HAROLD H. SWIFTTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDVOLUME VIII OCTOBER 1922 NUMBER 4EDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATICWORLDIBy ERNEST DEWITT BURTONThis is not to be an address by a specialist to a group of specialists,nor by an expert to a group of the unlearned. My colleagues of theSchool of Education perfectly understand that I have not been a studentof the science or history of education in the sense in which they are such,nor could I claim even an amateur standing in the Department of PoliticalScience. Neither respecting education nor respecting democracy can Ispeak as an authority, nor shall I expect to enlighten the authorities inthose fields. But having been for more than half a century continuouslyassociated with schools, as pupil or as teacher or as an interested observer,and indeed always the last, and having in recent years had occasion andopportunity to observe what is happening in education and in relatedfields in various countries of the world, I have acquired certain opinions,which in some cases have ripened into firmly held convictions. When,therefore, there came to me the opportunity to speak on this occasion,and when I remembered that the audience at the autumn Convocationis largely composed of people who are either actively engaged in educa­tional work, or. in positions which enable them to influence the develop­ment of education, I felt a desire to share with these my colleagues in thework of education all over this western country some of those convictionswhich I have gradually come to hold strongly and firmly.There will be little time for argument, practically none for. the.marshaling of evidence. What I say will have to be mainly affirmation,I Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Twenty-sixth Convoca­tion of the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall September I, I921.205206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFor its seemingly dogmatic form I can only plead in defense the brevityof the time at our disposal.I. This world of ours is rapidly becoming democratic. Whateverthe ultimate form of human society may be, if such a state is ever reached,certainly the current is today running strongly toward democracy.Within the memory of men now living Mexico and some of the SouthAmerican states, France, Germany and Austria, China and Russia haveceased to be empires or kingdoms and have become, or are on their wayto become, democracies. Even the frightful struggle, the awful sufferingthat the change has involved, or is at this moment involving, is an evidenceof the strength of the current that runs toward democracy. It showswhat a terrible price nations are willing to pay to rid themselves of au­tocracyor oligarchy and to gain for the people the control of their ownaffairs. That. the issue is in some cases doubtful, that there may beeddies in the great stream, we need not deny. But neither this fact northe cost at which ,the change is taking place can obscure the directionin which the main current of human life is flowing. At any cost and atany sacrifice the peoples of the world are determined to have a determin­ing voice in their own government.But democracy, real democracy, is not simply a matter of the externalform of the government. It is far more one of inner spirit, of vitalrelationships, and of fundamental convictions. Government for thepeople by the people is something radically different from government ofthe people for the rulers; and the transition from the one to the otherinvolves a radical change in the thinking and attitude of the people. Itis nothing less than a mental rebirth of the nation; and no nation isreborn without agony.Of this fact we are witnessing from afar, some of us perhaps havewitnessed from close at hand, the awful evidence in Russia. But what ishappening in Russia is taking place only in amilder form in other coun­tries. Even a superficial contact with China, where the transformationis taking place with so much less of bloodshed and suffering than inRussia, is sufficient to give one a very deep sense of the fact that theprocess by which a nation attains democracy is of necessity a difficult,a slow, and a painful one.But it is not in Germany and Russia and China only that there istoday a movement toward democracy. In Egypt, in India, in Japan,even in England and the United States itself, that movement is goingon. Time utterly fails me to adduce the evidence. Let me say a fewwords only respecting one of these countries. In no country in the worldEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 207is autocracy apparently so strongly intrenched as in Japan. Her imperialgovernment has had an unbroken record of at least fourteen centuries.Her emperor is still officially and popularly held to be of divine descent.Of his dethronement and the substitution of a government republican inform, there are, so far as I know, no premonitory signs. There is noreason to look for a republic of Japan for an indefinite time to come.Yet many of you are doubtless aware that for years there has existed inJapan, distinct from the two ruling parties, yet to a certain extent affect­ing them both, a democratic party or movement of no mean significance.That party is growing each year in power, all the stronger because itdoes not seek the overthrow of the government but the modification ofits policies. It stands for a larger measure of justice between classes athome, and for a more just and pacific attitude toward other nations.Thoroughly patriotic, its patriotism has a broader horizon and a keenersense of the interdependence of nations and of the necessity of inter­national justice than either of the older parties. It has not yet achievedcontrol of the domestic or foreign policy of the nation, but unless allsigns fail within a decade it will have gained a peaceful victory and willdominate the policy of the empire.But more significant than any event pertaining to the life of a singlenation are the formation and development of the League of Nations andthe holding of the Washington Conference. For by a democratic worldwe do not mean simply a world of nationalistic democracies mutuallysuspicious and hostile; we mean one in which not only are the rightsof international groups recognized and defended by their fellows withinthe nation, but in which the larger groups that we call nations likewiserecognize and conserve the rights of other nations. And to their crea­tion of such a world the League of Nations and the Washington Confer­ence have already made contributions of unsurpassed significance.Prophecy is always hazardous, yet the definite and honest attempt toforecast the future is an imperative duty of the educator and an indispen­sable condition of the peaceful promotion of human well-being. A studentof history said in the midst of the world-war, "We historians are bank­rupt. It was our business to forecast this conflict. That we did notforesee it means that we have failed as historians. It is the business ofhistory to predict." I cannot hope to be wiser in this day than the his­torians of 1914. But it is certainly a safe forecast that we are todaymoving toward a democratic world. A pure democracy, an ideal democ­racy, does not exist today. But the day of autocracy is rapidly passing.The great movement of the world's thought and life is toward democracy.208 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe organization of government, the institutions of society, the relationsof nations to one another are all tending toward control, not by or inthe interest of the single man or the small group, but by and for the many.This then is my first proposition: we are moving toward a democraticworld.2. My second proposition I affirm with even greater confidence. Ademocratic world must be educated. When the many control theaffairs of the world, they must be intelligent. Democracy and ignorancespell danger and disaster in capital letters. Some years ago in an orientalcity, an American traveler was discussing this matter of education witha member of the English nobility, of an eminent and distinguished family.Referring to the large number of young people Who in America seek andobtain a higher education, the Englishman remarked: "I believe, youknow, in the education of the higher mind. But I do not know thatI do altogether believe in the education of the lower mind." Thisis the voice and verdict of aristocracy. If it is the foreordained andhereditary destiny of certain families to rule, and of others to be ruled,then one may well say, "I do not altogether believe in the education ofthe lower mind." For education of what my English friend meant bythe lower mind, the common people, is apt to interfere with their docileacceptance of the plans made for them by the educated mind of the upperclasses. But in a real dem,ocracy, in which there is to be leadershipindeed, and differentiation of functions, and various grades and types ofeducation, but in which all the people are finally to pass judgment onthe plans which are worked out for them by the leaders of thought andaction, there must be for all the people a measure at least of education,and that of the right sort. When Japan after the restoration of r868proceeded to establish an educational system which with large facilitiesfor higher education included also compulsory education up to a certaingrade, perhaps unconsciously and unintentionally, certainly with wisdombetter than she knew, she prepared the way for the democratic movementthat is now developing. Education does not of necessity produce democ­racy within any given period. It may even be of such a kind as tostrengthen the hands of autocracy or oligarchy, as the history of Germanyunder her last three emperors proves. But if when education and oli­garchy join hands they may for a time effectively enslave the people,how disastrous may be the results of autocracy overthrown by a blindimpulse toward democracy unchecked and unguided by intelligence, letRussia's recent history witness. Democracy demands education, andwithout it is a dangerous experiment. Especially is this true as the landsEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLDof the world become more closely bound together by ties of commerceand diplomacy and common ideas. When international relationshipsare as intricate and as far reaching in their influence as they are in ourworld today, self-government without knowledge and intelligence onthe part of the people, who are both governed and governors, is anabsurdity and an impossibility. It can issue in nothing else than alapse into tyrannous oligarchy.And if now these two propositions, that we are moving toward ademocratic world, and that democracy demands education, are true, theyimpart a very serious significance to a third proposition which I nowventure to affirm.3. In no land of the world, in none at least with which I amacquainted, has the art or science of education been fully mastered.To put it more bluntly, we do not yet know how to educate. If I mis­take not many of us who are engaged in the work of teaching are a bithazy and uncertain in our minds, even as to the goal of the educativeprocess. A few educational philosophers have no doubt arrived at asatisfactory definition of it. But my own experience in endeavoring toelicit from educators, even from those having a considerable measure ofresponsibility for the directing of education, is that many of them havebecome so engrossed in the particular administrative task in which theyare engaged as largely to have lost sight of the ultimate purpose of thewhole process.Nor have we yet arrived at any satisfactory solution of the questionwhat education should be given to all the people and what should bereserved for special classes of the youth or those who are preparing forcertain occupations. If all our youth, boys and girls alike, are to beprepared for citizenship, they ought all indeed to know how to read andwrite. But it can no 'longer be assumed that the possession of thesetools for the acquiring of intelligence will of itself fit them either for theeconomic struggle into which life will plunge them, or for the intelligentjudgment of men and policies which ought to precede the casting of theirvotes. On the other hand it is almost too manifest to require argumentthat the policy of carrying all children as far as they will go on the wayto college and a Bachelor's degree, letting those fall out by the way whowill, is grossly unjust to that very large majority whose destination isnot the college, but the shop and the household. All education thattrains the mind in thinking or provides equipment for the acquisi­tion of knowledge, is good. But that all education is equally goodfor all people, or that an education predominantly literary in char-210 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDacter is for everybody the best preparation for life, the educational pana­cea, is really too absurd to be seriously maintained. History helps usto understand how we. came to adopt such a policy in America, and wecan comprehend why, on the recommendation of Lord Macaulay,England imposed such a policy on India. But it is easier to excuse theoriginal adoption of it than. to be patient with its present continuance.Surely the disastrous results of it in India have been written too large onthe page of history for anyone to fail to see them. And though the resultsin this country have, for reasons one need not stop to enumerate, beenfar less tragic than in India, yet the time has surely come here also forus to find a better way.But if there is a measure of haziness as to the goal of the educationalprocess and its adaptation to individual needs, there is, if I mistake not,a still more widespread uncertainty as to the best methods of achievingthe goal.An educator of far wider experience and opportunities for observa­tion in this particular field than any which I can claim to possess said tome a year ago something to this effect: There are in this country threetypes of schools of education by whatever name they may be called.There is first the school which is based on the premise that what isnecessary to make a good teacher of any subject is knowledge of thesubject. Hence if one would teach Latin, he should study Latin-if hewould teach history, he should study history: Schools of this type tendto become assimilated to the ordinary college. In a neighboring state,four normal schools have recently sought and obtained the right toconfer the A.B. degree.There is second the school which is organized on the theory that toknowledge of the subject one should add, if he would be a teacher, somepractice in teaching under criticism of those who have already hadpractice in the art. Such a school to its courses in the subject-matter ofeducation adds practice-teaching and the critic teacher, and often tendsto exalt method above substance.Schools of the third class proceed upon the assumption that we donot yet really know how to teach any subject. Therefore to courses insubject-matter, and to practice-teaching under criticism, the school ofthis type adds systematic investigation of the process of learning lookingto the discovery of the best method of teaching each subject of thecurriculum, and tends to regard such investigation as its most importantwork. Of schools of this type my informant stated that there were asyet but two in this country. Possibly he put his estimate of the numberEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 2IIof such schools a little too low, but the substantial correctness of hisstatement there is no reason, I believe, to challenge.4. But if this statement is true, and if the general situation is as Ihave described it, does it not follow that there is a real need of muchmore systematic investigation than we have yet made or are now makingin the whole field of education? We Americans are members of a nationorganized on the principles of democracy. Every adult, man or woman,has a vote, and must eventually help to determine the policies which thecountry shall follow. The questions which thus come before the wholepeople are of far-reaching importance, affecting the welfare not of the.present only but of generations to come. Many of them are difficult,intricate questions; such as, for example, whether a group of workmenwho serve a corporation which in turn serves the public generally, instriking work, surrender their positions and the rights that go with them,or are still partners in the enterprise which they have helped to build up,and as such retain title to their positions even when temporarily dis­continuing service to secure their rights from their partners, the membersof the corporation. It is eventually the people that must decide thesequestions. But there are others not less difficult; such for example asthat which the people of California face in the incoming of a group ofindustrious, frugal, Japanese farmers, whose very industry and frugalityseem to the descendants of European immigrants who have made thatland their own to carry with them grave danger. Or consider again thewhole question of immigration, which Canada has solved by a policy ofpractical exclusion of all except selected immigrants from selected lands,and which we dealt with first by the policy of the wide open door, and arenow endeavoring to handle on a basis of percentages of former immigra­tion. These bare statements of a very few of our many national prob­lems, so inadequately suggesting the intricacy and difficulty of thematters with which they deal, are nevertheless sufficient to remind ushow necessary education is to all of our people. But the purpose forwhich I cite them now is to enforce my plea for a more thorough andsystematic study of the goal and process of education.I am informed that in one of the two schools to which I referreda moment ago, laboratory experimentation in the process by whichchildren learn to read has resulted in the reduction of the time necessaryto teach a child to read by fifty per cent. Consider the enormous saving oftime which will result to the country as a whole from this one discovery;or better still consider the additions that can be made to the education ofthe youth of the country if the time thus saved can be employed effec ..212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtively in giving to them elements of education which otherwise musthave been omitted for lack of time. But how suggestive also is thisexample of a problem attacked and solved with reference to otherphases of education, which have indeed been the subject of much thoughtand of much experimentation, but on which we have as yet achieved onlypartially satisfactory results.Forty years ago, it was a common observation that the public schoolswere the safeguard of the country and guaranteed its future welfare.Yet at the same time we were affirming that the schools could not teachreligion, and practically we meant by that to exclude also any systematicattempt to teach morality or to develop moral character. One does notoften hear such assertions today. We have learned this at least, thatto be able to read and write and to solve simple problems in arithmeticdoes not guarantee good citizenship. The competent citizen of a democ­racy must possess not only the elements of learning, but sound moralcharacter as well. Indeed of the two the latter is the more needful.But if so, then the school cannot ignore the problem. The family andthe church are almost as much at sea as the school, and it is more difficultto determine their methods and influence than it is those of the school,as it is more dangerous for the state to invade their liberty of action. Butwho has discovered how to develop sound moral character, how to pro­duce the man and the woman who in the home, in the village, at the polls,in the influence on city government and on national and internationalpolicies, will act righteously and for the general welfare? Is moralitywholly separable from religion, as the Hindu believes, or are the twoinseparably connected, as many Christians hold? Is character producedby the inculcation of moral maxims, or by enforcement of religioussanctions, or by the training of the hands? Germany taught religion inall her schools. But the result was not such as to encourage us to takeGermany as our model. Japan includes instruction in morality in thatmodern education which she makes compulsory for all her youth. ButJapan has been seriously alarmed at the unsatisfactory character of theresults of her experiment. An intelligent, widely traveled Englishmantold me a year ago that it was believed by many educators of Europe thatthe two schools in all the world from which educators have most to learnconcerning this phase of education are those at Hampton and TuskegeeIt is related of a New York father who visited one of these schools thathe said on leaving it that he wished his son had been born a negro, forthen he might have had a chance at an education. But to me one ofthe most significant facts about these schools is their conviction basedEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 213on some years of experience that one of the most effective methods ofproducing character is the development of the habit of social co-operationby the doing with the hands of real tasks of social value. And certainlythere is no more significant aspect of the work of these schools than theresults which they have produced in the development of useful citizensof our republic out of the sons and daughters of slaves.There are no more important questions facing us as a democraticnation, one of the greatest of the world's democracies than these: Howcan we include in the process of education the factors that make effec­tively for the production of sound character? What part of the work ofdeveloping character must of necessity be accomplished in the home,and how can we bring to bear upon parents the influences that will insuretheir undertaking their part? How much of it belongs of necessity orby preference to the church; and how can the churches co-operate inthe accomplishment of the task? How much is of necessity done in thepublic schools and how can they do their part effectively? I am wellaware that much thought and study has been given to these questions.My purpose is to emphasize the importance of them and to maintainthat the production of character is mainly, if not wholly, an educationalproblem, that in a democracy it is a vital element of the educational task,and that as educators and as patriots we are bound to seek earnestly todiscover how this task of making citizens for a democracy can be mosteffectively accomplished.I have been told that a western state university recently spent amillion dollars in experiments looking to the discovery of the method ofconstructing a country road that would best meet the conditions ofmodern travel. What institution will now, with equal zeal, energy, andscientific accuracy, investigate the question how education can most. effectively develop the character which is essential in the citizen of ademocracy? It is undoubtedly important to know how to build countryroads over which automobiles can safely and swiftly transport corn,hogs, and men. But is it not more important for us to know how toproduce citizens whose character will insure the future safety of therepublic and the welfare of coming generations?A second problem of education in which I have long been interestedis the resolution of the old antithesis between bread and butter educationand education of the cultural type. Doubtless the distinction is to acertain extent real and necessary. Doubtless we must have blacksmithsWho are not poets, and philosophers who are not also shoemakers.Probably also there is no way of teaching Greek so that a man may in the2I4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprocess learn how to make automobiles, or of training chauffeurs so thatthey will turn out to be writers of classic prose. But in a democracyevery man ought to be a producer of real values, and every man must bein some measure a thinker. And life is too short for most of us to beeducated twice. It is hardly long enough to educate us once. Hencearises the question whether for very many at least· of the citizens of ademocracy there cannot be discovered a type of education which shallbe at the same time cultural and occupational-not, I mean, by ajudicious mixture of six parts of occupation and four of culture, or sevenof culture and three of occupation, but by the discovery of culturalvalues in occupational studies, and occupational values in culturalstudies.It has long been a favorite theory of mine that agriculture could bemade one of the most cultural in the whole range of studies, and anagricultural school a center of a very high type of culture. For has notagriculture intimate relations with chemistry and physics, with botanyand zoology, with transportation and with commerce, with bankingand the development of society, and with politics? Has it not indeedits aesthetic aspects, and possible relations with the fine arts? Andmight it not be possible so to educate the farmer that he should beconscious of these relationships, that his daily task should relate itselfin his mind on the one hand to the great world of the physical