual power, was his heritageand experience. Vitality with him meant virility and virility meantvirtue. Unspoiled by the privileges of wealth, sternly accordant withthe laws and proprieties of love in a most charming home, with an outlook upon the world of business half inherited and half conditioned by*52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis own superb physical and mental powers, this young man stands todayupon a pedestal of our thought and affection out of a thousand frustratedhopes and broken dreams which he illuminated, and his personalitymakes this a significant hour to our American culture. How great is thepower of Death oftentimes to give a man his place in the realm of mostfar reaching influences! We, who lovingly looked out into his future,could not have desired for him a greater ministry than this to which hehas attained. Age after age the invisible arm of this stalwart and sweetyouth will open these doprs and his cheery voice, unheard save by thesoul, shall welcome to these halls those whose learning and power in theworld will depend upon a sound mind in a sound body."After the building was completed President Harper made the following statement: "I remember one morning in September of 1900, in aroom of the Grand Pacific Hotel where the trustees met to receive theofficial announcement of Mr. Bartlett's purpose to undertake the work.We had in mind at that time some such building as this, but it was proposed to make plans in accordance with which two buildings should beprovided for the department, a first building more especially for physicalculture and a second to be erected later on the ground just north of this.We therefore cut in two the great building which had before beensketched.*, The half, however, began to grow, and when the time hadcome to sign the contract, it was found that the half which had beenundertaken was exactly as large, so far as expense was concerned, as thewhole that had originally been worked out. The old whole has now beenfinished, but it is only the half of what we are ultimately to possess."Mr. Bartlett generously added $25,000 to his original pledge to helpmeet the additional cost.The formal opening of the new gymnasium was a memorable occasion. It took place Friday evening, January 29, 1904, and the exerciseswere held in the great hall of the building. Addresses were deliveredby Dr. Gunsaulus, who had been an intimate friend of Frank DickinsonBartlett, by A. A. Stagg, director of the Division of Physical Culture,by Eri B. Hulbert, dean of the Divinity School, and by William ScottBond for the alumni. I wish I had space to quote from these nobleaddresses.In presenting the building to the University Mr. Bartlett said:Mr. President and Friends,"I am not entitled to the praise that has been bestowed upon methis evening. I am simply the agency through which the Gymnasiumis presented to the University. I did not build the Gymnasium. InADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 153the eyes of a fond father a son gave promise of a life that would be of service to his f ellowmen and that would do some good in the world. He didnot reach the full years of complete manhood, and we have here placedthis building, this window and these decorations to symbolize, as bestwe might, what we think he would have done, in a broad and noble way,had he been spared."I wish I could impress upon the mind of every student now in thisUniversity, every young man and every young woman who shall comehere in the future for education and development, that this Gymnasiumis the fruition of a young life — a life in which good fellowship, truth, highaspirations and kind deeds were the cardinal principles; that this Gymnasium was buiit, not by the death of Frank Bartlett, but through hislife. And in presenting it to this University, Sir, presenting it throughyou as president of the University of Chicago, I want to impress upon theminds of every young man and every young woman what I have saidhere today — that the Gymnasium was built by Frank Bartlett. I presentit to the University of Chicago in behalf and in the name of those wholoved the boy."President Harper in concluding his address of acceptance said, withdeep feeling: "I am unequal to the task of saying what is in my heart.This building is the realization of so many dreams, it is the fulfilmentof so many desires! .... The acceptance of this gift means the rollingoff from my shoulders and from the shoulders of your colleagues, theother trustees of this institution, a formidable load of responsibility —responsibility for the life and health, yes, and for the character of theyoung men who, in hundreds and thousands, will continue to come withinthe walls of the University. To you and those who are associated withyou in this great gift, we present our words of thanksgiving and appreciation; but, although these words come from the heart, they fail utterlyto inform you of the depth of feeling of which they are the expression.The Frank Dickinson Bartlett Gymnasium will stand for centuries, letus hope, as the memorial of a father's seeking to strengthen other fathers'sons who have lived and not died."The gymnasium stands on the northwest corner of Fifty-seventhStreet and University Avenue. The architects were Shepley, Rutan,and Coolidge. The building is 200 feet long and 80 feet wide and is builtof Bedford stone. The basement provides every convenience for theathletic teams. On the first floor are the offices, the faculty exercising-room, the lockers, the shower and drying-rooms, and the swimmingpool, 60 feet long and 28 feet wide. The entire second floor is devoted154 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto the main exercising-room, with a floor area of 75 by 195 feet. Therunning track extends around the sides of the room 12 feet above themain gymnasium floor, forming a wide gallery with the inner edge hungby heavy steel rods from the roof trusses. The length of the runningtrack is 131! yards, or about 13 .41 laps to the mile.William Gold Hibbard, Mr. Bartlett's partner, presented to thegymnasium a magnificent memorial window placed above the mainentrance. It was designed and constructed by Edward P. Sperry ofNew York. It contains more than 15,000 pieces of glass and representsRowena crowning Ivanhoe at the close of the second day's tournamentat Ashby de La Zouche. Mr. Hibbard, the donor, did not live to seeit in place, having died the day after the great window reached Chicago,remaining to the end the president of the company he had founded nearlyfifty years before.The very striking mural decorations on the walls of the entrance hallare the work of the artist, Frederic Clay Bartlett, the older brother ofFrank Dickinson Bartlett. Of them the artist says:The decorations represent an athletic tournament in the Middle Ages, the periodbeing about the same as that represented by the motive of the architecture of the building .... The memorial heraldic tablet in relief is supported by two pages over thedoor of the central corridor. VIRES, the lion over the middle, typifies the assistanceof Physical Education to the different branches symbolized by the owls, SCIENTIAand