M. JEAN JULES JUSSERANDTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDVOLUME VIn JULY 1922 NUMBER 3PROBLEMS OF FRANCEIBy HIS EXCELLENCY THE FRENCH AMBASSADORM. JEAN JULES JUSSERANDFor many years I have desired to visit again this great Universityand great city. My first visit to Chicago dates back so long ago thatmore than one of these young men who receive today their degreesand are about to begin life in earnest were yet unborn and know nothingof the Chicago which I saw then.Well, it was even in that remote period, twenty years ago, a great,energetic, progressive, hospitable city, a well-meaning one, scorningprejudices, snobbism, and fopperies, holding in particularly high esteemthe qualities which go to make good citizenship. It would now and thenbe overcrowded with visitors and nominate a president.Over the University reigned a man imbued with the true Chicagospirit, ever ready, ever active, ever cheery, ever sure of success, for thegood reason that he took in time the necessary steps to insure success;a man of whom you can be proud, and his country too. His life wascut short by illness; he accepted his fate with a smile-a true Chicagoanindeed. Centuries may pass and the name of William R. Harper willstill be honored in these precincts.The reason 'why I visited Chicago so early in my American careeris that it was the first city so good as to invite me. I was still in Hamlet'sland, the kingdom of Denmark, when I received President Harper'sinvitation to come here, which I declined, not knowing what would bemy possibilities on arrival. Shortly after I had landed there came toI Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Twenty-fifth Convocation. of the University, held in Hutchinson Court, June 13, 1922.141THE UNIVERSITY RECORDme an emissary for him, and how could I still refuse'? The emissarywas Dean Judson, now President Judson, the friend and chief lieutenantof President Harper and now his worthy continuator. When PresidentJudson asks, the best, let me assure you, is to say yes. So I said yes,came to Chicago, was charmingly entertained, and received my firstAmerican degree; so I am in a way, young men and women, a fellow­alumnus of yours, but of the class of I903.I have since then seen about one-fourth added to the population ofthe United States. Chicago, however, being a go-a-head city was notcontent with an increase of one-fourth like the rest of the country, but,in the same period, doubled her population.Great events., ranking among the, greatest in the history of theworld, happened during those years and those events are the chief causewhy I had so long to delay revisiting this friendly city.What events! I was in Paris in the summer of I914; all was peace andprosperity; war was considered by most men as a barbaric impossibility,as nearly abolished as the leprosy of the Middle Ages. There were, ofcourse, international problems which had been settled in former yearsthe wrong way; injustice weighed on some' people; but the progressof mankind would take care of that, and good sense and better feelingsamong men procure sometimes the necessary adjustments. Peopleenjoyed to the full the beauty of the day.Never was a brighter sky more suddenly overcast. The smile wasstill on the lips, when the people heard that it was not to be continuedpeace, but immediate war; notan ordinary war but a war to the death,a war aiming at the suppression of our nation and of what our nationstands for. What our nation stands for is liberty. So does yours. Asthere was no cause, the enemy had to invent one, and in their hurry, sounimportant it was in their eyes to justify a decision 9f theirs, backedas they thought by irresistible force, they devised a ridiculous one,demonstrably false and inane: the French had, with their aeroplanes,bombarded Nuremberg. IAnd for that fictitious bombardment of Nuremberg, nearly a millionand a half young French men were to die, three or four million were tobe wounded, nearly a million maimed for life, ten of our richest Depart­ments laid waste, the women and girls of Lille and elsewhere sent toI Commenting, in his recently published memoirs, on the declaration of war hehad handed us on the fateful afternoon of August 3, I9I4, Baron von Schoen writes:"That my name be tied to a grave mistake which took the appearance of a lie, is themost painful memory of my career."PROBLEMS OF FRANCE I43captivity; our most sacred buildings, Rheims cathedral, those noblepiles that stand like bridges across the ages, connecting ancestors anddescendants, were to be wantonly destroyed, much of that just for thepleasure of it, just to hurt.France badly prepared, honestly mobilizing the wrong way, towardthe regular frontier, while the enemy was trampling under foot thatBelgium which he was bound not only to respect but to protect, didwonders and so did her Allies; and then the day arrived when, withunsurpassed enthusiasm, disinterestedness, and valor, you came to therescue and hand in hand all together we changed what threatenedto be a sunset into the sunrise of Independence and Victory.You returned home, blessed by us for your great deeds. Weremained among our ruins, our tombs, our wrecked schools, churches,and factories, our 600,000 destroyed houses, our fruit trees cut down,our mines unworkable for years; such terrible waste in some placesthat standing on a bare plateau where nothing could be seen, not a treestump, not a heap of stones, the General with us could say: "At theplace where you stand you are in the midst of the village of Fleury."A number of villages there are whose names will never appear again onthe map of France.The problems were on such a scale as to seem insoluble. Neverhad France suffered so much in the space of a few years during the wholecourse of her millennial history, not even during the Hundred Years War,or the wars of religion. Despair might have seemed excusable.But none was felt; nor for one moment, nor in any class of citizens;none in women, none in children. Was it not victory? Was it not inde­pendence? Were not our brethren of Alsace free? Who could despair?And the work of repairing the havoc done began at once, in earnest,with scorn of discomforts, and certitude of one day succeeding.I beg to requote, because so characteristic, a story told me by oneof your generals who, crossing a place so demolished that every traceof life seemed to have disappeared, at length discovered a man preparing,obviously for the future, a kind of building made of poles and canvaswith a hole in the canvas for a door, and another for a window; abovethe door he had painted in large letters the word "Restaurant," andunderneath as a motto: "Aux cceurs joyeux"-"At the Sign of theMerry Hearts." "A nation of merry hearts," the general said, "neverdies." Ours shall not.Another humble but telling sign of those dispositions, I noticed whenI visited those, shortly before, quasi-infernal regions, in the number of144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhuts and hovels in front of which flower-bearing creepers had beenplanted-a trifling sign but with a great meaning: once more hope,faith, the love of beauty.Before all the rest, public utilities, roads, railroads, bridges, canals,schools were remade, now barns and factories for the restoration ofagriculture and industry are being dealt with; houses also receive at­tention, but the immensity of this last problem passes imagination. Wehave repaired up to now 300,000, which is half of the total and seemsmuch. It is creditable to be sure, but those are houses which were onlywrecked in part; for those totally destroyed, and to be entirely rebuiltwhich implies considerable expense, our number is but 10,000.Great help has come from several lands, and especially from evergenerous America. The spirit of your early volunteers continues alivein many men and women from this country who work heart and soul(like Miss Anne Morgan to name only one) for our refugees, returnednow by the million to their wrecked homes. In more than one of ourout-of-the-way, destroyed villages you might find a solitary Americanwoman, the moving spirit of the place, the helper, the good fairy.Do not believe, however, that such a nation as is that friend of yours,France, merely allows herself to be helped. The chief work should be doneby ourselves and is. A great movement was started some time ago toorganize the adoption in numbers of the ravaged villages and cities bythose in the parts of France unvisited by the enemy. It was consideredthat the influence of children might be decisive; train loads of themfrom the prosperous regions were brought to see with their eyes and gohome and tell their parents who, busy with their daily tasks, could notcome. A carefully prepared questionnaire had been sent to everymayor of every devastated town. Some pluckily answered: "We canget along now, do not think of us, think of those who are worse off."But 2,209 places asked for help and adoption. Between 15 and 20,000children visited them and the result of the visit was that 1,852 localitieswere adopted. Some of the uninjured cities, like Lyons, who adoptedthe two important towns of Laon and Saint-Quentin, instead of raisingthe money by collections and drives, took the simple and practical wayof supertaxing themselves.The great burden of the expense falls, however, of course, on the state.Germany is expected to repay, but, as is only too well known, the fundsfromthis source have been scant. As the work cannot wait, we go ahead,upsetting our budgets, increasing our public debt, confronting anuncertain future; but wait, we cannot. It is calculated that the advancePROBLEMS OF FRANCE I45thus made by the state amounts up to now to seventy-five billionfrancs; eighty billion more will be necessary to complete the work.When reparations are spoken of, you will often hear people say orimply: "Are not the French too exacting? Could they not show moremercy?" They wish they could, but how can they? It is a questionof overloading the victim so as to spare the aggressor. Somebody mustpay for those reconstructions; why should it be those on whom they wereinflicted and who after all had not bombarded Nuremberg? Toward theenemy we have been more lenient than they were in '70 when the fortuneof the war had been favorable to them. They made us pay for what thewar had cost them; as a compensation for the immense treasure we hadto spend in this war to defend ourselves against their unprovokedattack, we ask nothing. For the rest, their duty. is to make good.France is a militaristic country, you may have heard; she keeps anenormous army; why does she? First, she does not; her army is not anenormous one and it is steadily decreasing year by year; military service,which before the war was of three years, is now of eighteen monthsand will soon be, if no untoward event interferes, of one year.Our military expenses reached during the last year of the war, 19I8,the colossal sum of thirty-six billion francs: for famous as we are as athrifty nation, we cease to be so when the country is in danger. In19I9, they were eighteen billion; in I920, seven and a half billion; in192I, 6,300,000,000; in 1922, 4,900,000,000.The number of our soldiers which had reached seven or eight millionduring the war has been gradually reduced and will be more and more.It is expected that next year only 630,000 will be left, colonial andnative troops included.As we are, in normal times, a thrifty nation we spend considerablyless for our defense than the United States whom no one will describeas militaristic, and more than our British friends whose naval expensesalone surpass the whole cost of our national defense on land, air, andwater. And yet neither they nor you have the disadvantage of anenemy-bordered frontier.But yet people say: France, with all that, is the strongest militarypower in the world. The answer is, why not? Is there one nation withbetter reasons to be on her guard? If she does not guard herself whowill guard her? Is there one with better reasons to desire not to sufferagain what she alone did suffer? If there is one, please name her.To be militaristic is not, moreover, to have a greater or lesser numberof soldiers. The militaristic nation is the one in which the whole popula-THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtion is militarized, obeys commands, abides by the will of the manabove, without daring to discuss it; and the man above all others has onlya word to say, a button to press, and the immense machine is set inmotion, submarines sink innocent ships, diplomats assert that theneighboring country has bombarded Nuremberg, preachers recommendwar in the name of the God of peace, and professors publish ninety-threepropositions.We are often told, Look at us; we have three thousand miles of frontierwith Canada, and no fortresses, no soldiers. We answer, will you exchangeneighbors? We should then be delighted to follow in your footsteps.A great deal has been said on the occasion of the Washington Confer­ence about our supposed naval ambitions. The country was filled fora while witli protests, which were not most of them, truth to say,American protests .. Our ambitions were in reality modest ones andaimed only at resuming in this respect, as well as for trade, industry,agriculture, etc., the rank we had held before the war. In reality wewere the only nation who came to the conference having put into practiceits spirit and principles 'even before there- had been a question of aconference. We had in fact allowed the naval program voted by ourChambers in I9I2 to fall into abeyance; five capital ships were in themaking, one 60 per cent finished, another 50, and so on; we had scrappedthem; contracts for five more had been given and we had canceled them.Our arsenals had observed since I9I4 a complete naval holiday. Weaccepted, however, moved by our friendship toward this country,what was asked of us in that line.Much also was said and written about the attitude of France concern­ing submarines, much that was sad to listen to and' sad to read, butwhich did not come either, most of it, from American lips or pens. Wehave been described as being in favor of the ruthless-warfare practicedby the Germans, which is untrue; as having a passion for the submarines,an engine, it was said, of no use but for the destruction of innocentmerchant ships, and so on.That the submarine can be used for other ends than the destructionof innocent merchant ships has been sufficiently shown by Admiral J ellicoewho ordered twenty in America during the war, for the defense of the" Grand Fleet" of Great Britain. As for our own real views concerningthis new war machine, I think they cannot be better expressed than inthe following words:The submarine, as a means of war, has a very vital part to play. It has come tostay ..... As a scout the submarine has great possibilities ..... SubmarinesPROBLEMS OF FRANCE I47acting legitimately from bases in our distant possessions would harass and greatlydisturb an enemy attempting operations against them. It will be impossible to protectour two long coast lines properly at all times. Submarines located at bases along bothcoasts will be useful as scouts and to attack an enemy who should desire to make raidson exposed positions ..... The retention of a large submarine force may at somefuture time result in [our] holding [our] outlying possessions.This is exactly what we think, nothing more, nothing less. Thosewords are not, however, quoted from any French authority; they areextracted from the report unanimously voted by the American AdvisoryCouncil of the Conference at Washington. Our views and the Americanviews stand rarely very much apart.Our effort is an all-round one; no branch of human activity isallowed in the France of today to remain unproductive and dormant.Attention is paid to our colonies (and our African port of Dakar hasnow a traffic equaling that of Marseilles or Genoa fifteen years ago),so with our universities" agriculture, aviation (IO,OOO passengers trans­ported last year, one accident per 800 trips), commerce, industry, art,sport, etc. The enemy thought that the destruction of our looms andmachinery would cramp our production for years, while theirs continuingunhampered would have everything its own way. They forgot that themost important piece of machinery was beyond their reach and couldnot be broken by dynamite: the pluck and spirit of the men and womenof France. We owe to that spirit, much more than to any particularlyfavorable circumstances (and certainly, in the ravaged regions they arenot particularly favorable) , the fact that we have practically today nounemployment. The last statistics showed less than IO,OOO dulyregistered unemployed. Our laborers find work becausethey want to.When after the deliverance of Lille the first trucks appeared there,bringing thread for the looms, the women marched around the carsjoyfully shouting: "Le fill le fill "-"The thread! the thread!"No, their spirit has not been broken.Another result is that, in spite of so many impediments, after threeyears' peace our commerce and shipping have already reached theirpre-war figures; and, another item of great importance, the balance oftrade is, for us, now equal. During the first four months Ofr922 it haseven been in our favor, with 'our imports having a value of seven billionfrancs and our exports surpassing them by three hundred thirty-onemillion.Do not think, however, that this development in any way threatensyou. A great deal is said now and then of thepossibility of this countrybeing swamped with cheap products from abroad. Not from France inTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDany case, for first, our products are not so very cheap; second, they donot generally compete with yours, because each of us conforming to ourown bent and obeying our own interest follows different lines-youproducing in immense quantities with the help of your wonderfulmachines, we producing a more carefully finished article with the helpof the wonderful ten fingers of the French workman; third, we send solittle to America that, given the importance of our countries, our tradewith you is almost ridiculous. Kindly note this: Belgium is smallerthan Maryland and has a population smaller than that of Pennsylvania.The United States has a population of 105,000,000 and is as large asEurope, Russia included. Well, to the advantage as it seems of all con­cerned, we yearly sell more goods to Belgium than to the United States.Compare again the trade statistics between France and the UnitedStates for 1921; you will find that the exchanges result in every inhabitantof France buying American goods' to the value of $6.00; and everyAmerican French merchandise to the value of $1.35.In spite of so much enthusiasm and good will all our problems arenot solved, and several remain, giving us food for thought and anxiety­the problem of birth-rate for example, which is yours, too; the problemof the fight against tuberculosis, immensely aggravated by the war,though much has been done in this respect, and much of that throughyour help; the back-to-the-farm problem which, owing to the excessiveindustrial production of more and more perfected machinery, will haveto be considered throughout the civilized world; the financial problem,which would be solved if only Germany's dues were paid. We do,however, our best. If you have a General Dawes who commands anarmy of good citizens warring upon useless expenses, we have alsosome men of the same type. A law passed last year has decided that50,000 public functionaries would be dismissed in -the present one;it turns out that 52,000 will be.In one respect our effort has had results which delight us, that is,to make our universities better known and more attractive to Americanyouths. Even during the war, in the intervals of their service at thefront, a number of bright young men got a first impression of our teachingwhich survived the war, and they have gone back to continue studying incompany with those whom they had elbowed in the trenches. Beforethe war, due or not to propaganda, there were half as many Americanstudents in Paris as there were Germans. Things have now greatlychanged. Just after the war there were only sixty-one American studentsin our universities; there are now 1,348. Fellowships have been foundedPROBLEMS OF FRANCE I49in large numbers; exchange professors have multiplied. More and morethe two nations, ever fond of each other, will understand, respect, andlove each other.With their ardent spirit young men from Chicago are sure to bemost welcome in the land from which came the first discoverers of theplace where we now stand, Joliet, Marquette, LaSalle. Their spiritis indeed the same as that of those explorers, and I am tempted to endthese remarks, borrowing one of your colloquial words, and to say:Go it Chicago; a hearty welcome awaits you.