JOSEPH REYNOLDSTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDVOLUME VII JANUARY 1921 NUMBER ITHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTIIn lieu of the usual Convocation address it has become the customat the December Convocation to have a report by the Presidentof the University covering in brief form the situation at the currenttime. This is, in many senses, a home Convocation, and the report isadapted, therefore, to the interest and information of members of theUniversity.That post-war conditions in educational institutions are becomingnearly normal is evident throughout the entire country. This is madeapparent by many factors, and among them by the record of attendanceof students.The total registration during the quarter just closing is 5,993, asagainst 5,682 for the Autumn Quarter of I9I9. The gain is not largebut is rather more than was expected under the present business andsocial conditions.In this connection it may be interesting to record the total attendancefor several years past, showing the effect of war on the University andthe restoration of normal conditions.The total attendance in 1916-I7 was 10,448; in 1917-18 the attend­ance was 9,032; in I9I8-19 the attendance was 8,635; in 19I9-20 itwas IO,880; and during the four quarters of the current year the attend­ance bids fair to be upward of I 1,000.The University is extremely fortunate as compared with not afew other large institutions in coming through the war period withoutfinancial deficit.I Read at the One Hundred and Eighteenth Convocation, in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, December 2I, I920.I2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt has long been the policy of the Board of Trustees to administerthe finances of the University on the same general principles as wouldcharacterize any large business. Of course the University is a cor­poration under the laws of the state of Illinois not for pecuniary profit,but although in that sense perhaps an eleemosynary institution, never­theless it is believed that our finances should be handled so prudentlythat no deficit shall be incurred. The University year of which wehave now completed six months makes it plain that unless unforeseenconditions should arise we shall again come through the year on theright side of the ledger.Of course I am aware that there are institutions which main­tain a different policy and expect to expend annually more than theirnormal income. Such institutions make up the deficit by appeals toalumni and friends. We believe, however, that it is wiser not tocall on alumni and friends of the University for aid at all, unless forthe development of some new and important advance. This we did in1916-17 for the Medical Schools. This has been done from time totime for the erection of new buildings. It is our belief that benefactorsof education on the whole would rather make their gifts to an insti­tution which handles funds with prudence, and which is intending todevelop its resources along specific lines, than to give toward merelymaking up deficits which have been incurred. At all events this isthe settled policy of the finance administration of the University.The late Judge Frederick A. Smith, a graduate of the old Universityof Chicago and for many years a most able and faithful member of theBoard of Trustees of the present University, left the residue of hisestate I to the University for scholarships. This fund has now becomeavailable. The capital sum will be approximately $25,000.Members of the University are aware that for some time the sum ofover $3�000,00o has been available for buildings. The building situationhas not been such as to warrant proceeding. Perhaps I may state forthe information of all the facts as to this matter.Three hundred thousand dollars were given by a donor whose namehas not been made public for the Theology Building. Fifty thousanddollars were given by Mrs, Joseph Bond for a Divinity Chapel as amemorial for her late husband. To these sums will be added $42,996.45in accumulated interest.Plans have been completed and have been approved by the Boardand if building becomes at all possible in the near future we are ready tobegin.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 3These buildings will be a very striking addition to the quadranglesand their erection will complete the quadrangles now contained byRosenwald, the Law Building, Harper, and Haskell on the one side andby Haskell, the Bond Chapel, the Divinity Halls, and Classics (on theother. In these quadrangles there will be lacking only a building con­necting Harper with Classics.Mr. Bertram G. Goodhue, of New York, the architect who is designingthe University Chapel, has completed preliminary sketches for the plansbut these have not yet received the approval of the Board of Trustees.It will be remembered that $1,500,000 of the final gift of the Founderof the University were to be devoted to the erection of this importantbuilding. The site is to be the east half of the block of ground con­taining the President's house. The south front of the building will beabout one hundred and twenty feet back from the line of Fifty: .. ninthStreet. Those who have seen the sketches realize that the architecthas made a most imposing plan. The stately Gothic building whichwill seat about two thousand will have a tower above the crossing risingto a height of two hundred and sixteen feet. The towers of Harperare 135 ft. high. The height of the Mitchell Tower is 127 ft. 3 in.An estimate of cost will have to be made at an early date, and we cannottell at this moment just how soon we may be able to proceed. If thepresent plans are adopted our chapel will be the most striking buildingin the quadrangles.The plans for the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital and for the MaxEpstein Dispensary and for the laboratories in Pathology, all of whichwill be included in one magnificent building, are nearly complete.It is hoped that the Board may be able to pass on them in the WinterQuarter.Large funds are available for the buildings in hand, but even yetwe are not certain just what can be done in the way of construction.At the same time we hope it may not be much longer before buildingmay be possible, and certainly these buildings will add greatly to theefficiency, the comfort, and the beauty of the University.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade by the Board of Trustees:Professor Arthur O. Lovejoy, of Johns Hopkins University, to giveinstruction during the Winter Quarter, 1921, in the absence of ProfessorJames H. Tufts.t,.. .. / Archibald G. Baker, Assistant Professor in Missions, in the Depart­ment of Practical Theology in the Divinity School, confirming theappointment made by the Trustees of the Baptist Theological Union.v Warder Clyde Allee, Ph.D. (University of Chicago), professor ofbiology in Lake Forest College, Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Zoology.v John F. Mcbride, Research Instructor in the Department ofChemistry.Frederic Max Nicholson, Associate in the Department of Anatomy.l-:: Harry B. Van Dyke, Associate in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry.RESIGNATIONThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignation of the followingmember of the Faculties:Helen B. Dickey, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics,College of Education. \PROMOTIONThe following member of the Faculties has received, by action ofthe Board of Trustees, a promotion in rank:v Assistant Professor Samuel N. Harper, "to an associate professorshipin the Department of Russian Language and Institutions.GIFTSDr. Frank Billings has given to the University his private medicalibrary as the nucleus of a clinical library to be housed ultimately inthe Albert Merritt Billings Hospital. Dr. Billings undertakes to havebound by the time the hospital is erected the present unbound material,to add new volumes, and to continue with many medical periodicals.4THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 5The value of the library is approximately $25,000. There is announcedalso a gift by Mr. Edward S. Moore, 16 Broadway, New York City, of$4,000 to be expended by Dr. Frank Billings in purchasing additionalbooks for the Billings library.By the will of the late Martha S. French the residue of her estate,after certain specific bequests, is bequeathed to Hull House and to theUniversity for the Helen Culver Fund for the endowment of the HullBiological Laboratories.The Board of Trustees of the Chicago School of Civics and Philan­thropy has given its library to the University.The Western Economic Society has been dissolved and has given tothe University a fund remaining in its treasury amounting to approxi­mately $1,200, to be administered under the direction of the Departmentof Political Economy.Judge Frederick A. Smith, one of the original Trustees of the Uni­versity and at the time of his death, on July 31, 1919, Second Vice­President of the Board, in his will bequeathed to the University valuablelaw books for the library.. He also provided a scholarship endowmentfund of $25,000 for" the assistance of needy and deserving students" ofthe University "in obtaining an education." The bequest has recentlybeen paid to the University by the executor of his estate.MISCELLANEOUSThe University has accepted the custodianship of the AlumniEndowment Fund.The President of the University has been authorized to provide ascholarship covering tuition and living expenses for a French studentrecommended by the Director of the National Office of French Schoolsand Universities, it being understood that this student is preparing forthe reconstruction of cities in France along the lines of sanitation.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO EXPE­DITION TO THE NEAR EAST(1919-1920)By JAMES HENRY BREASTEDThe newly organized Oriental Institute which has its home inHaskell Museum, has been founded for the twofold purpose of main­taining: first, a laboratory for the investigation of the early career ofman, and, second, the collection and organization of the original docu­ments and data furnishing the materials for this far-reaching investi ..gation. The eventual formulation of the results should take the formof a history which might be entitled "The Origins and Early Historyof Civilization."The destruction of the Ottoman Empire and the conditions resultingfrom the Great War which for the first time in many centuries placedthe earliest homes of civilization under enlightened government, madeit urgently necessary for the new Oriental Institute to undertake apreliminary reconnoissance of the N ear East and to secure by purchasefrom native antiquity dealers there at least a share of the ancient docu­ments of all sorts which had been accumulating in their hands duringthe war.With these purposes in view, the writer sailed from New Yorkfor England on August 2I, I9I9, and arrived in London on August 29with the special purpose of participating as official representative ofthe American Oriental Society in the joint sessions of the Royal AsiaticSociety, the Societe Asiatique, and the American Oriental Society,meeting in an international conference suggested by the eminent Frenchorientalist Emile Senart, President of the Societe Asiatique.This conference, which occupied a large part of the first week ofSeptember, proved a very profitable opportunity for meeting the leadingorientalists of England and France and discussing with them compre­hensive plans for co-operation in many avenues of research in the newlyopened regions of the Orient. It was decided that this joint conferenceshould be perpetuated as an annual event.After this meeting the study of public and private collections, andproblems of the material equipment of the expedition consumed a greatdeal of time. It was at the same time difficult under post-war conditions6THE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 7to insure transportation for the equipment and personnel of the expe­dition to the Near East. In spite of the most cordial reception at thehands of British officials everywhere, it was still uncertain how farwe might be able to penetrate Asia when the writer left London forEgypt, by way of France and Italy, on October 9.Conferences with a number of leading French orientalists, and agroup of fortunate purchases of antiquities kept me a week in France.The most notable among these purchases is a beautiful papyrus copyof the Book of the Dead, written in hieratic and with numerous coloredvignettes. It is to be called " Papyrus Ryerson" in honor of the donor,Mr. Martin A. Ryerson. Leaving Paris on October I7 and embarkingfrom Venice, I arrived in Cairo on October 30 after a journey of almostinsurmountable difficulties at a number of points. Post-war Cairo inthe throes of nationalistic agitation had completely lost its old charm.I divided my time between the antiquity dealers and the great nationalmuseum, where there were many new accessions and recent discoverieswhich I had never seen. Among these, the most notable monumentswere several fragments of black stone formerly known as the PalermoStone, and containing the oldest known royal annals in human history.Although these new Cairo fragments had been twice published, it wasstill possible to secure numerous new readings, especially a group often pre-dynastic kings of united Egypt, proving therefore that therewas a long-enduring union of Egypt before the dynasties-that is, apre-dynastic dynasty, the oldest group of rulers over a united countrynow known in human history. They must reach back into the firsthalf of the fourth millennium before Christ, and perhaps much earlier.Since my last visit at Gizeh very important new excavations hadbeen made there. These were repeatedly visited and studied, for theyfurnish the earliest chapters in the history of architecture in stone. Dr.George A. Reisner's summer camp here was also visited, and he showedme his remarkable discoveries of Egyptian jewelry from Napata, madefor the kings of Ethiopia in the days of the prophet Isaiah.Important new facts in architecture have been discovered by thePhiladelphia Expedition at Memphis, where Mr. Clarence S. Fisher hasuncovered a palace of Pharaoh Merneptah who lived toward I200 B.C.,the most probable date of the Hebrew Exodus. The palace had be�ndestroyed by fire and Fisher found the great doors of the throne roomburned to ashes with their heavy metal pivot hinges far out jn the hallwhere they had dropped from the massive cedar woodwork as theblazing doors toppled over into the hall and carried the pivots along.8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is rather interesting to recall that if Merneptah was really the Pharaohof the Hebrew Exodus, this is the room where the Hebrew traditionwould have placed the famous scenes between the Pharaoh and Mosesand Aaron.The extraordinary unfinished Fourth Dynasty pyramid at AbuRoash, where a colossal structural causeway still survives, was verypleasantly visited in company with Lord and Lady Allenby, who kindlyinvited me to ride out there on horseback. I found it a pretty largeorder to control the powerful horse, the charger Lord Allenby hadridden on his famous Palestine campaign and which he kindly contributedas my mount.Similarly an invitation of Mr. Robert Greg, director-general of theEgyptian Foreign Office, to visit with him and Mrs. Greg the excava­tions at Abydos and Tell el-Amarna, furnished a very agreeable oppor­tunity to inspect the remarkable discoveries of the last five or six years,especially street after street of dwelling-houses of the fourteenth centuryB.C. at Amarna, with all household arrangements, baths, sanitary con­veniences, drainage, gardens, wells, and even trees in the gardens.On returning to Cairo the day before Christmas, I found Mr. LudlowS. Bull, Fellow of the Department of Oriental Languages, just arrivingfrom America, the first additional member of the expedition to joinme in the Orient. Mr. Bull then took up studies in the museum undermy direction and accompanied me also in the inspection of excavationsat Sakkara, Abusir, and Abu Ghurab, where discoveries of the highestimportance in the history of architecture have been made, includingthe earliest-known colonnades,Lord Allenby takes a deep and very discerning interest in Egypt,both ancient and modern. I took occasion to urge upon him the neces­sity of photographing the desert margin from an aeroplane, which mightthus disclose prehistoric cemeteries, too faintly defined to be observablefrom the ground. Lord Allenby therefore very graciously requested thecommander of the Royal Air Force at Cairo to place a plane and pilotat my disposal for an experimental trip. On January I3, I920, I flewwith this plane from the Heliopolis aerodrome across the southern deltato Abu Roash and then southward along the edge of the desert, traversingnearly the whole sixty-mile pyramid cemetery. I was told that a firstflight is usually limited to twenty minutes, but in order to cover theground on this trip it was necessary to stay up some two hours andcircle repeatedly over the various sites. It was an exceedingly" bumpy"day, and I suffered greatly from seasickness. The bumpiness forcedTHE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 9us to stay up about five thousand feet, and this seriously reduced thesize of the negatives. I secured negatives of the desert beside theleading pyramid cemeteries nevertheless, but my stay in Cairo was toolimited to carry the experiment farther, and I found myself far toobusy to go on with it. The officers of the Royal Air Force, however,understand what is needed, and have continued making negatives ofthe leading sites along the desert margin. A set of prints from thesenegatives has been kindly promised us for filing in the archives of theOriental Institute. It may be of interest to mention that the Universityof Chicago was the first institution to begin archaeological work fromthe air in Egypt; and it is evident from this first experiment that anexhaustive air survey of the desert margin recorded in photographicnegatives would disclose much that has not yet been discerned on theground.The necessity of seeing more of the researches in Upper Egypt thanthe Abydos-Amarna trip had afforded, was one of a number of reasonswhy I was unable to give further attention to the possibilities of anair survey. On January 20 Mr. Bull and I left Cairo for Luxor, wherewe spent ten days. The Metropolitan Museum Expedition invited usto live at their comfortable expedition house on the west side of theriver, and we spent part of our stay at Luxor as their guests.As far as possible we examined the leading tombs which had beennewly cleared or restored in the vast Theban cemetery, in the midstof which the Metropolitan Museum Expedition have their house.Among other excavations of importance we visited especially the palaceof Amenhotep III. We also examined the extensive evidences of thelife of prehistoric man here, both on the plateau and in the valley below.While at Luxor we were joined by two more members of the expe­dition, Mr. William F. Edgerton, Fellow of the Department of OrientalLanguages, and Professor A. W. Shelton of Emery University. WithMr. Bull and the two gentlemen just mentioned I then had a' group ofthree graduate students of the department, who were acquainted withoriental languages and we were able to delve hurriedly among the wealthof inscriptions in the cemetery. For a few fleeting hours, unfortunatelymuch too brief, we held a very unusual seminar' in the great Thebancemetery.Wise application of the funds at the disposal of the Oriental Institutemade it necessary to examine thoroughly from beginning to end all theprivate collections for sale and all the dealers' stocks available in Cairoand Luxor. The latter were greatly congested because of accumulations10 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDduring the continuance of the war, when European museums were nolonger making their annual selections and the entire body of touristtravelers was also lacking. This work consumed a great deal of thetime needed for scientific work at the museum, and all told was a matterof many weeks.A fair account of actual purchases would require systematic exhibi­tion. of all the objects, well installed, and such consideration of theexhibits as would show how they have been built out of various com­bined purchases, It is hoped that such an exhibit can be made, andwe are now making every effort to find the necessary space in HaskellMuseum, pending the departure of the Divinity School from the museumbuilding. Under the circumstances only a few of the outstanding pur­chases can be mentioned, such as the following:The most important purchase made in Egypt is a complete groupof twenty-five painted limestone mortuary statuettes representing a deceasedcemetery official and the members of his family including, besides sixportraits of himself and wife, some twenty of his servants and children.As shown in Figure I the deceased and his wife are seen in the six por­traits ranged in the top row. In the next row beneath them is theorchestra consisting of three harps and a drum. Below the music anentire row is devoted to bread-making: in the middle is a model granarywith its row of cylindrical grain-bins, each marked with the kind ofgrain it contains, while on each side we see the grinders operating littlehand mills, and the bakers sifting flour, or kneading and molding loaves.In the bottom row near the left end are a cook and a baker, the latterpoking the fire in his little furnace. Next, to the right, are two butchersflaying a gazelle and an ox, and beside them (to the right) is the brewingof beer. At the right end is a group of two wrestlers, and a bandy-leggeddwarf with a bag over his shoulder, the household errand-boy. Similarlyat the left end of this bottom row are two craftsmen: one is a weazened,bony, little old man with ribs showing, who is making household potteryat a potter's wheel, while his companion is a little hunchbacked copper­smith and tinker, blowing the fire under his crucible with a blowpipe.It is evident that these two figures especially are portraits of actualmembers of the ancient household which this cemetery official of theOld Kingdom (about 3000-2500 B.C.) desired to take with him at deathto insure his comfort in the next world, at least 4,500 years ago. Theyform the most extensive group of such figures ever discovered in one tomb.Besides these sculptures there is a group of royal seal cylindersincluding the official seal of Pharaoh Snefru, builder of the great pyramidAN EGYPTL\N OFFICL\L'S HOCSEHOLD ABOUT THE 26TH CEKTURY B.C.Group of twenty-six statuettes of painted limestone, the equipment of a single tomb. Acquired by the First Expedition of the Oriental Institute.Now in Haskell Museum.THE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST IIof Dahshur; and another of the famous queen Ahmose-Nofretere, whosebronze toilet mirror is described below. A fine series of some seventy­five alabaster vases includes ten inscribed with the names of various kingsand queens. Indeed. our purchases are noticeably strong in stoneware.We have a group of about one hundred and fifty pre-dynastic and earlydynastic hard-stone vases and other similar vessels. Several of the earlyexamples are quite stately in size, and one is inscribed with the name ofPharaoh Aha-Menes, the first of the Pharaohs (about 3400 B.C.). Abouthalf of these were selected from the extensive Andre Bircher Collection,numbering thousands of objects filling a native house in Cairo rentedby Bircher for the purpose.As interesting royal monuments we may note a series of thirteenroyal mortuary statuettes (ushebtis), each inscribed with the name of aking