The University RecordVolume VI OCTOBER ig20 Number4THE NEW PAST1By JAMES HENRY BREASTED, Ph.D., LL.D.In spite of all her inventiveness and her numerous innovations, America is largely dominated by the past; but notwithstanding this fact thereis an extraordinary lack of consciousness of the past in America. Thereare plentiful evidences about us of our geological past, and such thingsas the moraines of northern Illinois or the Grand Canyon of the Coloradoinevitably remind us of vast lapses of geological time. But man mosteasily grasps the fact of the human past when he sees it embodied beforehim in survivals of human handiwork, and he most vividly discerns itslength when he finds it measured by the surviving material achievementsof men in utensils, buildings, or works of art. For the most part suchthings can be found only in Europe and the Orient.There are spots in Europe today where chance has brought strangelynear together and left lying side by side the relics of the earliest prehistoric savages and the evidences of so-called modern civilization—the earliest and latest points in the traceable human career. The soilof the battle-scarred hills overlooking the river Somme in northernFrance is thickly sown with fragments of steel shells which have penetrated deeply into the slopes and natural terraces made by the riverages ago. Today, when the great guns are silent, a few minutes' work witha shovel will uncover lying together in the gravels along the brow of thevalley the flint fist hatchet, the earliest surviving weapon of man, andthe jagged fragments of the modern explosive steel shell. There theylie, as you unearth them, side by side, the flint fist hatchet and the steel1 Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Seventeenth Convocation of the University held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, September 3, 1920.237238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDshell fragment, and the whole sweep of human history lies between them— -a story of at least fifty and perhaps a hundred and fifty thousand yearsof human endeavor leading us age by age from one to the other.Although not a few English historians still follow Freeman, his definition of history as "past politics" has been quite truthfully characterizedby Frederick Harrison's remark that it leaves out nine-tenths of the factsnecessary to understand the past — that is, nine-tenths of the essentialcontent of history. To no small extent history is a story of the conquestof material resources by means of highly varied devices, tools, implements, and machinery, if we include also in these things the consequences,industrial, social, political, artistic, and religious, which resulted from theirintroduction. The steam or gasoline cylinder is as truly the symbol ofthe present age as the stone fist hatchet is the sign manual of the StoneAge life of fifty thousand years ago.The recovery of the past in this larger sense is demanding a newtype of historian — a cosmopolitan student of man, who is alike anthropologist, archaeologist, ethnologist, comparative religionist, versed in artand literature and acquainted both with the classical and the leadingoriental languages of antiquity. With this equipment he must combine a magnanimous readiness to consider the disquieting possibilitythat civilization appeared in the eastern Mediterranean long before theGreeks themselves ever lived there, and he must cultivate a becomingfortitude of spirit to face with equanimity even the disclosure, so horrifying to some classicists among us, that the most sacred shrines of Greekculture were profaned by many foreign influences which furnishedthe primitive barbarism of the archaic Greeks with all the ordinarymaterial processes of civilized life, and restored civilization in Europeafter the barbarian invasions of the earliest Greeks had destroyed it,root and branch. Notwithstanding the laborious years necessary toproduce a historian with an equipment like this, men of this type arealready at work and their devoted labors are now recovering the impressive story of that age-long process by which the primitive forest of theStone Age hunter has given way to the modern forest of factory chimneys.The imposing task of recovering the story of the human past has,however, hardly more than begun. It is a little over two generationsago that Boucher de Perthes, the pioneer investigator in prehistoricarchaeology, discovered lying together in the high glacial gravels ofnorthern France along the river Somme the stone fist hatchet of theearliest European savage, together with the bones of colossal and longextinct mammals, which De Perthes declared to be contemporary withTHE NEW PAST 239the fist hatchet. It is less than two generations ago that the Englishscientists Huxley, Prestwich, Sir Charles Lyell, and others visited theSomme Valley and substantiated the facts observed by Boucher dePerthes. As a result of this visit Lyell published his epoch-makingvolume on The Antiquity of Man, which appeared during our Civil War.We are all familiar with Huxley's discomfiture of the Anglican bishopswhich followed this final recognition of the enormous age of man, forsome of us read the debate in our younger days in the current magazines.The revelation of thousands of years of oriental history, lying backof anything before known of the Ancient East, is equally recent. Rollin'sAncient History, in English translation, though its author had littlemore than Herodotus and the Old Testament as sources for the historyof the Ancient East, is still offered for sale in the windows of our downtown bookshops; and in my boyhood it was still widely read. Myfather's copy of Layard's Nineveh and Babylon, the marvel of my boyhood, with its mysterious winged and human-headed bulls on the cover,went into his library, as shown by the date on the flyleaf, in 1869; whilethe title-page is dated 1859. It was only a few years earlier that thedecipherment of Babylonian and Assyrian cuneiform was achieved,and the first inscriptions in Egyptian hieroglyphic were read only aquarter of a century earlier. Our knowledge of these languages andthese systems of writing is still far from complete and is making dailyprogress.Thus with startling suddenness and practically in our own time thecurtain has been drawn aside, permitting us to look back into the deepsof a past so appallingly remote that neither thought nor education haveas yet become adjusted to it. Let us for a moment look back into thisimposing vista of human development, disclosed to us by the investigation of prehistoric man in Europe on the one hand and of the once lostcivilizations in the Orient on the other.Almost everyone is aware that we can now trace the forward movement of earliest man in Europe through many thousands of years ofstruggle with the material world. The great polar ice cap descendingon the north side of the Mediterranean for the fourth time, drivingthe European savages of the Early Stone Age southward and thenslowly retreating northward again, has become for us a vast geologicalclock, the fourfold rhythmic swing of whose colossal ice pendulumfurnishes dim intimations of an enormous lapse of time, during whichthe gradual improvement of man's stone weapons and implementsdiscloses his slow advance on the long road upward from savagery toward240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcivilization. The imagination is thrilled by these revelations of the agelong struggle of our savage ancestor, as we discern in his slow conquestof the forces about him a secular aspect filling us with the same cosmicemotion which we feel in the presence of some imposing phenomenonof nature.While we may assume that many educated people of today arefamiliar with the outstanding facts thus far set forth, it is not commonlyknown, on the other hand, that the Late Stone Age life, like that ofEurope eight or ten thousand years ago, undoubtedly entirely surroundedthe Mediterranean and fringed its shores much as did the governmentof the Roman Empire thousands of years later. Nor is it commonlyunderstood that, while this was the character of human existence allaround the Mediterranean, we are unable to discover the least evidencethat man had anywhere else on earth attained a mode of life in anyrespect superior to that in the Mediterranean basin of eight or tenthousand years ago. Everywhere man was still without metals, seagoing ships, writing, domestic animals, domestic grains, agriculture, andtextile clothing. Without these fundamentals of civilization the life ofman throughout the globe inevitably remained crude and barbarous.At this juncture, however, geological forces had already been longat work preparing a new and much more favorably situated home forthe Late Stone Age hunters at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean.Here tropical Africa stretched forth across the Sahara to the southeastern corner of the midland sea, a fertile and sheltered corridor teemingwith luxuriant vegetable and animal life from inner Africa, and offeringto the Late Stone Age hunters a home of inexhaustible resources in asituation of unexampled safety and protection from hostile intruders.Into this paradise of the lower Nile Valley, which we now call Egypt,the Stone Age hunters of the North African plateau had inevitablybeen lured by the chase from the beginning. I have found their Nileboats carved on the rocks far out in the wastes of the Nubian Saharabehind Abu Simbel. Elsewhere in the whole Mediterranean worldthere was no situation where the hunting life would be so stimulated toadvance to a higher stage as it was along the Nile. Europe meanwhilehad seemingly been retarded by the rigors of an Ice Age climate, whileon the other hand long before 5000 B.C. the favored hunters of the Nilejungle had advanced far beyond their European contemporaries inthe great prehistoric world around the Mediterranean. Today weexcavate along the margin of the Egyptian alluvium on the edge of thedesert the graves of the oldest known cemeteries in the world, and findTHE NEW PAST 241lying in these graves the descendants of the Nile hunters of the StoneAge, just beginning the transition to metal. They had already acquiredall the leading domestic animals, and, having domesticated likewise thewild cereal grasses, had made the transition to the settled agriculturallife. All the evidence would now indicate that these prehistoric Egyptians of the early cemeteries, or their ancestors, were the earliest menon earth who were able to insure themselves an uninterrupted foodsupply by the domestication of the wild sources, vegetable and animal,while their subsequent conquest of metal and their development of theearliest known system of phonetic writing gave them the leadership inthe long advance to civilization when all the rest of the world still laggedbehind in Stone Age barbarism.Upon these great conquests, chiefly in the material world, followedan impressive development, social, governmental, and religious. Thisjungle valley lying athwart the eastern Sahara had gathered between itscontracted rocky walls the prehistoric hunters scattered along the NorthAfrican coast and held them together in the possession of all the resourcesnecessary for the unhampered development of human life under conditions so favorable that they were slowly consolidated into the firstgreat society of several million souls swayed by one sovereign hand andin possession of the leading fundamentals of civilization. Thus in thecenturies between 5000 and 3000 B.C. arose the first great civilized stateat a time when the Mediterranean elsewhere was still fringed withscattered communities of Stone Age hunters.The prehistoric hunter whose self-expression was quite content toply the flint graving tool in carving symmetrical lines of game beastsalong the ivory handle of a stone dagger was thus transformed by fiftygenerations of social evolution into a royal architect launching greatbodies of organized craftsmen upon the quarries of the Nile cliffs, andsummoning thence stately and rhythmic colonnades, imposing temples,and a vast rampart of pyramids, the greatest tombs ever erected by thehand of man. Such outward, often purely material, expressions ofadvancing social and governmental organization, with which man'sunfolding inner life has kept even pace, furnish the unwritten evidenceby which the new historian must trace the successive transitions whichhave lifted man from savagery to civilization; and it is the study of suchhuman documents which has revealed to us the outlines of the marvelousstory as we now possess it.Now why are these developments, in the life of an age so remote anda land so distant, of any consequence to us of modern America ? We of242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAmerica are especially fitted to visualize and to understand the wonderful transformation of a wilderness into a land of splendid cities. Butour fathers, whose efforts have planted great and prosperous cities alongthe once lonely trails of our own broad land, received art and architecture,industry and commerce, social and governmental traditions, as aninheritance from earlier times. There was an age, however, when thetransition from barbarism to civilization, with all its impressive outwardmanifestations in art and architecture, had to be made for the first lime.The significance of the appearance of civilization along the Nile does notlie in the splendor of its buildings, but in the fact that it was rising forthe first time on earth.Today the traveler on the Nile enters a wonderland at whose gatesrise the colossal pyramids of which he has had visions from earliestchildhood. As he ascends the river he sees expanding behind palm-fringed shores vast temple precincts, to which avenues of sphinxes leadup from the shore, dominated by the mighty shafts of tall obelisks andstately colonnades. But it does not occur to the traveler that, just asin America, so there on the Nile the wilderness preceded all this. Wherethose vast monuments of stone now rise once stretched the tangledjungle of the Nile canyon, pathless for thousands of years save wherethe hunter's narrow trail led through the reeds to the water's edge.Rarely does the modern pilgrim in Egypt realize that there was nocivilized ancestry from whom the prehistoric Nile-dweller might receivean inheritance of culture. In their own deepening experience andbroadening vision we must find the magic which transformed theseprimitive hunters and their little settlements of wattle huts into a greatsociety dominated by masterful men of grandly spacious imagination,of imposing monumental vision, whose prodigal hands, untrammeled bytradition, stretched out over the one-time jungle, scattered these giganticmonuments far up and down the river. He who knows the story ofthe transition from the prehistoric hunters of the Nile jungle to thesovereigns and statesmen, the architects, engineers, and craftsmen of agreat organized society, which wrought these monumental wonders alongthe Nile at a time when all Europe was still living in Stone Age barbarismand there was none to teach a civilization of the past — he who knows allthis knows the story of the first rise of civilization anywhere on the globe.Civilization was thus born at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean. The Stone Age villagers on the northern coasts of the same sea,that is, in Southern Europe, looked wonderingly out upon the earliestsea-going craft ever equipped with sails issuing from the mouthsTHE NEW PAST 243of the Nile and bringing the works of civilized man for the firsttime to the shores of Europe, precisely as the West Indian nativeslater marveled to see the first ships of Europe approaching the shoresof America. For just as European civilization was brought across theAtlantic to the savages of the Western World, so oriental civilizationcrossed the Mediterranean to the barbarians of Europe. In view of hisremarkable discoveries in Crete, the southeastern outpost of Europe,where it approaches most nearly to Egypt, Sir Arthur Evans states withevident conviction, "Ancient Egypt itself can no longer be regarded assomething apart from general human history."While this is true and it is an undoubted fact that Egypt's positionon the Mediterranean gave it easier access to Europe than was possiblein the case of Babylonia, separated as it was from the Mediterraneanby hundreds of miles of desert, nevertheless we must not forget thatsomewhat later than in Egypt there arose in Babylonia a remarkablecivilization, characterized by persistent progress in practical, legal, andcommercial matters, and at the same time so devoted to the belief thathuman destiny might be read in the stars that its extraordinary skill inthe study of the celestial bodies furnished the data which became in thehands of the Greeks the foundations of the science of astronomy. Theline of communication between the Babylonians and Europe lay throughAsia Minor, as that of Egypt led across the Mediterranean. At thesame time the interfusion of civilizations in the Near Orient led to thecreation of what we may call an Egypto-Babylonian or Near-Orientalculture nucleus. It lay behind Europe from our point of view, and fromit, especially later from the harbors of Phoenicia, came the cultureforces which set European civilization going. Not only so, but a currentof oriental influences, of which Christianity is the most noticeable,continuing to set toward Europe, eventually transformed the RomanState at Constantinople into an oriental despotism and continued to befelt until long after the Crusades.The recognition that the earliest center of civilization in the EasternHemisphere was in the eastern Mediterranean region, whence it wasdiffused in all directions, especially toward Europe, makes possible agreat generalization regarding the developing life of man on earth,which I think has remained unnoticed. It is now evident that there areonly two regions on the globe in which man has risen from StoneAge savagery to the possession of agriculture, metals, and writing, theindispensable fundamentals of civilization. The complete independenceof these two regions in making these cultural conquests is evident. They244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDare geographically widely separated. One of them is in the New Worldand the other in the Old, and each of them lies along or on both sides of agreat intercontinental bridge, one joining the two Americas, the otherconnecting Africa and Eurasia. In both the Old World and the New, thebridge between the continents formed the center around which tookplace the development and diffusion of the highest civilization at firstattained in either hemisphere.1We speak with reason of the Old World and the New; for the development in the Eastern Hemisphere was six thousand years earlier than inthe Western. The European conquest of the Americas found the aborigines of the central region just beginning the use of metal, employingpicture-writing about to become phonetic, in full possession of agriculture and irrigation, but still without domestic animals. That isColumbus found the aboriginal Americans at a level of culturealready attained by the Near Orient well back of 4000 B.C.Considerations like these disclose at once an impressive degree ofunity in the career of man. The recognition of the Orient as lyingbehind the history of Europe, just as the history of Europe lies behindthat of America, and the further possibility of pushing back behindthe historic Orient to the ages of man's prehistoric development andlinking these up in their turn with the history of the Orient, thus givingus the ever remoter stages, America, Europe, the Near Orient, prehistoric man, the geological ages — these latest reconstructions of the newhistorian disclose to us the career of man for the first time as one whole, tobe regarded as a consecutive development from the stone fist hatchetto the shell fragments of 19 14 buried side by side on the battlefields ofthe Somme. A comprehensive study of the ancient Orient, carried onwith open eyes and with larger objects in view than the statistics of thedative case, reveals to us the well-known and long familiar historicepochs of the career of European man for the first time set in a background of several hundred thousand years. In this vast synthesis, whichonly a study of oriental history makes possible, there is thus disclosed tous an imposing panorama of the human career in a vista of successiveages such as no earlier generation has ever been able to survey. This isthe New Past.However it may be with science and philosophy, history has thusfar made little account of this tremendous synthesis. And this brings1 Much of this paragraph, is quoted from the author's presidential address beforethe American Oriental Society, published in the Journal of the American OrientalSociety, XXXIX, 161.THE NEW PAST 245up the important question why modern education and research shouldbe expected to take account of the New Past — these ages which seem soremote from modern life. These things all happened so long ago!Yes, the law of gravitation was set in operation a long time ago, andthe coal measures and the iron deposits were laid down ages ago; butthey are all modern forces still affecting our lives every day. Physics andgeology deal with them in education, and our economic life could notgo on without them. Just so the discovery of Southeastern Europeby civilization five thousand years ago. It brought things into the lifeof Europe which today are forces as constantly and insistently touchingour