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTIHis Excellency the French Ambassador is an honorary alumnus ofthe University of Chicago. His degree was bestowed not merely inrecognition of a distinguished diplomat who ably and honorably repre­sented a great nation bound by age-long ties of friendship to the UnitedStates, but especially because he is himself one of the fellowship of letters.A scholar, a statesman, a genial friend, his Excellency is welcome heretoday. He will be welcome always. No diplomat has representedhis homeland in our country more loyally, more winningly. He rankswith James Bryce, with our own Franklin in France and Charles FrancisAdams in London. He is himself a bond of sympathy and understandingbetween the two republics. The University thanks him for his servicetoday, and extends a heartfelt benison for the years to come.During the Quarter just closing the University has suffered a greatloss in the death of one of its Trustees. A member of the Board formany years, faithful and able in all the relations of life, he was a valuedofficer of the University and one whom all who knew him loved.We will stand a moment to honor the memory of Adolphus ClayBartlett. (While the audience stood, Pleyel's Hymn was played on thechimes.)GIFTSThe following gifts have been made to the University since July 1,1921:Seymour Coman left his residuary estate appraised at $I45,804·IIto the University as trustee the income therefrom to be used for scientificresearch with special reference to preventive medicine and the cause,prevention and cure of disease.The late Mrs. Gustavus F. Swift, of lamented memory, left thefollowing clause in her will: "I give to the University of Chicago,located in the City of Chicago, Illinois, the sum of One Hundred Thou­sand Dollars ($100,000) as a permanent fund, the income, and no more,to be annually applied to and used in the Department of Theology ofsaid University or in promoting or maintaining any theological workwhich may be carried on by said University."I Read at the One Hundred Twenty-fifth Convocation, in Hutchinson Court, June13, 1922•THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT lSIMr. A. D. Thomson, of Duluth', Minnesota, left $so,ooo to theMedical Department of the University.Mr. H. L. Frank gives the University $2S,000 for endowment, theincome of same to be used for such purposes as the Board of Trusteesmay determine. Mr. Frank has also given the General Library acollection of upwards of I, 200 vol umes .. The Commonwealth Fund gives $IO,OOO for work carried on by Dr.Frank N. Freeman in visual education; and $I4,000 for preparation ofsocial science material for schools.The National Canners Association contributes $IO,OOO each yearfor two years for investigation into the causes of disease connected withtheir work.The Alumni Association of the Chicago School of Civics and Phil­anthropy has given $7,913.08.The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has made a secondgrant of $3,900 for study of respiratory diseases under the direction of theDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology for the year 1921-22.Twelve hundred dollars was given by an unnamed donor for thesalary of a Research Instructor in the Department of Chemistry.Mr. Marshall Field has given $I,OOO for a fellowship in the Depart­ment of Political Economy. This amount will be given annually untilthe fellowship is capitalized.The Fleischmann Company renews its fellowship of $800 in theDepartment of Physiological Chemistry for the year 1921-22.E. 1. duPont de Nemours and Company has renewed its $7 So fellow­ship in chemistry for the year 1922-23.Six hundred dollars has been given by an unnamed donor for twofellowships in the Department of Home Economics for the year1921-22.Professor Clark B. Whittier, of Stanford University, formerly amember of the Law Faculty of the University of Chicago, has made agift of $soo to be used as a loan fund in the Law School.Five hundred dollars was given by the College Class of 1921 as aloan fund.Mrs. Florence R. Robinson contributed $ISO to apply on a specialfellowship in Psychology for the benefit of Miss Frances R. Botkin.Mrs. Robinson also stated that she had arranged to contribute $300additional for this fellowship during the year 1921-22.Mrs. F. R. Lillie contributed $300 for remuneration of ProfessorC. H. A. Wager, of Oberlin College, for lectures on Cardinal Newman.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Chicago Alumnae Club contributes $240 annually as a scholar­ship to cover college tuition for four quarters.The Owl and Serpent Club gives $210 in cash to be used for a studentloan fund.Mr. Arthur J. Mason has given $200 for research work in the Depart­ment of History.The Sydney Walker III Scholarship of $200, annually, in physiol­ogy, has been given by Dr. Sydney Walker, Jr., in memory of his son.One hundred and fifty dollars was given by Miss Rose Wertheimeras loan fund for a graduate student in the Graduate School of SocialService Administration.A collection of books especially suitable for the Departments ofPolitical Science and History was given by Mr. Jacob M. Dickinson, ofChicago.The Italians of the United States have given a valuable heliotypereproduction of the Trivulzio manuscript of Dante's Divine Comedyprepared in commemoration of the six hundredth anniversary of thepoet's death.The National Dante Committee has given one of the official Dantememorial medals to the University.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryANNUAL MEETING OF BOARDAt the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees held June 20, 1922,the following were elected Trustees to succeed themselves: Eli B.Felsenthal, Harold F. McCormick, Martin A. Ryerson, Harry PrattJudson, Julius Rosenwald, Willard A. Smith and Harold H. Swift.The following were elected as Trustees to fill vacancies: WilliamScott Bond, Albert W. Sherer, and Deloss C. Shull (of Sioux City, Iowa).Mr. Bond succeeds the late Adolphus C. Bartlett, who died in Maylast. Mr. Shull and Mr. Sherer are elected to the places made vacantby the resignation of Mr. Arnett, who finds that his duties in the Gen­eral Education Board demand all his attention, and by the death ofJ udge Jesse A. Baldwin.The following officers were elected: President, Harold H. Swift;First Vice-President, Howard G. Grey; Second Vice-President, Thomas E.Donnelley; Third Vice-President, Robert L. Scott; Treasurer, Charles L.Hutchinson; Secretary, J. Spencer Dickerson; Assistant Secretary, John F.Moulds; Corresponding Secretary, Thomas W. Goodspeed.Mr. Ryerson, after thirty years' most efficient and devoted serviceto the University, declined reelection as President of the Board, but tothe great gratification of his fellow Trustees remains one of its members.Wallace Heckman was reappointed Counsel and Business Managerand Nathan C. Plimpton was appointed Auditor.CONTRIBUTORY RETIRING ALLOWANCESAfter careful consideration by a joint committee of Trustees andmembers of the Faculties the Board has adopted the following Statute:1. On and after January I, 1922, the University will contribute toward the pay­ment of premiums on an annuity policy for anyone in its service whose term of officein the University (as defined in Sections 3 and 4) begins on or after January I, 1922,who is entitled to participate in the Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan, in thisStatute provided for, during the period of his service, an amount equal to 5 per cent ofthe regular annual salary paid to such person by the University up to a maximumamount of $300 per annum and the said person shall contribute an equal amount forthe same purpose. The term "salary" shall also include compensation received asan administrative officer but shall not include compensation for extra work, house­rent, or other perquisites.153154 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD2. The annuity policy referred to in this Statute shall be the non-participating,deferred annuity policy, Teachers' Retirement Plan, now issued by the Teachers'Insurance and Annuity Association of America, or an annuity policy issued by theassociation or by some' other insurance company, but in all cases both policy andcompany shall be subject to approval by the Board of Trustees of the University.3. The persons hereinafter designated shall be required to participate in theContributory Retiring Allowance Plan described in this Statute provided they shallrender service to the University averaging not less than two-thirds regular service:a) The President of the University, the Director and the Associate Director ofthe Libraries, the University Examiner, and the University Recorder,b) A person of an Academic rank not lower than Assistant Professor, who shallenter the service of the University on and after January 1,1922, or shall be reappointedto those ranks or offices on and after that date, and anyone of the persons abovedescribed in the service of the University on January I, 1922, not of a rank or officeentitling him to participate in the Retiring Allowance Plan described in Statute 16of the University.4. Instructors in the University after two years of service in the University insuch rank shall be eligible to participate in said plan.5. A person required to participate in the Contributory Retiring AllowancePlan shall be permitted to count towards his annual contributions the premiums con­currently paid by him on annuity policies of a similar nature already held by him,provided both the policies and the companies shall be approved by the Board ofTrustees of the University.6. It is understood that in all cases the annuity policy or policies shall be depositedwith the University under an agreement that they shall not be assigned, pledged, orsurrendered without the consent of the University, so long as the University continuesits contributions.7. A person reaching the age of sixty-five years, eligible to participate in the Con­tributory Retiring Allowance Plan, may retire or be retired by the Board of Trustees.At the age of seventy he shall retire. In no event shall the University' continue itscontribution beyond the minimum age of retirement.8. The obligation of the University to contribute toward the payment of premiumson annuity policies shall be neither greater nor less than its obligation to continue topay salaries at any stated scale to persons in active service, so that if misfortune shouldcompel a reduction of salaries, its contributions towards the payment of premiumsmay be reduced in the same proportion.9. Nothing in this Statute shall preclude the Board of Trustees from including inthe provisions of this Statute other persons in its employ than those described therein,or to make provision for transfer to this Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan bypersons eligible on January 1,1922, to participate in retiring allowances as provided forin Statute 16; nor from granting retiring allowances or allowances on account of dis­ability to officers of administration or instruction, or their widows, where the termand character of service, or the special circumstances of the case make the sameappropriate.10. The University reserves to itself the right from time to time to modify,amend, or repeal this Statute; but in such an event the agreement already in forcewith any person under this Statute shall in no way be affected except as provided inArticle 8.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 155N OTE.- The policy of the Teachers' Insurance and Annuity Association ofAmerica, above referred to, provides, in general, for annuities yielding agreed uponmonthly payments commencing at age 65 and continuing for life; together with thepayment in 120 monthly instalments in the event of the death of the annuitant priorto age 65, to the widow or the estate of the annuitant, of the accumulations of allpayments including interest at 4 per cent; together with sundry privileges providingfor additional optional premiums with a consequent increase in the amount of theannuity payments, and also for a surrender value at any time before age 65 withseveral optional modes of settlement.The surrender value is not payable in cash but in a policy for an annuity for suchan amount as the accumulated payments, plus interest at 4 per cent, will purchase.Such surrender value (with the optional modes of settlement) may be availed of (I) inthe event of the withdrawal of the annuitant from the University's service, or of thetermination of such relation by the Board of Trustees (unless the annuitant desires tocontinue the policy at his own entire expense, plus 10 per cent of the premium, if theannuitant should not continue to be employed in a college, university, or institutionengaged primarily in educational or research work); or (2) in the event the annuitantwhile continuing in the service of the University, desires, with the approval of theBoard of Trustees, to take advantage of the optional modes of settlement. Theseoptional modes of settlement provide for payment (a) to begin at an earlier age;or (b) at a later age, than age 65; or (c) for a continuance of certain payments to thewife of the annuitant as long as she shall survive him; or (d) to the estate of the annui­tant after his death until the sum of the annuity payments shall equal the accumulatedpayments, plus interest at 4 per cent.For further information reference should be had to the policy contract, a copy ofwhich is on file with the Secretary of the Board of Trustees.JOHN W. MIDGLEYMr. John W. Midgley, of Chicago, one of the original Trustees ofthe University, died on April II, I922. At the meeting of the Boardof Trustees held May I8, I922, a memorial was adopted from which thefollowing paragraph is taken:Mr. Midgley served the University faithfully in the years from 1890 to 1893.We recall him as an industrious, wise and earnest co-worker in the laborious taskwhich confronted the Board at this trying period of its existence. After his briefservice his duties called him elsewhere, but we may be sure that he never ceased toentertain a lively interest in the work in which he had participated.WILLIAM H. HOLDENMr. William H. Holden, Trustee of the University for six yearsbeginning with his election on June 26, I894, died May II, I922. Atthe meeting of the Board of Trustees held June 20, I922, suitable men­tion was made of his work and character. The minute adopted by theBoard recites that he served at a time when innumerable problems seri­ously affecting the future of the University were being solved. Thetribute goes on to say:It was a period when precedents were being established, when blunders wouldhave caused serious consequences. It was fortunate for the new University whosehome was among the scrub oaks of the prairie that its guiding trustees were men ofmore than ordinary sagacity, faith and imagination, yet whose almost daring planswere tempered by rare judgment.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOf this group of hard-headed idealists was William H. Holden whose knowledgeof law, whose familiarity with Chicago and Chicagoans, whose good sense, ruggedconservatism and sterling character won the approval and the respect of his Universitycolleagues. For fifty-six years he actively and successfully practiced law in Chicago.During almost half a century he was an officer of' the Chicago Law Institute. Hewas usefully active in church and charitable organizations. In other innumerablehelpful ways he served the city of his birth. For many years he was a trustee of theBaptist Theological Union which founded and supported the "institution for theo­logical instruction" which bore such an important part in the founding of the Uni­versity of Chicago and subsequently became its Divinity School.It surely will be in place here to record the long years of connection of threegenerations of Holdens with the University and its educational progenitors. CharlesN. Holden, father of William H. Holden, was one of the incorporators of the BaptistTheological Unionin 1863 and one of its most faithful trustees until his death in 1887.Charles R. Holden, son of William H. Holden, has been a trustee of the TheologicalUnion for years and a trustee of the University since 1912. Thus for almost sixtyyears, a period practically unbroken in continuity, members of this family have aidedthe cause of education with their contributions of money, of service and of devotion.GIFTSThe National Dante Committee has assigned to the University oneof the official Dante Memorial medals.Mr. Arthur J. Mason has given the University $200 for researchwork in the Department of History.The Sydney Walker III Scholarship in the Department of Physiologyhas been provided by Dr. Sydney Walker, Jr., in memory of his son.lt yields $200 annually. The nomination is to come from the Head ofthe Department of Physiology. The scholarship is to be used for thefurtherance of research in that Department.The Commonwealth Fund has made two appropriations for thefurtherance of education investigation now under way. One is for$IO,OOO for work carried on by Dr. Frank N. Freeman in visual educa­tion; the other for $I4,000 for work carried on by Professors L. C.Marshall and C. H. Judd continuing the preparation of social sciencematerial for schools.Mr. Marshall Field has given $r,ooo for a fellowship in the Depart­ment of Political Economy. This amount will be given annually untilthe fellowship is capitalized.By the will of Mr. A. D. Thomson, of Duluth, Minnesota, $50,000has been bequeathed to the University for its Medical School.Mr. Seymour Coman, of Chicago, bequeathed his residuary estateappraised at $r45,804.rr to the University as trustee, the income there­from to be used for scientific research with special reference to preventivemedicine and the cause, prevention, and cure of disease.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IS7Mr. H. L. Frank, of Chicago, has given $25,000 to the Universityto be used as part of its general endowment. It will be known as theHenry L. Frank Endowment.The Class of 1922 has presented to the University as its class gift$900, an amount sufficient to build an ornamental stone bridge overthe Botany pond in Hull Court.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to the reappointments the following appointments havebeen made by the Board of Trustees:Alexander A. Maximow, Professor in the Department of Anatomy.J. C. Geiger, Associate Professor of Epidemiology in the Departmentof Hygiene and Bacteriology. He has been detailed by the Surgeon­General of the United States to carryon investigation into the causesof disease connected with the canning industry.Dr. Adeline de Sale Link, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry.Harold L. Humphreys, Instructor in the Department of Romance.Albert W. Noyes, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry.Mary E. Maver, Instructor in the Department of Pathology (SpragueMemorial Institute).Jenny Ada Walker, Instructor in the Department of Pathology(Sprague Memorial Institute).P. F. Smith, Jr., Instructor in the Department of Romance.Thomas Vernor Smith, Instructor in the Department of Philosophy.William E. Blatz, Instructor in the Department of Psychology.Harold F. Gosnell, Instructor in the Department of Political Science.Katherine Whitney, Instructor in the Department of PhysicalCulture.Florence Williams, Instructor in the College of Education.Harriet Brown, Teacher in the Elementary School.Gildo Masso, Teacher in the University High School.Charles A. Stone, Teacher in the University High School.William G. Kimmel, Teacher in the University High School.Harris R. Vail,' Teacher in the University High School.Jennie Olga Adams, Teacher, Kindergarten, School of Education.Priscilla M. Kinsman, Teacher, Kindergarten, School of Education.Lucy M. Dunigan, Teacher, Elementary School, School of Education.Jessie Todd, Teacher, Drawing, Elementary School, School of Educa-tion.Mata Roman, Teacher, Household Arts, Elementary School, Schoolof Educatiort.