or queen.In a group of about a hundred bronzes we have some sixty-fivestatuettes of which a number are of unusual size and some of verybeautiful workmanship; a seated figure of Amon is adorned with goldenjewelry and bears an inscribed dedication of Queen Shepenupet (ninthcentury B.C.); two of the seated figures, a Sekmet and an Imhotep, areof silver-bronze (potin). Among four mirrors one bears on the handlethe name of the famous queen Ahmose-Nofretere, whose seal wasmentioned above. One of a series of fine bronze battle-axes is that of anEgyptian army officer, with wooden handle and leather thong lashingsstill in perfect preservation since the Egyptian Empire (1580 to twelfthcentury B.C.).A notable acquisition is a beautifully written papyrus roll of theBook of the Dead, with black and white vignettes of unusual delicacyand refinement. It is probably of Saitic date, of the seventh or sixthcentury B.C., and perhaps the best manuscript of this book as yet broughtto America. It is the gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Milbank Anderson, ofGreenwich, Conn., and will be called in her honor "Papyrus Milbank."This manuscript is written in hieroglyphic and together with the hieraticcopy from Paris (see the Papyrus Ryerson mentioned above) gives usfine examples of both types of manuscript.Among miscellaneous materials may be mentioned a series of fourvariegated glass bottles in blue, white, and yellow, representing the earlieststages of the glass vessel industry (fourteenth century B.C.); a groupof some twenty-five sculptor's model studies in limestone; the officialmarriage announcement of Amenhotep III and his Queen Tiy, engravedon a large glazed scarab beetle (about 1400 B.C.); a group of some fifty12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDglazed [ayence statuettes and amulets; and especially the Timins Collectionof stone weapons and implements, a series of over sixty fine pieces, whichtogether with a number of others found elsewhere, gives our OrientalInstitute the leading collection of Egyptian Stone Age industries inAmerica. Two interesting objects, perhaps found together, are a woodenstatue of a Theban noble (date questionable but probably 2300 to 2000B.C.) of about one-third life-size, standing leaning on a spear; and alife-size wooden chair inlaid with ivory and ebony (probably of laterdate). Besides a handsomely painted mummiform coffin of the tenthcentury B.C., there are many historical documents in the form of statues,reliefs, and inscriptions on stone from the oldest period down to Greektimes, including also a series of 258 cuneiform tablets from Asia, butpurchased in Cairo. Finally there is a large body of small objects forthe study of Egyptian arts and crafts, making a considerable collectionof the usual types. .The Chicago Art Institute placed $15,000 to my credit to be expendedchiefly in sculptures in collections. A good deal of .time was spent in'making the proper selections. Just as I was leaving Cairo I received$3,000 from the St. Louis Museum, with the request to expend it fororiental antiquities, but it unfortunately arrived too late to be used.Our work was much aided by the cordiality of our relations withthe European governments in control of the Near East, especially theEnglish and the French. This fact is well illustrated by Lord Allenby'shearty co-operation with my efforts to begin aeroplane photographicrecords. I was asked to meet the Milner Commission to discussEgyptian affairs. Besides two delightful meetings with Lord Milner, Ihad a number of interesting conferences with Mr. Alfred Spender,editor of the Westminster Gazette and secretary of the Milner Com­mission. I found both Lord Milner and Mr. Spender very hopefullyand sympathetically interested in the future of scientific research in theNear East, anxious to see incorporated in the report of the Milner Com­mission recommendations for a sound policy in the government, control,and support of such research, and I had the pleasure of handing Mr.Spender, at his request, a group of such recommendations.Just before leaving London it had become evident that our plansfor our Asiatic expedition could not be put through without more directsupport from the British government. I therefore wrote to Mr. Balfoura few days before my departure from London, explaining the situationand asking the co-operation of the London Foreign Office in our effortto begin scientific work in Western Asia. Shortly after arriving inTHE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 13Cairo I received a kind letter from Mr. Balfour stating that he wasrelinquishing the Foreign Office to Lord Curzon, but assuring me thathe had recommended the support of our work to his successor. Aletter from the Foreign Office soon assured me that Lord Curzon hadwritten to Lord Allenby and the Cairo Foreign Office, as well as theCivil Commissioner in Mesopotamia, kindly requesting them to giveus every necessary aid. Our first great difficulty, the lack of trans­portation to Mesopotamia by way of Bombay (as conditions made itimpossible to go out there overland from the Mediterranean), was thusovercome, and we cannot be too grateful for the cordial support thusgiven us by the British government.The French Minister at Cairo, M. Lefevre-Pontalis, is an old friendof Emile Senart, president of the Societe Asiatique. He at once showeda cordial interest in our enterprise. He supplied me with letters to theFrench provisional government at Beyrut, and a general letter also to allFrench officials whom we might meet on the frontiers of Asiatic territoryin French occupation. He likewise informed the French government atBeyrut of our proposed travels in those regions, received a favorablereply, and handed me an official authorization to traverse French Syria.On February 2, as we arrived in Cairo from the trip in Upper Egypt,we found Dr. D. D. Luckenbill of the Department of Oriental Languages,the last member of the expedition, awaiting us there. For the firsttime the personnel of the expedition was then complete, including besidesthe present writer the following four gentlemen: Professor D. D. Lucken­bill, Professor A. W. Shelton, Mr. Ludlow S. Bull, and Mr. William F.Edgerton. By the seventeenth of February all was in readiness forthe departure into Asia by way of Bombay.Sailing from Port Said on February 18, 1920, the party arrivedwithout incident on Sunday, February 29, in Bombay. After onlyforty-eight hours' delay we sailed on March 2 for Basrah, where wearrived on March 9 and disembarked on the tenth. We were met byColonel Venning, chief-of-staff from the headquarters of the RiverCommand, who took me up to headquarters to enjoy the hospitalityof the commander, General Nepean; while the others were comfortablyquartered at the hotel conducted by the military authorities. A staffcar was at once placed at our disposal and in spite of the enormousextent of territory covered by the supply depots at Basrah, the carenabled us to assemble our supplies and equipment rapidly.A few weeks before our arrival the railway from Basrah up theEuphrates side of the alluvial plain to Baghdad had been completed.14 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThis railway was placed at our disposal and the University of Chicagoexpedition was the first archaeological expedition to use the Basrah-Baghdad railroad. .Leaving Basrah by the night train on the sixteenth of March, withour supplies and equipment in a "goods van," we arrived at Ur Junction,some 120 miles from Basrah, on the morning of the seventeenth. Wewere permitted to keep the railway van for the permanent safeguardingof our stuff, while we made excursions out from the railway to the ancientsites we desired to study. After visiting Ur and Eridu sixteen milessouth of it, we proceeded up the Shatt el-Hai, some eighty miles north­ward of the railway, through a very wild region over which had marchedthe expedition which had endeavored to succor General Townshendbefore his surrender to the Turks at Kut el-Amara. Besides the impor­tant Sumerian sites of Lagash and Yokha, which contain remains reachingback of 3000 B.C., we visited a number of unidentified city moundson both sides of the Shatt el-Hai, a little-explored region which gaveevidence of having been thickly populated at an enormously remotedate. We saw much of the admirable work being done by the Britishin civilizing this turbulent district of wild nomads who had not paidany taxes to the Turks for fifteen years before the war.Returning to the railway at Ur we moved up the line through LowerBabylonia, making local trips away from the railway either in motorlaunches on the river (Euphrates) or in automobiles, all furnished by theBritish administration. In this way the remaining sites of LowerBabylonia were visited, especially Senkerreh, Warka, and Niffer, thescene of the work of the Philadelphia expedition.By March 29 we had reached Hillah, six miles from the ruins ofBabylon. Here General Wauchope was very kind and finally took inMr. Luckenbill and myself as his guests. We spent nearly a weekstudying the ruins of Babylon; left just as the German excavationshad uncovered them, and made a great many photographs, copies, andplans. Beside Birs Nimrud we also visited Nejef, the sacred city ofthe tomb of Ali, Mohammed's son-in-law, which is forty miles southof Hillah, and until the British conquest had been closed to non-Moslemswith few exceptions. Before we left, General Wauchope invited anumber of leading British officers from G.H.Q. in Baghdad to meet himin Babylon, and I had the pleasure of taking them through the ruinsof the chief buildings. They were most interested in the Festival Street,the paving of which, laid by Nebuchadnezzar, must often have beentrodden by the feet of the Hebrew exiles whom this mighty king carriedaway from Jerusalem.THE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 15Still having with us our" goods van" with the outfit and provisions,we arrived in Baghdad on the evening of Aprils. General Percy Hambro,the quartermaster-general, kindly took me in as his guest, and the othermembers of the expedition were put up at the Hotel Maude. Findingthat the railway north of Baghdad differs in gauge from the Basrah­Baghdad stretch, we therefore relinquished the "goods van" and storedour stuff at the officers' hostel. Besides visiting some neighboringruins, especially the marvelous palace hall at Ctesiphon, our time inBaghdad was largely spent in preparations for the trip up the Tigrisacross Assyria to Mosul (Nineveh). Both Colonel A. T. Wilson, thecivil commissioner, and General Hambro aided us without stint in allthese preparations.On April 12 all was in readiness for our northern journey up theTigris, by rail to Shergat, something over 180 miles by train from Bagh­dad. Shergat is still the railhead and likely to remain so for a long time.We were put up here at a rest camp while we studied the remarkableruins of Assur, the earliest capital of Assyria, founded at least as earlyas 3000 B.C. The place had been completely excavated down to theprimitive rock by the Germans and their work had been finished beforethe outbreak of the war. It is the only site in Western Asia east ofTroy which has been so completely investigated and it proved extremelyinstructive.Leaving Shergat by automobile on April 14, we made the run ofsome eighty miles northward along the Tigris, up to Mosul, where thecommander, General Fraser, very kindly took me in and arranged forthe balance of the expedition to be put up at a native hotel. We beganat once the study of the ruins of Nineveh, the latest Assyrian capital,lying across the Tigris directly opposite Mosul. This kept us busyuntil an ebullition of the Kurds had settled down and we were permittedto run about fifteen miles northeast of Mosul to the foothills close underthe northern mountains to visit the ruins of Khorsabad, the royalresidence of Sargon II (722-705 B.C.), father of Sennacherib. Thepalace has entirely disappeared since the French excavations cleared it.Crossing the river to the east side, we were also able to move downthe Tigris some twenty miles below Mosul, to the second capital ofAssyria, the biblical Calah, now called Nimrud, The temple towerand the palaces here are in an unusually good state of preservation.Many sculptures and inscribed records project from the incumberingrubbish, insuring magnificent returns for excavation, and a great oppor­tunity for recovering and reconstructing an entire Assyrian city as well16 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas a tremendous chapter of human history. We were accompanied inour inspection by the owner of the land occupied by these ruins, andaccepted his invitation to dine at his house as we were returning toMosul. We found it was near the ruins of Balawat, an Assyrian palaceof the ninth century B.C., which we also �aw. It was from, this palacethat Rassam many years ago took out the massive bronze mountingsof a palace' gate richly adorned in repousse designs. Nothing has sincebeen done there.We had now traversed the Tigris, going upstream, to the regionwhere it issues from the northern mountains. North of us was a Kurdishpopulation quite unsafe to penetrate. Indeed the whole Mosul regionwas a hazardous one. A few days before our arrival a British officerwas murdered close by the ruins of Assur. Of the fifteen politicalofficers of the British administration, seven were murdered by natives,five before our arrival and two afterward. Such unsafe conditions are,however, evidently only temporary.Having ascended the Tigris about 275 miles above Baghdad andsome 625 miles from the Persian Gulf, our return to railhead at Shergatwas delayed by a terrible cloud-burst storm which washed out thebridges. When we finally reached Shergat again on April 20 we foundthe railway broken in two places by the storm, while hostile Arabs hadcut it in a third place. We were completely cut off from-Baghdad andunable to reach it again until April 23.On returning to Baghdad the Civil Commissioner informed me ofthe discovery of a series of remarkable ancient wall paintings uncoveredduring the excavation of a rifle pit in the enormous Roman strongholdof Salihiyah occupied by the British as their farthest outpost on theupper Euphrates some 300 miles above Baghdad. He asked me togo there at once and make a record of the paintings and a series ofphotographs, that they might not perish and be lost to modern knowl­edge.' As the British authorities had thus far thought it unsafe to allowour expedition to go up the Euphrates more than at most a hundredmiles because the region was still a fighting zone, I seized the opportunitywith the greatest pleasure, but asked for a fortnight to be spent amongthe monuments on the Persian border first.The Civil Commissioner then stated that if we went to Persia firstwe would be too late to save the paintings, for the reason, then strictlyconfidential and known only to the High Command, that the Britishfrontier on the upper Euphrates (toward Syria' and Faysal's kingdom),was to be drawn in about a hundred miles farther down the river, becauseTHE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 17of excessive difficulties in such a long line of transport communications.If we went to Persia first the paintings would by that time lie out ahundred miles beyond the British Jines, and equally far in Arab territory,that is, they would be quite inaccessible on our return from Persia. Itwas evident that we should leave for the upper Euphrates at once.I then asked the Civil Commissioner why it would not be possible,on completing our work at Salihiyah, to proceed up the Euphrates andgo on to Aleppo, and thus retu;n to the Mediterranean overland insteadof coming back to Baghdad and making the long return voyage viaIndia and for, the second time crossing the Indian Ocean to the RedSea and the Mediterranean. He replied that there was of course greatrisk, but that the probabilities were in our favor, as the Arabs wouldbe in a genial frame of mind as a result of having recovered so much ofthe Euphrates Valley. I then asked the Civil Commissioner to telegraphto Salihiyah to Colonel Leachman, who had traversed the region severaltimes in former years and had long been acquainted with the sheiksof the tribes through which we would pass on our way to Aleppo, andto ask his opinion. Colonel Leachman replied the next morning statingit was "probable" the Chicago expedition could get through. TheCivil Commissioner then agreed to furnish two of the seven automobileswe needed, provided the commander-in-chief in Mesopotamia, GeneralHaldane, would give us permission to go, and the quartermaster-general,General Percy Hambro, would furnish the other five cars. At a lunchwith General Haldane I met both these gentlemen that same day, andsecured their consent to furnish the automobiles and the needed per­mission as well.On Wednesday morning, April 28, our seven automobiles crossedthe Tigris and swinging out of the southern suburbs of Baghdad, drovestraight west on the first lap of the overland journey to the Mediter­ranean. A broken bridge at Fallujah obliged us to cross the Euphratesabove Fallujah at Ramadi, to make the journey on the right (south orwest) bank of the river. The broken bridge forced too long a journeyon us for the first day, and, although it was planned that we shouldarrive each night at a British post, we were forced to stop short andspend our first night unprotected in the open desert with Beduin campfires visible all about us. A night or two later the same mishap occurredagain. The British officials showed great anxiety, though we saw nosigns of danger. A few weeks later however Colonel Leachman, abovereferred _ to, was murdered by the Arabs in the vicinity of the spotwhere we spent our first night in the open desert, near Falhijah.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAccidents, breakages, and delays of desert travel were such that thethree-hundred-mile trip to the British frontier occupied an entire week.The last day or two we were convoyed, as we were passing points whichwere often under Arab fire. General Cunningham, in command atSalihiyah, received us most kindly, and as his quarters were entirelyfull,·Colonel Leachman had us set up our field beds in his office! Everypossible kindness was shown us by the British officers along the entiretrip. General Cunningham sent Mr. Luckenbill and myself for anair reconnoissance in one of his bombing planes, an experience whichgave us exceedingly valuable impressions of the desert and the EuphratesValley.The British withdrawal from Salihiyah down the Euphrates wasbegun on the fifth of May; this left us only the fourth on which to makeour records of the paintings. They occupied the walls of an ancientoriental sanctuary and proved to be of unusual interest and value.The British officer in command of the spot, Major Wright-Warren,placed a body of Indian troops under a sergeant at my disposal to shiftsandbags in order to lift the cameras to the proper level, and also tomake additional excavations that we might follow the ground plan ofthe building. Mr. Luckenbill made twenty-four negatives of thepaintings and the ancient sanctuary containing them, the young menmade a ground plan of the structure, while I spent the day in makingas full notes as possible on the paintings and inscriptions. I thensuggested to the Major that the Indian troops he had given us mightbe set to work covering the wall paintings with rubbish again and thusprotecting them from destruction by the Arabs. He at once gave ordersthat this be done, and before we left they were again safely buried.As the British were about to retire down the river and we were tocontinue our journey up the Euphrates, it was of course necessary tosurrender our seven automobiles to General Cunningham. On themorning of May 5 we therefore shifted to five native wagons or ara­banahs and we drove in these out of the north gate of the ancient fortressof Salihiyah before dawn as the British were preparing to withdrawthrough the south gate. By the good offices of Colonel Leachman fiveArab rifles of a neighboring friendly sheik met us as we drove away andescorted us over no man's land into Arab territory. We thus leftBritish and committed ourselves with much misgiving to Arab pro­tection. In a few hours we were met by five other Arab horsemen,sent by the Arab government of King Faysal from Der ez-Zor to meetus and relieve the local rifles who had first escorted us.THE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 19The journey from the British frontier up the Euphrates and thenceacross to Aleppo occupied a week. It was an anxious, rough, and difficultweek. The Arabs showed the greatest friendliness toward us as Ameri­cans; had we not been Americans we would have stood little chanceof coming through alive. We had much opportunity to meet thesheiks and I found it at first difficult to believe that the traditional Arabfriendship for the English had been displaced by hostility; but manystriking experiences revealed the change. A deputation of officers ofthe Arab army called on me at Der ez-Zor to send messages imploringassistance and advice from America. The seriousness with which theyvoiced their need of guidance and advice, and their earnest desire forassistance from America were highly impressive. "Their friendlinesswas very appealing. They were ready to give us all protection, and ourchief danger lay in the roving bands of brigands infesting the country.On May 12 we rode safely into Aleppo, and thus an American expeditionwas the first group of white men or non-Moslems to cross the Arabstate after its proclamation.We had hoped that it would be possible to penetrate SoutheasternAsia Minor from Aleppo but found this unfortunately quite out ofthe question. The Arabs hovering on the flanks of the French threatenedto cut the railway south from Aleppo, and we were urged to leave forBeyrut as quickly as possible. The conditions throughout Syria werevery unfavorable for carrying out the archaeological reconnoissancewhich we had hoped to make.It was however very important that as we went south we shouldinspect the ruins at Kadesh and Baalbek, two leading points betweenthe Lebanons. I secured a letter from the Arab governor of Aleppoto the local authorities in the Orontes Valley, who furnished us withescorts, and we were thus able, at considerable risk from the brigandsnorth of Tripoli, to inspect the important ruins at Kadesh. We alsovisited Baalbek. On the eighteenth of May we reached Beyrut .. Dr. H. H. Nelson, head of the History Department at the AmericanCollege in Beyrut, and Doctor of the Department of Oriental Languagesat Chicago, gave us a warm welcome and was of the greatest assistanceto us in exploring the Phoenician coast. The institution gave him com­plete freedom from duty so that he could accompany us everywhere,and he became temporarily a member of the expedition. In motorcars we went up the Phoenician coast northward from Beyrut 'as faras some twenty miles north of Tripoli, that is to the northern end ofLebanon, where we were stopped by the depredations of brigands.20 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGoing southward from Beyrut to reach Tyre and Sidon in the sameway, I found the French authorities most friendly, as they had been noti­fied of our coming, and they cordially responded to all requests for pro­tection or assistance; but as we were about to leave Sidon and pushon southward to Tyre, news came in that three men had just been shotby brigands a few miles out on this road, and the French commandanturged us to turn back. We were quite willing to comply.At Sidon we were entertained at lunch by Dr. George A. Ford, ofthe American Mission, who showed us