LITTERAE.The tablet bears the following inscription:TOTHE ADVANCEMENT OFPHYSICAL EDUCATIONANDTHE GLORY OF MANLY SPORTSTHIS GYMNASIUM IS DEDICATEDTO THE MEMORY OFFRANK DICKINSON BARTLETTA.D, 1880-1900It would be difficult to overstate the value of the part the BartlettGymnasium has played in the life of the University. The requireddaily physical exercise has been invaluable. The service rendered toour athletic teams and those of visiting universities, football, baseball,track, swimming, gymnastic fencing, wrestling, and other teams hasbeen indispensable. It has seen basket-ball championships lost and won.ADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETT 155Not a few convocations have been held in its great hall at which eminentmen have spoken, among them Lord Bryce in 1907 when he was BritishAmbassador to the United States. In 1910 it housed the sessions of theNorthern Baptist Convention, which filled it day after day for morethan a week. In 1916 it was made use of during the University's QuarterCentennial Celebration. In memory of members of the Universityfallen in the Great War, Verdi's Requiem was rendered by the ApolloMusical Club and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in May, 1919.Mr. Bartlett was a trustee of the University for twenty-two years,from 1900 to the time of his death. His business knowledge and skillwere recognized in his appointment as chairman of the Committee onFinance and Investment, where his services were of the highest value.He was so reasonable, unassuming, and genial that he won the confidenceand affection of all the trustees and furthered the spirit of harmony andunity which has always characterized the University Board. His contributions to the institution aggregated about $155,000.Mr. Bartlett continued in the position of chairman of the board inHibbard, Spencer, Bartlett and Company to the end of his life, his sonFrederic being one of the directors. He accumulated a fortune of somemillions. He left only $62,000 to churches, institutions, and charities,explaining in his will : " Having in my lifetime made considerable gifts toeducation and charitable institutions, I have not by this will providedfor such institutions as liberally as I would have done had I not heretofore made such gifts." He left, in addition to the bequests I have elsewhere mentioned, $10,000 each to the Home for the Friendless, the OldPeople's Home, the Orchestral Association, and the Art Institute.Though during the closing years of Mr. Bartlett's life his healthbegan to give way, he was well enough when he went to California inthe spring of 1920 to make plans to return to Chicago by automobile.His death, therefore, came as a surprise to all who knew him. Whilein Pasadena he suffered a paralytic stroke which proved fatal and he diedMay 30, 1922. Had he lived twenty-three days longer he would havebeen seventy-eight years old. He lived long and worthily, and thisstory of his life is written that it may not be impossible for future generations to know in some measure the kind of man he was — a man of greatbusiness ability, of perfect integrity, of genuine public spirit, of faith inGod and good will to man, of wide sympathies and a generous heart,the friend of the poor, full of humor and good feeling, with great capacities for friendship of an unaffected simplicity and nobleness of character.FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOBy J. C. M. HANSONThe University Record for July, 19 19, contained an article on fifteenth-century books owned by the University of Chicago. A list was appended,which recorded one hundred and seven separate titles. Since that time,several additions have been presented, purchased, or have turned up inuncatalogued collections; and in presenting a brief description of thesenew accessions, it has been deemed expedient, also, to reprint the originallist of 1919. The two lists which follow, both arranged by date of printing, include, therefore, all the incunabula in the possession of the University at the present time, in so far as they have come to the surface.Of the one hundred and seven works recorded in 1919, Dr. Gunsaulushad presented thirty. Before his death, on March 17, 192 1, he had addedeight more, making his total gift of books, printed prior to 1501, thirty-eight. They are designated by a "G" after the title.Dr. Gunsaulus, in a sense, presented his last fifteenth-century bookto the University on the occasion of the visit of Cardinal Mercier. It wasa magnificent copy of Balbus' Catholicon, printed in 146 1. Had this bookremained in the possession of the Library, it would likely have been theearliest specimen of printing owned by any institution in the MiddleWest. It was, however, presented by Dr. Gunsaulus, on behalf of theUniversity, to Cardinal Mercier, for the New Library of the Universityof Louvain, and forms now one of nearly a million volumes, stored invarious places, awaiting the completion of the new building to take theplace of the one burned in the autumn of 1914. Of these books, aboutthree hundred thousand, including nearly seven hundred incunabula,have been furnished by German and Austrian institutions. Many havebeen presented by libraries and individuals in Great Britian, America,and other countries. There are, no doubt, many valuable books in thisaccumulation, but it is safe to say that few will equal the Catholicon of146 1.So far, no one has arisen to take the place of Dr. Gunsaulus as thePatron Saint of the University Libraries. He was constantly on thelook-out for important books and manuscripts which might be added tothe Gunsaulus Collection. Had he lived, or had some Maecenas appeared156FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 157to take his place, the record of fifteenth-century books, added sinceMarch, 1919, would, no doubt, have been more impressive.As it is, the list includes, besides the eight books presented by Dr.Gunsaulus, two secured in the Dr. Frank Collection, purchased in 1920(Nos. no and 129); five purchased from Professor E. T. Merrill, in 1922(Nos. in, 112, 116, 117, 127); two found in the Calvary (Berlin) Collection (Nos. 108, 115); four ordered from second-hand catalogues (Nos.109, 122, 126, 128); and one (No. 125) obtained from a private sourcein Germany.One asterisk, prefixed to the title, denotes that the University ofChicago copy is the only one known in Amercian libraries; two asterisks,that one other copy is recorded. There is one book — No. 115 — which hasnot been found in any of the bibliographies so far consulted. Like otherearly imprints from the Calvary Collection,1 it is a schoolbook, in thiscase, dealing with Latin grammar. It contains sixteen leaves (signaturesa-b8) with no indication of printer or place of publication.With the Newberry Library specializing in the history of printing,its incunabula numbering, already, six hundred and ninety-five, theUniversity of Chicago need not attempt to collect specimens of earlyprinting, as such. In so far, however, as the books are purchased,presented, or otherwise acquired for research purposes, careful recordmust be made of them. At present, these records aim to include, besidesthe