The University RecordVolume VI JULY I9ZO Number 3A SUPPLEMENT TO THE "UNIVERSITYRECORD"Members of the University of Chicago faculties, men and womenwho keep abreast of the latest developments in their respective fieldsas covered by departmental journals, are frequently required tovote upon matters of educational policy which they have not had anopportunity to study. Indeed, at the present time there is in theUnited States no publication which covers the field of higher education.Certainly there does riot exist a published summary of educationalprogress such as would be of special interest to the members of theUniversity of Chicago. For the purpose of making easily accessiblebrief statements of fact with regard to progress in higher educationin this country and abroad, as well as for the purpose of acquainting members of the faculties with significant legislation and administrative action within the University, it is now proposed to issue anoccasional supplement to the University Record. Brief statements ofsuch matters as the use of intelligence tests for admission of students tocollege, the reorganization of Yale College, the activities of the AmericanCouncil on Education, the Association of American Universities, theAssociation of American Colleges, the Association of Collegiate Registrars, the Association of Business Officers of Universities and Colleges —these and other items may legitimately find place in the supplement. Itsaim is to serve as a "house organ" for the members of the Universityof Chicago. The editor of the Record will appreciate the co-operation ofall members of the faculties in making available for their colleagues information likely to be of importance to those who, in addition to beingexperts in their own fields of scholarship, must be called upon to determine for the University of Chicago important educational policies.153IS AMERICA RESPONSIBLE?1By DAVID PRESCOTT BARROWSPresident of the University of CaliforniaI ask you to consider once again the inevadable question, Is Americaresponsible, responsible for the insecurity which envelops the world andgives eloquence to its appeals — responsible for giving or withholdingthe colossal power of this state from the ordering of the world's confusions and animosities ?Assuredly we may claim that we had naught in provoking the war.We were no party to the precedent intrigues. We owed neither fealtynor treaty obligation to any Ally. Yet the searching of our souls, atlast, made us soldiers in this war and shapers of its victory. Has ourresponsibility ceased ?It is no surprise that now, our armies melted 'away, our flags encasedour sacrifice sealed, the nation recoils from extra-national responsibility.The traditions of the fathers bade us be a separate people. This presentgeneration through youth and maturity has heard few voices, but thosewarning it from foreign adventure. To the question, What do politicalsocieties owe one another beyond a scrupulous respect in leaving eachothers affairs alone ? the voice of authority again and again has replied"Nothing. The whole duty of a statesman is to keep his country'sresources intact and his people jealously concerned with their ownaffairs."Previous endeavors for foreign peoples have invoked the mostrespectable opposition; our sacrifices condemned as stupid; our deaddeemed to have died as the fool dieth. In 1898 when Colonel Waringfell a victim to yellow fever, contracted in Havana, the New YorkNation published these bitter words:The cleaning of Spanish streets is none of our business. Waring was sent to Cubaon an errand as foolish as most of the expansionist policy. He sacrificed in it a lifeof great value to the American people, and we may be sure if expansion continues,Waring will not be its last victim. If we knew the things which make for our peaceand prosperity, we should regard the life of Waring as of more value to the Americanpeople than the whole island of Cuba and all that it contains.1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Sixteenth Convocation ofthe University, held in Hutchinson Court, June 15, 1920.iS4IS AMERICA RESPONSIBLE? 155A few years ago the Springfield Republican could say to its readers:As long as the Mexican people confine themselves to cutting one another's throats,it does not appear why Americans should feel concerned; let them glut themselvesuntil their savage nature is satiated, or until some leader arises with forceenough to reduce them to order and submission. Americans ought to be able tostand it if the Mexicans can.It must be granted that this strictly narrow view of national responsibility is definite and consistent, but it requires a certain hardihood,to maintain it in the face of neighboring misery.Only the most robust indifference can preserve its restraint whenruin is near complete, and the conscience of the nation grows unquietwhen it sees such views erected into a national policy. In the light ofall we have thought and felt and done in the last four years can wesupport such a policy now ?The situation is clearly unprecedented. Despite our Americanposition, this country is a part of Western civilization, bound to Europeby practically the whole of its inheritance, a member, almost despiteitself, of the family of Western nations, a participant for twenty monthsof warfare in the greatest of known ordeals. Alone in the midst ofnations that the war wasted and slew, we have more than replenishedour power, as we lavishly spent and loaned. Alone among the nationssupporting the civilization which we call Christian, we possess vastresource of properties, of trained men, of political stability. Europe,for centuries the center of the globe, the source of the world's explorationand conquest, the seat of that science which has revealed the mysteriesof nature and harnessed its forces, the mother of institutions which gaveliberty and enlightenment, is exhausted and broken, her blood fevered,her breasts dry. Her peril is unquestionably great. The best to behoped is only a slow recuperation which will restore her to a securethough diminished role. Only a completely provincial spirit, withoutacquaintance with the world, without imagination to envisage it, cansuppose that America can turn her back upon this situation with famesecure and mind at peace.We have been living the last week in the midst of a powerful andrelentless effort to induce us to do this thing. This effort has been in ameasure temporarily successful, but those who think they have settledit, have not settled it. They have not settled it because the Americanpeople are incapable of an ungenerous and cynical policy, once theyunderstand. Those who have confederated to defeat our sharingresponsibility for the political condition of Europe understand this.156 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThey will seek to convince the American people that aid can be given insome charitable but lion-political form. Clearly it is not charity thatEurope now requires but authority and security under which administration may be reformed and existent resources utilized. Other ways,I repeat, offered in place of our commitment to the use of political powerare answers to the call for bread by offerings of stone.It is the state which needs reshaping and re-establishing in Europe,and the state cannot be reshaped and re-established, except by a concert of political power.The prospects for American participation are not hopeless butopposed in a combination of diverse interests united to paralyze ourhand. I propose to characterize one or two of these, plainly and withoutapology. Among these confederated elements are, first and frankest ofall, those which do not wisti the state restored in Europe because theyseek the overthrow of the state everywhere. For them the state is not anatural and necessary institution but a sham. They preach that its placecan be taken by various forms of industrial or communistic associationworking on an international scale. The widest extremes of theory andpurpose exist in this group, from philosophical anarchists, to thosewho love not liberty but power, and who seek to gain power by a suppression of freedom, in the most startling and reactionary movementthat the modern world has seen. But all of these are united in opposingthe political reconstruction of Europe, because the re-establishmentthere of the state on a representative or republican basis means theirdefeat and the end of their vast plans of world-aggrandizement throughworld-revolution.Another group are those who rejoice to inflame American hostilityto Great Britain and the British Empire. Again, this is a singularcombination of diverse strains. It includes many who themselves orwhose parentage suffered in the past from the mistakes of British policy.It includes many who by reason of different origin are unmindful of thecommon nature of American and British political and moral conceptions,and of the general agreement of our interests in the world.We need new knowledge of the English-speaking race and newlight on our behavior. The hour is past when century-old passions canbe made political capital. War not only finishes old scores, but itsblood seals new compacts and new understandings. These becomesacred from the trifler and the politician. Let us view the situation asit actually is. It is the British Empire which is today maintaining thestability of Europe and the order of a vast part of the world. Few canIS AMERICA RESPONSIBLE? 157doubt that that empire is in process of a transformation in obedience tothe justifiable preferences of the people who compose it. What isessential is that these changes come through orderly arrangement andtimely concession, and not through the shock of revolution. To destroyat this moment the fabric of the British Empire is to consign WesternEurope to such catastrophe as has wrecked its eastern portion. Soundsense dictates to us a wise support of the British Empire and participation in its mission.To the urgings of those who would leave the task of world-reconstruction to Great Britain alone there are two objections. The firstis that, by British admission, her resources are inadequate. The empirewas satiated before the war; today it is over-inflated with responsibility.Great Britain is solvent but without the power to loan. Her navy isintact but her armies could not be reassembled. And where is that youththat was born to carry on her brilliant traditions of governance andenterprise? Alas, it lies buried in Flanders and the valley of theSomme!The other reason is quite as serious. The war has left America andGreat Britain in such a situation that they must be either allies orfoes. There must be closer co-operation or inevitable estrangement.We have broken into the predominance of Great Britain upon the sea;our merchant marine is rapidly approximating hers; our navy, as itssuper-dreadnaughts take the water, becomes, what Great Britain hasnever tolerated heretofore, an actual rival in sea power. We are contestants in all parts of the world for the great unexploited sources ofsupplies from which the exhausted resources of the world may be replenished. It is clear that we must choose between a closer understandingwith Great Britain or a rivalry which will make us foes. Things cannot stand still. The difficulties in the way are all on our side. GreatBritain is conscious of the peril; we are not. Great Britain is willingto concede; we are unwilling to co-operate. She offers us an allianceto guarantee both the world's stability and our common interest.This alliance we are disposed to spurn. Yet the way of safety is inalliance.I can only barely refer to other elements which have confederatedto defeat the prospects of American political action abroad. Theyinclude those leaders of party and of Congress who, by the bitterness of aconflict, partly personal and partly constitutional, have been forced intoa hostile attitude to the policy of the President. They include thosewhose interest has been first in maintaining the dignity and position of158 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCongress in relation with the Executive and who have, with considerablepropriety, put the Constitution above the League of Nations. Theyinclude also those whom personal bitterness has blinded to the patrioticduties of the hour.The issue is with the people, yet so complicated, so tactically mismanaged, that an early and definite decision may be impossible. Thenation thinks slowly and occupies itself reluctantly with innovations.We have first to free ourselves from certain political traditions whichhave become fastened upon us and whose influence is deceptive andexaggerated.Among these is the "revolutionary" tradition, the tradition of theinherent right of a people to rebel. Revolutions differ, some are heroicand justifiable; some are ignoble and wicked. No revolution is rightthat does not arise out of an intolerable political condition and a hopelessness of legal methods of reform. If there is any phenomenon insociety which less warrants uncritical approval it is a political revolution. Yet revolutions belong in that category of things which theAmerican people, highly theoretical but deeply conservative, benevolently regard as appropriate for all other peoples but themselves. Wetreat them indulgently abroad and suppress them instantly at home.This illogical attitude reflects itself in our foreign policy, committing usprematurely and out of season to revolutionary movements which havescant justification and scant prospect of advancing the political freedomof society.Another tradition which bars our progress and paralyzes our actionis the "liberal" tradition. One hundred years ago British thought waspowerfully moved by the writings and activity of a school of whichRichard Cobden may be taken as the representative. This thoughtbased the welfare of society upon the fullest play of individual action.It limited the functions of the state to the most meager activities.Against legislative effort to improve the situation of the exploitedindustrial classes, it interposed the sacred doctrine of laissez faire.Abroad it took for its program the principles of "free trade and nointervention." The doctrine of no intervention was congenial toAmerica and has become fixed in the political thinking of the country.Liberalism long spent its strength on the continent of Europe.Reaction from its laissez faire tenets produced European socialism.Its program of non-intervention stultified European statesmanship,prevented the liquidation of dangerous conditions, and permitted thewar. Liberalism disappeared as a dominant force in British politics75 AMERICA RESPONSIBLE? 159during the war. Incapable of accepting British participation in theEuropean conflict, unwilling to yield its anti-military principles to theneed for the draft, British liberalism passed from power. But the ghostof that liberalism continues to prevail here. It is still the fashion ofeditorial writers and of political leaders to talk in its phrases becauseno others seem to evoke so general a response, yet these doctrines areclearly inapplicable to the present and inadequate for the future.Liberalism is too closely associated with the sordid interests of life;it ministers too effectively to our indulgence and ease. Liberalismnever won a war, never lifted another's burden, never fired a race forvictory or for sacrifice.Four years ago I was admitted for a memorable day into the conversation of one of the greatest of British writers and liberals, Lord JohnMorley. It was one of the crises of the war; the German attack wasunbroken at Verdun; the American note on the Sussex outrage wasunanswered; the issue of the war between freedom and autocracy hungin the balance. True to the liberal principles which carried him out ofthe cabinet at the declaration of war, Lord Morley still insisted thatEngland should not have entered and that the conflict should be settledupon indecisive terms. He said to me:My message to America is, do not crusade. Crusades never pay. Europecrusaded once and a lot of men fought to recover the sepulchre of Christ, yet theHoly Land is still in possession of the infidel. [This, I may observe, was some monthsbefore the cavalry of Allenby loomed on the sandy horizon of Syria.] I have beenoptimistic with respect to human nature, but I shall lose hope in the good judgmentof mankind if America enters the war.It was the counsel of liberalism.There is finally the tradition called "anti-imperialism"— the tradition which is invoked against the assumption of colonial power. Thistradition insists that the worst possible condition of a people left toitself is preferable to the best of governments imposed by outsideauthority. It invokes the sacred principles of " consent of the governed,"and of "free determination" to defeat the only prospects of secure andorderly life possessed by numerous lands and peoples. A vast proportion of the world is so little advanced in political experience that it isincapable of maintaining political society at all. Upon these latterpeople there must rest for the immediate future the authority of anexternal sovereignty.For such peoples the Treaty of Versailles has proposed a somewhatnew constitution under the title of "mandate." From whatever sourcei6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDproposed, this conception of a mandate, a trusteeship, is an acknowledgment of the principles upon which America has sought to advance theprogress of politically inexperienced peoples. It recognizes the aspiration for independence as a justifiable ideal. We realize that the geniusof the successful government of dependencies lies in concession: that thestatesman has only two alternatives, concession and repression, and wecannot go back to repression as an instrument of colonial power.We waged war on Spain to defeat the frank and brutal policy ofher great monarchist statesman, Canovas del Castillo, which found itsepitome in his phrase on Spanish authority over Cuba: Es cuestion debayonetas y nada mas. "It is a question of bayonets and nothing else."We have never once been allured in relations with weaker states anddependent peoples by the old imperial dictum, "Divide and rule." Wehave sought to unite and to free.It is unfortunate for the future of mandates that America shouldhave been asked to assume as her initial responsibility the undefinedcountry of Armenia. The objection lies not alone in its distance fromour general interests and experience but also because the territory ofthe Ottoman Empire is already distributed among too many mandatorypowers. To assign another portion to America would seem merely toadd one more element of misunderstanding and division. The geniusof the mandate plan is that it intrusts a single field to a single trustee.The inextricable assemblage of peoples who make up the former empireof the Turks already have too many trustees.Unconvinced of its duty by this initial proposal it may be increasinglydifficult to interest America in mandates more reasonably conceived,but the institution itself would seem to be the best conceptionemerging from the council of Versailles and the prospects of peace inthe world are closely connected with American willingness to assist inbuilding up free peoples out of their political weakness.So we return to the question again. In the face of a world soshattered, so largely incapable of independent organization, Is Americaresponsible? After our extraordinary participation in the conflict,can we refuse responsibility for the terms of peace and their observance ?Having fought to bear Germany down, to break the artificial structureof the Austrian Empire, can we claim detachment from the work ofresuscitation of both conquering and vanquished peoples? With anenormous financial interest in the recovery of Europe, can we, in goodsense, refuse a support which may be essential to Europe's solvency?The world is united by the bonds of commerce, of travel, of association,IS AMERICA RESPONSIBLE ? 161of instruction. The last continent is explored and the last islandpossessed. Can we claim detachment from the fortunes of all thevaried peoples and races who make up our common family ?The events of the great convention which we witnessed the pastweek have not settled this question. The political discussions of thecoming months, the national expression of will in November may notsettle it. It cannot be easily settled nor quickly settled, nor, perhaps,for a long time fully settled, but the American nation in the plenitude ofits prosperity, its solidarity, and its capacity is united in its fortune withthe fortunes of the world, is joined in its destiny to the destiny of thehuman race. America has entered upon relations from which there canbe no back-turn because those relations are indispensable to the future ofthe world's liberty, to the harmonious life of nations, to an improvedunderstanding between the races, to the re-establishment of the moralorder, and to the triumph of those great ideas which have moved thehearts of men and compelled their sacrifices for more than two thousandyears and which alone afford mankind prospects of a better and moregenerous future.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTTHE CONVOCATION ORATORThis Convocation is signalized in more ways than one as belongingto our alumni. The customary reunions on Alumni Day were very significant in some ways yet to be noted. The brilliant Phi Beta Kappaaddress on Monday was given by Dr. Edwin E. Slosson, of the Independent editorial staff, one of our own Doctors of Philosophy. TheUniversity has been favored today by having as its Convocation oratorone of its Doctors of Philosophy of 1897, one whose long record ofdistinguished service to education, to science, and to the nation hasbeen crowned by his recent election to the presidency of the Universityof California. Before that action of the Regents of the University ofCalifornia was taken it was the distinct desire of the University ofChicago that Dr. Barrows return to his Alma Mater here as head of animportant department. The wise action of the California Regents,in no other way regrettable, made it impossible for the University ofChicago to claim its son, but his address today is only another evidencethat he is still our own.N ALUMNIThe Alumni Council has been active and successful during thepast year. The number of alumni clubs throughout the country hasincreased under the wise policy of the Council from five to thirty-one.A large beginning has been made toward the subscription of an adequatefund to carry on alumni activities on an independent basis. Manyof our alumni have already reached middle life and are doing importantparts of the world's work. Merely as typical of this I note that lastwinter the orator of today was elected as President of the Universityof California, and that yesterday another of our valued alumni, Dr.Wallace W. Atwood, who took his Bachelor's degree in 1897 and hisDoctor's degree in the Department of Geology in 1903, was elected tothe presidency of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, inplace of Dr. G. Stanley Hall, resigned.162THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 163ATTENDANCE OF STUDENTSThe number of students registered during the current quarter hasbeen 5,179 as against 3,361 for the same period last year, and 4,320 inthe Spring Quarter of 191 7. The total number of students registeredduring the entire year closing June 30, 1920, is approximately 10,400.RECENT GIFTS TO THE UNIVERSITYThere have been several interesting gifts during the current quarter.Mr. Roy D. Keehn, one of our alumni, renews his gift of $200 fora fellowship in the Law School for 1920-21.From the estate of the late Harriet B. Morse, the University hasreceived the sum of $3,000, to create the Herbert A. and Harriet E.Morse Fund, the income of which is for the aid of students.Mrs. Helen Swift Neilson, of Chicago, has contributed $25,000 toestablish an American Book Purchase Fund.Professor James H. Breasted, of the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures, is on leave of absence in the Near East. Inaddition to previous purchases he has found extraordinary opportunitiesfor enriching Haskell Oriental Museum from objects in Egypt andMesopotamia. It is highly desirable to obtain a fund of $50,000 forthis purpose. Toward this fund Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., hasgiven $25,000. The remaining $25,000 is asked from those who may beinterested in the University and especially in the oriental field of itsscientific activities.OUR PLANS IN PROGRESSThe plans for the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital are in activeprocess of completion and will be ready to submit to contractors sometime in the winter of 1920-21. The architect is proceeding with plansfor the new chapel which are assuming a very interesting shape but willhardly be ready for soliciting bids until late in the coming autumn orearly in the winter. The plans for the Theology Building are completed and are ready to obtain bids as soon as building conditionsbecome tolerable. So it may be said of the plans for the new Quadrangle Club Building.These four projects, therefore, are all in such a condition that if itis at all possible to build they will proceed in the early future to completion, and it is unnecessary here to say how large a part these buildingswill play in the life of the University.The University having resumed its normal life after the interruption caused by the war it now becomes possible once more to look164 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinto the future. This, it may be said, has been the habitual attitude ofthe University of Chicago from the beginning. War, however, centersevery energy on the immediate present. This by the way is notablytrue in a republic which has had a war for every generation but is sosure that it will never have another one that it has always stubbornlyneglected to be prepared. The University, however, cannot be contentwith a policy of drift, but must take a long look ahead. Accordinglythe Board of Trustees at the last meeting adopted a five-year programcovering what seem to be the vital things for the immediate future.These plans I take up in their order.I. SALARIES FOR THE PRESENT STAFFIn September, 1919, the Board appropriated the income of $2,000,000endowment toward increasing the salaries of members of the Faculties.This was income which had been held in reserve for the innumerablenecessities for