some examples of his extraordinaryPhoenician collection-especially the sculptured sarcophagi-which hewishes to dispose of for the benefit of his orphanage school. This isan opportunity to secure the best Phoenician collection ever made.While the turbulent conditions limited the extent of our Phoeniciansurvey very disappointingly, nevertheless we secured many archaeo­logical and topographical data of much value, and numerous photo­graphs. Besides a very satisfactory conference with M. Chamonardwho is in charge of the French Service des Antiquites at Beyrut, I alsohad an interview with General Gouraud, the French high commissionergoverning Syria. I am confident that any future archaeological workby our Oriental Institute in Syria will meet with cordial French support.The journey by railway from Beyrut to Damascus was withoutincident, but the stay in Damascus was very profitable and interesting.A letter from Lord Allenby to King Faysal procured me an interviewwith the new Arab ruler, and I afterward dined with the King in companywith the American consul. I learned much of value for our futurerelations with this region in the continuance of the work of the OrientalInstitute. Among these experiences was a session of the new SyrianParliament, and an interesting conference with the president of thisbody who called on us at the hoteL Two members of King Faysal'scabinet are graduates of the American College at Beyrut, and besidesthese gentlemen we met a number of other educated Syrians who aremembers of the Parliament, and we listened with the greatest interestto their debates as they discussed the successive paragraphs of theirtentative constitution. They gave me a copy of their Declaration ofIndependence, the first such document I had ever seen in Arabic. .From Damascus we made the journey through Palestine by rail.The route was directly across a disaffected region south of the Sea ofGalilee, where the peaceful memories it suggested were somewhatdisturbed by the sight of a brigand hanging from a telegraph pole besidethe railway line. From Haifa we skirted by automobile the north sideROYAL ANNALS OF SENNACHERIBAcquired by the First Expedition of the Oriental Instituteand now in Haskell Museum.THE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 2Iof the Plain of Megiddo, which was likewise rather unsafe. A stupidguide misled us so that we failed to reach Megiddo itself, although wecould see the impressive mound a few miles away across the plain, anddiscerned what great opportunities for excavation still await the investi­gator there. We here had opportunity of studying the earliest greatbattlefield between Egypt and Asia-the scene of so many dramaticstruggles between the nations that it has become proverbial as Arma­geddon. Although Lord Allenby's decisive victory in Palestine was wonat this place, he told me that he refused to be called "Lord AIlenbyof Armageddon," but, insisted on the less sensational and older formMegiddo.At Haifa, Messrs. Luckenbill and Nelson turned back to Beyrut,for it had now become evident that our projected summer of explorationin Syria and Palestine would be quite impossible in view of the turbulentconditions. At Beyrut Dr. Luckenbill busied himself developing ourgreat body of photographic exposures, which it was not safe to bringback to America and expose to a sea voyage before developing. Withthe remainder of the party I went on to Jerusalem. I had a series ofvaluable conferences at Jerusalem with the British authorities, especiallywithSir Louis Bols, commander-in-chief of the British army in Palestine,Professor John Garstang, director of the British School of Archaeologyin Jerusalem, and Captain Ernest Mackay, now engaged in service forthe conservation of the ancient monuments. But even around Jerusalemthe country was so unsafe that it was impossible to go out and inspecta ruin as near as the mound of Jericho in the Jordan Valley, and prac­tically visible from the Mount of Olives. We found that the ancientreputation of the road from Jerusalem to Jericho was still richly deserved.For the first time in my experience the journey from Jerusalem toCairo was now possible by rail, following the line of march of armiesbetween Africa and Asia for five thousand years. I went with GeneralWaters-Taylor, head of the Intelligence Department of the ImperialStaff. This .offered opportunity for spending a very agreeable day inconversation with one of the best-informed men in British serviceregarding Western Asia.Of our purchases in Western Asia the most important is a copy ofa large portion of the Royal Annals of Sennacherib. In form thedocument is a six-sided prism of pale fawn-colored terra cotta, or bakedclay, hard and firm and in perfect preservation. Six columns of beauti­fully written cuneiform fill the six faces of the prism. In content itrecords the great campaigns of the famous Assyrian emperor, including22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe western expedition against Jerusalem on which he lost a greatpart of his army-a deliverance for the Hebrews which forms thesupremeevent in the life of the great statesman-prophet Isaiah. It is a variantduplicate of the Taylor Prism in the British Museum, but was seeminglywritten two years earlier under another eponym. The nature, extent,and value of the variants can only be determined by an exhaustivecomparison. This is the first such monument as yet acquired by Ameri­can museums, and besides its scientific usefulness it will form an exhibitof primary value to students and o.f unique interest to the public.Of other cuneiform documents our purchases comprise nearly if notquite a thousand tablets of varying content, including some that areliterary and grammatical. Among works of art, besides two earlyBabylonian statuettes of copper, we have a series of beautifully cutstone cylinder seals, of which the best is one of the finest examples oflapidary sculpture yet found in Babylonia.It ought to be mentioned here that without excavation it is impossibleto' gather by purchase in Western Asia collections of the wide rangeand remarkable volume possible in Egypt. To expand our Asiaticcollections excavation will be necessary.Not least among the results of the Asiatic expedition was theacquaintance with the archaeological remains, the geography andtopography of Western Asia gained by the members of the expedition.This knowledge is reinforced by a large series of photographs and plenti­ful field notes. An extensive series of maps, plans, and diagrams exhibit­ing the geography, topography, and ethnology of Western Asia preparedby the British authorities has also been acquired.The facts regarding prices of labor, the season when labor is free to'leave flocks and fields, the possibilities for disposing of excavated rub­bish, and items of information essential to carrying on excavations atimportant points in Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine were carefullycollected.The question of personal and official relations with controllingauthorities was also given careful attention. We made the acquaintanceof many officials of England and France now permanently stationed inthe Near Orient, and as far as the regulations have been formulated welearned the conditions under which future work of excavation may hecarried on in territory now controlled by the two powers mentioned.The British civil commissioner at Baghdad, Colonel A. T. Wilson,assured me he would welcome an expedition of the University of Chicagowhich might desire to excavate in Mesopotamia. At the same timeTHE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 23Major Bowman, director of the Department of Education, and tempora­rily in charge of such matters, also showed me the greatest kindness andexpressed hospitable purposes toward our work in the future. We alsoestablished connections with a number of sheiks and natives of influence,whose assistance would be indispensable in undertaking field work inMesopotamia. -On my arrival in Cairo, Lord Allenby asked me to go to Englandto report to the British government the facts which had come underour observation in crossing the Arab state. Although I had alreadyengaged passage to America via Naples to New York, Lord Allenbykindly arranged to dispose of these tickets, and secured me in theirstead a passage to England on the same ship with Lady Allenby, thenjust returning to England for the summer. Immediately on my arrivalin England the Spa Conference called the Prime Minister away and Idid not see him, but I reported in conferences with the other ministers,especially with the Foreign Minister, Lord Curzon, who was very cordialand to whom I wish to express a sense of our great obligation for thegenerous support given our expedition.While in Baghdad I accidentally learned of two ancient cuneiformrecords on gold which had been sent by Baghdad owners to obscureParis dealers for sale. I took advantage of the journey to Englandtherefore to run over to Paris for a few hours and succeeded with somedifficulty in locating these pieces.The first is a small tablet of pure gold engraved on both sides with acuneiform record of the restoration of an early temple of Assur byShalmaneser III (859-825 B.C.), accompanied by a summary of hisgreat wars. It was deposited under a large slab of stone beneath theHoly of Holies of the temple of Ishtar at Assur. The Paris dealer allowedme to take the other pieces also on orders from the Baghdad owner,and we now have it, but its purchase has not yet been arranged.Among these Paris purchases was also a group of cuneiform recordson clay, including royal annals of the Chaldean age, and five very inter­esting tablets inscribed with archaic picture-writing, out of which thecuneiform grew up.While wise purchasing will save much for science and bring it intoour American collections, such buying can never do more than formpart of a general plan for meeting the situation as a whole. The NearEast is a vast treasury of perishing human records, the recovery andstudy of which demand a comprehensive plan of attack as well organizedand developed as the investigation of the skies by our impressive group24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof observatories, or of disease by our numerous laboratories of biologyand medicine. The fast perishing records demand a far-reaching attackdirectly on the mounds covering the ancient cities and cemeteries,whence the natives by illicit digging which destroys as much as it bringsforth, commonly draw the antiquities which they offer for sale. Further­more, the ancient city itself with its streets, buildings, walls, gates,water-works, drains, and sanitary arrangements is a fascinating andinstructive record of human progress and achievement, which must bestudied, surveyed, and recorded. In the same way the geology, botany,and zoology of the Near East must be investigated to reveal the char­acter of the habitat and resources of the earliest civilized communitiesof men.To accomplish this work there should be in the Near East an OrientalInstitute headquarters whose main objects might be summarized thus:I. The general administrative oversight and management of a groupof local expeditions working among the remains of all the leading civili­zations of the Near Orient, being chiefly the regions surrounding theeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.2. To furnish investigative direction and working quarters for agroup of investigators who would receive, classify, correlate, study,and publish the facts and sources discovered in the field in order todisclose and trace especially: (a) The earliest evidences of man in thegeological ages and his rise from Stone Age savagery to civilization.(b) The development of the earliest civilized communities, especiallyin government, business 1 city-building, art, architecture, literature, andreligion, (c) The penetration of barbarian Europe by oriental civiliza­tion and the transplanting of oriental civilization to Europe. (d) Theculmination of oriental civilization in the lofty religious vision of theHebrews and its supreme expression in the life of Jesus. (e) The laterrelations of the Orient with Europe, resulting in the conquest of Europeby Christianity, an oriental religion. (1) On the basis of the aboveinvestigations, to produce a work on "The Origins and Early Historyof Civilization," which shall give the first adequate account of humanbeginnings and the early career of man.This article, already too long, does not offer sufficient space to demon­strate the overshadowing importance of the N ear East in the field ofhumanistic research at the present day. For this demonstration I mustrefer to my Convocation Address of September 3, 1920/ from whichI would like to quote the following paragraph:I Published in the University Record, October, 1920, pp. 237-56.THE UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION TO THE NEAR EAST 25Before the whole recoverable story drawn out of every available mound isin our hands, it may indeed be a century or two; but after a survey of most ofthe important buried cities of the Near Orient, I am confident that with sufficientfunds and adequate personnel it will be possible in the next twenty-five orthirty years, or let us say within a generation, to clear up the leading ancientcities of Western Asia and to recover and preserve for future study the vastbody of human records which they contain. In this way the main lines ofthe development can be followed in the larger sites, marking the leading homesof ancient men and governments. I cannot but see in the recovery and studyof this incomparable body of evidence America's greatest opportunity inhumanistic research and discovery.To this statement I can only add a reference to the impoverish­ment of European governments and their shortage of men to do thiswork, as these facts are set forth in the address. This serious paralysisof Europe in oriental research thus not only shifts a grave responsibilityupon the shoulders of America, but at the same time enlarges our ownopportunity as never before.JOSEPH REYNOLDSBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDIn 1882 the steamboat" Mary Morton," passing down the Mississippifrom St. Paul to St. Louis, tied up at the landing-place at McGregor,Iowa, to discharge and take on freight. George B. Merrick, a leadingWisconsin editor, was making the trip as a guest of his oldtime riverfriend, Captain Burns. Mr. Merrick was himself a former riverman,was a great lover of the Mississippi, and is a prolific writer on the historyof its navigation. Much contained in this sketch is derived from hisrecords of the rise and fall of river travel and traffic. Telling of touch­ing at McGregor on this trip he says:Captain Burns pointed out a man, dressed in a dark business suit, sitting on asnubbing post, lazily and apparently indifferently watching the crew handling freight,or looking over the steamer as if it were an unusual or curious sight. He did notspeak to any of the officers while we were watching him and Mr. Burns thought itvery unlikely that he would. He did not come on board the boat at all, but satand whittled the head of the post until we backed out and left him out of sightbehind.This was the once famous Captain Diamond J 0 Reynolds, whofor nearly a generation was one of the leading figures in the upperMississippi steamboat traffic, the most widely known, indeed, of allthe rivermen. At the time of this incident he was sixty-three years old.He was born in the little village of Fallsburg, in eastern New York,June II, 1819. His parents were Quakers and he never lost the unde­monstrative, self-contained, determined characteristics their influencewrought into his life. He was the youngest of six children. From hisearly years business was the occupation that absorbed him. He wasa born trader. We learn nothing of the sports of his boyhood. One inci­dent of his youth survives in which his inborn bent toward trade isrevealed. When he was six years old one of his older brothers took himto a neighboring town to see a general militia muster, or General TrainingDay. The brother had a stock of ginger and other cakes to sell. Secur­ing an eligible stand and displaying his stock he began crying, "Cakesfor sale." He had brought Joe along that the boy might see the soldierson parade and all the sights of a holiday. But no sooner did his brotherbegin to cry his wares thanthe business instinct asserted itself in little Joe, and forgetting the soldiers he took upthe cry of "Cakes for sale," and entered with his whole soul into the spirit of sales­manship. Another vender had a stand near that of Silas and was endeavoring, by26JOSEPH REYNOLDSmaking the most noise, to divert his custom. Seeing this, little Joe changed his cryand shouted: "That man's cakes are good, but these are better! Good and better!Good and better!" The shrill treble of the six-year-old merchant carried convictionto the crowd and the stock of cakes was soon all sold.Jo received only a common-school education, but must have beensomething of a student, as at an early age he was spending his wintersteaching school at ten dollars a month and board. But business was hisreal vocation and at seventeen he was fully embarked in trade. Hisfirst venture was in the meat business. It was exactly like that ofG. F. Swift, the founder of the great packing industry of Swift andCompany. He bought from the farmers cattle, sheep, and hogs whichhe prepared for market, peddling the meat in a wagon through thesurrounding villages and among the farmers along his route. He con­tinued this first adventure into business through several seasons, but thereturns did not satisfy him. He had acquired the elements of book­keeping and kept accounts of his transactions from the beginning.This early experience was of' value to him and, although not a veryprofitable venture, gave him sufficient capital to take his next step in hisbusiness career.With an older brother, Isaac, he opened in the nearby village ofRockland a "general store." As one of the merchants of the place hebecame widely acquainted. He soon acquired a reputation for integrityand fair dealing. The best people of the community were his friends.He was the most enterprising and ambitious young man in the town.How long he and his brother continued to run the store or how success­ful the business was does not appear. It must have been reasonablysuccessful, as we find him after a few years in Rockland marrying themost eligible young woman in the place, Mary E. Morton. Mr. Mortonseems to have been a man of considerable means. He was also aman of sufficient discernment to recognize the very unusual businessabilities of his son-in-law, The young man was quick to seize oppor­tunities of advancement and Mr. Morton had such confidence inhis business judgment and skill in management that he gave youngReynolds the most liberal financial backing.Data relating to these earlier years are few. The" general store"disappears from view. The young man found an opportunity whichlooked promising to him to purchase a custom flour-and-feed mill. Mr.Morton assisted him in securing the mill and he conducted the newbusiness with so much skill that it became very profitable. He was inthe full tide of success, in a small way, when the mill, together with aconsiderable amount of grain he had on hand, was totally consumed byTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDfire. Not yet having means enough of his own to rebuild, he formeda stock company and enlisted a number of the business men of theplace in the new enterprise. He immediately proceeded to erect a millof the most modern type, with" the latest and most improved machinery,with mahogany bolts and hoppers." The stockholders thereupon tookalarm, exclaiming that his extravagance would bankrupt the company.Their dissatisfaction became so open and extreme that his father-in-law,Mr. Morton, whose confidence in his business acumen remained un­shaken, again came to his assistance and enabled him to buyout all thestockholders and finish the mill in accordance with his plans.It was the most perfectly equipped mill in a wide area, and proved agrea� financial success. Business came to it from every quarter andMr. Reynolds began to prosper. He had, before he was thirty years old,a well-established and profitable business which was quite certain tomake him one of the leading financial men of the place. Any ordinaryman would have been satisfied with such a position and such prospects.But Mr. Reynolds was very far from being an ordinary man. He wasseen at the beginning of this sketch sitting on a snubbing post seeminglyindifferent to his surroundings. But Mr. Merrick says Captain Burns"allowed that Jo was doing a heap of thinking all the time we werewatching him." It was Burns's opinion that he was" scheming." Thiswas the way in which his associates came to regard him. Behind a veryquiet, apparently unobservant, and indifferent demeanor there was asingularly alert and active intelligence, alive to developments about himand planning new projects. As in later life, this was true in Rocklandbefore he was forty. Near his mill was a tannery doing a small business,in which he saw, if wisely managed, large development with correspond­ing profits. Forming a partnership with a friend of his youth, hebought it, transformed and enlarged it, and began the manufacture ofoak-tanned leather. The new venture prospered. He was makingmoney in both mill and tannery. But he was not satisfied.While Mr. Reynolds had been learning business and establishinghimself, the great new West had been discovered and occupied. Thefrontier village of Chicago had become within twenty years a city of80,000 people. A flood of immigration was pouring into the westernstates. The attractive power of the new West was felt in every com­munity of the older East. Mr. Reynolds felt it not less strongly thanothers. He had good reasons to be satisfied with the success he hadalready achieved and with his prospects of increasing prosperity. Butas the wonder of the development of the West grew, his mind dwelt moreJOSEPH REYNOLDS 29and more on the opportunities it presented for bigger business enter­prises and opportunities than were possible in his surroundings. Morethan fifty years later the village of Rockland had a population of only300. For playing the drama of his life he needed a larger stage.When therefore in 1855 an opportunity came for disposing of bothhis mill and tannery profitably he welcomed it, and, winding up hisaffairs as quickly as possible, he moved to Chicago. There he wentinto his old business of tanning and established a tannery on WaterStreet, west of the Chicago River. His business compelled him totravel widely through the new states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa,buying hides and furs for the tannery. He was brought by his businessinto an acquaintance, which seems to have ripened into a friendship,with P. D. Armour, the founder of the great packing and grain businessof Armour and Company. They apparently became acquainted veryearly in Mr. Reynolds' residence in Chicago. In the Dubuque Telegraph­Herald, John Deery, a leading lawyer of Dubuque, told in 19II thisstory: "It may not be true, but it is related that Joseph Reynolds andthe late Phil Armour, after coming west, engaged in the same businessof buying hides and furs along the river towns. . . . . As the storygoes, it appears that both had, at the same time, an overstock of hidesfor the market, and they agreed to play the then popular game of cards,'California jack,' to decide which one should take the other's stock offhis hands. The result of the game was that Reynolds had to takeArmour's stock. Happily for him the market soon rallied and "he madegood money on the deal."In his