The University RecordVolume V OCTOBER IQIQ Number 4THE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THELIGHT OF HISTORY1By WILLIAM EZRA LINGELBACH, Ph.D.Professor of Modern European History, University of Pennsylvania"This Conference may be considered in some respects as the finalcrowning of the diplomatic history of the world up to this day, for neverhave so many nations been represented at the same time to solve problems which in so high a degree interest the whole world." With thesewords of the President at the first session of the Conference at Pariseveryone agrees. Beyond this, however, unanimity ceases. The widestdivergence of opinion exists both as to the mode of procedure adoptedby the Conference and as to the solution of the problems finally embodiedin the treaties.Typical of the strong indorsements of the treaty is that by the eminent publicist Mr. Frederick Harrison. "The treaties of 181 5 and 1878,"he says, "were inspired by fear, hatred, and greed. The peace of 191.9 isin union, confidence, sagacity and foresight." Flatly contradictory is theopinion of the Morning Post when it says: "This is a peace with hatredimposed by necessity and accepted with loathing .... to be repudiatedby the Germans at the first opportunity and only maintainable by us ifwe keep armies and fleets ready for war."The Administrative Council of the English Labor party declared:"The terms of the document, misnamed a peace treaty, .... violatethe conditions of the armistice. They are opposed to every publicstatement of the allied aims in the war. . ... They do not bring anend to militarism, but fasten the system more firmly on the peoples of1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Twelfth Convocation of theUniversity held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, August 29, 1919.3033^4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe allied countries." A score of the leaders of British labor formallydenounced the treaty as "a direct defiance of labor opinion throughoutthe world." One radical journal assailed "the Clemenceau-Lloyd-George-Wilson peace pact as the greatest fake in history." Frenchand Italian socialists like those of neutral countries voice similar sentiments.Midway between these extremes is the attitude of the AmericanFederation of Labor as expressed in a resolution adopted at its annualconvention this year. "The covenant," it says, "is not a perfectdocument, and perfection is not claimed for it It provides thebest machinery yet devised for the prevention of war It placeshuman relations on a new basis."Hundreds of other opinions have appeared and are appearing everyday — -some thoughtful and honest, others palpably prejudiced andinsincere, some enthusiastic, some dubious, some cynical, some bitterlyhostile. In this babel of voices it would seem foolish to join, were it notthat a study of the Conference against the background of history mayhelp toward a saner evaluation of its work.To measure the Peace Conference by the standards and analogiesof the past, to test it by the basic principles of human progress, would bea simpler matter were there more agreement as to the laws of historicdevelopment. History still awaits its Darwin. Whether materialistic oridealistic factors, economic or psychological conditions, or personal leadership dominate in the realm of human evolution is still a moot question.At the same time there are certain clear-cut and definite characteristicsassociated with all historic development. Among these are unity,continuity, and the great principle of progress itself.Further, the study of the phenomena of history reveals equallyclearly that the chief determinants of this evolutionary progress areco-operation and competition— co-operation first, because it is morepowerful and from our point of view more significant. What betterillustration of this than the experience of the war! Never before wasco-operation applied on so large a scale and with such extraordinaryresults as by the allies in the conduct of the world-war against the doctrine that might makes right and that competition is the sole law ofprogress. Neo-Darwinism as applied to nations and the worship of thebiological and materialistic interpretation of history have been discreditedforever. The law of the jungle and the doctrine of the survival of thefittest, by which those with the strongest teeth and the sharpest clawsprevail, has been proven to be not only false but dangerously vicious;not that the principle of competition in itself is bad, but its over-THE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 305emphasis without regulation and without respect for moral law is clearlyout of accord with the higher principle of co-operation.Human progress, though evolutionary in character, is at times almost imperceptible. This has led many to look on history as the swinging back and forth of a pendulum, moving constantly but never gettinganywhere. Much more in accord with facts is the figure which picturesthe race climbing a high mountain. The ascent is never direct but by atortuous, zigzag path from one point of vantage to another. Sometimeslittle or nothing is gained in altitude; again a single stretch of the waybrings one out upon some higher level from which the significance as wellas the necessity of the slow and laborious ascent becomes suddenlyplain. The old landmarks lie far behind and below.From this point of vantage it is possible to obtain a perspective,to see the present in its relation to the past. This is the more desirablebecause the historian labors under the disadvantage of being unable to*observe the phenomena of his investigations at first hand; he is necessarily obliged to view them through records made by others. Nor canhe, like the scientist, repeat experiments. History does not repeatitself. Nevertheless there is general agreement that large forces andmovements are continuous, that events are best understood whenviewed in relation to them, and that historic analogies and precedentsare of great value in appraising the events in human progress.Viewing in this light the events and movements under consideration it need scarcely be said that the Peace Conference which assembledin its first plenary session at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris last January isnot without its historic parallels. Every great war has necessarily beenfollowed by reconstruction, and in a number of important instances thiswas undertaken by a general congress of the nations chiefly concerned.Among these, four stand out conspicuously. They are the Congress ofWestphalia of 1648 — in connection with which, according to an eminentauthority, the word "congress" was first definitely applied to an international gathering — the Congress of Vienna in 181 5, the Congress of Parisin 1856, and the Congress of Berlin in 1878.The so-called religious character of the Thirty Years' War whichcalled forth the Congress of Westphalia is well known. That it shouldappear as an important factor in the peace negotiations is only natural.The delegates of the Protestant states refused to meet in a Catholiccity, while the Catholic delegates would not go to a Protestant city.The result was a sort of dual congress; the Protestants meeting atOsnabriick, the Catholics at Minister. After this difficult matter wasadjusted proceedings were further delayed for a considerable time by3°6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhat to us appear as unconceivably foolish bickerings over matters ofetiquette and precedence. So much was made of this that William Penn,in drawing up his project for a Federation of Nations, suggested in allseriousness that a building of a special type be constructed for the parliament of the Federation to overcome this difficulty. "To avoid," hesaid, "quarrell for Precedency, the Room may be Round, and havedivers Doors to come in and go out at, to prevent Exceptions." Possiblythe horseshoe table at the Quai d'Orsay was an ingenious device to meetthe survivals of this problem in our day. Certainly the plan of signingthe