which a budget forecast is impracticable, but which,nevertheless, experience shows always to be inevitable. For manyyears now the University has had no deficit and there will be none thisyear. Stillvit is clear that the $2,000,000 thus used for budget salaryappropriations should be replaced in the general endowment.The beginning made in this matter for the present budget must becontinued by a further advance in the budget for 1920-21. Havingsecured reasonable assurance of adequate income for two years to comeand with confident expectation of capitalizing the amount by the endof that period, the Board has voted for the year beginning July 1, 1920,the income of $2,000,000 more for adding to the salaries of members ofthe present Faculties. This involves also a readjustment of the existingscale, so that the maximum which may be reached by a professor inthe Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, and in Education, it isbelieved, will be equal to that provided in any American university.The University therefore needs to add to its endowment, to providefor salary increases already made or authorized, the sum of $4,000,000.II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOLSFor many reasons it has not seemed expedient for the University toorganize an undergraduate school of technology. But our strongdepartments of pure science can render a great service to applied scienceby research, for it is the discoveries in the laboratories which make possible the new forms of the mastery of man over the forces of nature;THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 165by training students to be experts in investigation and in the applicationof sciences to the industries — these industries must have trained mindsas well as trained hands for their progress; by aiding to solve the problems in science which the industries have to face. The only way toinsure such functions of the Graduate School is to obtain funds designatedas for the Graduate work only, thus being preserved from drawing offfor the imperative needs of other branches of the University.To attain this end the Board has authorized the formation of certaininstitutes within the Graduate School, these institutes being devoted toconducting such research and such training in pure science as has animmediate bearing on the application of the sciences to the industries;and it is intended to secure funds for the suitable endowment andequipment of the institutes.1. The first authorized is the institute of Physics and Chemistry.For this there will be needed a building which with its equipment shouldcost approximately $450,000, and an endowment which at the outsetshould be $1,000,000.2. Another institute will be that of Plant Agriculture, which will needat the beginning $100,000 for equipment and $700,000 for endowment.The purpose of this institute will be, in the first place, advancement ofthe fundamental science of agriculture so far as plant production andprotection are concerned. In this field many important fundamentalproblems are as yet almost entirely untouched and they can best besolved only in such a research institute as the University has in mind.Also the institute will train men in the fundamental science of agriculturefor positions in agricultural colleges, agricultural experiment stations,and the like. Such advanced work in these fields does not exist in anyadequate way and will be cordially welcomed by those interested in thescience of agriculture and in agricultural education.3. A third institute is that of Mining, in which the Department ofGeology will take the lead, reinforced by the Departments of Physics,Chemistry, and Geography. The new work will be of the same advancednature as in the other institutes, being by no means intended to duplicatethe excellent undergraduate courses in existing schools of mining engineering. This institute can use existing buildings but should have anendowment of $300,000.4. A fourth institute will be that of the Science of Education. Theprimary purposes of the institute will be the training of supervisors,the conduct of research in the science of education and the training ofstudents in such research. It is not intended to have an unwieldy bodyi66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof students, but a limited number of selected persons who can do effectively the most advanced work.In order to accomplish these purposes there should be a new endowment of $1,000,000, and provision should be made at an early date forthe three buildings which the School of Education yet lacks for itscompletion — a building for the graduate department, a building forthe secondary school, and a gymnasium. Perhaps $700,000 shouldprovide for these buildings.SUMMARYI. Endowment needed:The new endowments called for by the foregoing plan amount to atotal of $7,000,000 as follows: (1) increase of salaries, $4,000,000;(2) the Graduate School, Institutes of (a) Physics and Chemistry,$1,000,000, (b) Plant Agriculture, $700,000, (c) Science of Education,$100,000.II. Buildings needed:To carry out the foregoing new plan a building fund of approximately$1,250,000 is desired as follows: (1) Physics and Chemistry, $450,000;(2) Plant Agriculture, $100,000; (3) Science of Education, $700,000.III. Buildings needed for the new plan:To carry out the new plans for the Graduate Schools will call forbuildings, as has been stated, the aggregate cost of which will amount toat east $1,250,000.IV. Buildings needed for existing departments:The University Library is already filled to repletion and needs twobuildings, one on the east and one on the west of the Harper Memorial.The Administration of the University is inconveniently housed inmany places, and at an early date a commodious and dignified Administration Building should be erected.The housing question is a serious one, and there is a pressing demandfor dormitories on a large scale. The Board of Trustees has directedits Committee on Buildings and Grounds to secure plans for dormitories,or, to use the better form, the University residence houses for women,to be erected on the northern half of the block containing Ida NoyesHall. Corresponding halls for men should go on the blocks west ofCobb Hall.Further, funds for buildings should be accompanied by furtherendowment funds to provide for their care, as otherwise they immediatelyTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 167drain away endowment income which should be used for instruction andresearch.What these buildings may cost it is difficult at this time of businessuncertainty to estimate. It will not be a small sum, but as soon as it ispossible to proceed with building plans an adequate amount should beavailable.V. Total new funds needed, $10,000,000:The new plans which I have mentioned call for additional endowment amounting to $7,000,000, and for buildings whose cost is estimatedat $1,250,000, a total of $8,250,000.The other building projects above noted, whose cost has not beenestimated, will easily bring the amount which the University needsup to $10,000,000. It is this sum which the Board of Trustees proposesto have secured within a period of five years, and the University confidently expects that the fund will be obtained.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments to thefaculties have been made by the Board of Trustees:J. Fred Rippy, Instructor in the Department of History, fromOctober i, 1920. ^^ « ^ *Mildred Hart, Instructor in the Department of Romance; Languagesand Literatures, from October 1, 1920. o"n£"/;l lsU™*rtM<**uf &***CMary King MacDonald, Associate i$ the Department of English,from October 1, 1920. &~8>*¥ &rl<*-< c * & '(, ft > ? <, f- < *-—f?*Mrs. Zoe Fiske Flanagan, Associate in the Department of English,from October 1, 1920. i> JZ^f /G&&**'/ir'-tfs &<*< <Sf 1 * - ^ -ffoMrs. Myrtle C. Geyer, Associate in the Department of English,from October 1, 1920. /S U*f- t^t^C £'£ .„ ll\':ff "\ < *>***~*f~jMarion F. Lanphier, Associate in the Department of English,from October 1, 1920. > *>*? £*** ¥-#* -£&Z&TJames Henry Roberts, Associate in the Department of English,from October 1, 1920. / 3 ^Sr^c ? - -' - — /r^M^Edward Ayers Taylor, Associate in the Department of English,from October 1, 1920. -7^e- * ^ *Anna P. Cooper, Associate in the Department of English, fromOctober 1, 1920. ^ /¥> £**<-&¦& **** "/ -"^-Ernest Bloomfield Zeisler, Associate in the Department of Mathematics, from October 1, 1902. i^ua, ¦ *AMrs. Mayme I. Logsdon, Associate in the Department of Mathematics, from October 1, 1920. -^'i^-* < ; ¦ ' "•**-* " ¦• -/— -^Paul MacClintock, Instructor in the Department of Geology,from October 1, 1920. ST* *¦ -/ "C>t> 1 1 1 r»f- ? « <-*V .. '. < ¦ : ¦- ; * * ^^J. M. Retinger, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physio- 'logical Chemistry, from April 1, 1920. ^^ 4& *f ^#x^A^^£W ^l^g <Edward A. Duddy, Instructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration, from July 1, 1920. T'^C t zsyf kAlboiA S-rKeiotei'* LuLtmer ill the Sdiuul uf Cuinnicicc and Adinin-• irJj-rjitinnj fi'um Ociubei i,"ftftw».168THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 169Jay F. Christ, Instructor in the Schoolpf Commerce and Admin- * •istration, from October 1,1920. £.7~*^&- JT? * <^^T i^A^^^y^Qdifcjcj^ 'Cuir'feis N. Hitchcock, Instructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration, from October 1, 1920. & * ¥ 6» <<S>-vn^cJ^^ £W-€*Florence Richardson, Assistant Professor in the School of Commerc^ ^pJand Administration, from October 1, 1920. / i.<s>~b ^c*&->&4^ %£~~Z> ^>r sRobert E. Taylor, Instructor in the SchooLpf Commerce and Administration, from October 1, 1920. ^3fa~£* ' &^*Carl Frederick Taeusch, Instructor in the Department of Philosophy, from October 1, 1920. ^J^uc*-* &4%Dr. Ralph B. Seem, of Johns Hopkins University, Director-electof the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital, begins his service with theUniversity July 1, 1920. ^Z^^^^e^ c£***f~*RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the following members of the facilities:James Rowland Angell, Professor and Head of the Department ofPsychology, to take effect June 30, 1920. He becomes President of theCarnegie Corporation of New York.Thomas A. Knott, Assistant Professor in the Department of English,to take effect September 30, 1920. He accepts a professorship in IowaState University.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeaves of absence have been granted to:Frederick D. Bramhall, of the Department of Political Science,for the current year to June 30, 1920, on account of illness.Professor Ernest D. Burton, of the Department of New Testamentand Early Christian Literature, for five months from September 1, 1920,to act as chairman of a commission on Christian Education in China.Professor James H. Tufts, of the Department of Philosophy, fromJanuary 1, 192 1, to June 30, 192 1, in order that he may accept aninvitation temporarily to teach in Columbia University.GIFTSThe President of the University announced to the Board a gift of anadditional $25,000 from Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., provided anequal amount is secured from other donors, for the purposes of theOriental Institute and the purchase of material in the Near East by170 THE. UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor J. H. Breasted, now in Mesopotamia. He further reportedthat he confidently expected to secure other gifts for this purposeamounting to $25,000.Mrs. Helen Swift Neilson, of Chicago, has contributed $25,000 tothe University's American Book Purchase Fund.From the estate of Harriet E. Morse the University has receivedthe sum of $3,000, to create the Herbert A. and Harriet E. Morse Fund," to be applied to the education of worthy and needy persons desiring toattend or attending said University. "INSURANCE OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THE TEACHING STAFFAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held March 9, 1920,authority was given to the Business Manager to effect the insurance ofemployees of the University and certain members of the teaching staffnot eligible to the benefits of the retiring allowance now in force. Thisinsurance is effective after one year of continuous service, the minimumamount of insurance being $600, and increasing at the rate of $100 perannum up to the amount of the annual salary of the individual, but notto exceed a maximum of $3,000. It is hoped that the interest of theUniversity thus manifested will not only afford protection to the familiesof its employees, but will also arouse a spirit of loyalty and co-operation.MR. ROCKEFELLER'S FINAL GIFTThe University has received the tenth and last instalment of Mr.John D. Rockefeller's "final gift" made in December, 19 10, and payablein annual instalments of $1,000,000. In noting the receipt of the lastportion of this notable contribution to the funds of the University, theBoard of Trustees instructed the President and the Secretary to addressto Mr. Rockefeller a communication on behalf of the Board of Trusteesexpressing the deep feeling of gratitude and the hearty thanks of theUniversity for his crowning munificent gift and its sense of appreciationof the beneficent ends secured by means of its use.INCREASE IN TUITION FEES AND ROOM RENTSThe Board of Trustees has voted to increase tuition fees from andafter the Summer Quarter, 1920, as follows:Graduate tuition from $40 to $50College tuition from 50 to 60School of Commerce and Administration tuition,including material fees from 50 to 70Medical Courses tuition including laboratory fees . from 60 to 75Divinity School tuition . . . . . . . from 40 to 50Law School tuition from 50 to 65THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 171In the School of Education tuition fees have been increased: inthe Kindergarten from $75 to $100 for the year; in the ElementarySchool from $135 in the first four grades and $150 in the remaininggrades to $200 in all grades for the year; in the High School from $200to $275 for the year. There are, however, to be no additional fees inthese schools except for breakage in the laboratories and material forconstruction in the shops. Provision is made for free textbooks forpupils in the schools; for continuance of tuition fees of members of theUniversity faculty at the present rates, namely, at one-half the presenttuition fee plus the additional fees taken over for pupils by the increasein tuition, it being understood that all of the changes herein named areto become effective beginning with the year July 1, 1920 — June 30,1921.The fees in University College, on and after October 1, 1920, areto be placed on the same basis as the fees in the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Science.The charges for room rents in the student residence halls have beenincreased with the beginning of the Summer Quarter, sufficiently tomeet the increased cost of maintenance and operation.SALES FROM UNIVERSITY COMMONS STOREHOUSEThe University Commons will issue to members of the faculties,officers, and employees of the University, identification tickets givingthe holders the privilege of purchasing from the Commons StoreRoom, on conditions named below, the following goods on a strictlycash and carry basis: (1) dry groceries — flour, sugar, coffee, cocoa;(2) butter; (3) eggs; (4) bottled olives; (5) canned goods — vegetables,fruit, fish.Beginning July 1, Room 14, Lexington Hall, will be open daily,except Saturday, from three to five o'clock.Identification tickets will be issued to those entitled to make purchases. These tickets will be taken up and canceled if used by or foranyone other than the person whose name is written thereon. TheCommons may discontinue these sales at any time and may change thelist of goods obtainable."HISTORY OF BELGIUM"A morocco-bound copy of the second edition of Professor Leon Vander Essen's History of Belgium, published by the University of ChicagoPress, was forwarded through the American Ambassador to Belgium172 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto King Albert. The receipt of the volume was acknowledged by Mr.Whitlock in the following letter:American Embassy, BrusselsMay i, 1920My dear President Judson:I received on April 13th last your letter dated March 26, and immediately sentthe copy of Professor Van der Essen's History of Belgium to the Secretary of the King.I have now received an acknowledgment from Colonel Menschaert in which heasks me to forward to you the sincere thanks of His Majesty for your thoughtf ulnessin sending the work to him. Thinking that it may be of interest to you, I am enclosinga copy of Colonel Menschaert's letter.Believe me, my dear President Judson,Very sincerely yours,(Signed) Brand WhitlockPalais de BruxellesLe 23 avril, 1920Monsieur PAmbassadeur:En Pabsence de M.le Chef du Cabinet du Roi, j'ai eu Fhonneur de remettre kSa Majeste le volume Histoire de Belgique par le Professeur Van der Essen que lePresident de FUniversite de Chicago, M. Harry Pratt Judson, avait prie Votre Excellence d'oflrir a mon Auguste Souverain.J'ai ete* charge" d'avoir Phonneur de recourir a la grande et habituelle obligeancede Votre Excellence en la priant de vouloir bien faire parvenir & M. Pratt Judson lessinceres remerciements du Roi pour la gracieuse pensee qu'il a eue de cette ceuvre.Veuillez agreer, Monsieur PAmbassadeur, les assurances de ma plus haute consideration.Le Colonel Secr6taire du Cabinet du Roi.(S) A. MenschaertA son ExcellenceMonsieur Brand WhitlockAmbassadeur Extraordinaire et Plenipotentiairedes Etats-Unis de l'Amerique du Nord BruxellesMISCELLANEOUSThe Board of Trustees has authorized the employment of a visitingnurse to be under the direction of the University Health Department.Marshall & Fox have been appointed architects of the RawsonLaboratory of the Medical School. It is to be erected on the West Side.The architect's plans for the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital andMax Epstein Dispensary have been accepted.Repairs and alterations in the Divinity dormitories together withtheir refurnishing have been authorized at an expense of $54,009.During the month of February, 1920, (twenty-nine days) the powerplant burned 2,497 tons oi coal, an average of 86 .3 tons per day.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 173By authority of the Board the buildings at 5817 and 5831 KenwoodAvenue, one of them formerly used as a fraternity house and purchasedin 1918 by the University, have been altered and repaired and are tobe used as residence halls for women. They are to be known as KenwoodHouse.The plan for the advance financial campaign for endowment andbuilding funds for the University as adopted by the Board of Trustees isfully described in the quarterly statement of the President of the University made at the Convocation on June 15.UNITING THE UNITED STATES1By EDWIN E. SLOSSONPh.D., University of Chicago, 1902The United States and the Phi Beta Kappa are twins. They wereborn the same year, the first year of freedom, 1776. They had thesame Alma Mater, the College of William and Mary. This was wherethe Phi Beta Kappa originated and this was where Thomas Jefferson,author of the Declaration of Independence, was educated.What is more important than coincidence of origin is that theUnited States and the Phi Beta Kappa have grown up together andstuck together for the one hundred and forty-four years of their commonlife. The little brother has supported the big brother through thick andthin. The annual Phi Beta Kappa orations form a continuous encyclopedia of Americanism from the beginning to the present. It hasfallen to my. lot to continue the tradition, but it is unnecessary as wellas unbecoming to introduce any new doctrine of my own, so I shall usethis opportunity merely to recall to mind the process by which theUnited States became united and to show what is the spirit of Americanism as it is revealed in our history, traditions, and social life.In 1782 the mother-society, Alpha of Virginia, stretched out herhand to New England and gave the grip to Yale and Harvard. Thiswas a more radical step than to extend the society now to Oxford. Itwas Samuel Hardy who first proposed to make the Phi Beta Kappa anational society and we know his motive. Edward Everett, writingin 1831, says of his proposal: "He expatiated on the great advantagesthat would attend the binding together of the several states." Hisobject then was Americanization, the uniting of the United States.For when the founders of our Republic called this "the United States"they did not tell the truth. Here were thirteen distinct, antagonistic,and suspicious colonies, as quarrelsome as an entente cordiale. Noneknew better how far from united they were than those who first calledthem so. It was a prophetic fiction, and this is the way we usuallymake political as well as moral progress. By pretending that we alreadyare what we wish to be we are most likely so to become.1 Phi Beta Kappa address at the University of Chicago, June 14, 1920.174UNITING THE UNITED STA TES 1 75All the wise men that gathered about the cradle of infant Americasaid that the child would never grow up; that its heredity was unfortunate; that its constitution was bad; that democracy was impossible on alarge scale; that mixture of races meant ruin.But now, three hundred years since the Constitution of the firstAmerican commonwealth was drafted in the cabin of the "Mayflower,"it is the most thriving and promising of nations. It is the only reallycomfortable country in the world. It is an island of the blest in a um%versal ocean of misery. It is the place where property is safest; wherethe financial system is most stable; where the standard of living ishighest; where individual opportunities are greatest; where the comforts, conveniences, and luxuries are most accessible; where the mostraces live in the greatest harmony; where there is least friction betweenclasses; where religions are most numerous and bigotry least; wheremost money and effort are spent on education; where the per capitawealth is the greatest and most widely distributed; where the foreignindebtedness is least; where government is most permanent and revolution least to be feared. These are not boasts but plain figures. Wehave no right to boast about them, (1) because we might do so muchbetter, (2) because our exceptionally high relative position is due largely tothe misfortunes that have fallen more heavily upon the rest of the world.Our unique position is not merely a matter of congratulation; it isa warning. If we were so selfish as to wish to keep our f ortunate superiority for ourselves we could not do so. Our job of Americanization isnot confined to the limits of the country. We must make the worldsafe for democracy, for our kind of democracy, our American ideals andstandard of life. The Bolsheviki are accused of aiming to convert theworld to their doctrines. We cannot blame them for that. Our objectis to convert the world to our doctrines. Every Fourth of July orationis gospel message to the entire planet. We must bring all other nationsup to our level or we shall sink to theirs. I mean merely our level inregard to that particular group of ideals arid practices that we call"Americanism." Every foreign nation has something to teach uswhich we ought to learn. Every immigrant race has brought to ussome valuable factor of our national life. But Americanism is ourmessage, our unique contribution to the civilization of the world. Wemust be its evangelists in every land to the ends of the earth and untothe islands of the sea.The war has put a new course in every curriculum, Americanism.The demand of the day is that we shall consciously teach what we have176 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDunconsciously become. Scores of agencies have sprung up for the teaching of Americanism. Money is pouring out lavishly for the cause.Zealous and devoted men and women, old and young, have respondedto the call for volunteers and are training themselves for this new formof national service. There is no cause more worthy, none more needed.It is because the peoples of the Old World had not learned the lesson ofAmericanism that the Greatest War came upon them and it is becausethey will not learn it now that the Great Peace is still delayed.America has a message. It is a message of peace and good will toall men. It is meet that we say it over to ourselves, that we may notforget it in the turmoil of antagonistic voices and the despair engenderedby distress. Faith is what we need, faith in God and country, faith inour institutions and ourselves. We must study our history and learnwhat has made our nation strong and unified. Our name is our ideal,the United States. Our duty is to justify the prophetic title that thefounders of the Republic dared to call it. We must manage to conveyits meaning to the aliens who come to us with alien ideas hard toeradicate, with outlandish traditions incompatible with ours. We mustinspire them and their children and our children as well with the truespirit of Americanism.What is that spirit ? It is most succinctly expressed in our nationalmotto. Every American, however poor, carries in his pocket a government medal of silver or nickel with this inscription, E pluribus unum,"Of many, making one," or to put it in other words it means, "theunification of diversity." Note that it does not mean "the obliterationof diversity. " It means many minds, one heart; many roads, one goal;many ways, one purpose; many races, one nation. The Americanrevolutionists, like the French, believed in the political trinity of liberty,equality, fraternity. But their creed should not be misread as liberty,uniformity, fraternity. Quite the contrary, they were bent oil sweepingaway the artificial and traditional inequalities of men that all might beborn free and have an equal chance to develop their diverse abilities infraternal unity. The best textbook of Americanism is still the Declaration of Independence, and we might well revive the obsolete customof reading it once a year. Some of our new teachers of Americanismdo not seem to be familiar with its Magna Charta. Our task is to traininto good Americans not only the million aliens who come from over-seabut also the three million infant aliens who arrive in this country annually.The "melting pot" metaphor is sometimes misconstrued throughinattention to its grammatical form. The participle is in the presentUNITING THE UNITED STATES 177tense. A "melting