travels along the Mississippi Mr. Reynolds soon discovered thatthe country west of the river had become so well settled and was pro­ducing such abundant crops that the farmers were looking for buyersfor their grain. With his remarkable instinct for recognizing businessopportunities he saw that the wholesale 'buying of grain and shippingit to the Chicago market ought to be very profitable. I give the storyof what immediately followed in the words of Mr. Merrick:About the year r860 Reynolds disposed of his Chicago business and engaged inthe grain trade exclusively, with headquarters at Prairie du Chien, at which pointtranshipment was made from steamboat to the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad.The Minnesota Packet Company was paramount on the upper river between Galenaand St. Paul. Some of its stockholders were interested also in the railway company,and were also engaged in buying grain. Their connection with both steamboat andrailroad enabled them to obtain favors not accorded to others who were considered"outsiders," of whom Reynolds was one. His grain would be refused by the boatline, while that of his rivals would be taken, often subjecting him to loss by theTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDelements, at the point of shipment, and to pecuniary losses through failure to deliverhis grain upon a favorable market.To avoid at least some of the annoyances and delays to which he was subjectedby the Packet Company, and to provide adequate transportation for his rapidlygrowing business, Reynolds in the spring of I862 built the steamboat" Lansing," astern wheel boat of I23 tons. This he placed under the command of CaptainJ. B. Wilcox of Desoto, Wisconsin, an experienced steamboat man, and ran her betweenLansing and Prairie du Chien, carrying all his own grain and produce, and handlingsuch other freight as was not directly controlled by the Packet Company; throughthe Milwaukee and Mississippi Railway Company, at Prairie du Chien.Fearing that this small venture might lead to a competition detrimental to itsbusiness, the Packet Company prevailed upon Reynolds to sell them the "Lansing,"promising in return to care for his business in a satisfactory manner. Before theseason ended, however, he found that the company had no intention of living up tothe promises made him, and his business was suffering from neglect and discrimination.Like the' old farmer in the fable, finding that the clods of compromise and concessionwere unavailing to secure an even chance with his rivals in business, he decided againto resort to the weapons to which the Packet Company was amenable. In the winterof I862-63 he built at Woodman, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River, some ten orfifteen miles from Prairie du Chien, a stern wheel boat of 242 tons, which was named"Diamond J 0" . . . . with Captain William Fleming, master. Two barges for bulkgrain, the "Conger" and the "Fleming," were also built and placed in commission.It will appear from the foregoing statement that the Packet Com­pany was not conducted on good business principles. The inevitableresult followed. In the beginning of 1864 it was reorganized underanother management under the name of The Northwestern PacketCompany. The new company, wishing to rid itself of a rival for riverbusiness, by promises and guaranties persuaded Mr. Reynolds to sell hislittle fleet to them and retire again from the transportation business.For the next three years the new arrangement worked satisfactorily.But in 1866 a new consolidation of steamboat companies again broughtinto river navigation rival grain buyers who were able to control condi­tions at the river railroad terminals at La Crosse and Prairie du Chien socompletely and used their power so ruthlessly against their rivals in thebusiness of buying and shipping grain that Mr. Reynolds was so muchembarrassed that he found "he must secure other river transportationand railroad connections or go out of business." Mr. Merrick drylyremarks: "It is very unlikely that he considered the latter alternative toany great extent."Mr. Reynolds continued through life to manifest many of the traitsof his Quaker upbringing. He was quiet, patient, long-suffering. Hewas not easily provoked to aggressive self-assertion. He desired to liveat peace with all men. But the same class of men having repeatedlyJOSEPH REYNOLDS 31threatened his business life at length aroused the sleeping lion in theman. They lived to repent their temerity.Mr. Reynolds resolved to establish a new line of steamboats on theupper Mississippi and contest with his enemies the control of the river.He began very conservatively, buying in 1867 a small boat of only 61!tons, the" John C. Gault," and a few barges. The new line was fullyestablished in 1868 and named the Chicago, Fulton, and River Line,with four boats, the" John C. Gault," the" Ida Fulton," the" DiamondJo," and the "Lady Pike," together with the necessary towing barges.In 1871 the "Bannock City" was added to care for the rapidly increasingbusiness, and the title of the line was changed to the Diamond J 0 Linesteamers. This soon became and remained for forty years, till longafter Mr. Reynolds' death, the most famous name on the upper Mis­sissippi. It will always continue to indicate the great days of tradeand travel on the Father of Waters.Two quite differ en t stories are told of the origin of this picturesquetitle of a business organization. One is tame and commonplace. Mr.Merrick thinks, however, that it is the true one. Captain Fred A.Bill, for many years connected with the Diamond Jo Line and intimatelyacquainted with Mr. Reynolds, is the authority for it. In June, 1912,he wrote to the Burlington Saturday Evening Post as follows:, In shipping the hides and furs purchased on his trips through the Northwest itwas his custom to mark the packages, "J. Reynolds, Chicago, Ill." It seems that therewas another J. Reynolds in the same business in Chicago and their shipments fre­quently became mixed. Mr. Reynolds then conceived the idea of establishing a sortof trade-mark, and his next consignment was marked with his nickname" Jo," withmarks around it shaped like a diamond, thus, [ ], and ever after he was known as"Diamond Jo"-and you will note that there is no period after the "Jo" when cor­rectly written.There are several facts that do not fit in well with this story. Mr.Reynolds had a partner in Chicago and his shipments would naturallyhave been marked with the firm name. They would have been addressedto the street number of the tannery. Most conclusive of all, the ChicagoCity Directory from 1856 to 1866 did not contain the name of anotherJ. Reynolds in any similar business, in fact no other J. Reynolds at allappeared there.The other explanation is that Mr. Reynolds so far departed fromQuaker simplicity in his mature years as to wear on his shirtfront avaluable diamond. In the case of so plain, quiet, unpretentious a man,this habit attracted far more attention than it would have done in aman of another type, and as he wrote his name "Jo" he began to beTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDknown as "Diamond Jo." For some reason the name caught his ownfancy and the second boat he built he consented to have called the"Diamond Jo." The name pleased the river and when he entered seri­ously on the task of establishing a new line of steamboats, the publicbegan to call it the "Diamond Jo Line." The newspapers used thename in preference to the first real name of the company, the Chicago,Fulton, and River Line and, yielding to this demand of the public, Mr.Reynolds, three years after the company was formed, formally changedthe name to the Diamond Jo Line steamers. His packets floated,as the company's ensign, a flag bearing the conventional figure of adiamond on a plain field.Mr. Reynolds naturally became, as the owner of a line of riversteamers, "Captain," though he never ran his own boats except, perhaps,on a single trip, and then with a competent mate at his side. He wasno navigator, but a business man of such exceptional qualities that hedistanced all his competitors and became the most successful and famousfigure on the upper Mississippi. Other lines came and went. Theyfailed or, on account of internal dissensions, were "reorganized"; but theDiamond Jo Line increased its service and went on with growing success.Organized at the outset to protect his grain-shipping business andcovering only a small part of the upper river, it gradually extended thearea of its operations, until it covered the entire distance from St. Louisto the head of navigation at St. Paul, approximately a thousand miles.This required two types of steamers. The Mississippi, as a navigablestream, is divided, into three distinct parts, the lower river extendingfrom New Orleans to St. Louis, the middle river from St. Louis toFulton, and the upper river from Fulton to St. Paul. The great boatsof the lower river ended their trips at St. Louis. There a passenger forSt. Paul would transfer to a smaller boat and proceed to Fulton, wherehe would take a still smaller boat of very light draft and go on to hisdestination. I once made the trip from Quincy to St. Paul and shallnever forget the impression made on my mind by the contrast presentedby the river at these two cities. At Quincy the great river is a mostimpressive stream, nearly a mile wide. Our small upper-river boat towhich we had been transferred at Fulton arrived at the head of navigationat St. Paul early one August morning. When I got up and went ondeck I was astonished to find the majestic river on which I had begunmy journey shrunken to what impressed me as an insignificant creek.It was almost impossible to believe that this was the great Father ofWaters with whose vast flood I was familiar.JOSEPH REYNOLDS 33The first boats of the Diamond Jo Line were built for the upper­river traffic. When about r880 Mr. Reynolds extended his business toSt. Louis he built the "Mary Morton," named after his wife, a boat2�0 feet long and of nearly 506 tons. This was followed by the" Sidney,"of about 618 tons, and the "Pittsburg," of 722 tons, all large stern-wheelboats. Others of still larger size were added later. They contrastedgreatly with the small boats used on the upper river, like the" Josephine,"the "Libhie Conger," the "Diamond Jo," and others, some of them half aslarge and still others much smaller, some of them less than roo tons, andonly ninety or a hundred feet long.The Diamond Jo Line was so successful that during the seventies itestablished a shipyard at Eagle Point, three miles above Dubuque.This grew to large proportions, building the new boats required, repairingthose that were damaged, constructing the many barges needed, anddoing the general work of a shipyard for the river.The traffic boats did their most profitable work towing loaded barges.The "Imperial," a very powerful tugboat, "frequently handled eightbarges of bulk grain, which, with the deck load of sacked grain carriedin times of good water, often reached as high as 100,000 bushels. It isestimated that, reducing this to the terms of the railroad transportationof that day, it would have loaded ten trains of twenty-five cars each,which would have required ten locomotives, ten cabooses, and tencrews to handle them, while the track covered would have exceeded amile and a half." This will give some- suggestion of the volume ofbusiness done by the Diamond Jo line of steamers. It was, indeed, abusiness of great risks. Mr. Merrick writes:The life of a steamboat is brier at best. Before the river had been lighted andcleared of snags, wrecks, and other obstructions, four or five years was the limit ofprobabilities. Later this probability was doubled; but the possibility of loss wasever present. The Diamond Jo Company bought boats only as it had use for them,and by selling the older and smaller boats while they were yet salable and buyingnew and larger ones to meet its increasing business it was able to declare dividends andto outlive all its rivals, maintaining itself longer than any other line that everoperated �n the Mississippi, either on the upper or lower river.The results of the great era of railroad construction in the latterthird of the last century in destroying the Mississippi as a highway oftravel and traffic are well known. But it is said that the "twentyyears between 1875 and 1895 witnessed the greatest activity in thelumber business ever known on the Mississippi, or any other river, or inany country or age. It gave employment to hundreds of steamboatsused in towing the logs and lumber to market." This was particularly34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtrue of the upper river. It made the shipyard Mr. Reynolds had estab­lished above Dubuque a very successful and profitable part of hisbusiness. Here came the boats needing repairs. Here new boats werebuilt for this extraordinary trade. The yard was never idle. It con­stantly employed a large force of skilled mechanics. "In addition tothe boat builders a crew of expert divers, with all necessary gear, withbarges, pumps, and other machinery and rigging for raising sunkenvessels, was likewise maintained, ready at an hour's notice to proceedto the relief of any boat in trouble, anywhere between St. Louis andSt. Paul."For nearly half a century crowds gathered regularly on the levees atall the river towns from St. Louis to St. Paul at the sound of the familiartwo long and two short whistles to welcome or do business with up ordown Diamond J 0 steamers, their comings and goings being in many ofthese places the principal event of the day.When in I860 Mr. Reynolds entered extensively into the grain busi­ness along the Mississippi, he moved to McGregor, Iowa, one of theriver towns a few miles north of Dubuque, and made his home there formany years. Mr. and Mrs. Reynolds had one son, whom they namedBlake, and who was born in McGregor during the first year of theirresidence there. Being an only son, their hearts and their hopes werebound up in him. After finishing his education he became the com­panion and business associate of his father, entering with him into all hislater .enterprises. Mr. Reynolds was a man of almost boundless energy,and the steamboat line, which was itself a big business, was only oneamong his many activities. As new railroads were built beyond theriver, he carried his buying and shipping of grain into the new townsthat sprang up.He was not only a steamboat, but also a railroad, magnate. Thestory of his entrance into the railroad business is one of the most interest­ing stories of his life. Soon after his sixtieth year, in the early eighties,the partial failure of his health led him to seek relief at the ArkansasHot Springs, the medicinal qualities of which were beginning to attractlarge numbers of seekers after health. These now celebrated Springs"burst like a watery volcano from the top of the mountain where theyare situated." At that time they could be reached only by a tediousclimb of twenty-two miles up the mountain from the nearest railroadstation of Malvern. The narrator of the story says:The stages in use between the railroad at Malvern and the Springs were oldand rickety, and the one in which he had taken passage broke down completely whilethey were yet some miles from their destination and Reynolds and his fellow-passengersJOSEPH REYNOLDS 35were compelled to walk the remaining distance. On arrival at the Springs Reynoldsremonstrated in somewhat forcible terms, to which the proprietor rejoined with asneer: "Well, what are yougoin' to do about it?" "I'll build a railroad," said Jo.The stage man thought it a bluff; but Reynolds studied the proposition while takingthe "cure," later calling in engineers to assist him. Deciding that the chances wererather for than against success, he put all his ready money into the work, hypothecatinghis stock in the steamboat company and in his mines.Within a few months he had completed a narrow-gauge road twenty-two miles inlength from Malvern to Hot Springs, upon which he had issued no bonds, and thestock of which was practically all in his own name. Later, as the business increased,and the Springs became the most popular health resort on the continent, he bonded theroad and with the proceeds changed the line to a standard-gauge, with heavier steel,and its sidetracks at the top of the mountain, from that time to this, have constantlybeen filled with palace cars and private coaches from all parts of the country, switchedon to this, one of the best paying twenty miles of road in the United States.The foregoing quotation refers to Mr. Reynolds' mines. It willbe recalled that in the latter third of the last century there occurred aremarkable revival of mining in the West. Great deposits both of goldand of silver were discovered. Leadville and other camps had theiralmost miraculous growth. All men with any speculative bent werestirred by the stories that came from the West. Fortunes were made,lost, and remade. Mr. Reynolds was one of those who became infectedwith the mining fever, and in the late seventies he and his son, thenapproaching manhood, interested themselves in gold mining in Arizonaand Colorado.Their first experience in buying a mine was a very humiliating one.Although they supposed they were using every precaution against beingswindled, even putting their own men in to work it for a time beforepaying for it, the expert crooks who sold it succeeded in "salting" it evenwhile Reynolds & Son's force was working it. They paid for it andsuddenly found that there was not a particle of gold in it. Reynolds,however, was always a good loser. He pocketed his loss and a littlelater bought another mine, the Congress, in the same locality.Someone said to him: "Mr. Reynolds, after losing so much in the Del Pasco Ishould not think you would buy another mine in the same locality." "Well," saidJo, "when you lose anything, don't you look for it where you lost it?" The Congresswas a very rich gold mine and fully justified Reynolds in his decision "to look for hismoney where he lost it."Mr. Merrick tells one story of Mr. Reynolds' mining ventures whichillustrates the extent of his operations, the spirit in which he met diffi­culties, and his business methods. He says:In another instance Reynolds was robbed by a man whom he had befriendedand whom he trusted. A man by the name of Morrissey wired him from Leadville,Colorado, that there was a rich and promising mine there that could be bought veryTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDcheap, its owners not having funds wherewith to develop it. He immediately pro­ceeded to Leadville, examined the property and, being satisfied that it was valuable,agreed to buy it at the purchase price of $40,000, provided Morrissey, who was apractical miner, would stay with it as superintendent, Reynolds to put in good machin ..ery with which to operate it and to promise that as soon as it had paid all that hehad put in he would deed to Morrissey one-fourth of the mine. The returns soonequaled the total of the investment, and true to his promise he deeded to Morrisseythe one-fourth interest and left him in charge of the work.Some time after, Reynolds observed that the smelter returns sent him were notnumbered consecutively, and when he investigated he found that Morrissey hadretained very much more than his share, the one-quarter to which he was entitledamounting to something over $250,000. The fact that Morrissey could neither readnor write probably hampered him in manipulating the returns. The shortage wassettled without prosecution, Reynolds' Quaker antecedents discouraging, if not for­bidding, an appeal to law in the settlement of personal differences.In connection with the other lines of business in which he wasengaged-dealing in grain, the Diamond J 0 line of steamers, the HotSprings Railroad, etc++Mr. Reynolds continued his activity in minesand mining to the end of his life. Conducting this part of his businesswith the same ability and energy which had made him so successfulin other lines, he made it exceedingly profitable.In 1885 Mr. and Mrs. Reynolds suffered the greatest affliction oftheir lives in the death of their son Blake, He was twenty-five yearsold. He had for a number of years been engaged in business with hisfather, particularly in his mining enterprises. The affections and hopesof his parents centered in the young man who was their only childand heir. The blow was a very heavy one and shadowed all the restof their lives. Happily for them and for others it did not harden butrather softened the hearts of both, and awakened in them a sympa­thetic interest in other young men.Mr. Reynolds survived his son six years. When he had passed hisseventieth year, although a man of large wealth and with no apparentincentive to increase it after the loss of his son, he still continued hisbusiness activity. His death was caused, indeed, by his undue devotionto these activities. In the later years of his life he had transferred hisresidence to St. Paul. On one of the picturesque hills of that city,overlooking the river, he had built a new home which one writer hascalled "a veritable palace." There one is tempted to think a man of hisage and of his means would have passed the winter of 1890�91, sur­rounded with every convenience and luxury. But instead of this,February, 189I, found him in a rude shack at the mouth of the CongressMine, in Arizona, sixty miles from the nearest railroad station. Therehe was attacked by pneumonia.JeSEPH REYNOLDS 37Like so many other men he had neglected to make a Will. Realizingthat at his age and with infirm health at best, he was unlikely to survivethat dread disease, he dispatched a messenger posthaste to Prescott towire for a physician and a lawyer-e-the latter to draw his will. Stormsand washouts delayed all travel. Mr. Reynolds was surrounded bydevoted friends, but while they waited for the help which did not comethe disease was making fatal progress. There were certain things hewas very anxious to provide for in his will. He wished to make bequeststo some of the loyal and able assistants who had done much to promotehis prosperity, and in remembrance of his son to do something that wouldprovide advantages for young men. At length, despairing of the arrivalof the lawyer, he asked Mr. Pierce, his mine superintendent, to write outa will at his dictation. The approach of death, which he clearly recog­nized, did not greatly concern him, but he was very much afraid hisstrength would not hold out till he could get the special bequests hewished to make committed to paper and signed,Mr. Pierce began to write at his dictation, but when he was requiredto name himself, among seven or eight trusted employees, to receive$50,000 he refused to proceed. Mr. Reynolds, however, insisted, inthe presence of the half-dozen employees who stood about his bed, andcompelled Mr. Pierce to write what he desired. The paper was com­pleted and a pen was put into his hand that he might sign it. He tried,but was so near his end that an illegible scrawl was all he could produce.He was able to see that it was no signature, and, being still able tospeak, he called on those who stood about him in the hut to witness thatthe unsigned paper was his last will and testament and almost in theutterance of the words passed away.Mrs. Reynolds accepted the will written in the Arizona shack asauthoritative and carried out its provisions as fully as possible duringthe few years in which she survived her husband. The trusted employeesall received the bequests made to them; and Mrs. Reynolds was engagedin carrying out the provision in the interest of young men when, in 1895,she herself died.Mr. Reynolds made a profound impression on those with whom hewas most closely