usual entries under author, subject, title, translator, commentator,editor, etc., in the general catalogues, a special and separate record foreach book: (1) by author; (2) by date; (3) by printer: (4) by place ofprinting or publication. These records are prepared for all books printedprior to 1501.For books printed during the period 1501 to 1599, a separate recordhas also been kept for the last few years, by author, only. This list nownumbers two hundred and forty-eight titles, and is constantly added to,as books of this period turn up in the course of recataloguing of libraries,or are found in current or uncatalogued accessions.Books printed between 1455 and 1599 usually command high prices.For this reason, the University Library cannot, as a rule, depend on itsregular book funds in competing with collectors and dealers for theseearly items. It must rely on the generosity of donors, or good fortune inlocating occasional bargains in the more obscure second-hand catalogues.Occasionally, but not often, fifteenth-century books turn up in collectionspurchased in bulk.1 See List, Nos. 1, 16, 46, 58, 60, 67, 106.i58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Alumni have recently come to the assistance of the University,and offered to present certain manuscripts of exceptional value. In asense, this denotes an epoch in the development of the University Libraries. It is unnecessary, here, to recall the close connection betweenmanuscripts and early books. The first printers followed, as closelyas possible, the form and style of the writers of manuscripts, and it is notalways easy for one not thoroughly familiar with manuscripts or paleo-types to differentiate between the two. A logical and a pleasant sequelto the admirable action taken by the Alumni would, therefore, bethe announcement that a friend, or friends, of the University haddecided again to take up the work interrupted by the death of Dr. Gunsaulus, and add to the early imprints now shelved at the east end of themain reading room in the Harper Memorial Library.FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY, MARCH, 1919The explanation of references follow: * Only copy located in America. ** One of two copies locatedin America. G. Stands for Gunsaulus Collection. H. Stands for Hodge Collection.i. *n.d. Compendium octo partium orationum. n.pl. n.pr. (Possibly-printed in Augsburg about 1495 by Michael Wenssler.)2. *n.d. Jacobus de Varagine. Legenda aurea. Ulm, Johann Zainer.G.3. **i47o Augustinus. De civitate Dei. Rome, Sweynheym and Pan-nartz. G.4. **i47o Cicero. De officiis. Venice, Johann and Wendelin of Speier.G.Gerson. De efficicacia orationis. Cologne, Ulrich Zell.Leo the Great. Sermones et epistolae. Rome, JohannesPhilippus de Lignamine. G.Cyprianus. Epistolae. Rome, Sweynheym and Pannartz. G.Festus. De verborum significatione. Rome, G. Lauer.-72 Lyra, Nicolaus de. Glossae seu Postillae perpetuae in Veterumet Novum Testamentum. Rome, Sweynheym and Pannartz.5 v. Vol. I wanting.10. 1472 Boccaccio. Genealogia deorum. Venice, Wendelin of Speier.G.11. 1472 Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca seu Historiarum priscarum libb.VI. Bologna, Baldassare Azzoguidi. G.12. 1472 Lactantius. Opera; De divinis institutionibus. Venice, Wendelin of Speier.13. 1472 Thomas Aquinas. Questiones de Anima. Venice, FranzRenner. G.14. *i472 Varro. De lingua latina. Venice, n.pr. G.15. 1473 Boccaccio. De montibus, etc. Venice, Wendelin of Speier.(Bound with his Genealogia deorum, 1472.) G.16. *i474 Donatus. Fabularum breviatio. Padua, Pierre Mauser.5- *i47o6. *I47°7- 14718. **i47i9- 1471-FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 15918. 147519. 147520. ?147621. *i47624.25 **I476**i47626. **i47727. 147728.29. 1479148030.31. 1480148017. **i474 Festus. De verborum significations Venice, Johann of Cologneand Johann Manthen. G.Bible. German. Augsburg, G. Zainer.Corpus juris civilis. Institutiones. Rome, Ulrich Han.Corpus juris civilis. Institutiones. Basel, Michael Wenssler.Caraccioli. Quadragesimale de poenitentia. Venice, Johannof Cologne and Johann Manthen. G.22. *i476? Caraccioli. Quadragesimale de poenitentia. Strassburg, GeorgHusner ?23. 1476 Priscianus. Opera. Venice, Johann of Cologne and JohannManthen. G.Priscianus. Opera. Venice, Jacobus of Fivizzano. G.Valla. Elegantiae de lingua latina. Venice, Jacobus Rubeus.G.Bersutre, Pierre. Liber bibliae moralis. Cologne, Bartholo-maeus of Unkel.Dionysius Periegetes. De situ orbis. n.pl. Erhard Ratdoltand Peter Loslein.Justinus. Epitome Trogi. Venice, Filippo de Pietro. G.Bible. German, Low. Cologne, H. Quentell. 2 v. (Imperfect;lacking Isiah to end.)Bible. Latin. Strassburg, Adolf Rusch. 4 v.Leonardus Matthaei (de Uttno). Sermones. Vicenza,Stephan Koblinger.32. *i48i Duns Scotus. Quaestiones super libro primo sententiarum.Venice, Johann of Cologne, Nicolai Jenson, soc.$$. **i48i Duns Scotus. Quotlibeta quaestionum. Venice, Johann ofCologne, Nicolae Jenson, soc. (Bound with his Quaestiones,1481.)34. **i48i Paulus Venetus. Super libros de anima. Venice, Filippo dePietro. (Imperfect; Fol. 1 mutilated, fol. 18 and 50 in MSS.)35. 1482 Boethius. De consolatione philosophiae. Cologne, JohannesKoelhoff. G.36- 1482 Jacobus de Varagine. Historia lombardica. Nuremberg,Anton Koberger.Chronicles of England. St. Albans, n.pr. G.Cicero. Rhetorica. Venice, Baptista de Tortis.Isidorus. Etymologiae; de summo bono. Venice, PeterLoslein.Pltnius Caecilius Secundus. Epistolarum liber. Treviso,Johannes Rubeus.Silius Italicus. Punica. Venice, Baptista de Tortis.Terentius Afer. Comoediae. Venice, Andreas Torresanuswith Bartholomaeus de Blauis.43- *i483-84 Caprioli. Commentaria in IV libb. Sententiarum, seu libb. IVdefensionum theologiae Thomas Aquinatis. Venice, OctavianusScotus. 4 v. G. (Incomplete copy; lacking vols 2-4 and ofvol. 1, fol. 1-5 ?)37-38.39- 1483*I483148340. 148341.42. **I483*i483i6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBible. Latin. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger. 4 v.Gellius. Nodes Atticae. Brescia, Boninus de Boninis. G.Breviloquus. VocabularL Cologne, H. Quentell.Bromyarde. Summa praedicantium. Basel, Johann of Amor-bach. 2 v.Thomas Aquinas. Super primo sententiarum. Venice, Anto-nius de Strata.Gutbertus Tornacensis. Sermones. Louvain, Johannes ofPaderborn. G.Avtenus. Opuscula, Aratea, etc. Venice, Antonius de Strata.Cicero. De oratore. Venice, Thomas de Blauis. G.Aristoteles. Opera. Venice, Bernardinus Stagninus. (Imperfect; wanting fol. 1-472.)Ficino. De cur a valitudinis eorum qui incumbunt studio lit-terarum. Florence, Antonio Miscomini. G.Holcot. Super libros sapientie. Reutlingen, Johann Otmar.Kalendarium Joannis de Monteregio {Johannes Miiller). Venice,Erhard Ratdolt.Vergilius Maro. Opera, cum commentariis Servii, Donati,Landini, Calderini. Venice, Georgius Arrivabenus.Barzizius. Orthographia. n.pl. n.pr.Ebrardus. Modus latinitatis. n.pl. n.pr.Hieronymus. Epistolae. Venice, Bernardinus Benalius. G.Melber, Johannes. Vocabularius predicantium; Variloquus.Strassburg, Georg Husner.Regius. Epistolae Plinii. Venice, Gulielmus Tridinensiscalled "Anima mia."Savonarola. Triumpho delta Croce. Florence. BartolommeodiLibri. H.Simonetta. Historia delle cose facte dallo invictissimo DucaFrancesco Sforza. Milan, Antonio Zarotto. G.Bergamo. Statuta. Brescia, Angelus and Jacobus Britan-nicus.Bible. Latin. Basel, Johann Froben.Bonaventura. Questiones supra libros sententiarum. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger. 5 vols, in 2.Lescher. Rethorica. Cologne, H. Quentell.Bible. Latin. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger. 4 v. (Imperfect;lacking parts 3-4.)Celtes. Panegyris. Augsburg, Erhard Ratdolt.Petrarca. Epistolae familiares. Venice, Johannes and Gre-gorius de Gregoriis.71. 1492 Petrarca. De remediis. Cremona, Bernardinus Misenta andCaesar of Parma.72. 1492-93 Barbaro. Castigationes. Rome, Eucharius Silber.73. 1493 Quintilianus. Quintilianus cum commento [Institutiones or a-toriae.] Venice, Bonetus Locatellus.74. 1493 Schedel. Cronicarum libri. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger. G.44.45.46.47. 14851485*i486i48648. *i48649. **i487 ?50-51.52. 14881488148953- 148954.55- 1489*I48956. **I48957-58.59-60. **I490?*I49°**I490**I490 ?61. 149062. **I490$3* 149064. 149165.66. 1491149167-68. *i49i149269.70. *I4921492FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 16175. 1494 Augustlnus. De civitate Dei. Freiburg i. B., Kilian Fischer.76. 1494 Augustlnus. De Trinitate. Freiburg i. B., Kilian Fischer.(Bound with his De civitate Dei, 1494.)77. 1494 Boccaccio. Genealogiae. Venice, Bonetus Locatellus.78. *i494 Colonne, Gutdo delle. Historia troiana. Strassburg, n.pr.79. **i494 Ovtdius Naso. De arte amandi. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus.80. **i494 Thomas Aquinas. Super secundo sententiarum. Bologna,Benedictus Hectoris Faelli. (Bound with his Super primosententiarum, i486.)81. 1495 Camp anus. Opera. Rome, Eucharius Silber. G.82. 1495 Claudianus. Opera. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus. (Also asecond copy; imperfect.)83. 1495 Gaza, Theodorus. Grammatica introductiva de mensibus.Venice, Aldus Manutius.84. 1495 ? Juvencus. Historia evangelica. n.pl. n.pr.85. 1495 Lrvrus. Historiae romanae decades. Milan, TJlrich Scinzenzeler.86. 1495-98 Aristoteles. Opera. Venice, Aldus. 5 v. (Imperfect; lacking vol. 1 signatures 6 - end, vol. 2-3. There is a second copyof vol. 4.)87. 1496 Hugo de Sancto Caro. Pastilla aurea super Psalmos. Venice,Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis. G.2>^>. 1496 Petrarca. Bucolicum carmen. Venice, Marcus Horigono.89. 1497 Cleonides. Harmonium introductorium. Venice, Simon (deGabis) Bevilaqua.90. 1497 Johannes de Sancto Geminiano. Liber de exemplis et simili-tudinibus rerum. Venice, Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis.91. 1497 Marullus. Hymni et epigrammata. Florence, Societas Colub-ris (Compagnia del Drago). (Imperfect; fol. 11-14 supplied inmanuscript.)92. 1497 ? Prudentius. Opera. Deventer, Richardus Pafraet of Cologne.G.93. 1498 Colonna, Egidio. De regimine principum. Venice, Simon (deGabis) Bevilaqua.94. 1498 Solinus. De mirabilibus mundi. Brescia, Jacobus Britannicus.95. 1498 Statius. Statii Sylvae cum Domitii Commentariis. Venice,Petrus Johannes de Quarengiis.96. 1499, *497 Boethius. Opera. Venice, Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis. 3 vols, in 1. (Also a second copy of vol. 2. H.)97. 1499 Colonna, Egidio. Commentum super libros priorum analyticcorum Aristotelis. Venice, Simon of Lovere. (Bound with hisExpositio in artem veterem, 1507.)98. 1499 Epistolae diversorum philosophorum oratorum et rhetorum. Venice,Aldus. 2 v.99. *i499 Gerson. Alphabetum divini amoris. Paris, Gui Marchand.100. **i499 Mancinellus. Scribendi orandique modus. Ulm, JohannSchaffler.101. **i499 Ovroius. Heroidum epistolae. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus.(Bound with his De arte amandi, 1494.)l62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOvidius. Tristium liber. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus.103. 1499 Scriptores astronomici veteres. Venice, Aldus. (Also a secondcopy; imperfect.)104. 1499 Suidas. Lexicon graecum. Milan, Johannes Bissolus andBenedictus Manguis. G.105. *i5oo Avicenna. Canonis libri. Venice, Simon (de Gabis) Bevilaqua.106. *i5oo Exercitum puerorum grammaticale. Strassburg?, Georg Husner?107. **i5oo Tibullus. Tibullus cum commentariis. Venice, JohannesTacuinus. (Imperfect; wanting sign. o6-end.)ADDED APRIL, 1919, TO MARCH, 1923108. *i4 — Garland, John. Nomina et verba defectiua. n.pl. n.pr.109. *i4 — Gerson, Joannes. Donatus Moralizatus. n.pl. n.pr. Possibly by the printer of the Jordanus of Quedlinburg of 1483,Strassburg.no. *i48- Forli, Jacopo della Torre. Expositiones in primum librumcanonis Avicennae. Pa vis, Christophorus de Canibus andStephanus de Georgiis. (Imperfect; signature a1 wanting.)in. 1483 Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C. Epistolae. Treviso, JohannesRubeus, first press. Copy 2.112. 1485 Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C. Epistolae, Panegyricus etAurelii Victoris Liber de viris illustribus. Venice, Thomas deBlavis.113. *i48s Poliziano, Angelo Ambrogini. Angeli Politiani Sylua:cui titulus Ambra in poetae Homeri enarratione pronuntiata.Florence, n.pr. G.114. 1487 Carcanus, Michael. Quadragesimale. Venice, Nicolaus ofFrankfurt. G.115. *i49~ Regula dominus que pars. n.pl. n.pr.116. *i49o Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C. Epistolae. Rome, EuchariusSilber.117. 1491 Catullus, C. Valerius. Tibullus, Catullus et Propertius.Venice, Bonetus Locatellus. (Imperfect: signature a1 wanting.)118. 1491 Plutarchus. Vitae illustrium virorum. Venice, GiovanniRagazzo. G.Poliziano, Angelo Ambrogini. Angeli Politiani prelectio:Cui titulus Panepistemon. Florence, Antonio Miscomini. (WithAmbra, 1485.) G.Poliziano, Angelo Ambrogini. Angeli Politiani Silua: CuiTitulus Nutricia. Argumentum De Poetica et Poetis. Florence,Antonio Miscomini. (With his ambra, 1485.) G.121. *i49i Poliziano, Angelo Ambrogini. Angeli Politiani Silua: cuititulus Rusticus. Florence, Antonio Miscomini. (With hisAmbra, 1485.) G.122. 1491 Sacro Bosco, Joannes de. Sphaera mvndi. Venice, Gulielmusde Piancerreto, called Anima Mia.FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 163123. *i492 Poliziano, Angelo Ambrogini. Angeli Politiani Silva CviTitvlvs Manto. Bologna, Franciscus de Benedictis. (With hisAmbra, 1485.) G.124. *i492 Poliziano, Angelo Ambrogini. Angeli Politiani prelectio inPriora Aristotelis Analytica. Titulus Lamia. Florence, AntonioMiscomini. (With his Ambra, 1485)- G.125. 1495? Breidenbach, Bernhard von. Die heiligen reysen gein Iherusa-lem. Speier, Peter Drach. (Imperfect: signature S wanting.)Flores Legum. Strasburg, Johann Reinhard Griininger.Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C. Epistolae. Bologna, Bene-dictus Hectoris Faelli.Ausonius, Decimus Magnus. Opera. Parma, Angelus Ugo-letus.Chauliac, Gutdo di. Cyrurgia. Venice, Bonetus Locatellus.126. ?1496127. **i498128. 