peace treaty in alphabetical order neatly avoided any difficultiesthat might have arisen on that score.Into the complicated terms of the settlement reached in 1648 itwould not be profitable to enter. There is a well-known engraving of apart of the Congress by a contemporary, showing the Dutch and Spanish"delegates with the first two fingers of the right hand uplifted in the actof solemnly swearing to maintain the treaties. So far as they provided for Dutch and Swiss independence history has approved thearrangement. In practically every other respect, however, the termswhich the governments of the Congress thus solemnly swore to maintainwere sadly out of accord with the verdict of history. This applies notonly to the territorial and other arrangements but to the ideals thatunderlie them. The great principle of toleration was spurned. Thepeople of a principality were obliged to adopt the religion of the -rulingprince. If conscience forbade they had to leave the land, or, as thetreaty euphoniously puts it, were guaranteed the right to. emigrate.Nationality received no recognition. In its stead was set up a fictitiousbalance of states for the maintenance of which France and Swedenbecame the guarantors with a perpetual right of meddling in Germanaffairs. Such provisions for peace were necessarily temporary.The Congress of Vienna was much shorter than that of Westphalia,but in the nature of its problems and in the significance of the settlementupon the later development of Europe it is easily the most importantcongress before that of our day. During the eighteenth century evenenlightened despotism had held that the end justified the means. Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa, and Catherine II never hesitated toseize whatever they could hope to keep. Success was the only standardof measurement in the relations of states. At the same time unenlightened despotism by profligacy, senseless extravagance, and a criminalneglect of the needs of the people was preparing the way for the delugethat was to sweep away the old order.THE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 307The French Revolution with its assertion of personal and popularrights not only destroyed the vicious system of the ancient regimebut laid the foundations of a new system. For twenty-three years thelong struggle continued, till the enemies of France had become imbuedwith some of her own spirit, and Napoleon was conquered in a war ofliberation waged not by professional soldiers but by nations in arms.France was defeated in the name of the very liberalism and nationalityshe had herself proclaimed with such enthusiasm.As a result a new spirit might have been expected to enter into theVienna Congress. But the reactionary influences were too strong.Not that the new did not appear. One delegate in particular was itsexponent, at least in theory. Alexander I, Tzar of Russia, representedthe first nation on the Continent that had offered successful resistanceto the common enemy. Hence though a comparative newcomer in thecouncils of Western Europe he had from the first a prestige and leadership not unlike that enjoyed by our own President at the Paris Conference.Eager to play the leading role he looked on himself as the champion ofliberal ideas, the liberator of Europe. An idealist, with magnanimousimpulses, he was an enthusiastic student of political institutions andinterested in freedom, especially that of small states like Switzerland,Greece, and the Germanies. ' ' We wish, ' ' he said, ' i to reconquer the independence of nations, with justice, moderation, and liberal ideas as afoundation. Too long have they been effaced by military despotismand by a disregard of the civil and political rights of people." Butthis Russian Tzar was somewhat of a dreamer and far from being apractical statesman. He had a plan for what he grandiloquently called"the restoration of Poland, the solemn atonement for the great crime ofthe Empress Catherine." But when it was examined it was found to bea project for getting possession of those parts of Polish territory whichCatherine had been obliged to leave to her accomplices in the partitions;"as if her crime had consisted," says Seeley, "not in plundering Polandbut in allowing others to share in the booty." The sentiments of thePoles were, of course, not consulted. Little wonder that the veterandiplomats with whom he had to deal counted Warsaw a pawn wellplayed against the Tzar's more dangerous dreams.It should not be forgotten, however, that in 181 5 France was theonly kingdom on the Continent whose monarch was restrained by aconstitution, that the overthrow of Napoleon had seemed to many avindication of the old regime, and that Vienna itself was the strongholdof the one nation in Christendom least influenced by revolutionary3o8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDideas. The Congress of Vienna therefore represented a social and apolitical order totally different from that of today.In place of the plain men of the people who composed the recentCongress in Paris, we have the representatives of an old order with allthe trappings and paraphernalia that go with royalty and autocracy."All the most illustrious personages in Europe," writes a contemporary,"are represented here in the most illustrious fashion." There were theemperors of Russia and of Austria; the kings of Prussia, of Bavaria,of Wurtemberg, and of Denmark; several crown princes, a multitude oflesser princes, archdukes, dukes, greater and lesser statesmen, anddiplomats, not to mention money changers, adventurers, and hangers-on.As the exalted personages arrived they were met and escorted to theresidences or apartments allotted them in accordance with their importance. The arrival of the Tzar of Russia and of the King of Prussia wasan occasion of first-rate importance. Emperor Francis met them in person. The procession according to the Moniteur lasted more than an hourand was attended by salutes of a thousand guns from the ramparts.So distinguished a gathering required entertainment, and the AustrianCourt, identifying hospitality with policy, left nothing undone toafford the Congress a continuous round of brilliant private and publicfunctions. Reviews, fetes, dances, masque balls, dinners, and everyother variety of entertainment marks the course of this so-called Congress. Every day cost the Emperor $250,000 and the total cost to hisalready bankrupt treasury was over thirty-three million florins.As the Prince de Ligne remarked, the Congress " danced much butprogressed little." Indeed he was himself to furnish, as he cynicallyexpressed it when dying a few weeks later, a new diversion in the formof the funeral of a field marshal of France.From the first the great powers decided to settle matters among themselves. To really assemble the Congress could therefore cause onlyembarrassment, so it was called, but it never met ! Peace with the newgovernment of France had been made at Paris by the eight powers thathad overthrown Napoleon, and subsequently the broad lines of theEuropean settlement had been agreed upon between the four principalpowers, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. The representatives of these powers now definitely arrogated to themselves the functionsof the Congress.Prince Talleyrand was told on his arrival in Vienna: "We haveassembled to tell you what the four powers have decided upon." Thatthey were unable to carry out their plan entirely was due chiefly toTHE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 309the objections raised by the "old fox." As the representative of LouisXVIII, the legitimate king of France, he demanded a place at thecouncil table of the great powers. He knew how to sit, he declared,and he proposed to have a seat. Through his audacity and his abilityin making himself the champion of the small states he succeeded inbeing admitted to the inner circle. "Thenceforward," says Gentz,the official secretary of the Congress, "the representatives of the fivepowers were the "real and only Congress."By this small