associated. One of them says:In many ways Mr. Reynolds was peculiar. He was very quiet and had little usefor "society." Minded his own business and expected others to do likewise. Hetold very little of himself and practically nothing of his early life. . . . . He becamerich and famous; made money rapidly, and when it was made it was easy to trace thatit came from reasoning from cause to effect, and not from what is commonly calledluck.,THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAnother wrote of him:As I write this little sketch, there is on my desk a picture of Joseph Reynolds thatgrand old character, who left his imprint upon and who contributed so greatly to thedevelopment of what was then called, in the seventies, "the Northwest." ....Mr. Reynolds was a man who had peculiar traits, many of them most lovable, and Ihave been greatly influenced through my entire business career by lessons early learnedfrom him. One of his characteristics was that when he found any man had wrongedhim in a business transaction he seldom made much fuss about it-in fact, wouldsuffer a severe loss before he would take a case into the courts; but ever after thatparticular person was "down and out" with Diamond Jo Reynolds ..... If anyemployee was found guilty of a breach of trust he was generally allowed to drop outwithout any noise; but he was out good and hard forever after.Another feature of Diamond Jo's character .:was that he appointed a man to fill aplace and looked to him for results. That is, he depended on the appointee's indi­viduality and originality, without any special direction from himself ..... Therehave been but few, if any, who have left such a name for probity and high integrity asDiamond Jo Reynolds; and those of us who were fortunate enough to be associatedwith him revere his memory and think of him as one of the grand characters in theearly history of the development of the upper Mississippi Valley.It is quite evident that he made a very strong impression on theimagination of his captains and business managers. Recurring tothe opening paragraph of this sketch, when Mr. Merrick saw him sittingon the snubbing post at McGregor, paying little attention to the landing,unloading, loading, and departure of what must have been one of hisfavorite boats-the" Mary Morton"- speaking to none of the officers,apparently taking no notice of anything except his whittling, "it wasCaptain Burns's opinion that Reynolds had made a mental inventory ofthe appearance and condition of the boat, of the manner in which it hadbeen handled in making the landing, and of the efficiency of the matein getting the cargo on board; but he spoke to no one and no one spoketo him while we were looking," says Mr. Merrick, and continues: "'Heis scheming!' said Burns, and his thoughts may have been in Coloradoor Arizona rather than McGregor." This was the way the men whoknew him best thought and spoke of him. They; said: "He is thinking,scheming, working out far-sighted plans." Mingled with their strongattachment to him was a feeling of awe. They regarded him as a kindof super-business man.At the same time he had one characteristic and one custom thatbrought him and his employees into a rather intimate sympathy. Hebad a natural genius and love for mechanical work. On some of hisboats and at several points on shore he kept chests of tools. If anyJOSEPH REYNOLDS 39job of repairs needed to be done, the men would say, "Oh, let it alone tillthe old man comes around." And sure enough, when he did come,the first question he asked was likely to be: "Well, what have you gotfor me to do ?" On his boats he did not pose as the owner or spend histime in the pilot-house, but was usually found at work in the carpentershop.An aristocratic southern gentleman once wandered into the shop onone of the steamers and finding a carpenter at work entered into conver­sation with him. Later he said to the captain: "I have had a verypleasant chat with your old carpenter below decks. He seems rather anintelligent old fellow." "Yes," said the captain, "he is somewhatintelligent. His name is Reynolds, commonly known as 'Diamond Jo.'He owns this line of steamboats, a railroad in Arkansas, numerous goldmines in Colorado and Arizona, and is probably worth two or threemillion dollars."It was inevitable that with his varied and extensive interests Mr.Reynolds should be a frequent visitor to Chicago. Indeed he had anoffice in that city during the last thirty-five years of his life. There aremany business men in Chicago who, after more than thirty years, stillremember him. One of the intimacies of his earlier western life thatcontinued was that with the late P. D. Armour.The following story, told by Mr. Armour to Captain John Killen,one of Mr. Reynolds' principal lieutenants, illustrates the extent of hiscredit, his reputation for absolute integrity, and the warm friendshiphe inspired in the strongest men.There had been a flurry- in the money market and Reynolds foundhimself in need of funds. He went to Mr. Armour's office and the latter,guessing his errand, for the fun of anticipating his request said at once:" J 0, can you lend me fifty thousand dollars?" Reynolds replied: "That is justwhat I came to you for. I never wanted money so badly in all my life.""How much do you want?" asked Armour."I want two hundred thousand dollars," was the reply."I can let you have it," said Armour, and filled out checks for the amount, takingReynolds' personal notes in exchange.Soon after, Reynolds came back and threw a bundle of stock certificates on thedesk, saying, "Phil, keep that until I pay back the money.""Put that back in your safety box, Jo," said Armour. "But for the uncertaintyof life your word would be enough for me. Were it not for that I would not acceptyour notes."The bundle of stock certificates represented the entire value of the Hot SpringsRailroad at that time.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIf the readers of this sketch have conceived of the MississippiRiver steamboat man as a boisterous, intemperate, profane character,they must free their minds of this conception in thinking of Mr. Reynolds.He was exactly the opposite of all this. His Quaker bringing-up hadmade him a quiet, reticent man. Surrounded by drinking men, hewas himself strictly temperate, once saying to a reporter that it was solong since he had tasted whiskey that he could not remember the time.He did not drink liquor at all. There were no bars on the boats of theDiamond Jo Line, and "drinking by either passengers or crew was dis­countenanced." And, as Mr. Merrick says, "being a Quaker he did notswear."That Mr. Reynolds was a man of extraordinary business activityand ability is evident from this brief sketch of his life. He engaged inmany kinds of business and succeeded in all. In his great enterprises­dealing in grain, steamboating, railroading, mining-he accumulated alarge fortune. But the enterprises I have touched upon did not limithis activities. He was interested in the Park Hotel and perhaps othersin Hot Springs. He was concerned in the Santa Fe, Prescott, andPhoenix Railway Company. His investments covered a wide field andhis business activities, as this story has shown, continued to the veryend of his life, in his seventy-first year.It illustrates the essential nobility of the man that the death of hisson, who would have been his heir, and in whom all his hopes werecentered, instead of narrowing his sympathies widened them and awak­ened in his heart a warm interest in all young men. There is somethingsublime and impressive and appealing in the sight of this man of wealth,lying sick unto death in that shack in the Arizona wilderness, makingprovision with his dying breath to give young men a start in life. In hislast hours he thought of others rather than himself.Mrs. Reynolds was like-minded and lost no time in taking steps tocarry out her husband's plans.The University of Chicago opened its doors to students on the firstday of October, 1892. The estate of Mr. Reynolds was not then settled,but on the nineteenth of that month Mrs. Reynolds agreed to payto the University $250,000, "to be used for educational purposes in suchmanner as shall commemorate the name of Joseph Reynolds and tobe expended for such purposes and in such manner as shall be agreedupon." In 1895, before the settlement of the estate, Mrs. Reynoldsherself died.JOSEPH REYNOLDS 41The Reynolds Fund did not finally aggregate the amount originallyproposed. It was paid to the University by the executor in 1897 inthe bonds, for the most part, of the Hot Springs Railroad, he retainingan option to repurchase them at par within five years. As long as thatline was the only one leading to the Springs, its securities were giltedged. The building of new lines, however, very materially impairedtheir value. When in 1901 final arrangements with the executor weremade, the amount realized for the fund was found to be $II3,123.45.By agreement with the representatives of the estate during that year,$80,000 was set aside for the erection of "The Reynolds Student Club­house," and it was arranged that" the income of the remainder of theFund shall forever be used for scholarships for boys, to be known as the'Joseph Reynolds Scholarships.'" The scholarship fund thus amountsto $33,123.45, and every year pays the tuition fees of twelve youngmen.The Reynolds Clubhouse is one of the four buildings constitutingwhat is known as the Tower Group. The corner stones of all four, theHutchinson Commons, the Mitchell Tower, the Reynolds Clubhouse,and Mandel Assembly Hall, were laid on the last day of the University'sDecennial Celebration, June 18, 1901. The corner stone of the clubhousewas, very appropriately, laid by a student. It stands on the comer ofFifty-seventh Street and University Avenue. The avenue side issaid to be strongly suggestive of the famous garden front of St. John'sCollege, Oxford. It is built, like the other buildings of the University,of Bedford stone, and is three stories high, with a commodious basementin which are the bowling alleys, barber shop, and locker room. On thethree floors above are a library, billiard room, reading room, and theater,with numerous committee rooms, all handsomely finished and furnished.The house provides the men of the University with facilities for mak­ing student life socially enjoyable and profitable. They were quick torealize this, and at the beginning of the Autumn Quarter of 1903 organ­ized the Reynolds Club, which took over the house and thenceforthfilled a great place in the life of the University. The club has more thana thousand members and grows with the growth of the institution. Itis the center of the University's social life for its young men.The desire of Mrs. Reynolds to "commemorate the name of JosephReynolds" has been fulfilled in a somewhat extraordinary manner.The University has done it in building the Reynolds Clubhouse and estab­lishing the Reynolds Scholarships. The students have, perhaps, made42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa still greater contribution to this commemoration in calling their organi­zation the Reynolds Club. Mr. Reynolds' line of steamers, his railroads,his mines, his hotels, made no mention of his name. With the passingof all these it would have been forgotten. But, connected in this three­fold way with a great University, it is not only assured of historicremembrance but is a living name and will continue perpetually to bespoken every day by increasing numbers. But far better than this,every year growing numbers of young men will enter the struggle oflife better equipped to achieve success and usefulness because he livedand labored for them. And best of all, he was worthy of this immortalityof remembrance and influence.GENERAL NIVELLE AT THEUNIVERSITYBy ALGERNON COLEMAN AND THEODORE GERALD SOARESIn the dark days of the spring of 1917, when the United States wastrying to understand what it meant to be a participant in the GreatWar, Marshal Joffre came to give us the inspiration of his presence.He brought information and counsel to our leaders, but, most of all, thevery sight of him served to focus the attention of the American peopleon their undertaking. He incarnated for us the heroic effort of Franceand her allies. We had been stirred to the quick by the splendid heroismof their struggle. We were convinced of the high-mindedness of theprinciples for which they were contending. But we needed a moredirect, a more concrete representation of the cause to which our govern­ment had just given its allegiance. Our East and our West were one inconviction, but there was need of a symbol, of a human presence thatwould represent to all alike the heroic struggle, that would enable themto visualize France at bay on the Marne, checking the victorious invaderat one of the supreme moments of history.With her fine tact and her keen sense of the dramatic, France seemedto grasp the situation. She sent us her greatest soldier and one of hermost eloquent statesmen. Few could understand the words of M.Viviani, but all were roused to enthusiasm at the sight of the grave butgentle face of the hero of the Marne. Crowds thronged to greet himin all sections of the country. The visit of the Marshal and his partyto the University of Chicago' will be long remembered. The simpleceremonies and the few but heartfelt words of the great soldier seemedto be in some sort a consecration of the University and all her powersto the struggle.Now, three years later, with a friendship cemented by bloodshedin the same cause and with American graves in French soil, France hassent another one of her great leaders, this time to share in one of themost peculiarly American of festivals, the tercentenary of the foundingof Plymouth Colony.General Nivelle, the hero of Verdun, was chosen for this occasion.At the outbreak of the Great War Robert Georges Nivelle was aColonel in command of the Fifth Regiment of Artillery. In that4344 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcapacity he rendered distinguished service in the Battle of the Marneand the Aisne, and his personal gallantry is said to have turned the tidein the Battle of the Ourcq. He was made a Brigadier General onOctober 24, I9I4 and after his success in checking the German drive onSoissons was made Division Commander, and on December 23, I915,was given the command of the Third Army Corps. In March 1916in the course of the great German attack on Verdun General Nivellewas called to that fortress, succeeding General Petain in the commandthere in May, and in October recapturing the fortresses of Vaux andDouaumont. In December, 1916, after the retirement of MarshalJoffre he was made Commander in Chief of the Armies of the Northand Northeast, which position he held until May 1917.On November IS, 1920, General Nivelle made his visit to theUniversity. He was accompanied by the French Consul at Chicago,M. Barthelemy, and his aide, Colonel Azan. His coming was unexpected.The general was in Chicago for a very short time, and it was only theafternoon before that M. Barthelemy could inform the President thathe hoped to be able to have him pay an informal visit to the University.At ten o'clock on Monday morning, the General and his party reachedthe Maison Francaise, where Mile Perrenoud, the directrice, aided by afew members of the Romance faculty, improvised a small receptionin his honor. The General shook hands cordially with the studentsand faculty members who were present, signed his name in the Livre d'Orof the Maison Francaise, adding, at the request of MIle Perrenoud, hiscelebrated motto during the drive against Verdun, "Ils ne passeront pas, "and listened with sympathetic interest to the singing of the "Marseillaise"by a group of students. He was good enough to address a few wordsto his hosts, to express his gratification at finding this center of Frenchinfluence here in the heart of America, and how it seemed to him totypify the affectionate interest that our people take in France andthings French.After visiting first the Maison Francaise, as was most fitting, GeneralNivelle was shown Ida Noyes Hail and the Tower Group, and was thentaken to President Judson's office where he was received by the President,and a number of the members of the faculty had the honor of shakinghands with him. A considerable group of students gathered in thecorridor and gave some rapid-fire college yells when the General showedhimself in the doorway and, upon being introduced by the President,told them briefly in English how warmly he appreciated their cordialwelcome, which, he modestly said, was like that his countrymen receiveGENERAL NIVELLE AT THE UNIVERSITY 45everywhere in America. President Judson thanked the General for com­ing to the University and added, amid much applause, that for all her alliesAmerica has loyalty and friendship, for France she adds affection as well.General Nivelle, like Marshal Joffre, is not a man of many words.Being English on one side of the house, he understands our languagereadily and speaks it well enough when the occasion demands, but itappears to irk him to use a medium over which he has not completecontrol. In his own tongue he speaks briefly and simply, in a low voicenot at all suggestive of martial tones. In stature he is of medium height,broad-shouldered, solidly built, with fair hair and moustache, and ared-and-white complexion. His bearing is manly and unpretentious,his manner direct, kindly and wholly devoid of "side," his words wellchosen. But for the General's uniform and the mass of decorationsthat cover his breast, one would never suspect that this modest well­mannered gentleman had, during one of the most harrowing episodesof the deadliest war in history, stood for tragic months at the head ofhis army like a stone wall between a furious foe and the heart of France.His pleasant smile and kindly eyes betrayed none of the secrets of thosetortured hours.In the course of the informal reception of the General in the Presi­dent's office, it was suggested that he attend chapel. He had spokenbriefly to the students who gathered at the President's office but kindlyconsented to meet the larger number who would be in Mandel Hall.The inspection of the Library was just completed when the chimesfrom Mitchell Tower announced the chapel hour. The President'sparty proceeded to Mandel Hall, arriving as the chimes ceased and asthe University Artillery Company fired a salute of seventeen guns.The General seemed surprised at the firing and someone asked him,smiling, if he had not heard something of the kind at Verdun. Heanswered, without a smile, "Day and night."President Judson proceeded to the platform with General Nivelleon his right, accompanied by Colonel Azan, Bishop Fallows, Mr. CliffordBarnes, Professor Willett, Dean Robertson, and the Chaplain. As thecurtains were parted, six hundred young men of the Junior Collegeclasses filling the main floor sprang to their feet with vigorous, spon­taneous cheers. General Nivelle seemed much pleased and bowed hisacknowledgment. The organist played the "Marseillaise" and the"Star-Spangled Banner." Bishop Fallows offered prayer.President Judson spoke of the honor and pleasure felt by the Uni­versity in the reception of the great French general. He paid a warmTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDtribute to France for her heroism and her sacrifice in the war. Hespoke warmly of the genuine friendship between the two republics andadded, "We honor all our allies; France we love." He then intro­duced General Nivelle and asked him to address the students.The University tradition is against applause at the chapel service,but precedents fail when hearts are stirred and the General receiveda round of cheers as he arose.He spoke simply and impressively, saying that he had seen youngAmericans before in many, many thousands, but dressed in khaki andsplendidly doing their duty; that they had brought to the allies thehelp that was needed to make the great victory. He expressed his pleas­ure with the cordial reception which the students had given him and hishappiness that all the experiences of his American visit were revealingto him the friendliness of Americans toward France. He insisted thatthe peace of the world depends very much upon cordial friendshipbetween the two nations.Vigorous applause followed the General's speech. President Judsonreplied briefly and the service closed in the usual way, with the singingof the" Alma Mater." The brief service was profoundly impressiveand added another to the University memories which are making ourtradition ever richer as the years go on.THE MEETINGS OF THE AMERICANASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE­MENT OF SCIENCEBy GILBERT AMES BLISSDuring the week of December 27 to January I meetings of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science and of forty­one affiliated scientific societies were held in Chicago, most of them onthe quadrangles of the University of Chicago. The meeting of theAssociation was one of the larger ones which it is planned to hold everyfour years in the more populous cities of the country, and was thelargest of the Association's history. Approximately twenty-four hun­dred members registered at the headquarters of the Association inthe Reynolds Club, and it is estimated that a thousand members of othersocieties were in attendance at the sessions of the various affiliatedorganizations. The botanical group was especially well represented.Over five hundred botanists were in attendance, forming the largestgroup of these scientists ever assembled.Undoubtedly the most impressive and important features of themeetings, though indeed the hardest to evaluate and describe, were thegathering together of this large number of scientists from all parts ofthe continent, the multiplicity and variety of the papers offered, mostof which embodied some step forward in our knowledge of a specialsubject or the correlation of results already known, and the inspirationwhich the participants in the meetings carried away with them as aresult of personal contact and discussion with others deeply interestedin their own fields of study and research. It was the privilege of thewriter to penetrate, in search of information about the meetings, to manycorners of the University hitherto unexplored by him, in each of whichwas a group of scientists discussing with interest and animation the mostrecent achievements 'i>in their particular domain. One passed from thecontemplation with the pathologists of the microscopic organisms whichaid or injure men and animals, to the study with the astronomers of thecharacteristics and motions of mighty celestial objects many times thesize of our own sun; or from the pictures of the delicate webs and trapsof the spiders, with the nature students, to those of the ravages of thegreat eruptions at Mount Katmai which scattered dust and ashes round47THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe world. At many of the meetings addresses upon the broader aspectsof various sciences were read by retiring vice-presidents of the sectionsof the Association or by retiring presidents of the affiliated societies,and there were besides many invitation papers of especial interest.Some idea of the bewildering variety of meetings may be obtainedfrom the statement of the Local Committee of the Association thatarrangements were made for sessions of fifty-six different sections, andit was estimated that .fifteen horse-power was required at one time tofurnish light for the lanterns in use at these gatherings. The committeealso arranged for over thirty dinners and social gatherings of varioussorts, besides excursions to the Field Museum, the Newberry Library,and the plant of Sears, Roebuck and Company.The Faculty of the University had numerous representatives onthe scientific programs and on the lists of officers of sections and societies,and an enumeration of those who have studied here and who took anactive part in the meetings would make a very impressive list indeed.It is related of Professor Coulter that he was confined to his office allof one morning, unable to attend the meetings, by the press of formerstudents who wished to see him and to introduce to him their ownstudents of a still younger generation.There were two events, however, which were of especial interestto members and friends of the University. The first was the announce­ment by Professor A. A. Michelson, on Wednesday morning before theAmerican Physical Society, of his perfection of an instrument formeasuring the diameters of stars by interference methods, and its applica­tion to the measurement of one of the stars in the constellation of Orion(Alpha Orionis). It has been possible hitherto to determine the distancesof some of the nearer stars by measuring their parallaxes, and the massesof binary stars have been computed by other methods involving mathe­matical considerations and a knowledge of their observed periods.But the method announced by Professor Michelson is most remarkablein being the first which has successfully determined the actual geometricalsize of a star, and the possession of the instrument which he has devisedwill open up to the astronomers new and extensive fields for investigation.The result of the measurement of Alpha Orionis is astounding. Thestar has a diameter three hundred times that of the sun, and as large asthat of the orbit of Mars. If a disk of this size were placed at rightangles to the line of sight and as near to us as the sun, its brilliant surfacewould fill out most of the visible heavens. Compared with the sun involume it is twenty-seven million times as great. These dimensionsASSO�I4TION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 49make the bodies in our solar system seem most minute and insignificant,and initiate in us the conception of celestial bodies of magnitudes hithertounmeasured and almost beyond comprehension.The method used was first applied with the eight-foot reflectingtelescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory in southern California. Themirror of the telescope was obscured by an opaque cap in which were twoslits adjustable in distance apart. When the instrument is focused ona star, then, instead of the image of the star, there appears a series ofinterference bands arranged at equal distances apart and parallel tothe two slits, and when the slits are separated there will be a distancebetween them at which the ftinges disappear. When this distance isknown a simple formula gives the angle subtended by the star, and fromthis angle and the distance of the star the diameter of the star can bereadily determined.A still more powerful device is obtained by using two adjustablemirrors with an interferometer attachment, instead of the telescope andslits. It is the latter device which has been applied with such remark ..able success in measuring the diameter of Alpha Orionis.