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPaul M. Cook, Remedial Teacher, Laboratory Schools, School ofEducation.William Alfred Starin (Professor of Bacteriology, Ohio State Uni­versity), Research Associate, Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology.Marion G. Frank, Associate in the Department of Pathology(Sprague Memorial Institute).Edith Farrar, Assistant in the Department of Pathology.PROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties, by action of the Board ofTrustees, have received a promotion in rank:Associate Professor H. G. Moulton to a professorship in the Depart­ment of Political Economy.Associate Professor J. M:Clark to a professorship in the Departmentof Political Economy.Associate Professor H. I. Schlesinger to a professorship in the Depart­ment of Chemistry.Assistant Professor Rudolph Altrocchi to an associate professorshipin the Department of Romance. 'Assistant Professor B. G. Nelson to an associate professorship in theDepartment of English.Assistant Professor W. D. Jones to an associate professorship in theDepartment of Geography.Assistant Professor C. C. Colby to an associate professorship in theDepartment of Geography.Assistant Professor Karl K. Koessler to an associate professorship inthe Department of Pathology (Sprague Memorial Institute).Assistant Professor William H. Spencer to an associate professorshipin the School of Commerce and Administration.Instructor J. R. Hulbert to an assistant professorship in the Depart­ment of English.Instructor R. S. Platt to an assistant professorship in the Depart­ment of Geography ..Instructor C. R. Moore to an assistant professorship in the Depart­ment of Zoology.Instructor E. W. Puttkammer to an assistant professorship in theDepartment of Law.Instructor D. S. Whittlesey in the Department 'of Geography to anassistant professorship in the School of Commerce and Administration.Instructor Milton T. Hanke to an assistant professorship in theDepartment of Pathology (Sprague Memorial Institute).THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 159Instructor Julian H. Lewis to an assistant professorship in theDepartment of Pathology (Sprague Memorial Institute).Associate N. P. Hudson to an instructorship in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology.Associate W. L. Dorn to an instructorship in the Department ofHistory.Assistant Orsie Thomson to an instructorship in the Department ofPhysical Culture.Assistant F. M. Kannenstine to a research instructorship in theDepartment of Physics.Assistant Lloyd W. Taylor to an instructorship in the Departmentof Physics.Associate Raymond D. Jameson in the Department of English to aninstructorship in the School of Commerce and Administration. -Assistant Harry L. Huber to an instructorship in the Departmentof Pathology (Sprague Memorial Institute).Associate Myrtle C. Geyer to an instructorship in the Departmentof English.Assistant Arthur J. Atkinson to an associateship in the Departmentof Physiological Chemistry.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to Professor Carl D. Buck forone year from October, 1923, to serve as Annual Professor of the Ameri­can School of Classical Studies in Athens.Professor James H. Breasted, of the Department of Oriental Lan­guages and Literatures, and Director of the Oriental Institute, has beengranted leave of absence for one year from July I, 1922, to carryon thework of the Institute abroad.There has been authorized an exchange for the Winter Quarter of1923 between Professor W. E. Dodd, of the Department of History, andProfessor Ramsdall, of the University of Texas.Professor Alexander Maximow, now of the Department of Anatomy,with members of his family, has escaped from Russia and has been inresidence in the University since April.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignation of the followingmembers of the Faculties:Harold G. Moulton, Professor in the Department of PoliticalEconomy. Professor Moulton becomes director of the Institute ofEconomics, Washington, D.C.160 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCorinna Rodriguez y Lopez, Teacher in the University High School.F. D. Bramhall, Instructor in the Department of Political Science.Leslie P. Brown, Assistant Professor in the Department of Romance.H. Beatrice Krum, Teacher in the University High School.Harry B. Van Dyke, Associate in the Department of Pharmacology.Lillian Marshall, Instructor in the Department of Physical Culture.Isabel Robinson, Teacher in the Elementary School, School ofEducation.Elizabeth Todd, Teacher in the University High School.Mildred V. Talbot, Instructor in the College of Education.Helen C. James, Instructor in Physical Education in the UniversityHigh School.Theodora G. Pottle, Teacher of Art in the University High School.C. O. Hardy, Assistant Professor in the School of Commerce andAdministration.MISCELLANEOUSThe death is announced of Assistant Professor Hans Schmidt­Wartenberg, formerly a member of the German Department, He hadlong been disabled for service and had lived in Germany.The Trustees have appropriated funds sufficient to make extensivechanges in Belfield Hall, School of Education. Additional classroomsand offices will thus be provided.Mr. A. C. Bartlett, a Trustee since 1900 and for years chairman ofthe Committee on Finance and Investment, died in, California onMay 30, 1922. Suitable recognition of Mr. Bartlett's helpful con­nection with the University will be given at a later meeting of theBoard of Trustees.A committee of Trustees was appointed at the annual meeting ofthe Board to make arrangements for some public recognition of theUniversity's debt of gratitude to Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, who forthirty years as President of the Board of Trustees has so wisely guidedits affairs.By authority of the Board the President of the University hasappointed a special advisory committee to confer with the architects ofRawson Laboratory which is to be erected on the West Side in proximityto the Presbyterian Hospital. The committee consists of Drs. FrankBillings, Dean D. Lewis, Wilber E. Post, Ludvig Hektoen, and G. E.Shambaugh. The architects are Marshall & Fox.THE JOY OF LIVINGIBy PRESIDENT HARRY PRATT JUDSONThe wide differences in civilization which mark different lands andthe great divergencies in character and progress so obvious amongindividuals in anyone land are perhaps most largely due to the amountof effort put forth by the people as a whole and to the motive of individualexertion. The Central African lolling under his banana tree can getfood and shelter with minimum effort-his clothing in quantity andsubstance almost provides itself-why should he seek to become aphilosopher or a mathematician? The American Indian needs skinsfor clothing and wild meat for food-but his instinctive reaction to thesuggestion of other productive labor is illustrated in the familiar cartoonof the white man toiling with. a hoe in his garden while his bride restsunder a tree with book in hand, at which the Indian exclaims "Whatfor have squaw?" To be sure we have primitive man more or lessabundant with us-they inherit wealth-" they toil not, neither do theyspin "-their mental processes are limited and mainly automatic. Butthey are the exception. In the civilized world industry and energy arethe rule. It is by long continued and widespread productive effort thatthe progress of the world has been effected.What are its motives?An exhaustive analysis of the motivation of effort would doubtlesshave interest in its place, but is needless for the present discussion. Thesalient facts are obvious. Some of the primary motives are necessity,duty, ambition, pleasure. All these drive the world.To escape starvation men toil at the most loathsome tasks. Tosave themselves from drowning, a ship's crew work its pumps until theydrop. In the defense of a besieged town the whole populace are tirelessand fearless. Leyden and Saragossa and the Legations at Peking tellthe story. But one need not go so far afield. Everywhere and everyday men work because they have to work in order to live at all. "Needsmust when the devil drives."Even in these days of luxury and greed duty is an impellingmotive. It took many young men to the training camps and to theI Address delivered at the twenty-third annual meeting of the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa, held in the Quadrangle Club, June 7, 1922.161THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcruisers in 1917. It carries many a man through the hard grind of lifetoday when little gratification is distilled for himself. It will be a sadday for civilization when masses of men are callous to the call of duty­for then indeed our civilization will crumble as have those of the agesbefore us. Conscience is sometimes unlovely in its demands, but itis the iron which keeps life from being hopelessly plastic.Ambition is an obvious driving force everywhere. In politics,in business, in all art, we see it every day. The desire to excel, thedesire for power, the desire for notable achievement-these are whatmake men strive and toil. The boy in his athletics, the singer in theopera, the political leader with his eye on Washington, would not usuallyget very far were not his dreams of the future transformed into eagerenergy. What we call luck may play its part, but as a rule the greatprizes of life do not drop into the lap of the unforeseeing and the indolent.Our young people learn this early. The key of Phi Beta Kappa does notgo out searching for recipients. Even our flappers have some modicumof prevision, and they are likely, without perhaps for a moment admittingit, to exercise a certain canny industry. Ambition goes far.The desire for pleasure is universal. There is as much hardwork on the football field as in hoeing corn-but a boy enjoys one muchmore than the other. The movies, dances, motor cars, a thousand andone ways of tickling the senses, make for enjoyment. The child lovesto play-and many of us, so far as that is concerned, never grow up.Pleasure is the end of much hard work-to attain it is perhaps a mainmotive for work at all of many, whether young or old. "All work andno play makes Jack a dull boy." Yes, pleasure of some sort is thelubricant of life-no life runs smoothly without it.Whether the chief end of life is to enjoy is another question-aquestion of metaphysics, perhaps, but hardly in the "field of practicallife. Hedonism is rather a theory to sharpen the wits of philosophersthan a doctrine of real living. Pleasure belongs to life, but it is not thewhole of life.In fact it is the interaction of all these four great motives whichmake us what we are. They vary constantly in the same person, theyvary widely in different persons. The crying need for all of us is tounderstand and practice the philosophy of proportion. One should beready always to emphasize the especial motive which at the particulartime is essential. A balanced life is the essence of wisdom. Unbalancedlives shake to its foundations the fabric of our civilization which has soslowly been built up through long years. We have our fanatics. TheyTHE JOY OF LIVINGare impelled by a single motive-in itself often laudable, but they ignorethe relations of things-their one chosen doctrine they segregate' outfrom the mass of social forces and are blind to the whole effect of all theforces acting together. One is reminded of the old-school medical manwhose one talent was his skill in dealing with fits. He sought to treat. every patient so as to throw him into fits, in the confidence that then hecould surely cure him. The Anti-Saloon League has done a beneficentwork in driving out a baleful influence. But their one test of a usefulmember of a law-making body has been his probable vote on that onequestion, and their indorsement has covered men most dangerous to thepublic welfare in many other ways. It is a case of.disproportionate values.Of course a bookworm is little better. He also is blind to a great andwholesome part of life. -His interest in men touches only those who aredead.' He does not realize that there are "sermons in stones, books inthe running brooks, and good in everything." His interpretation of theprinciple that the highest study of mankind is man limits it to dead men.As a former speaker of the United States House of Representatives putit, "A statesman is a politician who is dead." Ideas, to be sure, maynever die. But there is a constant flux of ideas running through livingsociety which one should learn to read and to understand. A book­worm, too, has an inversion of values.It is the balanced life which is really worth while.The four major motives for effort-necessity, duty, ambition,pleasure-are all essential to that balanced life. The omission of anyone in fact makes life unreal, takes out its color and meaning.John Stuart Mill was educated as an intellectual machine by hisfather, James Mill, the philosopher. He was taught to use his mindas "a cold logic machine." Until he reached maturity he did notknow what was meant by human affection. In short he was deprivedof a large part of the joy of living. His life was imperfect.Pleasure, in its due proportion, is of the essence of real living­without the joy of living life is hardly life at all. But the gratificationsin life which our human nature provides so lavishly are also under thegeneral law of proportion. Not only is pleasure as a motive to be heldin due SUbjection to other commanding motives, but as well pleasuresthemselves are of various orders of importance; they are distinctlyhigher and lower in scale and are to be kept in their due order of relation­ship.There are the joys of the senses, there are the joys of the intellect,and the latter no doubt are higher in spiritual estimate .. The joys of theTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDsenses belong of course to all, but need keeping in due subordination.It is excess in any which marks the imperfect soul. The glutton lovesto titillate his gustatory sense-so do any of us. With him it is merelyexcess-excess which has become a dominant habit. In these latter daysone must suppose that in our progressive republic there are no drunk­ards. There were once, and again lack of proportion was their enemy.We may suppose that motion-the transference from place to placewith constant change of visual objects-is interesting to almost anyone.But the new means of rapid and convenient transportation have madethis desire for change of place and scene almost a craze. Apparentlythe mass of people are possessed with an uneasy craving to get some­where else, and to get there in the least possible time. The whole countryis in motion. Noone seems to care very much for any particular placewhen he gets there, save only to get away from it as soon as possible.A reversion to nomad habits perhaps is under way. Our automobilenomads are the more or less civilized equivalents for the Arabs withtheir camels in the desert. The pleasure of travel in itself is quitelegitimate. It is a case of excess once more.But there are many other pleasures in life of a higher order. Musicand art, letters and science, wholly apart from any other significance,are sources of enjoyment both elevated and elevating in character.People read, I suppose, for a variety of reasons. The" reading" fora degree at Oxford might be known with us as "study," though studentsmay have less dignified names for it. "Assigned reading" for our class­rooms has a specific purpose and usually follows definite methods. Boththe foregoing are tasks, and accompanied by such gratification as tasksmay imply.Shakspere may be read with a view to the scientific analysis ofthe plays, with a view to a determination of the authorship, with a viewto the etymologies of the diction. All these again are tasks, and maybe more or less fruitful. But again one may read the plays for mereenjoyment of the wit, of the keen insight into character, of the poetry.One who is getting this delight from the comedies or from the tragediescares little for the interests of the scientific student. He is indifferentto the fact that the poet commonly took his plots ready made-hevitalized them by his own genius. This reader cares little about thepaltry details of Shakspere's life, cares little whether the plays werethe product of the brain of the actor or of the brain of Bacon. Theauthor, whoever he was does not matter, was incarnate in the playsthemselves-and the plays are a joy.THE JOY OF LIVING 165There is, then, an intellectual delight for the reader in poetry, inphilosophy, in history, so far as these are works of literature.There are opened, in short, many doors to enjoyment in the world'sliterature. These are a blank to the uneducated mind. There areeyes which do not see the loveliness of nature, of pictorial art, of thestately structures which mark the advance of the world's civilization.There are ears which are deaf to the choral chant, to the trained orchestra,to the inspired voice of Jenny Lind or of Caruso. There are mindswhich are blind to the glories of the great masters of literary art. Butthe joy of living is shallow without these great resources of the soulwhich make one free from "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune."It is an infallible test of character to find what sort of things oneenjoys. There is humor which is gargantuan, there is humor which isdelicate like that of Charles Lamb. They appeal to quite differentnatures. There is the insight into science made clear for the laymanby Huxley and Tyndal, there is the muddy vision of science in the mindof a seeker for the presidency of the United States who has recentlyturned his activities in this way. Indeed this gentleman has givenpowerful oratorical advocacy to more causes in which he is profoundlyignorant than anyone else whom I know. The intelligent mind isthrilled by the vision of advancing science. There are other minds towhich the light of new knowledge is darkness.The joy of living is an end which all are entitled to seek. But thehigher life of the trained mind has a richer content of gratification thancan be open to the untrained. The keen eye of the intellect sees life asa thousand glittering facets. The common mind finds it only a dullexpanse of gray surface.The real test of character, of the differences among men, is what theyenjoy. . It is infallible.JOHN MASON JACKSONBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDMost of those with whom these sketches have had to do lived long,as we count human life, some of them to a very advanced age, passingtheir eightieth and even their ninetieth birthdays. I come now to onewho did not see half the years of these older men, yet lived a life the storyof which is well worth telling. In the thirty-nine years of his life,handicapped by a frail body, he went farther and accomplished morethan seems possible for ordinary men, however vigorous their healthand prolonged their years.He had indeed the advantage of a good ancestry. On his mother'sside he was descended from the Rust family, which came over with thePuritans in 1633 from Hingham, England, and was among the foundersof Hingham, Massachusetts. He was thus related to Major Henry A.Rust, one of the founders and for more than ten years the controllerand business manager of the University of Chicago.His father, Dr. John B. Jackson, was on one side related to thefamily of Daniel Boone, and on the other to that of William H. English,long prominent in Indiana politics, and Democratic candidate forvice-president in 1880.The English family was in Virginia as early as 1622, and CaptainWilliam English was a member of the house of burgesses and highsheriff. Elisha English migrated in 1790 to Kentucky where hisdaughter Mary married Rezin Jackson, the grandfather of J. MasonJackson. Rezin Jackson removed soon after his marriage to Carrollton,Greene County, Illinois, becoming one of the early settlers of the newstate, and in that village in 1832 John B. Jackson, the father of Mason,was born. He was an exceptional boy and man. Determined to seekthe best education open to him, he first made his way through ShurtleffCollege at Upper Alton, Illinois, graduating in 1855. Unable at thetime to continue his studies, he became pastor of the newly organizedBaptist church at Virden in central Illinois, which, under his pastorate,became one of the strong churches of the state. But though he marriedwhile at Virden, his scholarly ambition led him to resign his pastorateand take his little family to Rochester, New York, where