and vitalforces and on the other to the evolution of society and the trend of historyand the making of a better world for children to be born in and men andwomen to live in? That this might be done has long been a fancy ofmine. But I venture to express my opinion today, because a few weeksago I heard the competent president of one of our leading agriculturalcolleges express the same opinion.But if this is true of agriculture, is it not also true of many otheroccupations? We must have farmers and engineers and bankers andmerchants and lawyers and physicians. Can they not all be trained withsuch a sense of the relation of their occupation to the great forces of natureand of history and the great problems of society, and even with such aperception of aesthetic values, that in fitting them for their trade weshall also make them men of broad vision and wide culture and soundsocial philosophy? If we must still have schools for blacksmiths, andfinishing schools to produce a certain number of members of the leisureclass, may not our colleges and universities at least become increasinglyinstitutions in which we shall make neither good scholars who are goodfor nothing, nor tradesmen without vision, but men and women who inthe process of fitting themselves for a useful occupation have also gainedEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLDa breadth of vision and sympathy, insight and outlook, culture andphilosophy?I have spoken at length of these particular phases. of the educationaltask because of my own sense of their great importance and because ofmy feeling that we have not yet found the best way of dealing with them.But these few in fact represent a large class of questions which call forintensive study. It does not belong to me to suggest just how thisstudy shall be made; whether through more schools like the two of whichI have spoken, or through existing foundations which are already engagedto some extent in such work, or by the establishment of institutes ofeducational research, analogous to those institutes of medical and eco­nomic research which are already at work in those special fields. Butwhatever the precise method, I am persuaded that it belongs to all ofus who work in any part of the educational field to be interested in theunsolved problems of education, and as we can, by experimentationand reflection, to make our contribution to the solution of them.5. And this leads me in turn to another of those convictions whichmy experience and observations have led me to hold strongly: Educationin a democracy cannot be carried on to the best advantage either whollyby the state or wholly by voluntary agencies, but must be undertakenpartly by the state and partly by voluntary agencies. That the peoplein their corporate capacity, as a municipality, county, state, or nation,must bear a share in the work of education, none of us, I am sure, wouldquestion. Centuries ago China had a national system of education.Centuries ago she abandoned it and substituted for it a system of nationalexaminations, throwing upon private initiative the responsibility forproviding schools. The experiment did not work well and modern Chinahas been forced by her contact with the outside world to return to herpolicy of many centuries ago and establish a system of governmentschools. In England, where there still persists the feeling that educationis for the ruling class, the higher mind as my noble friend called it, therehas been a strong tendency to make all education except the lowest amatter of private foundation. But the growing democratic spirit hasmore and more demanded that even higher education should be providedat public cost, and forced the establishment of such universities as thoseof Liverpool, Leeds, and Birmingham. The Fisher Act of I9I8 repre­sents a most interesting attempt to combine the full assumption ofresponsibility for education by the nation with the conservation of privateinitiative.Fortunately for us in the United States, though we brought fromEngland the tradition that education is a matter for the church and216 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprivate individuals, rather than for the state or municipality, yet inNew England the responsibility of the whole people for the educationof all the youth was early recognized. Though successful efforts toestablish a public school system date only from about the fourth decadeof the last century, from that time on progress has been rapid, and todaythe public school system covers the country and is everywhere taken forgranted.Virginia founded what eventually became a state university in 1818;and when in 1837, the same year in which Horace Mann began hismemorable work as secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts,Michigan followed the example of Virginia and established a state uni­versity, the movement rapidly spread to all the western states.Yet it is also fortunate for us that the development of tax-supportedschools has not resulted in prohibiting, or in materially discouraging;private initiative. Religious denominations, often with more zeal thandiscretion, yet on the whole to the advantage of the country, have foundedschools, not only of theology, but of medicine and law, and expeciallycolleges and academies. Private individuals such as Ezra Cornell,Leland Stanford, John D. Rockefeller, and many others have givenmagnificent sums for the foundation of schools of various types. Eventhe schools founded and conducted on a business basis and yielding anincome to their managers have been a valuable addition to the educationalresources of the country.That there should have been a period of conflict and mutual jealousyon the part of the state universities and the denominational colleges wasbut natural. That the church college should have stigmatized the uni­versity as a godless institution, and the university criticized the collegefor its meager resources and inadequate curriculum and library, wasregrettable, but almost inevitable.That these criticisms have largely ceased and antagonism beenreplaced. by friendliness and co-operation is due partly to the fact thatconditions in both classes of schools have been greatly improved, butpartly also to a broader view of the task of education and a perception ofthe fact that each type of school has its own particular type of serviceto render and that each is better because of the existence of the other.Precisely what developments await us in the future, in the way of differ­entiation of function as between state and private school, or of assimila­tion, I do not undertake to predict; But the present outlook is that thecombined efforts of all the schools we possess will not avail to meet thelegitimate demand for education in this great democracy, and that theEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 2I7privately supported school, whether large or small, will always have itsown contribution to make to the education of the country. Autocracymay conceivably claim the right to control all education, to lay downthe curriculum, to prescribe the doctrines taught. Even in a democracythe tax-supported school tends to become standardized and cramped.The head of the school of education in a western state university hasrecently testified to the constraint which current public opinion imposesupon the members of the faculty; and standardization carried to aregrettable extent is almost unavoidable in the conduct of the publicschools ofa great city. The private school may in itself tend to becomearistocratic. But by its independence of overhead control, either demo­cratic or autocratic, it furnishes an element of variation from fixed typeand affords opportunity for freedom of experimentation that in the endcontributes greatly to the ends of a democracy. Not only by the trainingit gives to its pupils, but by the freedom which its management enjoys;it helps to make a people able wisely to govern themselves.As one enters the beautiful chapel of Williams College, engraved inthe stone one reads these words:Brethren, Alumni, Fellow Students, Fellow Citizens, we are assembled here to laythe corner-stone of an edifice that is to be sacred to the worship of Almighty God, tothe teaching of Christian Truth, and to the joyful meeting of man with man as sonsof the common Father of us all, an enduring symbol of the Democratic Catholic Faithof Williams College.In accepting this gift we declare anew our belief that an education in which thereligious element is ignored cannot produce the highest type of men, and we reassertthat the citizen whom the republic must have is the man who fears and loves God andkeeps his commandments.Here speaks the voice of American democracy-a word that we do wellto cherish along with those other utterances of democracy which havegone forth from our state universities.Nor is it in the United States only that it is recognized that the workof the state in education must be supplemented by that of voluntaryagencies. Even Japan, most imperialistic perhaps of all the countriesof the world, most disposed of all lands to keep a firm hand of govern­mental control up�n all her schools, has been compelled to permit the,establishment of private schools of various types. Conspicuous . amongthese for size and grade of work were the Waseda University, founded bythe well-known Marquis Okuma, the grand old man of Japan, and theKeiogijuku, both located in the imperial city of Tokyo, alongside theleading imperial university, and each having thousands of students.218 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBut more significant than the existence of these schools is theundoubted fact that in the last ten or twelve years there has been amarked change in the attitude of the government toward these and towardother non-government schools. It is undoubtedly due in part to theinfluence on public opinion of the thousands of men whom these schoolsand others like them have for years been pouring into the life of Japan.It is undoubtedly due in part to the rising tide of democratic feeling ingeneral-two facts which are themselves not unrelated. But what­ever the relation of cause and effect, these two things at least are true,that democratic feeling is far stronger in- Japan than it was twelve yearsago, and the Japanese government is far more favorable to privateactivity in education than it was. Almost all the restrictions and dis­abilities formerly imposed on non-government schools have been removed.By the testimony alike of government officials and educators and of theconductors of privately supported schools, the attitude of the govern­ment is rapidly changing from that of grudging toleration to one ofsympathy and encouragement. The Mumbisho, the imperial Boardof Education, is indeed still conservative, but it is almost the last fortressof the restrictive policy, and in reality no longer represents the nationin this matter.It is an interesting question what attitude Japan's neighbor, China,will take on this question. Having had first several centuries of ex­perience of tax-supported education, and then several centuries ofgovernment-controlled examinations, but privately and inadequatelysupported schools, in the new period of her educational history on whichshe is entering, what policy will she adopt? It has been asserted orassumed by influential students of education that she will follow Japan'sexample, or going still farther will virtually suppress all private schools,or at least all those of foreign origin. It is perhaps too early to saywhat the giant democracy, now half aroused, will do when she is fullyawake. But for myself I gravely doubt whether China, with her pre­dilection for private initiative, with her new enthusiasm for democracy,with her limited resources and unlimited need of education, will endeavorto discourage, still less forbid, private initiative. I believe she will followin the footsteps of Japan, but in those of the new democratic Japan, notof the old imperialistic Japan that is passing away. And what I antici­pate, I still more ardently hope for.For this I believe and hope will be one characteristic of educationin a democratic world, that it will be supported in part by government,which must always be responsible for seeing that adequate education isEDUCATION. IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 219provided, but in part also by private initiative, by individuals and bygroups who for the promotion of human welfare and the making of abetter world will supplement the work of the people through the govern­ment by their own gifts and activities. I fear the tyranny even of ademocratic government. Education, the source of our ideals, and thecreator of. our leaders, must not be too severely standardized. It mustbreathe the air of freedom, especially freedom of experimentation, andfreedom means variety of method and right of initiative.6. A sixth assertion I venture to make respecting education in ademocratic world: It must be international and world wide in its out­look and in its interest. We have been emphasizing the word democraticin our phrase" a democratic world." Let me emphasize for a moment theother element of the phrase. I t is a democratic world toward which weare moving-a world in which all democracies will be mutually related,in which, more and more they will have, and will be aware that they have,common interests. The civilization of the United States is mainly animportation from Europe. Our relations to Europe are close, intimate,vital. Whatever we may believe respecting the future" of EUrope, theday will never come when it will be a matter of indifference to us whathappens in Germany and France and England. Not only has theirhistory, past and current, lessons to teach us that we cannot afford toignore, but to a great extent our life is bound up with theirs.But it is not less certainly true that the center of the world's life ismoving westward. Westward the star of democracy, even more trulythat of empire, takes its course. What Rome once was, what Londonhas been, Washington is becoming. What the Mediterranean once was,what the Atlantic later became, the Pacific some day will be. The greatdemocracy of America cannot afford to be ignorant of what is happeningin Austria and the Balkan States, in Italy, France, Germany, and Eng­land. Nor can we any more afford to ignore the movements of life inthe great nations of Japan and China. If you have had the impressionthat these are inferior nations, whose mental caliber is less than ours andwhose influence can never be an important factor in the world's history,you will need radically to revise that impression. Henceforth we live ina world of democracies whose center of gravity is slowly but inevitablymoving westward, but the circumference of which will never be less thanthe circumference of the globe. East is east and west is west, but bothalike belong to our world. And because this is so the education of ademocracy must be international and world wide in its horizon.Enlightened self-interest demands it, but that which is more enlightened220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthan self-interest, the neighborly spirit, which must eventually controlnot only the relations of individuals and of families but of nations, de­mands it. The spirit of democracy, which for the selfish interest of aclass of the nation substitutes the welfare of all classes as the object ofendeavor, must, as the world becomes democratic, substitute internationalgood will and unselfishness for the narrow nationalism that thinks toachieve greatness and prosperity for one's own nation out of the disasterand miseries of another. The highest good of all nations is the highestobject of endeavor for every nation. The Golden Rule is as applicableto nations as to individuals. But a rational application of these principlesdemands that we know, and know intimately, conditions in other nationsthan our own, and that we take a sympathetic interest to say the leastin the education of other nations. The education of a democracy in aworld of democracies must be international in its outlook and in itssympathies.But I can imagine that some of you are now saying to yourselves,"But where is there place in the curriculum of our schools for all thiseducation which 'you are demanding?" I shall not attempt to answerthe question in detail, but it leads me to. my next affirmation.7. The education of a democracy cannot safely be limited to theperiod of youth, but must include systematic and organized effort forthe education of adults. And in saying this I do not refer merely orchiefly to education by the newspapers, or by the pulpit, or by Chau­tauquas and lyceum bureaus. All these are of great value. Butin the face of our responsibilities as a democracy in a world of democ­racies, there is need of adult education of a more systematic and inten­sive kind.In China, where only a fraction of the people can read but wheregreat problems of statecraft demand early solution, it is coming to beperceived that education of the youth only is too slow a process andreaches too small a fraction of the nation. The older people must learnat least to read, that it may be possible to bring political ideas to themthrough the printed page and the bulletin board. In England where thearistocratic idea of education has prevailed so long, where an amiableOxford don, a good friend of mine, said only a few years ago of the workdone at the Universities of Liverpool and Birmingham, "That is noteducation"-in England there has recently been inaugurated a movementfor giving to the people, adults of the working classes. the advantagesof the universities so far as practicable, and there has been discoveredan astonishing measure both of ability and of desire to make use of theseEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 22Iopportunities. Out of this local success there has grown a world­association for adult education. The conditions in this country are notidentical with those either of China or of England. But the need ofadult education is scarcely less than in England. The assembling of anarmy for the European war disclosed conditions of illiteracy that tomost of us were a great surprise. With our great mass of only partiallyassimilated and almost wholly uneducated immigrants, with our universalsuffrage, with our great responsibilities both for our own country andfor other lands, there is demanded a measure of education for adults farbeyond anything that we have attained or are providing for. Everyschool ought to be a radiating center of influence upon the communitythat surrounds it. Not only so, but definite efforts should be made toreach and educate all uneducated adults.I will not pause to discuss ways and means, or the part to be takenin this work by the state and by voluntary agencies, by the universityand the public school. I must content myself with pointing out thereality and the greatness of the need, and hasten on to my last proposition.8. In this whole process of the education of a democracy in a demo­cratic world, the university must assume a large measure of responsi­bility. I trust you observe that I do not claim for it the whole respon­sibility. I do not forget the public school and the many other educationalagencies. But I am sure that you will agree with me that there is apart of the task which must be cared for by the university or go undone.In an address on "The University and Democracy" which PresidentHarper delivered at the University of California in I899, deriving hisimagery from his own special studies, he affirmed that the universitymust be the prophet, priest, and sage of democracy. One phase only ofhis threefold thought I wish to emphasize. The university is the prophetof democracy. More than to any other institution or agency of ourAmerican life, it belongs to the university to produce the leaders ofthought and action-more than to the public school, more than to thechurch, more than to the halls of legislature. And democracy demands,must have leaders. For though in the democracy every man has hisvote, and it is the people who must finally accept or reject the policieswhich are proposed by the leaders, yet not even in a democracy are allthings on a level.There must be differentiation of function, there must be leaders whopropose and followers who decide whom and what they will follow.And to the university it falls more than to any other agency to producethe leaders. If it fail in this, if there be no men of vision and of wisdom,222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDno leaders but those who, with scant knowledge of past history and ofpresent conditions, are necessarily moved by considerations of the houror of their own class, the outlook for democracy is desperate indeed.But in the office of prophet and mother of the prophets the universityof today needs far wider vision than ever came to any Hebrew who fromhis retreat in the wilderness issued forth with his message of warning orof exhortation to his people.No physical mountain top will serve the need of the leader of a modernuniversity. For his vision must include all the nations of the world, asthe leaders whom the university must produce must lead a nation thatwill itself have world-wide relationships. He must have a conception ofthe great currents of the world's life, and escape if possible that bank­ruptcy which according to my friend, the historian, overtook the historiansof 1914. He must discern if possible what part this nation is to play andought to play in the drama of human life as it will be enacted on thestage of the world in the near future. He must perceive how the uni­versity can make its largest contribution to the life of America forAmerica's sake, and of the world for the world's sake. He must estimatethe particular part which his own university must take in the task,which is so great as to tax to the utmost the resources of all the uni­versities, and must weigh the relative value of different studies, depart­ments, and methods. Here as in all things history must be his instructor,but not traditionalism his arbiter. He must dare to be original, for theneeds of today are not those of yesterday, and those departments ofstudy and methods of education which are today our strength were, notmany years ago, unknown, or intruders admitted only on suspicion intothe ancient and honorable society of learning. With the wisdom of asage and scientist, with the courage of a prophet and a general, he mustorganize his forces, or find and marshal new ones, for the great task ofleading the thought and producing the leaders of thought and action ina great democracy in a democratic world.Yet the university can never limit itself even to this great task ofproducing great leaders. In a democracy, the university must itselfbreathe the atmosphere of democracy. It must keep itself ever in closetouch with the life of the people. Not to do so is not only 'to forego anopportunity of service too great to be neglected, but is seriously to marits efficiency in the production of the leaders of thought and action byrearing them in an atmosphere unfavorable to their best development.To maintain the balance as among recondite research into problems ofancient history and of modern sociology, of astronomy and biologyEDUCATION IN A DEMOCRATIC WORLD 223and physics, expeditions into distant lands to study their geology ortheir civilization, classroom instruction of undergraduates, the trainingof men for the professions of medicine, law, education, and the ministry,publication and public lecturing-this is assuredly a difficult problem.But for a university the solution is certainly not in the abandonmenteither of recondite research or of those forms of activity which bring itinto close contact with the life of the republic and the people of therepublic, but in discovering the best practicable proportion and relation­ship of all these elements. To achieve its purpose, the university mustkeep in close and sympathetic touch with the whole people and withall the currents of their life.Some of us who sit on this platform complete today thirty years ofservice in the University of Chicago, and look forward to a few moreyears of work on its staff. We have served under a Board of Trusteeswho have worthily followed the example of their president, who withsingular devotion and signal ability has through all these thirty yearsgiven his time and thought to the promotion of the interests of theUniversity. We have done �ur work under the inspiring leadership oftwo presidents of the University, both of whom have brought to theirtask wide vision and broad conceptions of the functions of the Universityin the heart of our democracy. In a remarkable degree they havecombined the courage of originality with a sense of the value of the teach­ings of the past, and the need of broad provision for the future. Theyhave dared to be original, to do new things; not less they have had thewisdom to build solidly for the future on the foundations of past experi­ence. We who have witnessed their work, who have shared in it from thebeginning, and rejoice' to have had a part in making the University whatit has become, believe in its future with even greater enthusiasm, ifpossible, than our younger colleagues, who will have a larger share than wein making that future. We look to see it fill its place among the uni­versities of the land and of the world. We expect it, on the broadfoundations already so firmly laid, to build yet more broadly and strongly.With a world-wide vision, with a firm conviction of the value of all truth,but of the supreme value of men, men of all colors, races, and nations, weexpect it increasingly to serve humanity in a world becoming increasinglyhumane and democratic.