�, The method of Professor Michelson has also been applied, by a mem­ber of the staff at the Mount Wilson Observatory, to the measurementof the star Capella, which had been known from spectroscopic evidenceto be really a double star, though the two stars are so near togetherthat they appear as one through the most powerful telescopes. Bymeans 'of Professor Michelson's attachment to the eight-foot telescopeit was possible to measure the minute angle of .045 seconds subtendedby the two stars and to determine their successive positions as theyrevolved in their orbits. The calculated and observed results agreedwith astonishing precision, the maximum error being .000I of a second.The magnitude of this exceedingly small angle can be appreciated bythe fact that it is roughly equal to that which would be subtended by apinhead at a distance of over a thousand miles.The second announcement in which Chicagoans will b� especiallyinterested is the result of the election of officers at the council meetingof the association held on Wednesday morning. The list is as follows:President: E. H. Moore, professor and head of the department ofmathematics, The University of Chicago;Permanent Secretary: Burton E. Livingston, professor of plant physi-ology, Johns Hopkins .University; ,General Secretary: D. T. MacDougal, director of the DesertBotanical Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona;50 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTreasurer: Robert S. Woodward, formerly president of the CarnegieInstitution, Washington, D.C.The election of Professor Moore to the presidency of the Associationadds but one more aspect to his wide influence in scientific affairs inAmerica. In 1890 one of the first mathematical societies in the UnitedStates was formed in New York, which later became the AmericanMathematical Society. Professor Moore was an early member, and in1896 was instrumental in forming the Chicago section of the society.In 1899 he assisted in the foundation of the Transactions of the AmericanMathematical Society and was its chief editor in the critical years of itsyouth, until 1907. The Transactions is now the leading mathematicaljournal of this country.Professor Moore has, furthermore, a world-wide reputation amongmathematicians for his researches in mathematics, and his assistanceand, influence have been sought in all of the important mathematicalenterprises undertaken for many years in this country. His researchinterests lie in the domain of mathematics called "general analysis," theprime purpose of which is to unify numerous diverse doctrines under asingle theory, thus effecting economies of a fundamental character inthe scientific structure of mathematics. In physics it is found thata large group of phenomena, from wireless telegraphy to ultra-violetrays, the earliest of which were the phenomena of light, can be studiedas different aspects of the propagation of waves through the ether.So also in mathematics it is coming to be realized that many sub­jects which have hitherto been studied as separate departments ofthe science can now be grouped under a single theory. The recog­nition of the characteristics of different theories which classify themas special instances of a more comprehensive one, and the con­struction of the generalization which includes them all, is the problemof general analysis. Professor Moore's appreciation of the spirit ofresearch in others as well as himself, and his enthusiasm for purescience have been an inspiration to large numbers of advanced students,and have reacted to encourage research efforts in many other domainsbesides that of his own chosen science.Three general sessions of the association were held in Mandel Hall.On Monday evening the retiring president of the association, Dr. SimonFlexner, director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,read his address entitled "Twenty-Five Years of Bacteriology: A Frag­ment of Medical Research." The date which formed the starting­point of the period covered in the lecture was 1895 or the year in whichASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 51the first results of the curative effects of diphtheria antitoxin, in the treat­ment of cases of human diphtheria, were announced. U sing that epochalevent as his landmark, the speaker reviewed the progress of bacteriologyup to our own day. He undertook to explain the methods by whichprotection from infectious diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, etc.,came to be secured; the development of our knowledge and practice ofthe treatment of diseases by means of specific serums, as in diphtheria,tetanus (lockjaw), meningitis, pneumonia; and the reasons why, up tothe present, not more diseases have come to be controlled or curativelytreated through these agencies.The speaker described in some detail a class of diseases initiated byso-called filterable parasites, micro-organisms which are so minute thatthey pass the pores of earthenware filters and so small as to be .beyondthe power of the microscope to bring them into view. Yet they inducesevere diseases in animals, such as foot-and-mouth disease of cattleand hog cholera, and such definite and serious diseases of man as infantileparalysis (poliomyelitis) and the disease trench fever, which prevailedso extensively among the troops in northern France and Belgium.An account of Dr. Noguchi's recent investigations of yellow feverwas given to illustrate the way advances are made in bacteriology.Until recently yellow fever was regarded as a disease induced by afilterable parasite; but recent discoveries show that it is caused by aspiral microbe, which indeed is so tenuous that it can pass the pores ofearthen filters. It can nevertheless be seen by means of a special kindof microscope called the dark-field microscope, and can be cultivatedoutside the body and made to yield a vaccine for preventing yellow feverand a serum for treating cases of the disease which may arise.Other topics touched on related to our present knowledge of theorigin of cancer and of the newer methods, based on the principles ofbacteriology, of working out in the laboratory new drugs or chemicalsfor the treatment of diseases induced by microscopic parasites.The second general session of the association was an illustrated lectureon Tuesday evening by Dr. Robert F. Griggs, professor of botany at OhioState University, entitled "The Volcanic Region of Katmai, Alaska."In 1912 on the sixth of June occurred ope of the most tremendousvolcanic; explosions in history, at Mount Katmai, Alaska. If thevolcano had been located in New York City its sulphurous fumes wouldhave polluted the air in all the territory east of the Rocky Mountains,and the roar of the explosion would have been heard in Chicago orSt. Louis, as of an artillery duel near at hand.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDObservers at great distances soon knew that something very extraor­dinary had occurred, for the explosion was so violent that its dustwas quickly carried entirely around the world. In the Sahara Desertan astronomical party observing the radiation of the sun was compelledto give up its observations entirely and could not resume them allsummer. The haze intercepted so much sunlight that the power of thesun's beam was diminished on the average by 10 per cent, markedlyreducing terrestrial temperatures and causing the notoriously cold, wetsummer of 1912. Indeed so great was the reduction of the sun's energythat a succession of such eruptions would lower the temperature of theworld enough to plunge us into another ice age.If the region had been readily accessible, students of volcanicphenomena would have flocked to the scene; but the difficulties ofpenetrating into the district are so great that no examination of itsphenomena has ever been undertaken except by the expeditions sentout by the National Geographic Society. It is literally true that nohuman being has ever beheld the crater of Katmai excepting only themembers of those expeditions.After the explosions of 1912 there were definite falls of ash as far asPuget Sound, and the district where the fall was one-fourth of an inchor more was as large as Tennessee. The quantity of ash thrown outhas been computed to have amounted to 4.9 cubic miles,The expedition had to limit its supplies to the very minimum, theonly possible way to explore the devastated country being to travelafoot. After a journey of most difficult character over ash-coveredrugged country, with streams choked with ashes and vegetation slowlyrecovering from the effects of the eruptions, the crater of Mount Katmaiwas reached. The size of the tremendous abyss is quite beyond com­prehension. One can get no conception of its magnitude even when hestands on the edge and studies it with his own eyes. The survey showedthat the highest point of the rim stands 3,700 feet above the surface ofthe lake in its basin, and the circumference is more than eight miles.Even greater sights awaited the expedition across the pass on theBering Sea side of the range. It was a long and hard climb over whichonly light packs could be carried. But when the top was reached asight was seen which made the crater fade into insignificance. Forthere, stretched out as far as the eye could reach, lay a great valley fromwhose floor were ascending millions of columns of steam, the so-called"valley of ten thousand smokes," covering an area of some fifty-threesquare miles.ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 53If It had not been for Nature's fires it would have been impossibleto cook, for there was no vegetation. But a wild-mannered fumarolemakes an ideal cookstove. Sometimes instead of using a fumarole apot was simply buried in the hot ground. A few rods behind the cook­stove was the refrigerator in a cavern under an ash-covered snowdriftwhich also supplied drinking-water. The tents were convenientlysupplied with steam heat.It is hoped that this remarkable region will not linger long in itspresent state of inaccessibility. The Geographic Society has exploredit and discovered a feasible route by which it may be entered. - Itremains for other agencies to build the fifty miles of road necessaryto put it within reach of the traveling public, and to make it as easyfor the scientist to study the volcanoes of the Katmai district as it isnow to observe the geysers of the Yellowstone.It is the plan of the association to have at each meeting a lecturewhich shall present in a form understandable by all the results of recentscientific researches in domains which are ordinarily regarded as inacces­sible to the general public. The first of these lectures was most ably'presented on Wednesday evening by Dr. Robert W. Wood, professor ofphysics at Johns Hopkins University. His address was entitled "High­Power Phosphorescence and Fluorescence" and was one of the mostinteresting and spectacular which was given during the week of meetings.It is an interesting fact that it occurred on the twenty-fifth anniversaryof his first public appearance as a scientific speaker in the Kent ChemicalLaboratory of the University of Chicago.A phosphorescent body is one which, when subjected to light-rays,or perhaps to ultra-violet invisible rays, itself becomes luminous andcontinues to emit light after the excitation has been removed. It ispossible that all solids have this property, but if so most of them haveperiods of self-luminosity following excitation so short that they cannotbe detected by present methods.Professor Wood has devised a high-power apparatus which generatesultra-violet rays of singular intensity invisible to the ordinary eye.They have been used for the purpose of naval signaling, in particularfor providing invisible running lights for convoys. The raysare detectedby the receiver by means of a wide-angle telescope with a screen whichphosphoresces under the influence of the ultra-violet rays from thesignaling apparatus. A similar device may be of use in cancer hospitalsfor diagnosing pathological conditions in tissues by phosphorescence.54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Wood exhibited at the lecture two lamps which made theentire audience and auditorium phosphorescent. Faces became self­luminous with a gray tint, teeth with bright blue, while artificial teethfor those unfortunate enough to possess them remained an inky black.Different dress materials phosphoresced with different colors correspond­ing to the properties of their various dyes. The lenses of the eyesbecame themselves phosphorescent, emanating rays of a light blue orlavender color, and this produced curious optical illusions in the eyesof the audience. For the light emanating from each person's own eye­lenses, impinging upon his own retina, gave him the impression thatthe whole room was filled with a luminous haze.The lenses of the eye do not diffract the ultra-violet rays from thelamps shown by Professor Wood in the same way that ordinary light­rays are diffracted. On account of the exceptionally high power of thelamps used at the lecture, they were visible to the entire audience. Butbecause of the unusual diffraction of their rays in eye-lenses they hadquite different appearances to those near the stage and to those in therear. To the former the lamps appeared as small and sharply definedcircles of light, while to the latter they seemed luminous disks of thesize of cart wheels.A fluorescent body is one which receives light-rays of one type and,as a result of the excitation so produced, re-emits light of a differentcharacter. There are, for example, substances which when illuminatedby red light give out again rays which are green. Some varieties of redink show this property slightly. Professor Wood has demonstratedconclusively the interesting scientific fact that fluorescence of thischaracter is always accompanied by a chemical decomposition of somesort in the fluorescent substance. A particular example is a substancecalled rhodamine which when first illuminated with blue light producesorange-red. Later it gives green, and at a final stage in its chemicaltransformation it becomes non-fluorescent.The meetings attained their maximum of attendance and activityon Wednesday and Thursday. On Friday only a half-dozen of theaffiliated societies were holding meetings, and on Saturday the geog­raphers alone persisted in wending solitary ways across the desertedquadrangles and through silent halls. The meetings were over, and oneof the greatest gatherings of scientists ever held in America had passedinto history.A GIANT STARI •By GEORGE ELLERY HALEDirector of the Mount Wilson Observatory, Non-Resident Professor of Astrophysicsin the University of ChicagoOn December 13, 1920, the diameter of the bright red star Betel­geuze (Arabic for "the giant's shoulder") in the constellation of Orionwas successfully measured on Mount Wilson. The stars are so remotethat hitherto it has not been possible to measure their diameters, inspite of the fact that many stars must be much larger than the sun.In his presidential address last August before the British Associationfor the Advancement of Science, Professor A. S. Eddington, the well­known astronomer of the University of Cambridge, remarked: "Prob­ably the greatest need of stellar astronomy at the present day, in orderto make sure that our theoretical deductions are starting on the rightlines, is some means of measuring the apparent angular diameter ofstars." He then went on to predict that "the star with the greatestapparent diameter is almost certainly Betelgeuze, diameter 0.051seconds of arc." The result just obtained is a remarkable verificationof this prediction.The measurement was made with the roo-inch Hooker telescope by­Messrs. Pease and Anderson of the Observatory staff. No telescopeis powerful enough to measure directly the extremely small angle sub­tended by a star. This very difficult and delicate task is rendered pos­sible by a method devised by Professor Michelson, Director of theRyerson Physical Laboratory of the University of Chicago and ResearchAssociate of the Mount Wilson Observatory and the California Insti­tute of Technology. While this method is too technical to be clearlyexplained in a short article, it may be said that it is based upon thephenomenon known as the interference of light. The special instrumentdevised by Professor Michelson for the application of the method istherefore called an "interferometer," and a very large instrument ofthis kind, 20 feet in length, was recently built in the Observatory instru­ment shop. During Professor Michelson's visit to Mount Wilson lastsummer this interferometer was attached to the upper end of the tube ofthe roo-inch telescope and successfully adjusted and tested. Afterfurther tests and improvements, it has now been applied to the measure­ment of Betelgeuze.55THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe measured angular diameter is 0.046 seconds of arc, in surpris­ingly close agreement with Professor Eddington's calculation. Whilethis is a preliminary value, which will be improved by subsequent meas­ures, it is probably correct within 10 per cent.To learn the linear diameter of the star, we must know its distancefrom the earth. The three available measures of the distance of Betel­geuze are not in very close agreement, but their average is probablyfairly reliable. Using this value, the diameter of the star comes outnearly three hundred million miles. In other words, it would almostfill the entire orbit of Mars!The colossal size of Betelgeuze will be recognized when it is comparedwith the sun, which is less than a million miles in diameter. The sun,if it were a hollow sphere, would contain a million bodies as large asthe earth; or if the earth were fixed at its center, the moon, 240,000miles away, could move in its orbit and have much room to spare.Yet when we remember that the sun, in a state of very attenuated gasmany millions of years ago, must have filled the entire solar system, werecognize the possibility that stars even larger than Betelgeuze mayexist.The new result beautifully confirms the recent conclusions of Russell,Hertzsprung, and other students of stellar evolution. A few years agoRussell showed that there must be two great classes of stars: the "giants,"huge gaseous bodies in an early stage of development, and the "dwarfs,"which have condensed to the stage represented by our sun and by manyyellow and red stars whose life-histories are still more advanced. Thevalidity of Russell's views has been borne out by the investigations ofDr. Adams and his associates on Mount Wilson, through the use ofAdams' new and remarkable method of measuring the' distance andintrinsic brightness of stars with the spectroscope.The successful measurement of the actual diameter of a stellar"giant" now furnishes the last link in the chain, and prepares the wayfor a most promising extension of our investigations on stellar evolution.The ao-foot interferometer is probably large enough to permit themeasurement of several stars of different spectral types, representingdifferent stages of development. Ultimately it may become 'necessaryto build a more powerful interferometer, to deal with stars of smallerangular diameter.But this beautiful instrument, so characteristic of the long series ofdevices by which Professor Michelson has enriched the equipment ofthe physicist and the astronomer, is by J;l0 means limited to theA GIANT STAR 57measurement of stellar diameters. It has already been applied withthe roo-inch telescope to the determination, with amazing precision, ofthe orbit of Capella, a double star with components so close togetherthat their angular separation cannot be measured in any other way.Inthe further study of extremely close double stars of this class thereis a great opportunity to apply the interferometer. And there is reasonto hope that many other applications of this method will also be madein stellar astronomy.Science owes a great debt of gratitude to Professor Michelson formany beautiful instruments and results. The youthful vigor with whichhe still pushes forward his investigations, with no diminution of the oldfire, promises much for the future.FRANK BIGELOW TARBELLBy ROBERT HERRICKFrank Bigelow Tarbell was born at Groton, Massachusetts, Janu­ary I, 1853. He attended the little district school of West Groton (whereat the conclusion of one term he had his first experience of teaching), thenwent to the Lawrence Academy at Groton Centre, from which hegraduated at the age of sixteen. After waiting a year he entered YaleCollege, from which he received the Bachelor's degree in 1873 when hewas not quite twenty years old. After