pot" means a pot that is kept melting — that is tosay, in a fluid condition so that each individual particle may find itsproper level according to its own specific gravity, the scum to be skimmedoff and the dregs to be discarded. It does not mean that sometime thecontents of the pot are to be poured out to be set in a rigid mold, likethe cast nations of the Old World. If America ever cools off andsolidifies, that is the death of Americanism. We Americans do notbelieve that people should be pressed into the same mold, machinedto the same pattern. It was to escape such a process that many of usor our ancestors came to America.America was populated by the persecuted. Puritans from England,Huguenots from France, Germans from the Rhine, Catholics fromIreland, Czecho-Slovaks from Austria-Hungary, Armenians from Turkey,Jews from Russia — these are but a few of those who fled to Americafor freedom from the religious, economic, racial, or military oppressionat home. All these were protestants and nonconformists in the originalsense of these words, whether they were Catholics or Congregationalists.They were a chosen people— chosen to be kicked out from their nativelands. Whether our fathers came over in the "Mayflower" along witha shipload of furniture and pewter ware or whether they came over laterin the more comfortable accommodations of a steamer steerage, it wasmostly because they were considered undesirable citizens that they wereforced or permitted to depart.America is a chosen land — selected out of all parts of the world astheir future home by those who desired or were obliged to leave theirnative countries. This is an honor that we should appreciate andendeavor to deserve. The United States is a synthetic nation. Othercountries "just growed," like Topsy. Ours is the conscious and considered creation of its people. European and Asiatic countries arealmost entirely populated by those who were born there and did nothave energy enough to get away. Our population is largely composedof those who were not born here and had energy enough to come. Whatis called patriotism is sometimes not love of country but mere laziness.Our patriotism is less alloyed with this element than any other, for alarge proportion of Americans love America because they have livedelsewhere. They came here because they thought they would find itbest; they stay here because they have found it best. Americanismis an elective course.Our form of government is no hand-me-down from a former generation, no misfit borrowed from another land. It is made to measure178 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand is remade to fit. Our social system is more of a skin than a coat.It grows with us. Every man his own tailor is the law of democracy.The king of France said, "I am the state." It was a lie and they cutoff his head for it. The American citizen says, "I am the state," andit is the literal truth. All men are monarchs. This develops a senseof responsibility. In other lands the people can complain, "Why don'tthey do it ? " In America we can only wonder, " Why don't we do it ? "Consequently the first lesson to be taught to an immigrant is thatpatriotism in the American sense is a different thing from Old Worldpatriotism. Americanism does not mean loyalty to a king; it does notmean attachment to a particular spot of ground; it does not meanconformity to a fixed code of customs; it does not mean the perpetuationof traditional institutions; it does not mean the aversion to noveland foreign ideas; it does not mean hostility toward those who differfrom us.Americanism is one of the fine arts, the finest of all the fine arts, theart of getting along peaceably with all sorts and conditions of men. WeAmericans have had more experience in the practice of this art thanother nations, and it is not undue boasting to say that we have acquireda certain proficiency in it. A steel mill may contain twenty differentnationalities and they do not quarrel any more than so many Irishmenor Poles in their native land. A city block is a map of Europe in miniature. The immigrants try to keep up their traditional antipathies, butthere are few Old World feuds that, if let alone, can resist the solventatmosphere of America. Their children when they go to school calleach other names and stretch their little necks trying to look down onone another. And when they grow up they go into partnership orintermarry. So scrapping and bargaining, quarreling and flirting,studying together and working together, they learn to know each otherand become good Americans together, a happy family of wops, kikes,micks, dagoes, sheenies, Polacks, Dutchies, chinks, squareheads, niggers,greasers, Yanks, crackers, hunkies, Hemes, guinies, Japs, Canucks,spigotties, and frogs. "Saxon, Norman, and Dane are we" sang thepoet laureate in his ode to Alexandra. But our composite ancestrycould not be put into any verse except free verse. Roosevelt was ableto address an audience of almost any nationality as kinsmen. Hediffered from the rest of us more in knowledge of genealogy than indiversity of ancestry.The greater the number of diverse races entering the United Statesthe greater has become the unity of the country. "That blood isUNITING THE UNITED STATES 179thicker than water" is a trite saying. Perhaps it is true. But weknow and have proved that there is something thicker than blood;that is printer's ink. Consanguinity is a weaker bond of union thancommunity of thought and congeniality of spirit. Those who readthe same journals are thinking the same thoughts. Those who thinktogether will act together. A magazine with a million circulation is abetter bond of unity than the Constitution. Paper proves strongerthan parchment whenever it comes to a tug between the two.In the light of our history and our social system we can define thedistinguishing characteristics of Americanism and its opposite:Americanism _ Anti-AmericanismCosmopolitanism ExclusivenessCatholicity IntoleranceEclecticism Compulsory uniformityMobility SolidificationThe true American then is fond of travel and accustomed to associatewith men of various nationalities; he not only tolerates views other thanhis own but is anxious to hear them, and he selects from the ideas thatcome from far or near those that seem to him sensible and worth trying.He is always eager to tell or to hear some new thing, but it is the practicalinquisitiveness of the Yankee, not the idle curiosity of the Athenian.The spirit of Americanism is not confined to any particular race,language, land, creed, or form of government. Although "made inAmerica" it is not patented. It may be exported. In fact it has beencarried to the Old World by millions of missionaries, the immigrantswho, having lived among us for a few years and imbibed somethingof the genius of the place, have returned to their native lands andimplanted there certain of these New World notions. The traveler inEurope and Asia may happen anywhere upon Americanized individuals,Americanized homes, even Americanized towns. This reflex action ofemigration is too often overlooked.In politics the American spirit finds expression in our unique combination of diversity in unity, the federal system. Each of our forty-eight states is a political experiment station whose new varieties oflegislation can be tried out on a small scale and if successful adoptedelsewhere. Where voluntary diversification is not permitted progressis impossible. An effort is now being made, though not with the adviceand consent of the Senate, to extend something of our federal systemto the world as a whole in the form of a League of Nations, but thei8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDworld does not seem ripe for it yet. The anti- American spirit dominates Europe and controls the making of the map. The allied powers,freed from American influence by the withdrawal of our representativesfrom Paris, are trying to herd the human race into separate corrals,with barbed-wire fences around each petty people, to draw boundarylines around those who claim the same ancestry, speak the same language,and profess the same creed. They aim to secure an artificial unity bymeans of a compulsory uniformity. If they succeed they will restore thecrazy-quilt map of the Middle Ages before the world had been boundtogether by rails and telegraph wires. All Europe seems mad withthe mania of xenophobia. A dozen new nationalities have arisen, eachnation gathering her skirts about her to avoid contact with her neighbors.It is political sectarianism carried to the extreme. The smaller thecountry the more intense the nationalism. The new boundary linesof Europe and Asia are being drawn in the spirit of hate.The American ideal is the opposite of this. Our guiding spirit islove, not hate. We would lay the foundations of a new state in hope,not fear. Holding that all men are equal we are willing to call themall brothers. Our kind of nationalism is not exclusive. Our ideal ofpatriotism is not national selfishness; it is universal commonwealth.But all Americans are not yet Americanized, and it may be that theflood of reaction now sweeping over the world may even carry our owncountry away with it. The peace of Europe is being held back whileItalians and Jugo-Slavs are quarreling over the pronunciation of anAdriatic town, whether it should be called "Fiume" or "Rieka." Thepoint in dispute has narrowed to a strip of territory, barely twentymiles wide, between the boundary line now proposed by the supremecouncil and that drawn by President Wilson. This strip contains fortythousand Slovenes and Croats who may not wish to be transferred to Italy.By a curious coincidence forty thousand was the number of Slovenesand Croats coming to the United States in a year before the war. Thereare ten times as many Italians in New York City as there are in Fiumeand they make themselves quite at home. Yet European statesmenwaste their time over the childish puzzle of dissected maps, because theyhave not discovered that men are not like mountains, but can move.They say that the Balkan and Baltic peoples are ineradicably attachedto the soil. We in America know, on the contrary, that there are nopeople more ready to move. If we consider the folks and not the land,as we should, we may say that one-third of Slovakia, one-fourth ofDalmatia, one-tenth of Greece, and one-fourth of Poland had voluntarilyUNITING THE UNITED STATES 181annexed itself to the United States before the war. The rest mighthave come if they could have raised twenty-five dollars apiece to payfor their passage. A few thousand dollars invested in steamer andrailroad tickets for free distribution would have solved many of theproblems which brought the world into the war. If it is a question ofterritory, that can be adjusted on the map. If it is a question ofthe people, they will settle it for themselves if allowed to go wherethey like.Man is a natural migrant. He can be made to stay in one placeonly by close confinement under a life-sentence at hard labor. As soonas you releasie him he rims away. Rim a railroad into any part of theworld where the people have been bound to the soil for centuries, saythe interior of China, India, or Africa, and every train will be over-packed with natives moving to and fro. Americans have been ridiculedand condemned because when they get rich and gain leisure they straightway become restless and roam about the world. But this migratoryimpulse is not an American failing but a normal human instinct thatalmost all men and an equal number of women display as soon as theyare able to indulge in it. In the halcyon days before the war a classat the opposite end of the social scale from the millionaire, that is thecommon laborer, was freed from sedentary serfdom and he too became aseasonal migrant like the bird. Only the unfortunate middleman, who,chained to his plow or desk, had to have a home, was left to peruse theliterature of tourism with longing eyes. The Finnish miner dividedhis time between the two hemispheres, spending part of the year inEurope and part in Pennsylvania or Wyoming. Our hundred thousandItalians lived under three flags: Argentinian, American, and Italian.During the five years ending with 1913 the average annual immigrationinto Argentina was 274,389. The remigration was 118,058. For theUnited States the immigration was 1,221,680 and the remigration was516,649. That is, the net gain for both the United States and Argentinawas about 5 7 per cent of the total entrants. In 1 9 1 2 the United Kingdomlost 701,691 persons and gained 372,618, while the British colonies anddominions overseas gained 1,400,551 and lost 537,550. The flux andreflux of this liquid labor tended like the movement of capital to stabilizeconditions all over the world and contributed to the greater happinessand prosperity of increasing numbers.Whenever or if ever the world settles down again to peace andfriendly intercourse this multitudinous migration will become moreextensive than ever. Mankind will then enter for a second time into the182 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnomadic stage, having passed some tedious centuries in attendanceupon rooted vegetation. Mobility distinguishes the higher forms ofcreation from the lower. Minerals are inert. Plants are stationary.Animals are free. Man, having been endowed with legs instead ofroots, should use them. He has now learned how to move swiftly inall three dimensions and has already carried his thoughts into dreamsof a fourth.It is said that an American is at home wherever he hangs up his hat.That is true even when he hangs his hat on his own head. He is a truecosmopolite. That does not mean that he loves all places equally.Quite the contrary, it is because he does not love all places equally thathe moves about. This mobility though an American characteristic isnot an American invention. We cannot get it patented, for it is merelya common, perhaps universal, human instinct that under Americanconditions it has had a favorable chance to develop.However objectionable the hyphen may be we should rememberthat it indicates a process of welding, not a process of separation. Itis the first step in the uniting of two nationalities. It points toward thefuture, not toward the past. The hyphenated American is simply anAmerican in the making. Anglo-Saxon is no longer considered a compound word. An uncomplimentary member of Parliament recentlyalluded to Americans as " a bastard race. " But we glory in our multipleancestry. We believe that every man has the right to choose his country.We have abolished hereditary nationality as we have abolished hereditaryprivilege. The European and even more the Asiatic idea was that aman's country was his fatherland, his patria, and that he could no morechange it than he could renounce his parentage. The Yankee notionwas that when a man came to maturity he had a right to choose a countryas he chose a wife and even, in case of permanent incompatibility oftemper, to get a divorce. This free right of nationalization, which seemsto us so natural that we call it "naturalization," was a strange andheretical notion when we asserted it. European powers long refused toconcede it. We quarreled with them all through the nineteenth centuryover this question and several times showed fight. Germany andRussia held out against us to the last, but now our battle is won andprobably nobody henceforth will dare dispute us when we assert that anadopted son of Uncle Sam is to be treated with as much respect as oneof his own children. And having won the battle for our own citizenswe have won it for the world. That is the way we can tell true Americanism from false. If the principle we are fighting for can be appliedUNITING THE UNITED STATES 183to the whole world then it is truly American. The Kantian criterionapplies to politics as well as ethics. When we won the RevolutionaryWar we released from British tyranny not only the thirteen coloniesbut all the British dominions beyond the seas. It is owing to GeorgeWashington that Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africaare now admitted as equals to the Round Table of the Assembly of theLeague of Nations.Those who hold to the antiquated idea that race determines nationality and that patriotism is a hereditary trait and can never be acquiredare blinded by prejudice to the plain facts of history. It might in factbe easier to argue on the opposite side and to support the paradox thatthe leaders of nationalistic movements in politics, war, or art are apt tobe alien ancestry. The most fanatical exponent of pan-Germanism isHouston Chamberlain, an Englishman. Treitschke was of Bohemianblood, Nietzsche of Polish, and Moltke of Danish. O'Higgins, thenational hero of Chile, bears anything but a Spanish name. Napoleonwas from the island of Corsica and the empress Josephine from theisland of Martinique. Kossuth, the leader of Hungarian nationalism,was not a Magyar but a Slav. Kosciusko, the Polish patriot, wasborn in Lithuania. Mazeppa, the father of Ukrainian nationalism,was a Pole. Bernadotte, the founder of the reigning Swedish dynasty, wasa Frenchman. Alexander Hamilton, the exponent of American nationalism, was born in the island of Nevis. Columbus, who gave a newworld to Spain, was an Italian. Disraeli, who originated British imperialism, was a Jew. Venizelos, to whom the expansion of Greece is due,is a Cretan by birth. Parnell, the Irish home ruler, was part Scotchand part American. Gladstone, the most typical of Englishmen, wasScotch. Wellington was Irish, so was Kitchener. Lloyd George is aWelshman if ever there was one.In the recent war we saw the British armies led by General French,the Russian by General Francois, and the German by General Mack-ensen, whose names suggest alien origin. The kings fighting againstGermany, except the Mikado, were largely of German blood. TheFrench General Joffre is of Spanish descent. The Russian GeneralRennenkampff bears a German name. Russia has always drawn uponforeign talent for her generals. Alikhanoff, who planned the captureof Merv, was Ali Khan before he was christened. Nelikoff , who tookKars, was a Georgian from the Caucasus.It would seem that the same rule holds in patriotism as in food,that acquired tastes are strongest.184 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is unnecessary to show how much that is characteristically American comes from other than Anglo-Saxon sources, but I will cite oneinstance from the field of art. Our National Academy of Design awardsevery year three prizes for the promotion of American painting. Thesepatriotic prizes are paid for by Julius Hallgarten, who directs thatthey be given for "three pictures painted in the United States by American citizens under thirty-five years of age." The winners of theseprizes for the last three years have been: 1918, Leopold Seyffert, LazarRaditz, Feliz Russinann; 1919, Robert Strong Woodward, ErcoleCartotto, Dines Carlsen; 1920, Armin Hanson, Kentaro Kato, JohnE. Costigan; only one of these distinctively American painters has anAnglo-Saxon name.I am not competent to evaluate the various contributions madeby our component races in such arts as painting, music, drama, andliterature, but I can speak with some authority and full appreciationon what they have contributed to culinary art. What would we dowithout Hungarian goulash, French pastry, Irish stew, German delicatessen, Swiss cheese, Hindu curries, Spanish omelet, Mexican tamales,Italian macaroni, Indian corn, Russian tea, Turkish coffee, the Englishmutton chop, and the Chinese chop suey?Every alien who comes to us brings with him some gift to our commonwealth though often it is hidden from our gaze. His very foreignnessis an advantage, for it prevents us from being provincial. It opensour eyes to the outside world. Each migrant as he moves spins outbehind him like a spider an invisible thread connecting his old homewith his new. Along these threads pass ideas, impulses, and trade,and so the nations are netted together in a web of common comprehension and mutual interests.At the time when the thirteen colonies became one nation about14 per cent of the population were not of Anglo-Saxon-Irish blood.The percentage of the foreign-born in the United States has not increasedwith increasing immigration. It has not varied 1 per cent from 14per cent in the last sixty years. There were eighteen different languagesspoken in New York when the city was incorporated in 1653. Nowthere are more than twice as many, but the population is five thousandtimes as great.There are 1,575 foreign-language journals published in the UnitedStates in thirty-eight different tongues with a total circulation of morethan ten million. The mono-lingual American is apt to look with acertain suspicion upon the papers with outlandish typography that heUNITING THE UNITED STATES 185sees on the news stands in our cities. Yet those who can read thestrangest of them tell us that they contain less sedition than certainof our English journals. Incredible as it may seem to some this spiritof Americanism will stand translation into another language or transportation into another land. Madame de Stael said that he who learneda new language acquired a new soul. But this does not necessarily meanthat he loses his own soul. A common language is a great bond ofunity, but the acquisition of an uncommon language does not implydisloyalty. There are better ways of proving our patriotism than bythe boycott of everything that we cannot read ourselves. It is notnecessary for state legislatures to prohibit the teaching of foreign languages in our colleges, for the students do not learn enough to hurt them.Our aim is, not merely to overcome the disadvantages of our composite nationality, but to take advantage of it, to make the most of theimmigrant by using him to spread Americanism and get a line on othernations. One hundred years ago, when George Tichnor of Harvarddecided to go to a German university to study, he could not find anyoneto teach him German. He heard that there was a German dictionaryin New Hampshire and sent for it. Now if you wanted to study Basqueor Korean you would find a teacher at hand. But we have not availedourselves as fully as we might of our unique opportunity to learn howthe other half of humanity lives and thinks.The most baffling, the most discouraging of all our problems is thatof the negro, where race prejudice is manifested in its most violent andlawless form. Yet even here we have not wholly failed. In spite ofour harsh treatment of colored people they are flocking to the UnitedStates by thousands from the British West Indies, where they are neitherlynched nor ostracized. But I prefer to draw my proofs of the Americanization of the negro from fiction rather than figures. I will retelltwo war stories. In our Philippine war a shipload of colored troopswas sent to Manila. As they disembarked a white soldier on the dockcalled out: "Hello, Sambo, what are you all doing here?" The negroreplied: "I'se helping bear de white man's burden, sah." And so hewas.In the late war, where black and white Americans charged the German lines side by side, one of our colored regiments was quartered nextto the Senegalese of the French army. An American negro attemptedto fraternize with his African brother but found that he could notunderstand him. The Afro-American was incredulous. "Don' tellme you been oveh heah so long you done fohgot yuh own language!"i86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEnglish was his own language. Hausa was not. The negro on ourcontinent is no longer an African. He too is an American.The Great War proved the unity of the United States to the discomfiture of our enemies and to the surprise of the pessimists within ourgates. Never in the history of the United States did the people of thiscountry enter a war with such unanimity of mind and give it suchunited support. In the days when "an Englishman named GeorgeWashington took up arms against a German king called George III" wewere very far from being united. A large and influential part of thepopulation took the Tory side and all through the Revolution thecountry was torn by dissensions. The War of 1 812 was a sectional war.It was approved by a bare majority in Congress, and New Englandthreatened to secede because of it. The Mexican War, which to thepeople of the Far West, is their war of liberation from a worse thanGeorgian tyranny, was regarded with abhorrence in the North. Lowellwrote the Biglow Papers to prevent recruiting. He would have beenput in prison for twenty years if he had done that now. The popularsong of the day was:Go, go, goMr. Polk, you know,Bids you fight and kill and quell,Cut their throats and make them yell,Send their spirits down to hell,Conquer Mexico !Webster threatened President Polk with impeachment and was thankedby the Mexican government for his favor. A Boston journal said thatit would be a joy to hear that every American soldier in Mexico wasswept into the next world.In the Civil War the country was not merely rent in twain, but neitherside was unified at first. There were seceders from secession in theSouth, while in the North the abolitionists agreed for once with theirenemies, the pro-slavery men, in opposing a war for the preservationof the Union. Edward Everett said: "If our sister states must leave us,in the name of heaven let them go in peace," and Whittier in his poem"A Word for the Hour" wrote: "Pity, forgive, but urge them back nomore." All through the war the copperheads and pacifists were activeand well organized. The disloyal order, the Knights of the GoldenCircle, at one time numbered nearly a million and could mobilize anarmed force of 340,000 men. When conscription was adopted a mobran amuck in New York City for four days with the connivance of theUNITING THE UNITED STATES 187authorities. An orphan asylum was burned down, and in the streetsmen and women joined in torturing and hanging and dismemberinginnocent persons. In New York City alone more than a thousandpeople lost their lives and more than a million and a half dollars' worthof property was destroyed by the draft riots. There were no riotsanywhere when the draft was applied in the present war.The opposition to our war with Spain was furious at the time andhas not yet altogether died out. Two regiments of the New Yorkmilitia, the Seventh and Thirteenth, refused to serve. The Houseand the Senate were long deadlocked on the question of supportingthe President.Not only was the