he spent three166JOHN MASON JACKSONJOHN MASON JACKSONyears in the Theological Seminary, graduating in I863. He achievedhigh rank in a class distinguished for its men of ability, and beforehis graduation was called to the pastorate of the church at Albion,one of the leading churches of western N ew York.But I must not yield to the temptation to write a biographicalsketch of Dr. Jackson, great as it is. And indeed his life will be found to beso inseparably connected at every step with that of his son that it must,though mentioned incidentally, appear somewhat fully in the storywhich follows. Not only were the father and son bound together by tiesof the tenderest affection, but their characters, views, and tastes wereso much alike that each was the chosen and sympathetic companion ofthe other.It is not to be wondered at that the father, who was a writer of nomean ability and lost his son when he himself was only sixty-seven yearsof age, was moved to write the memoirs of one who had been so dear tohim. These memoirs, published in a book of 527 large pages, furnishthe amplest and most authentic materials for this brief sketch. Thefact that they consist largely of the son's letters to the home circlemakes them the more interesting and revealing.The boy was born June I7, I859, in Virden, Illinois. A little morethan a year of his infancy passed in that village and the next three yearsin Rochester while his father was taking his theological course. Hewas an unusually attractive child, being at once fair to look at, friendly,and bright. His father's student friends who called at the family homebecame fond of the child, always remembered him with affection, andrecalled his bright sayings; and so retentive was his own memory thathe never forgot them. Indeed the acquaintance and friendship begunin these earliest years with such men as C. E. Hewitt, E. W. Mundy,A. J. Sage, and Wayland Hoyt continued to the end of his life.The four years following the Rochester period were passed in theattractive little city of Albion, New York. There were many finepeople in the father's church who became fond of the small boy andremained his lasting friends. Here he spent a happy childhood, exceptthat he lacked the robust health of most other boys. He had a frailbody, his throat being particularly susceptible, subjecting him formuch of the time, every winter, to "colds and . croupy coughs." Hewas therefore not sent to school, but began and for several years con­tinued his education at home. For many years he was an only childand listening much to his father's conversation he naturally acquiredmany words from the clergyman's vocabulary. When perhaps five yearsr68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDold, asking his mother if they were poor and learning that they were, heremarked, "That's a hard dispensation." He was naturally proud ofhis first pair of boots, which even small boys wore in those days, andwhich he acquired when five years old. Going to the house of a neighborto exhibit them he strode proudly in saying, "Here I come with myponderous boots." In his sixth year he manifested his desire to behelpful to his father by preparing a sermon for him, which, though verybrief, containing only sixty-three words, set forth distinctly the doctrineof moral accountability: He learned to read by looking on the textwhen being read to by his mother. Thus he learned words as words,not as composed. of letters or syllables, and recognized the words hewas familiar with in any connection. He learned with great facility.Books became his life-companions and .friends. He developed a quiteextraordinary memory. Very little effort fixed in his mind poems andpassages of prose, and in mature life he was able, having listened to asermon or any other public address, to repeat long passages verbatim.In r867 the founding of the Baptist Union Theological Seminary,now the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, took Dr. Jacksonto Chicago as professor of church history, and that city remained thepermanent family home. It was not until the following year, whenMason was nine years old, that he was thought able to attend school.He then entered a private school on Cottage Grove Avenue near Univer­sity Place, but within a month the trouble which had hitherto kept himout of school, a severe cold and cough, compelled his withdrawal, and ayear passed before the experiment could again be tried. His education,however, did not cease to go forward. He early conceived a fondnessfor reading, which continued with him to the end of life. In his earlieryears the Rollo books had furnished him entertainment and information,but now in his tenth year serious works in biography ana history engagedhis interest, continued his education, and gave him that maturity ofmind and character which distinguished him from his childhood. Hebecame greatly interested in the life of Napoleon. He was' absorbed inthe Life of George and Robert Stephenson by Samuel Smiles, a royaloctavo volume of 500 pages. The war between the rival railway mag­nates of that day as recorded in the daily papers greatly interested him,and he followed its progress with apparently complete understanding.This interest in railroads continued to the end of his life. "Few werethe railroad lines of any importance throughout the country with whosegeneral affairs, financial and other, he did not have acquaintance so closeas would naturally suggest to a stranger the idea of his own businessJOHN MASON JACKSONinterests lying in that direction. Yet in fact he never owned a dollar'sworth of railway stock and never performed a railway function exceptthe pastime sort of his childhood." The reference in the last line of thisquotation from the Memoirs is to his childish sport of playing cars.George W. Northrup, Jr., one of his friends and comrades through life,said of this play: " No ordinary playing was that. His boyish rail­roading was strictly realistic and business-like and filled me with childishadmiration. Great railway systems were developed in those crampedquarters and Mason, in turn president or general manager, as the casemight be, originated and carried out schemes of railway administrationin imitation of the greater railroad policies which were then beginningto compel public attention." He traced many lines of railway onlarge sheets of paper, noting in print the leading stations. He knewall these stations by heart and would call them out in true con­ductor style as the toy train moved across the floor. He lovedthe sports of childhood. His summers were spent out of doors inthe employments that amuse boys. In the autumn of 1869 he passedsome weeks visiting old friends in Albion, making his home with Mr.and Mrs. J. M. Cornell, who had children about his age. The fun hehad can be judged from a letter home asking permission to prolong hisstay two weeks longer. "You see the grapes and nuts aren't ripe, butthey will be soon. As soon as the nuts are ripe we are going to have agrand nutting party. I have only visited 2/3 of the folks."Thus at ten years of age he was a real boy, but he was also verymuch of a man. His father's eyes were troubling him, and, as he was aprofessor of church history and necessarily a historical student, the boyread to him much in the secular history pertaining to the periods coveredby his teaching. Gradually these readings extended to sacred history,including much of Schaff-not very exciting reading for a ten-year-oldboy-and Stanley's more interesting History of the Eastern Church.He read these not only with interest but also with understanding andremembered what he read. This was sometimes made apparent incasual remarks. Returning one Sunday from hearing a sermon whichhad been preceded by a prayer that seemed to him of inordinate lengthhe said to his mother, "For my part, I agree with St. Cyprian that theLord's Prayer is adequate for all occasions."For nine and a half years of his life Mason was an only child. In1868 his sister Mary was born. When he was told that he had a sister,his response was eloquently significant of the feelings of many an onlychild. "Good! now I shall not be lonesome any more." A few yearsI7° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlater when his brother Will was added to the family circle he was wel­comed joyously also, and both brother and sister remained to the endof his life inexpressibly dear to him. Never was a fonder or moredevoted elder brother. They added much to the happiness and richnessof his life and the developing greatness of his character. Being mucholder than they were he felt for them from the first the love andsympathy of a brother and as he grew to maturity a tender paternalsolicitude.In November, I869, Mason's health seemed so well established thathe entered the Cottage Grove grammar school near which the familylived and continued there until the beginning of the summer of I871.Although his preliminary training had been received at home and hewas largely self-taught, once placed in school with other boys it soonbecame evident that he had very unusual scholarly gifts. He had anactive, alert, acquisitive mind. His memory retained in a remarkableway whatever he heard or saw or read. In mathematics he was a genius.For a boy of ten he had acquired an extraordinary fund of informationon many subjects, including biography, history, politics, business, andcurrent events. It is no wonder, therefore, that at the end of his secondyear the principal of the school urged his parents to permit him tograduate. This he could do by studying up on a single subject whichhad been neglected in his preliminary training. They consentedreluctantly, and he finished the grammar school at the time of histwelfth birthday. But the extra exertion had been too much for him,and it took weeks of outdoor life to restore his strength so far as to allowhim to open a book. When this coveted privilege was granted him, hechose that great and fascinating work, which most boys of twelve neverheard of and which they would read only on compulsion, Motley'sRise of the Dutch Republic. But for restrictions put upon him Masonwould have devoured it in a few days. Dr. Jackson's health havingbroken down, he had retired from his teaching position and opened areal estate office in the Chicago business district. Mason drove himdown to business and on the way gave him an account of what he hadread the previous day. His father writes:Very notable was the young reader's ability to repeat striking passages quotedby Mr. Motley from general, diplomat, or orator, as well as passages of the historian'sown composition. At this period, as for many years before and after, Mason's verbalmemory was truly wonderful. After hearing or reading a speech he could, withouthesitation or apparent effort, reproduce the speaker's language as well as his thoughtwith a fullness, a fluency, and an accuracy beyond those of anyone else with whomit has been the writer's good fortune to be acquainted.JOHN MASON JACKSON 171In the autumn of 1871 came the Great Chicago Fire. The familywas not burned out, but its affairs were thrown into such uncertaintyand confusion that most of its members went for a time to relatives inCarrollton, Dr. Jackson's old home. The summer of 1870 Mason hadpassed a delightful vacation in Minnesota, making acquaintance withits lakes and rivers and forests. Now again he lived in the open, madefriends with uncles, aunts, and cousins, and searched the woods happilyand successfully for walnuts. He wrote to his father of a call he madeon his granduncle" Billy" English, "where for the first time of my lifeI saw a genuine fireplace. Uncle Billy said many droll things. One ofthem was at your expense and so at mine. 'I had,' he said, 'great faithin your father when he was a boy. I thought he would make a goodhorse-trader. But he got it in his head that he must go to college.Then he turned preacher and my hopes of him were blasted.' " Perhapsif Uncle Billy had followed the fortunes of his nephew, Dr. Jackson,he would not have felt .so bad, for the doctor almost always owned ahorse, and Mason loved a horse and became an expert rider.The stay at Carrollton was not all play. The twelve-year-old boy'smind was much exercised over his father's affairs, which had been throwninto confusion by the fire which, for the moment, destroyed his business.After much thought the son wrote to his father as follows:If you sell the house why not put the money where you can get it easily, and goout to Warrenville next spring and buy ISO acres of land? There's plenty of groundout there all ready to cultivate, with house and barn for $40 an acre. We could buyseven or eight horses, twenty cows, one hundred sheep and seventy-five hogs and allthe tools wanted with the land for $9,500. We could readily get a mortgage loan of$3,500, or $4,500. We could raise $1,800 worth of hogs every year and send lots ofmilk in by the milk train ..... It doesn't cost more than half as much to live outthere as it does in the city and we could save $500 or $600.This letter of the twelve-year-old boy makes it clear that he had a mindfor business. This was made still more evident in the year or two thatfollowed. The Great Fire and the absence from the city it occasionedbroke up any school plans, and he again began home study, taking upLatin with his father. For his reading he himself chose Allison's Historyoj Europe, which, considered by many dry and difficult, he read withgrea t delight.In February, 1872, Mr. Enos M. Barton, a long-time friend, a memberof the firm of Gray & Barton, manufacturers of electrical supplies,called and proposed that Mason should enter their employment. Theboy jumped at the chance, overcame the reluctance of his parents, andI72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwent to work. He was twelve years old and was given the job of makingout the weekly pay-rolls. The development of the business was sorapid that, very soon after Mason's connection with it began, it becamethe well-known Western Electric Company, of which his friend, Mr.Barton, was for many years president. His first employment with thecompany continued for little more than a year, and young as he washe so put himself into his work from the first as to commend himselfhighly to his employers. The first money he received he handed tohis mother with great pride. It was, however, returned to him, and allhis earnings were regarded as his own by the parents, then and always.His father makes this record of the years I872 and I873. "Momm­sen's Rome, Cox's House of Austria, Kelly's Russia, Smyth's Lectureson Modern History, and Froude's History of England were among theworks which, during the time of his first connection with the WesternElectric Company and the months immediately following" he read.I hasten to record that he also read some of Walter Scott's novels, andwith equal pleasure that he entered with enthusiasm into the collectionof stamps, an industry which has brought pleasure and sometimesprofit to thousands of boys since that day. He engaged in it, indeed,with such enthusiasm and intelligence that he was made president ofthe International Stamp Company and a contributor to an organ ofthe business, the Western Stamp Collector. The interest of the boys ofthat day in stamp collecting seems quite incredible. E. B. Tolman,now Major Tolman, afterward corporation counsel and a prominentlawyer of Chicago, a life-long friend of Mason, was vice-president of theInternational Company, and he and E. W. Clement, later a missionary inJapan, another life-long friend, almost rivaled Mason in their collections.Extraordinarily mature in many directions in early youth, MasonJackson was at the same time a real boy, loving the companionship ofboys, and enjoying their pleasures. George W. Northrup, Jr., whobecame an able lawyer, said of him:Mason was my childhood friend, my boyhood friend, my playmate and classmate,as well as the friend of my manhood We came west on the same Pullman car .. . . . We were daily playmates He was an incessant reader of solid literature .. . . . He was fascinated by Napoleon's campaigns, and before he was twelve he wrotean imaginary history of Australian wars, issuing bulletins of the progress of the cam­paign in the most approved Napoleonic style. These bulletins were regularly postedon a blackboard in a vestibule of his home and were daily surrounded by his playmates,who read the war news as eagerly as the crowds watched the newspaper bulletins lastspring [in the Spanish-American War] ..... Mason was the leader among hisplaymates in all matters requiring executive ability. To him was always instinctivelyentrusted the management of our boyish organizations.JOHN MASON JACKSON 173These last statements are very significant when it is remembered thatNorthrup and Tolman were among these playmates. There was in himin. his youth a very unusual combination of the boyish boy and themature man. His aptitude for mathematics has been mentioned. In thesummer he became thirteen, a gentleman visiting the family submittedto him a question that was pending between himself and a leadingbanker of Chicago. The banker's solution of the knotty points involvedwas unsatisfactory, but the man could not tell what the trouble with itwas. Mason solved the difficulty in short order, and when his statementwas submitted to the banker he promptly and heartily conceded theclearness of the process and the accuracy of the result.Mason's parents were deeply religious people, and in the winter of1872-73 the boy united with the University Place Baptist Church, andhis after-life showed, as will abundantly appear, the most whole-hearteddevotion to the gospel and the Kingdom of God.After working for the Western Electric Company about sixteenmonths, Mason found stirring within him an ambition for a collegecourse. This was inevitable. His father was a scholar. His playmates,Clement, Tolman, Northrup, and others were preparing for college,and his own innate gifts and tendencies pointed him straight toward thedoors of the university. In the fall of 1873, therefore, he entered the pre­paratory department of the first University of Chicago, which was locatedon Cottage Grove Avenue and Thirty-fourth Street. There he had suchteachers as .Dr. James R. Boise and Professor William Mathews. Hewas a member of an exceptionally large and able class. I have alreadyspoken of his genius for mathematics and his wide acquaintance withhistory. He now made it plain that his linguistic gifts were also of thehighest order. As a matter of fact, he was made by nature for a studentand a scholar. He gave himself to his studies with delight and with thepurpose of mastering every subject. The story is a strange one, butnevertheless true, that this boy of fourteen aimed, not at barely passing,but at perfection in his studies. His classmate, George W. Northrup,Jr., has this to say of him: "Mason's recitations were the despair of hisclassmates and -the delight of his teachers. He was so far above all otherlads in his classes as to be practically out of the reach of envy. Itwas a proverb that Mason never made a mistake and I cannot rememberthat he ever did." Lest this should be regarded as the testimony of atoo partial friend, I yield to the temptation to quote the words of theeminent scholars and teachers already referred to. Dr. Boise, in givingthis sixteen-year-old preparatory student a recommendation as a teacherI74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof beginners in Greek, said of him: "He has attained the very highestrank as a scholar. In my experience as a teacher of Greek . . . . Ihave never had a pupil of a more critical turn of mind." Of his workin English Dr. Mathews said: "In a large and unusually bright classhe was unquestionably the first scholar. He had a quick, alert, dis­criminating mind and a remarkably tenacious memory; and had circum­stances allowed him to pursue his studies till graduation at college, hewould without doubt have taken very high rank-probably the highest."And he was no mere grind. He was just as much interested in theliterary and debating societies as in his classroom work and for a boywas a ready and effective speaker. From his earliest years he had lovedto talk, was voluble among his comrades, interested in all their play, aboy among boys. These two years in the preparatory school were,perhaps, the happiest of his life. He looked forward to four years incollege, which would have taken him to his