committee the plans for the reconstruction of CentralEurope were drawn up. Occasionally representatives of the lesserpowers were brought into the discussions on questions that directlyaffected them. At other times they were merely informed of what hadbeen done and asked to give their indorsement. This so enraged CountLabrador, the representative of Spain, that when the final act was laidbefore the representatives of the eight signatory powers of the Treatyof Paris, he refused to sign, declaring that many of the questions had notbeen submitted to the Committee representing this larger group. VanGagern made a like complaint on behalf of the Netherlands, only to bepolitely informed by the Duke of Wellington that the act had beenagreed upon by the "great powers." Van Gagern professed ignoranceas to the* "great powers" but without effect, and the settlement ofVienna was ratified by the powers separately, no plenary session beingever held.The problems of the Congress were difficult in the extreme. TheHoly Roman Empire had been dissolved and with it nearly four hundredpetty states in Germany. Italy from fifteen political divisions had beenreduced to three. Holland, Switzerland, the Austrian Netherlands, andGermany west of the Rhine had all been absorbed by France. Polandhad ceased to exist. Altogether about 32,000,000 people were withoutpolitical organization. Anxious to restore rather than to change, thediplomats fell back on the cynical materialism of the eighteenth centuryand its time-worn formulas. As Talleyrand said, "To finish the Revolution, the principle of legitimacy must triumph without exception."The assertion of dynastic interests and the restoration of a balance ofpower became the guiding principles in the work of the Congress.In accordance with this the Belgians were yoked with the Dutchin spite of their strong divergence from them in language, religion, tradition, and economic interest, that is in all that makes for nationality.This mistake was corrected by the revolution of 1830, which establishedthe independence of Belgium. A similar arrangement uniting Norway3io THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand Sweden lasted longer; the separation of these two countries did notoccur till 1905. The Lombards and Venetians were placed underAustrian rule, the petty princes of the Italian peninsula were restored,and the divisions of Italy again set up. The heart of Poland was givento the Tzar, while Prussia was allowed compensation in Germany forthe loss of her Poles. Prussia has grown mainly through spoliation, andin 1 81 5 the accessions to her territory were made at the expense of thepeople of her own race. After the fiY& great powers had finally agreedon the respective territories or areas in which Prussia was to have herreward, a statistical committee was appointed to carve out sufficientterritory in each of the four districts allotted her in order to bring thePrussian population to the point it had been before the war. In thisway nearfy three million Germans, among them Saxons, Rhinelanders,and Westphalians, became Prussians in spite of themselves. Thiscurious phase of the settlement was largely the work of Talleyrand.In his eagerness to save Saxony, the faithful ally of Napoleon to the last,he forced Prussia to take the Rhenish territory. This brought her onthe French frontier, gave her one of the most progressive populations ofGermany, and in the Westphalian acquisition secured her the great coaldeposits that were to become so important a factor in the rapid rise anddomination of Prussia in the next hundred years.In the face of the broad questions of European reconstructionadjusted by the Congress of Vienna, those of the next two congresseswere distinctly narrow and restricted. Their problems grew almostentirely out of Turkish rule in Europe. Possibly for this reason the modeof procedure adopted differs so radically. Both the Congress of Parisin 1856 and the Congress of Berlin in 1878 were formally opened. Bothmet regularly in formal sessions. Over the former. Count Walewski presided; over the latter the Iron Chancellor, Bismarck. Every questionwas brought before the Congress in accordance with a prearrangeddocket. Discussions and debates were frequent, often bold andimpassioned. Contemporaries were edified by this forum-like proceeding in settling great international questions, which so far as the Congressof Paris is concerned was in good faith.This Congress assembled while the Crimean War was still going on.One of its first acts was the provision for an armistice. It then drewup the terms of peace, which occupied its time for a little over a month.This done it took up several matters of more general interest. Itadopted the four rules relating to maritime warfare, known as theDeclaration of Paris; it devoted a session to conditions in Italy andTHE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 311established the Danube Commission to regulate and promote the navigation of that river. Apart from this, however, the Congress of 1856marked no departure from the reactionary tendencies characteristicof European congresses. Thus while Cavour with great difficulty obtained a brief hearing for the just cause of Italy, the Congress declared"the Sublime Porte admitted to participate in the advantages of thepublic law and the concert of Europe," and pledged the six Christianpowers represented "to respect the independence and integrity of theOttoman Empire." The reason alleged for this surprisingly magnanimous treatment of the Turk at a time when the existence of his systemin Europe was already doomed to destruction was a change of heart onthe part of the Sultan and his promises to reform. The real reasons,among which was the determination to cage Russia and prevent herfrom acquiring too much influence on the Bosphorus, were of coursenot mentioned. The provision for neutralization of the Black Searepresents a phase of the same policy, and its renunciation at the firstfavorable opportunity another illustration of how the settlements ofcongresses are undone.The Congress of Berlin adhered even more closely than had itsimmediate predecessor to the problems growing out of the situationin the Balkans. Unlike the Congress of Vienna or that of 1919 it wasnot called upon to undertake the general reconstruction of Europe.The Near Eastern question was its sole concern, though under veryunusual circumstances. Turkey had been defeated by Russia andobliged to sign a disastrous peace, the terms of which threatened herdestruction as a European power. The other powers, notably GreatBritain and Austria, were alarmed at this disturbance of the balance ofpower in the Near East and demanded that Russia submit the treatyto a European Congress for revision. After considerable oppositionRussia agreed and the Congress of Berlin was called. In the intervalthe diplomats worked assiduously, so that by the time the Congressactually assembled, the usual secret agreements had been arrived at bythe powers chiefly concerned.Not only had the two principal actors, Great Britain and Russia,come to a definite agreement as to policy, but they had arranged eventhe details in a formal convention, duly signed and ratified, before theCongress met. Other powers had similar agreements. But the comedyof the Congress broadened into farce in the face of the Anglo-Turkishtreaty by which, among other things, England's support was pledged toTurkey in return for the surrender of Cyprus. Through a clerk in the312 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDforeign office the Anglo-Russian treaty was filched and published in theGlobe the day after the much-acclaimed departure of the British commissioners for Berlin. The thing seemed so preposterous that the publicwas incredulous. As Bismarck had been let into the secret, the publicwas ignored and the Congress entered upon its reactionary task. Serbiaand Montenegro were not allowed to state their case and obtainedinsignificant awards of territory. Greeks and Roumanians were givena hearing, but their national aspirations