1499129. **i5ooTHE CHICAGO THEOLOGICALSEMINARYThe new buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary are tooccupy the lots on the north side of Fifty-eighth Street between University and Woodlawn avenues, having a depth of one hundred feet. Theeffect of the open alley is to be minimized as much as possible by architecture and landscape gardening. Graham Taylor Hall will be placedback from University Avenue to the building line, thus affording anextent of lawn not shown in the sketch. The administration offices andan assembly hall are to be in this building. A small morning chapelstands next to it.The hall, not yet named, occupying the north side of the UniversityAvenue frontage is to contain the library building, while the short wingon the east of the lot is to consist of students ' rooms.The main dormitories are to stand on the Woodlawn Avenue property,fronting Fifty-eighth Street. They are to consist of two halls, not yetnamed, each entered at a corner of the court. The large tower at theeast is a prominent factor in grouping the buildings, affording a balance toGraham Taylor Hall on the west.The Gothic style conforms to the architecture of the University, butthe building material of brick and stone, similar to that of the new Quadrangle Club, preserves the individuality of the Seminary. The architectis Mr. H. H. Riddle of Chicago. The eastern part of the group will bethe first buildings to be erected, and the building committee hope to beginconstruction during the spring of 1923.164EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-EIGHTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-eighthConvocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, March 20, at4:00 p.m. The Convocation Address,"The Readjustment of Our FundamentalSchools," was prepared by Henry ClintonMorrison, Professor of Education, andSuperintendent of the LaboratorySchools. As Professor Morrison wascalled out of the city by the death of hismother, his address was read by JamesHayden Tufts, Professor and Head of theDepartment of Philosophy and Dean ofthe Faculties.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence in thework of the Junior Colleges to: LucyArnett, Mari Helene Bachrach, GuyLeslie Barnes, Mildred Harriet Benson,Edward Paul Bezazian, William TheodoreBorn, Annie Florence Brown, Albert F.Dallein, Dorothy Antoinette D' Andrea,Herbert William Dasse, Joseph AlbinDrapiewski, Frances Letitia Dudgeon,Jacob Zachary Felsher, Ira Freeman,William Nelson Fuqua, Frances Gillmor,Charles Loren Goldberg, Jack Goldstein,George Clarence Hoffmann, Don D.Irwin, Arthur Burnham Johnson, LouisStevenson Kassel, Victor Levine, EmmaLevitt, Josephine Roxbury Maclay, MaryRachel Marshall, Evangeline Peilet,Marion Mae Quint, Amy Claire Root,David Shipman, Julius Silberman, HelenJosephine Steinhauser, Helen RoseUllman, Mary Catharine Bernice Ullrich,Henry Van Zyl, Jr., Helen Lucille White,Lewis Angle Woodworth, June RobertaWork. The Bachelor's Degree withHonors: Almor Severin Anderson, HarryGrant Atkinson, Maurice Solomon Brody,Isadore Pat Bronstein, Franklin IvesCarter, Anna Mildred Crews, AdaEnander, Carl Percival Fales, CharlesGolding, Lester Raymond Gray, GeorgeArlington Hillier, Henry David Hirsch,Harold Bertrand Hogue, Ralph ErnestHuston, Erma Frances Imboden, CliffordStephen Johnson, James Karl Kamplain, Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, Jr.,Margaret Halsted Lillie, Frank GeorgeParker, Elizabeth Penick, Marie AnnaPrucha, Winifred Rosamond Ridgley,Maurice Abraham Riskind, Ella Ross,Herman Gershom Shapiro, Marion GraceSharp, Laura E. Sickenberger, ArthurWeston Small, Frances Mary Snyder,Edward Charles Wagenknecht, RuthElvira Westlund. Honors for excellencein particular departments of the SeniorColleges: Harry Grant Atkinson, Education; Edith Kurtz Braselton,^ English;Maurice Solomon Brody, Political Economy; Franklin Ives Carter, History;Agatha Cavallo, Anthropology; AnnaMildred Crews, Spanish; Ada Enander,English; Carl Percival Fales, PoliticalEconomy; Arthur Theodore Fathauer,German; Ralph Ernest Huston, Mathematics; Erma Frances Imboden, Education; Clifford Stephen Johnson, Chemistry; James Carl Kamplain, Mathematics; James Carl Kamplain, Physics;Margaret Halsted Lillie, Zoology; JacobDa Costa Mayer, Pathology; RuthEmily McCracken, Mathematics; FrankGeorge Parker, English; Frank GeorgeParker, French; Elizabeth Penick,English; Marie Anna Prucha, Botany;Marie Anna Prucha, English; WinifredRosamond Ridgley, English; MauriceAbraham Riskind, Law; Ella Ross,Home Economics; Marion Grace Sharp,History; Laura E. Sickenberger, Botany;Arthur Weston Small, Physics; FrancesMary Snyder, French; Edward CharlesWagenknecht, English.Election of Associate members toSigma Xi: Lawrence Ferdinand Athy,Juan Dayoan Campos, William JohnstonCribbs, Robert Barclay Dustman, JohnSmith Ivy, Abraham B. Kouperman,Ralph Gordon Lusk, Paul ChristianMiller, Lawrence Newburn, DorothyPrice, Thomas William Ray, Jr., FreddaDoris Reed, Louis Sattler, Mary MinervaSteagall, Arle Herbert Sutton, HoylandeDenune Young. Election of members toSigma Xi on nomination of the Departments of Science for evidence of ability165i66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin research work in Science: CharlesClarence Adams, Samuel King Allison,John Sherman Ashby, Lauretta Bender,Esther Davis, William John Frederich,Harold Groth Oxholm Hoick, HarryVictor Hume, Sol Litt, Howard RoscoeMayberry, Howard Roswald Moore,Roy Chester Newton, Kenneth Phillips,William Lamkin Ray, Archer ChesterSudan, Mannie Virginia Thornton, JamesJesse Turner.Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Anna MildredCrews, Elizabeth Caroline Davis, CarlPercival Fales, Cecelia Catherine Gaul,Henry David Hirsch, Ralph ErnestHuston (September, 1922), Erma FrancesImboden, Betty Gate wood Johnson,Clifford Stephen Johnson (March, 1922),James Carl Kamplain, Nathan Freu-denthal Leopold, Jr., Margaret HalstedLillie, Marie Anna Prucha, WinifredRosamond Ridgley, Ella Ross (June,1922), Marion Grace Sharp (June, 1922),Newman Arnold Tolles, John LaurensVanZant, Edward Charles Wagenknecht.Degrees and certificates were conferredas follows: The Colleges: the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 54; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 38; the degreeof Bachelor of Philosophy in Education,9; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophyin Commerce and Administration, n;The Divinity School: the degree ofBachelor of Divinity, 1; The Law School:the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 4; thedegree of Doctor of Law, 8; The GraduateSchools of Arts, Literature, and Science:the degree of Master of Arts, 23; thedegree of Master of Science, 7; the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy, 14.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, March 18,in the Reynolds Club Theater. At11:00 a.m., in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, the Convocation Religious Servicewas held. The Preacher was theReverend Hugh Black, D.D., Professorof Practical Theology, Union TheologicalSeminary, New York City.