twentieth birthday, witheager anticipation. Beyond his graduation from college the lawbeckoned him most alluringly, perhaps, and he would have gone far onany road he chose to follow had he not fallen, early by the way.The spring of I875 brought his school days to an end. The oldcatarrhal affection returned, and before the close of the academic yearhe went with his mother and small brother Will to Ballston Spa,New York, a much-frequented watering-place of that day, and therespent the summer. But when September came, his health was foundunequal to the strain of regular study and classroom work, and thephysicians prescribed a milder climate. A former colleague of Dr.Jackson, Rev. Dr. A. N. Arnold, for his own failing health had gone tothe genial climate of Charlottesville, Virginia, the seat of the Universityof Virginia. On his recommendation Mason was finally, in February,I876, sent to that place and passed sixteen months in the" delightfulhome" of Rev. John T. Randolph, "Verdant Lawn," three miles outof the village. A genial climate, a cultivated and friendly family whichmade him a member of the household, delightful acquaintances, pleasingrecreations, the reading, writing, and study which he loved, and improv­ing health made these months among the joyous months of his life.He was received kindly and treated cordially by the southern people,though it was only ten years after the close of the Civil War. He hadmany interesting experiences, but I can mention only one. Knowinghow scanty were his father's resources at that time, he made everyeffort to obtain work in teaching. One opportunity finally opened toact as tutor to the two sons of a farmer who lived not far away. HeJOHN MASON JACKSON 175had been promised a nice room, good board, and evetything to makehim comfortable. But he writes:My room was very small and the furniture was of necessity so arranged as tocompel me to sit almost on the fireplace. I was soon nearly roasted. There was noway to let the surplus heat escape except by opening a door or window directly on me.The air soon became foul. The window, which was very small, looked in such a direc­tion that the sun could not shine into the room save for a few minutes in the day.In this room I must teach and spend my evenings and nights. . . . . The food was notat all adapted either to my taste or my condition and it must be eaten in a sort ofcellar.The place was impossible, and he wisely made haste to leave it. Buthe did one thing in Virginia that cannot be overlooked. He wrote aseries of articles which were published in the Standard of Chicago,describing the different stages of his journey to Virginia, the country inwhich he found himself, Charlottesville and Albermarle County and theuniversity and its commencement. I mention these articles because,written by a boy of sixteen who had attended school only four years,they exhibited unusual graces of style and maturity of view ..The stay in Virginia was broken by a visit in October to the greatCentennial Exhibition in .Philadelphia and to the warm friend of thefamily, S. V. White, long an active and well-known figure on the NewYork stock exchange and a prominent member of Henry Ward Beecher'schurch. Returning home in the spring of I8n and the way not seeminglikely to open for entering college, Mason found employment with thewholesale drug' house 'of Fuller & Fuller, beginning at $6.00 a week.He remained in this situation from June, I8n, till January, 1879,winning promotion and increases in salary. His former classmateswelcomed him back and drafted him into their debating society, wherehis abilities were highly regarded. Major E. B. Tolman said of him:He was, both as boy and man, one whose mentality far exceeded his physicalstrength. The constitution of his mind was marked by two prominent features.First, he was an analyst; second, a debater. He could not only discern clearly truthand error, but he possessed that rarer attribute, the ability to take' up the sword indefense of the one or in attack upon the other. He might have been a great lawyer.Finding in the winter of r878-79 that confinement at the desk in aroom opening directly on the then odoriferous Chicago River wastelling on his health, he gave up his position and entered into partnershipwith Charles A. Bowen in opening a country store in Warrenville,thirty miles west of Chicago. This was that countryside where, whenhe was twelve years old, eight years earlier, he had suggested that hisTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDfather should buy a farm. He knew and liked the people and wasappreciated by them. The store did well, but not well enough for twomen to grow rich out of it, and after a year as a country storekeeperMason turned the business over to his partner. It was a brief episodein his life, but interesting things occurred in it. The store was also thepost-office, Colonel Warren, the postmaster, letting the "boys" do thebusiness. "Mason made a careful study of the duties. He probablymastered the postal regulations as thoroughly-such was his habit inanything he undertook-as if the business had amounted to thousandsinstead of about one hundred dollars per annum." He used to tell thisstory of his experiences: One day a farmer's wife came in and asked ifthere was any mail for her. "Only a postal," said Mason and handedher the card. "What does it say," she inquired. "I don't know,"said the astonished official. "You don't know!" exclaimed the womanwith a look of incredulity as well as scorn, "What are you here for?"Mason entered into the life of the community in its celebrations andsocial gatherings, in the church, and in the debating society. He wasmade president of the society. The presidential campaign of r880 wasapproaching, and one of the great questions before the country was athird term for General Grant in the presidency. Perhaps Mason'smost ambitious speech before the society was an elaborate argumentagainst a third term, which he opposed on these grounds:(1) as being contrary to precedent; (2) as establishing a dangerous precedent; (3) be­cause a review of Grant's administration shows that it was not such as to justifya waiving of these two considerations; (4) because Grant could do no more towardsettling the southern problem than any other good Republican president; (5) becausehe had been and, therefore, probably would be an unsuccessful party leader;(6) because there were other men who were politically more deserving; (7) becauseGeneral Grant would be more serviceable to the country, in a dangerous crisis, as aprivate citizen than as a partisan president; (8) because he could retire from publiclife today much more popular than he would be at the end of another ten;n in thepresidential office.General Grant almost succeeded in administering a fatal blow to thetradition that forbids a third term. Since his day the third-term beehas been heard buzzing under the hats of two or three presidents orex-presidents. The ambition of men makes it an issue both dangerousand ever recurring, and I am glad to let the voice of Mason Jackson,after forty years, once more be heard against it.The year spent in the country. store has the distinction of havingbeen the most unhappy year of Mason's life. Half a dozen thingsconspired to make it such. He was out of his element. He was madeJOHN MASON JACKSON 177for larger things. He felt "cribbed, cabined and confined." Thestirrings of ambition, natural to one of his great abilities, which circum­stances seemed to smother, made him discontented. He wanted aneducation, but the college course he longed for was becoming more andmore impossible. His health was discouraging. His father's healthgave signs, fortunately false signals, of further breakdown. His onlylove affair, apparently through no one's fault, came to an end, causinghim increased unhappiness. His letters to his mother reflected the verylow state of his mind. In one of them he wrote: "I suppose it is follyfor me to think of studying. I may as well make up my mind to be anobody and have and know nothing. Then, for the first time in mylife, I shall stand some chance of carrying my plans into effect." In. other words he would then have no ambitions and would be contentsimply to exist. It was in this frame of mind that this young man ofbrilliant talents and lofty character approached his twenty-first birthday.And yet his year in Warrenville had not been altogether barren. Hehad enjoyed the pleasantest social relations with the families which hadgiven distinction to that hamlet for many years. His business experience,without his being aware of it, was preparing him for the larger activitiesof his later life.Returning to Chicago in the early months of 1880, he again enteredthe service of Fuller & Fuller in a more responsible position and withlarger pay than when he left them a year earlier. He remained withthem not quite two years and then, after considerable hesitation, gaveup his position and, at twenty-two, returning to the service of theWestern Electric Company entered upon what proved to be his realcareer.The father of Mr. Jackson, during the whole of the last half of alife of seventy-five years, was very much of an invalid, suffering from avariety and a succession of physical ailments. Incapacitated most ofthe time for the preaching and teaching he loved, he turned his attentionto business, concerned for the most part with building and real estate,and under the most serious handicaps finally achieved a modest compe­tence for himself and his family. His heart was always in the pulpit,and when, in 1878, his health improved he accepted the pastorate ofthe Hyde Park Baptist Church of Chicago and continued its pastorfor five years, when renewed infirmities again and finally drove himfrom the work he loved. He and Mrs. Jackson and their son transferredtheir membership to the Hyde Park church. Dr. Jackson later builta comfortable home in Hyde Park at 5726 Kenwood Avenue, whereTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDMrs. Jackson and her son Will and his family still live. It was a fortu­nate day for the church when the Jackson family came into it. Dr.Jackson was as faithful a private member as he had been a pastor.Mrs. Jackson' and her son William H. Jackson have carried on the familytradition of fidelity and usefulness to this day, and Mason Jackson, aswill appear later, became one of the pillars of the church.The Western Electric Company, when Mr. Jackson entered itsservice the second time, had developed into a $r,ooo,ooo corporation.Its president was General Anson Stager, and the active head of thecorporation Enos M. Barton, who succeeded to the presidency in r886.Mr. Barton had known Mason Jackson from early boyhood, appreciatedhis rare abilities, and saw in him capacities for great usefulness to thecorporation. He sought him out, therefore, and offered him a place.But the young man, having a good situation with Fuller & Fuller,though much attached to Mr. Barton, hesitated to change and makea new beginning in another place. "The negotiation was carried onfor some little time," and he finaIly accepted the offer made himand entered on the duties of shipping-ticket clerk in January, r882.It was characteristic of Mr. Barton, who was one of the most reticent ofmen, to engage him for this humble position without intimating to himthat he was really wanted for much more important duties. This isevident from the fact that at the end of four or five weeks he was pro­moted to the position of head bookkeeper. Mr. Jackson had nevertaken a course in bookkeeping. He had, indeed, enjoyed the advantagesafforded by keeping the simple accounts of his Warrenville store, butthe difference between this elementary work and the accounting of amillion-dollar corporation ought to have seemed to him little less thanappalling. But Mr. Barton knew him and his gifts well. He was awizard with figures. Accounting was as natural to -him as breathing,and from the beginning the complicated accounts of the great corporationcaused him no trouble. In only a single instance did he have any troublewith his trial balance. This was at the end of his first month. Hehad taken hold of the ledger a few days after the beginning of the monthand he mistook the figure 3 of the former accountant for an 8. There­after, keeping the ledger himself, he never had any trouble. I cannotoveremphasize the wonder of this achievement of a young man who hadhad practically no training for the work taking in charge the accountingof a large corporation and doing it perfectly from the outset.As a matter of fact, he did much more than this. He was headbookkeeper, but in that position he displayed such accounting geniusJOHN MASON JACKSON 179and revealed such a practical understanding of finance that it quicklybecame apparent to the directors of the corporation that in their newemployee they had a man whose position, important as it was, was toosmall for him, that he was a student of finance and a financial expertto whose hands weighty business affairs could be safely intrusted. Theytherefore made haste to avail themselves of his services in a higherplace. At the end of his first year he was elected to the double positionof secretary and treasurer of the Western Electric Company, a positionwhich he continued to hold with distinguished success to the end of hislife. Mr. Barton and Mr. Jackson were and continued to be the execu­tive heads of a corporation which under their management had a con­tinuous and rapid development reaching in twenty years a capitalizationof $15,000,000. Its operations extended into many states and intoother lands. It 'had branch establishments in other cities and countriesand agencies all over the world. Mr. Barton said of his able lieutenant;"Mr. Jackson was a student of finance and a master of its practical side.He has for years conducted the financial affairs of our company. . . . .He was considered one of the best expert accountants in the country andthrough confidence in his financial shrewdness his company placed itsweightiest business affairs 'in his hands." I find something stronglyprophetic of his real taste for business and the genius he later displayedfor it in the following incident related by Mr. Barton of Mason's firstemployment by the Western Electric Company:When the boy Masonwas young enough to go in the office by his given name­perhaps thirteen years old+-I chanced to come upon some scraps of paper which hehad left around. They consisted of the correspondence of the imaginary firm ofJ. B. Jackson & Co., booksellers. The head of the imaginary firm was his father.The "company" was himself. He had amused himself in making up letters such as afirm of booksellers would write.The boy is father to the man. Ten years later the man was conductingthe correspondence of the great company in which at thirteen he wasmaking up the weekly pay-roll.At the beginning of his second year the youthful secretary andtreasurer did a signal though unpleasant service for the company.After presenting his second annual report along the established lines,he found himself dissatisfied with it. He found that in taking accountof stock it had been the custom to estimate material unsold and stillon hand at the cost of production. Mr. Jackson reflected that in abusiness dealing in electrical supplies in which new inventions wereconstantly making some of the stock on hand worthless, such a system180 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof accounting made a false showing. With the co-operation of expertshe therefore went over the entire stock anew, and after weeks of laborprepared a new report and proposed to the directors that it shouldbe substituted for the former one. It naturally startled them. Figureshad been remorselessly cut far below the late estimate. The companywas made to appear considerably poorer than they supposed it to be.But the facts could not be denied, and the directors, wishing to knowthe truth and not live in a fool's paradise, approved and adopted thenew report and the new method of estimating values. In his annualreports Mr. Jackson developed that peculiar genius, which Mr. Gladstoneexhibited in such a marvelous way, of making financial statements atonce lucid and interesting. He came to have a remarkable power ingrasping and elucidating a business situation. It was said of him that"when he passed out of mere routine work and undertook anything atall complicated it seemed as if a sort of inspiration were given him, soeasily did difficult things become clear to him." It is not strange,therefore, that the financial affairs of the company were more and'morefully committed to his hands. The Bell Telephone Company, with whichthe Western Electric was closely connected, was accustomed to send itsauditors to examine annually the books of the concerns associated withit and ask questions not adequately answered in their annual reports.But as the years went on so perfect was the confidence Mr. Jacksoncommanded that his books were never gone over by the Bell auditor,and so complete were his reports that no questions were left to beanswered.The duties of his position required him to visit the branches of theWestern Electric, the subsidiary companies, and the principal agenciesin other cities, and he was thus called at different times to all parts ofthe country as well as to foreign lands. A letter tohis mother fromCincinnati in 1885 shows the responsibilities he sometimes found itnecessary to assume. He relates how he had just attended the directors'meeting of one of the subsidiary companies where it was left to him tosay what the dividend to the stockholders should be. Regular visitswere made to New York, where the company operated a plant. Hewent frequently to Boston, where the meetings of the directors wereheld. Factories having been established in Antwerp, Berlin, Paris, andLondon, Mr. Jackson in 1891 went abroad to visit them. The tripwas also made to serve the purposes of a vacation. His sister accom­panied him, and they visited England, Scotland, Belgium, Germany,Switzerland, Italy, and France. They returned about the first ofJOHN MASON JACKSON 181October after an absence of nearly four months. Four months laterthe business in Australia needed the presence of a high official of thecompany. President Barton said to him: "You are the man we wishto go. We will take care of your work here in some way." Therewere urgent reasons for an abrupt departure and Mr. Jackson startedfor this trip round the world on three days' notice. On twenty-fourhours' notice Phillip Rust, the son of Major H. A. Rust, accepted aninvitation to accompany him, and they left Chicago February 7, 1892.They sailed from N ew York on the" Lahn" on the ninth, spent thirty­five minutes in London, rushed through Paris to Naples, passed throughthe Suez Canal on the twenty-fifth, spent a few hours in Colombo,Ceylon, and reached Adelaide, Australia, on March 2 I, six weeks and oneday after leaving Chicago. On the Indian Ocean the passengers had aspelling bee. Mr. Jackson was the only American participating and hadthe honor of spelling down the more than twenty English and Austra­lian contestants. His victory received vigorous applause and perhapshelped on the cure of General Duryea, a patriotic American and CivilWar veteran, who was sick in his cabin. In one of his letters home hewrites: "Captain White, albeit 'a jolly good fellow,' asked GeneralDuryea, the other day, if the Nicaragua Canal was north of New YorkCity. And this reminds me that an Englishman asked me if he shouldtake the Hudson River steamer for New York City at Denver!"The business which took Mr. Jackson to Australia kept him therefrom March 2 I till the middle of June and allowed him to see much ofthat country and of New Zealand. He returned to Chicago in Julyafter an absence of nearly five months. This trip round the worldgreatly benefited his health. He was a good sailor, was never sick onshipboard, and ocean travel, in addition to being beneficial to his health,was delightful to him. He had not felt so well for many years as he didafter his return from this trip round the world. As a result he wasable to throw himself into the business of the company with new enjoy­ment. It was exceedingly prosperous, reaching out in new directions,enlarging its operations, and becoming more prosperous than ever.Mr. Jackson's duties and responsibilities increased and for the next fiveyears his labors were abundant and fruitful. He had arrived, and