lives in all that we do as the force of gravitation, the energy qfcoal, or the myriad modern applications of iron and steel. How farwould the average citizen go in his day's program if he were to eliminateas of no more use the things which he has inherited from the earlyOrient ? When he rises in the morning and clothes his body in textilegarments, when he sits down to the breakfast table spread with spotlesslinen, set with vessels of glazed pottery and with drinking goblets of glass,when he puts forth his hand to any implement of metal on that tableexcept aluminum, when he eats his morning roll or cereal and drinks hisglass of milk, or perhaps eats his morning chop cut from the flesh of adomesticated animal, when he rolls downtown in a vehicle supported onwheels, when he enters his office building through a porticus supportedon columns, when he sits down at his desk, spreads out a sheet of paper,grasps his pen, dips it in ink, puts a date at the head of the sheet, writes acheck or a promissory note, or dictates a lease or a contract to his secretary,when he looks at his watch with the sixty-fold division of the circle on itsface, in all these and in an infinite number of other commonplaces of life-things without which modern life could not go on for a single hour, theaverage man of today is using items of an inheritance which began to passacross the eastern Mediterranean from the Orient when Europe wasdiscovered by civilization ^.ve thousand years ago. Even in the worldof science it is found, for example, that in .the modern study of the moonthe observations of the Babylonians furnishing the earliest known dataare of great value. Similarly the processes of smelting metallic oresdevised by the Egyptians some six thousand years ago, when theybecame the first smelters of metal, have been employed with little changeever since, until in quite recent years modern chemistry has introducedimprovements and changes-It is, however, quite possible to misunderstand the value of ancientoriental achievement. One of the commonest and most regrettable246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDspectacles of modern life, especially in America and England, is that ofenraptured femininity contemplating the lofty truths fondly believed tobe enshrined in some ancient oriental faith, and forgetting all that agesof social experience have contributed in developing, elevating, andenriching all the surviving religions of ancient origin. To ignore theselater centuries of ennobling development and, turning backward, to adoptwithout change the germinal stages of some ancient faith is as reasonableas it would be for the thirsty individual seeking refreshment on a hotday to go and lie down under an acorn and regale himself on a watermelon seed!Is there, then, any value that may still come to us from the NewPast other than the intrinsic worth of its surviving achievements whichare still in common use among us ? Lord Acton has well said that " nextto the discovery of the New World, the recovery of the ancient world isthe second landmark that divides us from the Middle Ages and marksthe transition to modern life." In this distinguished historian's judgment, therefore, the two great forces which led men out of the MiddleAges into modern life were a vision which looked both forward and backward, and which not only caught the limitless possibilities of the futurein the New World after 1492, but also drew the profoundest inspirationfrom the newly recovered past, as they learned to know it in the survivingwritings and other important works of its greatest men. What was theancient world, the past, to which Lord Acton refers ? The only pastknown to the men who were emerging from the Middle Ages was, aswe all know, the past of Greece and Rome. Now we have just been considering the fact that the process of recovering the ancient world whichbegan at the dawn of the Renaissance, did not cease with the Renaissance,but has gone on through all the centuries since then, and with quickening strides, especially during the last two generations. We listen nownot only to the voices of Cicero and Socrates, of Isaiah and David, asdid the men of the Renaissance, but also to the voice of Sennacherib inthe proud story of his victories, to the voice of Cheops telling in terms ofcolossal masonry architecture the triumphs of the first great organizedstate, to the voice of the earliest smelter of metals singing in the tinkleof his primitive anvil the song of man's coming conquest of the earth,to the voice of remote and long-forgotten aeons heard now only in themessage of ever more carefully wrought stone implements, to the voiceof geological ages muttering in the savage gutturals of incipient humanspeech which we seem to hear resounding through prehistoric forestsre-echoing to the first inarticulate utterances of those now hardly dis-THE NEW PAST 247cernible creatures, about to become men. Back through the aeons intohistoric and prehistoric deeps like these we now look, and listen to theechoes that come to us out of the vista of the ages. It was with such aa vision before him that Tennyson looked down into the cradle of hisfirstborn arid said, "Out of the deeps, my child"; and such a visionof the New Past, just beginning to dawn upon the minds of modern men,has values as yet all unproved. He who really discerns it has begunto read the glorious Odyssey of human kind, disclosing to us man pushing out upon the ocean of time to make conquest of treasure unspeakable,of worlds surpassing all his dreams — the supreme adventure of theages. Such a vision must have high moral value, for who can see it andfail to feel the call to follow and to achieve in high endeavor the ultimatedestiny of which the vision gives unequivocal promise ? In these dayswhen emotional religion has so often given way to sober and even prosaicresolution, I see in the picture of man's past achievements and progressa powerful stimulus to continue the great adventure on the highest plane.I am convinced that this New Past, which we of this generation are thefirst to behold, may be made a great moral power among the youth ofour land.Again perhaps the most evident element of power resulting from therecovery of the New Past is the demonstration of amazing progress whichit reveals. If we may trust the oracular London Times, as I have no doubtwe may, a bishop of the Anglican church, while delivering the lastRomanes lecture at Oxford University a few weeks ago, emphaticallydenied that history discloses any human progress. I hope I may bepardoned the suspicion that the bishop has not yet banished ArchbishopUssher's dust-covered chronology from the margin of his Bible, where itprobably occupies an impregnable position along with the imprecatoryPsalms. For it is inconceivable that anyone acquainted with thefacts of man's career as at present known to us can doubt the amazingreach and sweep of human progress; a progress in the face of which eventhe events of the last six years seem hardly more than a casual episode,and one which is dwarfed into insignificance as we contemplate theeffect of the Glacial Age or of the subsequent retreat of the ice on thehuman career.An invaluable corollary of this progress, always evident to anyonewho studies it as a whole, is its demonstration of the value of conservatism, a word which is slowly recovering its respectability among us atpresent. We are rooted in the past and unconsciously every hour wesubmit to the dictates of its inexorable voice. We still wear buttons on248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDour coat sleeves and at the top of our coat tails, although we no longerbutton to them the satin-lined cuffs and coat flaps of our fathers asthey did when they mounted their horses. Everybody knows hisappendix is a survival of a once useful but now very troublesome organwhich he is glad to part with even at considerable hospital charges, andI am told by the physiologists that our interiors are infested with scoresof such survivals. Most of us are also afflicted with serious mentalappendixes, of which we may be largely unconscious. Neverthelessany nation which considers the past a troublesome appendix to be discarded as quickly as possible will find itself in the position of Russia atthe present moment, relapsing rapidly into a barbarism which temporarysuccesses in war will only render the more terrible.If we are to make safe and sane progress, it can only be made valuable and enduring by the conservation of much of the past. The NewPast as we have come to know it in the last two generations will unquestionably prove of the greatest value to our young people in displaying clearly how every conquest of progress has carried along with itthe germs of the old, and in showing unmistakably how the old survivingin the new has usually never wholly disappeared. The present, with itsrevolutionary innovations and its seemingly almost instantaneous transitions, is very misleading. Even the most novel of modern mechanicaldevices may reach back into a past far remoter than we fancy, and thestartling suddenness with which it has seemed to emerge and take itsplace among us completely disappears. A good example is the landbattleship, the tank, which was so abruptly introduced long after thebeginning of the Great War. Yet we might step over into HaskellOriental Museum and find there in Assyrian reliefs sculptured in theninth century before Christ a wheeled and armored battle car movingacross the field of battle, propelled by power from within and guided bya commander protected by a domed and circular turret with peepholes allaround under the eaves of the dome. There it is in actual use nearlytwenty-eight hundred years ago — a modern tank but for the lack ofgunpowder and gasoline power. Our McCormicks and other inventorsof farm machinery would probably be interested to know that a Babylonian seal bears a little engraving showing a machine seeder drawn byoxen engaged in sowing grain. As a symbol of the fruitful life that feedsan empire the Assyrian kings placed a representation of this seederin brilliantly colored glazed bricks on the palace walls. For the mind ofa young person who may have become interested in the vagaries of somesoap-box purveyor of universal social panaceas, who would wipe out thepast, I do not know of any better cure than a knowledge of the New Past.THE NEW PAST 249One of the things which early strikes the student of the New Pastis the conflict between this newly discerned unity of the human careerand the exclusiveness of modern nationalism, as it has grown up duringthe brief five thousand years of the career of cilivization. This contrastproperly appreciated may have its uses. Most of us, I think, howevermuch we may long for conditions which will permit a peaceful federationof the world, now understand that it is of little use to put a League ofNations on paper. We now see that the peoples of the earth must eachbe educated to a point where public feeling will demand some formof league, and before that point is reached it is useless to endeavor toforce through a paper league, not yet imperiously demanded by thepeople of every civilized nation of importance. It may take generationsto create such a public feeling among the leading peoples of civilization.In the process of education which will build up such a public sentiment,I am convinced that the vision of the unity of man arising in the mind ofevery young person who has gained some knowledge of the New Past willnot remain a mere academic conception, but as one of the supreme factsof modern knowledge may become and will become a compelling influencetoward a future federation of the world and an eventual brotherhoodof men.But how shall the New Past find its proper place in education ? Shallwe of the universities leave it to a brilliant modern novelist and outspokencritic of the universities ? One of the most delightful experiences duringmy recent long absence from the University was a week's end at EastonGlebe, Dunmow, the Essex home of H. G. Wells, whom we may notinappropriately recognize as an apostle of the New Past. Long drives,vivacious teas, and contemplative walks, interspersed with gamesand dances in Mr. Britling's barn, gave ample opportunity for discussionof these things. Mr. Wells's new Outline of History, now appearingserially and then almost ready for the press, furnished an inexhaustiblestorehouse of themes for these discussions, which I wish some of ourown historians and educators might have heard. It was very refreshing not to be called upon to argue for the treatment of man's career asa whole, or to defend the thesis that history must expand to include theNew Past.It is evident, indeed, that no modern university department ofhistory is complete which does not include at least one course on the NewPast. We have special courses on the history of mammals, in which thestudent may follow the development of the horse from a creature littleif any larger than a rabbit up to the mammoth draught horses oftoday. Without conceit man may fairly consider himself as a mammal2 SO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcomparable in importance with the horse; but what university offers acourse following evolution at its culminating stage, tracing its supremeachievement in bringing forth the life of modern man, from the pre-manof the Maurer Sands by Heidelberg to the earliest great societies ofcivilized man from whom we are all descended ? We are told these thingsdo not belong to history. But the geologists offer courses in the historyof the earth, and the paleobotanists offer courses in the history of manyforms of plant life. Natural science uses the word "history" quiteproperly to designate developments in which written documents play nopart whatever, and we may fairly ask by what authority the history ofman is limited to the period since written documents began.These considerations might bring up the whole question of the correlation of the New Past with the great body of science, natural and humanistic. As I had the opportunity of saying in the William Ellery Halelectures,1 I have often wondered what there is unnatural about man.Is he unnatural because he lives in groups and builds houses ? Manybirds do the same, and some beasts also, like the beaver. Neverthelessboth in education and in the organization of research we have strangelyisolated man from the natural order where Linnaeus long ago found aplace for him; and there is a very unfortunate chasm both in educationand research between natural and so-called humanistic science — achasm for which there is no justification.That this unfortunate cleavage will disappear eventually I haveno doubt. It blinds us to larger correlations in education which theNew Past makes obviously possible. We arrange the curriculum of ahistorical department chronologically, because it is a matter of coursethat medieval should follow ancient history, and American shouldfollow European. Since the recovery of the New Past it is now possibleand perfectly feasible to carry this chronological arrangement much fartherback into the career of the universe and thus to include also the natural-science departments and arrange a series of courses presenting anoutline history of the universe, from the fundamental constitution ofmatter through the formation of celestial systems, the origin and historyof our globe, the emergence of life, its upward progress through everhigher forms of vegetable and animal life until the appearance of man,where the history of the New Past now carries us over to the familiarepochs of European history. In this way the New Past would enableus to link up the career of man with that of the physical universe out ofwhich he seems to have emerged. The outline history of the universe1 The Scientific Monthly, October, 1919, p. 289.THE NEW PAST 251which I have suggested already exists in the series of lecture courses onevolution, known as the William Ellery Hale lectures, though some ofthese courses still remain unpublished, and what was done in thoselectures before the National Academy of Sciences at Washington mightalso be done in every university in the form of a series of courses underthe general title "Evolution," or "Summary of Evolution." The seriesmight well dominate the whole curriculum, and through the courses onhistory, with which it would be concluded, lead naturally over to studiesin literature and art as the final culture courses in a curriculum whichwould furnish a broader type of education than any now offered by ouruniversities here or abroad.In such a historical correlation of the career of man with the secularprocesses of our earth, and the universe about it, the New Past, as wehave already observed, forms an indispensable fink; but it is a link ofwhich we have recovered thus far only scanty fragments. An enormousamount of laborious exploration and research still remains to be done.Last winter while in Cairo I had the privilege of studying some newfragments of the earliest known royal annals in any language — a blackdiorite slab, of which a fragment had long been known in the museum ofPalermo. Although the new Cairo fragments had been recently twicepublished, an exhaustive examination disclosed a hitherto unnoticeddynasty or group of ten Pharaohs ruling over predynastic Egypt — adynasty before the dynasties. The black stone slab on which theseoldest known royal annals were written some forty-five hundred yearsago had originally been set up in some temple, perhaps at Memphis.When the building perished, the block had been re-used in anotherbuilding as a threshold, and generations of human feet had graduallyworn down the inscribed records until in many places only the faintestglimmerings of the disappearing signs were discernible. It is no reflection upon the two successive editors and publishers that important newfacts were still to be wrung from it, and that a third publication isnecessary; but I have referred to the incident because it so well illustrates the situation throughout the range of study of the New Past,whether in the field or in the museums. Many a block like that, withits precious message from the ancient life of man, lies out yonder inthe Near Orient awaiting discovery and rescue from destruction. I havestood in the gates of an ancient city of Assyria, which was flourishingin the days when the Hebrews of the eighth century B.C. were stillfighting to repel the Assyrian yoke, and I have seen the modern nativesscrape away with little more than their hands a slight covering of earth252 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhich concealed a vast block of alabaster bearing magnificently carvedroyal annals marching in imposing lines of large and stately cuneiformacross the up-turned face of the block. We thrust back the earthagain to cover and protect the venerable document, and there it stilllies, undoubtedly along with many of its kind in the other city gates,awaiting recovery to enrich the halls of some modern museum and tofill some one of the many gaps in our knowledge of the New Past.As we look out over the Eastern Hemisphere, with its great centralnucleus of Egypto-Babylonian culture on each side of the intercontinental bridge, and realize that these birth-lands of civilization are nowopened to unrestricted investigation by the collapse of the OttomanEmpire, it is evident that there rises before us an opportunity unprecedented in the history of humanistic research. There lie the documentswhich will enable us to complete the vast synthesis first erected byDarwin, by which we may eventually completely link up the historicpast of man with the geological ages that lie behind the human career.In the whole length and breadth of humanistic research there is noother field of investigation which so kindles the imagination, or maybe compared with it in imposing range and far-reaching importance.With few exceptions the men engaged in such researches in Americahave been university teachers in a department organized to teachlanguages, like the traditional departments of Greek and Latin. But thelure which has drawn most of -us into this field has been the opportunityof aiding in the inspiring task of recovering a great group of lost civilizations. It is obvious that the orientalist who is also a university teacheris as unable single-handed to meet the requirements of a situation likethis as would be the astronomer if he were obliged to undertake thestudy of the celestial world without his observatory or his staff ofassistants.The response of the University of Chicago to this situation has beenthe establishment of a laboratory for historical research in the earlycareer of man, which has been called the Oriental Institute. Theoriginal documents indispensable to the researches of the Institute liein distant lands and far-away museums. One of the purposes of theOriental Institute, therefore, was to provide for occasional journeys tothe Near Orient for the study or copying of new documents acquired byother museums and the acquisition of new and original monuments forour own collections.Returning from nearly a year's absence in the Near East on the firstexpedition of our Oriental Institute, it is more than a pleasure on thisTHE NEW PAST 253Convocation Day to be accorded the opportunity thus publicly toset forth the place which I believe the field of oriental research is destinedto occupy in the sum of human knowledge, and to suggest that the workof the University of Chicago in this field has perhaps outgrown indulgenttoleration at the hands of facetious colleagues who have sometimes;referred