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTIDuring the Quarter just closed the University has had cause to sorrowmore than once in the loss by death from its circle.A gracious presence, the lack of which will be felt by all, was that ofMrs. Charles Hitchcock, the donor of Hitchcock Hall. She was notcontent with the beneficence which made the Hall possible, but alwayswas deeply interested in the life of the students who made their Uni­versity home under its roof. Her memory will be kept green by thecharming customs and comforts which she inaugurated for our youngmen.Albert M. Kales, scholar, author, legal practitioner of high repute,served the University most efficiently as Professorial Lecturer in theLaw School. His loss is one keenly felt by the Law School Facultypersonally as well as professionally.Thirty years ago on the first of October next the University of Chicagoopened its doors for instruction. On that day began the term, underappointment of the Board of Trustees at a meeting the previous June,of Rollin D. Salisbury as Professor of Geographic Geology. He becameDean of the Ogden Graduate School of Science in I899, Head of theDepartment of Geography in I903, and Head of the Department ofGeology in I9I9. A ripe scholar, an author of no mean repute in hisspecial field, an accomplished teacher, an able and wise administrator,his loss to the University is a heavy one. His genial personal qualitieshad endeared him to a wide circle of friends, within and without theUniversity. His death, on the fifteenth of August last, is felt as abereavement peculiarly distressing.We shall rise and remain standing a few moments in honor of Mrs.Charles Hitchcock, Albert M. Kales, and Rollin D. Sali�bury.THE SUMMER QUARTER OF 1922The Summer Quarter just closing has in many ways been mostsuccessful. The attendance has been the largest on record, reaching atotal of 6,474 students. Of this number upward of 4,000 are enrolledI Read at the One Hundred Twenty-sixth Convocation, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, September I, 1922.224THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 225in the Departments of Arts, Literature, and Science, and upward of2,000 in the Professional Schools. More than I,SOO are in the Collegeof Education. It is interesting to note, also, that there are 3,221 graduatestudents and 3,253 undergraduates. As the Quarter is in no sense aSummer School, but is a regular Quarter of the University year, it is feltby the authorities of the University that it is rendering a large service.At the same time all the Faculty appreciate the devotion and energywhich have brought here so large a body of mature men and women, andthose of exceptionally high quality. The University is glad to servethem in the advancement of their education, and is confident that the\ ideals and standards of the University of Chicago will be safe in theirhands.THE CONVOCATION ORATORThe University has often called on one of its own members to serveon these occasions, and has never had occasion for regret. There is nooccasion for regret today. Professor Burton has had occasion, at differ­ent times as head of a mission of inquiry in the Far East, for years aschairman of the Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Conven­tion, to study educational questions from many points of view. Hisconclusions are always entitled to respect, and are especially timely today.The University thanks him for his service at this Convocation.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretarySTANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARDAt the July meeting of the Board the following standing committeeswere appointed:Finance and Investment: Howard G. Grey, chairman; JuliusRosenwald.ivice-chairman; Charles L. Hutchinson, Martin A. Ryerson,Charles R. Holden.Buildings and Grounds: Charles L. Hutchinson, chairman; ThomasE. Donnelley, vice-chairman; Martin A. Ryerson, Charles R. Holden,Harold F. McCormick.Instruction and Equipment: Charles R. Holden, chairman; CharlesW. Gilkey, vice-chairman; Eli B. Felsenthal, Francis W. Parker, WilliamScott Bond.Press and Extension: Thomas E. Donnelley, chairman; Robert L.Scott, vice-chairman; Eli B. Felsenthal, Willard A. Smith, Albert W.Sherer.Audit and Securities: Robert L. Scott, chairman; Eli B. Felsenthal,vice-chairman; Wilber E. Post, William Scott Bond, Albert W. Sherer.TREVOR ARNETTMr. Trevor Arnett was elected Auditor of the University twenty-oneyears ago. Owing to the increasing pressure of his duties as member ofthe General Education Board and one of its secretaries, at the Maymeeting of the Board he expressed his desire not to be reappointed asAuditor of the University and also tendered his resignation as Trustee.After a month's delay the Trustees at the annual meeting elected Mr.Nathan C. Plimpton as Auditor and accepted Mr. Arnett's resignationas Trustee. Mr. Plimpton has been associated with Mr. Arnett duringthe greater part of the latter's connection with the University and forseveral years has been acting Auditor. In accepting Mr. Arnett'sresignation the Board adopted a formal expression of its high regard forhim in the course of which it was said:Mr. Arnett has been a part of the University from the day of his election untilthis, exemplifying an ever-increasing power of initiative, skill, and efficiency, withgrowing appreciation of the fundamentals of accounting, with an ever present tactful­ness. He possesses what may be described as accounting imagination, or auditinginsight ••.••226THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESHis logical, carefully prepared reports to the Board have made the University'saccounting system plain and its always changing financial condition crystal clear.Admirable has been the method of accounting which he developed, translucent hisreports. Indeed, his skill in diagnosing the anemia found in the system of altogethertoo many institutions of learning to whose aid he was called, his operations for theremoval of many a diseased financial appendix, inevitably led him to prescribe forsuffering colleges all over the land. No wonder then that his ability was discoveredand appreciated by the General Education Board and that he was elected a memberand one of its secretaries. The University regretfully releases him from the officehe has so wonderfully developed, and from the trust he has so faithfully fulfilled.The Board of Trustees desires to place in the annals of the institution this tributeto the Auditor who has so well served this University that he is now permitted toserve hundreds of universities. It expresses to him its high appreciation of his years ofwork in and for the University of Chicago and the regret that he leaves its service.MARTIN A. RYERSONAnnouncement was made in the July issue of the Record of theregretted retirement of Mr. Martin A. Ryerson from the presidency ofthe Board of Trustees. Public recognition of the remarkable service hehas rendered to the University will be given in the near future. Mean­while his fellow Trustees at the meeting of the Board 'held August 8,1922, adopted the following testimonial:Putting aside the allurements of a life of ease, to which his wealth invited him,Martin A. Ryerson; while still a young man, became President of the Board of Trusteesof. the University of Chicago. Immediately he seemed to catch the spirit of WilliamRainey Harper, and became his most efficient aid in the tremendous work of creatingand building up an institution which was to contribute its full share towards the spreadof knowledge among mankind.Martin A. Ryerson held the position of President of the Board of Trustees uninter­ruptedly for full thirty years. The knowledge and zeal which he brought to bearupon the work seemed ever to expand with the increasing importance of the laborwhich he had assumed. During all the years he gave to his duties unfailing attention.His sound judgment on all matters of business, his keen insight into the implicationsof every plan proposed, his exact knowledge of educational policies, his great taste inquestions of art as applied to architecture, as well as to all forms of beauty, his fullunderstanding of legal relations-these and other unusual qualities gave exceptionalvalue to the unstinted services which he rendered to the University. In the chairhis unfailing courtesy to all his fellow Trustees and his direct and effective method ofdisposing of business made the meetings of the Board a pleasure.The intimate relationship between President Ryerson and President Harper,during the period of Dr. Harper's connection with the University, enabled Mr. Ryersonto collaborate efficiently with President Judson upon his assumption of the presidency.His opinion on all questions met with unfailing respect. Taking pains never tointerfere with the educational administration of the University, yet his judgment onany educational question brought to the Board was of conclusive value in the eyes ofthe whole educational staff. His generous and wisely planned beneficences were ofinestimable help to the development of the Umversity. Under his wise administration228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe institution grew from its small but ambitious beginning in 1892 to be one of the fore­most in the land-equal to any as an educational force, equaled by few in adding tohuman knowledge by research.President Ryerson has made a distinct contribution to the cause of human knowl­edge by the distinguished service which he has rendered, and in recognition thereofthe Board of Trustees ofthe University of Chicago takes this opportunity of expressingregret that its honored President thinks it best no longer to continue in the officewhich he has held nearly a third of a century, and places on record this tribute of respect,of gratitude, and of the personal affection which its members entertain for him.ANDREW MAcLEISHAt the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, Mr. Andrew Mac­Leish, who has for years served as its first vice-president, declinedre-election to this position. Fortunately he remains a member of theBoard. At a subsequent meeting the Trustees adopted the followingtestimonial to his service and his character:The Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago has always been more than acorporation organized under the laws of the state of Illinois. It has been, and is,not only a body of men actuated by a sincere desire" to furnish opportunities for alldepartments of higher education to persons of both sexes on equal terms," but it isa group of trustees characterized by a compelling spirit of co-operation and boundtogether by lasting ties of friendship.One noteworthy example of this admirable spirit and of qualities attractingfriendship is found in the man who for twenty-seven years served as First Vice-Presidentof the Board, Andrew MacLeish. For this long period Mr. MacLeish, during theabsences of the President, occupied the chair and performed the executive duties ofthe office. His eminent fairness, his courtesy and his charm of manner made theoccasions when he presided much more than business functions.He has been a constant attendant upon meetings, conferences and convocations;he has carried the University in his heart; he has provided a liberal sum for the con­struction of a building which some day will serve as a continual reminder of the manand his deeds-our friend and colleague, Andrew MacLeish.Now that he feels that he must not longer continue to serve as First Vice­President, his fellow Trustees here convey to him their heartiest words of appreciationand affection and record in the minutes of their meetings this expression of theirgratitude for all he has contributed to the University of service, of devotion, of finan­cial support.The Trustees not only assure him of their gratitude for what he has done, butrejoice that he is still among them exemplifying monthly his fipe experience, withhelpfulness even in his presence at their meetings. We trust he may long continue togive the University the benefit of that fund of knowledge of its earlier history he hasaccumulated while he aids in carrying the new responsibilities which the passing yearsproduce.MEMORIAL OF ADOLPHUS C. BARTLETTMr. Adolphus C. Bartlett, Trustee of the University since June 26,I900, died on May 30,1922. At the meeting of the Board held August 8,2291922, the Trustees placed on record the following words of appreci­ation: THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESAdolphus Clay Bartlett was a Trustee of the University of Chicago from I900until his death in I922. One of the earliest trustees, he gave of his ripe business experi­ence to the institution as a labor of love. Long chairman of the Finance Committeehe was one of the wisest advisers in the many investments of trust funds. From hissorrow at the death of a loved son in the midst of a college course, he realized keenlythe needs of student life, and provided a large fund for the erection of the FrankDickinson Bartlett Gymnasium-a building which has already been endeared to succes­sive generations of our youth.A man of large experience of life, rising by his own native energy and ability tobecome one of the most eminent citizens of Chicago, a genial companion, a sterlingfriend, his loss will be felt deeply in the whole community, and especially in the councilsof the University.DEATH OF MRS. ANNIE HITCHCOCKMrs. Annie Hitchcock, who provided the funds with which to buildCharles Hitchcock Hall as a memorial to her husband, died at Berea,Kentucky, on June 29, 1922. The minutes of the Board of Trustees forthe meeting of July II, 1922, contain the following tribute to her memory:Mrs. Hitchcock was a loyal friend of the University for many years. In January,I900, she conveyed to the University property worth $250,000. Upon the basis ofthis liberal gift Charles Hitchcock Hall, a dormitory for men students, was constructed,which has continuously housed some ninety students to whose happiness and comfortMrs. Hitchcock has ministered with tireless devotion. In this Hall the Universitypreachers from time to time have lived in rooms where she placed the rare old furniturebrought from her eastern home in the days when Chicago was a mere village. Thebeautiful library she provided with books, paintings and brio-a-brae. The entire build­ing has been a veritable home for many hundreds of students whose lives have beenmade better, whose days at the University have been made memorable by the thought­fulness, the care, the generosity which she bestowed, while her love for her husband,in his day one of Chicago's foremost lawyers, has been and is perpetuated in thislasting memorial. It is fitting to place in the permanent records of the Board ofTrustees this recognition of Mrs. Hitchcock's graciousness and liberality.MEMORIAL OF MRS. ANN H. SWIFTThe following memorial of Mrs. Ann H. Swift, mother of Mr. HaroldH. Swift, President of the Board of Trustees, and herself a generousfriend of the University, was recently adopted by the Trustees:Ann Higgins Swift, the widow of Gustavus Franklin Swift, represented in the lifeof Chicago and of our nation the highest ideals of its womanhood. In her family, in herchurch, and in movements for local and national welfare she possessed and generouslyexercised thoughtfulness, thoroughness, and breadth of sympathy in the fullest meas­ure. Generous and varied as were the time, attention and donations which she devotedto causes that come within public knowledge, her sympathy and assistance wereextended in even more varied and generous measure in private benefactions.23° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMrs. Swift was born at Eastham, Mass., August 13, 1843. Her father wasJoshua Higgins; her mother, Maria Holmes Cobb Higgins. At the age of eighteen,she was married to Gustavus F. Swift, of Barnstable, one of the neighboring villages.In 1872, the family, which now numbered six, moved to Chicago, taking up residenceon the South Side close to the location of those great enterprises which have been Mr.Swift's contribution to the resources of our nation. During the years that followed,the family increased to nine children+-seven boys and two girls-and the family lifewas exceedingly happy. Devoted as she was to the rearing of her children, Mrs.Swift found time even in eventful days for those altruistic services in the communitywhich characterized her entire later life.On March 29, 1903, Gustavus F. Swift, founder of a great industry, husband andfather, passed out of Mrs. Swift's life, leaving her the possession of the priceless heritageof a name famous for accomplishment and integrity.Mrs. Swift died May 19, 1922, at the age of seventy-nine years, surviving herhusband nineteen years.The University of Chicago has not only had in generous measure her advice,counsel and well considered gifts, but has in the service of her son, Harold H. Swift,another cause of grateful remembrance of her strong influence. The testimony of hervaluation of religious education, perpetuated in the benefactions with which her namewill always be connected, will give an inspiration to future generations, enhancingthe value of the provision made for their education. In her passing on, the Universityof Chicago has parted with a most valued adviser and supporter, and the city and nationhave transferred her name from the list of those to be relied upon for active citizenshipto those of esteemed memory.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to the reappointments the following appointments havebeen made by the Board of Trustees:William Francis Gray Swann, Professor in the Department ofPhysics. Service to begin with the Summer Quarter, I923.Martin Hanke, Instructor in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry.John W. Coulter, Instructor in the Department of Geography.Harvey C. Daines, Instructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration.L. E. Garwood, Lecturer in the Department of Political Economy.Lillian Stevenson, Teacher of Home Economics in the LaboratorySchools of the School of Education.Miss M. Erskin Jones, Teacher in the University High School.Robert Woellner, Teacher of Manual Training in the UniversityHigh School.Inez de Parisot, Teacher in the University High School.Henry C. Parker, Research Fellow in the Department of Chemistry.Sara E. Branham, Associate in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 231PROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties, by action of the Board ofTrustees, have received a promotion in rank:Assistant Professor P. G. Mode to an associate professorship in theDivinity School.Lecturer Albert S. Keister to an assistant professorship in the Schoolof Commerce and Administration.Lecturer Edward A. Duddy to an assistant professorship in theSchool of Commerce and Administration.Assistant Professor J. R. Hulbert to an associate professorship inthe Department of English.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignation of the followingmembers of the Faculties:Chester F. Lay, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Adminis­tration and of Social Service Administration. Mr. Lay becomes professorand head of the Department of Commerce at Robert College,Constantinople.F. V. Sander, Instructor in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry.H. T. Fultz, Teacher in the University High School.J. E. Conn, Teacher in the University High School.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to Professor John M. Clark forthe Spring Quarter, I923. He has been invited to lecture in the LelandStanford Junior University during that period.Professor Walter Sargent has been granted leave of absence untilthe Spring Quarter, I923.ATTENDANCE DURING THE SUMMER QUARTERThe President of the University reported to the Board of Trusteesthat the Summer Quarter which closed the first day of September keptup the large gain of I92I and went even a trifle beyond it. The totalattendance for the entire quarter was 6,470 as against 6,452 for thesummer of I92I, and 5,409 in I920. The attendance in the first termwas 5,632 and in the second term 4,3I4. It should be noted that ofthe total number of different students of the quarter 3,I2I were graduatesand 3,249 were undergraduates.232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMISCELLANEOUSIn the agreement between the University and the late Mrs. AnnieHitchcock there was provided a fund of $25,000 to endow a fellowshipdesignated as the Daniel L. Shorey Traveling Fellowship in Greek.By the death of Mrs. Hitchcock the income from this fund now becomesavailable and the Fellow will be appointed for the coming year.Extensive alterations are being made upon the Physiology Building,Belfield Hall of the School of Education, and the Power Plant.The old building of the Quadrangle-Club, at the corner of UniversityAvenue and Fifty-eighth Street, after the Club moves to its new quarterssoon to be completed, will be used to house the School of Commerceand Administration.There was expended by the University during the fiscal year endedJune 30, 1922, for all educational purposes iricluding athletics,$3,374,083.43, an increase over the year 1920-21 of $I42,866.65. TheUniversity received for all educational purposes during the year endedJune 30, 1922, $3,376,°76.48.Of the total receipts of the University during the year ended June30, 1922, about 40 per cent came from invested funds, 44 per cent fromstudent fees, and the remainder from miscellaneous sources.Of the University's total expenditures for educational purposes,44 per cent was for instruction, 13 per cent for maintenance of buildingsand grounds, 13 per cent for educational and library administration,4 per cent for business administration, and the remainder for variousother purposes.The total amount of gifts received by the University during the lastfiscal year was $329,73°.72.An appropriation has been made to provide additional stands onStagg Field.By the will of Mrs. G. F. Swift the University will receive $IOO,OOOas a permanent fund, the income of which is to be annually applied toand used in the Department of Theology or in promoting or maintainingany theological work which may be carried on by the University.MARTIN A. RYERSONBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDThe retirement of Martin A. Ryerson from the presidency of theBoard of Trustees came to those most interested in the University, notmerely as a surprise, but as a serious shock. He has rendered suchdistinguished service and seemed so essential still that they had notconceived his retirement possible for years to come. It is one of theimportant events in the history of the University. It marks the end ofan era-that of the beginnings of things. His presidency has extendedover the formative -period of the University's life. During his primacyeverything has come into being and taken shape. He has been one ofthe great forces that have guided the infant steps and molded the develop­ing youth' of the institution. His. successor finds it grown to maturitywith its policies established, .its character determined and its futureassured-one of the great universities of the world.Mr. Ryerson was one of the original trustees named in the Articlesof Incorporation in r890. He was a young man, only 33 years old.He was abroad when the list of trustees was prepared. But such washis reputation and standing that, in his absence, his name was includedin the first board of trustees and at the first meeting of that body, July9, r890, he was elected vice-president. As the president, E. NelsonBlake, lived in Massachusetts, Mr. Ryerson has been practically thepresident from the beginning. He filled the position of vice-presidentwith such intelligence and efficiency that two years later he wasadvanced with acclamation to the presidency and for thirty years hasbeen annually re-elected by the same enthusiastic choice of his fellowtrustees.Having been from the first a man of large wealth he has alwaysfound it necessary to maintain a business office. He has been a directorof two great banks and of a large manufacturing corporation, but he hasrefrained from carrying on any business of his own for the accumulationof greater wealth. He has chosen instead to devote himself to thepublic service. That has been the business of his life. In followingit he has been president of the Board of Trustees of the University, vice­president of the Art Institute of Chicago, and of the Field Museum ofNatural History, trustee of the Carnegie Institution, Washington, and233234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the O. S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, Chicago, member of theRockefeller Foundation, and director of the Chicago Orphan Asylum.He has made the service of these and other public welfare institutionsthe business of his life. And among them all his chief service has beengiven to the University of Chicago.To those who know Mr. Ryerson and the extraordinary characterand extent of the service he has rendered the University what I have tosay will not in any way resemble eulogy, but will seem to be a veryinadequate appreciation.He is one of those exceptional men who seem to be raised up fromtime to time especially equipped to do a great public service. It maybe doubted whether an institution of learning has ever been more fortu­nate in the president of its Board of Trustees. Thirty-two years ago,when Mr. Ryerson was a young man, and the structure of the Uni­versity's life was to be built from the foundation stone up, he was singu­larly fitted for that position, as, indeed, he still is after a generation haspassed and conditions have so vastly changed. 