wasrecognized as able and successful while yet a young man.There were two sides of Mr. Jackson's life of which I have thus farsaid little. And yet it wa.s perhaps in these two aspects that he mostcompletely revealed himself. One of them was his attitude toward hisparents and his brother and sister. He was the most affectionate andTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDdevoted son and brother. He matured so early that his relations withhis father became in a marked degree fraternal as well as filial, whilehis solicitude for the welfare and happiness of his sister and much youngerbrother was like that of a father for his children. Indeed affectionatesolicitude for the well-being of all the other members of the family cameto be the habit of his mind. His father, after his breakdown aboutr870, when the son was eleven years old, was never again a well man.His mother was frail in body, and the apprehension that he might loseone or both of his parents filled him with constant anxiety. He plannedand urged vacations for them which he sometimes prevailed on themto . take in New England and Florida and California. Occasionally hejoined them that he might add to their happiness and induce them toprolong these periods of relaxation. It is interesting to record thatboth parents long survived the son who was so solicitous about theirhealth and who was himself inexpressibly dear to. them. The fatherlived till his seventy-fifth year, and the mother is still living in the homeshe has occupied for nearly forty years. The same devoted affectioncharacterized Mr. Jackson's relation to his brother and sister. It willbe recalled that the sister accompanied him abroad. He took his brothereast with him in r884 and again in r886. In r890 they spent threehappy weeks together at Higgins Lake, Michigan, the only wildernessvacation the older brother ever took. There were other vacations withthe brother and sister, rarely one for himself alone. He lived in andfor the family.This sketch would be valueless as a real picture of the man withoutsome brief account of his religious life. For whatever else he was, hewas sincerely and devotedly Christian. His entire life after his thirteenthyear was spent in the membership of the Hyde Park Baptist Church ofChicago. From the first his interest in its progress' was great andincreased as the years went by. I was a member of the same churchand knew him well. Pure in heart; of spotless life; of stainless reputa­tion; not unselfish merely, but nobly generous, believing, hopeful,prayerful; devoted in his inmost being to Christ; finding in the churchthe embodiment of Christ's kingdom and making its advancement thesupreme object of his life; a lover of its assemblies and an active partici­pant in its spiritual exercises; filling at one time or another almost everyposition of trust and service in the church-Sunday-school teacher andsuperintendent, clerk, trustee, member of the pulpit committee, treasurer,moderator; so trusted and honored that any position was open to him;in all positions equally faithful and efficient; always first or among theJOHN MASON JACKSONfirst with his gifts; always having in hand some specific and importantservice for the church; the trusted friend and counselor and supporterof the pastor; the lover of missions and the promoter of every good cause-such was Mr. Jackson in his religious life and his relations to the church.Participating in the imperfections of human nature he approximatedthe ideal Christian life. All his noble gifts of mind and heart, all hisspiritual graces, all his acquisitions of knowledge, all his business talents,all his material resources were consecrated to the Kingdom of God andto the church of which he was a member. He was as far as possiblefrom self-assertion and was, at the same time, the most potent influencein the congregation. There were gathered in the Hyde Park churchnot a few eminent men, but he was first among us, because, with hisgreat gifts, he made himself the servant of all. He never sought it,but we gladly conceded to him the primacy. Dr. E. D. Burton recallsthat in a business meeting of the church, held July 25, r895, to decidewhether it should proceed at once with the building program whichresulted in the present commodious and beautiful house of worship,Mr. Jackson presided. It was a great undertaking, and there was afeeling of hesitation. Mr. Jackson left the chair and made the decidingspeech in favor of an immediate forward movement. It was an addressof remarkable eloquence and power. One who heard it writes:Often does my mind revert to that eventful evening and to the debt we owe Mr.Jackson. I see.again that earnest face-I hear those eloquent inspiring words-andI feel that not only did that crisis, under God's guidance, result in our present churchhome, but that the stirring Christian appeal, there sounded in our ears, was sufficientfor any days' trials. It was certainly one which I shall never forget.Mr. Jackson was not a politician, but he was deeply interested in thepolitical questions of his day. He was a Republican, but he did notalways vote the straight party ticket. He strongly disapproved theMcKinley high tariff and broke with the party in the succeeding election,but later he conceived a strong liking for Mr. McKinley himself and inthe campaign of r896 visited Canton, Ohio, to listen to one of his famousfront-lawn addresses. He made a speech in support of Garfield, andone of his most intelligent hearers declared that it ought to be heardall over Cook County. When most deeply interested, as on the freecoinage of silver and bi-metallism, he let his voice be heard through theChicago papers. He had a profound love of his country which madehim exceptionally faithful to the political duties of a citizen. Had hehad the physical vigor of many men his keen interest in politics andhis rare abilities as a thinker and a speaker would have made him heardTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDin the councils of his party. But he probably never saw a day when hewas in vigorous health.In 1897 the time came when the small reserves of strength he hadwere exhausted. For two or three years he had worked hard in thebusiness, bearing some unusual burdens and taking little rest or recrea­tion. He had been too deeply interested in the political campaign of1896. He had devoted himself unremittingly to the work of the church.In January, 1897, he prepared the annual report of the company whichcovered the widely extended business throughout the world. InFebruary it became apparent that he must have rest. He made themistake, before doing this, of going to Boston to attend the annualmeeting of the directors of the company and then to New York for tendays' work. From New York he went to the Clifton Springs Sanitarium,nervously and physically exhausted. It was hoped that a few weeksof rest and treatment would restore his physical strength and nervousenergy. It was a vain hope. The few weeks were prolonged to fourand a half months with slight advantage. A resort to Lake Placid inthe Adirondacks for two months followed. The presence of his brotherWill and later of his mother and their affectionate care helped him,but it was evident that a long period of rest had become necessary.In their solicitude his business associates suggested an ocean voyage,a visit to Japan where service was needed by the company which he wasbest fitted to perform, with a return by way of Australia where somefurther service could be rendered, winding up with some slight attentionto the concern's affairs in Europe and England. It was believed that thelong sea travel which he enjoyed and which had before benefited him, withjust enough attention to business to add interest to his travels wouldbring him home with health fully restored. The plan pleased him.A competent attendant, Mr. Rosell, one of Dr. Weir-Mitchell's expertmasseurs, was secured, a last meeting with his father, Mr. Barton, andMr. Thayer, his substitute in the office, was had in Montreal, and thelong journey was begun October I, 1897. Sailing from Vancouver onthe eleventh they had a cold, stormy, and cloudy voyage of two weeks·to Yokahama. Six weeks spent in Japan, during which Mr. Jacksondid some necessary work for the company and happily renewed his oldintimacy with Professor E. W. Clement, showed that the chilly climateof that season did not agree with him and the middle of December foundhim in his own words" retreating, but in good order, to Honolulu."He had great hopes of what the Hawaiian climate would do for him.For a few weeks it seemed as though these hopes might be realized.JOHN MASON JACKSONOn January 6, 1898, he was able to write an extended letter whichwas published in the Standard of Chicago, on political conditions in theIslands. But two weeks later it was found that after writing even abrief letter he suffered a reaction. He could not stand the strain ofreceiving letters without injury. Although his physician remainedconfident that the climate would eventually restore him to health, itbecame apparent that he must relieve himself from all business relationsand on March 5 he wrote President Barton resigning his positions assecretary and treasurer and director of the Western Electric Company.Mr. Barton lost no time in informing him that his resignation couldnot be accepted, but that he was released from all duties and his leaveof absence was extended to June 1, 1899, a period of fourteen months.On April 11 all writing of letters and receiving of letters was prohibited.In a last letter to the family he said:No letters received by me after today will be opened and none will be written.This is a hard thing on all of us, but I believe it will hasten our reunion. You positivelymust not take this action as a danger signal. It has been thought that a sail voyageround Cape Horn to New York, cutting me off from the outside world for four months,might be beneficial. But on some accounts such a voyage would be unwise. So wehave decided, after due deliberation. that I shall in imagination sail away today,asking my family and friends to shire in the illusion.During the next two months and a half he slowly improved. But inthe closing days of June his throat, always his weak point, began totrouble him, grew worse and it soon became apparent that he wassuffering from an acute attack of diphtheria. In spite of all that medicalskill and wise nursing could do for him the dread disease proved fataland he passed away July 6, 1898, nineteen days after his thirty-ninthbirthday. The last sentence of the last letter he dictated was written byhis own hand. I have quoted from this letter above. Referring to theimaginary voyage around the cape which was to cut him off for a periodfrom all communication with the world, he closed the letter with thesewords: "With love, oh how much, to you all, and with courage andfaith in God and hope for the future, I sail away." His father adds,"He is sailing still. He sails with God the eternal seas."There was a temporary burial in the beautiful Honolulu cemetery,Nuanna, but somewhat more than a year later his body was transferredto Chicago, and on Sunday, October 22, 1899, the interment took placein Oakwoods. Just a year before, on Sunday, October 23, 1898, amemorial service had been held in the church, at which eight briefaddresses were given by men who had known Mr. Jackson well in his186 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDvarious relations. Seldom have such tributes been paid to any man.His family have placed in the church a beautiful memorial window.This sketch has indicated the large success which attended Mr.Jackson's management of the finances of the company he served duringthe last sixteen and a half years of his life. The prosperity of the com­pany had been extraordinary. I think it may be said that he conductedhis own personal business affairs with the same prudence and skill thatcharacterized his management of those of the company. Strictlyspeaking, of course, he had no business of his own. His business was thebusiness of the company, and he devoted himself to that with whole­hearted loyalty. But, beginning in 1882 with very small savings,he soon began to have money to invest. He had no extravagant habits.He lived with his parents quietly and modestly. His salary was quicklyincreased and continued to advance largely. He thus had increasinginterests of his own to consider. Occasionally, perhaps, frequently, heengaged in the business operations of his father. When he visitedAustralia he invested in a silver mine. On a vacation in California hepurchased lots in Pasadena. With some of his associates in the WesternElectric and other Chicago business men he went, in November, 1896,to a western city to look into a business enterprise. It looked so goodthat he invested several thousand dollars. All these operations andothers of which these are only illustrations were profitable and addedto his accumulations.But his ordinary habit, in investing, was to purchase the stock of thecorporation he served. Having a confidence in it based on a perfectknowledge of its affairs these purchases were frequent and in the endcame to be considerable in amount. This stock made large advancesduring his life and continued to advance after his death, adding materi­ally to the value of his estate. Mr. Barton, the president of the company,said at the memorial service:He left what for a man of his years would be considered a moderate fortune.It is even a liberal one, considering how much he was accustomed to give away. Hisproperty was not something made from what others lost. It was just a growth fromseed which he sowed, the result of the judicious investment of moderate savings.It probably would not be quite true to say that he never made a loss, but this woulabe so near the literal truth, that we can speak of his judgment as unerring.Had his life been prolonged and his judgment continued unerring, hewould have gone far in accumulating wealth.The growth and prosperity of the Western Electric Company wasphenomenal. Cash or stock dividends were frequent. There wereJOHN MASON JACKSONfrequent opportunities, also, for the stockholders to buy the stock atpar-Ioo-when it was worth, on the market, 200 or 225, or 250. Itwas in this stock that Mr. Jackson invested his accumulations. And itwas in this stock that the executors and trustees of his estate continuedto invest the accumulations for many years. It thus happened that whenin consolidating the estate all stocks were finally sold the number ofWestern Electric shares was four or five times as many as Mr . Jacksonheld at the time of his death, and they had advanced in value to $250a share. Under the prudent and skilful management of the trustees­his father, Mr. Enos M. Barton, and the Illinois Trust and SavingsBank-the comparatively small estate he left has become a large one.Mr. Jackson had always been interested in the University of Chicago,having been a contributor to the million-dollar fund which founded it.When he made his will, in which he left bequests to the three greatmissionary and publication societies of his denomination from whichthey will eventually realize considerable sums, he recalled his own earlyambition for a college education and left to the University a scholarshipbequest, from which not less than $50,000 will come to it. A dozen ormore "poor and worthy" students, in the language of the will, will,every year, have their tuition feespaid by the J. Mason Jackson scholar­ship fund. Mr. Jackson died while yet a young man, thirty-nine yearsold, but he set in motion influences for good that will encircle the globeand help to bri�g in the new and better world.THE ELIAKIM HASTINGS MOOREFUNDBy HERBERT ELLSWORTH SLAUGHTAt the two hundred twenty-second regular meeting of the AmericanMathematical Society, held at the University of Chicago, April 14, IS,1922, there was celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the foundingof the Chicago Section of this Society. The history of this ChicagoSection is almost coincident with that of the University of Chicagowhere the great majority of its forty-nine meetings have been held.These meetings, which began in 1896 with the reading of fourteenscientific papers at the first informal session, gradually increased inattendance and importance until they were recognized by the Societyas of co-ordinate standing with those of the parent organization inNew York and were officially designated as regular western meetingsof the Society. The one just held was the seventeenth and largest of thiskind, over one hundred members being in attendance.The young and vigorous Department of Mathematics of the Uni­versity of Chicago in 1896, with its remarkable trio of leaders, Pro­fessors E. H. Moore, Oskar BoIza, and Heinrich Maschke, naturallyassumed the important role of leadership in fostering mathematicalresearch in the Middle West, as reflected in the phenomenal growth ofthe Chicago Section. To those who know Professor Moore scientificallyand personally, it is no surprise that he at once became, and still remains,the leader of leaders in this great work. It is universally recognizedthat he stands quite alone as regards the scope and strength of hisinfluence on the development of mathematics in America, not onlythrough his own researches but also through his impress upon thehundred and more men and women who have gone out with the Chicago-doctorate in mathematics, upon the hundreds of Chicago masters andother graduate students, and upon all others who have directly orindirectly come within his dynamic presence and captivating friendship.It was a foregone conclusion that any celebration of the last quarterof a century of mathematical activity in this country would centerabout Professor Moore, and hence a committee of his former studentsbegan more than a year ago to consider what kind of a testimonialwould be most appropriate to present to him on this occasion. ItI88THE ELIAKIM HASTINGS MOORE FUNDwas at once decided that none of the ordinary forms of gold or silvergifts, nor even a painted portrait, would adequately' express the senti­ments of his grateful admirers. They sought rather some token whichwould for all time be a living and dynamic force for perpetuating hisname in connection with his beloved science. Hence they decidedto raise the sum of two thousand dollars among his former students andhis associates in the Chicago Section, as the nucleus of an endowmentfund to be used for assisting in the publication of mathematical treatisesand researches in America-a cause for which there is crying need ofsupport. Already those outside of this Chicago group are seeking tojoin in contributing to this fund and there are indications that it maygrow into an endowment of large proportions as the years go by.However, the committee in their deliberations did not lose sightof the personal and friendly elements involved in these contributions,and hence they prepared a statement setting these forth in intimateterms as a prologue to the dedication of the fund. This presentationscroll was engrossed by Mr. C. L. Ricketts, of Chicago, in the style ofthe illuminated manuscripts of the Italian Renaissance, on the finesthand-made paper that can be produced, and bound in maroon leathersurmounted by a gold monogram of the letters E H M. It was felt bythe committee that nothing short of the very best in material and work­manship would suffice for this Presentation Scroll, and it is believedthat no illuminator in America could have excelled in the result whichhe produced. The Scroll contains the names of one hundred seventy­four contributors to the fund.The following is the text of the memorial:TO PROFESSOR ELIAKIM HASTINGS MOORE,SCHOLAR, TEACHER AND FRIEND:Conscious of the great influence which you have exercised upon the developmentof mathematical science throughout this country, particularly in the Middle West,during the last twenty-five years,Admiring the outstanding qualities of your researches in various fields of mathe­matics,Grateful for the inspiration and encouragement which you have given to thosewho have come to the University of Chicago to study mathematics,Recognizing the large contribution which you have made to the creation and thegrowth of the Chicago Section of the American Mathematical Society, andDeeply appreciative of the friendship which, during many years, you havebestowed upon those who have had the good fortune to know you,The undersigned members