were ignored along with thoseof Bulgaria.According to Waddington, the French premier, the blame for thedisregard of Greek nationalist claims rested on Beaconsfield. Speakingsometime later to the Greek colony in Paris he said: "We encounteredan iron will in the heart of the Congress which forbade our touching thesubject of Crete, and that will was Lord Beaconsfield." Turkey mustnot be weakened because in his belief the integrity of the Turkish Empirewas essential to British interests. Besides had he not bartered England'ssupport to the Turk in the secret treaty that gave him Cyprus? Notwithout reason has he been called the evil genius of the Congress. "If,"says a recent English historian, "he had been the Sultan's ministerand not the Queen's he would have merited by his skill and fidelity amonument of gold." Yet with an insolence and a swagger characteristicof men who defy the moral sentiment of a nation, he boasted of "peacewith honor." He had, he declared, been taken to the top of a highmountain and offered all the kingdoms of the earth if only he wouldconsent to the partition of Turkey. To the recognition of the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Roumania, and the autonomy ofBulgaria he had agreed because it was an accomplished fact. Thisinconsistency with his championship of Turkey he explained on theground that it aided powerfully in the concentration of Turkey, towhich Gladstone sarcastically replied that it seemed to him like concentrating a man by cutting off his limbs.Disraeli was not alone in this sinister game. He shares the honorswith the German chancellor who, in the language of the ancient regime,boasted: "Le Congres c'est moi." While protesting that Germany'sinterests in the Near East were not worth the bones of a dead Pomeraniangrenadier, this "honest broker" showed the proper solicitude for hisally, Austria-Hungary, and obtained for her the fateful mandatory ofBosnia and Herzegovina, in which he was strongly supported by Franceand Great Britain. The London Times waxed eloquent over this phaseof the settlement, calling it "one of the most important political decisionsTHE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 313of the Congress." "Austria," it said, "is no doubt guided by philanthropic as well as political motives. .... It is clear that for the sakeof the provinces themselves, and even for the sake of the Porte, theyshould be separated from Turkey."It is scarcely necessary to call to mind how disastrous were the resultsof this much-lauded provision. Followed thirty years, later by theannexation of the two provinces it became the focal point of the rivalrybetween Slav and Teuton. The mistaken actions of the Congress ofBerlin were therefore an immediate cause of the world-war. Theshameless disregard of the rights of the Balkan peoples, the stimulation of imperialistic ambition in Austria, and the bolstering up of thevicious Turkish system were diametrically opposed to the tendencies ofnineteenth-century history. The situation was well summed up atthe time by Sir Charles Dilke in the House of Commons : " By guaranteeing Turkey and betraying Greece we have set ourselves on the side ofwhat is dead, or, at least, decayed and dying, and against that race whichis young and full of life." The presence of the delegates of the PeaceSociety at Berlin must have had, said the Times, something of the effectof a Quaker deputation in the midst of Choctaws or Iroquois accoutredfor the warpath.Manifestly the work of the congresses of the past is far from inspiringoptimism. The judgment of history is only too clear on the fact thatthe settlements have almost invariably been out of accord with thedeeper and really dynamic factors in European progress. They were toooften dictated by selfish motives of fear, self-aggrandizement, and adesire to bolster up -a decrepit system. Speaking of the men at Vienna,Mr. Hazen says, "Theirs could be no ' settlement' because they ignoredthe factors that alone could make the settlement permanent. Thehistory of Europe from 181 5 to the present day has been the attempt toundo this cardinal error of the Congress of Vienna." Of the Congressof 1856 an English historian writes, "The Treaty of Paris was regardedby contemporaries as the crowning act of the wisdom of the Europeanpowers; later and more recent history has taught that the work thendone has inevitably been undone in all directions." The Congress of'Berlin' was if anything worse than its predecessors, "as an affirmationof. the solidarity of Europe, of the principle that important changes inEurope are matters of European concern and not to be effected withoutthe sanction of Europe," writes Mr. Lord, "the Congress of Berlin is aunique and striking phenomenon. But as a demonstration that theCouncils of united Europe are inspired with wisdom, justice, or even3*4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcommon sense, the events of 1878 are not.as gratifying. Even more thanits predecessors the Congress of Vienna has left a dubious reputation."Only when the congresses acted on matters of general rather thannationalistic interests have their arrangements endured. The libertyof conscience provision of 1648, the abolition of the slave trade, and thedeclaration of the principle of the free navigation of rivers traversingdifferent states in 181 5, the establishment of the Danube Commissionand the Declaration of Paris of 1856, and the articles on liberty ofconscience in the Balkans in 1878, are all parts of ideas and movementsthat have grown steadily. They represent that larger body of forcesof an international nature seen in the two Hague conferences and inthe increasing demand for an international law with a sanction. Unfortunately these tendencies were only feebly represented and never receivedmore than secondary consideration.But while European congresses were thus blind to the underlyingforces and tendencies of the age, the century was progressing by leapsand bounds. The Congress of Vienna witnessed the last great triumphof the old political order. During the century that followed, absolutismfought a losing battle, and the Great War gave the coup de.gr dee to theRomanoffs, the Hohenzollerns, the Hapsburgs^and, it is. hoped, theOttoman Turk. But the new political forms brought their own evils,and these have been rendered more virulent by the fact that in diplomacymore than anywhere else have political traditions survived. Nationalismtended to become imperialistic in response to modern industrialism andthe call for wider markets. Intense economic rivalry, a feverish racefor colonial possessions, and competition in armaments developed.Secret diplomacy was too often dominated by big business and selfishimperialistic ambitions. The Russo-Italian treaty of 1909, recentlypublished, is a revelation on this score.Self-interest, whether national or individual, is none the less powerful for having taken new guise. It is said that 17,000 new millionaires isone of America's by-products of the recent struggle. But they areonly the most successful of their kind, for extravagant prices and exorbitant demands are symptoms of a spirit not limited to one class ofsociety. On the other hand we know that the Great War was not wonin the name of materialism. No previous struggle had ever made suchappeals to public opinion, or to the individual conscience. Moralforce held the line at home as well as at the front. Millions of men gavetheir lives, and millions more have had the courage to go on living,upheld by the hope that their sacrifice was helping to bring in the dawnof a new era of which the brotherhood of man might be the keynote.THE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY * 315Of these hopes, these ideals, President Wilson became the spokesman athome and abroad. As a newcomer at the council of the nations he hadto reckon with the traditions of European diplomacy, with age-longrivalries over strategic frontiers as well as with the no less bitterlycontested twentieth-century idea of economic frontiers. But he cameas the champion