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theWinter Quarter were: January 7,Reverend James Edward Freeman, D.D., Church of the Epiphany, Washington,D.C.; January 14, Bishop Francis J.McConnell, D.D., LL.D., Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania; January 21, Bishop McConnell; January 28, Reverend HarryEmerson Fosdick, D.D., First Presbyterian Church, New York City; February 4,President Clarence Augustus Barbour,S.T.D., Rochester Theological Seminary,Rochester, New York; February n,Robert Elliott Speer, D.D., Secretary ofthe Presbyterian Board of ForeignMissions, New York City; February 18,Reverend John D. McLaughlan, St.Mark's Church, Seattle, Washington;February 25, Reverend Hugh T. Kerr,D.D., LL.D., Shadyside PresbyterianChurch, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;March 4, Dr. Kerr; March n, ReverendHugh Black, D.D., Professor of PracticalTheology, Union Theological Seminary,New York City; and March 18, Dr.Black.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesday afternoons, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,on the following dates: January 16 and30, February 13, and March 13. OnFebruary 20 a concert was given by theSalzedo Harp Trio and Mona Gondre, andon February 27 a Young People'sConcert was given by the ChicagoOrchestra.The University basket-ball team playedtwelve games in the course of the WinterQuarter, from January 2, to March 20,as follows: Iowa at Chicago, 23-35;Wisconsin at Madison, 11-24; OhioState at Chicago, 34-30; Purdue atChicago, 23-32; Iowa at Iowa City,12-20; Illinois at Urbana, 18-20; Minnesota at Chicago, 28-14; Ohio State atColumbus, 27-17; Minnesota atMinneapolis, 24-21; Illinois at Chicago,24-20; Purdue at Lafayette, 39-35;Wisconsin at Chicago, 12-34.On January 27 more than 170 peoplewere the guests of the Trustees at acomplimentary dinner in HutchinsonHall given in honor of Mr. Martin A.Ryerson, who recently resigned thepresidency of the Board of Trustees afterserving in that capacity for thirty years.A poem, "The Ballad of Ryerson," wasrecited by Dean Edwin Herbert Lewis,EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 167of the Lewis Institute. Addresses weremade by Dean Small, President Judson,Mr. Edgar A. Bancroft, and Mr. Eli B.Felsenthal. On behalf of the Trustees,Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, treasurer ofthe University and a life-long friend ofMr. Ryerson, presented to the Universitya beautiful Gothic tablet recording Mr.Ryerson's extraordinary services to theinstitution. The tablet was accepted bythe president of the Board of Trustees,Mr. Harold H. Swift, and has beenplaced in the cloister connecting Mandeland Hutchinson Halls. The inscriptionreads:"To record the distinguished servicesof Martin Antoine Ryerson to the University of Chicago, the Board of Trustees,of which he was president for thirty years,has placed this tablet here. His devotion to the affairs of the University, hissound judgment, his wise counsel, hisknowledge and ' zeal, as well as hisgenerous benefactions, have been^ ofinestimable value. Anno DominiMCMXXII." The tablet bears thecoat-of-arms of the University.The Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society was awarded to ProfessorA. A. Michelson. Head of the Departmentof Physics, on February 9. The awardwas made for the "application of theinterferometer to astronomical measurements." In the absence of ProfessorMichelson the medal was receivedthrough the American embassy.The Helen Culver Gold Medal of theGeographic Society of Chicago wasrecently awarded by the Society to Dr.J. Paul Goode, of the Department ofGeography at the University because ofhis distinguished work in cartography.Karl Pietsch, Professor of RomancePhilology in the University, has beeninvited by Senor Menendez Pidal, ofMadrid, to join him in the preparationof the great grammar of the Spanishlanguage which Sefior Pidal has beencommissioned to produce. This is anotable recognition by the highest livingSpanish authority of the position ofProfessor Pietsch as a Spanish scholar.Professor Pietsch has been a memberof the University Faculty for more thantwenty-five years, and since 19 10 hasbeen Professor of Romance Philology.He is a corresponding member of the Royal Spanish Academy, and has writtenextensively on Spanish grammar andphilology.The Crone collection of Balzac, ^con-sisting of first editions only and containingone hundred and seventeen volumes, wasrecently acquired from the AndersonGalleries, New York, by the UniversityLibrary.The Croue* Collection was formed by aFrench bibliophile in the days when it wasstill possible to amass first editions of Balzac. The transaction at the AndersonGalleries was probably the most notablesale of Balzac material ever made in thiscountry. The collection was secured forthe Harper Memorial Library through theprompt action of President Burton andof Professors William A. Nitze and E.Preston Dargan, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures.The American Association^ of Anatomists held its annual meeting at theUniversity of Chicago on March 27, 28,and 29, 1923. About 130 anatomistsattended the meetings, and were guestsof the University at a luncheon at thenew Quadrangle Club, on March 29.Dean Marion Talbot was one of thespeakers at the opening session of theAssociation of American Colleges, heldin Chicago on January 11, 1923. Thesubject under discussion was "CollegeObjectives and Ideals." Miss^ Talbotspoke of the opportunities available tothe colleges for training women in citizenship and for reducing the difficulties ofthe problems presented to young womenby the clashing claims of marriage andof professional life or economic independence.A meeting of the InterdenominationalConference of Theological Seminarieswas held in Haskell Assembly Room at2:00 p.m. Wednesday, January 10, 1923.At that time Dr. R. L. Kelly, the Secretary of the Council of Church Boards ofEducation, gave a summary of the surveyrecently made of the theological seminariesof the country.Signor Tommaso Tittoni, president ofthe Italian senate, in his new book onModern Italy declares that Harvard andthe University of Chicago are the onlyi68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAmerican Universities in which the"study of Italian can be said to be complete." Signor Tittoni's book is one ofthe publications of the Institute ofPolitics of Williams College.A series of six lectures on "TheClassification of Books," with specialreference to the system in use at theUniversity, was given by Mr. JamesChristian Meinich Hanson, AssociateDirector of the Libraries, before theNew York State Library School atAlbany, New York, January 15 to 19, 1923.Professor Kirsopp Lake, of HarvardUniversity, and formerly of Oxford andLeyden, lectured at the University onJanuary 26, 1923, on "Mount Athos,"in the monasteries of which he has oftenstudied, and made important manuscriptdiscoveries.Edward Kennard Rand, Professor ofLatin in Harvard University, gave aseries of three lectures at the Universityin Harper Assembly Room on February6, 7, and 8, under the auspices of theRenaissance Society. The subject of hisaddresses was "The Latin Literature ofthe Renaissance."Henry C. Wallace, Secretary of theUnited States Department of Agriculture, and Thomas E. Wilson, Chairman of the Institute of AmericanMeat Packers, opened a series of ninelectures at the University, in LeonMandel Assembly Hall, on