of the American Mathematical Society, formerly stu­dents of mathematics at the University of Chicago, or members of long standing inthe Chicago Section. have wished to use the opportunity afforded by the twenty-fifthTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDanniversary meeting of the Chicago Section to present to you a testimonial, which isintended to link your name in the years to come with the development of mathe­matics in this country.To this end they have contributed to a fund which is to be offered for trusteeshipto the American Mathematical Society upon the following conditions:The fund is to be known as the Eliakim Hastings Moore Fund;. The interest on the fund is to be used at the discretion of the Council of theSociety, and upon the recommendation of a committee appointed from time to timefor this purpose, in furtherance of such mathematical interests as(a) The publication of important mathematical books and memoirs,(b) The award of prizes for important contributions to mathematics,It being further recommended that during the next ten years preference be givento the former and that publication of Professor Moore's researches in General Analysisor in other fields shall have precedence over all other claims;The fund is to be kept intact by the American Mathematical Society except inso far as it is used to aid in the publication of Professor Moore's researches. For thisspecial purpose a part of the principal, not exceeding one-third, may be used, providedthe interest on the remainder be allowed to accumulate until the fund has been restoredto its original value.THE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FIFTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-fifth Convocation of the Uniyersity washeld in Hutchinson Court at four o'clock on the afternoon of June 13 .. The whole Court was sheltered from the sun by a tent and awnings, andthe candidates for degrees, numbering 666, were placed directly in frontof the platform, occupying two-thirds of the lower level of HutchinsonCourt. The Convocation Address was delivered by His Excellency theFrench Ambassador, M. Jean Jules Jusserand, LL.D., University ofChicago, 1903. The President presented his Convocation Statement.Both the Address and the Statement are included in this number of theRecord.The award of honors was as follows: Honorable Mention for excel­lence in the work of the Junior Colleges: Margaret Bassett Abraham,Blossom Brown Adams, Allen Diehl Albert, Martha Clarke Bennett,Edward Justin Block, George Burton Boardman, Jean Winifred Brand,Claire Sylvia Brereton, Eugene Breyer, Margaret Helen Cain, EugeniaCampbell, Russell Cowgill Carrell, Hilmeyer Cohen, Helen Carol Coyle,George Russell Crisler, Margaret Davis, Orladay Paul Decker, LesterMcCannon DeSwarte, Charles Llewellyn Dwinell, Clarence BurtonElliott, Elizabeth Elson, Irwin LeRoy Fischer, Rose Fishman, VesperaAymar Freeman, Mildred Ethel Friduss, Calvin Souther Fuller, CeceliaCatherine Gaul, Frederick Max Haase, Jr., Helen Eleanor Hammerstrom,Dorothy Hipp, Henry Tuttle Holsman, Leonard Honl, Harry JamesHunt, Max Martin Jacobson, Bertha Ten Eyck James, Dorothy Judd,Solomon Katz, Peter George Korn, Arnold Leo Lieberman, Helen EthelLine, Earle Ludgin, Charles Midlo, John Schoff Millis, William Moffett,Ruth Elizabeth Parker, Egon Waldemar Peck, Lillian Alberta Polhamus,Stanley John Rezabek, Julia Crancer Rhodus, Virginia Anabel Rice,Helen Gertrude Robbins, Forrest Rosaire, Philip Rudnick, Dorothy EastSage, Mildred Eloise Sager, Fred Lewis Schuman, Pearce Shepherd, RuthSimmons, Mabel Katharine Staudinger, Nanine Nancy Steele, ArthurStenn, Edith Achsa Stevens, Tsau Sing Su, Joseph Taymor, JaroslavTetrev, Vera Phyllis Thome, Helen Chapman Tieken, George DemetriusTsoulos, Koshichi Tuskamoto, Stanley Carl Harold Turnquist, VinetteRose Waska, Charles Stewart Watt, Harold Robert Weinzimmer, HelenTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDCanfield Wells, Helen Olga Wiegner, Helen Irene Wittekindt, MiltonYawitz. Honorable Mention for excellence in the work leading to theCertificate of the College of Education: Jessie Lohretta Taylor.Scholarships in the Senior Colleges for excellence in the Junior Colleges:Margaret Bassett Abraham, English; Allen Diehl Albert, Sociology;Walter Bartky, Mathematics; Richard Herman Bauer, German; HelenCarol Coyle, Anatomy; Anna Durning, Education; Irwin LeRoy Fischer,English; Ralph Ernest Huston, Physics; Bertha Ten Eyck James,Romance; Arnold Leo Lieberman, Chemistry; Alice June Meyer, History;William Moffett, Latin; Marcella Agatha Pfeiffer, Botany; Fred LewisSchuman, Political Science; Harriet McClellan Shanks, Geography;Arthur Stenn, Zoology; Alice Marsh Treat, Greek; Charles StewartWatt, Geology. The Joseph Triner Scholarship in Chemistry: EdwardBenes. Scholarships in the Senior Colleges for excellence in the work ofthe first three years of the College Course: Donald Grobe Brower,Physics; Louis Barkhouse Flexner, Chemistry; Merritt Johnson Little,Political Science; Helen Caroline Mang, Romance; Samuel Marmor,English; Dorothy Price, Zoology; Alma Helen Prucha, Mathematics;Marie Anna Prucha, Botany; Pearl Louise Robertson, History; JamesLeverett Homise, Philosophy; George Earle Wakerlin, Anatomy;Virginia Wheeler, Geography.The B'achelor's Degree conferred with Honors: Theodore KrehbielAhrens, Louise Bonstedt Apt, Dorothy Beatrice Augur, Effie De YoungBailey, Mary Ann Benson, Harry Lewis Bird, Jr., Fredericka VerneBlankner, Martha Bloch, Donald Frederic Bond,William Arthur Butcher,Jessie Beaton Caldwell, Samuel Sol Caplan, Charlotte Eveline Carpenter,Ruel Vance Churchill, Maurice Louis Cohen, Robert Edward Collins,Gertrude Hayden Crawshaw, Frances Elaine Crozier, Miles EdwardCunat, Ralph Davis, John Adam Doering, Laura Bertha Donaldson,Edith Corinne Eberhart, Richard Hamilton Eliel, Max Fienberg, Eliza­beth Moore Fisher, Richard Foster Flint, Virginia Foster, Harry Fried­man, Percival Taylor Gates, Julia Gladys Goff, Margery Griffith, JohnGunther, Amy Marjorie Gustafson, Wilbur Jackson Hatch, VirginiaHibben, Emanuel Henry Hildebrandt, May Hill, Dorothy Barbara Hoff­mann, Mary Josephine Hoke, Carolyn Stokes Hoyt, Justus Miles Hull,Carl Helge Mauritz Janson, Edgar Nathaniel Johnson, Robert HughJohnson, Allan Titsworth Kenyon, Donald Henry King, Jessie BerthaLambrechts, Harold Dwight Lasswell, Charles Ernest Lee, Meyer LeoLeventhal, GeorgeH. Lusk, Charles James Merriam,Victor Carl Milliken,Helen Isabelle Mills, Rose Elizabeth Mitchell, Georgine Adolph Moerke,Catherine Adams Moore, Bernard Radcliffe Mortimer, Ruth BelleTHE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FIFTH CONVOCATION 193McKinnie, Samuel Henry Nerlove, Marie Vivian Niergarth, MirriamOrmsby, Samuel Louis Perzik,Valeska Pfeiffer, Mila lone Pierce, TrumanSquire Potter, Israel Rappaport, Elwood Goodrich Ratcliff, Emily JaneRaymond, William James Reed, Richard Biddle Richter, Mary ArnieRuminer, Jacob Sacks, Andrew Charles Scott, Bruce Edwin Shepherd,Rebecca Cushman Shepherd, Lorraine Lucas Sinton, Mariam JuneStadelman, Sophie Irene Stampfer, May Libbie Stewart, DorothyVictoria Sugden, Thane Taylor Swartz, Carolyn Elizabeth Thompson,Laura Rose Thomure, Otmar Thurlimann, Lillian Marie Tobin, SarahSheldon Tower, William Hall Trout, Elizabeth Vilas, Lowell CurtisWadmond, Emily Madeline Wagner, Leonard Dankmar Weil, JacobAllen Weiss, Adelaide Marie Werner, Max Joseph Wester, J. RussellWhitaker, Effie Mae Wills, Wilbur Edward Wolfe.Honors for excellence in particular departments of the SeniorColleges: Louise Bonstedt Apt, French; Dorothy Beatrice Augur,Household Administration; Mary Ann Benson, Botany; Harry LewisBird, Jr., English; Fredericka Verne Blankner, Romance; MarthaBloch, Romance; Donald Frederic Bond, English ; Jessie BeatonCaldwell, English; Samuel Sol Caplan, Psychology and Sociology;Charlotte Eveline Carpenter, Home Economics; Ruel Vance Churchill,Physics and Mathematics; Maurice Louis Cohen, Chemistry; MauriceLouis Cohen, Mathematics; Irma Ellen Cooper, Home Economics;Gertrude Hayden Crawshaw, Geology; Frances Elaine Crozier, Eng­lish; Miles Edward Cunat, Law; Ralph Davis, Political Science;Laura Bertha Donaldson, Botany; Florence Pauline Eckfeldt, Botany;Richard Hamilton .Eliel, English; Elizabeth Moore Fisher, Art Edu­cation; Richard Foster Flint, Geology; Frank Joseph Frelich, Bot­any; Edward Andrew Henry Fuchs, German; Percival Taylor Gates,Botany; Julia Gladys Goff, Mathematics; Margery Griffith, Art Educa­tion; John Gunther, Englis_h; Amy Marjorie Gustafson, History; AmyMarjorie Gustafson, Botany; Wilbur Jackson Hatch, Chemistry; VirginiaHibben, English; Emanuel Henry Hildebrandt, Mathematics; May Hill,Education and Kindergarten Education; Dorothy Barbara Hoffmann,German; Carolyn Stokes Hoyt, French; Louise Cleland Humphrey,Natural Science; Ethel Florence Hyman, Botany; Edgar NathanielJohnson, History; Allan Titsworth Kenyon, Psychology; Donald HenryKing, Romance; Mary Southwick Kingsland, English; Jessie BerthaLambrechts, Romance; Harold Dwight Lasswell, Political Economy;Harold Dwight Lasswell, Political Science; Joseph Carl Lippman,History; George H. Lusk, Philosophy; Charles James Merriam, Chem­istry; Victor Carl Milliken, Law; Helen Isabelle Mills, Chemistry;194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRose Elizabeth Mitchell, Chemistry; Catherine Adams Moore, English/Bernard Radcliffe Mortimer, Chemistry/ Ruth Belle McKinnie, History,'Samuel Henry Nerlove, Political Economy,' Marie Vivian Niergarth,English/ Miriam Ormsby, English; Miriam Ormsby, Romance/ HelenDresser Page, Botany,' Samuel Louis Perzik, Anatomy and Physiology,'Truman Squire Potter, Anatomy and Zoology/ Israel Rappaport, Phi­losophy and Sociology; Emily Jane Raymond, English,· William JamesReed, Political Economy/ Richard Biddle Richter, Anatomy and Physiol­ogy/ Richard Biddle Richter, Zoology/ Mary Arnie Ruminer, PoliticalEconomy,' Jacob Sacks, Chemistry; Andrew Charles Scott, Law/ Jean­nette Searight, English; Bruce Edwin Shepherd, Mathematics andPolitical Economy (Statistics),' Rebecca Cushman Shepherd, Romance,'Mariam June Stadelman, History/ Sophie Irene Stampfer, Romance,'May Libbie Stewart, Education/ Dorothy Victoria Sugden, Greek,'Thane Taylor Swartz, Law,' Laura Rose Thomure, English,· LillianMarie Tobin, Education/ William Hall Trout, Political Economy,'Elizabeth Vilas, Home Economics/ Lowell Curtis Wadmond, Law,'Emily Madeline Wagner, Art Education/ Leonard Dankmar Weil,English/ Adelaide Marie Werner, Romance/ Max Joseph Wester, Law/J. Russell Whitaker, Geography/ Effie Mae Wills, History,· WilburEdward Wolfe, Political Economy/ Beatrice Madeline Zipkin, Geography.Scholarships in the Graduate Schools for excellence. in the work of theSenior Colleges: Theodore Krehbiel Ahrens, Geology (half scholarship);Konstantin TamiasArgoe, Greek/ Fredericka Verne Blankner, Romance/Donald Frederic Bond, English/ Ruel Vance Churchill, Physicsi EstherDavis, Hygiene and Bacteriology/ Stanley Dalton Dodge, Geography,'Richard Foster Flint, Geology (half scholarship); Percival Taylor Gates,Botany/ Amy Marjorie Gustafson, History/ Robert Hugh Johnson,Mathematics,' Masuo Kato, Sociology/ Allan Titsworth Kenyon, Anat­omy,' Harold Dwight Lasswell, Political Science/ Bert Sloo Leech, Educa­tion,' George H. Lusk, Philosophy,' Charles james Merriam, Chemistry;Richard Biddle Richter, Physiology,' Brenton Wallace Stevenson,English.Election to the Chicago Chapter of the Order of the Coif on nomi­nation by the Faculty of the Law School for high distinction in theprofessional work of the Law School: Arthur Abraham, John McKoyCampbell, Vincent Jerome Heffernan, William Victor Morgenstern,Alison Reppy, Henry Marvin Shughart. Election as associate membersto Sigma Xi on nomination of two Departments of Science for evidenceof promise of ability in research work in Science: Doris May Brigham,Arthur Edward Brooks, Maurice Louis Cohen, Bessie Curry, Ward B.THE ONE HUNJ?RED TWEN'TY-FIFTH CONVOCATION 195Davis, Gregg Miller Evans, Horace Van Norman Hilberry, BartonHoag, William Vermillion Houston, Edolf Allen Larson, Luther OrlandLeach, Edward Gowan Lunn, Clemmy Olin Miller, Bernard RadcliffeMortimer, Roy Chester Newton, William Lamkin Ray, John RichardSampey, Jr., Agatha Major Smith, William Weldon Watson; electionof members to Sigma Xi: Arthur John Atkinson, Helen Brown Burton,Jay Bailey Carter, Benjamin Burton Cox, Georgia Valentine Coy, KateDaum, Harry Scheidy Everett, Matthew Moses Feldstein, NelsonFranklin Fisher, Marion Gabriel Frank, Vishnu Dattatreya Gokhale,Willis Eugene Gouwens, Lucea Marion Hejinian, Robert Lee Johnston,Sister Mary Alice Lamb, Ellsworth Glensburn Marshall, Edgar D.Meacham, Karl Stone Means, Melvin Mooney, Leland Wilbur Parr,Silber Charles Peacock, Allan Funder Reith, B. Coleman Renick, ReubenBenjaiman Sandin, Simon Shank Shearer, Carl Foster Snapp, MarshallNey States, Hikogo Sugata, Mark Watkins Tapley, Clarence EugeneVan Horn, Arkell Meyers Vaughn, Tsu Lien Wang, Ernest BloomfieldZeisler. Election of members to the Beta of Illinois Chapter of PhiBeta Kappa: Louise Bonstedt Apt (June, '21), Dorothy Beatrice Augur,Mary Ann Benson (December, '21), Harry Lewis Bird, Jr., FrederickaVerne Blankner, Donald Frederic Bond (December, '21), Jessie BeatonCaldwell, Samuel Sol Caplan, Ruel Vance Churchill, Stella MarieCoesfeld, Maurice Louis Cohen (December, '21), Henry Irving Com­mager, Frances Elaine Crozier (June, '21), Ralph Davis, RichardHamilton Eliel (December, '21), Richard Foster Flint (June, '21),Virginia Foster, William Jacob Friedman, Percival Taylor Gates (June,'21), Julia Gladys Goff, John Gunther, Amy Marjorie Gustafson (June,'21), Wilbur Jackson Hatch (June, '21), Virginia. Hibben, May Hill,Walter Frederick Hoeppner, Mary Josephine Hoke, Allan TitsworthKenyon, Donald Henry King (March, '20), Harold Dwight Lasswell(June, '21), Meyer Leo Leventhal, Thomas Hobbs Long, George H.Lusk, George Willard Martin, Charles James Merriam (June, '21),Helen Isabelle Mills, Georgine Adolph Moerke (September, '21), Cather­ine Adams Moore, Bernard Radcliffe Mortimer, (December, '21), MarieVivian Niergarth (June, '21), Miriam Ormsby, Samuel Louis Perzik,Valeska Pfeiffer (June, '21), Alma Helen Prucha, Israel Rappaport(December, '21), Elwood Goodrich Ratcliff, Richard Biddle Richter(June, '21), Pearl Louise Robertson, Ella Ross, Marion Grace Sharp,Bruce Edwin Shepherd, Sophie Irene Stampfer, Dorothy VictoriaSugden (June, '21), William Palmer Taylor, Sarah Sheldon Tower(June, '21), William Hall Trout, Adelaide Marie Werner (June, '21),Max Joseph Wester, J. Russell Whitaker, Herbert Arthur Wildman.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Florence James Adams Prizes for excellence in Artistic Reading:Annie Ruth Gray, first; Thomas Hobbs Long, second. The Milo P.Jewett Prize for excellence in Bible Reading: Robert James Watson.The John Billings Fiske Prize in Poetry: Bertha Ten Eyck James. TheWig and Robe Prize for excellence in the work of the first two years inthe Law School: Sydney Kaufman Schiff. The Conference Medal forexcellence in Athletics and Scholarship: Herbert Orin Crisler. TheSusan Colver Rosenberger Educational Prize: Yard Laren Tanner. TheHoward Taylor Ricketts Prize for research in Pathology: Harry Mont­gomery Weeter. The National Research Fellowships in Physics, pro­vided by the Rockefeller Foundation: Leonard Benedict Loeb, JohnPreston Minton, Jared K. Morse. The Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. LoganResearch Fellowship in Pathology: Mildred Jessie Roberts.Degrees were conferred as follows: The Colleges: Bachelor of Arts,9; Bachelor of Philosophy, 226; Bachelor of Science, 103; Bachelorof Philosophy in Education, 51; Bachelor of Science in Education, I;Bachelor of Philosophy in Commerce and Administration, 65; Bachelorof Philosophy in Social Service Administration, 2; Master of Arts inSocial Service Administration, 2; The Divinity School: Master of Arts,23; Bachelor of Divinity, 4; The Law School: Bachelor of Laws,IS; Doctor of Law, 36; The Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, andScience: Master of Arts, 63; Master of Science, 26; Doctor ofPhilosophy.iar. The total number of degrees conferred was 666.During the academic year 1921-22 the following certificates anddegrees have been conferred:The Certificate of the Two Years' Course in the College of Education 9The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science 747The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science, in Education 127The Degree of Bachelor of Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25The Degree of Master of Arts in the Divinity School. . . . . . . . . . . .. 51The Degree of Master of Arts or Science in the Graduate Schools. .. 238The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity � '. . .. IIThe Degree of Doctor of Law (J.D.) 70The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Divinity School. . . . . . . 3The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Schools. . . .. 93The Convocation Prayer Service was held in Hutchinson Hall onSunday morning, June II, at 10:30 A.M. The Convocation ReligiousService was held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at II :00. The sermonwas preached by the Reverend Clarence A. Barbour, D.D., Presidentof Rochester Theological Seminary.THE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FIFTH CONVOCATION 197The Convocation Reception was held on Monday evening, June 12,in Hutchinson Hall. The receiving line consisted of the President,Mrs. Judson and Mrs. Edith Rockefeller McCormick.The Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa held its annual meet­ing at 5:00 P.M., June 7, at the Quadrangle Club, with Professor HerbertEllsworth Slaught, the president of the Chapter, presiding. PresidentJudson delivered the address on "The Joy of Living," which appearselsewhere in this number of the Record.The Alumni Reunion on Friday and Saturday, June 10 and II,was very successful. Hutchinson Court was crowded on Friday nightfor the University Sing. The Alumnae Breakfast at Ida Noyes Hall atII: 30 o'clock, Saturday morning, was the occasion of a notable testi­monial of the esteem in which Mrs. Judson is held by the alumnae. Theparade of floats and classes in costume from Ida Noyes Hall throughthe Quadrangles to Stagg Field began the afternoon. The parade wasfollowed by the Purdue-Chicago baseball game, and the Shanty exercises.After these the Class of 1907, in a mock Convocation, presented PresidentJudson, through Mr. Harold H. Swift, the president of the Class, anhonorary diploma, beautifully engrossed as follows:The University of Chicago, Class of 1907; Know all men by these Presents, thatHarry Pratt Judson became the President of the University of Chicago on the twentiethday of February, 19°7, and that the graduates of the class of that year were the firstupon whom the President conferred degrees.Now come again the members of the class of 1907 on the last day of the fifteenthyear of their graduation, conscious of their honor and' distinction, proud of theirearly associations, happy in their reunion with the President, and greet him with theirabiding esteem and affection.And further, whereas he has acquitted himself to our great and enduring satisfac­tion, and has been a credit and distinction to the University and thereby honors herand the class of 19°7, we bestow upon him the degree of Master President summa cumlaude.In Witness Whereof-these presents are executed on behalf of the class of 1907by the Chairmen of the Reunion Committee and Officers of -the class on the tenth dayof June, A.D. 1922.HAROLD HIGGINS SWIFT,PresidentJOHN FRYER MOULDS,Vice-President EDITH TERRY BREMER,SecretaryCHARLES FREDERIC AXELSON,TreasurerEARL .DEWITT HOSTETTER, HELEN NORRIS, Chairmen oj Reunion.Mr. Swift conferred the diploma with a Latin address, to which thePresident replied in the same tongue.More than 400 alumni sat down to the Alumni dinner in BartlettGymnasium. In the evening a beautiful garden party in HutchinsonCourt brought the Alumni celebration to an end.