United States more united than on any previousdeclaration of war, but it was more united than England was when sheentered. The British Cabinet was divided and three members of thegovernment, Morley, Burns, and Trevelyan, resigned rather thanconsent to participation in the continental conflict. The question wasnever put to Parliament, but it is evident that there were more membersin the House of Commons opposed to entering the war, August 3, 19 14,than in the House of Representatives, April 3, 191 7. The oppositionin the British press was outspoken up to the very last day. The LondonDaily Chronicle of August 3 said: "Truth to tell, the issues which haveprecipitated the conflict which threatens to devastate the whole ofEurope are not worth the bones of a single soldier. " And on August 4the Manchester Guardian said: "We hold it to be a patriotic duty forall good citizens to oppose to the utmost the participation of this countryin the greatest crime of our time. "The participation of Italy was preceded by violent political conflictsand riotous demonstrations for and against the war. In the ItalianChamber of Deputies there were seventy-four votes against war insteadof the fifty in our House of Representatives.It appears, then, that America engaged in this world-war withgreater unanimity than the other nations that entered of their own freewill, and we fought it through with a siiigle-mindedness never beforemanifested in our history. There were fewer extreme opponents tothe war in America than in other countries. In England there were6,135 conscientious objectors to conscription; in the United States,with more than double the population, only 2,294. There were nomutinies at the front among the American troops as there were amongthe French, Italian, Austrian, and Russian troops. It was not necessaryto intern or expel all the alien enemies as was done in Australia, Canada,i88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGermany, and France. There was no case of incendiarism or blowingup of munition plants traced to enemy aliens in the United States,although our newspapers reported such crimes every day. There wereno such internal disorders as occurred in the United Kingdom, Australia,Italy, Germany, Austria, and Russia. There was no such completealteration of administration in the United States as in every otherbelligerent. We had the fewest cabinet changes of any governmentduring the war. We had no such revolution as Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. We had no attempted secessions, as in theUnited Kingdom, the Union of South Africa, Belgium, Russia, Austria,Germany, and Turkey.No nation was ever before put to such a strain as ours in the GreatWar, for none ever contained so many representatives of the belligerentnationalities, yet none proved more stable and strong. Our nationalmotto was not true when it was adopted, but it is now. At last theAmerican people, regardless of racial diversity, can say with sincerity:United we stand.JOSEPH BONDBy T. W. GOODSPEEDThe branch of the Bond family from which Joseph Bond was descended had its home in Bury St. Edmunds, in Suffolk County, England,where King Canute built his great monastery, celebrated for its "magnificence and splendor." There lived Jonas Bond three hundred andmore years ago. He had three grandsons who were brothers, all of whommigrated to the New World. These were Thomas, William, and John.The first of these settled in Maryland. William, an "educated merchant," made his home in Watertown, Massachusetts. John Bond,born in England in 1624, was first mentioned in the records of Newbury,Massachusetts, in 1642, so that he must have come to America in hisearly youth. The records of the town show that on August 5, 1649, hemarried Hester Blakely, and that among their children was John, born in1650. After 1660 the family moved to Rowley, where a farm wasbought, and they later settled in Haverhill, where the father died in1675. The son John became a farmer in Beverly and with his youngerbrother Joseph was out fighting in King Philip's War in 1676. His sonEdward was born in 17 14. Hitherto the branch of the Bond familywith which this narrative has to do had for a hundred years confineditself to the one county of Essex, the northeasternmost of the countiesof Massachusetts. Edward Bond broke away from the home environment and migrated to the village of Leicester near the center of thestate. A little after 1760 we find him keeping the public house in thatplace, and the total destruction of the house by fire in January, 1767,was an event of such general interest as to find a place in the records ofthe village. He was a selectman of the town. His son Benjamin, bornin 1743, married Elizabeth Harrod, the daughter of an officer in theRevolution.Among their sons was David, who was born in 1778. He devotedhimself as he grew up to farming in Brimfield, Hampden County, and inHardwick, in the same county of Worcester which had been the homeof his father and grandfather. His son Benjamin was born in Brim-field, June 6, 1814. He, after reaching manhood, became a farmer inthe town of Ware in Hampshire County, not more than a dozen milesfrom his boyhood home in Hardwick. He bought his farm about 1833,189190 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhen he was nineteen years old, and made it his home for fifty-sevenyears. He died in 1894, at the age of eighty. He was twice marriedand had a family of six sons and two daughters. His second wife wasLouisa Eaton, a lineal descendant of Francis Eaton, who came over inthe "Mayflower" in 1620. Francis Eaton was one of the signers of thefamous "agreement" entered into by the Pilgrim Fathers before theylanded on Plymouth Rock. He signed for himself, his wife Sarah, andhis son "Samuell." Governor Bradford records that the son was a"sucking child," from which one infers that Francis Eaton was probably one of the very youngest of that company of famous Fathers.His first wife died early and he married twice after her death, he himself passing away only . thirteen years after the landing, but leavingfour children. From one of them was descended Louisa Eaton, themother of Joseph Bond, of whom this sketch is written.He was the second son of his mother and the fifth of his father. Thefirst Mrs. Bond had three sons, and the second had three sons and twodaughters. Joseph Bond was born on the Ware farm, February 13,1852. He felt himself peculiarly rich in brothers. One of his earlyteachers asked his class one day, "What do farmers raise ?" and Joseph,raising his hand, promptly answered, "Boys!" In the first group ofboys were Nelson, Sylvester, and David; and in the second, Rufus,Joseph, and Henry.The town of Ware is situated on the river Ware, halfway betweenWorcester on the east and Springfield on the southwest, about thirty-five miles from each. It has grown to be an important manufacturingpoint and is the nearest place of any considerable size to the center ofthe state. It is on the elevated plateau east of the Berkshire Hills.This table-land has a mean altitude of 1,100 feet above the sea, though thevillage of Ware is 600 feet lower, an illustration of the diversities of levelof that whole region — low-lying meadows along the rivers and smallerwater courses, climbing, sometimes gradually, often abruptly, to loftyhills and uplands. It forms a bench between the lowlands toward thecoast and the mountainous country bordering the Hudson River.Thus, while this part of central Massachusetts is called a plateauand lacks in some measure the charm and variety of the Berkshires andthe ruggedness and sublimity of the Taconic Mountains of westernMassachusetts, it is a most delightful country of small rivers and brooks,hills, valleys, villages, farms, and forests. The farm of Benjamin Bondlay two miles north of the village of Ware on a high table-land, soelevated that it overlooked the surrounding country in all directions,JOSEPH BOND 191presenting views of diversified picturesqueness and beauty. It was adairy farm of 150 acres. Over the hill was the schoolhouse where theBond boys and girls began their education. The soil of the old BayState was sandy or stony, but it was unsurpassed in richness for producing the men who have built into greatness the American Commonwealth. On the hill farm of Ware the six boys of farmer Bond grewinto stalwart manhood. The father was a man of great common senseand of such practical wisdom that his counsel was often sought by hisneighbors. He was physically strong, stalwart, active, and none of hissix sons could ever beat him in a foot race until he had passed threescore years and ten. One of his sons says of him that he was a strongman intellectually and physically. His little finger was bigger thanthe thumb of any of his sons after they grew to manhood. He was akind, thoughtful, and loving father, and his six sons all looked up tohim and respected him, so that his word was always law to them. Hewas of a strong religious character and was a deacon in the Baptistchurch till the meeting-house was burned, when, the house not beingrebuilt, he took his family to the Congregational church. He taught aSunday-school class for many years. He maintained the custom offamily worship. Deeply religious, he was the companion and leader ofhis sons. He never said "Go I" to them, but "Come!" He enteredinto their sports and games, ran races, and pitched quoits with them,and they were naturally devoted to him. He retained his activity andvigor down to old age.The mother being of like spirit with the father, the large family wasadmirably brought up under strong, wise, affectionate, Christian discipline. The children were unusually fond of each other, and there wereenough of them and things enough to do to make their youth exceedingly interesting. The labors of the farm with so many hands to helpwere not too burdensome. Their number made it possible for them toavail themselves of all the schooling the country schools afforded. Theywere fortunate in living in a region which was a wonderful boys' country.In summer and autumn the woods and streams invited them. In thewinter there was coasting on the hills and skating on the river andponds. There were manhood memories of a dog, the companion andplayfellow of the boys and a continuous occasion of interest and amusement. Joseph used to tell with joyful remembrance of the day whenhe, with his brother Rufus, in the woods for a day's fun, treed a graysquirrel. Like true boys they determined to capture it alive and takeit home and tame it. Joseph, ten years old, climbed the tree to192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdislodge their prey, while Rufus, the next older than himself, remainedbelow to capture him. Joseph followed him out on a limb and succeeded in shaking him off. As he came down, Rufus, careless of consequences, caught him with his bare hands as he "would a baseball." Hewas, of course, badly bitten, but held on, and the young hunters carriedtheir captive home in triumph and made a pet of him. Brought up inthe country on a farm, these brothers were not without the joy of lifeand the fun boys ought to have.Mr. David Bond, the second older brother of Joseph, still lives inWare. He has drawn for me so true a picture of life on a Massachusetts farm sixty years ago that I cannot forbear giving it to my readers.Our lives were so closely linked together that I cannot take one out by itself.In our family were six boys and two girls, who were the youngest. My two olderbrothers were in the Civil War during those four years, and I was anxious to go butwas too young. We first went to the district school. I remember it was sometimesdifficult to reach the schoolhouse, as the hill down which we went across lots to theschool would be covered with ice. We would have to sit down and make a hole inthe ice with our heel and draw ourselves down to that and then make a hole withthe other heel and draw ourselves down to that, and so on till we reached the footof the hill. You could hardly call it rapid transit.We did not have much time for play, for when we reached home there would bethe chores to do. In winter there would be wood to chop, but in the evenings we wouldcrack nuts, pop corn, play checkers, etc. In the summer after our work was done wewould run and see who would get first to the swimming pool, half a mile away, or wewould try high jumping, pitching quoits, the three-legged race, etc. We were strong,active boys, always ready for fun, and liked to play tricks on each other. We wereso far from town we did not have other boys to play with, but depended on eachother and were happy by ourselves.[Here is another squirrel story.] We used to hunt grey squirrels and always hadone in the house. One Sunday father had gone ahead in the carriage to church andwe boys were to follow on foot. As we were walking along through the woods we sawa squirrel run into his hole in a tree. In those days we wore high-topped boots reachinghalf way up to the knee. One of us took off a boot and clapped it over the hole. Another climbed the tree to a hole higher up and with a long stick we gave him managedto drive the squirrel into the boot, which we then pinched together and we had himsafely. By this time it was too late to go to church. [The father, on his return fromchurch, was placated without serious consequences.]At another time we had been reading about how Daniel Boone practiced snuffinga candle with a rifle ball so that he could hit a deer's eye in the night. In some waywe got hold of an old pistol, and after father had gone to town in the evening on someerrand we boys would go up to our bedroom, take the tallow candle that was in usethose days, and, placing it on a chair at one side of the room, try with out pistol to snuffit out. The walls to this day bear the marks of the bullets.About that time we four younger boys formed the B.A.C. — the Bond AgriculturalClub. We adopted a constitution and by-laws, elected officers, and held regularJOSEPH BOND *93monthly meetings. At these meetings we held discussions and debates. Later wemade an older brother, who had returned from the war, married, and settled in Ware,an honorary member. We often met at his house and had merry times, for he and hiswife were not lacking in the spirit of fun. The above is a true account of our everyday life on the old farm.These boys naturally developed the virtues of virile young Americans. They inherited the tendencies of a long line of God-fearingancestors. Thus they grew up clean, strong, high minded, but quiteunlike in their aptitudes and ambitions. Joseph, the youngest boybut one, early developed a taste for and a purpose to seek a businesscareer. He was fifteen years old when the country emerged from theCivil War and began to gather itself together for entering that extraordinary business expansion in railroad building, manufacturing, invention, building great cities, and. combining capital for large enterprisesin commerce which during the past half-century have transformedour national life. His mind responded to the new spirit of the times andhe became a part of the new age in which he found himself growing up.He was too young to enter the Civil War, but he saw his olderbrother, Nelson, a student in Amherst College, and Sylvester, who wasin Monson Academy, leave their books to fight for their country.When he was fifteen, eager to get into the world's work, he went withhis uncle Darius Eaton to learn the mason's trade. The uncle livedthree miles away, but the boy, continuing to live at home, walked thethree miles to his work in the morning, carrying his lunch, and backhome at night. It was not his purpose to remain a mason, but he wiselyreasoned that a good trade to fall back upon, if necessary, would be avaluable asset. He continued in this apprenticeship between two andthree years, when he concluded that if he ever found his way into businesslife, as he fully intended to do, he must acquire a greater knowledge ofbooks. All his older brothers had been in college or academies. In1868 Rufus had been a student in Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden,New Hampshire. This was one of the feeders of Dartmouth Collegeand was located about one hundred and twenty-five miles due north ofWare, the home of the Bonds. His brother brought back so good areport of Kimball that in the fall of 1869 Joseph made his way there.Intent on a business life he gave his studies a business direction, beginning among other things the study of accounting.Returning home, the next two years, his eighteenth and nineteenth,were spent oh the farm and in working at his trade, in which he hadbecome an expert. He had, however, no intention of following his trade194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpermanently. He earned large wages for that day and his father urgedhim to be content with what was one of the best-paid trades in thecountry. But his heart was set on a business career. He was alwaysa modest man, but it needed no vanity to assure him that his brainwould carry him incomparably farther than manual labor alone. Hehad before his eyes in the industries of his home town, Ware, growingmanufacturing establishments, illustrations of the business possibilitiesof the new era succeeding the Great War. He was not overwhelmed bywhat he saw of big business with a feeling of his own incompetence andinsignificance. He was a mere boy, brought up on a farm, a workerwith his hands, but he had an irremovable conviction that what he wasmade for was the management of big business. He did not talk aboutit but it was always in his mind, as every step in his subsequentcareer proves.He had the sense, however, to see that in mounting that ladder hemust start at the bottom, and he was on the lookout for an opportunityto get his foot on the lowest rung, confident that if he could do this hecould make his way toward the top. Of this period his brother Davidsays:After I had bought the Waltham Grain Store and before I took possession, whileat home, Joseph told me he would like a business life as he did not wish to be tied toa trade. Father tried to argue him out of this notion, but Joseph seemed to be set inhis plans. After I went to Waltham I received a letter from him asking me to finda place for him in some business house. I went up to Richardson Brothers' hardwarestore and asked for Mr. Richardson. The man I found there told me the partnerswere out and asked if he could do my business. I told him I had a brother who wanteda place in which he could grow up. This man was Mr. Pierce. He said that he was,just then, out of business, but was looking for a place, and if he found one would wanta young man such as I had described Joseph to be. He asked me further if I knewof any stove and tin store for sale. I answered yes, and spoke of the Marsh StoveStore in Ware. He said he would go and see it, which he did, and bought it. Thenext time I saw him he told me he wanted my brother and after he took possession ofthe store he wrote me to have my brother call on him. I therefore wrote Joseph andtold him to go to the Marsh store and I thought he would get a position. He wentand that was when and where he first met Mr. Pierce.This meeting was one of the most important events in Mr. Bond'slife. He was still a boy, just arriving at his twentieth year. Mr. J. B.Pierce was much the older, but between the boy and the man a mostunusual attachment grew up which united them for life. This meetingchanged and gave final direction to the current of the boy's life, and wasno less eventful for the man. So important, indeed, was this firstmeeting that it made an indelible impression on the older man's mindJOSEPH BOND 195and he recalled it distinctly thirty years later. For young Bond fairlyprecipitated himself on the new owner of the store. To show that thisis not an extravagant statement and to give the story of the extraordinary friendship that resulted I quote the words of Mr. Pierce, who,after telling how he had just bought the business for $2,800, continues:After a. week or two had passed and the people in town had become reconciledto the change, I found it was necessary for me to have assistance and in some way Imade the fact known. A few days thereafter, late one afternoon, the door openedquickly. I looked up and saw a boy, a young man, coming down the center of thestore toward my desk as if he had been shot out of a gun. My first impulse was toget out of the way and let him go by, but he managed to stop himself in season toavoid a collision and made himself known and stated his errand. True to his instinct,even at that early day, he was the first applicant for the place, the first on the ground.Through our conversation I learned he was at that time earning $3 . 00 a day, but wasready to quit if he could only obtain some opportunity to begin a business life, regardless of compensation, even in opposition to the wishes of some of his people. It didnot take me long to decide that in him was the material I wanted.Monday, February 12, 1872, the day before his twentieth birthday, Joseph Bondbegan his life-work with me. His salary for the first year was $350.00. On August1 following, he by his urgent request began work on the books, and subsequent to thatdate all the posting was done by him and nearly all the day-book entries were alsomade by him During the few months we were together in that little storethere was formed a tie, a bond of affectionate esteem, that could be severed but onceand in only one way. He came to board with me and we went to business in the morning together and came home to our boarding-place together at night. In businessand out of business we were together. After our day's work was done and we hadreturned to our home we usually read the Boston paper. We could afford but one, somade that suffice by tearing it in half and exchanging sheets. During these eveningstogether we discussed various subjects and I was much interested, as well as amused,by his account of a recent trip he had made to the Hoosac Tunnel, the farthest westhe had been up to that time. He was so enthusiastic in regard to it that everythingseemed to begin and end with some account of, or some mention of, that trip. I cannow recall the hours, the days, and the weeks at Ware as among the happiest of mylife. In February, '73, 1 had an opportunity to sell out and quickly accepted, leavingJoseph to start off the new firm for a few weeks and to settle up some of my ownmatters, while I started out to find some new and more satisfactory location in a largerfield, better suited to the ambition of both, intending to call him to me as soon as Iwas able to find a location or business that would warrant it.Such was the beginning of a very exceptional friendship that continued with increasing mutual confidence and regard to the end of Mr.Bond's life. Mr. Pierce was the elder by nine or ten years, a man ofnearly or quite thirty when the younger man was twenty. Mr. Piercehad some business experience and a little capital. Each recognizedbusiness abilities in the other that supplemented his own. They believedin themselves and in each other. Both were ambitious. They had been196 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdrawn together into a unique friendship and they agreed to reunitetheir fortunes as soon as circumstances permitted. Their plans weretemporarily interfered with by the changed circumstances of both thefriends. Mr. Pierce failed to find the new business location he was looking for and Mr. Bond accepted a clerkship in Waltham, Massachusetts,in the hardware store of Richardson Brothers. In two years his unusual business ability won him a partnership and the firm becameRichardson and Bond.Mr. Bond was twenty-three years old, in vigorous health, and possessed of extraordinary energy and initiative combined with unusualexecutive ability. The business prospered. The firm dealt principallyin builders' hardware, but added to this many related lines of goods.Waltham was becoming a manufacturing town and growing into athriving city. The business was a good one,, with prospects of reasonable and permanent success. It looked as though Waltham might beMr. Bond's permanent home, and he entered heartily into the life ofthe town. It was here that his openly confessed religious life beganand he connected himself with the First Baptist Church, of which, thougha young man, he became a pillar during his residence of eight years inWaltham. He was made an officer of the Sunday school, became ateacher of the men's Bible class, and was active and influential in thelife of the church, exhibiting in his religious life the enthusiasm andenergy that from the beginning characterized him in business.It appears to have been the members of the Waltham Fire Department who set the example in our country of striking and leaving thecommunity unprotected. Among the citizens who volunteered to filltheir places was Mr. Bond, who served for more than a year as a memberof Hose Company No. 4.At the end of five years, in 1880, he found the retail hardware business too restricted to satisfy his ambition and, selling his interest inRichardson and Bond, he associated himself with the Union Manufacturing Company of New Britain, Connecticut. He said to one of hisbrothers-in-law in explaining this business change, "It requires no moreeffort to sell a carload of goods than to sell a single bolt or lock." Heevidently made this change as one of the steps he must take in developing, as he was determined to do, from a retail merchant into a manufacturer and wholesaler. During his continuance in the new businesshe still made his home in Waltham.The Waltham period was a very memorable one in his life. Hethere achieved the first ambition of his life in establishing himself inJOSEPH BOND 197business. This was no less gratifying to his father than to himself.Mr. Pierce once told this story, showing the deep affection Mr. Bond'sfather cherished for his son and the high hopes he entertained for hisfuture. While the son was still a clerk in Waltham Mr. Pierce said:"I met his father on the train near Orange, Massachusetts. Our conversation naturally turned toward Joseph, and among other things,and with a voice trembling with emotion, he said, 'Mr. Pierce, if Josephever has an opportunity he will make his mark in the world.' " Hisfirst opportunity came in Waltham. He improved it and at twenty-three was partner in a promising business.Another thing that made the Waltham period memorable was hismarriage. Among