to it as the "mummy department." For it is a source of greatpride to be able to report that the University of Chicago has alreadymade a large place for herself in the ancient lands of the Near Orient.This is due primarily to the visit of our honored president to Baghdadand Persia, and the administrative efficiency and diplomatic skill withwhich he discharged his difficult task of distributing American bountyfor the relief of the starving multitudes of Persia. I will spare hisproverbial modesty the repetition of any of the frequent expressions ofregard for him and admiration for his work which I heard from the lipsof the leading British administrators and commanders in the Near Orient.It is a gratification also to be able to report that our Oriental Instituteexpedition has been able to establish connections which insure to theUniversity of Chicago, if she desires it, an important share in the futureof scientific research in the Near Orient.Co-operation with both British and French will be easily arranged.This is especially true in the case of the British, now in control of Mesopotamia and Palestine, a very large portion of the Near Orient. Unexpected reasons have contributed to this result. The University ofChicago expedition was the first group of white men or non-Moslems tocross the Arab state of King Faisal from Baghdad to the Mediterranean.Since the proclamation of the new Arab dominions, our expedition wasprivileged to be the first to bear the American flag across them from thePersian Gulf to Aleppo, Damascus, and Beyrut. The observations madeby the expedition on the modern conditions were considered of suchvalue by Lord Allenby that he informed the British government ofthe facts we had gathered among the Arabs and asked that they bepersonally reported to the Prime Minister and the Foreign Office.Although we were not expecting to return to America by way of London,this was done, and a purely archaeological and historical expeditionof this University was thus able to render service to the British government. We have therefore every reason to expect a continuance of thecordial support of the British in any of our future efforts in these regions.Indeed, if the necessary means to carry on the work can be madeavailable, the foundation has been laid and the opportunity is openbefore us for the achievement of a vast body of results in the study of254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe human career, and the acquisition of an unparalleled body of infinitely precious records of the New Past such as few American institutionscan hope to rival. It remains only for us to "go up and possess theland." The expedition brings back with it a great collection of ancientmonuments, records, and works of art, which had been accumulatingin the hands of native antiquity dealers during the war. Valuable asthis collection is, and it contains a number of monuments of which thelike has never before been brought to America, and in some cases even toEurope, nevertheless all this is but a suggestion of what may be recoveredand brought back to enrich our collections and the archives of theOriental Institute, if its work expands as it should and it is enabled tostrike the spade deep into those great treasuries of ancient human life,the mounds which cover the ancient cities of the Near East. The obstruction of such work on the part of the Ottoman Empire, once in control inthese regions, has given way, except in portions of Asia Minor, to cordialco-operation on the part of enlightened European governments, chieflyBritish and French.Upon the shoulders of American orientalists must largely fall theresponsibility for the recovery of the lost chapters in the career of man.A profound sense of this obligation makes it far more than a pleasure tobe able thus publicly to express the keen appreciation and the compelling inspiration to new achievement felt by the Department ofOriental Languages in the presence of the new vista of usefulnessnow expanding before it. We owe all this to the sympathetic andnever-failing support of the plans of the department by our far-seeingPresident and our broad-minded Board of Trustees in approving andfurthering the organization of the Oriental Institute, made possible bythe generosity of a long-proved friend of the University, Mr. John D.Rockefeller, Jr. Such enlightened support is equipping the Universityof Chicago to carry her full share of American responsibility in recovering the lost chapters of the New Past, which the impoverished conditionof the European peoples and governments throws upon us as a result ofthe Great War. No more noticeable example of the lack of resourcesto support this work could be cited than the empty treasury of the BritishSchool of Archaeology at Jerusalem, an institution established at a placeand in a land hallowed by such associations that it was believed greatsums would be easily obtainable for its support. Imagine our surpriseon reaching Jerusalem to find the British School almost without funds,several years after its organization. Sir Arthur Evans, perhaps theleading British archaeologist, recently president of the British Associa-THE NEW PAST 255tion for the Advancement of Science, and for five years president of theLondon Society of Antiquaries, has publicly announced the failure of aneffort to secure the funds for the establishment of a permanent BritishInstitute of Archaeology in Egypt, maintained by the government.1This announcement by the illustrious British scientist of the failureof his effort, although supported by all the great learned societies ofGreat Britain, finally quenches every hope of British governmental support of scientific researches in the Near Orient for many years to come. «What is true of Great Britain is likewise true of the continentalgovernments, though not for lack of interest and willingness to aid, butbecause of depleted treasuries. I have found officials of. some of theleading scientific institutions of Europe almost pathetically eager tomake some form of combination with American efforts in the NearOrient, by which their meager resources might be supplemented byour supposably more ample funds, in order to compass some of thelarger enterprises which they refuse to relinquish to us, but to achievewhich they have neither the men nor the money. It is needless to addthat we cannot expect any support of such work by the government of theUnited States. We can look solely to our American men of means forthe funds to carry on these researches.The great centers of human life in the ancient world, the mightycities and capitals of Babylonia, Assyria, Persia, Palestine, Syria, AsiaMinor, and Egypt, the region where the earliest civilized societiesarose out of savagery and barbarism to bring civilization to barbarianEurope — all these treasuries of human records which are rapidly perishing in the whole region about the eastern end of the Mediterranean liethere silently awaiting the spade of the excavator. I have seen theruined capitals of the ancient East slumbering under their gloomymounds at sunset, and many a time as the sun arose and dispelled theshadows it has seemed as if the banished life that once ebbed and flowedthrough those now rubbish-covered and dismantled streets must startforth again, till with a regret so poignant that it was almost physical painI have realized the years that must elapse before these silent mounds canbe made to speak again and reveal all the splendid pageant of the NewPast which transformed our father-man from savagery in some remotecavern where at most he could count five by the aid of his fingers into agodlike creature who reached out to the stars on those Babylonianplains and made the first computations which have at length enabledus to plumb the vast deeps of the universe.1 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Sec. Ser., XXXI (1919), 190.256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBefore the whole recoverable story drawn out of every availablemound is in our hands, it may indeed be a century or two; but aftera survey of most of the important buried cities of the Near Orient, Iam confident that with sufficient funds and adequate personnel it will bepossible in the next twenty-five or thirty years, or let us say within ageneration, to clear up the leading ancient cities of Western Asia and torecover and preserve for future study the vast body of human recordswhich they contain. In this way the main lines of the development canbe followed in the larger sites, marking the leading homes of ancientmen and governments. I cannot but see in the recovery and study ofthis incomparable body of evidence America's greatest opportunity inhumanistic research and discovery.On a day like this, in the presence of a large group of our youngpeople who are about to leave us and take up the more serious responsibilities of life, such a retrospect as we have made is the more fitting inview of the fact that the field of research which it presents is so vastand the investigators so limited in numbers. "The harvest indeed isgreat, but the laborers are few" and we need recruits. For the youngman — yes, and for the young woman too — who may be interested inhumanistic research, no field of investigation is more inviting or offersgreater opportunities. The inspiring task which confronts America inthe Near East cannot be achieved without the aid of a new generationof young Americans who are willing to spend the years necessary togain the training and equipment without which the work cannot bedone. Such young people may look forward to a life-work of absorbinginterest and of ideal usefulness to science, coupled with a living returnfor labor achieved. Great opportunities await the young scholars andscientists in this field. It will be a life of some sacrifices. Those whoelect to undertake it must set their faces to the East, feeling a deepreverence for the life of man on the earth, and highly resolving to devotetheir all to this new crusade. To such spirits it will not be irksome todwell among memories of the past; to them the recovery of the unfoldinglife of man will not be a toilsome task, but rather a joyful quest, themodern quest for the Grail, from which arduous journeys and wearyexile in distant lands will not deter us. For in this crusade of modernscientific endeavor in the Near Orient we know, what the first crusaderscould not yet discern, that we are returning to ancestral shores. And inthe splendor of that buoyant life of the human soul which has somehowcome up out of the impenetrable deeps of past ages and risen so high,they shall find a glorious prophecy of its supreme future.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTTHE CONVOCATION ORATORThe address with which we have been favored today has been givenby one of our own Faculty who for the past year has been engaged in avery interesting and important investigation in Egypt, Mesopotamia,Arabia, and Syria. We rejoice that he has returned safely from hisarduous journey and congratulate him on the success which has attendedhis efforts in the interests of Archaeology and especially of the HaskellOriental Museum. We thank Professor Breasted for his service todayand look forward to still greater attainment from him in the OrientalDepartment for the University and for the world.THE SUMMER QUARTERThe quarter just closing has been on the whole perhaps the mostsuccessful summer in the history of the University. It is only fair to saythat the Summer Quarter as a regular part of university work was initiatedby the University of Chicago in 1894, and has proved so successful andreasonable a method of using university facilities as to have been adoptedby a number of other institutions. Summer schools, of course, haveexisted elsewhere for many years. Our Summer Quarter is not a summerschool.The attendance this summer has reached and somewhat surpassedthe phenomenal record of the summer of 1916. At that time the totalattendance of different students for the Summer Quarter was 5,404.This summer it is 5,406. The exceptionally large attendance of 1916was due to special circumstances which it was not anticipated wouldunusual circumstances. It is of interest to note that of the 5,406recur in the immediate future. The attendance this year is due to nostudents in attendance 2,080 are graduate students and 2,150 are inthe professional schools of Divinity, Law, Medicine, Education, andCommerce and Administration. It may be added that all of the departments speak of the exceptional quality of the students, who, in fact,comprise a large number of teachers, including many from collegefaculties. It is believed that the Summer Quarter of the University isrendering a large benefit to the educational work of the country.257258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATIONAn interesting feature of the past summer has been the establishment by the Boiard of Trustees of a new curriculum of graduate workunder the head of the School of Social Service Administration, which isin succession to the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, for manyyears maintained as an independent organization in Chicago, and whichunder the unselfish direction of Dr. Graham Taylor and of his ablestaff has rendered an excellent service. The following letter from aspecial committee of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy,formally approved by the Trustees of that School will explain thesituation.August 4, 1920Board of TrusteesUniversity of ChicagoActing in behalf of the Trustees of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy,we whose names are undersigned are authorized to submit for your consideration thefollowing statement and proposals:For several years the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy has existed forthe purpose of providing facilities for the training of students who desire to enterthe field of social work and civic service. The work has in the past been experimentaland there have been many groups of students received and cared for.The most important part of the training, however, has been that provided forcollege graduates, and the Trustees of the School are convinced that the methods andprinciples applicable to this portion of their work have been so well developed that itwould now be wise to have this graduate training carried on under University auspicesrather than under those of a separate organization.They therefore propose:1. That the University of Chicago establish a graduate professional curriculumfor training students who desire to enter this field; in so doing they desire to make ita matter of record that in their judgment such a curriculum can fulfil the demands ofthe situation only if it be given under conditions of administrative unity characteristicof professional schools, if the classroom work is supplemented by "field work" andskilled placement of graduates, and if the high quality of the student body is assuredby the provision of scholarships and fellowships.2. That the Trustees of the University of Chicago are to regard these proposalsas contingent upon the receipt of guaranties of not less than $25,000 a year for theperiod of five years to be paid to the University of Chicago as may be stipulated.Julius Rosenwald, TrusteeSophonisba BreckinridgeGraham Taylor,Chicago School of Civics and PhilanthropyCommitteeThe fund of $25,000 per year was subscribed by the following persons:Mrs. Emmons Blaine, Mr. Charles R. Crane, Mr. Morton B. Hull,THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 259Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, Mr. Julius Rosenwald, Mr. Harold H. Swift.The American Red Cross, The Jewish Charities of Chicago, The UnitedCharities of Chicago.The balance remaining if any is underwritten by Mrs. EmmonsBlaine, Mrs. Arthur T. Aldis, Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, and Mr. JuliusRosenwald.The University has for many years maintained as a branch of theSchool of Commerce and Administration what has been called thePhilanthropic Service Division, which has had a similar purpose tothat of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. At the sametime the School has not been provided with sufficient funds to carry iton as a graduate school with adequate professional training and field-work. On the other hand the departments of the University open afield of instruction beyond the capacity of the Chicago School of Civicsand Philanthropy. It seemed therefore to the Board of Trustees ofthe University of Chicago that the very generous and humane suggestionof the Trustees of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy andof the financial guarantors should be accepted.It was believed that, under the direction of the University and withthe aid of the funds and experience provided by the friends of the School,this excellent service should be rendered even better than has heretoforebeen the case either with the University or with the School. Accordingly at the August meeting of the Board the plan was adopted for theestablishment of a graduate professional curriculum for students in Civicsand Philanthropy to be known as the School of Social Service Administration. Under the Deanship of Professor Leon Carrol Marshall,Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration, the new Schoolhas been organized and will be fully in operation by the first of October.The University in undertaking this new and extended task for theservice of humanity is indebted, not only to those whose financial giftsmade the work possible, but to the generous spirit of those connectedwith the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, and extends tothem its thanks as well as to the guarantors. The purpose of theUniversity is to serve mankind in education and in the advancementof knowledge and the Board of Trustees confidently believes that thenew School will render a service worthy of the University and worthyof the city of Chicago.THE BOAR© OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments havebeen made by the Board of Trustees:Edgar J. Goodspeed, Secretary to the President.David Allan Robertson, Dean of the Colleges of Arts, Literature,and Science.Leon Carroll Marshall, Dean of the School of Social ServiceAdministration.Charles H. Judd, Chairman of the Department of Psychology.F. A. Kingsbury, Assistant Professor in the Department ofPsychology.E. S. Robinson, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology.William Berry, Instructor in the Department of Psychology.G. T. Buswell, Assistant Professor in the Department of Education.N. B. Henry, Instructor in the Department of Education.Frances Gillespie, Associate in the Department of History.Warren F. Woodring, Associate in the Department of History.L. W. Mints, Instructor in the Department of Political Economy.Gildo Masso, Instructor in Spanish in the Junior College.John C. Ransmeier, Instructor in Spanish in the Junior College.Henry B. Siems, Lecture Associate in the Department of Chemistry.Zonja E. Wallen, Associate in the Department of Chemistry.Lillian Eichelberger, Associate in the Department of Chemistry.Lester R. Dragstedt, Assistant Professor in the Department ofPhysiology.Otto F. Bond, Assistant Professor in the Junior College.Robert Winter, Assistant Professor in the Junior College.W. E. Gouwens, Associate in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology.N. P. Hudson, Associate in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology.Florence McArdle, Instructor in the Department of Physical Culture.Amelia Wylie, Instructor in the Department of Physical Culture.260THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 261Mary M. Melcher, on the Library Staff with rank of Associate.Ernest W. Puttkammer, Instructor in the Law School.Albert M. Kales, Professorial Lecturer in the Law School.John B. Ellis, Instructor in the College of Education.L. H. Sandhusen, Instructor in the School of Education.Ella C. McKenney, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics, School of Education.Mary Koll, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics,School of Education.Inez Boyce, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics inthe College of Education.Ethel Coe, Instructor in the Department of Art in the College ofEducation.Paul M. Atkins, Instructor in the School of Commerce and Administration.Garfield V. Cox, Instructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration .P. H. Douglas, Assistant Professor in the School of Commerce andAdministration.Willard E. Atkins, Instructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration.Edith Abbott, Associate Professor in the School of Social ServiceAdministration.Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, Associate Professor in the Schoolof Social Service Administration.Erie F. Young, Instructor in the School of Social Service Administration.Elizabeth F. Dixon, Supervisor of Field Work in the School of SocialService Administration.Harrison B. Ash, Teacher in the Department of Latin, UniversityHigh School.J. Earl Conn, Teacher in the Department of Social Science, University High School.H. Beatrice Krum, Teacher in the Department of Mathematics,University High School.Elmer C. Staufler, Teacher in the Department of English, UniversityHigh School.Jane E. Hyde, Teacher in the Department of Home Economics,University High School.Ernest F. Hanes, Teacher in the University High School,262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAbbie S. Belden, Teacher in the University High School.Winifred 0. Jones, Teacher in the Elementary School.M. Ethel Brown, Teacher in the Elementary School.Isabel Robinson, Teacher in the Elementary School.Helen S. Harris, Teacher in the Elementary School.Helen F. Cook, Teacher in the Elementary School.Delia Kibbe, Teacher in the Elementary School.Helen Nicklaus, Teacher in the Elementary School.LEAVE OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to Emery T. Filbey, AssistantProfessor in the Department of Industrial Education in the School ofEducation, for three quarters, from October 1, 1920. He will serve astraveling inspector of vocational schools under the United StatesDepartment of Labor, Junior Division.PROMOTIONSThe following members of the Faculties have received, by action ofthe Board of Trustees, a promotion in rank:Associate Professor Frank N. Freeman, to a professorship in theDepartment of Educational Psychology.Associate Professor Marcus W. Jernegan, to a professorship in theDepartment of History.Instructor Albert E. Hay don, to an assistant professorship inthe Department of Comparative Religion.Assistant Professor Theodore L. Neff, to an associate professorshipin the Department of Romance., Associate Benjamin H. Willier, to an instructorship in the Department of Zoology.Assistant Professor David J. Lingle, to an associate professorshipin the Department of Physiology.Associate H. M. Weeter, to an instructorship in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology.Instructor Margaret Burns, to an assistant professorship in theDepartment of Physical Culture.Assistant Lillian R. Marshall, to an instructorship in the Departmentof Physical Culture.Instructor Gertrude E. Halliday, to an assistant professorship in theDepartment of Home Economics, College of Education.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 263RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the Faculties:Robert M. Lovett, as Dean of the Junior Colleges.W. J. Crozier, Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology.He becomes head of the department of zoology in Rutgers College.F. T. Rogers, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physiology.He becomes head of the department of physiology in Baylor UniversityMedical School, Waco, Texas.STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARDAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held July 13, 1920, thePresident of the Board appointed the following standing committeeswhich were subsequently confirmed by the Board:Committee on Finance and Investment: Messrs. Howard G. Grey,Chairman, Julius Rosenwald, Vice-Chairman, A. C. Bartlett, C. L.Hutchinson, Jesse A. Baldwin.Committee on Buildings and Grounds: Messrs. C. L. Hutchinson,Chairman, Jesse A. Baldwin, Vice-Chairman, Harold F. McCormick?Howard G. Grey, T. E. Donnelley.Committee on Instruction and Equipment: Messrs. Charles R.Holden, Chairman, Harold H. Swift, Vice-Chairman, A. C. Bartlett,F. W. Parker, Charles W. Gilkey.Committee on Press and Extension: Messrs. T. E. Donnelley,Chairman, F. W. Parker, Vice-Chairman, Willard A. Smith, E. B.Felsenthal, R. L. Scott.Committee on Audit and Securities: Messrs. R. L. Scott, Chairman,E. B. Felsenthal, Vice-Chairman, W. A. Smith, C. R. Holden, WilberE. Post.THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATIONIn response to the request of the Trustees of the Chicago School ofCivics and Philanthropy, who had come to the conclusion that its workcould be better perpetuated under university supervision and in auniversity environment, the Board of Trustees has voted to establishat the University a graduate professional curriculum for students incivics and philanthropy. This school will be known as the GraduateSchool of Social Service Administration. The School of Civics andPhilanthropy has existed in Chicago for a number of years for the264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpurpose of providing facilities for the training of students who desireto enter the field of social work and civic service. It ceases now toexist, and the University will provide for the training of students inthis specialized field under University auspices and with Universitystandards. The Trustees of the School of Civics and Philanthropy havegenerously guaranteed funds for the continuance of the work.The Committee on Instruction and Equipment was given power toproceed with the organization of the new curriculum, and at the meetingof the Board held September 14, 1920, a budget for its expenses wasadopted and members of its Faculty were appointed. Professor LeonCarroll Marshall was appointed to the deanship of the School.DEAN OF COLLEGESAt the meeting of the Trustees held July 13, 1920, the UniversityStatutes were amended so as to provide for a Dean of the Colleges, whichaction represents not only the appointment of a new administrativeofficer but the inauguration of a new policy with reference to a much-needed supervision of work in the Colleges. The new Dean, electedJuly 13, 1920, is David Allan Robertson, who since 1906 has served asSecretary to the President of the University.UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONSThe Board of Trustees at its meeting held July 13, 1920, adopted aUniversity statute which creates what are to be known as UniversityCommissions. The statute is as follows:Section 1. The University Commissions shall include commissions for the following departments or groups of the University:a) The Law Schoolb) The Undergraduate Medical Schoolc) The Graduate Medical Schoold) The Divinity Schoole) The School of Education/) The School of Commerce and Administrationg) Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Scienceh) Women's Interestsi) Historical Group (Political Economy, Political Science, History, Sociology,and Anthropology).j) Modern Language Groupk) Classical Language Group/) Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematicsm) Geology and Geographyn) Biological Group (Zoology, Anatomy, Physiology, Botany, Pathology,Hygiene and Bacteriology)THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 265Section 2. Object: To promote the interests of the University bya) Fostering a closer relationship between the alumni and the Universityb) Developing a closer relationship between the Faculties and Trusteesc) Developing more actively the interest of representative Chicagoans in theUniversity., Duties: It shall be the duty of each commission to study the work of its schoolor group, and from time to time to make suggestions to the Board of Trustees asto manner and means of improving the work of the school or group. These suggestions shall be sent to the Board of Trustees through the President of the University,who shall transmit them to the Board with his recommendations.Section 3. Membership: Each commission shall be composed of:a) Two alumnib) Two or more residents of Chicago or vicinity not connected in an officialcapacity with the Universityc) Two members of the Faculty (except as provided for in note)d) One member of the Board of Trustees, and an alternate Trustee.Note. — Where one commission is provided for two departments, one facultymember of the commission shall be appointed from each department. If the groupis composed of more than two departments, then one member shall be added fromthe faculty to represent each additional department.Section 4. Method of appointing members and term of office:a) One alumnus member shall be elected by the Alumni Council and one shallbe appointed by the President of the Board of Trustees, upon recommendation of thePresident of the University.b) Resident-of- Chicago members shall be appointed by the President of the Boardof Trustees, upon recommendation of the President of the University.c) Faculty members shall be appointed by the President of the Board of Trustees,upon recommendation of the President of the University, and whenever practicalshall be the head of a department or Dean closely associated with one of the departments.d) The Trustee member and his alternate shall be appointed by the President ofthe Board of Trustees.e) Upon the inauguration of the commissions, the faculty members, the alumnimembers, and the resident members shall be appointed alternately for one year andtwo years; thereafter, all appointments and elections, except to fill unexpired terms,shall be for the term of two years./) When vacancies occur, a member shall be appointed or elected to fill theunexpired term in the same manner as his predecessor.Section 5. Meetings:a) Each commission shall meet at least once each quarter, except the SummerQuarter, and at least one meeting each year shall be with the teaching force of alldepartments or groups represented. There shall be at least one joint meeting of allcommissions and the Board of Trustees of the University during the Spring Quarterof each year.b) Special meetings may be called in accordance with such regulations as maybe provided by the commissions or upon the call of the chairman of the commission.Section 6. Officers: Each commission shall elect a chairman and a secretaryannually, during the Spring Quarter.Section 7. Members ex officio : The President of the University shall be ex officiomember of each commission.The members of the several commissions have not been appointedas yet.266 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDINNERS TO COMMISSIONS AND FACULTIESThe Board of Trustees hereafter will give a dinner annually tomembers of the Faculties during the Autumn Quarter. The first ofthese dinners, which takes the place of the customary annual "homecoming" dinner of the Faculties, was held October 4. The Trustees,during the Spring Quarter each year, will give a dinner to the membersof the University Commissions recently created.UNIVERSITY JOURNALSThe Board of Trustees, in view of the steadily increasing cost ofpublishing the several University journals, and in view of the limitedamount of funds available as subsidy for their publication, at its meetingheld July 13, 1920, voted to reduce the number of issues of certainjournals during the year, to reduce the number of pages in each issue ofothers, and in certain instances to increase the subscription price. Thedetails of these changes are printed respectively in each journal.MISCELLANEOUSThe Board of Trustees, in view of the extraordinary opportunities inEgypt and Mesopotamia for securing rare material for Haskell OrientalMuseum, authorized Mr. J. H. Breasted, Director of the OrientalInstitute of the University of Chicago, to purchase suitable objects tothe amount of $50,000, half of this amount being provided by a liberalfriend of the University. Mr. Breasted, who has returned to the University, is supervising the installation of material which has already arrivedat the Museum.The Board of Trustees has appropriated $5,000 for purchase ofbooks in France through the librarian of Northwestern University, whois now in Europe, and $5,000 for the purchase of material in Europeand Asia for the University Libraries.Owing to the largely increased amount of work now centering in theoffice of the Secretary of the Board of Trustees, the office of AssistantSecretary has been created. Mr. John F.. Moulds, the UniversityCashier, on September 14, 1920, was elected Assistant Secretary. Mr.W. J. Mather has been appointed Assistant Cashier.Mr. Ira Melville Smith, for the past eleven years Assistant Registrarand Examiner at the University of Illinois, has been appointed AssistantExaminer of the University. Mr. Smith entered upon his new dutiesat the University August 1.FREDERICK A. SMITHBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDI first became acquainted with Fred A. Smith sixty years ago whenhe was a boy of sixteen. From i860 to 1862 we were students togetherin the first University of Chicago. Ten years later he was one of myparishioners in the Second Baptist Church of Chicago. A few yearslater, and thereafter for the rest of his life, a period of forty years, wewere associates on four boards of trustees, first of the Baptist UnionTheological Seminary, and later of Rush Medical College, the ChicagoManual Training School Association, and the present University ofChicago. It was only because I was four hundred miles away in thewilderness of northern Wisconsin at the time of his death that I couldnot, as he desired, speak at the funeral of my long-time friend. It willtherefore be easily understood that the preparation of this sketch ofJudge Smith's life is a labor of love. He and I were friends from thatautumn day in i860 when we first met until the day of his death in 1919,a period of fifty-nine years.It was a member of the great Smith family who planted the firstcolony of white men in the new world. Ever since the days of CaptainJohn Smith there have been Smiths in America in ever-growing numbers.More than fifty thousand of them represented our country in the recentworld-war. That branch of this great family to which Judge Smithbelonged came to the West from Washington County, New York, oneof the easternmost counties of the state, lying east of Lake George andthe Hudson. They were among the pioneer farmers of Cook County,Illinois.The wooded regions of southern Illinois were settled long beforethe prairies of the north. One of the chief reasons for this was the latelingering of hostile Indians in the northern part of the state. They didnot take their departure till 1835 and 1836, and even after the lastlarge migration many scattered families remained behind. For nearlytwenty years after Illinois was admitted into the Union as a state theIndians possessed the northern half of it. But there were two otherreasons why the settlement of the prairies of the north lagged behindthat of the forest-covered areas of the southern part of the state. The267268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfirst was the curious hallucination that the soil of the prairies was notfertile. How, men demanded, could a soil that would not grow trees beexpected to produce crops ? The other reason was that the sod of theprairies was so thick and tough that it could not be broken up by thelight plow of a hundred years ago. It was not till long after the openingof the nineteenth century that a steel plow was devised strong enoughto break up the soil of a wild prairie farm. As soon, however, as thatwas done and the extraordinary fertility of the soil demonstrated, therumor of its richness was spread abroad and the farmers of the eastbegan to flock to the prairies of northern Illinois.Both because of this migration and in order to encourage it, thegeneral government established a land office in Chicago and a greatsale of public lands was advertised throughout the country to be held inthat frontier settlement in the spring and summer of 1835. Chicagowas then an insignificant village of about 2,000 people, built along theChicago River, between its forks and Fort Dearborn, which was still amilitary post, and which quite cut the small hamlet off from LakeMichigan. Half the buildings or more were still built of logs. It was aforlorn, straggling frontier settlement, with almost no well-definedstreets or sidewalks, the level of the land so little above that of the riverthat in the spring floods, the water of the muddy stream filled the drainageditches and made the village site little better than a swamp.But in the early thirties the little village had some enterprisingcitizens, among whom were Gurdon S. Hubbard, P. F. W. Peck, Eli B.Williams, Silas B. Cobb, and Philo Carpenter.The year 1835 is a most important one in the early history of thetown. During that year the population more than doubled, increasingfrom less than 2,000 in January to more than 3,000 in December. Probably fifty men who later became prominent in the growing city made ittheir home in 1835. Among them were William B. Ogden, Arthur G.Burley, Thomas (Judge) Drummond, Abram and Stephen F. Gale,Elijah M. Haines, Tuthill King, Edward Manierre, Julian S. Rumsey,J. Young Scammon, John Turner, Seth Wadhams, and others wholong remained leading citizens in the rising metropolis.But the great events of 1835 in the history of Chicago were the saleof farm lands by the government and the birth of the real estate boom inthe village itself. The land office was opened on the first of June.Immigrants intending to settle in any part of the district of northernIllinois had to buy their farms at the Chicago office. There was "animmediate and immense influx of people desiring to enter lands."FREDERICK A. SMITH 269From June 1 to the end of the year 370,043 acres of farm lands weresold at $1.25 an acre. There were more than 20,000 purchasers.Among these was Gustavus V. Smith, the first representative of theSmiths of Washington County, New York, who entered land on the" Ridge," in Jefferson township, only ten miles northwest of Chicagoat that time— now a part of the city itself.Gustavus sent back to the family such favorable accounts of thenew country that in March, 1836, two brothers, Israel G. and Marcellus,packed their few belongings (they were young and unmarried) into aprimitive sort of sleigh known as a pung or jumper, drawn by two horses,and started on the thousand-mile journey for the new world of theWest. They traveled from thirty to forty miles a day and, taking theirway from Buffalo through Canada, though the winter was ending,the sleighing continued good. As they were nearing Detroit, however,the pung which had lasted astonishingly well, finally gave out. It wasabandoned, the baggage loaded on the horses, and the last third of thejourney was made on horseback.The two boys reached their destination on April 10, 1836. Whenthey came in sight of their brother's home they were astonished to find thewhole country east of the " Ridge" under water as far as they could see.A great spring freshet was on. The north branch of the Chicago Riverhad overflowed its banks and the whole country was inundated; that is,the whole country east of the " Ridge." The "Ridge" itself stood fifteenor twenty feet above the flood. It must have been a welcome sight to theweary travelers. Many miles in length, covered with groves of oak,it is a most attractive feature in that prairie country. It is not strangethat Israel Smith decided that his farm must run across it and includesome of those groves. The great sale of farm lands was still on. In1836, 202,364 acres were sold. Everyone bought as near Chicago as hecould, and thus Cook County, after a start was once made, was soonfilled with farmers.Israel G. Smith, one of the brothers who made the journey justdescribed, was the father of Judge Smith, the subject of this sketch.Born in 1816, he was twenty years old when he settled in Illinois, andperhaps twenty-one when he secured his farm. Buying it at the Chicagoland office, he held it by a warrant from the government, and the titleis one of the few titles in Cook County that have been transferred butonce during the last eighty-four years.The Smith brothers were very fortunate in the location of theirfarms. They came early enough to buy near Chicago, and enjoy2 7° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe enhancement in values attending proximity to the future great city.No one, indeed, then dreamed of what Chicago has since become. Butthough a small town in the thirties of the last century, to the. farmers whosettled near, it supplied a convenient market for whatever they couldraise and in its stores they could buy whatever they needed. They thusescaped many of the privations and hardships of those pioneers whosettled far away from markets and centers of supply. They had anotheradvantage. They were near neighbors, and other farmers soon occupiedthe surrouiid,ing country. Their father quickly followed them to theirnew home. In 1837 John Pennoyer and the following year his sons,Stephen and James Pennoyer, became part of the community. MancelTalcott, later well known in Chicago, was also one of this pioneer group.In 1838 the Smith brothers, Mr. Talcott, and others held a meetingat the house of John Pennoyer to consider their need of a school andafter a full discussion voted that "all adult male citizens, includingbachelors, should each contribute five dollars to purchase lumber fora schoolhouse." The assessment was paid, the lumber bought, and allthe able-bodied members of the community assembled with their toolsand built the schoolhouse, one of the first, if not the very first, erectedin the county outside of Chicago. No sooner was it finished than aschool was opened, the first teacher being Susan, a daughter of JohnPennoyer, who was thus one of the earliest country school teachers ofnorthern Illinois. She did not, however, long remain with the school,leaving it to become the wife of Israel Smith.The Pennoyers were an English family some members of whichwere men of wealth in the old country. William Pennoyer, a merchantof London nearly three hundred years ago, is said to have been a liberalcontributor to the funds of Harvard College. His brother Robertcame to the new world in 1635 and from him descended the branch ofthe family to which Susan, the mother of Judge Smith, belonged. In1648 Robert Pennoyer made his home in Stamford, in the southwestcorner of Connecticut, and that place long remained the principal homeof the family. But a hundred years ago John, the father of SusanPennoyer, left the old home for the western frontier. He had withinhim the urge of the pioneer and in 1818 took his family to CayugaCounty in central New York. But this did not prove to be near enoughthe frontier, and nineteen years later, in 1837, he joined the colony offarmers in Cook County, Illinois, and there tasted the joys and experienced some of the privations of