of an ideal embodied in the League of Nations.Among the noticeable differences between the Congress of 1919and earlier ones is the character of its personnel. The delegates areneither sovereigns nor the representatives of sovereigns. On the contrary, as Leon Bourgeois said, "they are the representatives of peoples"responsible to the people. "Americans," declared Mr. Wilson, "expecttheir leaders to speak their thoughts and no private purpose of their own.They expect their representatives to be their servants." Of the thirtystates represented nothing can be said here exceptto direct attention to the striking contrast between the Congress of Vienna and theConference at Paris. Had Alexander I presented himself at the Quaid'Orsay in January last he would not have been admitted, in spite of thefact that Russia was for three years a faithful and efficient member ofthe Entente, and had made, numerically at least, larger sacrifices thanany other power. In his place is the representative of the United States,taking for the first time a place in the councils of Europe. In 1814this country was looked upon as so young and remote that she was not'even thought- of as a factor in the settlement. In 19 19 President Wilsonoccupied practically the first position in the Conference. Similarlythe King of Prussia's seat was taken by the representative of anothernewcomer, Japan. In the place of the Emperor of Austria, who actedas host for the Congress of Vienna, are the representatives of Italy, freeand united. In 1814 Metternich declared that " Italy was not a nation,only a geographic expression." In the place of the petty states of Germany, whose princelings played such a sorry part at Vienna, there wereat Paris the men of the new nationalities emancipated by the war, such asPoland, Czecho-Slovakia, and Jugo-Slavia. The presence of Venezelos,who is generally recognized as the ablest statesman on Eastern Europeanquestions, calls to mind the fact that Greece did not exist in 18.14, andin 1878 was slighted andv insulted. But with this evidence of the factthat nationality has thus come into its own, the presence of the delegatesfrom the Chinese Republic is even more eloquent on the progress ofpolitical democracy.The representation at Paris of organized labor in certain of thedelegations was a silent tribute to the all-important fact that great massmovements are characteristic of our age. Along with this should be316 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmentioned another new factor at the Paris Conference, namely that ofthe public opinion of the world. The peoples of the world, awakenedto the great issues during the war, followed the proceedings in Parisday by day with keen, critical interest. It was a new situation fraughtwith great possibilities. That it was not utilized, save on one or twooccasions, is well known. The adoption of the old secretive methods,not only as to procedure but, what is of infinitely greater importance, asto the very basis upon which many of the terms of the treaty were made,destroyed this signal advantage that the Conference might have enjoyedover its predecessors.The Conference met in plenary session for the first time on January 18for the purpose of organization. This was done by the election ofM. Clemenceau, the prime minister of France, as presiding officer, andby creating a number of special commissions, twenty-seven in all, toeach of which was assigned a particular problem. The belligerent powerswere divided into two groups according to so-called general or particularinterests. The former, popularly known as the Big Five, from the firstdominated the work of the Congress in the form of a committee consisting of the two leading delegates from each of the five great powers,and therefore of the most influential men at Paris.Very early, however, Japan decided to participate actively in themeetings of the committee only on matters concerning the Far East andher particular interests. Later, when Italy withdrew, the number ofthe great powers represented was reduced to three, and the press at oncebegan to speak of the Big Three, It soon abandoned as impracticableall effort at open meetings and publicity. For this it was made thesubject of bitter attack. To the doctrinaire it meant simply the revivalof the old secret diplomacy and an absolute violation of that Articleof the President's Creed which says something about "open covenantsopenly arrived at."As everyone knows, this committee, like that at Vienna, became "thereal Congress." To the protest of the lesser powers at being relegated.to the place of decorative accessories, Clemenceau's characteristic replywas final. The Big Five represented 12,000,000 fighting men, and onthe basis of this simple but important fact he informed the Canadianpremier that the great powers were not making "proposals," but definiteand final decisions. This does not mean, of course, that the smallerpowers had no voice. In all matters that especially concerned themthey were given a leading place on the particular commission appointedto deal with that subject. But the committee of the great powers wasTHE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 317the body of last resort in all the constructive labors of the Conference.All larger questions were its particular affair, and all minor and specialones were submitted to it, often repeatedly, by the other commissionsbefore definitive decisions were reached. These were then prepared forthe general or plenary sessions of the entire Conference for its acceptance.I use the word "acceptance" advisedly, because at no time did theFrench tiger, acting no doubt in consonance with the prearranged planof the committee, show any disposition to tolerate discussion. Theproblems confronting the Conference were so stupendous that any othermode of procedure would have involved endless confusion and delay.There is a mediaeval prayer, "Lord give us a good shore," meaninga good supply of wreckage. The wreckage of the world-war was overwhelming. To restore international order out of the chaos seemed asuperhuman task. The Conference had to make peace with the enemy,involving the difficult problems of reparations and compensations, thedelimitation of his frontiers, the destruction of his military power, andthe distribution of his colonial possessions. Europe had to be redividedon the basis of national aspirations, a problem surpassing in its difficulties any Chinese puzzle ever devised. The Conference had to adjustthe territories of the nations emancipated by the war, and provideadequate economic and strategic frontiers. The boundaries of oldstates had to be rectified to bring in " unredeemed" populations. Therewere literally scores of these regional-problem areas. Over and aboveall these, which the experience of history teaches are of much less consequence than contemporaries suppose, was the work of creating a newinternational system, in the League of Nations.In the face of labors on so vast a scale the criticisms frequently madein influential quarters, as well as by the general public, that the Conferencedid not finish the gigantic task more quickly, are positively juvenile.Consider the amount of care and thought, often extending over manyyears, expended on the proper development, let us say, of a universitycampus. Then remeniber how the delegates of the Paris Conference,many of them inexperienced, most of them strangers to each other,and all of them burdened with weighty problems of political responsibilities at home, were asked in the brief space of a few months, anddespite secret treaties, to work out a satisfactory solution of the mostcomplicated world-problem ever raised.Indeed it was manifestly due to the secret treaties, the extraordinarycharacter of which is only gradually coming to light, that we owethe abandonment of the fourteen points early in the history of the3i8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDConference as well as some of the otherwise inexplicable arrangementsthat have aroused such widespread criticism — as, for example, thoserelating