the young people of the church he made the acquaintance of a most attractive young woman, Miss Mary AdeliaOlney. Mutual attachment was followed by an engagement, which, atthe end of three years, in 1879, resulted in their marriage. It is saidthat all the Olneys in the United States spring from a single familywhich came from England in 1635. Olney, the town which was longthe home of the family in the mother-country, situated in the northernpart of the county of Buckingham, may be found in any good map ofEngland.Thomas Olney, born in the adjacent county of Hertford, came to thiscountry in the ship "Planter" in 1635 an(i settled in Salem, Massachusetts.Sympathizing with the views of Roger Williams, he was banished withhim and became one of the thirteen original "proprietors" of Providence, Rhode Island. He was chosen the first treasurer of the newcolony. He was made a commissioner to form a town government forProvidence and a judge. He was one of the grantees of the royalcharter granted to Rhode Island by Charles II. He was one of thefounders of the First Baptist Church of Providence and for a time wasacting pastor of that now ancient church. It is evident that he was aleading spirit in that infant colony of political and religious heroes.The historians have called him a "manager of men."Charles Olney, of the eighth generation from Thomas, the Providencemagnate, was born in Watertown, New York, in 1833, in 1858 marriedJulia A. Haynes, and in i860 moved to Waltham, Massachusetts, andbecame connected with the Waltham Watch Company, continuing withthat company through the rest of his life. He had four children. Therewere two sons, Lewis, now of New York, and Charles, who is secretaryof the Waltham Watch Company, and two daughters, one of whommarried Dr. Emory W. Hunt, an eminent Baptist clergyman and198 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDeducator, now president of Bucknell University. As has already beentold, the other daughter, Mary Adelia, became the wife of Mr. Bondwhen he was twenty-seven years old.Another thing that made the Waltham period memorable was anacute illness that brought all Mr. Bond's plans to sudden and apparentlycomplete and final ruin. He was stricken with Bright's disease. Hisphysicians gave him not to exceed two more years of life. They assuredhim that to prolong his life even two years he must abandon his businessand betake himself to Poland Springs, Maine, for prolonged rest andtreatment. The opinions and advice were so positive and final that hecould not disregard them without the fear that he would incur the guiltof suicide. This overthrow of his hopes and plans occurred in 1880,the year following his marriage. He sold his business, and having bythis time accumulated sufficient means to indulge himself in the restand treatment prescribed, went to the Springs to drink the waters andtake the one chance in a thousand left him to prolong his life.What, meantime, had become of Mr. Pierce and the plans the twomen had formed to become permanently associated ? They had neverlost sight of each other, but Mr. Pierce had found great difficulty in reestablishing himself in business. Toward the end of 1873 he had madea start in Buffalo, but the panic of that year interfered with his progressand he had, as he says, "ample occupation, physically and mentally,to keep above" the general wreck and ruin that surrounded him."Years passed before I sufficiently recovered and was in a position tocall Joseph to my aid." The time for their reunion seemed to havecome in 1880, and a little before his breakdown, in the summer of thatyear, Mr. Bond went to Buffalo for a conference. The two men wenttogether to Bradford, Pennsylvania, with a view of opening there ahardware and general supply store, but after a thorough investigationdecided that the field was too small. They separated, but with the oldpurpose still strong in their hearts to go into business together as soonas the way opened. Theirs was, if such a thing can be, a romantic business friendship. Mr. Bond's last word to his older friend as they partedhad been, "I am ready to come when you say the word." In continuing the story Mr. Pierce said:In the summer of '81, through a little rift in the clouds of business depression,I thought I could detect signs that the time for which we had waited years was athand, and I wrote him to come to Buffalo. In a few days he was there. Though hisphysician had given him but six months to live and of this time much had alreadypassed, his coming to me seemed to give him new life, and he was as full of energy andenthusiasm as if in perfect health.JOSEPH BOND 199The year previous I had built on leased ground a little shop of second-handlumber, costing, complete, about five hundred dollars, and had begun making steelboilers. Here we made the first home of the Pierce Steam Heating Company.Under this name and in these humble quarters the two friends becamepartners.Mr. Bond did not die, as the doctors predicted. The treatment hehad taken and the regimen to which he had subjected himself hadbenefited him beyond belief and he had returned to business with *acourage few men could have commanded. He willed to be well enoughto work; but he was never again, during the twenty years he continuedto live, a well man. He lived on a prescribed diet. He drank alwaysand everywhere, at home and abroad, the same kind of water. Customsofficials in Europe found it quite incredible that a traveler should becarrying bottles of water about the continent, where there was wineor beer or vodka to drink. Never again well, he was often very ill,but he prosecuted his business with tremendous, quite unbelievable,energy.In 1882 he took his family to Buffalo. A daughter, Elfleda, hadbeen born in Waltham, and later another, Louise, was born in Buffalo,which remained the home of the family for ten years.Mr. Bond soon recognized the new opening in Buffalo as the greatopportunity of which he had long dreamed. His business gifts were ofthe highest order. His organizing and executive talents were of the sortthat command success. As has been intimated, the business qualities ofone partner complemented those of the other. Mr. Pierce was conservative, perhaps slow to seize opportunities. He was apparentlycontent to allow his business to develop slowly. Mr. Bond was aggressive. He wished to push the business to the utmost. He was constantly on the lookout for new openings through which it might bedeveloped. All this is perfectly apparent in the following statementmade by Mr. Pierce in speaking of the extraordinary kindliness of Mr.Bond's disposition. He said: "Impatient at times I may have been,while striving to hold in check his almost resistless energy, or whileveering this way or that, to avoid the ruts in the highway of ourprogress."This is a most illuminating picture of the characteristics and relationsof the two men: one perhaps ultra-conservative, suspicious of too rapiddevelopment, a little afraid, at first, of tackling big business; the othereager, progressive, welcoming development, afraid of nothing in theway of legitimate progress. Neither had, hitherto, had anything to200 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdo with big business. Mr. Bond not only sought and welcomed it,but, as it came, grew into it easily, naturally, as men born with the instinct for large affairs do. And large development was not slow incoming to the new firm.It began by manufacturing steel boilers. This business led in nolong time — within a few months, in fact— to the necessity for manufacturing steam radiators. The two lines of business belonged together.Each was incomplete and was conducted at a disadvantage without theother. Various efforts were made to get the radiators made by outsidemanufacturers. These efforts failing, the two partners, with orders,and indeed with contracts, on hand, faced a serious situation. Finallythey sat down in their office, took their pencils, and made a sketch ofthe radiator they wanted and took it to the best pattern-maker inBuffalo and had a pattern made. This they patented and went out toget it manufactured.Then their real difficulties began. At every foundry in Buffalo theywere told that radiators could not be made from the pattern. "At all thelargest and best foundries in Boston" they were told the same thing.Undismayed, they leased a little foundry in Westfield, Massachusetts,and made the radiators themselves. These were indirect radiators.During the next two or three years the business so increased that orderscould not be filled through the small foundry at Westfield and it wasfound necessary to build a much larger one in Buffalo. "The union ofconservative business ability and executive enterprise soon gave evidenceof progress toward a wider sphere and a greater business accomplishment." This growth of business in indirect radiators soon led to ademand for direct radiators. Patterns were made and obstacles wereagain encountered. "A representative manufacturer, who was considered a high authority in all matters pertaining to cast-iron radiators,"told the partners they could not be made, "as he had repeatedly triedit and failed." But Mr. Bond would not be discouraged and pushedon to success where others had failed.This success in the field of direct heat radiation led to a rapid andlarge expansion in the business, and the firm was soon enjoying largeprosperity. The growth of the business was almost bewildering. Thepartners were fairly driven to one step of expansion after another.The senior partner acknowledging that a "kind Providence outlined theway," makes this naive confession: "Blindly, almost stupidly, I followed,only because I was compelled to, though contesting to the utmost everystep." One cannot help connecting this with that other confession asJOSEPH BOND 201to his impatience, while striving to hold in check Mr. Bond's "almostresistless energy."Mr. Bond had charge of the outside work. He got the orders whichMr. Pierce, in charge of the manufacturing plant, filled. Mr. Bondhad an extraordinary gift for securing business. It was this gift andthe driving force behind it that caused his partner so much concern.One who knew the facts at first hand told the writer how on one occasionMr. Bond brought in two very large orders and his partner broke outin sudden consternation, "How could you do such a thing as that?We can't possibly execute two orders of such magnitude on time."These expostulations were received with serenity and with the suggestion that they look into the matter thoroughly and see what theycould do. A day or two of reflection and examination and discussionmade it clear that the works were quite equal to the demand made uponthem and the orders were filled on time. Mr. Bond was constantlyreaching out after new business and pushing forward and was recognized by all who were familiar with the facts as the " money maker"of the concern. If Mr. Pierce's conservatism held Mr. Bond's resistlessenergy in check to some extent, the executive genius of the latter carriedthe concern on to larger and ever larger success. In 1889 it was incorporated with Mr. Bond as treasurer and a capital of $150,000.In this year also, Mr. Bond, accompanied by Mrs. Bond, made hisfirst trip abroad. Always frail after his breakdown in 1880, he foundhimself in imperative need of rest. But he made this period of traveland rest minister to his business as well as to his health. It will berecalled by older readers that the first steam and hot-water radiatorswere far from attractive in design and were not regarded as decorativefurnishings. One of the objects of Mr. Bond's first trip abroad, therefore, was the obtaining of improved designs to make the radiator moreartistic and decorative so that, instead of diminishing, it would increasethe attractiveness of any room. England, France, and other countrieswere visited. Several months were spent agreeably and profitably.Mr. Bond's health was improved; new and more artistic designs werebrought back; and the conception of extending the business to foreigncountries began to take shape in his mind.Meantime the home business was growing beyond their ability tocare for it, and early in the nineties steps began to be taken which resultedin 1892 in the organization of the American Radiator Company. Another factor also was influential in creating the new organization. Otherradiator companies came into existence and began a keen competition202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfor business. A cut in prices by one company led to a greater one byothers. Profits diminished to the vanishing-point. The business ofthe Pierce Steam Heating Company was large and increasing but itbegan to look as though it could not continue to be profitable. Astruggle for existence between heating companies impended. The morefar-sighted men in the radiator business began to see the necessity of acombination of companies large enough to cut down greatly the overhead charges, reduce generally the cost of production, and thus benefitthe public and at the same time increase the business.The preliminary efforts toward this end were initiated by John B.Dyar of Michigan. The first negotiation was conducted by ClarenceM. Woolley with Mr. Pierce in Buffalo in the early autumn of 1891.The progressive leaders of the three leading companies, the PierceSteam Heating Company of Buffalo, the Michigan Radiator and IronManufacturing Company, and the Detroit Radiator Company, the twolatter of Detroit, then got together to consider whether these companiescould not be combined into a single corporation. From this time Mr.Bond's influence became an important element in helping the variousparties to reach a final agreement. One acquainted with all the circumstances says, "Mr. Bond from the very inception of the negotiationsrecognized the potential possibilities, and had it not been for his influence with the late John B. Pierce I do not think it would have beenpossible to have carried the original conception through to a successfulconclusion. I therefore do not think it would be fulsome praise to accord to Mr. Bond the credit of having played the most important partin the negotiations" which resulted in the formation of the AmericanRadiator Company.The difficulties in the way of reaching an agreement were many andat times must have seemed almost insuperable. The Pierce Companywas the largest of the three, and the interest of the president of thatcompany was larger than that of all others. Very conservative, he wasreluctant to enter into new and large schemes. But Mr. Bond was socompletely confided in by him, as to be able to convince him and winhim over to the proposed combination. He finally assented to theplan on one condition, that Mr. Bond should be made president of thenew corporation. The spirit and practical business wisdom of Mr.Bond had so won the esteem and confidence of his fellow-negotiatorsthat they were quite ready to meet this condition.The plan adopted was a simple one. A new corporation was organized — the American Radiator Company, with Mr. Bond as president,JOSEPH BOND 203John B. Pierce and Edward A. Sumner as vice-presidents, Clarence M.Woolley, secretary, and Charles H. Hodges, treasurer. The companywas organized under the laws of Illinois and the principal office waslocated in Chicago. This company "purchased all the rights, titles, andinterests" of the three companies, and the American Radiator Companywas ready to begin business.It was then that the real difficulties began. Mr. Bond immediatelymoved to Chicago and entered on the work of organizing the businessof the new concern. Eleven years later Mr. Pierce said in an addressto the board of directors:Some of you do not know and cannot comprehend the chaos that existed in thisorganization, or rather disorganization, January 1, 1892, and perhaps it is well thatyou do not, for you would never believe it possible that such a beautiful whole hadbeen conceived and brought forth from such a confusion of parts. It was like thebringing together of the multitudinous parts of three different machines and so adjusting each separate part to the others that all the delicate mechanism performed itswork, and all the while keeping every wheel in motion.When in 1892 the American Radiator Company was formed, I believe I amcorrect when I state that no one of us original stockholders had any comprehensionof what was before us, or of the magnitude our business would reach after ten yearsunder the leadership of Joseph Bond.He possessed the faculty and power of imparting to others, to an astonishingdegree, his own force, and his associates and every employee of this company withwhom he ever came in contact have felt the thrilling and magnetic touch of his enthusiasm. We who have been his associates for years, when hereafter discussingbusiness problems, will often ask ourselves unconsciously what line of action Josephwould pursue, or what he would say if he were here to speak.One of Mr. Bond's associates relates the following of his method ofdealing with customers. When in the early years of the AmericanRadiator Company a man would come in with a large order and say,"I suppose you will guarantee these goods?" Mr. Bond would say,"Let me tell you a story. When I was a young man in a little hardware store in Ware, Massachusetts, we used to sell axe heads to mencutting trees in the woods. They were guaranteed to us and we guaranteed them to the wood choppers. They were often brought back splitopen and we would replace them. But a company proposed to sell usa new brand of axe heads, and when we asked if they would guaranteeto replace every one that split they said, 'These axe heads will not splitand need no guarantee. They will cost you a little more because theyare of so superior a quality that they will not split open or break.' Wedecided to try them, and sold them without any guarantee on theirmerits. And they never split or broke. That experience taught me a204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgreat lesson — to make goods of the best quality, that will sell on theirmerits. That is the kind we are selling you." And the customer wouldgive his order and go away satisfied.During the nineties Mr. Bond made several trips abroad for pleasureor for his health or in the interest of the business. The foreign demandfor the new heating, which he had foreseen, now developed. Englandand the continent of Europe began to order heating equipment and thenegotiations sometimes required the presence of some of the higherofficers of the company. This foreign business continually increaseduntil it became apparent that plants for the manufacture of heatingappliances must be constructed in distant countries. An Illinois corporation was not at that time authorized to hold stock in other corporations, and in 1899 the company was reincorporated under the laws ofNew Jersey. In the annual report to stockholders — his last — issued inJanuary, 1902, Mr. Bond said:The foreign business has for some years continued to grow, until its proper careand development necessitated the construction of a plant in France, which is in successful operation, and, although steam and water-heating appliances are thus farused to but a limited extent in that country, a good beginning has been made.In Germany it has also been found desirable to construct a plant, which is nearingcompletion and which will be in operation within a few months, the introduction ofAmerican methods of manufacture proving to be the best policy and promising betterfor the future than any other course.This policy has been continued by the company until plants exist inEngland, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Austria, and Canada, inall of which countries subsidiary companies have been organized.This growing foreign business, although Mr. Bond lived to see itsbeginnings only, took him abroad more than once. In the spring of1898 he took his family for an extended tour through England andcontinental Europe. Sailing from New York March 26, they returnedAugust 12, after an absence of four and a half months. After spendingeighteen days in London and other parts of England, they went to Parisand a week later to Switzerland. Three weeks in May were given toRome and the other Italian cities. After ten days more in Switzerland,they visited Cologne, Hamburg, Dresden, and Berlin. From Germanythey went by way of Poland to Moscow, St. Petersburg, and othercities of Russia. Sweden, Denmark, and Holland were next visited.Proceeding to London, a few days more were given to places of historicinterest in England, and the last days of July and the first days of Augustwere given to the principal cities and the highlands of Scotland. FromJOSEPH BOND 205Edinburgh they proceeded to Liverpool and sailed for home August 6on the " Campania," which had taken them over. It was a memorabletrip, never to be forgotten by Mr. Bond's children.The demands of business had, however, required a good deal of histime. Conditions in France and Germany were maturing for theconstruction of manufacturing plants, and Mr. Bond was frequentlycalled upon to leave the family and spend days or weeks in studyingconditions, consulting business men, examining possible sites, andinitiating negotiations which later led to large results. The moreimmediate of these results was the erection of the first foreign plants inFrance and Germany, the plant in France being the first one completed.The months were very busy ones for Mr. Bond. He spent as muchtime as possible with his family, but while they were visiting Switzerland, Holland, and Scotland, he was engaged in laying the foundationsof the business which has since assumed the large proportions alreadydescribed. But although he worked hard much of the time, he returnedfrom this tour "much benefited in health," as an associate in businesswrote, to resume his intense and strenuous application to the work ofwhich he was so fond and for which he was so peculiarly fitted.The business meantime grew to larger and larger proportions, bothat home and abroad. Notwithstanding the frailty and uncertainty ofhis health, Mr. Bond continued for ten years to conduct it with thegreatest skill and efficiency, until it became the largest of its kind in theworld. And he did more than this. He might well have excusedhimself from all labors outside the exacting demands of his business;but he was a devout man, deeply interested in the progress of theKingdom of God and the welfare of young men. His pastors testifiedthat he was always in his place in the church on Sunday and at the midweek meetings. After making Chicago his home, he united with theImmanuel Baptist Church. Going into the Sunday school he took thefragment of a class of young men and built it up into a great organization of a hundred and fifty young men, which the church named theBond Bible Class. He became a trustee of the Divinity School of theUniversity of Chicago and here also manifested his interest in youngmen by giving the money to send a graduate student to Egypt and Palestine for study.Mr. Bond was a Republican in politics. He did not have time orstrength to devote to club life, his own business and that of the Kingdom of God absorbing him. He was, however, a member of the Chicago,Union League, Quadrangle, and Onwentsia clubs. At the Quadrangle206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhe met the University circle, and the Onwentsia gave him the exerciseand recreation of golf.For more than twenty years Mr. Bond fought a heroic battle againstphysical infirmities. Nine men out of ten with his bodily handicapwould have regarded themselves as invalids, unfitted for labor or business.In 1880, given by physicians not more than two years to live, and alittle later only six months, he not only survived twenty-two years butduring all that time did the work of two of three men in vigorous health.He had frequent sicknesses but rallied from them by apparently supremeefforts of the will and with sublime courage grappled again with theheavy responsibilities of a new business. I say a new business, forduring all these years his business was always a new one. The PierceSteam Heating Company's business was so new that he had to lay itsvery foundations and mark out its policies. It developed in such unforeseen directions that during the ten years of its rapid enlargement it wasnever the same for six consecutive months but always new, calling fornew plans, new methods, and new mental resources in the director of itspolicies.In the organization of the American Radiator Company, again everything was new, calling forth powers hitherto unused. The marvelousdevelopment of that company, so much greater than its projectorsdreamed of, and the new fields it entered made the experience of everyyear a novel one. The experience must have been mentally exhilarating in the highest degree. But the president had a singularly alert andresourceful mind. To every fresh demand made on his powers heresponded with a facility and readiness of resource that showed a mindinnately constituted for business. Nature, with experience added,made him a great business organizer and administrator.The physicians were not entirely at fault in their diagnoses. Thedisease that prostrated him in 1880 never left him. Dr. O. P. Gifford,one of his pastors, said:For two and twenty years this man withstood disease. .... In 1880 his physicians gave him the warning of death — that he had but a few months to live. Hewent aside and said to the Lord, "I have done nothing yet," (few men have donemuch at thirty), "give me twenty years that I may do a man's work." When thefinal summons came he turned to his companion and said, "God has been good. Iasked for twenty years. He gave twenty-two, good measure, pressed down, running over." Again and again during these twenty years he walked to the edge of theValley of the Shadow, looked in, girt the loins of his strength by an act of will, andsaid, "Not yet," and came back to the land of the living. Of this man it might besaid death crouched at his door. Death was his constant companion, present as one'sJOSEPH BOND 207shadow on a sunny day. It ever closely followed, except at times when the shadow ofits presence stepped in front of him. He knew not when the silver cord would beloosed— the golden bowl broken— but manfully, bravely, he toiled on.We know not all that he resisted. He carried a load of disease upon one shoulder,and to balance it he took a burden of business upon the