life on the real frontier. He and hissons were men of intelligence and public spirit, apparently leading theFREDERICK A. SMITH 271community in the movement to provide the first schoolhouse in whichhis daughter Susan taught the first school.At about the time the schoolhouse was built, ground for a cemeterywas purchased and the first burial in it was that of Henry, the fatherof the Smith boys, who survived his arrival in his new home only twoor three years.Israel Smith entered early into the public life of the new community.He was elected justice of the peace at the first election held in Jeffersontownship. He and his brother-in-law, Stephen Pennoyer, were prominent men for many years. In 1873, in connection with other citizens,they secured with much difficulty the organization of the new townshipof Norwood Park, now a part of Chicago. I say with much difficulty,for the townships out of which it was carved carried their opposition tothe legislature of the state; Stephen Pennoyer was made supervisor ofthe new township and Israel Smith one of the commissioners of highwaysand treasurer of the board.Israel Smith and Susan Pennoyer were married April 13, 1843, byRev. C. Billings Smith, a well-known clergyman of that day, and pastorof the Tabernacle Baptist Church of Chicago. There was no church nearthem in the country and they became and remained for many yearsmembers of this church. Mr. Smith had a strong leaning toward business, and three or four times during the thirty years following his marriage yielded to this inclination. At one time he conducted a grocerystore on State Street and at another a boot and shoestore on Lake Street.These ventures brought his family for brief periods to the city, so thatthe children were both country and city bred. The great fire of 187 1brought the last of these excursions in merchandising to an end and led toMr. Smith's final return to the farm. These adventures in business wereall of short duration and the farm was the real home of the family forsixty years.Mr. and Mrs. Smith had seven children, four sons and three daughters, of whom one son and one daughter are now living. Edwin D.Smith still makes his home in Norwood Park, near the place of his birth.One of the daughters, Emma I., married Mr. Henry R. Clissold, aChicago publisher and editor and one of the most prominent and usefulBaptist laymen of Illinois.The first of this large family of children, the subject of this sketch, wasborn February 11, 1844. He was named Frederick Augustus, but wasgenerally known as Fred A. Smith. Israel Smith had accomplishedhis purpose of making the " Ridge " a part of his farm, and it added272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwonderfully to the picturesque beauty of his hundred and fifty-oddacres. Owing, doubtless, to discrepancies in old surveys, the farm wasa scant quarter-section. The "Ridge," long known as " Smith's Ridge,"ran through the farm north and south a few rods from the east line. Itwas the outstanding feature of a wide region, as, of course, it continuesto be. Covered with groves, mostly of oak, but with here and therestately elms and big cottonwoods, it transformed what would otherwisehave been a flat, treeless prairie into a diversified and attractive countryside. The " Ridge " made a fine site for the family home, which was surrounded by stately trees and commanded east and west, through theoak openings, extensive views only limited by the distant forests. Thesurrounding country, except for the ridge itself, was destitute of thosenatural features in which a boy delights and which so minister to the joyof youth. There were no mountains or hills, no forests, lakes, or streamsnear at hand. The nearest water was the north branch of the ChicagoRiver and this was three or four miles away. The Des Plaines Riveron the west was more distant still. The new country was thinly settledin Fred Smith's youth and there were few boys of his age. Their onlycommon meeting place was the schoolhouse. There they found a way,after the manner of boys, to amuse themselves. The schoolhouse,the same in which Mrs. Smith taught before her marriage, was somethingmore than a mile from the home. In the winter the small boy, who hadcome into the ownership of a pair of skates, often made his way to andfrom school by the "ditch route" which followed the improved roads,lengthening the distance by half a mile or more but making the journeya lark instead of a labor. Over the door of the 20X30 schoolhousethe boys inscribed in charcoal this legend: "Temple of Knowledge."Two things unfamiliar to boys of this generation gave interest andvariety to Fred's boyhood. Only a short distance north of the farmwere the "reservations" assigned by the treaties of 1821 and 1833 to anumber of Indian chiefs and their families, and many of the red menstill lingered in the neighborhood or occasionally returned ta visit theirformer hunting grounds. They sometimes appeared at the farmhousesand were familiar to the boy in his earlier years.Then too, the country abounded in game. Prairie chickens andquail were almost without number, as were ducks along the NorthBranch to the east and the Des Plaines to the west. There were manydeer, occasional bears, and the wolves, both prairie and timber wolves,were very numerous. The boy learned the use of a gun. He earlydeveloped enterprise and courage, and these experiences of his youthhelped to make him the virile man he became.FREDERICK A. SMITH 273Being the oldest of the seven children, Fred was the first to becomehis father's helper on the farm. All the farmwork became familiarto him. It was not altogether drudgery. He early developed a fondnessfor horses, which he never lost. He took great delight in breaking colts,in which he became very skilful. He was very much at home on theback of a horse and, naturally, fond of riding. His father raised stockand Fred became familiar with the care of all the anima]s about thefarm. As he grew up, the plow and the mowing machine, planting,sowing, cultivating, and harvesting unfolded their mysteries to him.He was in a fair way to become a full-fledged farmer when an eventoccurred which gave a new direction to his life.When he was fourteen years old the father took his family to Chicago,perhaps for one of his business ventures in that city. This was in theautumn of 1858. They found a home on the West Side on JacksonStreet, between Des Plaines and Halsted streets, a part of the city which,now entirely overrun by business, was then a pleasant district in whichto live. Only two blocks away was the old Scammon School, and thereFred had his first experience in a regularly graded school. Chicago'sfirst and at that time only high school was less than a block away fromthe Scammon, and was an object of such interest and pride to the entirecity that the boy, who had reached the age of youthful idealism, beganto feel the stirrings of scholarly ambition.Another event of that period deepened these aspirations. Hisparents were Baptists. The Tabernacle Baptist Church to which theybelonged was only three or four blocks north of their place of residence.The Baptists during those years were engaged in founding the firstUniversity of Chicago. In 1856 Senator Stephen A. Douglas had giventhem a site of ten acres on the South Side at Cottage Grove Avenueand Thirty-fourth Street, and in 1858-59 they were erecting the University building. The churches of the city and country were deeplyinterested in the movement. A great subscription, for that day, was beingraised and every public-spirited Baptist was subscribing. Israel Smith,Fred's father, was among these. The mother had been a teacher andwas deeply interested in her oldest son's education. The new University was a frequent subject of conversation in the family. Fred wasmore and more deeply stirred by an ambition for an education and itcame to be understood that he was to be a student in the new institution.He pursued his studies with new interest and about the first of September, i860, in his seventeenth year, he entered the preparatory departmentof the University of Chicago. It was then that I first met him. Twoand a half years his senior in age, I had entered the University as a274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFreshman just a year before.. The south wing of the University buildinghad been completed in 1859 and the work of instruction in it began thefirst week in September of that year.This south wing, later known as Jones Hall, was a four-story andbasement structure of rough-faced limestone, designed for a dormitory,with an extension northward two stories lower. This north extensioncontained the chapel, three or four recitation rooms, the president'soffice, and apartments in which President Burroughs and his familylived. Some of the professors and their wives also lived in the building,giving it something of the atmosphere of a home. There was a dining-room in the basement which was entirely above the surface of theground, well lighted, and spacious.When young Smith entered the University he found it very much inthe country. The street cars, then horse cars, ran on Cottage GroveAvenue only as far south as Thirty-first Street, nearly half a mile north ofthe University. On Thirty-fifth street, just west of the Avenue, was asmall, dingy saloon, appropriately named "The Shades." There wasbut one building, a small one-story cottage, on Thirty-fifth Streetbetween "The Shades" and State Street, nearly a mile west. Therewere a few houses to the southeast — Cleaverville — but none to the southor southwest, and only two or three between the University and Thirty-first Street. Across the Avenue from the University was "Okenwald,"the Chicago home of Senator Douglas. A fine oak grove covered theground for several hundred feet on both sides of the Avenue and thewhole country south of the University was a region of oak openings,every slight ridge being covered with trees.The University opened in 1859 in its new building with twenty men inits college classes — eight Sophomores and twelve Freshmen — and onehundred and ten preparatory students. The following year when youngSmith entered he found himself one among a hundred and thirty-sixin the preparatory department. There were thirty-seven men in collegeclasses. Fred entered college as a Freshman in 1862 in a class of twenty-two. Meantime the Civil War had broken out and every year the armyclaimed more and more of his classmates, until in 1864 the class wasreduced to six. Smith was one of the younger members of the class, havingjust passed his seventeenth birthday when Fort Sumter was fired on andthe war began. Records of his college life are meager, but they are sufficient to indicate the serious way in which he went about it and hisstanding with his fellow-students. It was during the early years of hiscollege course that he joined the church of which his parents weremembers. That great pulpit orator, Dr. Nathaniel Colver, was pastorFREDERICK A. SMITH 275and welcomed the young collegian into the church. The religious andmissionary organization of the University was the Berean Society andof this he became an active member. The largest literary society wasthe Athenaeum, and he was made its president in his first year.Honors, indeed, clustered thick upon him and he was chosen presidentof the Freshman class. College athletics were almost unknown andstudents had to content themselves with primitive baseball. A fewadventurous spirits, the Neptune Club, maintained a boat on LakeMichigan. But there was a military company— the University Cadets,the first captain of which lost his life in the war. Fred Smith in hisFreshman year was second lieutenant of the company.In the spring of 1864 Grant began the campaign which resultedin the capture of Richmond and the surrender of Lee, and at the sametime Sherman began his advance which culminated in the fall of Atlantaand the march to the sea. All the veterans in the northern armies wereneeded in these great campaigns, which were intended to end the warand did end it by winning it. To relieve them for this service thegovernors of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois tendered toPresident Lincoln a force of 100,000 men to serve for a hundred daysand to garrison necessary posts, repress guerrillas, and maintain orderin the occupied areas of the South. Fred Smith immediately volunteered in this force and on May 20, 1864, was sworn into the serviceat Camp Fry in the North Division of Chicago. It would appear thatmost of the University Cadets volunteered at the same time. Amongthem were five of the eleven members of Smith's class. The companythey entered was so largely composed of college men that it was calledthe University Guards. Smith was mustered in on May 27 as a member of the One Hundred Thirty-fourth Regiment, Illinois Infantry,and on June 3 the regiment took the train for Cairo. Remaining thereonly a few hours, it went down the Mississippi to Columbus, Kentucky,where it remained on duty eight weeks, or more than half its term ofservice. Smith was made a member of the provost guard, which keptorder in the town, arrested disturbers of the peace, and guarded rebelprisoners captured on Island No. 5. This was regarded as a distinction,the members of the guard being carefully chosen from the most reliableand intelligent men. While at Columbus the young soldier learned toswim in the great river, thus correcting one of the defects of his educationas a boy.The first of August the regiment was transferred by river to Paducah,Kentucky, and a week later marched twenty-five miles directly southto Mayfield. Thus by a journey of perhaps two hundred miles on the276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMississippi and Ohio rivers and a short march by land they reached apoint less than thirty miles directly east of Columbus, which they hadleft a week before. Here they remained during the next five weeks oftheir service. They had some .trouble with guerrillas, who were repressedwith a strong hand. In these fourteen weeks of service their workhad been to garrison and keep in order the western border of Kentuckywhile Grant was battling his way toward Richmond, and Sherman wasdriving the Confederate Army out of Atlanta in what his chief characterized as "one of the most memorable campaigns in history."The hundred-day men had fought no great battles, but they hadwell performed the task assigned to them, which was considered anessential part of the grand strategy of the general campaign. But theprogress of the war showed that they were needed for a much longerperiod than a hundred days. The genius of Lee and the valor of histroops delayed the final triumph of the Union armies for nearly a year.Every veteran was needed to fill up the depleted ranks. A new armyhad to be created to drive the Confederates out of Tennessee. Itwas found impossible to dismiss the hundred-day men at the end of thatperiod. Even after the return of Smith's company to Chicago alarmingreports that Price was threatening St. Louis took them posthaste toMissouri for another two weeks of service. As late as October 25 theyhad not been mustered out, but on that day Smith re-entered the University and resumed his studies. His hundred days of service becamebefore his final release nearly two hundred.The University of Chicago men who went into the army were notraw recruits. Before the war began, a military company had beenorganized. Its captain had drilled his command with the greatest zeal,and the students who entered the army were well trained and wereprepared from the day of their mustering in for efficient service; manyof them became commissioned officers. As has been told, Fred Smithhad been a lieutenant of the University Cadets. He was, however, onlytwenty years old when he became a soldier. He was too young and hisservice too short to allow him to aspire to a commission in active servicein the field. But brief as his experience in the army was, it both testedand benefited him. One of his friends and close associates in the service,now an aged clergyman, has assured me that he was recognized as one ofthe reliable, upright, Christian men of his company. As the oldest ofa large family of brothers and sisters he had already developed self-dependence, manliness, initiative, and all these qualities his militaryservice encouraged and developed. He had lost about three monthsFREDERICK A. SMITH 277out of his university course, but in consideration of his patriotic servicewas readmitted to his class. He was a good student and was able to goon with his classmates without serious difficulty. The class, whichoriginally numbered twenty- two, had been cut down by the war toeight, and all the classes in the University had been cut down proportionately.Smith was graduated in 1866. The reporter of the daily paper inwriting up the Commencement reveals the changes wrought since thatday in graduating exercises. He wrote that the chapel was filled tooverflowing and that "the oration on 'The Influence of Climate uponThought,' delivered by Mr. F. A. Smith, Jefferson, was a truly originalproduction At the conclusion of this gentleman's remarks hereceived the most violent applause and was literally showered withbouquets." Since that day the orations by the graduates and thebouquets have disappeared.Smith did not belong to that class of ingrates who remember theirinstructors with nothing better than criticism and belittle the benefitsreceived from their college studies. He looked back on his collegecourse with grateful interest and was one of the most loyal of the alumniof the old University. Long after 1886, when it ceased to exist, he continued to be a faithful attendant at the annual reunions of its formerstudents and was more than once elected president of the AlumniAssociation.At the time of his graduation Smith was twenty-two years old. Hehad already chosen the law as his profession and in the autumn of 1866entered the Law School of the University, of which Judge Henry Boothwas dean. He received his degree of LL.B. in 1868, but all the recordsaffirm that he was admitted to the bar on August 20, 1867, and openedan office and began practice at that time. His partner was Christian C.Kohlsaat, who later became a judge of the United States Circuit Court.The two young men had been students together in the University, wherethey had contracted a warm friendship. They had corresponded duringSmith's service in the army. They were of the same age, members ofthe same church, and a little later Kohlsaat married Smith's cousin.The friends formed a partnership under the firm name of Smith andKohlsaat. They remained together five years.Meantime, during the years of this first partnership, events of greatinterest and importance to Smith outside his business had occurred.When in 1864 by a union of the Tabernacle Church and a numberof members of the First Church the Second Baptist Church was formed278 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwith my brother, Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeed, as pastor, both Smith andKohlsaat had become members of the new organization. Both enteredvigorously into the remarkable activities of what grew rapidly into agreat and strong church. Both were highly valued helpers of the pastor.Both were members of the great Union Band Bible Class and active inthe mission work which made that class notable. In this class and itssocial and mission activities and in the great chorus choir of the churchSmith became associated with Miss Frances B. Morey. She was a cultivated and attractive young woman of an excellent family. Her father,Rev. Reuben B. Morey, was at that time pastor of the Baptist Churchat Merton, Wisconsin. A brother, William Carey Morey, has beenprofessor of history in his Alma Mater, the University of Rochester,for thirty-seven years, retiring, as this sketch is being written, at theage of seventy-seven. He is an author of distinction, a student of rarescholarly attainments, a most successful teacher, a man greatly lovedand admired in every period and activity and relation of his long life.His sister Frances was worthy of her brother. All who knew herfelt her charm. Fred Smith found her very attractive. Their association in musical and mission work resulted in mutual affection. Theywere married by Miss Morey's father in Merton, Wisconsin, in July,187 1. The bridegroom was twenty-seven years old. It was a marriageof affection and continued to be a happy one. They had no children.Mrs. Smith was devoted to good works. She was a member of manyclubs and organizations of charity. She was active in the Daughtersof the American Revolution and the Fortnightly Club. She was president of the board of Managers of the Illinois Training School for Nursesand a member of the boards of the School of Domestic Arts and Sciencesand the Chicago Home for the Friendless.In 1872 Mr. arid Mrs. Smith were my parishioners in the SecondBaptist Church of Chicago. In the autumn of that year, the year afterthe great fire, they moved to the south division of the city and transferred their membership to the First Baptist Church. Smith andKohlsaat married in the same year, 1871, Kohlsaat, as has beensaid, marrying Smith's cousin, so that the two young lawyers, bothlater to become judges, were related in manifold ways — by marriage,as partners, as members of the same church, as earnest advocates of thepolicies of the Republican party, and in all religious and political activities. I had renewed my early acquaintance with both of them duringnine months of a student pastorate in Chicago in 1865. This acquaintance