graduation he spent two years inEurope with a New York family, and then returning to Yale as teacherand student received the Ph.D. in 1879. From 1876 to 1887 he was firsttutor in Greek, then assistant professor of Greek and instructor in logicat Yale. In 1888-89 he served as annual director of the American Schoolof Classical Studies in Athens; from 1889-92 he was instructor inGreek at Harvard College; during the year 1892-93 he was secretary ofthe American School in Athens. He returned to America to become amember of the faculty of the new University of Chicago, first as associateprofessor of Greek (1893-94) and finally as professor of archaeology until1918, when he retired from teaching. He bought a house in Pomfret,Connecticut, where he intended to make his home. He died after anoperation in a hospital at New Haven on December 4, 1920.Professor Tarbell was author of The Philippics of Demosthenes (1880),A History of Greek Art (1896), A Catalogue of Greek Bronzes, etc., in theField Museum of Natural History (1909).Such are the brief, colorless statements in which may be summed theprofessional activities of Professor Tarbell, but in his case the formalrecord of his connection with academic institutions during forty-fiveyears indicates even less of the quality. and the significance of the manthan it usually does. A fastidious and accurate scholar in subjects ofslight and waning popularity, always physically delicate, tempera­mentally shy, and incapable of any sort of forthputting or self­advertisement, nevertheless Mr. Tarbell made a distinctive impressionin communities as disparate as New Haven, Cambridge, Athens, andChicago, and among undergraduates, graduate students, colleagues, andin his more restricted contacts with the general public, largely through thedistinction of his personality, the beauty of his character. His lifewas a vivifying evidence of the weight of intangible quality in the58FRANK BIGELOW TARBELL 59community-the respect that men pay to purely spiritual values whenpresented in a character of scrupulous sincerity and human dignitysuch as Tarbell's. Although his classes were latterly small in numbersand his interest slight in the merely business functions of his profession,few men who have been connected with the University of Chicagoheld more fully the respect of his colleagues when he conferredwith them, or had more definitely created a position of his own in thecommunity. What, then, were the salient qualities of a man who couldso cogently speak to his fellows in spite of obvious handicaps?As a teacher Mr. Tarbell aroused the respect of students for thetransparent integrity of his mental processes, for his scrupulous scholar­ship, which was but one aspect of his precise regard for the truth in allmatters, so well known by his friends. That the American undergradu­ate, though rarely scholarly in his instincts, can appreciate this dis­tinguished quality in a teacher, we have the testimony of many oldpupils, and especially these words by Professor William Lyon Phelps,one of Mr. Tarbell's first students, spoken at a memorial meeting heldin New Haven shortly after Mr. Tarbell's death:When I was a Sophomore I was fortunate enough to have him as myinstructor in Greek, and particularly fortunate that he taught us Sophocles.He was not what is known as a popular teacher, being rather severe, formal,and distant in manner. But it is greatly to his credit and also to the credit ofthe undergraduates that by sheer intellectual distinction and force of characterhe became one of the greatest personal influences in our college course .....In the junior year he taught the whole class logic. In his hands logic was not adull, empty succession of forms; it was a first-rate mental tonic to every thinkingman. In my senior year I took three electives that he offered-in fact everycourse he gave, for I knew that I could learn more from him, no matter what thesubject might be, than from almost anyone else. . . . . He welcomed intellec­tualopposition: the classroom was a field of hot discussion and every talk hegave us was filled with challenging ideas. His method was simply that of oneserious man talking with others-the whole subject was illuminated by hisintelligence, by his profound insight, and by his absolute sincerity. I cannotexpress the debt lowe him for mental awakening and for the example of intel­lectual honesty and candour, which he unconsciously gave us.The example of intellectual honesty and candor which he uncon­sciously gave forth! That was, perhaps, the key not only of his pro­fessional influence but of his character. No man of my acquaintancepossessed to the degree that Tarbell did the passion for truth, the rever­ence for mental integrity.60 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAkin with this scholar's passion for exact truth, there was in him in avery rare sense the love of pure beauty, which was what doubtless firstattracted him to Greek studies and later when he was free to direct hisacademic interests to the study of classical archaeology. And to him thedead subjects of his inquiry were always the living examples of idealbeauty. His learning, his apparatus, never fogged the issue of beauty.Mr. Tarbell did not have the habit of easy emotions-the gush mind-northe popularizer's facile vocabulary, but his very handling of a vase be­trayed the passion of his soul for the ideal therein incorporated. Thereis a devotion of simple, exact statement, a quiet reticence of appreciationthat is more eloquent than ecstatic phrase-and such was the Tarbellmanner in dealing with fine art. Once it was my good fortune to crosshis steps in Rome, on one of his frequent pilgrimages to the museums ofEurope in which he used to spend his vacation periods. I well rememberthe initiation it was to me, largely ignorant of all the technicalities ofarchaeology, to visit with him the Vatican, the Capitoline, the Thermae,to make the rounds of the new discoveries in the Forum., then beingrevealed by the excavations of Boni-the afternoon spent on the Pala­tine, another on the Janiculum, our excursions to the Campagna. Tar­bell had a very modest, unpretending way of giving out his own wideknowledge, of offering his own-judgments. One felt that learning withhim was-as it always should be where it touches any fine art-nothing initself as a curiosity, everything as a means to understanding and per­ception. But he taught most by his own preferences! It was educa­tional to observe the selective swiftness with which his mind singledout memorable objects, ignoring the lesser fragments, the weaker andbaser efforts of imitative periods that clutter even the greatest collections.He had winnowed the field of beauty before, yet always held his judgmentopen to correct old prejudices. He never interpolated himself betweenthe object and the student. He irradiated it with his own maturedenthusiasm for beautiful things, his love and his desire for understandingbeauty in many forms.Before leaving this aspect of Mr. Tarbell, the teacher side of him andhis contact with those younger than himself, it should be noted that inspite of his shyness, his habitual personal reticence, and his always delicatehealth, he attracted young men to him, just as he was singularly drawn tothem-especially personable young men, vigorous in mind and body, withbalance of character, not merely specialists in his own field, the "grinds."It was the appealing beauty of youth, the freshness, the goodness of it,which as to a Greek was a perpetual charm to him. And many suchFRANK BIGELOW TARBELL 61young men friends he had who sought the companionship of the delicatescholar, came to him for sympathy, advice, discussion, for the sakeabove all of that rare quality in the older man, who though so much thescholar and the very opposite of their own vigorous manhood had sufficientsympathetic imagination to enter into their lives. It was here again thatbeauty was the bond, beauty of person, beauty of mind and character,beauty of soul. And it was remarkable how many of these passing asso­.ciations of the college community he kept alive years after separation.Men wrote to him freely-even from the remote camps of the GreatWar-for he had a faculty for affectionate friendship. ,Latterly this same feeling for youth, one might even say this yearninglove for all that was young, was intensified by the war, in which his ownparticipation was necessarily so limited. He early" adopted" a numberof French war-orphans, and characteristically he took this act of imper­sonal charity in a wholly personal and conscientious manner, being atpains to write his little foreign" god children" regularly, evincing morethan a stranger's passing kindness in his efforts to understand their per­sonal needs and qualifications so that he might become more to them thana distant dole. With these and similar interests he filled those drearyyears of inactive participation in the world-tragedy.Tarbell's relation to his pupils and to youth, his extra-professionaldevotion to beauty (where Puritan and Greek often meet in a para­doxical unity), even his shy affections, do not explain sufficiently theman's spirit and its significance to others. For his importance, as Ihave hinted already, was altogether beyond that of his direct participa­tion in the life around him, though I must not imply that this directparticipation was negligible. In those days when general facultymeetings were held Mr. Tarbell attended, perhaps less from inclinationthan from his pervading sense: of the importance of all, duty, of doingespecially carefully those things with which one's function in life wasimmediately concerned. When he rose to speak in faculty meeting­which was not frequent and usually after all those of readier wit andwisdom had exhausted themselves-there was invariably a quickeningof attention as in expectation of some word, no matter what view might bevoiced, weighty and judicious and without a trace of self-interest or self­concern in it. He spoke, indeed, frugally (with an admirable choice ofwords), for he was frugal in all things, abhorring waste of all kinds asimmoral and vulgar. In faculty meetings one speaks, I suppose, less toconvince others than to free the mind of its own burden, but when Mr.Tarbell sat down (as abruptly as he had risen) one had the impression thatTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDhe had crystallized opinion, focused it at least, if he had not actuallyswayed it. And this again was due more to his innate quality, hisdignity and rectitude, than to his argument, good as that often was.Mr. Tarbell was fond of people, of many kinds of people, and consid­ering his disabilities of health and the scattering nature of modern life hekept close to many friends, to whom he manifested his devotion in shy,constant ways other than speech. He had all the Puritan's inhibitionsin expressing personal feeling, yet those who thought him cold utterlymissed the man. But he never bought friendship at the price of insin­cerity or pretense or even a facile acquiescence. He could be as brusque,almost as cutting, as the most supercilious worldling, though with a whollydifferent inspiration. He would correct a mispronunciation or a mis­statement or an exaggeration with all a schoolmaster's flat insistence,yet with � lovable smile that withdrew any sting of mortification. Hiswas not the schoolmaster's desire for petty verbal triumphs, which forcedhis brusqueness, but the inability to tolerate anything less than thetruth in even the smallest of details. Nor could he mouth those politeinsincerities, which we so prodigally use to oil the social machinery orcover our own vacuity. "Thy speech shall be yea, yea, nay, nay."In a society less exacting or less convinced as to the nature of truth, suchsternness of precise statement about unessential matters might seemmerely an idiosyncracy to be smiled at. But his friends understood thesource of his quaint outspokenness and loved him the more for it.This austerity of speech went so far with Tarbell that he could nottolerate those easy defamations of character which make up so much ofthe careless intercourse among lazy-minded people. Nothing in sociallife has more distinguished itself in my memory than Tarbell's mannerof treating these cheap disloyalties of the dinner table. He wouldbecome under them increasingly solemn, glum, as some reputation wasridiculed or traduced until at a certain point beyond endurance hewould state gravely, uncompromisingly, "So and So is a friend of mine."That was enough! The most flippant conversational bravo wouldhardly venture across the silence created by this simple affirmation, andthe conversation would proceed along other, impersonal lines, recoveringfrom the shock of an encounter with a real principle. He hated, indeed,anything that pertained to gossip, to the reporting of ill or the belittlingof anybody, friend or unknown. During the many years that I knew him,lived in his house, I never heard him denounce or repeat denunciations.Personalities seemed to the man vulgar as well as corrupting. Yet withFRANK BIGELOW TARBELLall this austerity he had a lively sense of humor. He realized, I amsure, the weaker points of his associates and could laugh gently withthem against themselves. And he loved the burlesque and the ironicin literature+-Carroll, Thackeray, Leacock, DeMorgan, the Line 0' Type(of which he was an assiduous reader, often punctuating the breakfasttable silence with appreciative chuckles, roused neither by editorial nornews item).To get nearer the man, yet not wholly within his secret, I thinkthat the quality which distinguished Tarbell from most men I haveknown was his austere serenity of spirit. He almost never complained,indeed until the very last rarely spoke about himself or imposed his likesand dislikes, his own preoccupations. He was both reticent and reserved,as one often finds with New Englanders, but he participated in life,his sympathies were warm, his nature really emotional. What made himmost important to those who knew him was the sense of a lofty, incorrupt­ible sta:l1dard within him of life, of conduct, of values, by which he judgedall things, but chiefly himself-e-a standard from which he less than mostmen ever swerved or compromised with or denied. There was a Romanquality of stoicism in his austere spirit, and men, young and old, quicklyfelt the nobility of it, feared, respected, yes, loved it.Into an alien world of restless activities, of neglect largely ofthe gods he himself most reverenced, into the febrile, often vulgar worldof our day, this frail scholar from Puritan New England brought withouta trace of compromise his simpler, more austere ideal of living, and solived his life, so illumined it WIth his honesty and sincerity, that noman who knew him could mistake what sort of person he was. Andothers, though often owning fealty to looser gods, nevertheless paid aninstinctive homage to one who so consistently, so unaffectedly, lived outhis own beliefs, who was so wholly of a piece as was till's man. In itsway it was a little miracle of the spirit that it should be so, like the pres­ence in the market place of some ancient statue, on whom all busy littlermen glancing as they pass on their sweaty errands get somehow, more orless vividly, a message from other worlds, with other ends, other valuesthan their own.Thus what Mr. Tarbell in the main embodied was the best traditionof his Puritan race, integrity of heart and mind and soul, an undeviatingdevotion to truth as he saw it, to conduct as he understood it, to beautyas he realized it within him. The world might go its alien ways; herarely undertook to judge anyone but himself; life might not be turningTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDout as he would have it, but never for one moment of his entire life didit occur to him that he might accept the easier habits and standards ofthis slacker, less exigent world. Rigid to himself, he was tender, for­bearing, non-critical toward others. And therein lies the true aristoc­racy of the best Puritan-hardness to himself, gentleness to others,and faith in the truth within him, though none other follows it.The making of books, the winning of honors, the accomplishments ofscholarship-all these apart-the mere e�istence in any community ofmen like Professor Tarbell is a blessing, establishing unobtrusively, yetsteadily, an u:ndeviating standard of being by which feebler souls maysilently measure and judge themselves.CHARLES ALLEN MARSHAt a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Baptist TheologicalUnion held January 4, '1921, the following memorial was adopted as anexpression of the loss. sustained by the Board in the death of Mr. CharlesA. Marsh, late president of the Baptist Theological Union and of itsBoard of Trustees:Charles Allen Marsh 'was one of the men who, during forty years and more,ha ve helped to shape and guide the life of our rapidly growing, ever changing city.Like so many other prominent Chicagoans of his generation, he was born and grewup in a small town. His father was a professor at Denison University, in Granville,Ohio, and a leader in all the educational and religious interests that center there.The heritage and atmosphere of such a home not only endowed him with unusualqualities of mind and heart, but directed the development of his rich nature towardthose ideals of character and service which his later life has so largely realized. Hecame from Granville to Chicago in 1878, immediately following his own graduationfrom Denison; and, from that day to this, he has identified himself ever more com­pletely with the highest interests of our city.As a business man, he began at the bottom of the lumber trade, and worked hisway up until he became one of that large group of suc.cessful men of affairs who,without any conspicuous position in the public eye, have together made Chicago themetropolis of the Central West.But his interests and ambitions have never been limited to the building up of hisown business. Whatever has concerned the welfare and the progress of the city hasbeen a concern to him. In his own Hyde Park community, where he resided forthirty-five years, he identified himself closely and actively with all the highest life ofthe neighborhood, and set an example of loyal and generous public service such asfew citizens, older or younger, can match.We recall with a special sense of indebtedness and gratitude his services as amember of the Board of the Baptist Theological Union since 1898, and as Presidentof the Board since 1905. During this long period he helped to guide the developmentof one of the important departments of the University of Chicago, and to promotethe closer relationships which have been steadily drawn between the Divinity Schooland the churches of the city. We who have served with him and under him on theBoard realize, as no one else can, the conscientious faithfulness and vigorous initiativewhich he brought to its leadership.The thoroughness of method and careful attention to detail, which were so charac­teristic of the business he organized, were carried over into this, as into all his otheractivities. One of his associates on the board of directors of another welfare organi­zation said of his service there, what many of us would say with equal truth of hisrelation to our Board, "You know he was oftener in his place than any of the rest ofus. " We shall not soon forget that, during what proved to be his last illness, thework of this Board and his own responsibility as its president were constantly upon-6566 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis mind and heart. He was one of the few men whose versatility was not purchasedat the price of efficiency and reliability; doing many things, he did them all pains­takingly and well.His marked powers of initiative were equally conspicuous in this service. Neversatisfied with the results thus far attained, no matter how encouraging, he was con ...stantly seeking new ways of increasing the efficiency of the Board over which hepresided, and the work for which it was responsible. He was not content that wemerely transact and ratify routine business; he wanted us to be what he was himself,a builder of the larger and better future, with visions not yet realized.But none of these qualities, nor all of them together, explain the depth of affectionor tenderness of sorrow that are in all our hearts as we realize his loss. Many of ushave never known a man more liberally endowed with the most lovable qualities ofpersonality and temperament. All his relations to the work of this Board, and of theDivinity School, were irradiated with the spontaneous and overflowing friendlinesswhich was perhaps his deepest characteristic. 'We mourn him, not only as a lostleader, but as a dear friend.To his wife and children we send this assurance of our deep and sincere sympathyin their sore loss; and we spread this statement upon our permanent records as anexpression of our great indebtedness and our high regard.(Signed) CHARLES W. GILKEYSHAILER MATHEWSJ. SPENCER DICKERSONCommitteeEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHT­EENTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and EighteenthConvocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, December 21,at 4:00 P.M. The Convocation State­ment was made by President Harry PrattJudson.The award of honors was announced.Kenneth Fowler received the Mr. andMrs. Frank G. Logan Fellowship inPathology; Richard Hamilton Eliel andPearl Robertson, the Civil GovernmentPrizes. The election of the followingstudents as associate members to SigmaXi was announced: Clarence FrankGunsaulus Brown, Charles Neil Cameron,Patrick Arthur Delaney, Kenneth Han­cock Goode, Simon Herman Herzfeld,Noel Paul Hudson, Paul Myron Kauf­man, Frederick William Kranz, MargareteMeta Kunde, Walter Ferdinand Loeh­wing, Benjamin Tell Nelson, Joseph Pelc,Verne Donaldson Snyder, William Bur­dette Zuker. The election of thefollowing students as members of SigmaXi was announced: Ina Sprague Bowen,Edward Tankard Browne, Robert GuyBuzzard, Ethel Florence Carlson, EarlClark Case, Henry Erwin Cope, HenryLeon Cox, James Milton Eglin, FredWilbert Emerson, Marie Farnsworth,Aaron Feldman, Helen Turnbull Gilroy,Theophil Paul Graver, Milton CharlesEdward Hanke, Anson Hayes, Vestus'Twiggs Jackson, Clarence Edward Jones,.Alfred Edward Jurist, Claribel Kendall,William Scribner Kimball, Robert StemLandauer, Wen Chao Ma, LawrenceEarl McAllister, John Frank McBride,Daniel Bartlett MacCallum, Cyrus Col­ton MacDuffee, Earle Brenneman Miller,George Spencer Monk, Clarence John.Monroe, Shinzo Motohashi, RobertSanderson Mulliken, Eduardo Quisum­bing, Esme Eugene Rosaire, HaywardMerriam Severence, Rietta Simmons,Robb Spaulding Spray, Stewart DuffieldSwan, Lloyd William Taylor, HaroldLincoln Thompson, Frank Ernest Aloy-.sius Thone, Edgar Cleveland Turner,_Karl Skillman VanDyke, Hugo Bernard Wahlin, Howard Wakefield, Carl JohnWarden, Imogene Dolores Willard, Mar­garet Fitch Willcox, The election of thefollowing students to the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa was an­nounced: Alvin Herman Baum, JamesCarlin Crandall, Harold Lewis Hanisch,Alice Ruth Koch, Sadie Lindenbaum,Esther Frances Marhofer, Edgar BurkeReading (March, '20), . James JohnToigo (June, '19), William WeldonWatson.Honorable mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges: NelsonPaul Anderson, Maurice Louis Cohen,Gertrude Haydon Crawshaw, John AdamDoering, Max Fienberg, Virginia Foster,Helena Margareta Gamer, Percival Tay­lor Gates, Karl Hesley, Joseph StevenJelinek, Olivia Grace Kirchhoff, EdwardGowan Lunn, Georgine Adolph Moerke,Catherine Adams Moore, Bernard Rad­cliffe Mortimer, Marion Ruger Norcross,Louise Putzke, Irving Carey Reynolds,Loren Clark Sheffield, Mary KathrynStubbins, Esther Kate Swiren, ElizabethVilas, Gerald Royce Wallick, LeonardDankmar Weil, Max Joseph Wester�Honorable mention for excellence in thework leading to the certificate of theCollege of Education: Mary GraceTurner. The Bachelor's degree wasconferred with honors on the followingstudents: Isabel Allen, Alvin HermanBaum, Evelyn Buchan, Margaret EdithBurner, Leo Kampf Campbell, JamesCarlin Crandall, Mary Selina Foote,Sidney Frisch, Gertrude Edith Griffin,Harold Lewis Hanisch, Francis DonaldHarper, Emily Margaret Hartmann,Olive Leslie Hutchinson, Samuel DavidIsaly, Vera Margaret Jurz, Alice RuthKoch, Esther Frances Marhofer, HelenVirginia Means, Edgar Burke Reading,Anna Sherrod, Francesca Cowie Shotwell,Aimee Elizabeth Taggart, Phyllis Eliza ...beth Taylor, James John Toigo, HelenFrancis Walker, William Weldon Watson.Honors for excellence in. particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges wereawarded to the following students:Isabel Allen, Latin,· Alvin Herman BauID,Political Economy and Political Science;68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEvelyn Buchan, Sociology; MargaretEdith Burner, Romance; Leo KempfCampbell, Chemistry; Leo Kempf Camp ..bell, Physiological Chemistry; JamesCarlin Crandall, French; Mary SelinaFoote, Political Science; Sidney Frisch,Law; Francis Donald Harper, Chemistry;·Emily Margaret Hartmann, Bacteriology;Olive Leslie Hutchinson, Botany; SamuelDavid Isaly , Political Economy; EstherFrances Marhofer, French and Spanish;Eula Ward May, French; Edgar BurkeReading, Greek, Latin, and GeneralLiterature; Anna Sherrod, English; Fran ..cesca Cowie Shotwell, Home Economics;Aimee Elizabeth Taggart, General Litera­ture; Yasutaro Tanaka, Law; JamesJohn Toigo, Hietory; Helen FrancesWalker, English; Janie Herring Watkins,History; William Weldon Watson,Mathematics and Physics.Degrees were conferred as follows:The Colleges: the certificate of the Collegeof Education, 4; the degree of Bachelorof Arts, 4; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy, 53; the degree of Bachelorof Science, 29; the degree of Bachelorof Philosophy in Education, I I; thedegree of Bachelor of Science in Educa­tion, I ; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Adminis­tration, 4; The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 2; the degreeof Bachelor of Divinity, 3; The LawSchool: the degree of Bachelor of Laws,I; the degree of Doctor of Law, I; TheGraduate Schools of Arts, Literature, andScience: the degree of Master of Arts,12; the degree of Master of Science. g;the degree of Doctor of Philosophy I I.The total number of degrees conferredwas 14I.