to Shantung, northern Epirus, Fiume, Thrace, indefinite indemnities, and the mandatory system sarcastically characterized asannexation under anaesthetics.According to many there is too much evidence of reaction and imperialism. Indeed it would be little short of a miracle if it were not so.Fortunately, however, the present settlement differs from all previouspeace treaties on the great and vital point of providing a means formodifying the arrangements by peaceful methods when such actionseems advisable.In the League of Nations the Conference has written into the treatya new principle as fine as any ever conceived, and no future historianscan say of it, as they have repeatedly of the earlier congresses, thatthere were present no lofty principles.The proposed League of Nations stands for that co-operation in thecollective life of the human race which today more than ever before theworld recognizes as the most important principle of progress. Studentsof history and of government are familiar with the process of the gradualsubstitution of law and community rights for the club and brute force.The presence in many parts of Europe of the ruins of mediaeval castlesis mute testimony to a condition when the feudal baron was a law tohimself. By slow degrees other elements of the community, realizingthe intolerable state of affairs, joined hands in ridding society of the ruleof the mailed fist. The feudal rights of the nobility were suppressed,and a national law and courts to adjudicate disputes were established.Unfortunately the process which substituted the rule of law for the swayof force in the national life has not been carried into the international lifeof the world. There emancipation from the thraldom of a primitivesystem of violence and crime has not been achieved.There is no code declaring the appeal to force- illegal, or interdictingeven a war of conquest. We punish with imprisonment or death theindividual who wilfully causes the death of another, but we condonethe act when committed in a collective capacity ^nd on a scale involvingthe death of millions. /The project of the League as it is written- jato the treaty is far fromperfect. It has many objectionable features. No great projects canspring fully armed and in perfection from a congress torn by so manyconflicting interests and prejudices. There is much to be said in favorof having Congress rather than the President appoint our delegates. ItTHE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 319does seem as though the British Empire were given too much influence through its colonial representation. Article X, in guaranteeingthe existing states of the world against external aggression, is regardedby many as dangerous, though it is difficult to see any real danger inagreeing with other powers to maintain the time-honored command,"Thou shalt not steal." In its basic principles the plan is sound, andthat is clearly what every thoughtful man must see in the proposedLeague of Nations. "It is founded," says John Burroughs, "on precisely the same idea as every civilized community is founded upon—namely, the sacrifice of personal rights in behalf of the larger rights ofall the people." The individual becomes the gainer quite as much asthe group. It is a mistake to delude ourselves into thinking that theLeague of Nations is an opportunity presented by Providence to theUnited States to live up to its altruistic ideas and save Europe from itspetty racial and political disputes. It is infinitely bigger than that. Itwill not bring the millennium; it may not stop wars, but it presents asound method of reducing the probability and scope of wars; it affordsthe means for co-ordinating the many international societies and agenciesalready in existence; it is bound to be a powerful stimulus to the growthof international law, and it provides a beginning at least for the international consideration of the great economic and social problems. Inother words, it bids fair to establish^ new system, a new law, and a neworder founded on that basic principle of history and human progress-—co-operation. It will carry the principle into the collective relationshipsof the race.This may involve a modification of the prevalent idea of state sovereignty, that fetish of political theory so much stressed by Rousseau.In practice it has been the excuse for scores of wars, and in a last analysisit invariably yields to stronger forces. The world would have beensaved much misery if this theory of sovereignty had been adjusted to thefacts long ago. History points to a restricted, not an absolute, sovereignty, and that is exactly what the League of Nations implies. It doesnot involve the surrender of nationality. It is to be a federation ofnations, not a federation without nations. All thinking men, save theextreme socialist and radical groups, are agreed as to the benefits ofnationality. Certainly the student of history is aware of its r61e in thepast. Some of the finest things the race has produced are associatedwith small national units like little Attica, Renaissance Tuscany, andElizabethan England. Nationality is too vital a force to be pushed aside,and it is fortunate that it is quite consistent with the League, which has320 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDat no time contemplated interference in the internal affairs of any state.Internationalism, and especially international-mindedness, are perfectlyconsistent with nationalism. and patriotism. Indeed "it is the quintessence oi patriotism — it means the upbuilding and strengthening ofnational integrity and using it for a high and lofty moral purpose "(Butler).Nevertheless we are told that it is contrary to the traditions of thiscountry and to the warnings of the Founders against entangling alliances.As to the latter, Washington left the French alliance to his successor,and his opposition to interference in the international affairs of the timewas based mainly on the fact that the nation was still too young andundeveloped. As to the former, it is plain that we abandoned our traditional policy of isolation when we took over the Philippines and assumedthe championship of the open door in China. Further, even if thishad not happened, science and modern invention would make the policyof isolation untenable for a nation with resources and ideals like ours.Anxiety over the effect of the League on our sovereignty as a nation isreasonable, even though very much exaggerated. The Scots feared theAct of Union, and vigorous protests were made. Opposition to theConstitution appeared in nearly all of the thirteen original states, andvoices were raised demanding reservations and protection againstencroachments upon state rights. It all looks very small and shortsighted now in the face of the magnificent success of the federal principlein the government of these United States.The situation in the world at large today is not dissimilar. We havethe opportunity to assume the leadership in a great world-federation,and to bring to bear upon its organization and development the practicalexperience of America with the federal type of government. It is anopportunity and an obligation worthy of the best traditions and thehighest ideals of our country.In view of this it is a pity that more tact and statesmanship wasnot employed from the outset in enlisting the active co-operation ofthe leaders of different political groups in the work of the Paris Conference. In the colossal task of reconstruction our chief architect reliedtoo exclusively on himself. He failed signally in not calling into consultation the men, who both by training and by popular choice, shouldhave been his colleagues in every stage of the planning. The plan of theLeague would have been the gainer, and its ratification would not havebecome so much a matter of political affiliations and animosities. Weadmire the spirit that would undergo martyrdom for a great cause, butTHE PEACE CONFERENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY 321we condemn the infatuation that prevents co-operation and