February 13,1923, under the auspices of the School ofCommerce and Administration. Thefirst lecture of the series was attendedby more than one thousand persons,among them representatives of the packing ^ industry, and various agricultural,business, and educational organizations,including a number of students andprofessors from the University.Sir Frederic Kenyon, Director of theBritish Museum, gave a lecture in HarperAssembly Room on the afternoon ofFebruary 13, on "The Rediscovery of OldBooks."Signora Olivia Rossetti Agresti delivered a lecture in Harper AssemblyRoom at8:i5 p.m. on February 13, underthe auspices of the Renaissance Society, on "The Contribution of the Rossettisand the Pre-Raphaelite Movement to theLife of Today."Conyers Read, non-resident Professorof History in the University, deliveredfour Lectures in Harper Assembly Roomon the afternoons of February 27, 28, andMarch 1 and 2, on "Labor and Politicsin Modern England."Dorothy Canfield Fisher lectured at theUniversity in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall at 8:00 p.m. on March 8, on theWilliam Vaughn Moody Foundation.The subject of her address was, "EveryMan His Own Novelist."Sven Hedin, Swedish geographer andauthor, gave an illustrated lecture on"Tibet," in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,at 8 p.m. March 14, on the WilliamVaughn Moody Foundation.The general interest on the part ofstudents, alumni, and friends of theUniversity in its arrangements for publicity suggests the following statement:The University possesses in theUniversity Press the oldest and largestuniversity press in this country, apowerful organ of publicity of thehighest class, which carries the University's name and its scientific influenceall over the world. The current list ofthe University Press includes nearly1,000 books and monographs. Thepublicity of the Press, which is aggressive,varied, and efficient, is the best kind ofUniversity publicity.The University publishes nine scientificand learned journals with a total circulation of something over 10,000 copies.Their circulation is international, andthey reach the leaders of thought andresearch in their several fields all overthe world. In this department of itspublicity, the University is not surpassedin this country.The University publishes annually 30Circulars, Bulletins, and Announcements.The total circulation of these is nearly200,000. In addition to these, theAnnual Register is issued in 1,300 copies,and the President's Report in 1,000.The University publishes quarterly amagazine of about 70 pages called theUniversity Record, containing an officialrecord of the life of the University forthe preceding quarter. It is distributedEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 169to about 1,000 friends of the University-Faculty, Trustees, donors, and alumniThe University issues weekly a NewsLetter containing short items of Universitynews suitable for newspaper use, and sentto 550 newspapers. Through the departments of the University, a system hasbeen set up for securing news of thedepartments for the News Letter*There are also occasional special itemsof publicity, such as The University ofChicago in^ IQ21, a booklet of which12,000 copies have been distributed,chiefly to alumni; and The Universityof Chicago Biographical Sketches, VolumeI, some 900 copies of which have beendistributed to friends of the Universityand other leading residents of Chicago.Through the President's office directcontact with the daily papers, theAssociated Press, and other news-gathering agencies is maintained throughinterviews and communications. In thepast three months Luckhardt's discoveriesof a cure of tetany and later of a newanaesthetic, Geiger's discoveries as tobotulinus, and Breasted's observations atThebes have received nation-wide attention in the newspapers.Beside these official forms of publicity.the University receives an iHinaense amount of publicity through the publications of members of the Faculties in theform of books and articles published inthis country and abroad. The numberof these titles for the past year has beenmore than 450. The activity of theFaculties in publication is one of themost notable things about the University.In any comprehensive program ofpublicity, the significance of studentpublications like the Maroon, the Circle,the Phoenix, and Cap and Gown, must beincluded; and of course Universityathletics, particularly football, gives riseto a great amount of publicity for thatside of the University's work.Alumni publicity naturally begins withthe University of Chicago Magazine,published by the Alumni Council, witha circulation of 3,600, but it is impossibleto measure alumni publicity, or to setlimits to it. The other day an alumnuspublished an extended historical accountof the University, with illustrations, in aweekly paper with a circulation of1,000,000 copies.This hast}?- survey of University publicity may help to a better understandingof what the University is doing in thesedirections.AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1923-24Van Meter AmesPh.B., University of Chicago, 1919Eugene Newton. AndersonA.B., University of Colorado, 1921Alfred Hannam BellA.B., Toronto University, 191 7Ralph Decker BennettB.S., Union College, 192 1Charles Marvin BlackburnB.S., Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1921Fredericka Verne BlanknerPh.B., University of Chicago, 1922Arthur Clifton BoycePh.B., Lafayette College, 1907A.M., University of Illinois, 191 1Blanche Beatrice BoyerA.B., University of Chicago, 1920A.M., ibid., 192 1Bennett Harvie BranscombA.B., Birmingham-Southern College, 1914B.A., Oxford University, 191 7M.A., ibid., 1922Howard Bovee BriggsA.B., University of Wisconsin, 1919A.M., ibid., 1921Walter Leroy BrookeS.B., Pennsylvania State College, 1920S.M., ibid., 1922George Williams BrownA.B., University of Toronto, 1915Mary Jane BrownA.B., Butler College, 1919William Arthur BrownellA.B., Allegheny College, 191 7Asa Q. BurnsA.B., William Jewell College, 1915Th.B., ibid., 1915B.D., Newton Theological Seminary, 1916Th.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary,William Henry BurtonA.B., University of Oregon, 191 5Edwin Francis CarpenterA.B., Harvard University, 1922Chang-Kong ChuangS.B., University of Chicago, 192 1Georgia Valentine CoyS.B., Columbia University, 191 2S.M., University of Chicago, 1922 1917 PhilosophyHistoryGeologyPhysicsPhysicsRomanceEducationLatinNew TestamentPhysicsChemistryHistoryZoologyEducationSystematic TheologyEducationAstronomyChemistryBotany170AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1923-24 171Marion DarganA.B., Woffard College, 1909A.M., Columbia University, 1914Marguerite D. DarkowA.B., Bryn Mawr College, 1915Maud Evelyn DhxeyA.B., Dakota Wesleyan University, 1909A.M., Columbia University, 1919Marion Hiller DunsmoreA.B., Kalamazoo College, 1920Margaret Du PuyA.B., University of Texas, 1920Marvin Edward EagleA.B., Kentucky Wesleyan College, 191 2A.M., Vanderbilt University, 1913Lewis Ethan EllisA.B., Syracuse University, 1920Mercer Griffin EvansB.S., Emory College, 1922Pansy Alice EvansA.B., University of Utah, 1917M.S., University of