'In 1890 he had all the powers of initiative and courage required forbeginning and developing a great enterprise. To begin with, he was aman of scholarly instincts, a student with a cultivated mind and wideinformation and entered with sympathy and full understanding into thoselarge educational plans with which the new University initiated itswork. From that day to this he has maintained intimate and intelligentrelations with its scholastic life. President Harper, President Judson,the trustees and the professors, were quick to recognize the value of hisopinions on the character and scope of its work and the educational sideof the University's development has been powerfully influenced by hisenligh tened views.Before 1890 Mr. Ryerson had traveled widely and observed intel­ligently. He was a student of art and architecture and was familiarwith the buildings of the best universities in our own country and abroad.He was thus peculiarly fitted for the dominating influence he has exercisedin conceiving and directing the University'S building program. Thefirst building designed was very plain Romanesque. Mr. Ryerson hadgiven much thought to the style of architecture to be adopted and hadconcluded that it ought to be late English Gothic. Mr. Hutchinsonagreed with him and together, early in June, 1891, they called on thearchitect and said to him, "If you were to make an absolutely. inde­pendent choice as to the style of the buildings, what would it be?"lC Oh," said he, "I should prefer the very latest English Gothic."MARTIN. A. RYERSON 235"Well," said Mr. Hutchinson, "I guess our mission is accomplished."And the style of the buildings became late.English Gothic.One of the most important questions of that day related to thematerial for the exterior walls of the buildings. Should it be stone orbrick and if stone which kind out of the many proposed? On November16, 1891, Mr. Ryerson submitted a report, written by himself, in whichhe. said, "Your committee make the following recommendation . . . .that blue Bedford Stone be adopted as the material for the erection ofthe buildings." It was a most happy choice. The material improveswith .the lapse of time and adds greatly to the attractiveness of theUniversity group.In nothing has Mr. Ryerson's influence been more pronouncedthan in the arrangement of the buildings into that unity which has beenso much admired. No building has even been located without his serious'consideration and approval. It was in connection with this part of hisservice that Dr. Harper said as early as 1894, "No man can estimatewhat he has done for the University, what he has been to the University."That was in the beginning of the institution's architectural development.Mr. Ryerson has devoted time and study to the plans of everyone of themore than forty buildings already erected and of a dozen more awaitingconstruction. Every architect has recognized the fulness of his knowledge,the correctness of his taste and the authority belonging, because of theirintrinsic weight, to his opinions. Every building is in part his creation.With its magnificent educational plans and its comparatively insig­nificant initial resources the young University needed imperatively aman of eminent wisdom and ability to mark out and guide its businesspolicies. This man it found in Mr. Ryerson. Having a thoroughknowledge of accounting and business abilities of the highest order, hemade himself from the outset perfectly acquainted with its finances and,as the first million dollars of assets grew to fifty million, its operationsmore extended and its business affairs more and more complex, hiscomprehension of the entire financial condition, in detail and in the large,continued to be as complete as it was at the beginning.The duties of the president of a board of trustees are often merelynominal, consisting for the most part of presiding at an annual andperhaps semi-annual meeting. It is not so in the University of Chicago.Its board of trustees meets regularly every month and sometimes twoor three times a month. It has five standing committees and the presi­dent is a member of all of them. He is frequently made a member of aspecial committee and usually its chairman.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. Ryerson, from the first, has taken his duties most seriously,made it his business to understand every department of the University'slife and has devoted his abilities, so manifold and remarkable, to advan ..cing its welfare. His interest and helpful activities have extended toevery part of its life. He has been the close confidant and trustedadviser of both President Harper and President Judson. His fellowtrustees have had such confidence in his wide knowledge and practicalwisdom that his opinion and advice, always quietly and modestly ex­pressed, have had with them almost the weight of authority. Their actionon the multiform and often most perplexing questions they have had todecide has been, as a rule, unanimous. This unanimity has been duein a very large measure to the fine spirit and practical wisdom of PresidentRyerson. He has been a perfect presiding officer, giving the fullestopportunity for the expression of opinion, quick to discern whenunanimity had been reached and carrying forward the business of theboard with just the proper amount of dispatch, without haste and yetwithout delay. The trustees have been men of independent viewswhich they were always ready to express, but they will agree that in thistribute to Mr. Ryerson, as a presiding officer, I speak with moderation.But the marvel of Mr. Ryerson has not been that he had exceptionalgifts in a few directions, but his rare combination of abilities and widerange of accomplishments. He has been equally at home presiding atthe meetings of the board, discussing questions ... of educational policy,consulting with architects over the plans and specifications of newbuildings, dealing with builders in closing contracts for construction,considering with the committee on finance the investment of the some­times rapidly increasing funds, conferring with and advising the businessmanager, going over with the auditor the methods of accounting and withhim perfecting the University's model system of accounts and workingwith the budget committee in making out the annual estimate of receiptsand expenditures. In all these diverse and complicated matters, oftendealing with millions of dollars, he has shown such understanding andmastery of all sorts of affairs as to make his services of incomparablevalue.I do not forget either the magnitude or the timeliness of Mr. Ryerson'sbenefactions. They have been not only great, but so timed as often todouble their value.When the first enlargement of the campus took place, in I89I, and$40,000 was required to consummate the purchase of the fourth blockof ground it was his check for $25,000 that made this payment possible.MARTIN A. RYERSON 237In r892 the University undertook what seemed to many the impos­sible task of raising a million dollars in ninety days. Mr. Ryerson wasabroad, but, keeping in close touch with the progress of the effort, atthe opportune moment he wired a contribution of $r50,000 to assurethe success of the great undertaking, and the success came.In r893 he made a subscription of $roo,ooo to meet the" exceptionalexpenses of organization and the pressing demands for general improve­ments and equipment." The pledge was made on condition thatadditional subscriptions of $490,000 should be secured from responsiblepersons. This conditional p1edge final1y brought in over $1,100,000.But long before the conditions were fulfilled he had put his $IOO,OOOinto the treasury.In 1901-2 he gave the University nearly half a block of groundadjacent to the original campus, now covered in part by the RickettsLaboratory on Ellis Avenue.The Ryerson Physical Laboratory, built in 1893-94 as a memorialto his father, Mr. Martin Ryerson, cost the son, with its equipment,more than $200,000.His intimate knowledge of and deep interest in the work of thedepartment of Physics, which has gained such extraordinary distinction,led him in 1910 to build the Annex to the Laboratory. In this he wasentirely self moved and he expended on it about the same amount theoriginal Laboratory had cost seventeen years before.In 19r7, when the fund for the establishment of the Medical Schoolof the University was secured, be made a contribution of $250,000.These are Mr. Ryerson's greatest contributions in buildings andmoney. But his gifts have flowed into the University in an unfailingstream from the beginning. Perhaps there has never been a yearunmarked by gifts from him. Most, if not all, have been made withoutsolicitation because of his intimate acquaintance with the needs of theinstitution. He has given continuously where and when giving woulddo the most good. Many of his contributions have not gone throughthe treasury. His contributions of all kinds aggregate I should suppose$900,000, if they do not approximate $r ,000,000. They have madehim one of the University's great benefactors. Timed or conditioned asthey have been they have brought other millions into the treasurywith them.This extraordinary succession of gifts of money, buildings, books,and collections has often seemed one of the indispensable factors inbuilding the University into greatness.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBut I count as beyond all valuation the personality of the man,his high character, his standing in the business world, commanding theconfidence of large givers in the wise management of the University'saffairs, his financial knowledge, his business insight and sagacity, hisarchitectural taste and skill, his high educational ideals, his compre­hensive views combined with his grasp of details, his conservative andyet progressive policy and his enlightened and whole-hearted devotionto the University's service. The trusted adviser of President Harperand President Judson, the Board of Trustees have, at the same time,held him in the highest honor and the warmest affection. He has beenrelied upon with perfect confidence by the Founder of the University,and has been a tower of strength for the institution in the businessworld of Chicago.After thirty-two years of service, Mr. Ryerson, at the last annualmeeting of the trustees, retired from the presidency of the board. Indeclining to permit the nominating committee to present his name forre-election, he said, among other things, "I can truly say that nothingconnected with public service has afforded me more pleasure than thehonor conferred upon me in this way year after year and it would grieveme to have it thought for one moment that this decision of mine indicatesany lessening of my interest in the University or my appreciation of theprivilege it gives me of close association with the men who constituteits board of trustees."Mr. Ryerson remains a trustee of the University. It will continueto receive from him the same enlightened service he has freely renderedthrough so many years. His character and abilities will give him thesame unique influence among his fellow trustees he has so long com­manded, and he has, we may believe, many years of service before him.I venture to repeat to him what he said to me on my retirement tenyears ago, "You will yet do greater service to the University than youhave done in the past."Repeating what Dr. Harper said of him at the dedication of thePhysical Laboratory, "No man can estimate what Mr. Ryerson has donefor the University, what he has been to the University," I will add to it,"and what he will be to the University in years to come."A more facile pen than mine will sometime try to tell the story.Portrait by Ralph ClarksonROLLIN D. SALISBURYROLLIN D. SALISBURYDean Rollin D. Salisbury was stricken with coronary thrombosis onMay 3r, and was removed the next day to the Presbyterian Hospital fortreatment. For a time he rallied, but on the fifteenth of August, at6:30 P.M., he passed away. His niece, Miss Helen L. Drew, of RockfordCollege, was with him from June 3 until his death, and for a part of thattime his sister, Mrs. J. M. Drew, of St. Paul, was at his bedside.The funeral services were held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at3 :00 P.M., Friday, August r8. The honorary pallbearers in attendancewere: Martin A. Ryerson, Thomas C. Chamberlin, George E. Vincent,Charles L. Hutchinson, Julius Rosenwald, Wallace Heckman, John M.Coulter, and Floyd R. Mechem. Others who were unable to attend were:President Harry Pratt Judson, Albion W. Small, W. W. Atwood, James R.Angell, Harold H. Swift, James Parker Hall, and Albert A. Michelson.The active pallbearers were: Marvin Pool, Thomas E. Donnelley, HarlanH. Barrows, Rollin T. Chamberlin, Henry G. Gale, C. S. Pellet, RobertS. Platt, and Wellington D. Jones. President M. A. Brannon of BeloitCollege, and the Chicago trustees of Beloit attended the services inrecognition of Dean Salisbury's connection with Beloit; they wereCharles H. Morse, Jr., R. W. Childs, W. B. Hale, Frank G. Logan, C. S.Pellet, and W. A. Strong. John V. Norcross accompanied them torepresent his brother, Frederick Norcross, a member of the Beloit board.Representatives of the Chicago Society for Visual Education were alsopresent. The platform and casket were beautifully banked with flowers.From 2 :30 until nearly 3 :00 o'clock appropriate music was played onthe Alice Freeman Palmer Chimes. As the bearers entered MandelHall, Chopin's "Funeral March" was played on the organ. ProfessorGerald Birney Smith pronounced the invocation. The hymn, "Still,Still with Thee," followed on the organ. Professor Smith read a medita­tion composed of appropriate selections from the Bible and modernliterature. Associate Professor Edward Scribner Ames then made theaddress, which is printed below. Professor Smith offered prayer, andafter another hymn on the organ, pronounced the benediction.The interment was at Oakwoods Cemetery, where Professor Smithoffered prayer and pronounced the benediction. The day was a beautifulone, and an intense solemnity characterized the simple services.239THE UNIVERSITr RECORDPROFESSOR AMES'S ADDRESSThe death of Professor Salisbury has brought very deep sorrow tothe University, to the city, and to a world-wide circle of students andscientific confreres. There will be other occasions when his work and hislife will be more adequately reviewed. We are drawn together thisafternoon by a very human sense of bereavement and affection. Ourhearts feel the old, irresistible amazement which death always bringswhen it strikes close home. It sets thought running toward the greatquestions of the meaning and the destiny of human life and it binds in astrange bond of fellow-feeling all who stand in its presence.The University has lost one of her greatest spirits, one who has beena constructive and determining influence in its life from the beginning.President Judson, unable to be here today, has sent this message:"Express my grief and profound appreciation of his character and valuedservice to the University." The President and several trustees of BeloitCollege, by their presence with us, attest their enduring esteem and affec­tion for this distinguished alumnus and member of the faculty. Thethirty years since he taught there have not worn nor dimmed his memoryamong his old students and associates. There are also present repre­sentatives of scientific societies which owe him much and there are hereindividuals, young people, neighbors, chance friends made by incidentsof travel or business or recreation who feel a keen personal loss.But we are united also in the hush and wonder of this moment bythe sense of contemplating a profoundly comforting and elevatingspectacle-a long life whose singleness of purpose is rounded out withrare achievements and by generous and unselfish contributions to thelife of mankind through devotion to practical, yet very high, ideals.His life has covered the marvelous period of modern science, the govern­ing idea of which was made articulate for the first time in 1859 by thepublication of Darwin's Origin of Species. In the sixty-four years ofhis life the whole earth, including man himself, has become new. Heloved to lecture on the origin of the earth and especially to interpret inan untechnical way, as he could do so successfully, for popular audiences,the strange fascinating story which his own studies had helped to create ..In the quiet of his study he had made contributions toward reshapingthe thought of mankind with reference to the life-history of our planetbut he could not be content to rest in that knowledge for himself. Withan enthusiasm, energy, and intellectual precision of the greatest intensityhe has shared his knowledge with students and with the world as if hewere the apostle of a new and exceedingly precious gospel. In one ofROLLIN D. SALISBURY 241his published papers concerning the field of the sciences of geology andgeography he said of the latter: "It is actuated by the high motives ofall science, one of which is the desire for truth for its own sake; but evenmore it is actuated by the desire to render its truth serviceable tomankind."In this hour, whatever the measure of our admiration for ProfessorSalisbury's devotion to science for its own sake, and this in all fairnessmust be very great, we prize peculiarly the unmistakable signs of hisappreciation of the practical, and what he himself called the spiritual,value of science.In one of these passages he wrote; "One of the great lessons whichthe world needs most to learn is that progress comes from cumulative. achievement. If every individual could be made to realize that even histiny contribution to the sum of useful work is really moving the worldalong, it would add grandeur to life and dignity to all human endeavor.This is the frame of mind that should be developed in every youngperson, and cultivated till it becomes a habit." "Where," he adds, "canthis be done better than in connection with such a subject as geology,where the stupendous results of processes, which day by day seem insig­nificant, are constantly under consideration."He was not blind to the moral and the aesthetic values of his favoritesciences. The following words came from a soul in whose depths, how­ever seldom expressed, brooded a sensitive appreciation of the idealimplications of science. "To many men," he remarked, "mountains areas inspiring, as uplifting, as soul-stirring, as great essays or great poemsare to others." He observed the effect of mountains on students livingamong them, feeling for the first time their influence. And he wrote:"I have seen, or thought I saw, how littlenesses and meannesses dropaway and how the nobler qualities come to the fore." The prairies, too,through his scientific understanding of them gave him uplift of spirit."If there are those who think the landscape of an unrelieved tract likethat about Chicago unlovely, I think this feeling would be changed com­pletely if the grand march of events which has made that surface whatit is were understood. When men belittle the attractiveness of the levelprairie they advertise their ignorance.".There were thus two sides to the character of this man who was sogreatly admired and respected for his scientific work and so fondly lovedfor his mellow soul within. Sometimes for all his acquaintances, andquite relentlessly and persistently for many, his preoccupied, absorbeddevotion to his sciences secluded and buried out of sight his inmostTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDheart. But most persons about him knew it was there. His studentswere especially quick to discover it though they' knew well enough thatthey could not presume upon it. It was one great source of their affec­tion for him. They had the conviction that however strict and exactinghe might be yet there was nothing of the pedant or the martinet abouthim. All acclaim him as one of the greatest teachers of his time. Hepossessed accurate and thorough knowledge himself and spent himselfunreservedly to share it with his students. They would all agree thathis courses were heavy but also that there was no waste in them, nothingsuperfluous or academically formal. He cultivated the problem-methodof teaching. Instead of set lectures, or routine recitations, it was hisdelight to make students think, to stand on their own feet, and to workout in a first-hand grapple with the facts the laws and the implications ofthe facts considered. He aimed to fulfil himself the ideal which he setbefore those whom he trained to teach,-not to present a matter so that itcan be understood, but so that it cannot be misunderstood. And manya student after a ready but vague and perhaps memorized recitation wasroused to more serious and fruitful thought by being told that what hehad said was "perfectly true, perfectly general, and perfectly meaning­less." He conducted his instruction for the superior students and forthose who would give themselves heart and soul as he did to the questfor knowledge. It was part of his idealism, of his respect for life, of hisfaith that men may accomplish much in this world but only by diligenceand zeal. The consequence is that he has sent an amazing number ofmost competently trained men into high positions. Those who have theresponsibility for choosing men to fill important places in his sciencesknow that the men he trained may be depended upon. About one-thirdof all the state geologists in this country were his students. And literallyscores have gone from his classroom and from the Ogden School ofScience, of which he was so long the Dean, into university and collegechairs and into practical life as experts in all countries and quarters ofthe globe. All of these men he sought not merely to make efficient asscientists, though he recognized that as his first duty, but he felt that ifthey were properly trained they would also have wider vision. He said:"I believe it to be fundamentally important that young people shouldbe led to see visions and be inspired by the allurements of future develop­ments." He felt that these earth sciences implied great possibilities forbetter social and international relations over the earth. Viewing thelife of different races and communities in relation to the conditions oftheir environment would provide a scientific basis for understandingROLLIN D. SALISBURY 243many of their present limitations and of their future possibilities. Suchan understanding would provide at least one indispensable condition ofgenuine sympathy and of effective co-operation. It must have been asource of satisfaction to him to reflect on the fact that his own studentsare now scattered over the world and have the power to count for somuch in preparing the way to better things by that "cumulativeachievement" which is the sum of useful work through the tiny contribu­tions of individuals.The letters and the telegrams which are pouring in from these menshow that they were not oblivious of the idealism and the friendliness ofhis heart. One writes: "He has had a wonderful influence on my life.I feel richer for having his friendship and interest ..... " Another wires,"He was a great teacher, a wise counselor, and a sympathetic friend."Those who knew him only in his professional life, as scientist oradministrator, might be set over against others who knew him only orchiefly as a friend, but only those who knew both qualities of his lifecould properly appraise his character. It may be that he sometimesdistrusted his emotional nature but there were some relations in whichhe gave it freedom. One was in his love of children. It is said he couldscarcely pass a child on the street without some sign of friendliness ifnothing more than to snap his fingers with a gesture of kindly recognition.And he made such companions of some of t he neighbors' children thatthey would lie in wait for him on the street hoping that he would stop toplay. And when they could have him in their homes he would tell themmost charming stories and devise entertainment of the most unexpectedkinds. It is a fine tribute to his capacity for lasting friendship with theyoung that last year when one of these child friends who had grown upand was to have a coming-out party was asked whom she would likemost to invite, said at once, "Why, Professor Salisbury."It was this mood of open cordiality and resourceful kindliness whichcreated wonderful occasions in his own home, often on Sunday evenings,for a few favorite