compromiseand thus places the cause itself in jeopardy.In the meantime the world is waiting. Several nations have ratifiedthe plan. Others are delaying, awaiting the action of our Senate.Japan protests against the omission of the article on racial equality,Germany against what many of its newspapers describe as "Wilson'sLeague," by which "America and England wish to assure themselves thepower over the whole world," and China refuses to sign unless her nationalaspirations are recognized. But even in these countries the drift ofopinion, if one can judge by the newspapers, is strongly in favor of theLeague. The world-war has broken down the old conventions and ideasand brought within the realm of possibility projects and reforms in thereconstruction process that before seemed impracticable save in thedistant future.Leading opinion, moreover, lays stress on the fact that the functionof the League, so far as the terms of the treaty are concerned, will beto afford an authoritative means of interpreting and perhaps correctingthem as time and circumstances demand, rather than to guarantee thestatus quo established by the treaty. Thus M. Clemenceau says: "Itcreates the machinery for the peaceful adjustment of all internationalproblems by discussion and consent, whereby [note this] the settlementof 1919 itself can be modified from time to time to suit new facts andnew conditions as they arise .... it represents a sincere and deliberateattempt to establish that reign of law, based upon the consent of thegoverned and sustained by the organized opinion of mankind."Two alternatives confront the world of today. Either we stand bythe old order or we help to establish a new one. The issue cannot beevaded. "Settlements may be temporary," says Mr. Wilson, "butthe action of the nations in the interests of peace and justice must bepermanent." Nations must co-operate for peace or compete in preparations for war. If it is to be the latter, then "the war against war"will not have been won after all. Burdens of militarism tenfold greaterthan before may perhaps/ secure peace for a few years, but it will be apeace based on fear, and xhe end another cataclysm. The insanity ofsuch a program is self-evident. Already there are the rumblings ofinternational mass movements that threaten to sweep aside the existingorder altogether. Europe, gaunt and emaciated, her peoples decimatedby events which they did not cause, is struggling against the black despairof hunger and anarchy. Men do not live unto themselves alone. ' ' Western civilization is a grandiose Gothic vault .... one of its arches is in322 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEurope, the other in America. If either arch is broken, the other willbe endangered" (Ferrero).In the darkest hours of the war we were buoyed up by John McCrae'smagnificent appeal, " In Flanders Fields." Its application is as pertinenttoday as it was then. From Europe to America, despite ugly signs ofreaction on the one hand and anarchy on the other, comes the call:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch: be yours to hold it high!If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep Cm bV C-apeH y,oenenHUcPiPh2;c<Oo>2CuwwHCARDINAL MERCIER AT THEUNIVERSITYBy EDGAR JOHNSON GOODSPEEDOn October twenty-second Cardinal Mercier visited the University,and the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him at a specialconvocation, the one hundred and thirteenth, in Mandel Hall. Theoccasion was a memorable one in the history of the University.The Cardinal, with Archbishop Mundelein and the other members ofhis party, escorted by Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, arrived at theUniversity a little before three o'clock. The afternoon was mild andfine, and the drive into Harper Court was lined with expectant crowds.Leaving the motors in front of Haskell Oriental Museum, the partywas received by Professor Robertson and escorted to the HarperMemorial Library, on the steps of which they were received by President Judson. From the President's Office in Harper the Cardinal andthe other guests were escorted through Harper Court across the mainquadrangle and Hutchinson Court to Mandel Hall by the Faculties,Senate, and Trustees of the University in cap and gown. The processionwas headed by the University Band, playing Mendelssohn's "WarMarch of the Priests," from Athalie. It was remarked that the facultyprocession was unusually, perhaps unprecedentedly, large. Everyonewanted to see the Cardinal and do him honor. The procession was brightwith colored hoods, and its way across the quadrangles was fined onboth sides by continuous crowds of people young and old who broke intoapplause as they caught sight of the Cardinal walking last with PresidentJudson. It was a happy day for the photographer, and there werecameras in plenty, journalistic, official, and amateur. It is safe to saythat the Cardinal was photographed not less than a hundred timesbetween Harper and Mandel.Mandel has probably never held a more representative audiencethan that which filled it to the last seat when the College Aides andMarshals, representing the student body in the procession, entered ita little after three, to the music of a Belgian mass of the fifteenth century.The rector of the neighboring Church of St. Thomas the Apostle, theReverend Father Shannon, an alumnus of the University, acted asConvocation Chaplain. The Cardinal was presented to the President323324 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDas a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Laws by Professor Albion W.Small, the Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature. It wasa great moment when the tall, spare, slightly stooping figure, so like amedieval saint, stood before the President to receive the degree. Butthe applause waited until the President had read the address to thecandidate and had placed in the hands of the Cardinal the diploma andthe doctor's hood. Then it burst forth. In its enthusiasm the audiencerose to its feet and continued to applaud as the Cardinal returned to hisseat and for some time after. When a moment later he was introducedby President Judson to speak, the audience again rose to applaud, as itdid in fact at every opportunity through the exercises.The Cardinal spoke with the greatest tact, simplicity, and feeling.His face, sometimes almost stern in its austerity, softened as he spoke ofBelgium and his hope for a good understanding between his countryand ours, and between the Belgian universities and the American.His plea to the students of the University to respond to the moral challenge of the war was a touching and winning appeal. Behind all he saidthe audience felt the great, simple, kindly personality that had stoodforth so heroically in those dark years in Belgium and won the respectand admiration of the world.A unique and delightful feature of the occasion followed the Cardinal's address. Dr. Frank Wakely Gunsaulus, President of ArmourInstitute of Technology and Professorial Lecturer in the University ofChicago, presented to the Cardinal for the University of Louvain twoincunabula of extraordinary rarity and interest; on behalf of the University of Chicago, a copy of the Catholicon of Balbus, printed in 1466;and on behalf of the Armour Institute, the first edition of Euclid'sElements, printed in 1482. It was evident that this expression of friendship to his own University of Louvain touched the Cardinal deeply, andhe expressed his thanks to Dr. Gunsaulus very simply and sincerely.The gift and its acceptance made the friendship of the two universities,of which the Cardinal had spoken, seem more real, for the books weresuch as any university might prize as among its rarest early printings.In conferring the degree President Judson said:Your Eminence, Desire Mercier, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Professor of Philosophy, Archbishop of Malines, lofty in character, eminent in scholarship, learned and acute critic of philosophical systems, profound thinker upon ultimateproblems of truth