Chicago, 1918Martin Luther FaustA.B., Gettysburg College, 1919A.M., ibid., 1920Carroll Lane FentonS.B., University of Chicago, 192 1Gladys Hazel FreedA.B., University of Pittsburgh, 1920Beals Ensign Litchfield FrenchB.S., Alfred University, 1913Fred William GeersGraduate, Seminary, Detmold, GermanyRebekah M. GibbonsS.B., Cornell University, 1913S.M., Pennsylvania State College, 1920Lawrence Murray GravesA.B., Washburn College, 1918A.M., University of Chicago, 1920Percival Allen Gray, Jr.S.B., University of Chicago, 1922William George GuyB. S., Mount Allison College, 1919A.B., ibid., 1920B.A., Oxford University, 1922Cather Marguerite HallA.B., Franklin College, 1917Richard HartshorneS.B., Princeton University, 1920Albert Martlnius HolmquistA.B., St. Olaf College, 1914S.M., University of Chicago, 191 7Mary Kennedy HooperA.B., University of Manitoba, 1922 HistoryMathematicsGeneral LiteratureOld TestamentEnglishHistoryHistoryPolitical EconomyBotanyPolitical ScienceGeologyLatinPhysiological ChemistryOriental LanguagesPhysiologyMathematicsAnatomyChemistryHistoryGeographyZoologyGerman172 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHarold William HootsS.B., University of Oklahoma, 1921John Hobart HoskinsS.B., Earlham College, 1919S.M., University of Chicago, 1920Mark Hoyt IngrahamA.B., Cornell University, 1917A.M., University of Wisconsin, 1922John Smith IvyS.B., University of Chicago, 1922Frederic T. JungS.B., University of Wisconsin, 1919Edward Martin JustinB.S., Case School of Applied Science, 1909Harry Marvin KeninA.B., University of Washington, 1921Forrest Alexander KerrA.B., McGill University, 1917Catherine Doris KingA.B., University of Michigan, 191 1Mildred E. LambertA.B., St. Mary's College, 1914Ernest Orlando LawrenceA.B., University of South Dakota, 1922Harvey Christian LehmanA.B., University of Kansas, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913Ronald Bartlett LevinsonA.B., Harvard University, 1920Lena Adaline LincolnL.B., University of Arkansas, 1915A.B., ibid., 1916A.M., University of Chicago, 191 7Harold Amos LoganA.B., Acadia University, 191 2A.B., Yale University, 1913Oscar Albert MartiB.S., Philomath College, 1906A.M., University of Southern California, 1916B.D., Garrett Biblical Institute, 1919Howard Roswald MooreS.B., University of Chicago, 1921S.M., ibid., 1922Charles Wm. Morris, Jr.S.B., Northwestern University, 1922Mildred Alice MorrtsA.B., Oberlin College, 1920John Henry MuellerA.B., University of Missouri, 1920A.M., ibid., 1921VrviENNE Robison McClatchyA.B., University of Texas, 191 9A.M., ibid., 1920 GeologyBotanyMathematicsGeologyPhysiologyAstronomyPolitical ScienceGeologyRomanceEnglishPhysicsPsychologyGreekLatinPolitical EconomyChurch HistoryChemistryPhilosophyGreekSociologyPsychologyAWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1923-24Franc Lewis McCluerA.B., Westminister College, 1916A.M., ibid., 1920Mary Craig NeedlerA. B., University of Toronto, 1922Martin Henry NeumeyerA.B., De Pauw University, 1919James Andrew NyswanderB.S., University of California, 1913Louise OverackerA.B., Leland Stanford Junior University, 1915A.M., ibid., 1917Elinor PancoastPh.B., University of Chicago, 1917A.M., ibid., 1922Echo Dolores PepperS.B., University of Washington, 1920S.M., ibid., 1922Homer Price RatneyA.B., Austin College, 1919Fredda Doris ReedB.A., Earlham College, 1918MURAT HALSTEAD ROBERTSA.B., University of Tennessee, 1915A.M., Princeton University, 1921Walter Charles RussellS.B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1914Constancio Pacifico RustiaS.B., University of Chicago, 1922Douglas Edgar ScatesA.B., Whitworth College, 1922Reuben Haynes SparkmanA.B., East Texas State Normal College, 1920Samuel Bradford StoneS.B., LaFayette College, 19 21Adolph Benjamin SwansonA.B., Augustana College, 191 2A.M., University of Iowa, 191 5Kenneth Wiffin TaylorA.B., McMaster, University, 192 1A.M., University of Chicago, 1922Halstead Coleman TerryA.B., University of Wisconsin, 1920Dorothy Swaine ThomasA.B., Barnard College, 1922Nannie Virginia ThorntonA.B., Randolph-Macon Woman's College, 1915A.M., ibid., 1919Richard Hurt ThorntonA.B., Lynchburg College, 1907A.M., Columbia University, 1914Catherine TorranceA.B., University of Chicago, 1898A.M., ibid., 191 2 SociologyGreekSociologyMathematicsPolitical SciencePolitical EconomyMathematicsEducationBotanyRomanceChemistryZoologyEducationPolitical EconomyChemistryRomancePolitical EconomyPhysicsPolitical EconomyChemistryEnglishLatin174 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDavid McCamel TroutA.B., William Jewell College, 1916W. R. TweedyS.B., Indiana University, 1916Guy Richard VowlesA.B., Fargo College, 1906B.A., Oxford University, 1910M.A., ibid., 19 14James Harold WarnerA.B., Indiana University, 1915A.M., Northwestern University, 1922Charles Langdon WhiteB.S., Denison University, 1920John A. WilsonA.B., Princeton University, 1920Clifford Maynard ZiererA.B., Indiana University, 1922 Practical TheologyPhysiological ChemistryComparative PhilologyEnglishGeographyOriental LanguagesGeographyATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1923ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1923 1751923 1922Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts,Literattjre, and Science:1. GraduateSchools —Arts, Literature 27534o 199112 474452 230320 179103 409423 6529Science Total 61558673858 31150650438 9261,0921,24296 55o65468435 28248656337 8321,1401,24772 94242. The Colleges —Senior 48Junior 5Unclassified Total 1,3821,907124734 1 .,0481,3593*310 2,4303,35^1551044 1,3731,923111331 1,0861,36818710 2,4593,2911291041 6526 29Total Arts, Literature, and Science. . .II. Professional Schools:1. Divinity School —Graduate Chicago Theological 3Total 1659973 44289 20912782 145102100 352716 180129116 29*2. Courses in Medicine —Graduate 2346 6 5 1 6Total 1781287899 37631 21513481100 207128691 011 44813 251136701041 II 363. Law School —Graduate 2Candidates for IX.B 4Total 305233918225022 1021652239 3152394420428922 299243919027231 12202112842 31122621831431 4134. College of Education 5. School of Commerce andAdministration —Graduate 6Senior 14259Junior Unclassified Total 49385 661822 5592627 53245 811620 6132025 62 S46. Graduate School of SocialService Administration —Graduate Undergraduate Total 131,1773,174267 40413i,77244 S31,5904,946311 91,2163,139276 364101,77847 451,6264,917323 829Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplication 36Net Total in Quadrangles 2,907 1,728 4,635 2,863 i,73i 4,594 41University College 367 1,256 1,623 311 1,021 1,332 291Total 3,27444 2,98437 6,25881 3,17430 2,75245 5,92675 332Duplicates Net Total in the University 3,230 2,947 6si77 3,144 2,707 5,85i 326176 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1923GraduateArts, Literature, and Science Divinity School. Courses in Medicine Law School College of Education School of Commgrce and Administration Graduate School of Social Service Administration.Total.,Duplicates .Net Total in Quadrangles .University College Total. .Duplicates.Net Total in the University. 92618512713444261,4421421,3003441,644211,623* Unclassified students.JAMES HAYDEX TUFTSDean of the Faculties