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREGENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theSpring Quarter were: April 9, ReverendBishop William Fraser McDowell, D.D.Washington, D.C.; April I6, BishopMcDowell; April 23, Reverend' JohnMcNeill, Walmer Road Baptist Church.Toronto, Canada; April 30, Reverend.Professor Henry van Dyke, D.D.Princeton University, Princeton, Ne�Jersey; May 7, Reverend Walter RussellBowie, D.D., St. Paul's Church, Rich­mond, Virginia; May I4, ReverendCharles Reynolds Brown, D.D., LL.D.Dean of the Yale Divinity School, Ne�Haven, Connecticut; May 21, ReverendAmbrose White Vernon, D.D., Professorof Biography, Carleton College, North­field, Minnesota; May 28, ReverendRobert Freeman, D.D., PresbyterianChurch, Pasadena, California; June 4,Theodore Gerald Soares, Ph.D., D.D.,Professor of Preaching and ReligiousEducation and Head of the Departmentof Practical Theology, The University ofChicago, Chicago, Illinois; June I I,Reverend Clarence A. Barbour, D.D.,President of Rochester TheologicalSeminary, Rochester, New York.The Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, gave a concertat the University on the afternoon ofApril I I, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall.The University baseball team playedten conference games in the course of theSpring Quarte�, f!om April 3 to June I6,as follows: Michigan I-9; Illinois 2-IO;Purdue 2-:5;. Northwestern 3-5; IowaII-6; Illinois 6-II; Wisconsin 6-9'Michigan 0-5; Wisconsin 0-7; Purdu�5-9·In order to express the interest of theUniversity community in the effort for thepermanent establishment of the ChicagoOpera, a group of persons about theUniversity have united to provide one'$1,000 guaranty annually for five years. A fund of more than $2,000 has beenprovided by the colleagues students andother friends of Profess�r Albert AMichelson, Head of the Department ofP�ysics, for a portrait of ProfessorMIchelson to be presented to the Uni­versi�y in h!s honor. Professor Henry G.Gale IS Chairman of the Committee whichse�ured the fund, and the portrait is to bepamted by Mr. Ralph Clarkson ofChicago. 'The American University Union inEurope, supported and controlled byfi!ty; American universities and colleges,aiming to serve as a bond between uni­versities in America and abroad, and toencourage the attendance of Americanstudents at the universities abroad has inthe last year had <;>n its record� 1,348?tu�ent�, representmg 174 Americaninstitutions, and attending forty-nineFrench institutions of learning and of art.P�ofessor Paul van Dyke has acted asDIrector of the Continental Division.Mrs. Cornelia McLaury of Chicagohas loaned to the University the oilportrait of her father, Charles Walkerpainted by Coxwell in 1866. Charle�Walker was present at the luncheon atwh!ch Senator D01!glas proposed to givea SIte f?r a college m Chicago. It was hewho said to Mr. Douglas, "I will acceptyour offer on behalf of the Baptists ofChicago." He was Vice-President ofthe Board of Trustees of the old Uni­versity of Chicago from its organizationuntil his death in 1869. Mr. Walkerwas 'one of !he .le�ding men of Chicago,and very active in ItS commercial develop­ment in the fifties and sixties. His son,9'eorge C. Walker, took an active partm the establishment of the Universityof Chicago, was the donor of WalkerMuseum, and was a Trustee of theUniversity from its organization untilhis death in 1905.West Virginia University, of which thelate Professor George Burman Fosterwas a graduate, proposed in 1917 toEVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREconfer the degree of LL.D. upon Pro­fessor Foster, but on account of the warthe conferring of such degrees was post­poned. Professor Foster died December22, I9I8, but the. West Virginia Uni­versity at its Commencement ExercisesJune II, I919, conferred the degree uponhim posthumously. In conferring thedegree President Trotter said:"George Burman Foster, student, andgraduate of West Virginia University,class of I883; also student in leadingEuropean universities, eminent theo­logian and minister; professor in Me­Master University, Toronto, I892-95and professor in the University ofChicago, I895-I9I8; author of manyworks on the function and history of theChristian Religion; eminent as instructorand guide of men and women in search ofgreat and final truths; for these andmany other qualities, by authority ofthe Board of Regents, I confer onGeorge Burman Foster the degree ofDoctor of Laws as of I9I7."President Judson delivered the PhiBeta Kappa Address at the RecognitionDay exercises at Knox College, Gales­burg, Illinois, on April 4.The American Oriental Society,founded in I842, met at the Universityon April I8 to 20, I922. At its closingsession the following resolution wasadopted, and transmitted to the Uni­versityauthorities:"The American Oriental Society, atfourscore years of age, has renewed itsyouth by going West. It desires toacknowledge the delightful courtesiesreceived from the institutions andcitizens of Chicago, and to express thehappy memories it will bear away of itsfirst visit to the great interior metro­polis of our country, inspiring the hopethat it may return again in thefuture."The warm thanks of the Society aredue to the University of Chicago, whichhas given it the freedom of the University;to the Field Museum of Natural Historyand the Art Institute of Chicago, forthe display of their notable exhibits, aswell as for the hospitality in which theyparticipated with the University; andto the Quadrangle Club and the Uni­versity Club for their most courteousentertainment." . 199On April 20 the University receivedfrom the National Dante Committee,John H. Finley, Chairman, the officialDante Memorial Medal awarded to theUniversity by the Committee in recog­nition of its cultivation of Italian studies,and the part it took last year in thecelebration of the Six Hundredth Anni­versary of the death of Dante. TheMedal was coined by the Italian mint,by special permission of the Italiangovernment, and the University is oneof the three American institutions oflearning to receive it. The Medal is ofbronze, about three inches in diameter,beautifully designed, and wrought inthe antique style. In unanimouslyawarding the Medal to the University,the Committee made the followingreport:"In comparatively few years the Uni­versity of Chicago has actively developedits Italian department e, Through theuntiring efforts of Professor ErnestWilkins and Professor Rudolph Altrocchi,the students have rapidly grown innumber, and a series of excellent booksfor the study of the Italian languagehave been published by the Universityof Chicago Press. The study of Dantehas been given particular attention.Besides his own publication and widelyspread lectures, Professor Ernest Wilkinsprepared a list of one hundred books onDante for the National Dante Com­mittee, which list was published anddistributed by the Committee all overthe United States. For the number ofstudents and importance of publications,the University of Chicago can be termedthe western center of Italian culture."At the annual meeting of the Uni­versity Orchestral Association in HarperAssembly Room, Tuesday, April 25, thefollowing officers for the year I922-23were elected: president, James A. Field;vice-president, Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson;secretary, David A. Robertson; directors,Mrs. Henry Gordon Gale, Mrs. FredericC. Woodward, Mrs. Ferdinand Schevill,and Edgar J. Goodspeed.At the Annual Conference with Second­ary Schools, held at the UniversityMay II and I2, I922, the total attend­ance was I,296.On April 27 to 29 President Judsonattended a meeting of the American200 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSociety of International Law in Wash­ington, D.C., and on Saturday night,April 29, in the absence of the presidentof the Society, Hon. Elihu Root, hepresided at the annual dinner.Mr. William H. Holden, a Trustee ofthe University from 1894-1900, died athis home in Evanston on May II. Mr.Holden was born in Chicago in 1843,and was the son of Charles N. Holden,who was active in the founding of theDivinity School. Mr. Holden was formany years a member of the law firmof Holden and Buzzell, and his son,Mr. Charles R. Holden, has been aTrustee of the University since 1912.Mr. Adolphus C. Bartlett, the donorof Bartlett Gymnasium, and a trusteeof the University since 1900, died atPasadena, California, on May 30, 1922.While Mr. Bartlett's health in recentyears kept him from' regular attendanceupon the meetings of the Board, he wasfrequently consulted where importantactions were involved, and maintained akeen interest in the affairs of the Uni­versity.At their commencement on June 7, CoeCollege gave the honorary degree ofLL.D. to Associate Professor FrederickStarr, of the University, who was amember of the College faculty from 1884to 1887.The twenty-third annual meeting ofthe Beta of Illinois Chapter of the PhiBeta Kappa Society was held at theQuadrangle Club on the evening ofJune 7, 1922, preceded by the dinner atwhich 175 were in attendance. Theoccasion marked the twenty-fifth anni­versary of the petition for a chapter atChicago. (The charter was not issuedtill September 8, 1898, and the installa­tion took place July I, 1899, so that thequarter-centennial will occur in June,1924.)There were ten charter members,namely William Rainey Harper, HarryPratt Judson, Benjamin Stites Terry,Eliakim Hastings .Moore, ThomasChrowder Chamberlin, John Ulrich Nef,Albert Harris Tolman, William GardnerHale, Albion Woodbury Small, andPaul Shorey. Of the eight living chartermembers, seven are resident at the Uni- versity and six of these were at thismeeting (Professor Shorey being outof the city at the time). The chartermembership by no means included allthe Phi Beta Kappa men in the Uni­versity at that time, but only a smallgroup necessary to secure the charter.Among those in attendance at this meet­ing who were in the University at thetime, or came not long thereafter,were Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed,Marion Talbot, James Hayden Tufts,Herbert Ellsworth Slaught, John MerleCoulter, Ernest DeWitt Burton, AlbertAbraham Michelson, Francis WaylandShepardson, Addison Webster Moore,Charles Hubbard Judd, Edgar JohnsonGoodspeed, David Allan Robertson,Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge,Hervey Foster Mallory, George LinnaeusMarsh, and William Duncan Mac­Millan.The chapter has elected five honorarymembers during its history, this privilegeof the constitution having been usedmost conservatively. These are AlbertAbraham Michelson, Jacques Loeb,Edward Capps, Ernest DeWitt Burton,and Julian William Mack.The large attendance, especially ofolder members, was in the spirit of anovation to President Judson who wasactive in organizing the Chicago Chapter,and who delivered the annual address on"The Joy of Living" which is printed inthis number.of the Record.The Society now has ninety-threechapters and more than forty thousandmembers. The Triennial Council takesplace next September in Cleveland, Ohio,and Dr. Shepardson, who is vice-presidentof the Senate, and Dr. Slaught, who isretiring president of the Chapter, willbe Chicago delegates to this session, wherearrangements will be begun for anappropriate celebration of the OneHundred and Fiftieth anniversary ofthe Society.The Chicago Chapter now numbers956, of whom seventy-seven were ad­mitted during the year 1921-22. Theofficers for 1922-23 are Benjamin StitesTerry, president, Edgar Johnson Good­speed, vice-president, George LinneausMarsh, secretary-treasurer, and Eliza­beth McPike, newly elected alumnaemember of the permanent standingcommittee of seven (including officers)who execute the business of the Chapterduring the year.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREDr. Nathaniel Butler gave the Com­mencement Address at Colby College,Waterville, Maine, June 21, 1922.Mr. Richard H. Eliel, who has justtaken his degree in the University, wasthe winner of the Harris Political Sci­ence Prize Essay Contest for 1922. Thesubject of his paper was "The Freedomof Speech."The Civil Government Scholarship,which was formerly open to students withnot more than twelve majors, is now opento students with not less than six majors,nor more than nine majors. The follow­ing is the revised statement with regardto the Scholarship: "The Civil Govern­ment Scholarship yields $200 annually:one prize of $150 and one of $50. Theprizes are given on the basis of anexamination in the Civil Government ofthe United States." The examination isheld in May, and is open to all studentswho have not less than six majors, normore than nine majors, and who have anaverage grade of C. No award is madeunless the examination mark is at least80 per cent."The David Blair McLaughlin Prizewill not be a warded this year owing tothe lack of suitable papers.Carl D. Buck, professor of Compara­tive Philology in the University, hasbeen appointed to serve as Annual Pro­fessor of the American School of ClassicalStudies at Athens for 1923-24, and hasbeen granted a leave of absence .. bythe Board of Trustees to enable himto accept the appointment.Three University students are toattend the courses for Americans giventhis summer for the first time at theUniversity of Rome, Italy; and each ofthe three has received a scholarship fromthe University of Rome for the summer.Twelve such scholarships were offered toAmerican students.The students who are going are MissIsabel Gardner, Mr. M. R. Marchello,and Mr. C. M. Perricone. Messrs.Marchello and Perricone are planningto remain in Italy during the comingcollege year, attending a universitythere and then returning to the Uni­versity of Chicago. 201In the absence of Dean James ParkerHall, for the Summer Quarter, ProfessorErnst Freund is Acting Dean of the LawSchool.In the absence of Dean Rollin D.Salisbury and Dean Albion W. Small, forthe First Term of the Summer Quarter,Professor Henry G. Gale is Acting Deanof the Graduate Schools of Arts, Litera­ture, and Science.The board of trustees of the ThompsonInstitute for Plant Research at Yonkers,N ew York, includes two botanists asscientific advisers, one of them beingProfessor John Merle Coulter, Head ofthe Department of Botany. The directorof the Institute is Dr. William Crocker,formerly of the University faculty, whoreceived his Doctor's degree at Chicagoin 1906.The Institute, which was establishedby William Boyce Thompson, of NewYork City, is to investigate the funda­mental problems connected with plants,some of which will have a practicalapplication to plant production. Thelaboratories have been planned and arein course of construction.Dr. Thomas Atkinson Jenkins, Pro­fessor of the History of the French Lan­guage, received the honorary degree ofDoctor of Letters from SwarthmoreCollege at its recent commencement.Professor Jenkins received his Doctor'sdegree from Johns Hopkins Universityand for some years was connected withVanderbilt University and SwarthmoreCollege before coming to Chicago in 1901.He is one of the editors of ModernPhilology and a member of the ModernLanguage Association of America.At the recent organization in Chicagoof the National Council for Social StudiesDean Leon Carroll' Marshall, of theSchool of Commerce and Administration,was elected president for the year 1922-23. The purpose of the organization isto lay the foundations for training demo­cratic citizens. The advisory board iscomposed of representatives. from fiveassociations, those of the historians,economists, political scientists, psycholo­gists, and geographers; and nationalorganizations of educational investigatorsand administrators are also represented.202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe General Education Board of NewYork has done a public service in issuinga volume on College and UniversityFinance, by Trevor Arnett, Secretary ofthe Board and Auditor of the Universityof Chicago. His twenty years' success­ful experience in the latter position haspeculiarly qualified him to put into bookform a statement of the principles under.lying college accounting and the use andcare .of trust funds, and to describea complete, yet simple, system of collegeaccounts which has been tried and foundsatisfactory. A valuable feature of thebook is a set of by-laws containingprovisions for the conduct of an endowedcollege.Announcement is just made, by thepublishers, of two volumes by DeanShailer Mathews, of the Divinity Schoolof the University, one on The Validity ofA merican Ideals and the other a revisedand much enlarged edition of his French Revolution-A Sketch. The former vol­ume consists of a series of lectures givenbefore various educational institutions,and the latter has been widely used forcollateral reading in history. AmongDean Mathews' recent addresses havebeen those before the Rotary and Kiwanisclubs of Lafayette, Indiana; the Uni­versity of Chicago Alumni Club inBoston; and at Mount Holyoke andSmith colleges.Elmer Truesdell Merrill, Professor ofLatin, has just published with Teubner atLeipsic a critical edition of the Lettersof Pliny. An elaborate apparatus of thereadings of the manuscripts embodies theresults of Professor Merrill's wide and life­long study of them. The work, the print­ing of which has been held back for someyears by the war, constitutes the standardedition of the Latin text of these famousletters, upon which Professor Merrill isthe recognized authority.ATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 1922By Schools and Colleges 1921Total. .2. The Colleges-Senior .Junior .Unclassified . Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women Total-- -- --- -- -- --244 183 427 187 145 332 95316 II8 434 261 86 347 87-- --- -- -- --- -- -_. --560 301 861 448 231 679 182639 520 1,159 635 481 I,II6 43 "66' .640 503 1,143 696 513 1,20945 36 81 39 41 80-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --I. DEPARTMENTS OF ARTS, LITERATURE,AND SCIENCE:I. Graduate Schools-Arts, Literature .Science ..•..................Total. .................. 1324 1,059 2,383 1,370 1,035 2,405 22Total Arts, Literature, andScience ............... 1,884 1,360 3,244 1,818 1,266 3,084 160II. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS:I. Divinity School-Graduate ................... II5 19 134 IIO 21 131Unclassified ................. 4 3 7 7 9 16 9Chicago Theological .......... 36 10 46 20 6 26 20-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --Total. .................. ISS 32 187 137 36 I73 14*2. Medicine-Graduate ................... 94 25 II9 86 25 IIISenior ...................... 99 14 1I3 124 14 138 25Junior ...................... .... s· .. .. 6·Unclassified ......... , ....... 4-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --Total. .................. 200 40 240 214 41 255 IS3. Law School-146Graduate ................... 126 8 134 142 4 12*Senior ...................... 56 2 58 53 54 4Candidates for LL.B ......... 86 3 89 76 77 12Unclassified .................-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --Total. .................. 268 13 281 272 6 2784· College of Education ........... 25 203 228 17 181 198 305· School of Commerce and Adminis-tration-Graduate ................... 37 8 45 26 3 29 16Senior ...................... 190 29 219 166 34 200 19iIunior ...................... 234 31 265 267 43 310 45nclassified ................. 26 2 28 29 30-- --- -- -- --- -- -- ---Total. .................. 487 70 557 488 81 569 ...... 126. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration-Graduate ................... 2 13 IS 2 13 15 ...... ......Undergraduate .............. 4 20 24 4 29 33 ...... 9--- -- -- --- -- -- --Total. .................. 6 33 39 6 42 48 ...... 9-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --Total Professional 1,141 391 1,532 1,134 387 1,521 II------------------Total University 3,025 � 4,776 2,952 � 4,605 � __*Deduct for Duplication ..•........ _2_61 4_4 30_5 2_73 4_5 3_18__.. _._. '_' _.. _._.. _.Net T�tals in Quadrangles 2,764 1,707 4,471 2,679 1,608 4,287 184University College �� 1,055 ���� __Total in the University ... 2,985 2,541 5,526 2,902 2,349 5,251 275203204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 1922Graduate and Undergraduate Students Under­graduateGraduateArts, Literature, and Science ............. 861 2,383Divinity School ........................ 168 19Courses in Medicine .................... II9 121Law School. ........................... 134 147College of Education .................... 228School of Commerce and Administration .. 45 512Graduate School of Social Service Adminis-tration .............................. 15 24Total ............................. 1,342 3,434Duplicates ............................. 126 179Net total .......................... 1,216 3,255University College ...................... 213 842Grand total ........................ 1,429 4,097