now ripened into a friendship that continued throughout theFREDERICK A. SMITH 279lives of both these exceptional men. We recalled and lived over againour experiences in the old University.From 1873 Mr. Smith conducted his law practice without a partnerfor twelve years. It was during this period that he began a kind ofpublic service for which he developed exceptional gifts, in which hebecame highly useful and influential, and which in an increasing degreehe continued to the end of his life, a period of forty years. This servicewas his trusteeship in educational institutions. It began in 1879 whenhe became a trustee of the Baptist Theological Union, located at Chicago.This corporation was struggling to maintain and endow the BaptistUnion Theological Seminary. The institution was passing through aperiod of grave difficulty. Its future was uncertain. To be one of itstrustees required a spirit of devotion and sacrifice and faith. Yet theforemost men in the denomination in Chicago were its trustees. Suchmen only were sought for its managing board. Mr. Smith was onlythirty-five years old, but such was his weight of character even at thatage, and such recognition had his abilities won, that he was elected atrustee of the institution. The position was an honor as well as aresponsibility.All that has been said of the Theological Seminary was equally trueof the old University. The trustees of that institution followed the leadof the Seminary only two months later and appointed the same risingyoung lawyer a member of its board. He welcomed the latter appointment as a loyal alumnus who was devoted to his Alma Mater. Theelection to the trusteeship of the Theological Seminary he accepted asan obligation he owed to his denomination. With the University heremained six years. In 1885, recognizing the hopelessness of rescuing itfrom its overwhelming difficulties, he retired from the board and thefollowing year saw the end of its educational work. With the Seminaryhe remained forty years, his connection with it ending only with hisdeath. He was one of its most faithful and efficient trustees and had thesatisfaction of seeing it gradually emerge from its difficulties, multiplyits resources and attendance, and finally become the Divinity School ofthe present University of Chicago and one of the great theologicalschools of the world.It was when Mr. Smith entered the Seminary board that he and Iagain became closely associated. I was a trustee and the financial agentand secretary of the board and I had every reason to become acquaintedwith his faithfulness to duty, his wisdom in counsel, his courage throughlong years of discouraging struggle, and his abounding liberality. I28o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas often compelled to call on him for contributions, and he neverfailed to respond with cheerful and, to me, cheering generosity.In June, 1889, 1 left the service of the Theological Seminary to engagein the effort for the founding of the present University of Chicago.In the same spirit of devotion he always manifested, Mr. Smith assumedthe duties of recording secretary of the Seminary board and performedthem for nearly three years, until, the University having been foundedand the Seminary united with it as its Divinity School, I resumed theduties of secretary of the Divinity Board and relieved him, he meantimehaving become a member of the Board of Trustees of the new Universityof Chicago.This record of trusteeships has covered thirteen years. During thatperiod Mr. Smith had continued to advance in his profession and ingeneral reputation. In 1887 he had been president of the Law Clubof Chicago. In 1890 he had received the high honor of election to thepresidency of the Chicago Bar Association. As a good Republicanactive in politics he early became a member of the Hamilton Club and in1 89 1 and 1892 was its president. During this period also he had formeda partnership with S. P. Millard which continued for three years or morefollowing 1885.It was in 1890 that his most important partnership began. Togetherwith Frank A. Helmer and Frank I. Moulton, both'of whom were hisjuniors in age, he organized the well-known firm of Smith, Helmer, andMoulton, with offices for some years at 132 Clark Street. This partnership continued for above twelve years. In 1895, by the admission ofHenry W. Price, the firm became Smith, Helmer, Moulton, and Price.The combination was a strong one and prospered. The election ofMr. Smith to the judgeship in 1903 led to his retirement from the firm,but Messrs. Helmer and Moulton are still associated after a partnershipof thirty years.Mr. Smith was not what is commonly known as a "jury lawyer."One who knew him well says of him :He did not seek open court work, except in chancery matters, but did not seem toshun it, and was always thoroughly prepared in entering upon a trial. And, in a way,he was strong with a jury, as his plain common sense way of presenting his side of acase, his evident frankness and sincerity, his straightforward analysis and deductionsfrom the evidence, often proved more convincing and effective with a jury than a morerhetorical effort.The evident high character of the advocate was eloquent and convincing.FREDERICK A. SMITH 281One of his partners makes the following revealing statement:Judge Smith was imperturbable, patient, and courteous in his intercourse withmen and attorneys and not easily disturbed under great provocation. I can recall butone instance in thirteen years of association with him in which he displayed anger orresentment. In that case he believed that the demands made upon his client were inthe nature of blackmail, and he called the attorney for the claimant to his office andsaid to him in very plain language that he considered the demand blackmail, that if thethreatened suit was filed, he, the attorney, would immediately be served with awarrant of arrest and prosecuted for blackmail; and then rising from his desk in angerhe showed the attorney the door and told him never to show his face in the officeagain. It is needless to state that the demands were dropped and suit was not brought.He had eminently the judicial temperament. He found on the bench his real place.In confirmation of this last statement Mr. Smith's unusual qualifications for the bench were early recognized by the Republicans ofChicago and in 1898 he was nominated for the position of judge of theSuperior Court. It was, however, a Democratic year and he failedof election. In 1903 he was nominated for judge of the Circuit Court ofCook County. His election was recommended by a large majority inthe Bar Association primary, a most flattering indication of the favorable opinion of the lawyers of the city. Once more it was a Democraticyear, all but three of the candidates of that party being elected. Mr.Smith was one of the three successful Republicans.An incident of the campaign illustrates the positive qualities and theindependent character of the man. It was the period of the Lorimerregime and Judge Elbridge Hanecy was one of the nominees for theCircuit Court who was regarded as specially representing Lorimer.Feeling ran high and personal vituperation was freely indulged in bynewspapers and candidates. In one of his speeches Hanecy lambasted theindependent newspaper which was opposing him, and particularly itseditor. The meeting was composed of his warm adherents, who gavehim enthusiastic applause. Another candidate followed indicating hisagreement with and approval of Hanecy. But this did not move Smith,who said, "I am not here to attack tjie newspapers. To indulge insuch criticism is far from my purpose." He then went on to impress onthe audience the importance of the business of electing competentjudges. His immediate hearers shouted for Hanecy, but on electionday the people voted for Smith and relegated Judge Hanecy to privatelife.That Judge Smith had exceptional qualifications for the bench wassoon made evident. In December, 1904, eighteen months after hiselection, the Supreme Court of the state conferred on him the honor of282 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDan assignment to the Appellate Court of the Chicago district. In 1906he was reassigned to that position and was later made Presiding Justiceof the Court.At the end of his first term in 1909 Judge Smith was re-elected, andagain in 191 5 was elected for a third six-year term. It is significant ofthe excellence of his record as a judge and the growing approval of thecommunity that in his third election he received a much larger votethan ever before, his majority approaching fifty thousand. He continued his public service as a judge of the Circuit Court for sixteen years,the closing years of his life.In looking up cases brought before our judges, the ordinary citizenis astonished to find how many trivial cases are carried up by appeal tothe Supreme Court of the state. He may be pardoned for some disgustwhen he remembers that he is being taxed to permit litigants to carry tothe highest judicial tribunal of the state insignificant quarrels thatought never to be permitted to go beyond the jurisdiction of a justice ofthe peace. Another thing that astonishes the ordinary citizen is thefact that in half the cases, perhaps more than half the cases, carried byappeal to the state Supreme Court, the decrees of the lower courts arereversed or the cases remanded for a new trial. No stronger argumentthan this can be urged for choosing competent judges. Highly intelligent men, indeed, often differ in their opinions, and the most intelligentand conscientious judges have their decisions reversed. But this hasbecome so common in our courts as to be almost a scandal.Judge Smith was more fortunate in having his decrees approved bythe Supreme Court than many of his fellow-judges. In one of hiscampaigns, perhaps in both of those which resulted in his re-election,this fact was advanced in the press in his favor.One of the interesting and important cases in which the decree ofJudge Smith was sustained by the Supreme Court decided the questionof the right of holders of real estate along the lake shore to accretions totheir property thrown up by the waves. In 1909 the legislature passeda resolution reciting that the rights of the state to land along the shore ofLake Michigan had been usurped by private individuals and an investigating commission was appointed. The commission reported and theattorney-general was instructed to pursue the investigation and instituteproceedings to regain possession for the state of shore lands rightlybelonging to it. A test case was brought as to a tract of ground inEvanston where an acre or more of new land had been added to a lot onthe lake shore by the construction of breakwaters and piers by otherFREDERICK A . SMITH 283parties than the owner of the lot. The decisions of the Circuit andSupreme courts agreed in determining the following points:The line at which the water usually stands when free from disturbing causes is theboundary of land in a conveyance calling for the lake as a line.The shore owner has the undisputed right of access from his land to the lake.This right cannot be taken from him without just compensation.The whole doctrine of accretions rests upon the right of access to the water, and itmust be convenient access. The right to preserve his contact with the water isone of the most valuable of a riparian owner.Such owner cannot himself bring about accretions by artificial meansand thus add to his lawful holdings; but the courts decreed that "theowner of land bordering on Lake Michigan has title to land formedadjacent to his property by accretions, even though the formation ofsuch accretions is brought about, in part, by artificial conditions createdby third parties." In the case in question it had been brought aboutby third parties and the state failed to gain possession of the accretionsthus formed.Another case establishing an important principle was the following:The wife of a drunkard had secured a judgment against a saloonkeeperfor selling intoxicating liquor to her husband and thus injuring her meansof support. Finding the judgment could not be collected from the saloonkeeper, she sued the owner of the building in which the saloon was located,to subject the premises owned by him to the payment of the judgment.Judge Smith gave a decision and entered a decree in her favor. Thecase was carried to the Supreme Court and the decree of Judge Smithwas affirmed, that court deciding that the judgment recovered against theowner of the building was "a personal judgment, for the payment ofwhich all of his property is subject."The abilities and character of Judge Smith were so highly appreciatedby the judges of the Supreme Court that they kept him, during a largepart of his judicial service, "in the first branch of the Appellate Courtof Illinois for the First District." During the closing period of his lifehe was the Chief Justice of the Circuit Court of Cook County. Afterhis death his fellow- judges of that Court united in the following estimateof him.Judge Smith's outstanding characteristics were his courteous, gentlemanly nature,his patience in hearing, his firmness and fearlessness in decision, his unswerving integrity, his dignified bearing on the bench, his urbanity with his associates and friends.He was a tower of strength in times of stress. He held the scales of justice with evenpoise. He was a light to the bar and an example to his judicial associates worthy ofemulation. He was well grounded in the theory of law, and always abreast of the284 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdecisions of the day. He was a learned and scholarly man and his opinions in theAppellate Court are monuments to his learning and legal erudition.Judge Smith was a lovable, kindly character with a keen sense of justice and right.No maudlin sentimentality or sinister influence affected his judgments; they reflectedthe law of the land impartially, administered. Friend and foe alike received justiceat his hands, measured and circumscribed only by the law. His reputation as a safe,reliable, and sound judge was universally conceded by bench and bar alike.Judge Charles M. Thomson, who succeeded Judge Smith as ChiefJustice of the Circuit Court, said of him: "He was one of the ablestjudges who ever sat on the bench of our county. His fine temperamentand genial disposition were never absent and made it a pleasure eitherto be associated with, him or to appear before him as an advocate."The following statement by a successful lawyer will be recognized bythose who knew him as a true characterization of the man: "As a judgehe became noted among the trial lawyers for his thorough independenceand promptness in rulings according to his convictions of the law, regardless of individuals or interests before him."The founding of the new and greater University of Chicago broughtme into a new intimacy with Judge Smith. He was grieved and humiliated over the destruction of the old University. He lamented it as analumnus, as a Baptist, as a citizen, as a friend of learning. No onerejoiced more sincerely when it began to appear that a new Universityof Chicago might be founded on a broader foundation and with largerpromise. It gave him particular satisfaction that the alumni of the firstUniversity were to be recognized as alumni of the new one. He wasamong the early subscribers to the first million-dollar fund raised in1889-90. Such was his interest, ability, and standing that as a matterof course he was selected as a member of the first Board of Trustees. Iwas secretary of the Board and of its committees and he becamevice-president of the Board and chairman of the standing Committee onInstruction and Equipment, positions of importance and influencewhich he occupied continuously to the end of his life. Throughhis committee, appointments of all members of the Faculties wererecommended to the Trustees. As chairman of the committee heworked efficiently, first with President Harper and then with PresidentJudson, for nearly thirty years, from 1890 to 191 9. He was not a manof large means, but was a frequent and liberal contributor to the funds.Faithful in attendance at the frequent meetings of the Board andthe various committees of which he was a member (the Board itselfmeeting regularly once a month), as well as in the performance of everyservice required of him, deeply interested in all the new questions con-FREDERICK A. SMITH 285stantly arising, strong in his own convictions and frank in their expression, and at the same time considerate of the opinions of others, andsupporting loyally every policy finally agreed upon; conservative in allmatters relating to the great trust committed to him and his fellow-trustees, contributing freely the large resources of his special knowledgeand experience, fitted by his training and sympathies to consider intelligently the educational plans and policies of the presidents, accustomedto do his own thinking but at the same time having a mind singularlyhospitable to new views; devoted with never-waning zeal to the interestsof the University, an excellent presiding officer, contributing the fullweight of his large influence to the unity and harmony which has alwayscharacterized the University Board, it may be truthfully said that JudgeSmith was an ideal trustee in one of the most remarkable educationalorigins and developments of any age or any land. He had the satisfactionof seeing the University he helped to found accumulate assets aggregating above $46,000,000, and enrol more than 10,000 students a year,taking its place in the twenty-nine years of his trusteeship among theleading universities of the world.Judge Smith's relation to the University made him a trustee in twoother institutions. When Rush Medical College and the ChicagoManual Training School became a part of the University system, he waselected to the boards of both schools and served them continuously from1897-98 for more than twenty years, as they gradually developed intothe University's larger work in the Medical School and the School of Education.Other positions of trust and honor came to him. In 1893 he wasvice-president of the Chicago Law Institute and in 1913 was electedits president. He was vice-president of the Union League Club. Hebecame an annual governing member of the Chicago Historical Society,in the affairs of which he took a deep interest. Among his clubs werethe Marquette and the Chicago Literary Club.The mother of Judge Smith lived to see the old farmhouse replacedby a fine brick mansion with wide verandas, which still stands emboweredin trees on the " Ridge." She died in 1893, three years after the son shesent to the old University as a preparatory student in i860 had become atrustee of the new University of Chicago. The father lived to theadvanced age of eighty-eight, dying in 1904, a year after his son's firstelection as judge.The crowning affliction of Judge Smith's life was the death of hiswife in 1910. As he had no children he was left quite alone for the last286 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnine years of his life, except for the brother and two sisters who survivedhim, and the friends he had made. The year before Mrs. Smith's deathhe had been re-elected judge of the Circuit Court.Sometime after theodeath of his father, acting for himself and theother heirs, he sold the old farm, and it became the home of the Ridge-moor Country Club. The Smith mansion, as has been said, still stands,and south of it farther along the " Ridge" a very attractive clubhousehas been built and the fine natural advantages of the location have beenhappily adapted to the purposes of a golf club. Judge Smith was himself a lover of golf and during the closing decade of his life was accustomed to spend a month or more each winter with some congenialfriend on the shores of the Gulf in Mississippi, at Summer ville, SouthCarolina, Birmingham, Alabama, and other golfing resorts of theSouth.The malady which ended his life was a slow and distressing onedeveloping into cancer and probably was, from the first, incurable.When death finally came, he welcomed it as a relief from suffering.He died July 31, 1919, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. He did notleave a large estate, but testified that his interest in the University, ofwhich he had been a trustee for twenty-nine years, was real and profound by making the following provisions in his will:My set of the Illinois Supreme Court Reports and my partial set of the IllinoisAppellate Court Reports to be placed in and become a part of the Law Library of theUniversity of Chicago.I give to the said University of Chicago the sum of $25,000 to be used by theTrustees of said University as a scholarship endowment fund and administered by thesaid Trustees in their discretion for the welfare of said University and the assistanceof needy and deserving students of said University in obtaining an education.The terms of the scholarship bequest, leaving large discretion tothe Trustees in administering the bequest for the "welfare of the University," were evidently dictated by his long experience as a member ofthe governing board. The books were early placed in the Law Libraryand a year after his death the scholarship fund was paid into the University treasury. ,In the memorial which the Trustees of the University entered ontheir records immediately after the death of Judge Smith they paid himthis well-deserved tribute:Our sense of bereavement relates not only to the kindly, courteous, and patientqualities that marked him in the long period