students. He loved to get the supper himself or atleast to sit at table, with a chafing dish at hand, and prepare somefavorite course. The astonishment of guests who first saw him in sucha role, especially when they were his students, revealed to him in anamusing way the widely different impressions his contrasted moodscould make. It was in these intimate hours that the bonds of personalloyalties and devotion were wrought. The spell of such hours comesback today to the hearts who have felt it and intensifies the sorrowand the sense of inexpressible personal loss. It is the knowledge that he244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas capable of such affection and that he could be so delightfully humanwhich fills this hour with peculiar tenderness and pathos. It contributesto a more adequate understanding. It helps us to see that frequently thesimple things he did, though in a characteristically off-hand manner,carried at the time the impulse of a very gentle and lovable nature.The same gentleness which flowed out to little children and to hisfavorite students expressed itself in his love of flowers and in his skill asa gardener. He knew how to arrange flowers about the house withtaste and feeling. He planned their gardens for some of his friends justsetting about housekeeping. He kept his own garden with affectionatedevotion when he could have one.The questions about Professor Salisbury's attitude toward religionare answered in what has been said about his idealism, his love of science'for the sake of the truth itself, and for the service it can render, and aboutthe inner tenderness and human sympathy of his great heart. He wasnot religious in an institutional way, but he never spoke lightly of itsfaith or its work. On occasion he went and spoke in the Divinity SchoolChapel or before some organization in one of the neighborhood churches.He very seldom spoke about religion in conversation. Indeed the surestindication of his respect for it may be said to appear in the fact that he saidnothing against it. His attitude may have been due to that characteristicreticence which withheld so much of his inner emotion and deeper feelingfrom other persons. But it may well be that the silence of so great ascientist about religion is due also to the fact that he lived in a transitionage in which the religious values of the new order are still largely implicit.To a great extent the ideals of religion are couched in a vocabulary of thepre-scientific age, and the terms of the new sciences, which carry convic­tion and spiritual meaning to the scientists themselves, have not beenadequately translated into popular speech. Perhaps that is why whenProfessor Salisbury received a letter years ago from an aged relative,anxiously expressing the hope that in his teaching of science he was notundermining the faith of his students, he quietly put the letter aside andnever replied to it. But it may be significant that he preserved theletter. He evidently cherished it and probably held to an inner convic­tion that it could be answered best by his labor for the truth which makesmen free and by his unfailing devotion to his sciences and their useful­ness in making this a better world.His attitude toward the future may be expressed by saying that hedid not think about it. When once he came into a room where twopersons were discussing their ideas of death and the hereafter, he listenedROLLIN D. SALISBURY 245for a time and then remarked that it seemed strange to him that anyoneshould talk about such a lugubrious subject. He said, "Do you reallythink about the matter so much as this conversation indicates ?" Andthey said, "Yes, we think it is natural to think and plan about a matterso inevitable and so important." And they inquired in turn whether henever thought of it and he said, "No, I never think about it."On another occasion when a close friend had lost his wife and wasanxiously wondering about whether she were living again elsewhere, hesaid very thoughtfully and sympathetically, "Don't worry. That willall be taken care of." He was most meticulous about his work and hisinterests here with which he had to do now, and for the future to whichthey referred, but he was rather grandly ready to forego thought of thedistant future in the conviction that that would all be taken care of.His own future here in the institutions of which he was a part and in thelives of his students, is abundantly assured. For that other future hisown word is the measure of all our knowledge and faith: "That will allbe taken care of.""To our friends and loved ones we shall give the most worthyhonour and tribute, if we never say nor remember that they are dead,but contrariwise, that they have lived; that hereby the brotherly forceand flow of their action and work may be carried over the gulfs of deathand made immortal in the true and healthy life which they worthilyhad and used."The dead are not dead if we have loved them truly. In our ownlives we give them immortality. Let us arise and take up the work theyhave left unfinished, and preserve the treasures they have won, andround out the circuit of their being to the fulness of an ampler orbit inour own."When are the good so powerful to guide and quicken, as after deathhas withdrawn them from us? Then we feel that the seal is set uponwhat was made perfect in their souls. They take their place like thestars in a region of purity and peace."ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDIt is now a bout forty years ago that I saw A. M. Billings. I met himonce only, so far as I remember, but his appearance has remained as apicture to my memory ever since. He was a man who, once seen, wasnot to be forgotten. Tall, dignified, with a fine but strong face, welldressed in somewhat formal attire that separated him from the ordinarybusiness man, imposing and distinguished in appearance, he impressedme as one of the last of the gentlemen of the old school. He looked likean aristocrat descended from a.Hne of aristocrats from whom he hadinherited his dignity, his impressive appearance and grand manner, andhis wealth.As a matter of fact he was the son of poor people, born in the northernwilderness and brought up on a small New England hill farm. He hadenjoyed the slightest social and school advantages, had been apprenticedto learn a trade and had made his own way in the world from the low­liest beginnings. But he did have a Puritan ancestry and God-fearingparents, and breathed throughout his youth and early manhood thephysically, intellectually, and morally bracing atmosphere of the GreenMountain State which has given to our country so many men big inbody and in brain.The ancestors of the Billings family in America came from Englandabout the middle of the seventeenth century, settling first at Lancaster,Massachusetts, forty miles northwest of Boston, but a little later join­ing the movement to Connecticut. In the veins of some of them theremust have been a peculiarly strong strain of the blood of pioneers.These joined the migration up the Connecticut River and its tributariesand peopled New Hampshire and Vermont. One of the affiuents of themain river was the White, running into the Connecticut from the west,and attracting its share of the northbound settlers. On its banks isthe town of Royalton, Vermont.Royalton is thirty miles south of Montpelier, the capital, and onlyabout ten miles southeast of the center of the state. One interestingfact about that part of Vermont is this, that the first white settlers foundit an unoccupied region. When the earliest of them penetrated to thatremote wilderness the only Indian he encountered was a trapper from246ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSALBERT MERRITT BILLINGS 247Canada with his wife and children, who shared the cabin of the pioneerwith him (the single room being divided into two by a line drawn on thethe floor), and relieved the loneliness of his first winter. It was, there­fore, no man's land when the pioneers took possession.The paternal grandfather of A. M. Billings after serving a term inthe army of the Revolution settled in Royalton with his wife and earlierchildren about 1778. He was counted as one ofthe founders of the townand shared in the allotment of the lands. His oldest son bore his father'sname, John, and was born April II, I773, and was therefore five yearsold when the father brought his family to their new home in the northern. wilderness. The war was still raging, when, two years later, October16, I780, a British and Indian raid from Canada was made on Royaltonwhich was only saved from wholesale massacre by the English officer incommand of the marauders. It was a surprise attack for the purpose ofdestroying property and taking prisoners. Only four persons werekilled and they because they resisted or tried to escape. The officer,in his official report said: "I burned twenty-eight dwelling Houses,thirty-two Barns full of grain and one new barn not quite finished, oneSaw and one Gris Mill, killed all the black Cattle, sheep, Piggs, etc. ofwhich there was a great quantity. . ... I got 32 Prisoners and 4scalps."John Billings saw his house and barn go up in flames and lost hisstock, but saved his family and soon rebuilt his home. John Jr. wasseven years old at the time of this historic burning of Royalton. Thefamily increased in numbers until there were eleven sons and daughters.The oldest son, growing toward manhood, left the hive and flew away asfar as Troy, New York. There in due time he found a wife, HannahBrown, daughter of Judge Jonathan Brown, another soldier of theRevolution. Returning to Royalton he was by turns a farmer and astorekeeper, but the only thing he accumulated, apparently, was a largefamily. He had, indeed, little chance to accumulate wealth, for, twicemarried, he was the father of thirteen children, ten sons and three daugh­ters. He served as captain in the Plattsburg campaign in the War ofI8I2, and for thirty years received a pension from the government. Hewas a man of recognized integrity, was a selectman of Royalton for oneyear, and is said to have been much employed by his neighbors in thesettlement of their small estates. In his old age he returned to Troyand died in that city.His son, Albert M. Billings, was born in Royalton, April 2I, I8I4.He came in the middle of the family, being the seventh among theTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDthirteen children. As he grew to manhood he developed very unusualqualities and abilities. It is a notable fact that, in his own and thesucceeding generation, out of this family of Vermont farmers came otherable and distinguished men. The one of his own generation was hiscousin, Frederick Billings, lawyer and business man. Going to Californiain r849 he achieved large success in his profession as a lawyer, becameattorney-general of the young state, and was urged to accept the presi­dency of the new University of California. Returning at the end offifteen years to the Atlantic Coast he became interested in railroads,among others in the Northern Pacific and was made president of thatroad in r879. The City of Billings, Montana was named for him. Hebecame a man of large means and was as liberal to Christian, charitable,and educational institutions as he was wealthy.One of the most eminent members of the family was Colonel JohnShaw Billings, who, after the Civil War, established the Army MedicalMuseum at Washington, made the Surgeon General's Library the bestmedical library in the world, planned the Johns Hopkins and othermodern hospitals, and planned and brought to its present efficiency theNew York Public Library. "He was a recognized authority on medicalbibliography, a splendid operative surgeon in war time, an authorityon military medicine, public hygiene, sanitary engineering, statisticsand hospital construction, the author of the most critical account ofAmerican medical literature, and the best history of surgery that hasbeen published in the English language."A distinguished son of this family of the present generation is A. M.Billings' nephew, Dr. Frank Billings, who for many years has been theacknowledged leader of the medical profession in Chicago. Famous asa diagnostician, recipient of many honors from the profession, called tohonorable and laborious services for humanity by the state and general. governments, professor of medical schools, Dr. Billings has been dean ofRush Medical College, Chicago, for the past twenty-two years, and isone of the leaders in founding and organizing the new Medical School ofthe University of Chicago.Not less prominent than these men in his own line, that of business,is Mr. Billings' son, C. K. G. Billings. He seems to have inherited hisfather's genius for the management of large affairs. For many years thehead of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company of Chicago, he turnedit over to others only to take a very prominent part in one of the greatcorporations of the country, the Union Carbide and Carbon Company.Frequent references will be made to him in these pages.ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGS 249In the youth of A. M. Billings, Royalton was not so much a villageas a community of farmers. The children were the helpers, as they grewup, of their parents on the land and in the house. The summer was theseason of toil and every boy above ten years of age knew what hard workwas. The fall and winter brought many pleasures. There were husk­ing parties in the barns, followed by bountiful suppers and the boisterousindoor games of that day. The apple paring bees were held in the housesand brought the young men and women together for evenings in whichthe work was play. In that hill country of abundant snow, coastingparties added much to the winter's gaiety. But the great day of the yearwas the Fourth of July. An account of the celebration of 1827 tells howthe day was ushered in by a salute of thirteen guns. A public meetingwas held in the church. The Declaration of Independence was read byJacob Collamer, then a young lawyer of Royalton, later one of Vermont's,most illustrious sons. A patriotic oration was delivered. Then followeda public dinner in the hotel. " General Elias Stevens presided, supportedby Deacon John Billings and General Mills May. Oel Billings (uncleof Albert M.) was master of toasts," of which there were thirty-three.With what patience our fathers must have listened to talk! At the timeof this celebration young Billings was thirteen years old, just the ageat which wide-awake boys are interested in all that is going on, and theprominent part taken in it by his grandfather and uncle must have madethe day memorable to him.Albert began his education in the district school and finished it atsixteen or seventeen in what was known as the Royalton Academy.Around the center a village had begun to grow. It must have been verysmall indeed ninety years ago. In 1910 it boasted a population of 330.In Albert M. Billings' day the academy had but one teacher and couldnot have been of very high grade. The oldest known catalogue of theschool is that of 1830, and the name of Albert Billings leads the list of theforty-five pupils. His cousin, E. H. Billings, was also in the list, andNathaniel Sprague was the teacher. This year appears to have broughthis school days to an end. He did not, however, return to the hardwork of the farm. He was not considered robust enough. He wasgrowing too fast, shooting up toward the six feet he attained, and neededlighter employment than haying and harvesting. He was thereforeapprenticed in the village to learn the harness- and trunk-making trade.If the boy is father to the man, one wonders how A. M. Billings could haveconsented to be apprenticed to anyone. He was of an independent, self ..reliant, self-directing, masterful disposition. It is not easy to conceiveTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDhim as an apprentice. This apprenticeship, however, was in accordancewith the custom of that day, and he accommodated himself to it. Butnot for any long time. Subjection was wholly foreign to his nature andat the end of about two years he separated himself from his master andat the same time abandoned the trade of harness- and trunk-making.One of his older brothers, Edwin, had established himself in themanufacture of machinery in the village of Claremont, New Hampshire,twenty-five or thirty miles southeast of Royalton. In I833, when Albertwas nineteen, he joined his brother in what was known in Claremont asthe Billings Machine Shop. Claremont, situated on the rapids of theSugar River a few miles east of the Connecticut, was endowed by naturewith a fine water power, which, since the day of which I write, has madeit a prosperous manufacturing center. Young Billings was there in thebeginnings of this development.In I892, when Mr. Billings was seventy-eight years old, he wrote out,at the request of a publishing concern which was preparing a book ofbiographies, brief answers to a series of questions submitted to him.But when it was intimated to him that they wanted $400 for a steel engrav­ing to accompany the sketch, he dropped the matter, retaining his notes.These, fortunately, have been preserved in his own handwriting.Of the Claremont period of his life he wrote:My first step, in my sixteenth year, after leaving the school where I was beingfitted for old Dartmouth College, was to learn the machinisttrade in all of its branches,which occupied my time for about ten years, with my brother Edwin A. Billingsoperating one of the largest machine shops in the state. After being with my brotherfor about two years, I was given charge of assembling all new machines, such as modernprinting presses, cotton mills, etc.After leaving my brother's machine shop, I engaged in the stage coach businessfor myself, "Staging it" from Claremont in Sullivan County, New Hampshire toHenniker in the adjoining county of Merrimack, the stage line running through to. Boston by way of Lowell. About that time steam railroads were being introducedand, because of my familiarity with mechanics, I was naturally attracted to and driftedinto the railroad business in the way of engineering and construction, including rais­ing of funds, assisting in obtaining charters, etc.These last lines cover a long period during which many interestingthings occurred. Two years after reaching Claremont, in I835, whenhe. was only twenty-one years old, he was appointed a deputy sheriffof the county and was continued in that office about ten years. He hadnow grown into vigorous manhood, tall and robust, with a natural airof authority and, endowed with an alert intelligence and unflinchingcourage, he was perfectly adapted to the duties of his office. TheseALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSwere neither very onerous nor very remunerative in that country com­munity, but they naturally made him acquainted with such businessopportunities as existed, and thus revealed him to himself. It was inClaremont that he discovered that he had a natural talent for businessand began to use it. At the end of nine years his neighbors made hima justice of the peace and continued him in that office as long as he re­mained in Claremont. He acquired real estate and began to prosper.He early developed an interest in patent rights and his perception of abargain was so keen that he seldom failed to make these investmentsprofitable. In 1837 he married in Claremont, Lucinda A. Corbin. He·was twenty-three years old. Two children were born of this marriage,a son, Henry A., and a daughter who died at an early age.In the very brief story Mr. Billings wrote of his own life the follow­ing unconnected statement appears: "In 1853 I went west and assistedin the management of the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Railroad."How or how long he assisted does not appear. Here is an interestingexperience in his life of which no further record remains. He evidentlytraveled much, but his residence was Claremont.The Claremont period in Mr. Billings' life reveals a curious devel­opment in his religious views. Those members of the Billings familywho were among the early settlers of Royalton and their immediatedescendants were religious people and Baptists. The first John was adeacon of the Baptist church, apparently for life, and was universallyknown in the community as Deacon Billings. His son, John, the fatherof Albert, followed in his steps. The community, however, was smalland the little church finally disappeared. But the family continuedreligious and became active in other churches. Albert became a Metho­dist and took his religion much more seriously than do most men. When,in 1840 and the years following, second adventism became a burningquestion in the religious world he became so interested in it that withother members of the Claremont Methodist Church he began to holdseparate meetings in which the .interest gathered about our Lord'sSecond Coming. Thereupon they were requested to give up their sepa­rate meetings or withdraw from the church. Mr. Billings and a numberof others promptly withdrew and continued their meetings. It was thetime of the great Millerite excitement when so many good people weredisappointed that the Lord did not come. This disappointment did notpermanently discourage Mr. Billings' religious faith. We shall see thatreappearing and developing as our narrative proceeds. But the experi­ence of those years did lead him to recast his views. He did not returnTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDto the Methodist church, but he grew out of the views which caused himto separate from it. Thereafter, while he continued deeply interestedin religion, he flocked by himself.It was in Claremont that he took the first important step that laidthe foundations of his later prosperity. He there began to display theextraordinary business insight which afterward distinguished him. Hesaw business opportunities where no one else could see them, and he hadthe enterprise and courage to seize these opportunities and work themout to large success. In traveling about the county in the discharge ofhis public duties he stopped at the house of a farmer whose wife madethe best bread he had ever eaten. On inquiry he was told it was pre­pared with yeast made from potatoes. At his request the' housewifegave him the recipe for 'making it. The more he reflected on it the moreconvinced he became that the business of manufacturing and selling theyeast could be made profitable. In a small way at first he began theenterprise. It prospered. The earlier steps in its expansion cannot,after the lapse of seventy-five years, be traced. About I8SS, apparently,Mr. Billings transferred the yeast business to Groton, Massachusetts,a town about sixty miles southeast of Claremont, perhaps to get nearer toBoston and the centers of business. He was' still a justice of the peaceand a resident of Claremont and apparently divided his time betweenthe two places. The yeast business so prospered that about I8S8 anopportunity came to him to dispose of it at a large profit. But whyshould he sell it? I can imagine no reason save one. He had discoveredhis capacity for big business and knew that he needed a wider field thana Massachusetts village. He heard the cities and the large enterprisesof the day calling him. His career is one of the miracles of nineteenth­century business. Here was a man' born and brought up on a Vermontfarm, apprenticed to learn the trade of harness- and trunk-making, a dep­uty sheriff for ten years and a justice of the peace for twelve or fourteenyears in aNew Hampshire village, with a few years as head of a twenty­mile stage-coach line and as a successful manufacturer of yeast, startingout at forty-five to try conclusions with the captains of finance, andsucceeding in the audacious attempt. He realized on the various invest­ments he had made in Claremont, sold his yeast business for $80,000,and began his new career. His capital consisted of more than $roo,oooin money, a very unusual capacity for business, and unbounded self­reliance.We have reached the year r8S9, when Mr. Billings was forty-fiveyears old. During the brief period of that one year occurred three ofALBERT MERRJTT BILUNGSthe most important events of his life. Not the least important was hissecond marriage. He had been familiar with Woodstock, Vermont,from early youth, as that village was only a few miles south of Royaltonand the home of an uncle and cousins. It was on the road betweenRoyalton and Claremont and he was well acquainted there. In Wood­stock he found a very unusual woman, Mrs. Augusta Sarah FarnsworthAllen. She was eight years younger than himself, and they were marriedJune I, I859. Mrs. Billings was descended from the very early settlersof Woodstock. She was so capable that her husband continued through­out his life to advise with her about all his business affairs, particularly. when he was in difficulties, and was accustomed to speak in the strongestterms of appreciation of the assistance he received from her in the con­duct of all his varied interests. They were two people, each possessingvery strong peculiarities of temperament and character, living togethernearly forty years in mutual devotion, dependence, and sympathy.Another important event of