other. .... He conqueredsuccess where most men would have been conquered by disease. . . . . He lived asimple life. He lived as an athlete lives. What might have been right in perfecthealth became wrong when fighting disease. His self-restraint gave him power.But alas, his power was not sufficient to carry him beyond the year1902. He had seen his older daughter, Elfleda, happily married, and hisyounger daughter, Louise, grow to womanhood. He had seen the newbusiness combination extraordinarily successful even in the first tenyears he lived to administer its work, and so wisely organized and solidlyfounded as to insure the remarkable development that has since characterized it. And then the end came.In the spring of 1902 his health was finally broken. After an illnessof three months he passed away on August 8. Dr. Gifford said, "Whenthe final call came against which he could no longer struggle, he said,turning to his companion, '' God knows best. He has the wider view.' "But the pity of it! He was still a young man, only fifty years ofage. If he were living today his powers would just be ripening. Hehad had only twenty years to improve the opportunity his father cravedfor him, but in that short time he had made his mark in the world.What would he not have done had he lived to a good age! His pastor,Dr. Johnston Myers, said of him, "He was able at the close of his life toknow that he stood at the head of one of the largest and most respectedbusiness enterprises in the world. He was well on the way to becomeone of the great factors in finance. Had his life been spared he wouldno doubt have amassed a great fortune." He certainly would haveparticipated in the prosperity of the great business over which hepresided.Mr. Bond's death was followed by many touching and significanttributes to his memory. Just before the funeral service in his homechurch Sunday morning, August 10, 1902, one hundred and twenty-fivemembers of the Bond Bible Class met and pledged themselves to carryon vigorously the work of the founder and first teacher of the class. Thefinal service was held the following day in the Delaware Avenue BaptistChurch in Buffalo, in which city he was buried. One of his associateswrote of these services:Nothing could better show the fond esteem in which Mr. Bond is held than wasmanifested by the presence of the large delegation from the Company's organization208 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand by the tender care and the affection with which each individual member devotedhimself to see that in the last rites every honor was done to the man whose kindly sympathetic nature has ever been an inspiration to us all, whose aim and act had been toduplicate himself in others.So completely did Mr. Bond project his great and comprehensive personalitythroughout the center and circumference of our company that if we can show ourworthiness to carry on the work in which he so splendidly led we cannot help butfeel the touch of his presence in all that we do in the years which are to follow. Thejoy and pride of the creative workman ever filled him with that wonderful energy andenthusiasm which so often amazed us. His duties were his pleasures. His pleasureswere his duties.Few men exhibit the remarkable balance of qualities that was seenin Mr. Bond. He was at the same time strong and gentle. He hadnone of the brusqueness that is usually found in the strong, nor any ofthose negative traits that so often characterize the gentle. He had asingular purity and sweetness of nature which, combined with strengthand vigor, won affection and commanded respect and confidence. Hispartner of twenty years, who was profoundly impressed by his "almostresistless energy," felt just as deeply the nobility, goodness, and sweetness of his character. He said of him:Tender and considerate of the feelings of others, his whole nature abounded inlove. .... He had a kind word for everybody, and on all occasions, and in the daysof our beginning, days that try men's souls, he was at his best He possessedmost remarkable self-control, if with him self-control were necessary, which I doubt.I never heard him utter an unkind word, nor did I ever hear him speak unkindly toor of any person. Apparently there was no source in his nature from which an unkindword or act could spring.These were words spoken to Mr. Bond's immediate associates in businesswho knew him almost or quite as well as the speaker.His thoughtfulness for others greatly impressed his pastor, who said:"A consulting physician who was present in the sick room in the lasthours said, T have never seen a case quite like this. Here is a dyingman looking after my comfort.' " He would occasionally say to thepastor, "You are not looking well this morning. Now I insist upon itthat you go away for a few days." Then he would suggest a good placeto visit and provide the means.He loved to give to good causes. He said that he made moneywith the thought that he was to do good with it. His minister said, "Hemade thousands and gave thousands each year." Giving was the spontaneous expression of his nature. Had he but lived to our time hewould have been one of the great givers to those great causes thatappeal to men of this new day.JOSEPH BOND 209Mr. Bond had two daughters. The elder, Elfleda, was married in1 90 1 to Edgar J. Goodspeed, now professor of Biblical and PatristicGreek in the University of Chicago. The younger, Louise Pierce Bond,in 1906 bacame the wife of Joseph F. Rhodes, a young business man,and they made their home in Pasadena, California. They have growingup about them four boys — Foster Bond, Robert Edgar, Kenneth Olney,and David Eaton Rhodes.Mr. Bond was the companion and ideal and idol of his children.The happiness of his family was his chief concern. When he left hisoffice he left his business behind him. Home was not disturbed by itscares. There he gave himself to his family with the same devotionthat he gave himself to business in business hours. When he enteredthe door of his house the happiness of his wife and children became hisbusiness. He had a keen sense of humor which there was given fullplay.One of the most extraordinary things about him was that, althoughhe never knew a well day during the last twenty-two years of his lifeand often suffered cruelly, he always brought into his home an atmosphere of courage, cheer, good humor, and happiness. His familywaited for and welcomed his return from business. His daughtersflew to greet him. Sunshine flooded the house. His love and cheerfulness made it a happy place.He carefully trained his daughters in habits of observation. Everyevening they were expected to give him the story of their day, in whichhe was sympathetically interested. In their travels together theywere encouraged to observe everything of interest and at the close ofthe day to recount what they had seen and discuss with him everyincident of interest. He thus sought to store their minds with interesting memories and turn their education into practical channels. Hismethod of teaching, in his Bible class and at home, was the Socraticmethod. He awakened interest and provoked discussion by suggestivequestions.Since his death Mrs. Bond has spent much of her time with herdaughters, giving part of the year to each. She has long cherished apurpose to build some enduring memorial of Mr. Bond. As he hadbeen a trustee of the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, hermind naturally turned to that institution. She had felt strongly inclined to make the memorial in a fund for fellowships and scholarships.Funds, however, having been given the University for the erection ofa Theological Lecture Hall, she listened to the proposal that she should210 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDput the memorial into the form of a Divinity Chapel to be independentof, but connected by a cloister with, this Lecture Hall. In 1917 thereforeshe gave the University $50,000 for this purpose. Since that time thesecurities have increased in value and the interest has accrued so thatwhen the Bond Memorial Chapel is erected the contribution will amountto a much larger sum than was originally given. The plans for thebuilding have been made and its erection only waits for the time whenconstruction costs so react as to be within reason.The Divinity School Chapel is to be a typical collegiate chapel inthe English Gothic style. Its interior dimensions will be: width, 28feet, height, 42 feet, and length, 84 feet. It will accommodate twohundred people, besides having room in the chancel stalls for twentymore. It is to stand at right angles with Haskell Museum and theDivinity Halls, centered on the north side of the Graduate Quadrangle.It will be entered from a glazed cloister connecting it with the newTheological Building. Within, it will be wainscoted to a height of twelvefeet, that is, up to the base of the fourteen great traceried windows that willfill the upper walls and give the building, whether seen from within orwithout, the Gothic rhythm. The upper walls are to be finished inBedford stone, and the roof will be timbered. The most richly decoratedpart of the building will be the east front, as one approaches it underthe bridge which is to connect the Theological Building with Haskell.But its symmetry of design and its carefully studied proportions willmake it an attractive feature not only of the Graduate Quadrangle butalso of the new theological group of which it is to form a part.The chief distinction of Mr. Bond's life was his intimate connectionwith the infancy, development, and vast expansion of one of the greatindustries of the modern world. Within a little more than a generationmethods of heating have been revolutionized. Only forty years havepassed since stoves and hot-air furnaces were the ordinary, almost theonly, means of heating homes and business places. All this has beenchanged by the steam and hot-water radiator, which is now foundeverywhere. Mr. Bond was one of the principal agents in bringingabout this extraordinary revolution. He helped to lay the foundationsof what has now become a very great industry, drafting the models ofsome of the very first radiators. He was one of the introducers of hot-water heating and one of the organizers and the president of the principalradiator company of the world. He made this a more comfortableworld to live in, distinctly advanced the general happiness and health,and made himself a benefactor of mankind.JOSEPH BOND 211This sketch cannot be better concluded than by quoting from twotributes to Mr. Bond made by his successor in the presidency of theAmerican Radiator Company, Mr. Clarence M. Woolley. Both weremade^ before the directors of the company, who knew Mr. Bond intimately. The first was made at the first meeting of the board afterhis death in 1902.Those of us whose good fortune it has been to he his associates on this boardcan bear testimony to the greatness of his character, the gentleness and sweetness ofhis spirit, and the inestimable value of the distinguished service he has rendered thecompany he loved so well.The merging into effective corporate existence of interests that had for years beenpursuing a policy of aggressive, competitive warfare was not an easy or a simple task.The principle was then comparatively new. We could not call to our assistance theadvice and counsel of those who had had practical experience along these lines. Mr.Bond's task was, therefore, all the greater and his performance all the more admirable,for it was largely by his influence that the orignal component parts of this corporationwere brought together in a manner so harmonious that the splendid record withwhich we are all familiar was made possible.More than any person whom we have ever known, Mr. Bond possessed to a conspicuous degree the qualities that were essential for this, his great life-work. Endowedwith unusual strength and keenness of mentality, he had also what seemed to be aconstitution of iron, which many of his closest associates only learned after manyyears was subjected to the menace of a fatal malady.He surrendered himself absolutely and completely to the well-being of our business. In all the years that we knew him he was never known to shield or withholdhimself, however great the cost of time or strength.Shoulder to shoulder, and in the same office with him for a decade, his immediateassociates learned to honor his integrity and to appreciate the Christian qualities andprinciples from which he never departed. His methods were all direct. He wasnever known to resort to artifice, exaggeration, or deception. Gifted as very few menare for debate and argument, he gained his points by the force of his logic and neverresorted to methods that compelled him to compromise his high ideals.He was one of the kindest, most gentle, most considerate men we ever knew —qualities that very rarely blend themselves so conspicuously with the unusual strengthof mind that he possessed.He was courteous to all men. He never expressed an unkind, impatient, orselfish thought, and was tolerant to a remarkable degree. His power to concentratethe entire wealth of his ability upon the thing he had to do was quite unusual, and yethe was easily approached and ever had time to listen to the most obscure person inour organization. He worked with great enthusiasm and great intensity. When hefocused his powers he accomplished in a few hours what it would have taken manymen days to achieve. He had that remarkable and unusual subtlety and magnetismwhich inspired his colleagues and associates with enthusiasm, and which extendedthrough the length and breadth of our organization. It is to this quality, perhaps,as much as to any other single cause that he owed his success as a leader.Cautious, deliberate, and careful before acting, he never lost the main chanceby postponement. He devised the plan that seemed best to him, firmly believing it212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto be the only one to accomplish the purpose in hand. He never doubted for a moment, nor gave heed to thought that suggested failure. He never retreated once hedecided to advance. He believed so enthusiastically in the efficiency of his plansthat this very element became an important factor in making for their success. Hepossessed to a rare degree this essential quality of leadership.To show that this generous tribute to his predecessor in office wasnot merely inspired by the then recent death of Mr. Bond but by theprofound and enduring impression made by his great qualities I quotefrom remarks made by President Woolley to the directors fifteen yearslater, in 191 7.Joseph Bond, the first president of the company, served in such capacity untilhis demise, August 8, 1902. A man of exceptional brilliancy and boundless energy,kindly of heart and humane in spirit, he was ever active in promoting the welfare of hisfellow-associates.He was infinitely patient, always tolerant, and never lacking in sympatheticcomprehension for those who sought his counsel and advice. These qualities, however, did not enfeeble his will to do justice, nor obscure the clearness of his vision.Active in church work and fervent in his accepted faith, he did not preach his creedbut practiced it in all his dealings. He therefore commanded not only the profoundrespect of his associates but won their affectionate regard.The rectitude of his conduct and the fineness of his spirit were infectious. Awise and just counselor, he naturally became the example and pattern which theyounger men of the company have constantly held before them for emulation.In a true sense the traditions of his service have been transmitted as a heritageto the company and to those on whom has fallen the duty of carrying on the work heso splendidly began. All who were brought closely in contact with his personality,in high as well as in lowly places throughout the organization, have ever sought toperpetuate by daily application those principles which he exemplified.We think it appropriate on this occasion to pause for an instant again to recordthis tribute to our departed associate, Joseph Bond, whose brilliant leadership, greatability, and high character laid the enduring foundations of company success.It is delightful to write the story of the life of a good man who was asstrong as he was good, in whom every spiritual, moral, and social excellence was matched by equal intellectual and practical business qualities;who loved the Kingdom of God and was a good citizen of his country;who was active in good works and energetic in his business; who was anidealist and a practical man of affairs; who was amiable and at thesame time dynamic; who was at once gentle and powerful; who spokekindly and wrought mightily; who was unpretentious in word butefficient in action. Such was Joseph Bond, one of those rare personalities who combine in themselves qualities at once dissimilar and yetessential in making the ideal man. Nearer than most he approachedthat ideal.THE THEOLOGY BUILDING ANDBOND CHAPELThe history of the Divinity School may be traced in its successivehomes. It began its work in the classrooms of the Old University ofChicago, in 1866. In its first year it enrolled twenty students. In 1868it entered a building of its own, which still stands at the corner of RhodesAvenue and Thirty-fourth Street. In 1877 the debt incurred in erectingthis building drove the institution to new quarters in Morgan Park. InMorgan Park it remained for fifteen years, having at the end of thattime a dormitory, a lecture hall and chapel, and a library building.These it left in 1892 to become a part of the newly organized Universityof Chicago, in which theological education was from the first integratedwith the work of the University in a manner not precisely paralleledelsewhere in American education.At the University, the Divinity School, as it now began to be called,was assigned lecture-rooms on the fourth floor of Cobb Lecture Hall,while its students were housed in the dormitories especially erected forthem. The Divinity School was the first part of the University to havedormitories provided especially for its students; but for lecture roomsof its own it was to wait almost thirty years.The completion of Haskell Oriental Museum in 1896 made it possiblefor the Divinity work to be transferred from Cobb to the classroomswhich Haskell provided. The dedication of the building was one of theleading features of the Quinquennial Celebration, the Divinity studentsreproducing a Jewish synagogue service of the time of Christ as part ofthe dedicatory exercises. Haskell was not only the theological headquarters on the Quadrangles, but served as administration building aswell, for in it President Harper and after him President Judson had hisoffice. From its erection in 1896 until the completion of the HarperMemorial Library in 191 2, the President's office was in the south endof the first floor of Haskell.But Haskell was not built for a lecture hall, and the growth of theDivinity School, which now enrols more than four hundred studentseach year, and the growth of the museum collections, which now imperatively need space they did not require in 1896, have combined to makenew quarters for the theological work of the University a necessity. It213214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmust also be said that the third floor of Haskell, however advantageousit may be for displaying Assyrian sculptures, is in temperature andventilation far from suited to the uses of a reading-room and library, towhich it has been put for the past twenty-four years. The DivinitySchool will in fact have occupied Haskell for quite a quarter of a centurywhen, on the completion of the new theological group, it leaves theMuseum for a home of its own.The announcement of a gift of two hundred thousand dollars toprovide a building for theological education was made in connectionwith the University's Quarter-Centennial, which was the DivinitySchool's Semi-Centennial, celebration. This was soon followed by thegift of fifty thousand dollars by Mrs. Joseph Bond to provide, in connection with the new building, a Divinity Chapel in memory of her husband,Mr. Joseph Bond, who had been a trustee of the Divinity School. Whileboth these gifts were presently paid into the Univeristy treasury, thecoming of the war arid the unfavorable building conditions whichfollowed it have postponed the erection of these buildings until now.But this delay has given the architects, Coolidge and Hodgdon, time tomature their plans, until they have developed designs of really extraordinary interest and beauty.The theological building is to stand directly north of Haskell, facingnorth on the main quadrangle and fronting Kent Chemical Laboratory.It will thus be in line with Walker and Rosenwald, forming with thosebuildings the south side of the main quadrangle. It will also completethe Harper Quadrangle, already the stateliest part of the University,and both the theological building and the buildings already built in thatquadrangle will probably gain considerably in effect from this completeness. The west end of the new building will be directly in front of themain entrance of Cobb, the "C" bench being perhaps halfway betweenthe two buildings. A bridge will connect the library floor of the newbuilding with the third floor of Haskell and so with the reading-roomfloor of Harper Memorial Library, thus adding one more link to theunparalleled series of library reading-rooms which are gradually beinggrouped about Harper and the Harper Quadrangle.The architectural style of the new group is that which the samearchitects have already followed so successfully in the Law School,Harper, Classics, and Ida Noyes Hall, all buildings of remarkablebeauty and distinction. The same skilful adjustment of wall andwindow spaces, the same richness and yet restraint of treatment,the same intelligence in the use of Gothic moldings characterize thenew group.r ¦' ^n V. ty ycyC cwo8 29 1< oo -* In *>< £:O £O JwEHKwXTHE THEOLOGY BUILDING AND BOND CHAPELThe theological building will have a front of one hundred and thirtyfeet on the main quadrangle, its longest depth north and south beingone hundred and twenty feet. In height it will correspond with Rosenwald, its nearest neighbor on the east. Its front will be enriched withthree shallow bays or oriels two stories in height, each flanked by buttresses. Similar oriels decorate the east and west fronts of the building.The main entrance will be in the middle of the north front of the building, but there will be other entrances, two opening from the cloister onthe west of the South wing, and one at the south end just beside theHaskell bridge. The first floor will contain the dean's office, theeditorial offices of the various journals edited by the Divinity Faculty,and other offices of administration. There will be a lecture roomtwenty-two feet by forty-three, and in the south wing of the building a men's common room, twenty-two feet by forty.On the second floor, the main part of the building will be devotedto class and seminar rooms of various sizes, with a women's commonroom sixteen feet by twenty-four, and the south wing will be given upto library stack, designed especially to serve the theological readingroom above it which occupies the whole upper part of that wing. Thisreading-room will be seventy-two feet long and thirty-two feet wide.It will be finished into the roof, with timbering reminiscent of the quaintcollege libraries of Oxford. The main part of the third floor will bedevoted to offices and seminar rooms, with an exhibit room for religiouseducation materials. On the fourth floor there will be a few smalloffices, and rooms for organized play and other special purposes.While the theological building is the main feature of the new group,three other features in it may be distinguished, the bridge, the cloister,and the chapel. The bridge which is to connect the reading-room ofthe new building with the third floor of Haskell and also with that ofHarper is really a little building by itself. It contains one or two officesand a staircase which is accessible from either building and may, ifoccasion demands, serve as a fire escape from either. The bridge is carefully distinguished in architectural feeling from the new building, perhaps by way of softening the transition from the Gothic of Mr. Coolidgeto that of Mr. Cobb. Certainly the new bridge is a beautiful and strikingfeature of the new group.The cloister serves to connect the Divinity Chapel with the theological building. It will inclose a little quadrangle thirty-six feet square,in the angle formed by the south and west parts of the main building.While in extreme dimensions the cloister is only forty-eight by seventyfeet it will be notable for the delicacy and beauty of its tracery and will2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgive the whole group an atmosphere of intimacy and charm. It is thecustom in the Divinity School for the dean and the speaker of the morning accompanied by members of the Faculty and sometimes by the choir,to enter and to leave chapel in procession. In the new group, thisprocession will form in the dean's anteroom, pass through the main hallway and the south corridor of the theological building, proceed throughthe cloister to the cloister door on the north side of the chapel, enterthe chapel, and pass up the main aisle to the stalls on the chancelplatform.Chapel attendance in the Divinity School is voluntary, and is sometimes large and sometimes small. For larger meetings the Universityalready has Mandel Hall and for great occasions it will soon have theFounder's Chapel on Woodlawn Avenue. The task of the designers ofthe Divinity Chapel has been to provide an appropriate place for asmall group of worshipers and hearers. The room will accommodatetwo hundred people, with places for twenty-five or thirty others in thechancel stalls. Its walls will be paneled to a height of twelve feet fromthe floor. Above that level they will be finished in Bedford stone. Aseries of tall traceried windows will run completely around the room.Those at the east and west ends of the building will be especially richand large, measuring sixteen feet in width and -twenty-one in height.The roof will be timbered. The chapel will measure eighty-four feet inlength, twenty-eight feet in width, and forty-two feet in height, inside.The chapel will be a characteristic example of the English collegiatetype, and will be most advantageously