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at IO:30 A.M., Sunday, December 19;in the Reynolds Club. At I I: 00 A.M.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, theConvocation Religious Service was .held.The preacher was the Reverend LathanA. Crandall, D.D., editor of The Baptist.�GENERAL ITEMSThe total registration at the Universityof Chicago during the quarter just closedwas 5,993, as against 5,682 for the corre­sponding quarter a year ago. This isthe largest quarter's enrolment in theUniversity's history thus far. In thisconnection it is interesting to note thetotal attendance for several years past, showing the effect of war on the Uni ver­sityand the restoration of normal con­ditions. The total attendance in 1916-17was IO,44S; in 1917-18, 9,°32; in 19I5-19,8,635; in 1919-20, IO,880; and duringthe four quarters of the current year theattendance bids fair to be upwards ofI 1,000_Professor Frank Bigelow Tarbell,Professor Emeritus of Classical Archae­ology 'in the University, died' in NewHaven, Connecticut, on December 4,1920. A sketch of Professor Tarbell byhis intimate friend, Professor RobertHerrick, appears in this number of theRecord, and a memorial meeting has beenarranged for January I2, 192I.Mr. Charles Allen Marsh, President ofthe Board of Trustees of the BaptistTheological Union, died in Chicago onOctober 3I, 1920. Funeral services wereheld in the Hyde Park Baptist Churchin the afternoon of November 2. AMemorial adopted by the. Board ofTrustees of the Baptist TheologicalUnion is printed in this number of theRecord.Hamlin Garland, the novelist, whoselatest book, A Son of the Middle Border,is recognized as a vivid picture of earlierlife in the Middle West, lectured at theUniversity on Monday, October 18, hissubject being " Makers of AmericanLiterature."Major General Sir Arthur Currie,Commander of the Canadian Army inFrance and now Principal of McGillUniversity, Montreal, visited the Uni­versity on October 19. He spoke to themen students in the Harper Quadrangleand to the women students at IdaNoyes Hall, afterward taking luncheonwith President Judson.On the afternoon of October 20 LoradoTaft, Professorial Lecturer on the Historyof Art at the University, gave an addressbefore the Renaissance Society and itsfriends at his new monumental group ofsculpture in Washington Park, "TheFountain of Time," which has become agreat center of interest in Chicago. Hespoke on the significance of the work,which consists of more than eightyfigures symbolizing the passing of thehuman race before the immovable figureof Time.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 69The International J oint Commissionon Waterways, representing the govern­ments of the United States and Canada,witnessed the Chicago-Ohio footballgame on Stagg Field on October 30, andafterward were shown about the Uni­versity by a committee of members ofthe Faculty. They were received byPresident Judson at his office and laterhad tea at Ida Noyes Hall.The University of Chicago Pressmaintained a special booth at the secondannual Book Fair in the book section ofMarshall Field and Company. As pub ...lisher for the Chicago Historical Society,the Geographic Society of Chicago, theCity Club, and the Art Institute ofChicago, as well as through its ownpublications, it was able to present anexhibit of unusual interest to residentsof Chicago and the Middle West.Dr. W. H. de Beaufort, the NetherlandsCharged' Affairs at Washington, D.C., wasthe guest of the University on November10. Dr .. de Beaufort gave an address inHarperAssembly Room at 4:30 on thatday, on "The Netherlands and theNetherland Indies at the Commencementof the Twentieth Century and TheirRelations with the United States." Hewas accompanied by John Vennema,Netherlands Consul General at Chicago,Mr. H. A. Van C. Torchiana, ConsulGeneral at San Francisco, Dr. SteynParve, Consul General at New YorkCity, and Dr. D. H. Andreae, Commer­cial Attache,I Princess Julia Grant Cantacuzene­Speransky lectured at the University inHarper Assembly Room at 4:30 P.M., onNovember 24. Her subject was "Russia"and she made a deep impression uponan' audience which crowded every footof space in the hall.The library collected by the ChicagoSchool of Civics and Philanthropy, nowmerged in the University of Chicago,has been presented to the University.The library numbers more than 3,000volumes and will be a valuable asset inthe work of the new Graduate Schoolof Social Service Administration and inthe School of Commerce and Administra­tion.The Chinese Students' Club of theUniversity gave a bazaar in Ida NoyesHall on November 20 to raise funds for the Chinese famine sufferers, and raisedmore than one thousand dollars forthat purpose.Under the auspices of the RenaissanceSociety of the University an exhibitionof replicas of ivories in European museumswas held November 29 to December 3 inIda Noyes Hall. These replicas, thework of Mr. Frederick Parsons, ofWaban, Massachusetts, are from originalswhich date from the fifth to the fifteenthcenturies, and represent many differentnational styles. The exhibition wasopened on November 29 with a briefaddress by Ernest Hatch Wilkins,Professor of Romance Languages in theUniversity.Dr. Wellington D. Jones, AssistantProfessor of Geography and Dean in theCollege of Science at the University ofChicago, is. conducting geographicalinvestigations in India. Concerning hiswork he writes:"My schedule in India is subject tochange as I meet different people, anddiscuss my plans with them; but itnow looks as though I should go directlyfrom Bombay via Delhi to Kashmir,the mountainous state in the north, so asto do my work there before the wintersnows set in. From Kashmir I expect tocome south into the Punjab, the greatirrigated section of Northwest India,making Lahore my center of study.Then I plan to work southeast to Cal­cutta, thence south to Ceylon, and thencenorth and west to Bombay, whence Ishall sail for home. At suitable placesalong. this general route through IndiaI shall stop from a week to two weeks tomake fairly intensive studies."Professor Jones, who' received both hisBachelor's and 'Doctor's degrees at theUniversity of Chicago, was at one timeassociated with the Geological Com­mission of Argentina and has conductedgeographical researches in China.The University football team playedseven games in the course of the AutumnQuarter, from October 9 to November20, as follows: Purdue 20�0; Wabash41-0; Iowa 10-0; Ohio 6-7; Illinois 0-3;Michigan 0-14; Wisconsin 0-3. TheMichigan game was played at Ann Arbor;all the others were played on StaggField. The largest attendance was atthe Illinois game, November 6, whichreached 27,545-THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMiss Elizabeth Madox Roberts, astudent in the Senior College of theUniversity of Chicago, has published inthe December Atlantic Monthly a groupof children's poems under the title "AChildren's Garland." The editor of theAtlantic says of them that they areautobiographical and that the peoplein them belong to the old Kentuckytown which is Miss Roberts' home. TheAtlantic announces other poems by thesame writer for' its January number.Miss Roberts received special mentionfor. her group of poems submitted in.. thefirst competition for the John BillingsFiske Prize in Poetry at the Universityof Chicago.President Harry Pratt Judson, andHon. Charles Evans Hughes, a trustee ofthe University, were guests of honor atthe meeting of the New York AlumniClub on the evening of December 3. Thismeeting was the most notable gathering ofChicago men ever held in New York City.The dinner was given at the MetropolitanClub.The president of the New York AlumniClub is Charles Moore Steel ('04), II5Broadway, and the secretary LawrenceMacflregor ('16), 49 Wall Street.Professor John Merle Coulter, Headof the Department of Botany, gave twolectures in Cleveland, December 10 andII, on the McBride Foundation ofWestern Reserve University. The sub­ject of the lectures was "History andPresent Status of Organic Evolution."The purpose of the Foundation is tooffer to the citizens of Cleveland semi ..popular lectures upon various subjectsby representatives from other universities.The annual Settlement Night benefitwas held on December n,'192o, in theTower Group, Mandel Hall, the Cloister,and the Reynolds Club all being utilized.The benefit was very successful andforty-five hundred dollars was raised forthe work of the Settlement.An exhibition of Japanese color printswas held in the Classics Building atthe University under the auspices of theRenaissance Society, December I4 to18: The collections belong to ProfessorHarry A. Bigelow, of ·the Law School,and Professor Chester W. Wright, of theDepartment of Political Economy. Pro- fessor Bigelow opened the exhibition withan address on the prints December 14.A hitherto little-known play, sup­posedly written by a contemporaryof Shakspere, has been edited byAssistant Professor Frank L. SchoeU, ofthe Department of Romance Languagesand Literatures. From internal evidencethe play, though anonymous, is attributedto George Chapman, the famous drama­tist. Its title is Charlemagne; or the'Distracted Emperor.The manuscript of the edition was inhand for publication by the Universityof Louvain when the city was sacked andmuch of the university burned by theGermans in 1914. Mr. Schoell, who wasa prisoner in Germany during part of thewar, has re-written all the notes as wellas the chapter on sources, and the playis now published with an introductionexplaining its history.Professor Floyd R. Mechem, of theLaw School, was recently entertained bythe officials of the Kansas City Schoolof Law and-the Kansas City Bar Associa­tion. A dinner in his honor was givenat the University Club by the law facultyand later he gave an address before thestudents of the school.Professor Julius Stieglitz, of the Depart­ment of Chemistry, delivered three lec­tures on November 3, 4, and 5, on theMayo Foundation, at Rochester, Minne­sota. The first was on "Chemistry andMedicine," and the other two were on"The Electrical Theory of Oxidation."Professor Robert Andrews Millikan,of the Department of Physics at theUniversity, has been elected third vice­chairman of the National ResearchCouncil for the year 19.20-21. Duringthe war Professor Millikan was vice­chairman of the Council. The NationalResearch Council is a co-operativeorganization of leading scientific andtechnical men of the country for thepromotion of scientific research and theapplication and dissemination of scientificknowledge for the benefit of the nationalwelfare.An unusually significant volume justissued by the University Press gathers upthe addresses and papers presented -atthe National Conference of Social WorkEVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREheld in New Orleans in April, 1920. Thepresident of the Conference, Mr. OwenR. Lovejoy, says in his opening addressthat "more money and effort will beexpended this year than in any previousyear in the world's history to alleviatethe distresses of poverty and to cureinjuries that have already been done."This keynote of the Conference isrepea ted in many other addresses byleaders in philanthropic social work,among them Jane Addams, Felix Adler,Hastings H. Hart, C. J. Galpin, E. G.Routzahn, and Robert E. Park.A modernized version, by Dr. MortimerFrank, of a famous book, Choulant'sHistory of A natomic Illustration, hasjust been issued by the University Pressfor a committee of twenty prominentphysicians and surgeons in the U ni tedStates. They have selected this volumeas a fitting memorial to Dr. Frank, whodied in 1919 soon after finishinghistask,He not only translated the volume butadded greatly to its value by new sectionsand many new illustrations.Announcement is just made by thepublishers of the "International CriticalCommentary" of a new volume, of morethan 600 pages, on the Epistle to theGalatians, by Professor Ernest D.Burton, Head of the Department of NewTestament and Early Christian Literatureat the University. It is now twenty-fiveyears since Professor Burton began thiswork, and it will undoubtedly take itsplace as one of the great New Testamentcommentaries in the International Series,to which President William RaineyHarper contributed his notable volumeon Amos and Hosea.Another scholarly work accomplishedby Professor Burton, in collaborationwith Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed of theDepartment of Biblical and PatristicGreek, has just been published (Decem ..ber, 1920) by the University of ChicagoPress-A Harmony of the SynopticGospels in Greek. It presents the Greektext of Matthew, Mark, and Luke inconvenient form for critical comparativestudy. The text is so arranged that theresemblances and differences in details ofexpression are easily observed.The seventh annual meeting of theAmerican Association of University Pro­fessors was held at the University onDecember 27 and 28, 1920. Among the 71questions discussed at the meeting werethe intellectual interests of undergradu ..a tes, the status of women in college anduniversity faculties, and the formulationof guiding principles for the Association.Arrangements have been made bymembers of the Faculties and of theBoard of Trustees of the Universityfor the painting of a portrait of JamesRowland Angell, formerly Dean ofthe Faculties and Head of the Depart­ment of Psychology at the University,who is now head of the Carnegie Corpora­tion of New York. Mr. Ralph Clarksonwas secured to paint Mr. Angell'sportrait which will soon be ready forexhibition.A new volume in the "University ofChicago Italian Series," L'Italia, waspublished in December by the UniversityPress. The authors of the book, ErnestHatch. Wilkins, editor of the series, andAntonio Marinoni, have written in asimple Italian style a series of twelvechapters which sketch the geography andpolitical organization of Italy; itsagriculture, industry, and commerce;public education, country life and citylife, and Italian history. The subjectsof the Italian language, literature, art,music, and science are also attractivelypresented.The volume is rendered more valuableby a map of the country and twelveillustrations of Italian scenes and worksof art.The University Press has just publishedThe Financial Organization of Society, byHarold G. Moulton. In this volumeProfessor Moulton suggests that modernbusiness has its setting in the midst of afinancial system upon which it is at alltimes dependent in manifold ways. Thesuccessful business man needs to knowtherefore not merely the relation of hisbusiness to the commercial bankingsystem but also its relation to all of theinstitutions which make up the financialstructure of society.Professor Moulton has been electedan honorary member of the ChicagoChapter of the American Institute ofBanking in recognition of his services tothat organization. -Professor Arthur O. Lovejoy, of theDepartment of Philosophy at JohnsTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDHopkins University, is lecturing at theU ni versity during the. Winter Quarter.Professor Lovejoy has been president ofthe American Philosophical Association,the W es tern Philosophical Associa tion,and the American Association of U ni­versi ty professors.In January, 1921, the Universitybegins the publication of the Journal ofReligion, which is to be issued bimonthlyhereafter by the University of ChicagoPress. This periodical, which continuestwo recognized leaders in their field, theBiblical World and the American Journalof Theology, is to cover the fields of thehistory of religion, Christianity, ethnicreligions, missions, religious education,church life, and the religious organ­ization of social movements. Criti­cal reviews of important books, compe­tent surveys of current articles, ana theinterpretation of significant events in thereligious world will also be included inthe scope of the Journal of Religion,which will be under the editorship ofGerald Birney Smith, formerly one of themanaging editors of the American Journalof Theology.An Institute for Church Workers isholding sessions Mondays from January10 to March 14, in Harper MemorialLibrary. Courses are offered in the OldTestament, the New Testament, ChurchHistory, Child� Psychology, SundaySchool Methods, and Religious Drama;and among those sharing in the work ofthe Institute are Shailer Mathews,Dean of the Divinity School; Daniel D.Luckenbill, Associate Professor of SemiticLanguages and Literatures; Joseph M.Artman, Associate Professor of ReligiousEducation and Vocational Guidance;Peter G. Mode, Assistant Professor ofChurch History; and Georgia L. Cham­berlin, Secretary of the American Insti­tute of Sacred Literature. ProfessorArtman lectures each Monday to minis- ters on "The Organization of ReligiousEducation in the Local Church," andDean Mathews discusses- "The Teachingof Jesus and Modern Life."The University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter were: October 3, theReverend Frank W. Gunsaulus, ArmourInstitute of Technology, Chicago; Octo­ber IO, Dr. Robert E. Speer, New YorkCity; October 17, Professor FrancisGreenwood Peabody, Harvard DivinitySchool; October 24, Reverend T.Rhondda Williams, Union Congrega­tional Church, Brighton, England; Octo­ber 31, Bishop Francis J. McConnell,Denver, Colorado; November 7, BishopMcConnell; November 14, PresidentJohn H. Finley, Commissioner of Educa­tion of the State of New York; Novem­ber 21, the Reverend David Hugh Jones,First Presbyterian Church, Evanston,Illinois; November 28, Dean Edward I.Bosworth, Oberlin College; December 5,Professor Albert Parker Fitch, AmherstCollege � December 1,2, the ReverendJames Gordon Gilkey, South Congrega­tional Church, Springfield, Massachu­setts; December 19, the ReverendLathan A. Crandall, Editor of TheBaptist.Assistant Professor J. W. E. Glattfeld,of the department of chemistry is spend­ing the Winter Quarter at the DesertLaboratory of the Carnegie Institutionat Tucson, Arizona.The efforts of the Disciples' DivinityHouse of the University, and of the HydePark Church of the Disciples to secure abuilding fund of $200,000 by January I,1921, were .successful, and the attractivedesign of Mr. Henry K. Holsman for thecombined church and Divinity Housepublished in the UNIVERSITY RECORD forJuly 1920 we may hope to see executedin the near future.AUENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 19201920 1919Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women Total--- --- --- --- --- ---I. ARTS, LITERATURE, ANDSCIENCE:I. Graduate Schools- ...Arts, Literature ....... 190 152 342 208 168 376 ...... 34Science ................ 252 82 334 232 87 319 IS ......-- --- --- --- --- --'- --- ---Total ..••.•...... 442 234- 676 440 255 695 ...... 192. The Colleges-Senior ..........••.... 586 449 1,035 466 395 861 174 ......Junior ............... 874 695 r,569 922 615 1,537 32 ......Unclassified .•......... 62 48 lIO 73 70 143 ...... 33--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---Total ............ 1,522 1,192 2,714 1,461 1,080 2,541 173 ......Total Arts, Litera-ture, and Science 1,964 1,426 3,390 I,901 I,335 3,236 154 ......ll. PROFESSIONAL SCllOOLS:I. Divinity School-Graduate.' .......•.... 91 14 105 93 ;£2 105 ...... ......(5 dup.) (1 dup.) (5 dup.) (3 p.)Unclassified .......•... 9 5 14 18 9 27 ...... 13Chicago Theological .... (1 dup.) (1 dup.)25 6 31 23 2 25 6 ......._- -- --- -- --- --- --- ---Total .......•.... 125 25 ISO 134 23 157 ...... 7*2. Courses in Medicine-Graduate ..••......... 80 23 103 67 18 85 18 ......Senior ................ 129 17 146 93 13 106 40 ......Junior .......•....... 2 ..... . 2 10 . ..... 10 ...... SUnclassified ........... 3 I 4 4 I 5 ...... I--- --- --- -- --- -- --- ---'Total ............ 214 41 255 174 32 206 49 ......3. Law School-'6 6 160Graduate .....•....•.. 1:47 153 154 ...... 7*Senior ................ 58 1 59 58 ....... 58 1 ......Candidates for LL.B ... 85 2 87 88 4 92 ...... 5Unclassified ........... 1 ..... . I I ...... I ....... ......-- --- -- -- -- --- ---Total ..........•. 291 9 300 301 10 3Il ...... II4· College of Education ..... 23 197 220 22 220 242 ...... 22s- School of Commerce andAdministration-Graduate ........•.... 26 3 29 ...... ...... ...... 29 ......Senior .. '� ............. 129 43 17� ...... ...... ...... . ..... ......Junior ................ 367 53 420 ...... ...... ...... . ..... ......Unclassified ......•.... 34 4 38 ...... ...... ...... ...... . .....-- -- -- --- -- --- _-- ---Total .•....••.... 556 103 659 446 137 583 76 ......6. Graduate School of SocialService Administration. 3 31 34 ...... ...... ...... 34 . .....-- -- --- -- -- -- --- ---Total Professional. 1,212 406 1,618 1,077 422 1,499 II9 ......Total University .. 3,176 1,832 5,008 2,978 1,757 4,735 273 ......*Deduct for Duplication ... 277 44 321 237 35 272 ...... .......--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---Net Totals in Quad-rangles ......... 2,899 1,788 4,687 2,741 1,722 4,463 224 ......-- -- --- --- --- --- --- ---University College ....... 284 1,022 1,306 258 961 1,219 87 ......-- --- --- ---, --- --- --- ---Totals in the Uni-versity ......... 3,183 2,810 5,993 2,999 2,683 5,682 3II ......