this year, I859, in the life of Mr. Billingswas the connection he formed with Commodore C. K. Garrison, wellknown in the business world of that day. Garrison was one of the"Forty-niners" in the first great rush to the golden state. Very ableand as public spirited as he was able, he had been a successful businessman, banker, railroad man, reorganizer of a steamship company, thusacquiring his title of Commodore, and Mayor of San Francisco in trou­blous times. Returning to New York in I859 with large means, he andMr. Billings came together. Both were looking for business openings.They became warm friends and continued to be intimately associated inbusiness for many years.The third of these important events was that this same year, I859,took Mr. Billings to Chicago and saw the beginning of his connectionwith the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company of that city. He wasled to Chicago in a rather curious way. The American Gas LightCompany of Claremont owned a patent granted toAndrew Walker fora process of purifying gas with water. Mr. Billings' interest in patentsled him to add to his other activities the agency for selling to gas com­panies the right to use this process. In pushing this business he. traveledwidely and in I859 visited Chicago and sold .the use of the process tothe newly organized Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company of that city.This transaction made him acquainted with the situation of the gasbusiness in Chicago and particularly with the field and plans of thecompany he was dealing with. That company was a very smallaffaircompared to the company of the same name today. The Chicago of254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD1859 was a city of only 100,000 people. The West Division of the citywhere the new company began operations had a population of 40,000.The Peoples Company had been incorporated by an act of the statelegislature in 1855. In the act of incorporation there was one featureof extraordinary value to the company. The charter conferred a per­petual franchise. It had this immense advantage over any possiblecompetitor. It was not until August, 1858, that an ordinance of thecity council gave permission for laying mains through the streets. Butit soon transpired that the company could not raise the funds for suc­cessfully launching the enterprise of building gas works and laying thenecessary mains. There was an older corporation, the Chicago GasCompany, already in possession of the field. The success of the neworganization seemed to investors very doubtful, and its first ownerscould not carry it forward. This condition became known to Mr.Billings and he went to Chicago again to look the ground over. Theenterprise was a hazardous one, depending for success on the growth ofthe new city, freedom from ruinous competition, and above all, goodmanagement. Studying the situation Mr. Billings satisfied himself thatthe young city had a great future, and, having unbounded confidencein his own powers, decided to face the risks of competition. In connec­tion with Commodore Garrison he bought a controlling interest in thePeoples Company and entered on the task of building the works andlaying gas mains. Having no wish to enter on a war of competition withthe older, the Chicago Company, he entered into a verbal agreementwith E. T. Watkins, the president, that the Chicago Company shouldconfine its operations to the North and South Divisions of the city andhis own company, the Peoples, to the West Division. This verbalagreement was never broken.Before the Chicago opportunity opened, the attention of Mr. Billingshad been attracted to Saratoga, whose springs and other advantages werealready giving promise of making it the famous and popular resort itbecame. Whether he invested in one of the springs or hotels, as hasbeen reported, I have not been able to determine. But he took Mrs.Billings there and made it his home. It remained the family home formore than four years.In one of Mr. Billings' notebooks appears the following entry illustra­tive of several things: "January 18, 1863. Left Chicago for home.Expenses, sixteen days at Chicago, $32.00. Ticket home, $21.65.Sleeping car, $1. Arrived Saratoga, January 20, 1863." Saratoga washome. There his son, C. K. G. Billings, was born and his daughter,ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGS 255Sarah Augusta. A second daughter was also born who died in infancy.It is well known in Chicago, where he has been a very promirient businessman, that the son has always been known to his intimate friends as"Ben," a name which bore no relation to his initials,· C. K. G. Andthereby hangs this tale. By 1861, the year of the son's birth, the rela­tions between Mr. Billings and his partner, C. K. Garrison, had becomevery intimate. In 1907, Mrs. Billings, then eighty-five years old, saidto a reporter who interviewed her, "When our son was born, the Com­modore sent him a costly silver mug marked 'To Cornelius KingsleyGarrison Billings.' Mr. Billings was much disappointed at the name .. ' I had intended' he said, 'giving the boy some Bible name like Benjamin, 'and ever after he called him Ben."When Mr. Billings went to Chicago, in 1859, he had no intention ofmaking his home in that city. His partner was in New York. Heexpected his own business interests to center there. It was the financial'metropolis and it was his purpose to make it his headquarters. Mean­time, while he was getting his gas business under way in Chicago andlooking for a favorable opportunity to dispose of it at a profit, his resi­dence continued to be Saratoga, and his time was divided between thatplace, N ew York, and Chicago. His business in Chicago, however,claimed more and more of his time and attention. He discovered thatthe, charter of the Peoples Company needed amendments and these hesecured from the legislature through J. Russell Jones, a man well knownin Chicago, prominent in politics and business for many years. Mean­time he was very busy getting the business of the company into shape.He built the first West Side gas works at Twenty-second Street andCentre Avenue, Commodore Garrison advancing two-thirds of the cost.The successful launching of the enterprise was a more difficult job thanhe supposed it would be. It took a much longer time and the outcomeof the venture was long uncertain. He had not intended to devote hislife to the gas business. He was not holding on to the business fromchoice, but the business was holding on to him. He could not let go of'it. He wanted to sell it, but no one wanted to buy it.Finally, at the end of four and a half years, in 1864, he brought hisfamily to Chicago and rented a house at 609 West Washington Street.Mrs. Billings is quoted as saying: "We moved so much from one placeto another after I came from Saratoga Springs in 1864 that I finallyinsisted on a home of our own. It was Mr. Billings' plan to sell the gasbusiness and go Hack to New York. I had to find the most suitableplace because I always superintended the moving." They bought andTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDmoved into the house at 504 West Lake Street in 1870. It was a modestframe building, but the lot was large, 100 by 245 feet. Additions werelater made to both house and lot. To the reporter who interviewed herMrs. Billings said, "We were originally Vermont farmers and the landaround the house was just what we wanted for raising corn andvegetables." From this comparatively modest home they never moved.Before the door the Lake Street surface car line ran, and later, abovethe surface cars the trains of the elevated road thundered. The neigh­borhood gradually deteriorated into a region of factories and warehouses.Mr. Billings became a man of large wealth, but they continued to livein this modest house. And this was not because he would not give hiswife any house she wished. In the matter of a home her wish was law.But she did not wish to change. Neither the boulevards nor the" goldcoast" had any attraction for her. She had grown to love the old houseand continued to occupy it for forty-three years to a day, that is to theend of her life, which was prolonged to March 30, 1913, sixteen yearsafter her husband's death in 1897. She lived to her ninety-first year.The home was a comfortable, two-story frame house with thirteenor more rooms. The premises were kept in "spick and span" order,the house painted white with green shutters. Lamp posts were set insidethe large yard. In describing the place to anyone Wishing to go there,reference was always made to the lamp posts in the yard as an easymeans of identification.Mr. Billings continued at the head of the Peoples Gas Light and CokeCompany for nearly thirty years. During all this time it remained aWest Side concern. That division of the city grew very rapidly, increas­ing from 40,000 in 1859 to 500,000 in 1889, containing in the latter yearmore than half the population of the city. During these thirty yearsthe Peoples Company had built new and greatly enlarged gas works andlaid service pipes through almost every street between the ChicagoRiver and the western limits of the city. It had kept the fast expandingdivision supplied with gas. This had not only kept the companyextraordinarily busy, but had required continually increasing amountsof capital. Contrary to the general impression, the business' was carriedon with small profit for many years. They were strenuous years forMr. Billings. He was equally busy keeping the company afloat finan­cially and directing the work of construction. It is related that oneday during the building of a large gas holder the sides of the great pitbeing dug to receive it began to cave in. The workmen fled from whatseemed imminent peril. Mr. Billings thereupon went down into theALBERT MERRITT BILLINGS 257pit, saying, "Come with me, boys," and they followed him. He remainedin the pit thirty-six hours directing the work which was safelyaccom ..plished. While never foolhardy he had the air of authority, that unflinch­ing courage, that readiness to go before, which made him the leader ofmen he was.He was a man of such superabounding energy that, not finding enoughto occupy his time and attention in the management of the PeoplesCompany, Mr. Billings, in the early seventies took over and reorganizedtwo banks, The Home National Bank and The Home Savings Bank.They were located on the corner of West Washington and Halsted streets,on the West Side, adjoining the gas company's offices. They weresmall affairs compared with the great banking houses of our day. Thenational bank had a capital of $250,000, and the savings bank of $5,000,but there were no more solid institutions in Chicago. Mr. Billings waspresident of both from the day he acquired them to the end of his life.He had peculiar ideas as to the principle on which these banks atleast should be conducted. He eventually owned most of the stock, butthere were other stockholders and they naturally looked .for dividends.His plan, however, was to employ the profits, not in paying dividends tothe stockholders, but in accumulating a surplus and thus increasing thestability of the banks. In this he achieved 'such success that the twobanks weathered all financial storms, continuing, through panics whichdestroyed weaker institutions, solid as a rock. Through this methodthe time came when the stock of the savings bank, of the par value of$100 a share, was worth $1,100 a share, book value. But it goes withoutsaying that though he repeatedly pointed out to the minority stockholders,who received no dividends, the constantly increasing value of their stock,they were dissatisfied. In the end they all received six per cent intereston their investment, but this was long delayed. Meantime the bankswaxed stronger and stronger. Mr. Billings kept his own funds in themand the bank examiners used to refer to them as "Mr. Billings' cashbox." The two banks with a combined capital of $255,000 accumulateda surplus of more than $400,000. There was never a day when alldepositors, except Mr. Billings himself, could not have been paid in full.Mr. - Robert L. Benson, who is the Chicago representative of theBillings estate, entered The Home National Bank in 1889. He had atthat time never seen Mr. Billings and asked the cashier of the bank whatkind of a looking man Mr. Billings was, saying that he would like torecognize him when he came in. "Oh!" said the cashier, "don't youworry. You'll know him the minute he enters, you can't 'possiblyTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDmistake him." And when he saw a man six feet in height, broadshouldered, dignified and commanding in appearance, dressed, as per­haps no other man in Chicago was, like a gentleman of the old school­when he saw this man come in, he recognized at once his employer. Itwas not long before Mr. Benson came into relations of confidence andresponsibility with him and he is full of reminiscences of him. Anyquestion is likely to bring out an illustrative story. For instance, havingbeen referred to a very well-known citizen for information, I asked Mr.Benson what his relations with Mr. Billings were. He answered, "Iwill illustrate their relations by an incident. One morning Mr. Billingssaid to me, 'Mr. Blank is coming in today for some money. Let himhave it.' On my inquiring how much he would want, the answer was,'I don't know. Perhaps $roo,ooo. Whatever it is, let him have' it.'I next asked what security I should require from him, and he said, 'Lethim have whatever amount he wants on whatever security he offers.'As it happened Mr. Blank was a very careful man in such matters andthe security was ample."Mr. Billings had a very natural dislike of being deceived or imposedupon. He had bought from a city wine merchant some California black­berry brandy and was quite willing to assist the merchant in furnishingsick people' with this fine California product well known as a remedyfor various complaints. He therefore loaned the merchant, whom heregarded as a public benefactor, money which it turned out he could notpay. This prompted an examination of his books and accounts. Onelarge bill of a Chicago wholesale grocery house was for dried blackberries.I quote the rest of the story from Mr. Benson, "Addressing the bearerof the ill news, who happened to be the writer hereof, Mr. Billings said,'Do you mean to say that that fellow makes that California brandyfrom dried [registering horror] blackberries he buys here at the cornergtocery store?' 'That is what he has always done, Mr. Billings.' 'Thenyou go right over there and shut that fellow up,' and it was doneforthwith.' ,He had the peculiarity of being greatly agitated by trifles, but wasapparently quite undisturbed by serious troubles. He was accustomedto drive from his home to the bank and hitching his horse in the streetalways carried inside his carriage robe and whip. One day he left in hisbuggy a box of cigars he had just purchased. Discovering the oversighta few minutes later he went out to recover the cigars only to find thatthey were gone. He was greatly incensed and much wrought up overthe loss. Mr. Benson was then a comparatively new clerk and was him-ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSself much disturbed over the loss of what must have been a box of costlycigars to cause so great an uproar. The excitement was at its heightwhen the son, C. K. G. Billings, came in and asked what the matterwas. When told, he remained quite calm and said, "Do you know howmuch father pays for his cigars? It's $2.50 a box and he gets them fromsome news stand here on Halsted Street." Some time later Mr. Bensonsays he received a different sort of shock. A financial panic was on.Mr. Billings had been confined to his house for a few days by illness.Meanwhile there had been several failures among the bank borrowersinvolving some $30,000 of loans not well secured. Mr. Benson had to. acquaint Mr. Billings with the situation. He delivered his bad news andbraced himself for the earthquake he felt sure would come. Mr. Billingsran his fingers through his hair, considered a few minutes and then saidquietly: "Oh well, we can't have an omelette without breaking a feweggs." "In due time, "the narrator goes on, "we learned that the littleoutpost skirmishes annoyed Mr. Billings, but when the big battle wason, he was at his best, strong, self-confident, experienced, resourceful andalmost always successful in the end. At such times there was somethingdoing every single minute of the day and it was a most wonderful andprofitable opportunity to be attached to his headquarters and observehis skilful handling of difficult situations."The management of the gas company and two banks by no meansexhausted Mr. Billings' activities. I quote again from the autobio­graphical statement:At the time when construction of an L railroad in New York City was beingconsidered I received a wire at Saratoga to meet a Mr. Gilbert who, with his associatesowned a charter to build an L railroad in New York City from the Battery to CentralPark. On arrival and examination I approved of the venture, concluding that it wasa good financial undertaking. I called upon several prominent New York City citizensand interested them in the matter. We then organized and built the road under theLoan and Improvement Charter. I resigned my position as director of the New YorkElevated Road after its consolidation, but am still interested in the road financially.Speaking of his connection with the elevated road in later life, Mr.Billings used to tell the following story. When it was completed theroar of the trains was most distressing. No effective and practicable wayof abating the nuisance was found, however, until an old woman calledupon Mr. Billings and told him she and her husband for years lived closeto an iron railroad bridge of which her husband was caretaker. For along time the noise of every passing train at night awakened them, shesaid, until they found a simple way greatly to reduce the noise. Shetold Mr. Billings, however, that he would have to ."pay well" for the260 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinformation. He agreed, if it should prove of service on the elevatedstructure, as it afterwards did prove-merely slipping a wooden shinglebetween the metal rail and the metal structure to break the metal-to­metal contact and deaden the sound. The old woman's idea of "payingwell" for the information was that the road should give her boy Dannya job. She got the good job for Danny and more too.Mr. Billings was also associated with Commodore Garrison in con­structing the St. Louis, Kansas City. and Colorado Railroad, later .dis­posing of it to the Santa Fe Company. He was also largely interestedin building some of the lines which made up the Chicago, Milwaukeeand St. Paul System. He and the Commodore are credited with having"bested " Jay Gould in a deal in the Missouri Pacific.The story now current in the offices of the Missouri Pacific is asfollows: Jay Gould called one day on Billings and Garrison who hadacquired control of the road and asked the price of their interest. Theynamed a price which he declared was too high and which he refused topay. Sometime afterward, however, he called on them again and saidhe had decided to accept their offer, but they told him they would notthen accept the amount they had formerly named, but would sell for amillion dollars more. Mr. Gould declared the demand exorbitant, refusedto pay it, and again went away. It seems, however, that he had to havethe road, and in due time he called again and said he would take it at theprice last named. They again refused to sell at 'the former figure andincreased the price another million dollars. Declaring that he wouldn'tgive them the chance to raise the price on him again he closed the bar­gain at the figures named.Mr. Billings' own statement of the matter is very brief, as follows:"Cornelius K. Garrison and myself owned the road known as theMissouri and Pacific Railroad which we sold to J. Gould." Duringthe larger part of his middle and later life he was interested in build­ing and selling or buying and selling railroads. It was these enterprisesand not the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company which during most ofthe thirty years from r8S8 to r888 added to his wealth. He provedhimself an exceedingly capable financier and almost invariably carriedthrough his great enterprises to success. He sometimes, indeed, letopportunities go by. Standing one day on West Madison Street withhis confidential clerk, he said, "There was a time when I could havebought this whole West Side street railway system for $200,000 and now,the Madison Street line alone pays interest on $7,000,000."He invested largely in Chicago real estate, for the most part on theWest Side .. He was never known during his whole residence in ChicagoALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSto sell a piece of real estate which he had once acquired, except when hewas obliged to do so by condemnation proceedings. It is not improbablethat had he lived longer he would have disposed of his West Side realestate. As it turned out most of it was held too long, one of the fewbusiness mistakes of his life. Even Homer sometimes nods and theshrewdest business man is sometimes caught napping.C. K. G., "Ben," Billings, having left college in r879, when he waseighteen years old, was set to work learning the gas business. He learnedit from the ground up. An apt pupil, he was advanced from year toyear, went into the office and, having his father's genius for business, wasrapidly promoted until he became vice-president of the company beforehe was twenty-five years old. The talent for business he displayed wasa great satisfaction to his father.The extraordinary business activity of Mr. Billings and the increaseof his wealth did not diminish that interest in religion of which I havealready spoken. He remained a daily student of the Bible and madehimself so familiar with it that no one could misquote a passage withoutdrawing from him instant correction. Here is an interesting testimonyfrom his nephew, Dr. Frank Billings, of whom he was very proud, andwho was very close to him for the last twenty years of his life. Dr.Billings says, "During my acquaintance with him his religious beliefswere expressed in a daily reading of the Holy Scriptures, which he wasfond of expounding and interpreting to members of his household andto me." When the revised version of the New Testament came out hetook great interest in it. His copy of it was copiously annotated, themargins being filled with his notes. He carried it with him and studiedit on his journeys and when he lost it.presumably on a Pullman sleeper, theloss caused him great distress, greater probably than the loss of $50,000.This latter he would have passed by lightly as all in the day's business.That this religious interest was not merely formal was made evidentby his acts. Efforts for the rescue of criminals and the down-and-outmade a strong appeal to him. He was a liberal helper of the JerryMcAuley Mission in New York City. As early as r869 the region ofChicago west of the river for half a dozen blocks and adjacent to MadisonStreet, once a pleasant residence section, had become the home ofcriminals and outcasts. Mr. Billings became so much concerned for thespiritual rescue of these people that he bought a church building on GreenStreet, just south of West Madison, a building which is still standing,and sustained mission work there for more than twenty-five years. Hesometimes occupied the pulpit himself and gave familiar talks on theBible. He sustained the preaching and entertained the preachers at hisTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDhome. These were oftener than not Second Adventists toward whichfaith he was still drawn, but he labored with them in long arguments tocorrect views which he thought erroneous. Mrs. Billings had a strongsense of humor and she used to tell the following story. One Sundaymorning a visiting minister preached a sermon in which he gathered allthe Jews together in Jerusalem in actual physical mass meeting. Asusual Mr. Billings took the preacher home to dinner. They reached thehouse at one o'clock, dinner being all ready to serve. While Mr. Billingswas willing to allow the Jews a spiritual Jerusalem to which in spirit theymight each and all return, actually gathering them all together at onetime in Jerusalem presented housing, transportation and other insur­mountable difficulties to his practical mind. Instead, therefore, of goingin at once to dinner he took his guest to the arbor in the garden for a dis­cussion. It was two hours later that the disputants went in to a colddinner. "And would you believe it," Mrs Billings used to say, "thatminister preached another sermon at the mission that very evening andwhen he got through there wasn't a single one of those Jews left inJerusalem! "Mr. Billings' constant thinking on and profound interest in religiousquestions led him in r886 to publish a statement of his views in a smallpamphlet of about three thousand words. He gave the statement thistitle, "God's Eternal Purposes in His Only Begotten Son." It has alarge number of quotations from the Scriptures. " It is a very sane andsensible