situated, being practicallycentered on the north side of the quadrangle between Haskell and theDivinity Halls. From the south, the chapel will appear almost detachedfrom the higher buildings around it, and its beautifully symmetricalproportions will be seen to the greatest advantage. Its east front however is its richest feature, for here the great east window and the formalentrance below it are united by an elaborate scheme of Gothic panelsand niches into one great screen of glass and stone.Standing upon the cornerstone of Haskell Museum in 1895 Dr. JohnHenry Barrows said: "A century hence the Haskell Oriental Museumnow rising will be surrounded by groups of academic buildings that shallrepeat many of the glories so dear to Oxford." Twenty-five years havepassed and already Dr. Barrows' words are finding their fulfilment.And in none of our buildings will the Oxford atmosphere of tranquilbeauty be more evident than in the delightful group of hall and chapel,bridge and cloister, in which the manifold theological agencies of theUniversity are to center.as 1 J!ioXH _P; JSi o3 'I3THE DISCIPLES DIVINITY HOUSEThis institution is organically connected with the Divinity Schoolof the University, its purpose being the promotion and organization ofgraduate divinity studies for members of the Disciples communion.It was organized in 1894 and was the first of the denominational Housesallied with the University. It has not been the purpose of the DisciplesDivinity House to provide a theological curriculum. It seeks rather tosupply courses in the history, literature, polity, and ideals of the Disciples to members of that body and others engaged in graduate workin the Divinity School. In the course of its history more than threehundred Disciples have been registered in the Divinity School, a considerable proportion of whom have taken one or more of the courses inthe Disciples Divinity House.The work of the House is conducted under the direction of a Boardof Trustees who administer its funds, own its property, and select itsinstructional force. Up to the present time the classes of the DivinityHouse have been held in the classrooms of the Divinity School, and themembers have occupied rooms in the Divinity Halls or elsewhere asopportunity offered. It has been the consistent purpose, however, of thetrustees to provide a physical equipment for the institution as soon assufficient funds can be secured. That plan is soon to be put into operation.The Divinity House has a property one hundred and seventy-fivefeet on the north side of Fifty-seventh Street and University Avenue,extending one hundred and fifty feet north on the latter street. Thebuildings will be located on this site. The temporary structure of theHyde Park Church of the Disciples will be removed and its permanentbuilding erected there. On the east side of the site the main buildingof the Divinity House will be placed. This will include quarters forclassrooms, offices, library, and other space.Along the northern side of the property and in a measure connectingthe other two buildings will extend the dormitory. This will be avaluable contribution to the housing facilities of the Divinity School forsingle men, as it will be available for any members of the Divinity Schoolafter the needs of the Disciples have been met. It is not certain thatthis building will be erected as soon as the other two, for which theneed is more imperative. When these structures are completed inharmony with the general requirements of the University environmentthey should be an attractive and valuable addition to the complex ofbuildings constituting the University and its immediate surroundings.217THE CHICAGO THEOLOGICALSEMINARYThe group of buildings designed for the use of Chicago TheologicalSeminary in its new location near the University of Chicago is to beplaced on the north side of Fifty-eighth Street between University andWoodlawn avenues. The two lots are separated by an alley, acrosswhich the plans show a bridge, which, while desirable, is not essential.The frontage on University Avenue is 100 feet, on Woodlawn Avenue,50 feet. The total frontage on Fifty-eighth Street is 268 feet.The buildings have been designed in colonial style. The materialto be used is red brick with stone trimmings. It is fortunate that thehouse which the Seminary now occupies and which was built by ProfessorWilliam Gardner Hale is in the finest colonial style. This is appropriateto the history and purpose of a Congregational seminary, and the newdesigns have been keyed to this dignified and useful building.The plan of the entire group naturally divides itself into three portions: the western, devoted to the purposes of residence and administration; the central, containing the library and assembly hall; the eastern,which is the house for the President. It is not the intention to implythe immediate construction of the whole group, but rather to indicatea comprehensive plan suitable to the ultimate needs of the Seminary.Both dwellings are now in use. The new buildings will be erectedat the earliest moment when funds shall have been secured. Besides theoffices for administration and a social center, the residential section willfurnish rooms for about seventy students. In the new buildings onlysingle rooms will be constructed; in the house now occupied the largerrooms will continue to be assigned to more than one occupant. Akitchen will be provided merely to furnish facilities for the serving ofrefreshments on social occasions.The central unit of the group, across the alley from the dormitories,comprises the library and assembly hall and will be called GrahamTaylor Hall. The collections of Hammond Library are to be devotedto the sources of the religious history of the Middle West and especiallyto the development of the Congregational churches in this territory.A house library of reference books and current volumes in theology will218in6 -aS So 5M ur-H a;X "5o ""ouTHE CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 219also be kept here. The assembly hall will be used for gatherings underthe auspices of the Seminary and will seat about one hundred and twenty-five people. It probably will be in the simple style of the colonialmeeting-house.The eastern unit is the President's residence. It is designed toharmonize with the rest of the group and to give satisfactory accommodation to a family of average size. It meets the building line on bothstreets and is separated from the library by a garden which gives all theprivacy possible to a city dwelling.RYDER DIVINITY HOUSEThe Church of St. Paul's on the Midway (Universalist) was organized as St. Paul's Church in June, 1836. Its first building was erectedin 1844 near the corner of Washington and Clark streets. A secondedifice (1857) at Van Buren Street and Wabash Avenue was burned inthe great fire (187 1). The third building was erected at Wabash Avenueand Sixteenth Street in 1872. The fourth structure was built in 1888at Prairie Avenue and Thirtieth. The present structure, the fifth usedby the church, was dedicated January 6, 1918 and was designed byCoolidge and Hodgdon who have sought to make it somewhat reminiscentof the first building. The Reverend William H. Ryder, D.D., held thepastorate of St. Paul's longer than any other minister, and the RyderDivinity House is named in honor of his memory.Ryder Divinity School, a Universalist organization, is a departmentof Lombard College at Galesburg, Illinois. This divinity school wasmoved to Chicago and allied to the University of Chicago in 191 2. In19 19 the present group of buildings at the corner of Sixtieth Street andDorchester Avenue was completed and occupied. Back of the Churchof St. Paul's on the Midway is a large building used for Sunday schooland other purposes. This is a very busy community center whichfurnishes an excellent school for observation and practice in actualchurch and parish problems and opinions. Adjacent are the residenceof the Dean and the dormitory for students. The Swan Library occupiesthe space between the dormitory and the community building, which isalso used for classrooms.The whole plant is always open for inspection by any members of theUniversity. Ryder Divinity House desires also to render loyal serviceto the great institution which so generously extends her wonderfulprivileges to the allied organizations.220ST. PAUL'S OX THE MIDWAY AND RYDER DIVINITY HOUSEP 03X 2IO2*# ^--v til2i zJ *i <> O 1=15 <I- o1 Iid £s "THE PROPOSED MEADVILLE HOUSEIN CHICAGOBy REV. RICHARD WILSON BOYNTONChairman of the Special Committee of the Board of Trustees of the MeadyilleTheological School on the Erection of the Chicago HouseThe Unitarian denomination in the United States depends uponthree schools of theological learning for the recruiting of its ministry.The oldest of these is the Divinity School of Harvard University. Thiswas founded in 1816 and endowed by Unitarians, though for the pastthirty years or more it has been a part of the University and nonsec-tarian. It receives students of all Protestant denominations, chieflyfor postgraduate study, but each year a number of its graduates stillenter Unitarian pulpits. The youngest of the three schools is thePacific Unitarian School for the Ministry, established in 1904 at Berkeley, California, and, like the schools of other denominations there,working in close harmony and co-operation with the University ofCalifornia. The third institution for the training of Unitarian ministers is the Meadville Theological School.This school was founded in 1844 at Meadville, in northwesternPennsylvania. Its buildings, set in an ample and beautiful campus,crown a hill toward the eastern edge of the city of twenty thousandinhabitants. It has always had an able and scholarly faculty, nevermore so than at the present time. The school received students of alldenominations on equal terms, a provision of its charter being that"no doctrinal test shall ever be made a condition of enjoying any ofthe opportunities of instruction." Planned originally to furnish missionaries for the then pioneer West in its earlier years students of theChristian connection shared its privileges; but for the last half-centuryor more practically all its graduates have been Unitarians. The schoolhas just been celebrating, on June 1,2, and 3, with appropriate academicand historical exercises, its seventy-fifth anniversary, postponed from1919 because of conditions growing out of the world-war.As a small and comparatively isolated institution, with AlleghenyCollege on a neighboring hill, but apart from the larger centers of learning,Meadville has long done effective work. To its theological courses it221222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhas added provision for Junior students, of undergraduate rank, andmore recently courses for parish assistants and leaders in religious education. Women have always been received on a complete equalitywith men. In recent years, however, the need has been urgently feltof giving its students the wider contacts with learning and with lifethat can be found only in a great university and a metropolitan city.It was obvious that Chicago and the University of Chicago offeredwhat Meadville lacked, and the generous cordiality and hospitalityof the University authorities paved the way for a co-operative arrangement whereby Meadville professors should lecture during the SummerQuarter in the University lecture-rooms, and a group of Meadvillestudents should avail themselves for a few weeks annually of the facilitiesof the University halls and dormitories. This arrangement, now to becarried out for the sixth summer, led directly to the project for buildinga Meadville House in the University district, which is now in course ofrealization.The gift, by Hon. Morton D. Hull of Chicago, chairman of theBoard of Trustees of the Meadville Theological School, of an amplebuilding lot, at the corner of Woodlawn Avenue and Fifty-seventhStreet, diagonally across from the First Unitarian Church, was thefirst important step. A committee, appointed to secure funds anderect the building, procured suitable plans from Mr. Harold L. Olmsted,architect, of Buffalo, New York, whose perspective drawing of theproposed Meadville House accompanies this article. It is estimatedthat the House will cost, furnished, between $100,000 and $125,000.In design it will be congruous with the church diagonally opposite andwith the buildings of the University.The front portion, first and second story, is planned as a home forthe Meadville professor residing permanently in Chicago and in chargeof the work of the house. In the rear on the first floor will be a handsomelibrary, intended to serve as a place for social gatherings, not only forthe Meadville group but also for Unitarian students in all departmentsof the University. On the first floor, also, will be a lecture-room andoffice. Above, in the rear, will be the dormitory for students; theentire third floor also being given over to this purpose. In all betweentwenty and twenty-five students can be accommodated. Ample provision is made for bathrooms and shower baths.It is confidently hoped that building operations may begin in thespring of 192 1, and the house be pushed rapidly to completion. TheUnited Unitarian Drive, for several million dollars, now in process ofTHE PROPOSED MEADVILLE HOUSE IN CHICAGO 223organization, will provide for the Meadville House in Chicago as oneof its foremost objects. The friends of Meadville rejoice in the prospect,not only that its students will enjoy the great advantage of spending aportion of each year in Chicago — all its collegiate work being donethere, and its graduates urged to take their postgraduate courses atthe University of Chicago, but also that the Meadville group, with itsearnest, loyal, open-minded spirit, may more and more make a placefor itself as one of the many allied institutions that are coming to gatherabout this truly great and far-shining seat of humane learning. Thework at Meadville itself will be in no way curtailed but rather supplemented and expanded by the larger opportunities which the MeadvilleHouse in Chicago will be able to offer.THE ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Sixteenth Convocation of the University ofChicago was held in Hutchinson Court at four o'clock on the afternoonof June the fifteenth. The Convocation Address by David PrescottBarrows, Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1897, President of the University of California, is printed in this issue of the University Record.The President's Convocation Statement is also included in this issue.The award of honors was as follows: Honorable Mention for excellence in the work of the Junior Colleges: Theodore Krehbiel Ahrens,Frank Howard Anderson, Louise Bonstedt Apt, Dorothy BeatriceAugur, Phyllis Baker, Foster King Ballard, Robert McLaren Barnes,Charles Albert Beckwith, Harry Lewis Bird, Jr., Donald Frederic Bond,Gordon Willson Bonner, Burtis Arthur Bradley, James Cekan, RobertEdward Collins, Blair Coursen, Edith Pearl Crawshaw, Paul EdgarCrowder, Frances Elaine Crozier, Miles Edward Cunat, Paul AlbonDavis, Harold De Baun, Ruth Nellie Drake, Cedric George Dredge,Edith Corinne Eberhart, Edmond Isaac Eger, Arthur Theodore Fathauer,Carroll Lane Fenton, Richard Foster Flint, Harry Friedman, RobertHermann Gasch, John Joseph Gunther, Amy Marjorie Gustafson,William Charles Harder, III, John George Harms, Ray Nelson Haskell,Wilbur Jackson Hatch, Virginia Hibben, Emanuel Henry Hildebrandt,Alex Lester Hillman, Mary Josephine Hoke, Carolyn Stokes Hoyt,Harry Victor Hume, Pao-Chun I, Carl Helge, Mauritz Janson, FriedaKaplowitz, Leonard Field Kellogg, Jr., Harold D wight Lasswell, CharlesErnest Lee, Meyer Leo Leventhal, George Helenus Lust, ElizabethLouise Martin, Charles James Merriam, Helen Isabelle Mills, GeorgeEdward Morris, Donald Christopher Morrison, Alfred LivingstonMcCartney, Samuel Henry Nerlove, Marie Vivian Niergarth, HarryNevins Omer, Miriam Ormsby, Valeska Pfeiffer, Mila lone Pierce,Israel Rappoport, Elwood Goodrich Ratcliff, Louis Philip River, Jr.,Theodore Rosenak, Mary Arnie Ruminer, Heyworth Naylor Sanford,Amanda Charlotte Schultz, Karl Edwin Seyfarth, Lorraine LucasSinton, Ruth Marian Skinner, Ralph Laverne Small, Mariam JuneStadelmann, Brenton Wallace Stevenson, Helen Graff Strauss, DorothyVictoria Sugden, Thane Taylor Swartz, Carolyn Elizabeth Thompson,224THE ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH CONVOCATION 225Otmar Thurlimann, Sarah Sheldon Tower, Adelaide Marie Werner,Effie Mae Wills, Alexander Wolf, Arnold Lewis Yates. HonorableMention for excellence in the work leading to the Certificate of theCollege of Education: Greta Benedict, Edith Marguerite Colwell,Florence Althea Foxwell, Genevieve Fern Michell, Adelia Inez Mullen.Scholarships in the Senior Colleges for excellence in the work of theJunior Colleges: Frank Howard Anderson, Political Economy; DorothyBeatrice Augur, Household Administration; Robert McLaren Barnes,Physics; Charles Albert Beckwith, Chemistry; Margery Alice Ellis,Romance; Richard Foster Flint, Geology; John Joseph Gunther, English;Amy Marjorie Gustafson, History; Ray Nelson Haskell, Mathematics;Emanuel Henry Hildebrandt, German; Leora Adeline Jannsen, Sociology;Sibyl Eleanor Kemp, Education; Harold Dwight Lasswell, PoliticalScience; Elizabeth Louise Martin, Geography; Israel Rappoport,Romance; Dorothy Victoria Sugden, Greek; Enid Townley, Geology;Robert Joseph West, Botany; Thomas Winfrey Woodman, Physiology.The Joseph Triner Scholarship in Chemistry: Adrian Rezny. TheJulius Rosenwald Prize for excellence in Oratory: David MandelHalfant, first; George Dewey Mills, second. The Florence JamesAdams Prize for excellence in Artistic Reading: Ernest Robert Trattner,first; Eve Marie Kohl, second. The Milo P. Jewett Prize for excellencein Bible Reading: Ralph Warren Hoffman. The David Blair McLaughlin Prize for excellence in the Writing of English Prose: Margaret LenoraRunbeck. The Conference Medal for excellence in Athletics andScholarship: Charles Graham Higgins. Scholarships in the SeniorColleges for excellence in the work of the first three years of the Collegecourse: Isabel Allen, Latin; Samuel King Allison, Chemistry; MauriceDeKoven, Philosophy; Mary Amanda Gingrich, Sociology; JosephBates Hall, Political Economy; Harold Lewis Hanisch, Political Science;Ben Herzberg, Geology; Dorothy Evelynne Huebner, Botany; LeilaLoretto Lydon, Physiology; Louise MacNeal, Household Administration;Esther Frances Marhofer, Romance; Sydney Kaufman Schiff, History;Lloyd Schmiedeskamp, Physics; Isaac Schour, Mathematics; MaryLillian Stevenson, Education. The Bachelor's Degree with Honors:Arthur Maurice Abraham, Herman Harbor Allen, Leona Celeste Bach-rach, Lillian Dorothy Bargquist, Emmet Blackburn Bay, MarthaNash Behrendt, Ramona Bressie, Edith Brown, Fred Temple Burling,Mary Lucile Carney, Lyman Chalkley, Jr., Arthur Cohen, MadeleineIsabel Cohn, Lillian Grove Davis, Thomas Parker Dudley, Jr., FrankLowell Dunn, Iva Maud Dunn, Margaret Durkin, Nicholas Augustine226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFegen, Ruth Ray Finkelstein, Edythe Louise Flack, Lloyd RamoanFlora, August French, Katharine Elizabeth Gerhart, Margaret CecilHaggott, Mary Drew Hardy, Anna Louise Henne, Arnold John Hoffmann, Mildred Julia Janovsky, Helen Anna Jirak, J. Kenneth Kemp,Rose Jones Kessing, Daniel John Korn, Leonie Gertrude Krocker,Genieve Amelia Whitcomb Lamson, Eleanor Lyne, Grace Susan Mason,Irene Raymond Marsh, Grant Stanard Mears, Stuart Putnam Meech,Irvin Charles Mollison, Sara Elinor Moore, Florence MacNeal, BessieMcCoy, Marjorie Louise Neill, James Mount Nicely, Matthew ThomasO'Neill, Margaret Lucy Park, Effie Louise Pratt, Robert Redfield, Jr.,Anne Critchell Rimington, Isabel Jordan Robinson, Joseph RosofskyRose, Hazel Emily Schmidt, George Joseph Serck, Eloise Ruth Shaw,Edward Sherry, Ella Thea Smith, Arthur H. Steinhaus, George DumasStout, Joseph Raymond Thomas, Gladys Titsworth, Lucia ElizabethTower, Blanche Carlisle Troeger, Simon Harry Tulchin, DorothyElizabeth Van Pelt, Marian Schuyler Vogdes, Nona Jessie Walker,Elizabeth M. Weick, Milton Louis Weiskopf, Arthur Wolf, WallaceFlorin Worthley, Hertha Anna Wyman, Margaret Duff Yates, AgnesClare Yutzey, Maria Zichova. Honors for excellence in particulardepartments of the Senior Colleges: Arthur Maurice Abraham, Historyand Political Science; Arthur Maurice Abraham, Law; Herman HarborAllen, Romance; Herman Harbor Allen, German; Leona Celeste Bach-rach, Political Economy; Emmet Blackburn Bay, Anatomy; MarthaNash Behrendt, French; Ramona Bressie, History; Ramona Bressie,English; Edith Brown, English; Fred Temple Burling, Anatomy;Sister Mary Alberto Carbery, English; Mary Lucile Carney, Mathematics; Lyman Chalkley, Jr., Chemistry; Arthur Cohen, Chemistry;Lillian Grove Davis, English; Frank Lowell Dunn, Chemistry; MargaretDurkin, English; Nicholas Augustine Fegen, English; Ruth RayFinkelstein, Romance; Lloyd Ramoan Flora, Political Economy; MaryEllen Freeman, Home Economics and Household Art; August French,Chemistry; Katharine Elizabeth Gerhart, Romance; Margaret CecilHaggott, English; Anna Louise Henne, History; Arnold John Hoffmann,Political Economy; Mildred Julia Janovsky, Political Economy; HelenAnna Jirak, History; Rose Jones Kessing, Mathematics; Daniel JohnKorn, Law; Harry Kraus, General Literature; Genieve Amelia WhitcombLamson, English; Adah Lucile Lee, Political Economy; Eleanor Lyne,English; Irene Raymond Marsh, Kindergarten and Primary Education;Grace Susan Mason, History; Grant Stanard Mears, Political Economy;Stuart Putnam Meech, Political Economy; Ray. Will Metcalf , Chemistry;THE ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH CONVOCATION 227Irvin Charles Mollison, History; Robert Latour Muckley, Philosophy;Lola Belle McCollough, English; Bessie McCoy, English; FlorenceMacNeal, Political Economy; Marjorie Louise Neill, Spanish; JamesMount Nicely, English; Matthew Thomas O'Neill, Romance; MargaretLucy Park, Russian; Effie Louise Pratt, German; Robert Redfield, Jr.,Law; Frances Reinmann, English; Joseph Rosofsky Rose, History;George Joseph Serck, Political Economy; Ella Thea Smith, Botany;George Dumas Stout, Latin; Gladys Titsworth, Home Economics andHousehold Art; Blanche Carlisle Troeger, History and Geography;Simon Harry Tulchin, Psychology; Simon Harry Tulchin, Sociology;Dorothy Elizabeth Van Pelt, Botany; Marian Schuyler Vodges, Latin;Elizabeth M. Weick, History; Arthur Wolf, Law; Wallace FlorinWorthley, Botany and Zoology; Hertha Anna Wyman, Home Economics;Margaret Duff Yates, English; Chi-Sun Yeh, Physics; Dwight BrookieYoder, Political Economy; Maria Zichova, German; Maria Zichova,History. Scholarships in the Graduate Schools for excellence in thework of the Senior Colleges : Leona Celeste Bachrach, Sociology; BlancheBeatrice Boyer, Greek; Arthur Cohen, Chemistry; Samuel Jacob Jacob-sohn, Mathematics; Richard Anderson Jones, Geology; Genieve AmeliaWhitcomb Lamson, Geography; Walter Ferdinand Loehwing, Botany;Helen Beatrice Rislow, Physiology; James John Toigo, History; MabelToles, Romance; Marion White, Household Administration. Electionto the Chicago Chapter of the Order of the Coif on nomination by theFaculty of the Law School for high distinction in the professional workof the Law School: Harry Blitzsten, Samuel Chutkow, William TurneyFox, Esther Harrie jaffe, Katherine Biggins Magill, Roswell FosterMagill, James Allen Miller, Harold William Norman. Election asassociate members to Sigma Xi on nomination of two Departments ofScience, for evidence of promise of ability in research work in Science :Samuel King Allison, Arthur Cohen; election of members of Sigma Xi:John Morris Arthur, Fred William Geise, James Nelson Gowanlock,Earl Henry Hall, John Hobart Hoskins, Horace Clifford Levinson,John Robert Magness, John Preston Minton, Harry Wyatt Richey,Janet Elizabeth Robertson, Pranis Baltras Sivickis, Constance Wiener,John Woodard. Election of members to the Beta of Illinois Chapter ofPhi Beta Kappa: Josephine Haswell Ardrey, Leona Celeste Bachrach(June, '19), Emmet Blackburn Bay, Ramona Bressie (June, '19), ArthurCohen (December, '19), Madeleine Isabel Cohn (June, '19), Frank LowellDunn, Katharine Elizabeth Gerhart, Margaret Cecil Haggott, ArnoldJohn Hoffmann, Dorothy Evelynne Huebner, Mildred Julia Janovsky,228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMary Elizabeth Link, Eleanor Lyne, Grace Susan Mason, Stuart PutnamMeech, Irvin Charles Mollison, Sara Elinor Moore, Bertha BeatriceNeedham, Marjorie Louise Neill, Harold Elliott Nicely, James MountNicely, Walter Cade Reckless, Robert Redfield, Jr., Sydney KaufmanSchiff, George Joseph Serck, Ella Thea Smith, Mary Lillian Stevenson,George Dumas Stout (December, '19), Blanche Carlisle Troeger, MarianSchuyler Vogdes (June, '19), Margaret Duff Yates, Maria Zichova.The Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize for research in Pathology: IvanClifford Hall. The Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Logan Research Fellowshipin Bacteriology: Robert Spalding Spray. The National ResearchFellowship in Physics, provided by the Rockefeller Foundation: LeonardBenedict Loeb. The National Research Fellowship in Chemistry,provided by the Rockefeller Foundation: Morris Kharasch.Degrees were conferred as follows: Bachelor of Arts, 8; Bachelor ofPhilosophy, 288; Bachelor of Science, 92; Bachelor of Divinity, 5;Bachelor of Laws, 6; Doctor of Law (J.D.), 46; Master of Arts, 67;Master of Science, 18; Doctor of Philosophy, 21.During the academic year 1919-20 the following titles, certificates,and degrees have been conferred:The Certificate of the Two Years' Course in the college of Education 31The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science 582The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science, in Education 105The Degree of Bachelor of Laws 9The Degree of Master of Arts in the Divinity School 32The Degree of Master of Arts or Science in the Graduate Schools 154The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity 7The Degree of Doctor of Law (J.D.) 65The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Divinity School 5The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Schools 60The Convocation Prayer Service was held in the Reynolds ClubSunday morning, June 13, at 10:30. The Convocation ReligiousService was held in Mandel Hall at n : 00 a.m., the sermon being preachedby the Reverend James Gore King McClure, D.D., LL.D., Presidentof McCormick Theological Seminary.The Convocation Reception was held Monday evening, June 14,in the Tower Group of Buildings. Those in the receiving line werePresident and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson, President and Mrs. DavidPrescott Barrows, Dean and Mrs. James Rowland Angell.The Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa held its annualmeeting at four o'clock Thursday, June 10, in the assembly room of theClassics Building. After the report of the Secretary and ExecutiveCommittee had been received the President, Professor David AllanTHE ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH CONVOCATION 229Robertson initiated the following candidates: Josephine Hasell Ardrey,Leona Celeste Bachrach, Emmet Blackburn Bay, Ramona Bressie,Arthur Cohen, Madeleine Isabel Cohn, Frank Lowell Dunn, KatharineElizabeth Gerhart, Margaret Cecil Haggott, Arnold John Hoffmann,Dorothy Evelynne Heubner, Mildred Julia Janovsky, Mary ElizabethLink, Eleanor Lyne, Grace Susan Mason, Stuart Putnam Meech,Irvin Charles Mollison, Sara Elinor Moore, Bertha Beatrice Needham,Marjorie Louise Neill, Harold Elliott Nicely, James Mount Nicely,Walter Cade Reckless, Robert Redfield, Jr., Sydney Kaufman Schiff,George Joseph Serck, Ella Thea Smith, Mary Lillian Stevenson, GeorgeDumas Stout, Blanche Carlisle Troeger, Marian Schuyler Vogdes,Margaret Duff Yates, Maria Zichova. The officers for the ensuing yearare elected as follows: President, Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin; Vice-President, Professor Henry Chandler Cowles; Secretary,Dr. Harvey B. Lemon. Additional members of the Executive Committee are George W. Sherburn, Mrs. Irene Tufts Mead. The annualdinner of the chapter was held in the Quadrangle Club at 6:30 p.m.,Monday, June 14. Immediately after the dinner, which was attendedby sixty persons, the chapter reassembled in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall to hear the Phi Beta Kappa oration, which was delivered by EdwinEmery Slosson, Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1902, Managing Editor ofThe Independent. Dr. Slosson's address is printed on page 174 of theUniversity Record.Even the Republican Convention in session in Chicago did notinterfere with the success of the several features of the Alumni Reunionon Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. The University Sing on Fridaynight was the usual great success. The Alumni Dinner on Saturdayevening was attended by three hundred sixty-eight persons. A newfeature of the program was a School of Education alumni dinner Friday,June 11.On the evening of Convocation Day, Tuesday, June 15, membersof the University joined in a dinner in honor of Dean and Mrs. JamesRowland Angell. Professor Angell, having accepted the presidency ofthe Carnegie Corporation, has resigned his position as Dean of theFaculties of Arts, Literature, ajid Science and Head of the Departmentof Psychology. The dinner was held at seven-thirty in the refectory ofIda Noyes Hall. President Harry Pratt Judson presided. On behalfof the scientific Faculties an address was made by Professor A. A.Michelson. For the Faculties of Arts and Literature Professor JamesHaydon Tufts was spokesman. After a tribute from President JudsonDean Angell spoke in response to the addresses of the evening.