of service on the Board, but perhapsmore so to the conspicuous gifts of wisdom, prudence, conservatism, fidelity, andvision that he brought to the consideration of the University's affairs and problems.FREDERICK A. SMITH 287His funeral was attended and in part conducted by the George H.Thomas Post of the Grand Army of the Republic, of which he was amember.The judges of the Circuit Court, whose estimate of him as a juristhas been already given, also said of him:A kindly Christian gentleman has gone from our midst. We revere his memoryand mourn his passing away. He will be greatly missed by his associates for hissage counsel, his inspiring presence, and manly virtues. We thank God for the gift ofhis noble and exemplary life.An attorney was once asked: "What manner of man is JudgeSmith?" His answer was extraordinarily apt: "A physical portrayalof substantial justice." Of medium height, heavily built, his head bigand bald, his face clean shaven except for a heavy mustache, broad ofchin and firm of mouth, his appearance without the slightest air ofpretention was dignified and impressive and his title fitted him perfectly.He was every inch a judge.If I should attempt a further estimate of Judge Smith I should onlyrepeat what has already been said on some page of this sketch. Herendered an important service to the great city by his sixteen years onthe bench as a just and able judge. He once said : " It is my ambition tobe a good judge rather than a great one." And as one of the best ofjudges, he was exceptionally useful to the community he served.But he rendered a vastly wider service than to the communityof the great city, a service that carried his influence far abroad and willperpetuate it through many generations to come. By his influentialrelation to the University of Chicago he ably assisted in the beginningsand the development of a movement that we may well believe willcontinue with increasing power to bless, not a single community, butthe world as long as civilization endures. He aided efficiently in founding and shaping the policies of an institution that will train the mindsand mold the lives of succeeding generations of students who willextend its influence to the ends of the earth. Such long-continuing andwide-extending influence, growing in power as it continues and expands,attaches inevitably to those who become by their services or their giftsa part of the life of a great institution of education. This is doublytrue of those who, like Judge Smith, by both services and gifts becomea part of that expanding life. On the foundation stones of the Universityof Chicago the letters of his name are cut deep.UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONSTo replace the University Congregation, which was established atthe annual meeting of the Board of Trustees in June, 1896, and whichhas long ceased to function, the Board of Trustees has establishedfourteen University Commissions. The Congregation was a large bodycomprising all officers of administration and instructors above the rankof Associate, all Doctors of Philosophy of the University, officers inaffiliated colleges when elected by the Congregation, and representativesof the Doctors and Bachelors of Law, Bachelors of Divinity, Mastersand Bachelors of Arts, Literature, and Science. This large body wasto consider subjects referred to it and to make recommendations togoverning bodies. It had the power to interpose a temporary veto of anaction of the Faculty. The Quarterly Congregation Dinner throughlack of interest became an annual dinner. Even this was not wellattended. Soon the Congregation ceased to function.The Congregation, however, had one responsibility that as Dr.Goodspeed has pointed out in his History may become vitally importantto the welfare of the University.As long as things go well the Congregation may be said to have no functions. ....But if the time ever comes when things go wrong, when the "governing bodies" failto guide the policies of the institution wisely, the Congregation can make its voiceheard. True, it can only recommend. But it will represent such a constituencythat its well-considered recommendations urged and perhaps insisted on, with theUniversity and fifty or a hundred thousand alumni behind them, would reach agoverning body with something very like authority. This, it is true, is a far cry;perhaps a very remote possibility. It is, however, the one thing that may make theinstitution of the Congregation an important event in the history of the University.On recommendation of the President of the University the presidentof the Board of Trustees at a meeting October 14, 1919, appointed acommittee to consider the advisability of creating a body to take theplace of the University Congregation. This committee comprisedHarold H. Swift, chairman, T. E. Donnelley, and C. W. Gilkey.This committee reported at the June meeting, 1920, and at themeeting July 13, the Board adopted a plan for University Commissions. Feeling that one of the primary needs of the University is a moreactive participation in its affairs by the alumni and the developmentamong them of a keener sense of responsibility for its well-being, believ-288UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONS 289ing also that with the rapid growth of the University points of contactbetween the Trustees and the members of the Faculties need to be multiplied in order that each may better understand the point of view andpurposes of the other, confident, moreover, that the future prosperityof the University must depend to no small degree upon its success inenlisting the intelligent interest of leading citizens of Chicago and theCentral West who do not happen to be among its alumni and Trustees,the Committee briefly formulated the objects of the Commissions asfollows: to promote the interest of the University of Chicago by (1)fostering a closer relationship between the alumni and the University;(2) developing a closer relationship between the Faculties and Boardof Trustees; (3) developing more actively the interest of representativeChicagoans in the University.The duty of each Commission is to study the work of its school orgroup and from time to time to make suggestions to the Board of Trustees as to the manner and means of improving the work of the school orgroup. These suggestions are to be sent to the Board of Trusteesthrough the President of the University who shall transmit them to theBoard with his recommendations.There will be fourteen University Commissions, one for each ofthe centers of interest in the University life: The Law School, TheMedical School, The Graduate Medical School, The Divinity School,The School of Education, The School of Commerce and Administration,The Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Science, Women's Interests,Historical Group (Political Economy, Political Science, History, Sociology and Anthropology), Modern Language Group, Classical LanguageGroup, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Geology and Geography,Biological Group (Zoology, Anatomy, Physiology, Botany, Pathology,Hygiene and Bacteriology) . Of each of these Commissions the Presidentof the University is ex officio member. On each Commission therewill be two alumni, one of whom is to be elected by the Alumni Council,the other to be appointed by the president of the Board of Trustees onrecommendation of the President of the University; two or moreresidents of Chicago or vicinity not connected in an official capacitywith the University who will be appointed by the president of theBoard of Trustees upon recommendation by the President of the University; two members of the Faculty who, whenever practicable, willbe heads of departments or Deans closely associated with given departments and will be appointed by the Board of Trustees on recommendation by the President of the University; one member of the Board290 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof Trustees and an alternate member to be appointed by the presidentof the Board of Trustees. It is to be noted that when one Commissionis appointed for two departments one Faculty member of the Commission shall be appointed-; from each department. If the group iscomposed of more than two departments then one member shall beadded from the Faculty to represent each additional department. Theterm of office is to be two years. One-half of the membership immediately to be appointed will be named for one year.Each Commission is to meet at least once each quarter exceptingduring the Summer Quarter, and at least one meeting each year is to bewith the teaching force of all departments of groups represented. Thereis to be at least one joint meeting of all the Commissions and the Boardof Trustees of the University during the Spring Quarter of each year.Special meetings may be called in accordance with such regulations asmay be provided by the Commissions or upon the call of the chairmanof the Commissions. At these meetings the work of the group is to beconsidered from all points of view represented. Suggestions for improvements may be made at any time by the Commission to the Board ofTrustees through the President of the University.A further effort of the members of the Board of Trustees to comeinto closer contact with the members of the Faculties appears in a newby-law of the Board of Trustees establishing an annual dinner in honorof members of the Faculties. The first of these will be held October 4,1920, taking the place of the usual Faculty dinner.The establishment of the University Commissions affords an interesting device for constructive criticism of the several parts of the University organism. It is to be hoped that the Commissions will performa real service in improving the University of Chicago.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEENTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and SeventeenthConvocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Friday, September 3,at 4:00 p.m. The Convocation Address,"The New Past," was delivered byJames Henry Breasted, Ph.D., Professorof Egyptology and Oriental History,Director of the Oriental Institute of theUniversity of Chicago.The award of honors was announced:Mary Ann Benson, the Lillian GertrudeSelz Scholarship. The election of thefollowing students to the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa was announced: Erik Anderson, Carroll YorkBelknap, Guy Thomas Buswell, ElsieDeane Canan, Hazel May Cornell,Florence Marguerite Edler, EmmelineFricke, Faith Gamble, Harald GrothOxholm Hoick, Herman Theodore Moss-berg, Marjorie Lora Rx^ce (June, 1919),Luther Martin Sandwick, William Dudley Woodhead.Honorable mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges: RulandWetherby Barber, Samuel Sol Caplan,Dorothy Jane Church, Harry ClaytonFisher, Justus Miles Hull, Mary LouiseHutchinson, Julius Hyman, HarryPerl Klier, Beatrice Marks, Ruth AnnaCharlotte Miller, Mattie J. McCoy,Selma Agatha Reidt, Richard BiddleRichter, William Shapiro, Barrett LeRoySpach, Raymond Hillman Starr, RobertThorne, William Hall Trout, HarryWinkler, Ethel Foster Wyley. Honorable mention for excellence in the workleading to the Certificate of the Collegeof Education: Olga Jane Davies, HelenLaurie. The Bachelor's degree wasconferred with honors on the followingstudents: Carroll York Belknap, SarahGibson Brinkley, Howard Clark Brown,M. Ethel Brown, Elsie Deane Canan,Esther Perez Carvajal, Hazel MayCornell, Florence Marguerite Edler,Harriett Huldah Fillinger, Faith Gamble,Nellie Emma Jones, Corinne Laney,Olga Law, Robert Wallace Mackie,Lydia Duncan Montgomery, Viola Ellison Moore, Herman Theodore Mossberg,Jean Montgomery Pickett, Grace Margaret Poorbaugh, Mary Louisa Robinson,Marjorie Lora Royce, Luther MartinSandwick, Anna Catherine Shine, MethaLouise Wulf. Honors for excellence inparticular departments of the SeniorColleges were awarded to the followingstudents: Carroll York Belknap, English;Gertrude Stanton Bennett, Latin;Howard Clark Brown, English; HowardClark Brown, Botany; M. Ethel Brown,Education; Esther Perez Carvajal, Romance; Esther Perez Carvajal, GeneralLiterature; Hazel May Cornell, Geography and Geology; Arthur BensonCummins, Chemistry; Florence Marguerite Edler, History; Florence MargueriteEdler, Romance; Ethel Feldkirchner,Home Economics; Harriett Huldah Fillinger, Chemistry; Faith Gamble, Botany;Corinne Laney, Latin; Leola LillianLasell, English; Olga Law, PoliticalEconomy; Robert Wallace Mackie,Political Economy; Lydia DuncanMontgomery, Education; Viola EllisonMoore, Botany; Herman TheodoreMossberg, Political Economy; Elizabeth Catherine Oettershagen, German;Grace Margaret Poorbaugh, Education;Grace Margaret Poorbaugh, Art Education; Mary Louisa Robinson, Botany;Marjorie Lora Royce, French; MethaLouise Wulf, Geography.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the certificateof the College of Education, 9; thedegree of Bachelor of Arts, 4; the degreeof Bachelor of Philosophy, 71; thedegree of Bachelor of Science, 39; thedegree of Bachelor of Philosophy inEducation, $&-K the degree of Bachelorof Philosophy in Commerce and Administration, 11; The Divinity School:the degree of Master of Arts, 15; thedegree of Bachelor of Divinity, 3; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1;The Law School: the degree of Bachelorof Laws, 4; the degree of Doctor ofLaw, 10; The Graduate Schools of Arts,Literature, and Science: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 63; the degree of Masterof Science, 28; the degree of Doctor of291292 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPhilosophy, 31. The total number ofdegrees conferred was 327.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, August 29,in Harper Assembly Room; At 11:00a.m., in Leon Mandel AssemblycHall,the Convocation Religious Service washeld. The preacher was the ReverendWilliam Coleman Bitting, D.D., SecondBaptist Church, St. Louis, Missouri.GENERAL ITEMSOn July 30 Percy MacKaye, dramatist,author of The Canterbury Pilgrims, Caliban, and many other masques, gavean author's reading in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall at the University of Chicago.On August 2 he lectured on "Community Drama," on which he is the leading American authority; and August 3he gave an author's reading from hisdrama George Washington.Two of the best-known literary womenof the country lectured at the University of Chicago in July and August. OnJuly 26 Miss Harriet Monroe, editor ofPoetry, spoke on "Recent Poetry inEnglish, I: The Conservatives," andJuly 27 on "Recent Poetry in English,II: The Radicals." Miss Monroe isco-editor of The New Poetry, an anthology, and author of You and I andThe Passing Show, the latter a volume ofplays in verse.Miss Amy Lowell gave an author'sreading on August 13, and on the eveningof August 17 gave in Leon MandelAssembly Hall a lecture on "Walt Whitman and the New Poetry. "Announcement is made by the University of Chicago Trustees that DavidAllan Robertson, Associate Professorof English and Secretary to the President,has been appointed to a new office inthe University, that of Dean of theColleges of Arts, Literature, and Science.For six months Dr. Scott E. W. Bedford, Associate Professor of Sociology inthe University of Chicago and secretaryof the American Sociological Society, hasbeen with the War Department, assistingin starting the educational work amongthe soldiers. He has assisted in writingthe textbooks used in the basic course incitizenship and was sent to Camp Lee, Virginia, to give an exhibition of thiscourse, before a Committee of Congress.He also made a presentation of the workin general education before a dinner ofover a hundred Senators and Representatives at the Army and Navy Club inWashington.Professor Bedford has been sent bythe War Department to study the workin training for citizenship offered by thelarger unofficial organizations in theUnited States and to make suggestionson Americanization and citizenship training to all the departments and most ofthe bureaus of the federal government.He has also been sent to several of thelargest cities to explain the army education to recruiting officers, chambers ofcommerce, and civic organizations. Dr.Bedford's position has been that ofdevelopment expert in general education.The army educational work is nowregarded as the most important in adulteducation in modern times. It is directedby some fifty experts gathered at CampGrant, Illinois, in the Service School.The teachers who are to teach in thearmy next year were brought together atCamp Grant this summer for instructionin their tasks. It is expected that nextyear the United States Army Schools willhave at least 200,000 students in them.An alumnus of the University of Chicago, Dr. Wallace Walter Atwood, S.B.'97, Ph.D. '03, professor of physiographyin Harvard University and presidentelect of Clark University to succeedDr. G. Stanley Hall, is the author of arecent volume issued under the title ofNew Geography. It contains coloredmaps and is fully illustrated, and willform a part of a new geographical series.Dr. Atwood, who was connected withthe University of Chicago for fourteenyears, is a member of the United Statesand Illinois Geological Surveys and ofthe National Research Council, and theauthor of Glaciation of the Uinta andWasatch Mountains, and « of Geologyand Mineral Resources of the AlaskaPeninsula. % .The Alumni Council of the Universityof Chicago has been particularly activeand successful the past year. T\M number of alumni clubs through<$it thecountry has increased under tie wisepolicy of the Council from five to thirty-one. A large beginning has been madeEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 293toward the subscription of an adequatefund to carry on alumni activities on anindependent basis. Announcement wasmade at the recent Convocation that atotal of $88,841 had already been subscribed to the fund by 654 alumni. Thecontributions on hand have been increased by favorable purchase of LibertyBonds. It is expected that by the timethe fund is a year old, by next January,it will have reached $100,000 in subscriptions, and about $50,000 in funds onhand.An alumnus of the University of Chicago, Dr. John H. Reynolds, who took hisMaster's degree from the University in1897 and is now president of HendrixCollege, Arkansas, has been selected asdirector-general of the $25,000,000 educational campaign of the MethodistEpiscopal Church, South. This is regarded as the greatest educational movement ever attempted in that part of thecountry. Dr. Reynolds will have ayear's leave of absence to conduct thecampaign, his headquarters being atNashville, Tennessee.Among the recent publications issuedby the University of Chicago Press is oneon Teaching in the Army, by James C.Lewis, Jr., Major of Field Artillery, whois now Assistant Professor of MilitaryScience and Tactics in the University ofChicago. Major Lewis, who receivedthe Master's degree and the SchoolSuperintendent's certificate from Columbia University, has emphasized the principles of teaching that are accepted bypractically all educators, and the book isthe result of a broad contact with armyinstruction. In his introduction DirectorCharles H. Judd, of the University ofChicago School of Education, says:"The book is a most encouraging symptom of the movement to improve teachingtechnique in the army. It ought to geta very wide use."In his monograph on The Genitive ofValue in Latin and Other Constructionswith Verbs of Rating, Professor Gordon J.Laing, chairman of the Department ofLatin at the University of Chicago, saysthat his purpose is twofold: (1) to determine the origin of the genitive of value,and (2) ..to ascertain the limits of thedifferent' combinations: what genitivesand ablatives are used in expressions ofvaluation and with what verbs they are combined; and to what extent genitives,ablatives, and verbs vary in differentauthors and different spheres. He hasalso endeavored to show the historicaldevelopment of the individual expressions and of the construction as a whole.Some of the sections of the monographhave been reprinted by permission fromProfessor Laing's article in Studies inHonor of Basil L. Gilder sleeve (JohnsHopkins Press, Baltimore).A new scientific publication from theUniversity of Chicago Press is The Floraof the Eagle Creek Formation, by Dr.Ralph W. Chaney, of the State University of Iowa. The author had madeconsiderable collections of fossil plantmaterial in the Gorge of the ColumbiaRiver, in Oregon and Washington, andfrom these he has drawn conclusionsregarding the age of the formation, thegeneral character of the flora, and thephysical conditions during the epoch.Professor James Henry Breasted,Ph.D., LL.D., Chairman of the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures and Director of the OrientalInstitute of the University of Chicago,was the Convocation Orator at the OneHundred and Seventeenth Convocationof the University, Friday, September 3.Professor Breasted, who has justreturned after a year's work as Directorof the Oriental Institute in conductingan archaeological survey of the NearEast, has been highly successful in finding extraordinary opportunities for enriching Haskell Oriental Museum fromobjects in Egypt and Mesopotamia.In 1900 Professor Breasted wasappointed by the Royal Academies ofGermany to copy and arrange theEgyptian inscriptions in European museums for an Egyptian dictionary; in1905-7 he was Director of the EgyptianExpedition of the University of Chicago;he has been the Morse lecturer atUnion Theological Seminary, New York,the Earl lecturer at the University ofCalifornia, and the Hale Foundationlecturer before the American Academyof Science at Washington. He is associate editor of the American lournal ofSemitic Languages and Literatures, corresponding member of the Royal Academyof Sciences, Berlin, and has been president of the American Oriental Society.Among his numerous publications areAncient Records of Egypt, in five volumes;294 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA History of Egypt, which has gone intoGerman, Russian, French, and Englisheditions; Development of Religion andThought in Ancient Egypt; and AncientTimes: A History of the Early World....Before leaving the Near East, DirectorBreasted gave the commencement addressat the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut.Announcement is just made by theUniversity of Chicago Trustees thatDirector Charles Hubbard Judd of theSchool of Education, who is also Head ofthe Department of Education in theUniversity, has been made Chairman ofthe Department of Psychology to succeed Professor James R. Angell, whoresigned to accept the presidency of theCarnegie Corporation of New York.Director Judd, who formerly was gro-fessor and director of the psychologicallaboratory at Yale University, has beenpresident of the American PsychologicalAssociation and editor of the monographsupplements of the Psychological Review.He has written a general introduction topsychology, as well as a recent volume onThe Psychology of High-School Subjects.Dean Shailer Mathews, of the University of Chicago Divinity School, hasrecently become a contributing editor tothe New York Independent, givingespecial attention to the religious phasesof social questions. Dean Mathews,who is now the editor of the BiblicalWorld, published by the University ofChicago Press, was formerly editor ofThe World Today. He is also directorof religious work at the ChautauquaInstitution, and for four years was president of the Federal Council of theChurches of Christ in America.Professor Mathews is the author ofmany books, including The Church andthe Changing Order, The Gospel and theModern Man, and The Spiritual Interpretation of History.New impressions of successful booksprinted in July include those of Materialsfor the Study of Elementary Economics,edited by L. C. Marshall, Chester W.Wright, and James A. Field; Second-Year Mathematics for Secondary Schools,by Ernst R. Breslich; The Evolution ofEarly Christianity, by Shirley J. Case;Literature in the Elementary School, by-Porter Lander MacClintock, and American Poems, by Walter C. Bronson.For August new impressions of thefollowing books were announced: The Place of Industries in Elementary Education, by Katharine E. Dopp; Heroes ofIsrael, by Theodore G. Soares; TheRevelation of lohn, by Shirley J. Case;Current Economic Problems, by WaltonH. Hamilton; Readings in IndustrialSociety, by Leon C. Marshall; andGeneral Sociology, by Albion WoodburySmall.Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, ofthe Department of Botany at the University of Chicago, sailed August 12 on"The Imperator" to be a guest of theBritish Association for the Advancementof Science, which met this year atCardiff. Dr. Chamberlain was invitedto give the annual semipopular lecture before the botany section of theAssociation, an honor extended only toprominent botanists. His subject was"Cycads," plants with which he hasbeen working for sixteen years and onwhich he wrote a volume for the "University of Chicago Science Series. "Dr. Chamberlain sailed for home on"The Aquitania" September n and resumed his regular work at the University with the opening of the AutumnQuarter.The University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter, 1920, at the University of Chicago, are as follows:For the month of October the firstUniversity Preacher is President FrankWakeley Gunsaulus, of the ArmourInstitute of Technology, Chicago, whospeaks on October 3. On October 10 Dr.Robert E. Speer, of New York City, willspeak. Professor Francis GreenwoodPeabody, of the Harvard Divinity School,will be the speaker on October 17. October 24 will be Settlement Sunday.The last preacher for October will beBishop Francis J. McConnell, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Bishop McConnellwill also be the first preacher in November.Bishop Thomas F. Gailor, of Sewanee,Tennessee, will preach on November 28.For December the University Preachersare Professor Albert Parker Fitch, ofAmherst College, and Rev. James Gordon Gilkey, of the South CongregationalChurch, Springfield, Massaqhusetts.Professor Leonard Eugene Dickson, ofthe Department of Mathematics at theUniversity of Chicago, who recentlyreceived the high honor of election ascorresponding member of the FrenchEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 295Academy of Sciences, has visitedEurope as the official representative ofthe National Academy of Sciences atthe London^ Conference on InternationalScientific Literature, meetings of whichbegan September 28, at the offices of theRoyal Society of London.Professor Dickson also went as a delegate of the American Section of the International Mathematical Union, of whichhe is chairman, to the meetings of theUnion at Strasbourg on September 20and 21. At the International Mathematical Congress at Strasbourg, September 22-26, he gave by special invitation of the directors of the congressone of the four general addresses, aswell as a more technical scientificpaper.Before sailing Dr. Dickson met in NewYork representatives of several scientificinstitutions to discuss recommendationsto the Royal Society of London in regardto its future policies concerning the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.The officers of the University Orchestral Association announce the followingprogram for the coming season at theUniversity of Chicago:Eight concerts by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on October 19, November 9 and 23, January n, February 1and 15, March 8, and April 19.Two recitals will be given during theseason, one by Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler on December 14, and one byMabel Garrison on April 12.The new president of the OrchestralAssociation is Professor Chester W.Wright, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy; the vice-president is Mrs.Harry Pratt Judson; and the secretary-treasurer, David Allan Robertson.The Summer Quarter as a regular partof the University work was initiated bythe University of Chicago in 1893.Summer schools have existed elsewherefor many years. At Chicago the SummerQuarter is not a summer school; thesame quality of work is required and thesame credit given as in the other quartersof the school year.The attendance this year surpassedthe remarkable record of 191 6 whichwas due to special circumstances. Theattendance this year was due to nounusual circumstances. Of the 5,406students enrolled, 2,080 were graduate students and 2,150 were in the professional schools of Divinity, Law, Medicine, Education, and Commerce andAdministration.The meeting of the American ChemicalSociety, which was held in Chicago,September 6-10, brought together thousands of chemists from all parts of thecountry. Many of those in attendancespent Wednesday and Thursday on thequadrangles of the University where allthe divisional meetings of the societywere held.The Divinity School of the Universityof Chicago announces that the Institutefor Church Workers will open October 10and that courses will be given by Professors J. M. Artman, E. D. Burton,G. B. Smith, and other members of theFaculty.The Institute was initiated by theDivinity School last winter and provedhighly successful, nearly three hundredchurch workers being enrolled.Continued demand for An Introductionto the Peace Treaties, by Arthur PearsonScott, makes a new impression of thisnotable book necessary. The author, whois Assistant Professor of History in theUniversity of Chicago, has made a valuable contribution to the literaturedealing with the aims of the war, theframing of the Treaty of Versailles, andthe reasons which guided the PeaceConference in its decisions.Some press comments on the book areas follows: "The simplest, clearest, andmost intelligent book on the PeaceConference published so far"; "It isclear, concise and impartial"; "Thebook is one to be read right now";"A book of value at this time of politicaldiscussion."A new and enlarged edition of Christian Faith for Men of Today, by E. AlbertCook, is in press. This popular bookwhich presents the modern constructivepoint of view in religion is adapted to useas a textbook or as a handbook for thegeneral reader.Official announcement has been madeby the Board of Trustees of the Universityof Chicago of the adoption of a plan proposed by the Trustees of the ChicagoSchool of Civics and Philanthropy whereby the University shall take over thefunctions of the School and establish a296 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgraduate professional curriculum for students in civics and philanthropy, to beknown as the School of Social ServiceAdministration. The maintenance of theplan is guaranteed by a fund of $25,000a year for a period of five >years fromOctober 1, 1920.Among the guarantors of the fund areMrs. Emmons Blaine, Mr. Charles R.Crane, Mr. Morton D. Hull, Mr. EdwardL. Ryerson, Mr. Julius Rosenwald, Mr.Harold H. Swift, Mrs. Arthur Aldis, theAmerican Red Cross, the Jewish Charities, and the United Charities.The Chicago School of Civics andPhilanthropy was founded eighteen yearsago by Professor Graham Taylor, andamong those who assisted in its earlywork was the late Professor Charles R.Henderson, of the University of Chicago.Among its later faculty have been Dr.Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, AssistantProfessor of Social Economy, and Dr.Edith Abbott, Lecturer in Sociology, atthe University of Chicago, who have hadcharge of the special work in social investigation. Nearly 3,000 men and womenhave been trained in the school, and ithas furnished many investigators for expert service. For the last five years theschool has been located in the former residence of Mr. Charles R. Crane on Michigan Avenue.The Dean of the new school is DeanLeon C. Marshall, of the School ofCommerce and Administration of theUniversity of Chicago.The King of Italy has recently conferred upon Professor Ernest HatchWilkins, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures at the University of Chicago, the title and insigniaof Chevalier of the Order of the Crownof Italy.Professor Wilkins has long been activein the development of the study ofItalian in this country, and has publisheda number of books and articles dealingwith Italian literature. For some timeduring the war he had general directionof the recruiting of men for Y.M.C.A.service with the Italian army.Dr. Wilkins, who recently received thehonorary degree of Doctor of Letters fromAmherst College, has been vice-presidentof the Modern Language Association ofAmerica and of the Dante League ofAmerica, and is the editor of the new"University of Chicago Italian Series"now being published by the Universityof Chicago Press. Professor Ernest DeWitt Burton,Head of the Department of New Testament and Early Christian Literatureat the University of Chicago and Directorof the University Libraries, was given thehonorary degree of Doctor of Divinityby Harvard University at its recent commencement. Dr. Burton, who is widelyknown as a biblical scholar, has writtenmany books, among them being A Handbook of the Life of Paul, Spirit, Soul, andFlesh in Greek Writings from the EarliestPeriod to 180 A .D., and A Harmony of theSynoptic Gospels in Greek (with Edgar J.Goodspeed).Professor Burton, who was recentlyappointed Chairman of the Commissionon Christian Education in China, isalready familiar with educational conditions in that country, having been amember of the Oriental EducationalInvestigation Commission sent out bythe University & Chicago in 1908.The total number of degrees conferredto date by the University of Chicago is13,721. Exclusive of names repeated,the total number of men receiving degreesis 6,867, and of women 5,452, a grandtotal of 12,319 graduates. The degreeof Doctor of Philosophy has been conferred on 1,225, almost exactly 10 percent of the total alumni.The University of Chicago Press hasjust issued a remarkable list of new fallbooks, which include the following:The Financial Organization of Society,by Harold G. Moulton; Principles ofAccounting, by A. C. Hodge and J. O.McKinsey; Introduction to the Science ofSociology, by Robert E. Park and ErnestW. Burgess; and The Origin and Development of the Nervous System from a Physiological Viewpoint, by Charles ManningChild.Joseph Pennell, the famous etcher,and Lorado Taft, the widely knownChicago sculptor, have finished manuscripts of two especially significant booksin the field of art, which are to be issuedin the early autumn by the Universityof Chicago Press. Both volumes arein the series of Scammon Lectures de-^livered at the Art Institute of Chicago.Mr. Pennell's new book on The GraphicArts deals with the modern developmentof all the graphic arts and is richly illustrated with reproductions in blackand white. Under "Illustration" Mr.Pennell discusses Wood-Cutting, Wood-EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 297Engraving, and Modern Methods;under "Etching," the Etchers and theMethods; and under "Lithography,"the Artists and the Methods.Because of Mr. PenneU's own artisticachievement and his definite, aggressiveideas for the future of art, this newvolume is likely to cause widespreaddiscussion among artists and those whoare interested in the national development of art.Lorado Taft's new book on ModernTendencies in Sculpture, which will havefive hundred illustrations, discusses thework of Rodin and other French sculptors,German and other European sculpture,Augustus St. Gaudens and Americansculpture since St. Gaudens. In speaking of the last-named sculptor Mr. Taftremarks that St. Gaudens' influence cannot be overestimated. "Yet no man'sleadership is sufficient to bring us intothe promised land. The myriad waysin which American sculptors are seekingartistic salvation is an appealing theme. "Especial interest is given to Mr. Taft'snew book on sculpture because of hismonumental group, "The Fountain ofTime," the full-size model of whichhas recently been placed near the University in Washington Park facing theMidway. It is an impressive, wavelike procession of more than eightyfigures symbolizing the passing of thehuman race before the immovablefigure of Time and illustrating the famouscouplet of Austin Dobson:Time goes, you say ? Ah, no,Alas, time stays; we go. Dr. Albert A. Michelson, Head of theDepartment of Physics at the Universityof Chicago, who has already receivedmany scientific honors, has been awardedthe Albert Medal of the Royal Society ofArts for 1920, according to a dispatchfrom London. It is a recognition of thescientific value of Professor Michelson'soptical inventions, which have providedthe means of carrying out measurementswith a minute precision hitherto unattainable.Professor Michelson has also receivedfrom British scientific societies the Rum-ford Medal, and the Copley Medal of theRoyal Society, London, as well as theNobel Prize for Physics from the SwedishAcademy of Sciences. His publicationsare chiefly on researches in light. Hehas been president of the American Association for the Advancement of Scienceand of the American Physical Society,and is a corresponding member of theFrench Academy of Sciences.The Renaissance Society of the University arranged an exhibit of war postersof all nations in the Museum of the Classics Building at the University August10-20. Some two hundred posters wereexhibited, selected from the collections ofthe University, Dr. James W. Walker,Dr. Arthur P. Scott, and Mr. Harold R.Willoughby. Addresses interpreting theexhibit were given by Dr. Walker, Dr.Scott, and Mr. Willoughby on the evenings of August 17, 18 and 19. The exhibit was made the subject of an illustratedarticle signed by H. L. Watkins in ThePoster magazine for September, 1920.ssoi :« • 1 [.;-! ! 1 ; 1 1 :NJVO O vo '00CO W • WW w • oo oo ...n o ...en ... 00 .... 00 . . . .CO • . . . cow OnW Tj> Ww Ovww N3 iOkwo»i H o ¦<* O NNOto CO Ooot» tfeoto** "*• rt NO>Q0W N >ON Wco « wW CO ¦<*¦ woo w w*-» OO CO ^J-* .2? 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VO. «*H <* • Ovvo OTf w OvHw wo N i8 .H O OvVO OO0 to vo tooo wco Tt- w -<t oo *»• t>»oo ww w* *>. 0000w oo co v^ o o o N .Ov 0«^f •H . W N00 toVO N Tj-w to w NoCOw~ CONCO w c0uccvct-c*• >125£ VO rj- O IfllOMn w ncoVO W H vS W tWvO «w* to NN W CO O vo w co • o to oWO wto oCOIO ws? CO>a "*tOcovO"<* CO Ov to "*NOv w w coN www vO to 0«0N t^ co rt COto CO ww" w wooO Nco wvo O "4-Ov* •N OVW xf .w N CO totot* ww w Nw ow" wOvw*1 H H Nw tow* 00 w NOOW W W WOO^ IO VN toW VO Xj* H Iflt>t^ O to to wH CO CO (ONco Ov COw vo vo to O w •Ov Ov W to •w VO rt wvO W 00M °* M 8oo I oww 00vo£ CO toNoOVO W 00 OvOO •<*to VO DNOO W W HO H CO CO¦* Ov WWvo «£ N WCO w CO to *fr W CO • 00 N OCO ^Ov Nw tow 00 oowtow*^ oo «N Ovto CO O w Ov «*Ov « H M to to O W rj-CO O CO "* W« vo w VO W NOv N cow covo w w OvOO •N OVW ^ - O0 N Wtooo "4-w w coto ootoCO wOvw vOVOwI.TheDepartmentoeArts,Literature,andScience:i.TheGraduateSchools—ArtsandLiterature J 1 Ious s1 j- 1 TotalArts,Literature,andScience...II.TheProfessionalSchools:i.Divinity— Graduate'5J "3'Sc1SJX,vw \1 *01w w.21C/3 o'I1— t<u"5sT.c -51 1CO •PCid. u'£• engs* 1J13 Total4.-TheCollegeofEducationAdministration "3aa2I >i11c01p* ' -31INDEXAttendance: Autumn, 64; Winter, 152;Spring, 236; Summer, 298.Barrows, David Prescott, Is AmericaResponsible? 154.Board of Trustees: Alumni War Memorial, 8; appointments, 5, 96, 168, 260;Dean of the Colleges, 264; dinners toCommissions and Faculties, 266; fellowships, 6; forms for gifts to the University, 9; gifts, 7, 96, 169; GraduateSchool of Social Service Administration,263; History of Belgium, 171; increasein tuition fees and room rents, 170;insurance of employees and membersof the teaching staff, 170; late LaVerne Noyes, 9; leaves of absence, 5,169, 262; Mr. Rockefeller's final gift,170; new halls for women, 8; promotions, 6, 262; resignations, 6, 96, 169,263; sales from University CommonsStorehouse, 171; standing committeesof the Board, 263; University ofChicago Press, 8; University Commissions, 264; University journals, 266.Bond, Joseph (Thomas W. Goodspeed),189.Boynton, Rev. Richard Wilson, TheProposed Meadville House in Chicago,221.Breasted, James Henry, The New Past,237-Chicago Theological Seminary, The, 218.Cobb, Silas Bowman (Thomas W. Good-speed), 35.Convocation Addresses :— One Hundred and Fourteenth Convocation: The President's Charge toGraduates, 1.— One Hundred and Fifteenth Convocation: Conyers Read, The PoliticalProgress of the English Working-man, 65.— One Hundred and Sixteenth Convocation: David Prescott Barrows, IsAmerica Responsible? 154.— One Hundred and SeventeenthConvocation: James Henry Breasted,The New Past, 237. Convocation, The One Hundred andSixteenth, 224.Crerar, John (Thomas W. Goodspeed),98.Disciples Divinity House, The, 217.Events, Past and Future: general items,60, 145, 230, 292; One Hundred andFourteenth Convocation, 59 (see also1, 3); One Hundred and Fifteenth Convocation, 144 (see also 65) ; One Hun-. dred and Sixteenth Convocation, 145(see also 154, 162); One Hundred andSeventeenth Convocation, 291 (see also237); Renaissance Society, 230.Fellowships, Award of, 1920-21, 148.Gifts to the University, 3, 7, 96, 163, 169,170.Goodspeed, Thomas W., Charles Hitchcock, 10; Frederick A. Smith, 267;John Crerar, 98; Joseph Bond, 189;Silas Bowman Cobb, 35.Hitchcock, Charles (Thomas W. Good-speed), 10.Illustrations: Charles Hitchcock, facingp. 1; Mrs. Charles Hitchcock, facingp. 10; Silas B. Cobb, facing p. 35;John Crerar, facing p. 65; JohnBillings Fiske, facing p. 122; The New-Quadrangle Clubhouse, 138-41; JosephBond, facing, p. 153; The TheologyBuilding and Bond Chapel, facingp. 214; The Disciples Divinity House,facing p . 2 1 7 ; The Chicago TheologicalSeminary, facing p. 218; St. Paul's onthe Midway and Ryder DivinityHouse, facing p. 220; Proposed Meadville House, facing p. 221; FrederickA Smith, facing p. 237.Is America Responsible ? (David PrescottBarrows), 154.John Billings Fiske Prize in Poetry, The,122.299300 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLeaves of absence, 5, 169, 262.Li Sien. The John Billings Fiske PrizePoem (Anne Mary Lyman), 126.Lyman, Anne Mary, Li Sien. The JohnBillings Fiske Prize Poem, 126.New Past, The (James Henry Breasted),237.Political Progress of the English Working-man, The (Conyers Read), 65.President's Charge to Graduates, The, 1.President's Convocation Statement, The:at the One Hundred and FourteenthConvocation, 3; at the One Hundredand Sixteenth Convocation, 162; atthe One Hundred and SeventeenthConvocation, 257.Promotions, 6, 262.Proposed Meadville House in Chicago,The (Rev. Richard Wilson Boynton),Quadrangle Club, The, 136.Read, Conyers, The Political Progress ofthe English Workingman, 65. Resignations, 6, 96, 169, 263.Ryder Divinity House, 220.%. ¦ ¦Slosson, Edwin E., Uniting the UnitedStates, 174.Smith, Frederick A. (Thomas W. Good-speed), 267.Supplement to the University Record, A,153.Talbot, Marion, Mrs. Mary H. Wilmarth,120.Theology Building and Bond Chapel,The, 213.Uniting the United States (Edwin E.Slosson), 174. ; .University Commissions, 288.University Preachers: for Winter Quarter, 60; for Spring Quarter, 147; forSummer Quarter, 233; for AutumnQuarter, 294.Wilmarth, Mrs. Mary H. (Marion Talbot) ,120.