presentation of the gospel. One notes that there is not theslightest reference to the Second Coming which had so interested theauthor in r843. The only real divergence from the ordinary Christianbelief is the apparent teaching of the pam.phlet that man is not by natureimmortal, but becomes so only by having Christ born in him.In addition to the Green Street mission Mr. Billings, also, in whole. or in part sustained a church on Ada, near Fulton Street. It was aregion of poor people and he . provided for the little church a meetinghouse. I cannot learn that he was interested in the organized charitiesof Chicago. He left nothing for them in his will. He did once give$5,000 to the Y.M.C.A. He was not open to appeals for public welfaremovements. But, in sustaining, unassisted, through so many years thereligious work I have described he probably contributed to benevolencesas generously as most men in Chicago.During all these years he displayed to those who knew him well onecharacteristic which was not commonly attributed to him by the public.He was, indeed, far removed from that type of man which when struckCoolidge and Hodgdon, ArchitectsTHE ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGS MEMORIAL HOSPITALWith the Epstein Dispensary and the Pathology LaboratoryProposed DesignALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSon one cheek turned the other also. When attacked he hit back hardand came to be regarded as a dangerous adversary. I have been muchinterested in a statement which lies before me,· written by the lateColoneIW. P. Rend, a well-known business man of Chicago, in which heS3rYs: "To those not intimately acquainted with Mr. Billings he presenteda somewhat cold and reserved manner, but beneath his rigid exteriorthere beat a heart full of warm sympathies and generous impulses. Hewas one of the most loyal and most constant of friends." This qualityreceived a notable illustration in his relations with Commodore Garrison.The Commodore died in r88S after a life of extraordinary business activ­ity. Mr. Billings' business connection with him had practically endedsome years before, but he remained greatly attached to his old friend.Commodore Garrison's health broke down in r884 and at the same timehe failed in business. Although his assets greatly exceeded his liabilitiesit seemed probable that owing to many complications, coupled with thefailure of his health and inability to look after his own interests, his wholeestate would pass from the possession of the family. In these circum­stances Mr. Billings went to the rescue of his former associate and thefamily with his usual vigor. For the time being his own business wasmade secondary. He so arranged it that.he could leave it for an extendedperiod. He engaged the services of former Judge Beckwith of Chicagoand they went to New York and spent a year in efforts to conserve theestate. There was a severe struggle in and out of the courts, but thelarger part of the estate was conserved for the family of his old friend.This is declared by those who knew him best to be only one of manyinstances of unselfish devotion to the interests of his friends when theywere in need.This sketch has shown that the business interests and activities ofMr. Billings were diversified and widely extended. But his real business,that to which he gave constant attention from r8s8 to r888, a period ofthirty years, was the development of the Peoples Gas Light and CokeCompany. It is true that for much of that period he was the presidentof two banks, but they were practically a part of the larger business.For many years the Peoples Company had a serious struggle for existence.It was very far from being the gold mine it was popularly supposed tobe. The building of the gas works, first on Twenty-second Street andlater on Division Street far to the north, the constant enormous expendi­tures in laying gas pipes through the rapidly expanding West Side, thisunending enlarging of the plant ate up the profits, though it enhancedthe value of the property.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWhen the great fire of 1871 destroyed the North Side and the com­mercial section of the South Side of the city, the old Chicago Gas Com­pany which supplied those divisions was temporarily put out of business.Mr. Billings and his company, thereupon, came to the relief of the city,connected the mains of the Peoples Company with those of the ChicagoCompany and supplied the lighting for the entire city until the olderconcern was again able to resume business. In a dramatic manner itwas able to demonstrate that it was a great public utility.It was the conviction of Mr. Billings that, in a city like Chicago, thegas business was, under proper public control, a natura1 monopoly. For :many years the opposite theory prevailed. Therefore, as Chicago devel­oped its miraculous growth new gas companies began to be organized.The then new constitution of Illinois made it impossible for them tosecure special charters, and they incorporated under the general law.There can be no doubt that some of them were organized for the purposeof being sold to the older companies under the menace of competition.When this did not work out as expected they began operations. A willingcouncil gave them permits to lay gas mains. The streets were once moretorn up and lines of pipes put in. The time came when it seemed tothe citizens as though the streets and pavements were being dug up fornew gas mains most of the time. Gas pipes filled the avenues. Competi­tion began. This was confined for the time being to the South Side.There were three companies in the field, contending for the North andSouth Side business. A rate war began. It cost more to make gasthirty-five years ago than it does now. But prices began to be cut.They fell from $2.50 per thousand feet to $r.oo. The new companieswere not strong enough to win the war.In his" Plain Tales from Chicago," printed in the Outlook in I909,C. Norman Fay says:One of the new companies had gone into receivers' hands, another was near it.The "Old Gas Company," captained by a grim and relentless oldman, kept on smash­ing, smashing with its $1 club, apparently careless of consequences. At length theold fighter fell ill, grew tired, and, though he would not buy the intruders, was willingto sell. They, seeing their opportunity, got together, financed the purchase-theweak bought out the strong, and the" Gas Trust" was born.The Chicago River separated the Peoples Company and Mr. Billingsfrom this war. But he recognized it as presenting to him the opportunityfor which he had been waiting nearly thirty years, the opportunity tosell the Peoples Company at a large profit.· He had not been involvedin the war, but the new Chicago Gas Trust Company needed the PeoplesALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSto complete the Trust. Indeed they had to have it. Mr. Fay says­"It is a poor industrial, and unattractive to investors, which cannottreble its invested capital in forty years, besides paying fair interest uponit, and the gas business in Chicago had then been going forty years andover $r5,000,000 had been invested in it." In accordance with thistheory the Chicago Gas Trust Company was organized in r887. Itbought a majority interest in the stock of the Chicago Gas Light andCoke Company, the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company, the EquitableGas Light and Fuel Company, and the Consumers' Company. Throughthe ownership of these stocks the Trust controlled four other companies­the Suburban Gas Company, the Lake Gas Company, the Hyde Park GasCompany, and the Illinois Light, Heat and Fuel Company. The capitalstock of the Trust was $25,000,000, mostly issued in exchange for thestock of the four first-named companies. Among other things Mr.Billings received a check for $r ,400,000. The old companies con­tinued their corporate existence, with C. K. G. Billings as head of thePeoples Company.Mr. Fay in his Plain Tales continues, "Reasonable or unreasonable,$25,000,000 was the share capital of the 'combine' and $I.25 per thousandits price for gas. Both were accepted placidly enough by the buyers ofstocks and gas; but fierce indeed was the war that burst upon the GasTrust alike from press and politicians, reformers and blackmailers. Thenfollowed the war in the courts on the Trust."But this war had nothing in particular to do with Mr. Billings norhe with it. He was through with the gas business. The Peoples Com­pany indeed continued to function. The charter being perpetual wasof great value. Mr. Billings was seventy-three years old. He hadfought a long and hard campaign and had won it. For some years hehad been training his son, C. K. G. Billings, to succeed him and he nowsurrendered the presidency of the Peoples Company to him. It was areal surrender. He recognized his son's business ability, and from thattime C. K. G. was the actual head of the company.His father, however, had no intention of retiring from business. Hestill remained at the head of his two banks. He rode to business everyday in a buggy drawn by a mare named Peggy. He usually drove fastand sometimes insisted on keeping the left side of the street. He hadpeculiarities and this was one of them. The.West Park police not infre­'quently appealed to his son to induce "the old gentleman," as he hadcometo be called, to keep on the right side of the street and use consider­ably less speed. Like his son he was very fond of a good horse. So meTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDyears before this time he owned for a time. a mare who later becamefamous as a long-distance trotter and was known as The Princess. From'her descended a string of great racers, among them the well-knownLou Dillon owned by C. K. G. Billings.It was perhaps his life-long habit of personal economy that held theold gentleman back from any large expenditures in this direction. Buthe knew and loved a good horse. It would appear that the son wantedhis father to have a really fine animal, and bought for some $I,SOO aKentucky bay mare and invited the old gentleman out for a drive andan inspection of the new wonder. At the end of the drive he said, "Ben,what did you give for that mare?" The reply was, "$400." Whetherthe father took the reply seriously has been open to some doubt, but hesaid, "I'll send you a check for her," and put her in his own stable.Mr. Billings continued to drive the fast and spirited Rosie about townlong after his nephew, Dr. Frank Billings, had warned him that the effortand excitement of fast driving were harmful to him. In his later yearshe drove with tight lines (Rosie being given to taking the bit in her teeth)and sat bolt upright, far out on the edge of the seat, looking straight aheadand, as often as otherwise, driving down the left side of the roadway.Mr. Billings' life was so absorbed in business and his religious workthat he had little time or inclination for social life, though he was anentertaining talker. He was not a club man, but for the last nineteenyears of his life he was a member of the Chicago Club. For two or threeyears he was a member of theboard of the Chicago Public Library, buthe took small interest in public affairs and did not take his duties veryseriously. At the time I find it recorded by the man best acquaintedwith his later life, "that his large personal influence and assistance wererepeatedly sought by and many times given to successive mayors andcomptrollers of the city in bringing reluctant eastern financial circles to.an acceptance of Chicago securities at times when the city was in urgentneed of funds. Enjoying extraordinary financial credit himself in power­ful banking circles, Mr. Billings was in a position to, and often did, rendersignal service to Chicago in many of these financial matters." One ofthe most widely known men in Chicago, closely related to its financialhistory for nearly or quite forty years, told me that on one occasion Mr.Billings being appealed to by Joseph Medill and others advanced tovarious banks $2,000,000 and averted an imminent and very threateningfinancial storm.In 1890, three years after disposing of the Peoples Gas Light and CokeCompany, Mr. Billings was seventy-six years old, but "his eye was notALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSdim, nor his natural force abated." He seemed, indeed, to renew hisyouth and some of the most strenuous work of his life was done afterthat year. In March, 1890, he made a loan of $175,000 to the managerof the Citizens' Street Railroad of Memphis, Tennessee. He had knownthis man as a successful street railroad manager in Chicago. It turnedout that much of the collateral security for the loan was worthless. Tosave the funds he had advanced, Mr. Billings was compelled in the endto take over the road. Later he purchased other short, disconnectedlines, brought them under one management, substituted electricity forhorses and mules as the motor power, and introduced other modernappliances. It is said that he made the system a model for other cities.His original loan grew to a total investment of more than $2,000,000.More than once his confidential office man; fearing he was getting intoo deep, said to him, "Mr. Billings, don't you think I had better makeup for you a financial statement showing the condition of this Memphisinvestment?" But he invariably replied: "No! I don't want to see it.It would only discourage me, and I am in so far now that I have got tosee it through." He did, but it kept him busy throughout the remainderof his life. On the very last day of his life he had a conference with hisMemphis manager, and with his Memphis attorney, who later becamewell known as General Luke E. Wright, Minister to Japan, GovernorGeneral of the Philippines and Secretary of War under Roosevelt.Mr. Billings was at the time of his death engaged on a plan for buildinga railroad west from Memphis. During the same years he was associatedwith others in building the New York and Northern Railroad. Theywere strenuous years for a man of eighty.Mr. W. D. Gregory of the Peoples Company of that time was quotedin the daily papers as saying,The amount of work Mr. Billings was capable of was astonishing. He was offto Vermont, then to New York, and then to Memphis with hardly a stop. For thelast year or two one of these trips would tire him out and he would go home for aweek or so. When rested up he would come down full of plans and resolute to carrythem out. A night train to Memphis and a night train back was his usual way oftraveling. He was a perfect steam engine after he had been home a week and every­thing had to move when he took hold again.He was never downcast. When one scheme did not work he lost no time worry­ing about it, but had another to take its place. He was always cheery around theoffice in his later years and went from one thing to another with marvelous quickness.While many men as they' advance in years give up the routine and detail of theirbusiness to younger men, it was not so with Mr. Billings. He kept track of everything.He knew everything that was going on where he was interested. He paid as muchattention to details as he did when he was thirty years younger.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWhen, in 1887, Mr. Billings contracted to sell his gas holdings to theTrust and retired from the presidency of the Peoples Company, he gaveup all active participation in the gas business of Chicago, leaving his sonto wrestle with any difficulties that might develop. The son provedhimself entirely capable of looking after the family interests. Difficultiesarose in legions. After the lower court had sustained the Trust, at theend of two years, in November, 1889, the Supreme Court reversed thefinding of the court below and decided that "the corporation so formedwas not for a legal purpose." It was decreed that the Gas Trust mustcome to an end. Then followed eight years of confusion. Mr. Fay,who was for a time president of the Trust, says, "Without waiting for areceivership the managers of the Gas Trust quickly abandoned thecorporate form of organization, which had been declared illegal. Theshares of the former gas companies were placed in the name of the CentralTrust Company of New York, which issued its negotiable receipts againstthem in exchange for the Gas Trust Shares. This was a makeshift,anomalous and of doubtful legality, but it was the best that could bedone at the moment."Meantime the stock of the Trust continued for years to be boughtand sold on the stock exchange. It went up and down, gradually, withthe passing of the years, appreciating in price as it did in actual valuewith the growth of Chicago and the business. The low price in 1890was 32! while the price reached in 1897 was 108 ...And what happened then? Charles T. Yerkes and his friends hadlarge holdings in the Trust. To bring an intolerable situation to an endthey went to Springfield and, I do not know by what means, secured thepassage through the Illinois Legislature of the Gas Consolidation Act,which provided,1. That all gas companies were authorized to sell, transfer or lease all their prop­. erty, rights and franchises to any other gas company doing business in the same city.2. That any gas companies doing business in the same city could consolidate andmerge into a single corporation which should be one of the merging or consolidatingcompanies.It was a consequence of this law that the Peoples Company cameinto its own. Because of its perpetual charter, when the gas companiesof the city consolidated, as they did at once under this law, it was withthe charter and name of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company andwith C. K. G. Billings as president. As a matter of course the consolida­tion was attacked and after being bitterly fought through the courtsthe case was finally decided in favor of the company. Its entire legalitywas established.ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSThus, after many years of legal warfare substantially the same resultwas arrived at as was contemplated in the organization of the Trust in1887. Greater simplicity was gained by all the companies merging intothe old historic Peoples Company. Speaking of this company in thePlain Tales from Chicago, Mr Fay said in 1909, "From then on until nowthat Company has enjoyed practically an impregnable monopoly. Suchcompetition as has arisen it has been able to' control. Secure in itsstrength and legality, it has, in response to public pressure, repeatedlyreduced its prices for gas, has substantially accepted regulation and istoday as active and energetic in serving the public cheaply and well as ifit had a hundred competitors."Mr. Billings did not live long enough to see the end of the long con­flict from which he had withdrawn in its early stages. But he did livelong enough to see the beginning of the end, and, when, after his death,the smoke of the conflict had cleared away, it became apparent that theBillings' supremacy, which he had spent more than half his active lifein building up, had not been lost. Father and son ruled the fortunes ofthe Peoples Company for more than fifty years.As has' been aready said Mr. Billings continued his extraordinarybusiness activities to the very end of his long life. With pleasing mem­ories of his early achievement in yeast, thirty-six years later, when he.was eighty-one, this indomitable old man was confident of his abilityto make a new success of a similar undertaking. In the fall of 1·895 amanufacturer of baking powder made a voluntary assignment. The HomeNational Bank being the largest creditor, Mr. Billings, at the sale of thebusiness had it bid in. He did not have to buy as others wanted it. Hegot it by outbidding them $500. During the proceedings an incidentoccurred which reveals his personal integrity. An important memberof the concern called on him and made certain revelations and proposals.After he had left the office Mr. Billings said to Mr. Benson, "We willhave nothing whatever to do with that man." "But," said Mr. Benson,"That man is essential to the business. You can't carry it on withouthim." But his chief made this deeply significant answer, "We will havenothing to do with him. A man who will steal for you will steal fromyou." They needed the expert knowledge of this man badly before thebusiness was disposed of at a profit, but Mr. Billings would not be asso­ciated with a man he considered dishonest.This was, perhaps, his last business venture, though affairs ofgreat importance were being actively carried forward when the authorita­tive word came to him to turn them all over to others. His deathTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDoccurred on February 7, 1897. Had he lived two months and a halflonger he would have reached his eighty-third birthday. Three daysbefore his death he had taken cold. The two days following he hadremained at home, though he refused to consider himself sick. Sundaycame and he felt himself on the way to complete recovery from his slightindisposition. But in the afternoon as he was sitting in his arm chair inthe library with his wife and son he was seized with a chill. Hisnephew, Dr. Billings, was summoned; but within an hour he was deadfrom heart failure.The strong man had passed on. Men thought of him and spoke ofhim differently. They did this inevitably. For he was a man like noone else. Chicago has seen but one A. M. Billings. He was ambitious,independent, self-reliant, courageous, resourceful, energetic, dominating,indomitable. But he was also very religious. He declared that he hadno love for money. He toiled for the love of achievement. He had fewintimates and many thought him cold and self-centered. All acknowl­edged his extraordinary abilities as a financier. The leading bankers saidthis of him. One of his attorneys, who had long been associated withhim, said after his death, "In my opinion he was one of the greatestfinanciers in America. His specialty was deals on an enormous scale andin these he was invariably successful."But, those who knew him best saw another side of this unique man.One of these was Colonel W. P. Rend, who as a-voluntary tribute ofaffection wrote out the following statement which I am glad to bringto light.The noble qualities of his true nature were manifested in manifold ways to thosewho knew him intimately. He was one of the most loyal and constant of friends .. . . . Several of our leading manufacturers and many of our prominent merchantsowe, to a large extent, their success to the assistance which he extended to them in theirearly struggles and in the financial storms and difficulties that, at times, assailed andimperilled their business.His kind concern for his employes and his generous acts in their behalf wontheir gratitude and affection ..... Out of his abundance he rejoiced to extend thehand of aid to the faithful clerk and to the worthy workman under him. He wasparticularly solicitous for the advancement of all those in his employ who led soberand industrious lives and who deserved his favor by their fidelity. To encouragethrift and reward merit he often advanced the means to his humble laborers to purchasehomes and acquire other property. He took an increasing interest, not only in thesemen, but also in the education of their children and in the general welfare of all themembers of their families. He preferred the praises of the poor to the plaudits of therich. Indeed he cared little for any praise, or for any reward, except the inward rewardwhich came to him from the consciousness of right doing and a life of rectitude.ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGSThere could nowhere be found a wealthy man of simpler tastes or plainer habits.He despised show and parade and especially the show and parade of the vanity andluxury of riches. The modest cottage in which he lived before he became a rich mancontinued to be his home after he had amassed many millions. He liv�d and practicedthe sturdy simplicity and severe manners of early American life.'while he gave freely to charity he concealed from the public gaze his gifts andbenefactions. Sound sense, simple, unaffected dignity, and sturdy independence ofcharacter, fidelity to friendships and kindness of heart were the chief characteristicsof his useful life.This was a wonderful tribute from one big man to another. Thefollowing incident fits in well with what Colonel Rend says of his rela­tions with his workmen. One day an old man, bent and infirm stood inthe middle of the road near the Twenty-second Street works, waving hiscane and compelled Mr. Billings to stop his buggy. With surly gruffness,patently simulated, Mr. Billings demanded, "What do you want of me ?'