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE RENAISSANCE SOCIETYOfficers of the Renaissance Societyfor the year 1919-20 were elected at themeeting November 11, 19 19, as follows:president, Mr. Gordon J. Laing; vice-presidents, Mr. Horace S. Fiske, Mr.J. C. M. Hanson, Mr. Lorado Taft,Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, Mr. DavidRobertson; secretary, Mrs. Henry Gordon Gale; treasurer, Mr. Walter A.Payne; executive committee, Mr. Walter Sargent, Mr. James A. Field, MissAntoinette Hollister, Miss ElizabethWallace, Mr. Barrett Spach.The activities of the Society have beenthese: November n, lecture on Hindupainting by Dr. Ananda Coomeraswamy,curator of Indian art, Boston Museum;December 8, private view of the work ofGeorge Bellows on exhibition at theArt Institute; private view of theexhibition of American paintings andsculpture with a talk by ProfessorSargent; January 15, lecture on "Masac-cio and Realism," by Professor FrankJ. Mather, of Princeton University;January 19-30, exhibition of the sculptureof Alfeo Faggi, with an explanatory talkon the opening day by Mr. RichardOffner; January 25, a visit to the Ryersoncollection at Mr. Ryerson's residence;February 25 to March 5, exhibition ofthe sculpture of Albin Polasek, with atalk by Mr. Polasek on the opening day;March 8-20, exhibition of a group offive Italian primitives, with a lectureby Mr. Offner on the opening day; March12, President and Mrs. Judson openedtheir house to the Society for an illustrated lecture by Dr. Frank W. Gun-saulus on "The Gospel According toRembrandt"; April 14, lecture on"Rembrandt," by Dr. A. J. Barnouw,Queen Wilhelmina Lecturer at ColumbiaUniversity; April 26, lecture on "BillBoards, a National Menace and aNational Curse," by Joseph Pennell.On June 8 the annual meeting washeld and officers for the year 1920-21were elected as follows: president, Mr.Edgar J. Goodspeed; vice-presidents, Mrs. W. A. Nitze, Miss ElizabethWallace, Mr. G. A. Bliss, Mr. ShailerMathews, Mr. C. W. Wright; secretary,Mrs. C. H. Beeson; treasurer, Mr. J. A.Field; executive committee: Miss HelenGardner, Miss Antoinette B. Hollister,Mr. G. J. Laing, Mr. Walter Sargent,Mr. Ferdinand Schevill.GENERAL ITEMSMr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller,Jr., and members of their family visitedPresident and Mrs. Harry Pratt JudsonMonday, May 31. After luncheon atthe President's house the guests wereentertained by members of the Women'sAthletic Association by a baseball gameand by a swimming meet.Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Professor ofRomance Languages, received the degreeof Doctor of Letters from his AlmaMater, Amherst College, at the recentCommencement.Announcement is just made from NewYork that President Harry Pratt Judson,of the University of Chicago, and Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin,Head of the Department of History inthe same institution, have acceptedinvitations to serve on the Board ofElectors to the Hall of Fame, New YorkUniversity. As electors they will aid inselecting the men who through their contributions to society have been deemedworthy of permanent remembrance.On May 4 the American poet, GeorgeEdward Woodberry, gave a WilliamVaughn Moody Lecture at the Universityof Chicago, his subject being "Longfellow." Mr. Woodberry, who for manyyears was professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, has writtena two-volume life of Edgar Allen Poeand a volume on The Inspiration ofPoetry, and is the editor of the collectedpoems of Rupert Brooke.230EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 231Count Vincent de Wierzbicki, of theFrench High Commission, lectured atthe University of Chicago on June 2.The subject of the lecture, which wasgiven in the Harper Memorial Library,was "La litterature de guerre en France. "Professor Albert Feuillerat, of theUniversity of Rennes, France, who isvisiting professor at Yale this year,gave two lectures at the University ofChicago on May 5 and 7. The firstlecture was on "Some Principles ofArtistic Construction in Shakspere'sPlays," and the second, which was inFrench, had as its subject "Two French-American Poets." Professor Feuilleratis an authority on the history of theEnglish theater in Shakspere's time.The Thirty-second Educational Conference of the Academies and HighSchools in relations with the Universityof Chicago was held at the Universityon May 13 and 14. Among the speakersat the general sessions were Dr. MarionL. Burton, the new president of theUniversity of Michigan, and DirectorCharles Hubbard Judd, of the School ofEducation at the University of Chicago.The general topics discussed were"Adaptation of School Work to Pupils ofVarying Abilities," "Selection of Teachers and Training in Service," "ThePresent Status of the Junior HighSchool," and "Public-School Textbooks."President Harry Pratt Judson presided on the evening of May 14, whenPresident Burton, of the University ofMichigan, gave the address on "TheDemands of Democracy. "Departmental conferences were heldon Art, Biology, Commercial Education,English, Geography, Greek and Latin,History, Home Economics, Manual Arts,Mathematics, Oral Expression, Physicsand Chemistry, and Romance; andamong those participating were CharlesL. Hutchinson, president of the ArtInstitute, Chicago; Henry C. Morrison,Superintendent of the Laboratory Schools,University of Chicago; Franklin B.Snyder, professor of English, Northwestern University; Leon C. Marshall,Dean of the School of Commerce andAdministration, University of Chicago;William S. Gray, Dean of the College ofEducation; and Albert A. Michelson,Head of the Department of Physics. One hundred and seventy-four highschools and colleges were represented inthe last Annual Conference at Chicago.A book of remarkable significance forall who are interested in the history ofscience, particularly that of medicine,is just announced by the University ofChicago Press in a memorial edition —the History and Bibliography of AnatomicIllustration, by Ludwig Choulant, translated and revised by Dr. MortimerFrank, of Chicago. Dr. Frank finishedhis task and turned the manuscript overto the publishers just before his untimelydeath in April, 19 19. A committee ofhis friends has chosen this volume as afitting memorial to Dr. Frank becauseof its intrinsic value as a contribution tomedical science and because of his deeppersonal interest in making it availableto his profession.Dr. Frank's life-long study of medicalhistory and his interest as a connoisseurin medical engravings and rare bookspeculiarly qualified him for this undertaking. He has made many valuableadditions to the work, including twosupplementary sections on "Sculptureand Painting as Modes of AnatomicIllustration," and "Anatomic Illustration since the Time of Choulant. "The volume, of four hundred and fiftypages, enriched with one hundred illustrations, is expected to be of unique valueto anatomists, medical historians, andart students. The Frank MemorialCommittee consists of more than twentyleading physicians of the country.At the annual meeting of the University Orchestral Association in HarperAssembly Room at the University ofChicago, April 27, officers for the year1920-21 were elected as follows:President, Chester W. Wright; Vice-President, Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson;Secretary-Treasurer, David A. Robertson; Directors: Mrs. Ernst Freund,Messrs. C. D. Buck, Wallace Heckman,and Waiter A. Payne.The Executive Committee has arrangedfor the following program for the ensuingyear: Eight concerts by the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra on October 19,November 9 and 23, January n, February 1 and 15, March 8 and April 9,and two recitals by Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler, December 14, and Mabel Garrison, April 21.232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe new Alumni Directory of the University of Chicago contains an alphabetical list, addresses, and occupations ofnearly 12,000 graduates; a completegeographical list, and a special class listof Bachelors, as well as interesting statistical tables. This is the first alumnidirectory of the University to be published in seven years.The Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize of$250, which is awarded annually at theUniversity of Chicago on the anniversaryof Dr. Ricketts' death, was given on May3 to Ivan C. Hall for his work entitled"Studies in Anaerobiology." The prizeis awarded to the student who presentsthe best results in research in pathologyor bacteriology.Dr. Ricketts, who was AssistantProfessor of Pathology at the University,died in Mexico from a contagion he wasinvestigating.Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, untilrecently Head of the Department ofGeology at the University of Chicago andformerly president of the University ofWisconsin, gave an address at the latterinstitution in April on "The Foundingof the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences,Arts, and Letters." The address waspart of the commemorative exercisescelebrating the fiftieth anniversary of theAcademy, of which Professor Chamberlin was one of the incorporators andlater president.Professor John M. Coulter, Head ofthe Department of Botany at the University of Chicago, was also one of thespeakers at the celebration.President Harry Pratt Judson, of theUniversity of Chicago, was recentlyhonored by the Prince Regent of theKingdom of the Serbs, Croats, andSlovenes, who created him a Commanderof the Order of St. Sava and conferredupon him the star of the order.At the recent meeting of the NationalInstitute of Social Sciences held inNew York City the Institute conferredgold medals upon President HarryPratt Judson, Dr. Wilfred Grenfell ofLabrador, and Dr. Alexis Carrel. Thegold medal was awarded to PresidentJudson in recognition of his services tothe nation and to the Allies as head ofthe Persian Mission of 19 18. At the third annual meeting of theAmerican Council on Education inWashington, May 7 and 8, PresidentHarry Pratt Judson, of the Universityof Chicago, presided at the conference onthe participation of the federal government in education. Among the speakerswere President John H. MacCracken,of Lafayette College; Dr. Samuel P.Capen, director of the American Councilon Education; and Director Charles H.Judd, of the School of Education, University of Chicago. At the annualbusiness meeting President Judson wasre-elected chairman for 1920-21.Professor James Henry Breasted,Chairman of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures at the University of Chicago, has been appointeda member of the National ResearchCouncil on the Division of Anthropologyand Psychology for a period of threeyears, beginning July 1, 1920. ProfessorBreasted, who is Director of the OrientalInstitute of the University of Chicago,is now in the Near East conducting anarchaeological survey of that region.The expedition has already visitedEgypt and Mesopotamia and is expectedto reach Damascus by June in the courseof the survey of Syria. The party hopesto sail from Naples for home by the latterpart of August.Alfred Ernest Garvie, M.A., D.D.,president of New College, Hampstead,England, gave an address before theDivinity School of the University ofChicago on June 1. President Garvie,a graduate of Oxford and Glasgow, hasbeen president of the CongregationalUnion of Scotland, professor of comparative religion and Christian ethics inHackney and New Colleges, London,and is the author of many religiousbooks, including a Commentary onRomans, The Gospel for Today, andReligious Education: A Guide to Preachers.Interest in the Italian language andliterature has been much quickened bythe war, and to meet the increasingdemand for new textbooks and new editions of modern Italian novels and relaysthe University of Chicago Press is to issueshortly the first volumes in a new series,"The University of Chicago ItalianSeries," which will be under the editorship of Ernest Hatch Wilkins, a well-known authority on Italian literature.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 233Announcement is made of the publication in July, in time for use in summerschools, of Giacosa's Tristi Amori, editedby Rudolph Altrocchi and Benjamin M.Woodbridge, with an introduction byStanley A. Smith; and in September, ofA First Italian Book, by ProfessorWilkins. The latter is a very simpleintroduction to the study of Italian, novelin plan. It will be followed in Octoberby An Italian Reader, by the same scholarin co-operation with Antonio Marinoni.The reader will consist of short sketcheswritten by the editors, dealing withItalian history and Italian life.Announcements for the same series in1 92 1 include those of Farina's Fra lecorde di un contrabasso, Giacosa's Unapartita a scacchi, and Pellico's Francescada Rimini. A striking feature in theseries will be II risorgimento, a collectionof literary expressions of the Italianspirit in the struggle for independenceand unity, including the first act ofRovetta's Romanticismo and Carducci'soration on the death of Garibaldi.A letter from Baghdad, Persia, containsthe news that Director James HenryBreasted, of the Oriental Institute ofthe University of Chicago, who is nowconducting an archaeological surveyin the Near East, accepted an invitation to give the commencement addressat the Syrian Protestant College atBeirut on June 17. The dean of thecollege is Dr. Harold Haydon Nelson,professor of history, who received hisDoctor's degree from the University ofChicago in 1913 for work in Egyptology.It is peculiarly appropriate that Professor Breasted, who is chairman of theDepartment of Oriental Languages andLiteratures at Chicago and has givenso many years to the study of ancientcivilizations, should bring a commencement message to the young men of theNear East gathered in the college atBeirut.Dr. William E. Dodd, Professor ofAmerican History in the University ofChicago, received the honorary degreeof Doctor of Laws from Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, on June 8.Among the most popular features ofthe Summer Quarter at the Universityof Chicago is the series of Friday evening concerts, lectures, and readings in LeonMandel Assembly Hall. The seriesthis year opened with a concert by MyrnaShadow, prima donna soprano, of theChicago Grand Opera Association, onJune 25. On July 2 a concert wasgiven by Monica Graham Stults, soprano,and Walter Allen Stults, baritone. OnJuly 9 Stephen Leacock, Ph.D., distinguished economist and humorist,lectured on "Frenzied Fiction"; andLorado Taft, the Chicago sculptor,will give an illustrated lecture, July 16,on "An Hour in a Sculptor's Studio;General View of Processes." Amongother striking features of the coursewill be an author's reading by PercyMacKaye, dramatist, and one by AmyLowell, poet.Professor Paul Shorey, Head of theDepartment of the Greek Language andLiterature at the University of Chicago,recently gave the commencement address at Bryn Mawr College, his subjectbeing "The Things That Are MoreExcellent." Professor Shorey was forseveral years professor of Greek at BrynMawr, being called from that institutionto the University of Chicago in 1892.On June 15 Princeton University conferred the honorary degree of Doctor ofLetters on Professor Shorey.Three alumni of the University ofChicago have recently been madepresidents of important educationalinstitutions — David Prescott Barrows,Ph.D., 1897, now president of the University of California; Wallace WalterAtwood, S.B. '97, Ph.D. '03, professorof physiography in Harvard University,president-elect of Clark University,Massachusetts; and Clifton D. Gray,D.B. 1900, Ph.D. '01, the new presidentof Bates College, Maine.The University Preachers for theSummer Quarter at the Universityof Chicago have been announced, asfollows:On June 27, Professor Gerald BirneySmith, of the University of ChicagoDivinity School; July 4, President FrankWakeley Gunsaulus, of the ArmourInstitute of Technology; July n, Professor Theodore Gerald Soares, Head ofthe Department of Practical Theology,University of Chicago; July 18, Dean234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDShailer Mathews, of the Divinity School;and July 25, Dr. Frank Shannon, ofCentral Church, Chicago.In the month of August the UniversityPreachers will be Professor RobertMacintosh, of Lancashire IndependentCollege, Manchester, England; TerrotRaeveley Glover, Classical Lecturer atSt. John's College, Cambridge, England;Dean Herbert Lockwood Willett, ofthe University of Chicago.Ninety members of the faculties ofother institutions will give instruction atthe University of Chicago during theSummer Quarter. There will be morethan two hundred and fifty in theSummer Faculty, including representatives from Harvard and Yale,Cambridge University, England, theUniversity of Pisa, and the Russell SageFoundation. Other institutions represented are Dartmouth, Williams, andUnion colleges, the Universities ofMichigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois,Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas,Texas, Wyoming, California, and LelandStanford Junior University.A research assistant in chemistry atthe University of Chicago, Mr. ClarenceE. Broeker, died at the PresbyterianHospital in Chicago on May 29. Mr.Broeker had done important work underProfessor William D. Harkins, of theDepartment of Chemistry, and inrecognition of his ability and work hadbeen appointed to the Swift Fellowshipin Chemistry for 1920-21, the highesthonor in the Department.Dr. Leonard E. Dickson, Professorof Mathematics, has recently beenelected Corresponding Member of theFrench Academy of Sciences. After taking his doctorate in 1896, the first yearin which doctorates in Mathematics wereconferred by the University of Chicago,Dr. Dickson spent a year in study inLeipzig and Paris; after teaching in theUniversity of California and the University of Texas he has been a memberof the staff in Mathematics here since1900, being full professor since 1910.Besides publishing a number of texts onadvanced subjects he has contributedsteadily to the leading mathematicalperiodicals of Europe and America invarious departments of pure mathematics, especially in group theory,algebra, geometry, and number theory. He is now publishing under the auspicesof the Carnegie Institution of Washington a monumental History of the Theoryof Numbers in three volumes, in whichthe extensive literature of this subjectfrom the earliest times to date is carefully analyzed; this history is certainto be of permanent value not only tolater historians but to all workers in thetheory of numbers. The Departmentof Mathematics and the University ofChicago are highly honored by the election of Dr. Dickson as CorrespondingMember of the French Academy ofSciences. Dr. A. A. Michelson, as theonly preceding Corresponding Memberin the University, presided at a complimentary luncheon to Dr. Dickson at theQuadrangle Club, June 23, 1920. Inall twenty-eight were present, the staffin Mathematics with Professors M. W.Haskell of the University of Californiaand E. W. Chittenden of the Universityof Iowa, on the staff for the summer, anda number of Chicago doctors and otherguests of the University, representativesof Mathematical Astronomy, Physics,and Chemistry, and Dean R. D. Salisburyand Professors T. C. Chamberlin andJ. M. Coulter representing the sciencedepartments in general. In welcomingDr. Dickson to the French Academyof Sciences, Dr. Michelson gave a briefsketch of the history of the Academyand in particular in reading the list ofcorresponding members in pure mathematics called attention to the factthat Dr. Dickson is the first corresponding member from America. After briefremarks by Professors E. H. Moore,T. C. Chamberlin, and F. R. Moulton,Dr. Dickson responded felicitously.The President's Report covers the years1917-19, no report having been issued in19 18. The present volume contains thereports of all University officers for thetwo years and is especially interesting inthat it covers the war period. The Deanof the Faculties, for instance, reportsfully on the S.A.T.C. and there is anappendix containing a brief account ofthe University War Service. In thislatter will be found a brief record of theactivities of the men and women ofthe University faculties.The building plans of the University ofChicago will continue to be one of thesubjects covered in future numbers of theEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 235University Record. The April numbercontained an account of the projectedQuadrangle Club. The present numberhas drawings of the buildings proposedor already erected by the several Divinitygroups related to the University of Chicago. It is hoped that plans and drawings for the Billings Memorial Hospitaland the Epstein Dispensary and theUniversity Chapel may soon be ready forpublication.Early reports of attendance during theSummer Quarter indicate an increaseover the attendance in the Summer Quarter, 1919, and a possible increase overthat of the largest on record, the attendance in the Summer Quarter, 1916.The increase is chiefly in the GraduateSchools, although all schools and collegesshow gains. At the meeting of the Association ofAmerican Universities at Columbia University, November 17, 18, 19, papers willbe presented as follows: First Session,November 18, " Co-operation in Researchwith Private Institutions." Papers willbe presented by Professor John Johnson,of Yale University and Dr. Frank B.Jewett, Ph.D., Chicago 1902, Chief Engineer of the Western Electric Company.Second Session, November 18, "Cooperation in Research in the Humanities." Dean Charles Homer Haskins ofHarvard University will present thepaper. Third Session, November 19,"Fellowships" will be presented byDean Alfred Henry Lloyd of the University of Michigan. Dean F. J. E.Woodbridge, Columbia University, willpresent a paper, "The Social Environment of the Graduate Student."ATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 19201017 1920 1919Gain LossTotal Men Women Total Men Women TotalI. Arts, Literature and Science:1. Graduate Schools —Arts, Literature 363299 212247 18475 396322 130165 12474 254239 14283Total 6628701,124932,087 459573732571,362 259461501461,008 7181,0341,2331032,370 29536555241958 19837641934829 493741971751,787 225293262285832. The Colleges-Total. . : Total Arts, Literature,and Science II. Professional Schools:1. Divinity School — 2,749 1,82197n 1,267138 3,088no19 1,2538113 1,027122 2,2809315 808English Theological Chicago Theological ...... 23 9 32 21 I 22Total 193 1317311218 302014 1619312618 1155510138 151619 1307112038 31*2. Courses in Medicine —Total 198 1941165683 3463 2281225686 167 35 202 263. Law School —Total 241352 25517386 9193"5 264210501 12514164 1219282 137206246 12742554. College of Education 5. College of Commerce andTotal Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplication Net Totals in Quadrangles 9843,7332563,477853 9832,8042552,549213 38i1,648371,611806 1,3644,4522924,1601,019 5851,8381941,644133 3361,363601,30358i 9213,2012542,947714 4431,2511,213305University College Totals in the University 4,33© 2,762 2,417 5,179 1,777 1,884 3,661 I,5i8236FREDERICK A. SMITH