�The old fellow came round to Mr. Billings' side of the buggy, "smilingand radiating comradeship," held out his hand and said, "I don't wantanything, Mr. Billings, only to shake hands with the man I worked fornearly all my life." When the Gas Trust was formed in 1887-88, Mr.Billings arranged for the pensioning of many of the long-time employesof the Peoples Company, and this old fellow was evidently one of thepensioners.Mrs. Billings was eight years younger than her husband. She liveduntil 1913, sixteen years after his death, and reached the age of ninety-oneyears. She was a fit mate for him, of great strength of character and hisconstant and highly valued adviser. She continued to live in the oldhome to the end, spending much of her time looking after the largeestate.Mr. Billings left two sons, Henry A., the son of his first marriage,who died in Chicago in 1918, and C. K. G., who inherited his father'sgenius for business as well as much of his wealth and who is now livingin New York City. He is not merely a rich man's son, but a businessman with abilities rivaling those of his father. He was married in 1885to Blanche E. MacLeish, daughter of Andrew MacLeish, a well-knownChicago merchant, of the firm of Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. There aretwo children, Blanche Pauline, and Albert M. Billings, the grandson,thus carrying 011 the family name.Mr. Billings' daughter married on September 18, 1884, Charles H.Ruddock, a prominent lumberman, now of New York City. Mrs.Ruddock died in 1889, eight years before the death of her father. Sheleft one son, Albert Merritt Billings Ruddock, who at this time is secre-THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtary of legation in the United States Mission in China, following a similarservice at Brussels and Berlin in early world-war days.When in I9I6 the fund of $5,46I,000 was raised for the establishmentof the University of Chicago Medical School, C. K. G. Billings, the son,Dr. Frank Billings, the nephew, Charles H. Ruddock, the son-in-law,and Albert M. B. Ruddock, the grandson, united in making a contribu­tion of $I,OOO,ooo for the erection of the hospital of the Medical Schoolin memory of Mr. Billings. It will-be known as the Albert MerrittBillings Memorial Hospital. This noble building will stand on SixtiethStreet, fronting on the Midway Plaisance and looking across it towardthe older University buildings to the north. The plans for this monu­mental memorial have been prepared. They show a great building ofdomestic Gothic architecture. The material will be the gray Bedfordstone of the other buildings of the University. The Hospital will be anenduring tribute of filial and family piety. The memory of the men whoin their day were most prominent in the business life of Chicago is rapidlyperishing. The name of Mr. Billings will be perpetuated in the noblebuilding which will bear his name, and this sketch is written that thatname may not be a name only, but may stand for the extraordinary manhe was.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY­SIXTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-sixth Con­vocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly HaU, Friday, September I, at4; 00 P.M. The Convocation Address,"Education in a Democratic World," wasdelivered by Ernest DeWitt Burton, Pro­fessor and Head of the Department ofNew Testament and Early ChristianLiterature, and Director of the UniversityLibraries.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence in thework of the Junior Colleges: Earl EustaceBright, Mary Aline Bright, Helen ReesClifford, Augustine Gabriel Confrey,Albert Louis Fletcher, Savilla StorySchoff Millis, Koshichi Tsukamoto, FlaudConaroe Wooton.The Bachelor's degree with honors:B. Carolyn Barr, Cora Campbell, EdwardBartlett. Cormack, Paul Albon Davis,Elinor Ruth Deutsch, Jeanette MaeDickerson, Clara Louise Doerr, NellieEvers, Albert Lee Frantz, Helena Mar­garet Gamer, Ella Louise Grafius, PhilaMay Griffin, Helen Marie Israel, AnnieMay Jary, Priscilla Mary Kinsman,Marie Emilie Klamsteiner, JosephineKuhn, Elizabeth Macgowan, Mary Caro­oline Moxon, Frances Langworthy Mur­ray, Willie Cherry Nottingham, EmilyElizabeth Powell,. Louise WilhelminaPutzke, Max Sherman, Harold Silver,Henry George Speerbrecher, Richard JohnStehn, Percy William Stephens, RuthHelen Teuscher. Laura Marie Theilgaard,Lucy Anna Thomas, Anna MontagueTitterington, Edward Lewis Turner, IvaeWalker, Roxana Laetitia Whitaker, StellaGrace McKown Whittier, Jacob DanielWillems, Mary May Wyman.Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the -Senior Colleges: B.Carolyn Barr, English; Edward BartlettCormack, English and General Literature;Jeanette Mae Dickerson, Home Economics;Kuang Chi Fang, Physics; Albert LeeFrantz, Education; Ella Louise Grafius,English; Phila May Griffin, Education,·Helen Marie Israel, Romance; Ethel Jackson, Art Education,· Annie May Jary,History; Priscilla Mary Kinsman, Kinder­garten Education,· Iva June Lichty, His­tory; Elizabeth Macgowan, Latin; Ger­trude Leone Malloy, Education,· MaryCaroline Moxon, Home Economics; Fran­ces Langworthy Murray, English; WillieCherry Nottingham, Romance; MarthaKnott Ordway, English; Emi1y ElizabethPowell, History; Ethel Brittain Rutter,Home Economics,· Harold Silver, PoliticalEconomy; Frances Lotta Spector, English;Richard John Stehn, Philosophy,· RuthHelen Teuscher, English; Laura MarieTheilgaard, Botany and Natural Science;Edward Lewis Turner, Anatomy; Eliza­beth Marguerite Van Reeth, French,·Roxana Laetitia Whitaker, Latin,· JacobDaniel Willems, Zoology; Mary MayWyman, Botany. .Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Elinor RuthDeutsch, Jeanette Mae Dickerson, HelenaMargaret Gamer, Ella Louise Grafius,Phila May Griffin, Karl John Holzinger,Ralph Ernest Huston, Marie EmilieKlamsteiner, Elizabeth Macgowan, Fran­ces Langworthy Murray (June '19),Willie Cherry Nottingham (March '22),Harold Silver, Percy William Stephens,Laura Marie Theilgaard, Roxana LaetitiaWhitaker, Jacob Daniel Willems, WarnerF. Woodring.Degrees and certificates were conferredas follows: The Colleges: the degree ofBachelor of Arts,s; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 87; the degree ofBachelor of Science, 43; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Education, 62;the degree of Bachelor of Science in Edu­cation, 2; the degree of Bachelor of Phi­losophy in Commerce and Administration,13; The Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration: the degree of Master ofArts, I; The Divinity School: the degreeof Master of Arts, 12; the degree ofBachelor of Divinity, 7; The Law School:the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 8; thedegree of Doctor of Law, 10; The Gradu­ate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science:273274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe degree of Master of Arts, I I I ; thedegree of Master of Science. g I; the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy,s I.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at IO: 30 A.M., Sunday, August 27, inHarper Assembly Room. At I I : 00 A.M.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, the Con­vocation Religious Service was held. ThePreacher was the Reverend Lathan A.Crandall, D.D., Hyde Park BaptistChurch, Chicago, Illinois.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the Sum­mer Quarter were: June 25, PresidentJames G. K. McClure, McCormick Theo­logical Seminary, Chicago; July 2, Pro­fessor Herbert Lockwood Willett, Uni­versity of Chicago; July 9, ProfessorErnest DeWitt Burton, University ofChicago; July I6, Professor Harris Frank­lin Rall, Garrett Biblical Institute, Evans­ton, Illinois; July 23, Professor TheodoreGerald Soares, University of Chicago;July 30, President Allan Hoben, Kala­mazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan;August 6, Professor Henry Burke Robins,Rochester Theological Seminary, Roches­ter, New York; August I3, ReverendJames Francis, First Baptist Church,Los Angeles, California; August 20,Professor Gerald Birney Smith, Univer­sity of Chicago; August 27, ReverendLathan A. Crandall, Hyde Park BaptistChurch, Chicago.At the recent meeting of the NationalEducation Association in July, WilliamB. Owen, principal of the Chicago NormalSchool, was elected president. Mr.Owen took his Doctor's degree at theUniversity in I90I, and from I894-I909was a member of the University Faculties.Albert Martin Kales, Professorial Lec­turer on Law in the University, died oftyphoid fever, July 27, I922, at theEvanston Hospital. Mr. Kales had beenprofessor of law in Northwestern Uni­versity Law School, and in the HarvardLaw School. He had been ProfessorialLecturer on Law in the University sinceI920.Nathaniel Waring Barnes, AssistantProfessor of Commercial Organization inthe School of Commerce and Administra­tion, has recently been elected presidentfor I922-23 of the National Association of Teachers of Advertising. Mr. Barneshas also been appointed a member of theConsulting Educational Committee ofthe Associate Advertising Clubs of theWorld.Among those who lectured at the Uni­versity in the course of the Summer Quar­ter were: Sinclair Lewis, Author of MainStreet, who spoke July 2I on "LiteraryBolsheviks"; Zona Gale, who spokeJuly 28 on "The Novel and Beauty";Carl Sandburg, who spoke August I8 on"The Finding of New Songs"; and Mar­cel Moraud of the University of Toronto,who spoke August IS on "AnatoleFrance."The gift of the Class of I922 to the Uni­versity has taken the form of a stonebridge across the Botany pool in HullCourt. The bridge was designed by theUniversity architects, and $900 providedfor its erection. It was completed onAugust 26. It has the University coat­of-arms at the four comers, and on thekeystone of the arch the inscription,"Presented by the Class of I922."In a series of lectures given at Colum­bia University, in August, on EducationalInterpretation of Modem Science, Pro­fessor John M. Coulter, Head of theDepartment of Botany, lectured on "TheMeaning of Evolution" and on "Evolutionand Religion."Mrs.. Charles Hitchcock died June ·29,at Berea, Kentucky, aged eighty-threeyears. Funeral services were held on theafternoon of July 3 at her residence, 474IGreenwood Avenue, where she had livedfor sixty years. Professor Theodore G.Soares made the address. The burial wasin Oak woods Cemetery.In I90I she erected Hitchcock Hall, inmemory of her husband, Charles Hitch­cock. Ma\lY were the students, unableto return home for. the holidays, whoremember the cheer dispensed by thedonor at the elaborate breakfasts it washer custom to give Christmas mornings.To the very end of her life, Mrs. Hitch­cock kept up a keen interest in the ad­ministration and equipment of the Hall.Forest Ray Moulton, Professor ofAstronomy in the University, received thehonorary degree of Doctor of Science fromAlbion College, Albion, Michigan, at itscommencement in June.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREFrank R. Lillie, Chairman of the De­partment of Zoology in the University,has been made Chairman for 1922-23 ofthe division of biology and agriculture inthe National Research Council.The degree of Doctor of Divinity hasbeen conferred by Miami University,Oxford, Ohio, . upon Shailer Mathews,Dean of the Divinity School.Frederick Starr was given the degreeof LL.D. by Coe College, Cedar Rapids,Iowa, at its commencement in June.James Henry Breasted, Director of theOriental Institute,represented the Univer­sity in Paris at the centenary of Cham­pollion's decipherment of Egyptian andof the foundation of the Societe Asiatique.On July 13 Director Breasted presenteda paper on Champollion's achievement,and discussed the newly discovered muralpaintings on the upper Euphrates.Professor Breasted will spend the win­ter in Egypt with Dr. Alan H. Gardiner,the eminent British Egyptologist, andPierre Lacau, Director General of theDepartment of Antiquities of the Egyp­tian Government, in the copying andpreparation of the great group of CoffinTexts in the National Museum at Cairo.In the spring of 1923 Dr. Breasted willprobably go to Beirut via . Palestine toexamine the latest results of excavationsin western Asia, especially Palestine andSyria.Harold G. Moulton, a member of theUniversity Faculties since 1910, hasbecome head of the Institute of Economicsrecently established by the Carnegie Cor­poration at Washington. The new Insti­tute, which will co-operate with variousdepartments of the government and withthe United States Chamber of Commerce,will be organized .to afford studentsopportunity for economic research andto present its results in untechnical formin pamphlets, monographs, and specialreports.In the Summer Quarter, the ReverendAntranig Arakel Bedikian, of the Arme­nian Evangelical Church, New York City,gave three illustrated lectures at the Uni­versity, on the Near East. On August 16his subject was "Constantinople, the 275City of Past History and Present Poli­tics"; August 17, "The Story andRemains of a Medieval Kingdom at theFoot of Ararat"; and August 18, "Inthe Footsteps of the Crusaders throughCilicia."Miss Luanna Robertson, once head ofKelly Hall, and Instructor in German inthe University Academy at Morgan Park,died in Los Angeles, California, late inthe summer, after a long illness.Alexander Smith, a member of theChemistry Faculty from 1894 to 19II,and more recently Head of the Depart­ment of Chemistry in Columbia Univer­sity, died in Edinburgh, Scotland, inSeptember.The twenty-fifth anniversary of theopening of the Yerkes Observatory atWilliams Bay, Wisconsin, was celebratedon September 30, 1922. Members of theBoard of Trustees and other friends ofthe Observatory attended the exercisesat the Observatory.In the Divinity School, opening exer­cises were held in Haskell AssemblyRoom on the afternoon of October 3.Dean Mathews and Professor Gerald B.Smith made addresses, and ProfessorSoares and Reverend Charles W. Gilkeytook part in the service.The annual homecoming dinner of theFaculties was given in Hutchinson Hall,Friday, October 6, 1922.Steps toward the erection of the groupof buildings planned for the Disciples'Divinity House of the University weretaken in September, when the churchbuilding of the University Church of theDisciples at Fifty-seventh Street andUniversity Avenue was moved to theeast end of the lot, and the erection of astone church from the designs of HowardShaw was begun. The church buildingwill cost about $100,000.Twenty framed lithographs of Greektemples, by Joseph Pennell, have beenhung in the corridors of the ClassicsBuilding. They are inscribed, "In mem­ory of Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Professorof Classical Archaeology. Presented bythe Renaissance Society and otherfriends."THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPlans are being made and estimatessecured for a laboratory for additionalfacilities for the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, to stand on EllisAvenue north of the Press Building. Thebuilding will be of brick, one story inheight. The Ellis Avenue front will be110 feet in length. It will contain ageneral laboratory, a chemical laboratory,six rooms for research, and an animalroom.The death of Professor Salisbury, onAugust 15, called forth extraordinaryexpressions of appreciation and regret,The Chicago Herald and Examiner saideditorially on August 17, under the cap­tion "The Great Teacher":"In the death of Rollin D. Salisburythe country has lost one of its greatestteachers."We do not refer to him here as ascientist. Others shared his reputationas a geologist and geographer. But as ateacher he stood almost alone."Though he was a rigid disciplinarian,even the Freshmen struggled to get intohis sections. He made them think andtaught them to remember, and they weregratefuL"But not grateful only. They adoredhim. His correspondence with graduateswas enormous. They flooded him withgifts and invitations. They named theirsons after him. While he was in thehospital in his last illness, flowers camefor weeks in cartloads, and the inquiriesafter his condition strained the service ofthe hospital to handle."He was respected because he was afine scholar. But he was cherished be­cause he cherished his students. InChile, in China, in Tibet, in Europe, all�)Ver the United States, the news of hisdeath will throw men into mourning.His fame is high. But what is famebeside the love they bore him?"The Chicago American said editoriallyon August 18, under the heading, "AGreat Teacher Passes":"Few men leave such indelible impres­sions on the men and women with whomthey work and live as did Dean Rollin D.Salisbury, world-famed geologist of theUniversity of Chicago."Professor Salisbury was more than ageologist and a geographer, although hisexplorations in Greenland and SouthAmerica and his lucid presentation of his subject in classroom and textbook markedhim as one of the great educators ofAmerica. He was a Teacher in the high­est and fullest sense of the word. \"The thousands who in thirty years satin his classrooms learned as they hadnever learned before how to listen andhow to speak. He would permit no note­taking during his lectures. 'Young man,'he would say, 'get this information inyour head. You are more likely to havethat with you. when you need it.'"He insisted on absolute accuracy ofexpression. 'Speak not that you may beunderstood; but speak so that you can­not be misunderstood,' was the advicewhich he thundered at his classes thou­sands of times. And he practiced hispreaching so that his textbooks weremodels of accurate expression of scientifictruths and many of his students learnedmore about English in his classroom thanin the English department."Although frequently abroad, he wasan intense lover of America, and spurnedacademic critics of their country. Thewriter remembers the advice he gave agroup of young men after a return fromSouth America. 'Gentlemen,' he said,'you probably can go out from here andearn three times as much money in SouthAmerica as in the United States; but itisn't worth it.''" Old Sol' a:s the students learned tocall him, first in awe and later in lovingreverence, was a stern taskmaster-forhimself and his students. He could de­tect 'bluff' at first glance. He hatedpretense and admired effort and intelli­gence. He was absolutely fair. Theoccasional invitations to his homeextended to students who had earned hisrespect were held in higher esteem thanhonors awarded at Commencement day."In his passing the University and Chi­cago loses more than a great scientist.Gone is one of the great personalitieswhich make a great university."The great demand for football ticketsin recent seasons and the difficultiesattendant upon their just distributionled the Board of Physical Culture andAthletics, last autumn, to appoint a com­mittee to study the problem. The recom­mendations of this committee, whichhave been adopted by the Board, embodywhat are believed to be the best featuresof the established systems .at leadingeastern universities. They go into effectEVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREwith the football season of. I922. Themain features of the plan are:" I. All tickets for the Princeton, Illi­nois, and Wisconsin games will beassigned on the basis of written applica­tion and in accordance with a system ofpriorities which gives preference to theapplications of present and past membersof the University."2. The number of tickets for anyoneapplicant will be restricted to not morethan four with the understanding that atleast one seat shall be occupied personallyby the applicant. In considering theapplications preference will be given first,to those for one ticket; second, to thosefor two tickets; and third, to those forthree or four tickets. Within each ofthese preferred groups seats will be as­signed by lot. The price of all ticketsfor any particular game will be uniformthroughout."3. Supplementary applications for alimited number of additional seats willif sent with the regular applications beconsidered after all primary applicationshave been taken care of. The demandfor seats may be so great, however, asto make it impossible to fill any of thesupplementary applications."4. Application blanks will be mailedearly in September to all graduates of theUniversity . in the United States andCanada whose addresses are on file in thealumni office, and to all ex-students whosecorrect addresses are on file, with specificinformation as to the final dates for mak­ing application for each game. "5. Persons who wish to obtain seatstogether may inclose their applicationstogether, in which case all the inclosedapplications will be given the priorityrating of the applicant whose rating islowest."6. Both alumni and students willunderstand that tickets are not to be soldto speculators or to be used by personswho will conduct themselves in a disor­derly or objectionable manner at the game.A plan has been set up for watching thesale of tickets by speculators and also forchecking up the occupancy of seats at thegames. If tickets assigned to any appli­cant shall have been found to have beensold to speculators or for an advancedrate, or to have been used in any objec­tionable way, these applicants will beblacklisted and thereafter denied theprivilege of applying for tickets for anygame for which tickets are sold by theUniversity."7. Along with the application blanksand instructions regarding tickets for thethree games mentioned, information willbe sent as to how, where, and when ticketsfor the other three games on the schedulemay be obtained. Tickets for the entireseason can be applied for by sending ap­plications for all the games at one time."A fuller statement of the plan appearedin the University of Chicago Magazine forJuly, I922. Alumni, members of theFaculties, and University donors will beprovided with application blanks, uponsending their names and addresses to theFootball Tickets Committee.I. ARTS, LITERATURE, AND SCIENCE:I. The Graduate Schools-Arts and Literature .Science . M1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IGAINI LossTATTENDANCE IN SUMMER QUARTER 1922FIRST TERM SECOND TERM19 12______________ -1--1--1-_1--1--1--1--1--1--1--1--1--1--1--1--1 __ 1 __ 1 __ 1 __ 1 __ 1 __ 1 __ ' __I •..•.. FIRST TERMONLYT MIW SECOND TERMONLY�I:::: : TW T MIW T M W7851 72011,5051 6781 43711, lI51 2391 4291 668563 245 808 528 189 717 95 87 182Total. .2. Courses in Medicine- 'Graduate .Senior .Junior .Unclassified . 1989938 96512,31311,206251 2231 219221 1213 41 62611,832 334 BomTERMS TOTAL 192222436911,014 TOTAL 1921T MIW10II84523175221 241 43 MIW T MIW192 1771321 1461 2781 5461 2911 8371 9171 86611,7831 8271 88211,70960 31 91 468 158 626 623 276 899 570 267 837-------516 850642121 3307281,180 42234 241 44911,46311,54011,14212,68211,39711,14912,5461061 599475 1,613 43511,0341 7591 7lIll,4701 7311 72011,451 ��I:::: :136, .....88412,49712,29911,85314,15212,12811,86913,9971 155,·····19····· .441 III9 2420 20 101 1,211 1812 26 3921 42 201 2011 1897 46 627 49 45 161 20Sj j .22 84 .6 51 .. '" .341 2961 296 441 3401 .19 II6 .5 45· . 44.. ·471 .... .r '481" '4SI:::: r '4sl" ··31 .... il" "41" "il:::: r: .r '441:::: r '441" .481 .... .r '491" '36'" "4'" '4�1:::::Total. '11'3482. §:nio���l�,:���""""""""" 2951 3031 5981 2811 2581" 5391 351 641 991 211 191 401 2601 2391 4991 3161 3221 6381 3181 3061 6241 141 .....Junior.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 145 101 246 127 67 194 21 41 62 3 7 10 124 60 184 148 108 256 155 103 258. . .. . 2Unclassified ___:}}__ 243 ��� 407 �������������� 569__7.:.:..:..:..:.Total. 'I 7171' 64711'3641 6411 49911'140Total Arts, Literature, andScience 2,0651,6123,677 1,847 1,125 2,972II. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS:I. Divinity School-Graduate "1 1421 151 1571 1501 151 165Unclassified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6 37 32 3 35Chicago TheologicaL.. . . .... .. .. . 25 4 29 37 4 41Total. .3. Law School-Graduate .Senior .Candidates for LL.B .Unclassified .Total. .4. College of Education .5. School of Commerce and Adminis-tration-Graduate .Senior .Junior .Unclassified . 1841 26 210 9939 2�1 I�;I. ... �I. . " �I. ... :51 364 II3 8 39817 . 5131 1681 262731 ISS9738 201 II71 1013 41 39 221 1233 42 97402011 13" ....1171" .. '1" .26 .69·.··· .2 ••••••••••I82283, ..••.. Total University 'r-'OI612,84915,86512'760II'77614'5361�II'56,312'I761�1�1 84712'40311'28613,68913'3731�16'7I21�13'46616,6781�1�Duplicates , .. . 207 27 234 203 24 227 8 3 II 4 . . .. . 4 199 24 223 2II 27 238 195 31 226 .•...•••.•----------------------------------------------1032263 1082366 183 2395 619 I59 3I ..... 206 6455 94 202 1881 26 214 1731 281891 91 1981621,1001,26263624538 9121412 72745950 1283 41"" •1011 161' ... '1 161 81 II 920 3 ..•.. 3 .6� .••• : •.•. � .. , �� .•.. � � � 1791 23871954 922056 IIII 622 16� ...• : II72372I II525672 •.•. 0.Total.. 1 2086. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration-Graduate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 12 18 5 6 II I 8 9 .. . . . 2 2 5 4 9 6 14 20 2 14 16 .....Undergraduate.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 18 22 3 14 17 I 5 6 .. . . . I I 3 13 16 4 19 23 ..... 24 24 .••..Total. -;-;-;--8 -;�'--2 --;;�=-. -3--3 -.g--;�-;---::-;--;;---2 �-;--31=Total Professional............ 9511,2372,188 913 6511,564 161 835 996 123" 249 372 790 4021,1921,074 1,486 �560 1,084 1,5972,681 .•••. Ul47 255 1741 101 184128 543 671 281 I.64 786 291 13850 30 2229 II .....1611 81 16998 314 412 2021 III 2131921,3291,521 2091 51 2141" '"1801,4231,603 .....78756159 421 121 541 .....74 12 86 •....54 9 63 .....54 26 80 ..•..581 51 6359 13 7241 II 5243 4 47201 33 �I" .. �4 53 9 1�1" .. :9···· .12 8 IS2596 541 31 5759 12 7141 9 5035 3 38 67624546 II13161359234 6 2918 189 21627 220 27353Net Total. \2 ,809\2 ,822\5 ,63"\2 ,557\" ,75214,3091 6051" ,56012,1:651 3531 4901 84312,2041:£,26213,46613, ,,6213,3:£216,47413,0:£713 ,43516,45::120 3922 .