and reality, calm and fearless witness to the majesty of right,undaunted leader of a harassed flock, who steadfast in will and untiring in effort noblystrengthened the hearts of a suffering people, exemplifying and vindicating in itsfulness the dignity of the function of Christian pastor, on nomination of the UniversityCARDINAL MERCIER AT THE UNIVERSITY 325Senate, by authority of the Board of Trustees, I confer upon you the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws in this University, with all the rights and privileges thereto appertaining.After the degree had been conferred the President introduced theCardinal in the following words:The University has had as its guest Marshal Joff re, peerless soldier of the Marne.Today we are proud to have as our guest another of the great figures of the war forhumanity, the peerless priest of Belgium. But we think of him not as a priest only;we hold him as one of the foremost of that group of statesmen and soldiers who; bytheir toil and genius, won the great victory which has saved civilization in. these lastfew years. He is not a priest only, but, in a very real sense, he is a great soldier ofhumanity and a great statesman.It is easy to join in enthusiasm when all are of one accord, but the test came tothe Cardinal when in his country the triumph of evil seemed assured, when in thatlittle state a relentless power trod under foot all the dictates of humanity andchivalry. Then he never for. a moment yielded; he never for a moment failed in hisduty to his people.One can think of the arrogant head of the then victorious state crying, likeHenry the Second of England of another prelate: "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?" But in Belgium no one dared. The Cardinal was like a granite rockon our New England coast. The surf dashes over it, storm clouds surround it, but inthe end the sun breaks through and the crag stands serene, unharmed, immutable.The University, in honoring our guest today, feels that it is itself honored, andit rejoices to join with other American institutions of learning in claiming him as itsson. Members and guests of the University, the Cardinal.The Cardinal was received with great enthusiasm and spoke asfollows:Mr. President, Colleagues, Friends, Ladies and .Gentlemen, and Students of theUniversity:When I left my country some weeks ago, one of my first ideas was to bring to theinstitutions of higher learning in the United States a tribute of my admiration and ofmy fraternal sympathy. I knew since my youth that the universities are the powerfullevers for intellectual and moral improvement.I have spent twenty-five years of my life as professor in the University of Louvain,and now that that center of science and morality has been so greatly damaged, I havefelt a special wish to be in touch with your living and flourishing centers of intellectualactivity. And therefore I am so happy to be here today. I thank the Chancellor andthe President of this University for having invited me to come here. I thank themespecially for the great honor I have received from their hands, to be enrolled on thelist of their illustrious alumni, and to be considered as one of them. On my side Ishall keep this diploma with respect and gratitude, not only as a symbol of esteem formy country, but, I think I may say, as a wish of stronger friendship and love betweenour University of Louvain and this one — between our country and your country.I know what the universities have done during those four years in molding publicopinion and in nourishing patriotism in your country. Last night I had the opportunity of telling before a great meeting that America could not enter into the war until326 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpublic opinion was won to the idea, and I think I say what the reality is, when I saythat the universities of America — very especially the University of Chicago — wereamong the chief factors in forming public opinion for our common cause and makingpossible the final triumph against the Central Empires. Therefore I offer to theUniversity of Chicago the tribute not only of admiration but of deep gratitude.I should like to say a few words to the young students here present and to thosewho did not find a place in this hall. I should like to say what is the most impressiveresult of the war on my country. I consider the young men of our universities, of ourseminaries, and of our colleges — I consider them as the great hope of Christian civilization for the future, and I like to tell them that I think never in history a generation hasrisen which has received from the events of the time and finally from God's Providence,more clear, more strong lessons of education than they have received and you havereceived during this war.You have had before your eyes two banners, one banner which was stained withinnocent blood, darkened with poisoned gases, and blackened by the ashes of all thechurches and schools burned and destroyed during this war. And on the other banneryou have seen and you have read, and you may read every day, the words of self-sacrifice for justice, for righteousness, for honesty, and for truth.Young students, you are to make your choice in your souls from this moment andfor the future, and I am sure you will follow the example of your great nation ofAmerica, and you will for the future understand that life is not given you to enjoy atthis present time, but that life is given to you to fulfil a duty, and your duty is thesacrifice of all that duty requires from you for the welfare of Christian civilization.This, my dear young people, is my wish, this is the matter of my prayers for you,this is our hope for the noble advancement of your university, of your great nation,and for the whole civilization of the Christian world.Accept these brief words as the expression of my intimate feelings. When I shallgo home I shall take with me the remembrance of this so distinguished gathering. Ishall say to my people how I have been welcomed in this great scientific institution ofChicago. And I am sure, when I shall tell them something of what I have seen withmy own eyes, something of what I have heard here, something of what I have beenwitness of, my people will be encouraged and will have for you something of the deepfeeling of esteem, gratitude, admiration, and I may say of love, that I have in myheart now and will have in the future for you all, for Chicago, and especially for thisUniversity of Chicago.After the Cardinal's address the President announced the gift oftwo rare books to the Cardinal for the University of Louvain and introduced Dr. Frank Wakely Gunsaulus to make the presentation on behalfof the Armour Institute of Technology and of the University. WhenDr. Gunsaulus presented the books to him the Cardinal rose and examined them with undisguised interest, and the picture of these two accomplished book-lovers with the old books between them was a striking andmemorable one. In presenting the books Dr. Gunsaulus said:Your Eminence, Cardinal Mercier, on that terrible night in Louvain, when thewinds were carrying the leaves of your precious manuscripts hither and thither, andwhen the leaves of not less precious books were being borne to destruction, crispingCARDINAL MERCIER AT THE UNIVERSITY 3^7with flame, there were at least two rare and ancient books which we are certainnow from the study of your catalogue, and from closer understanding of the eventsof that evening of terror, fire, and destruction, were among those which have goneforever.The first of these books was one of six copies which the world possesses, the Catholi-con of Balbus. I have no doubt, Sir, but that your own hands have touched in otherdays another copy of this great work. It was printed, as I need not tell His Eminence, but the audience may desire to know, in 1466, from wooden type broughtfrom your own Belgium to a printing press in Venice. It represents that mightymovement in which the university of which you have been so shining a light playedsuch a prominent part. That university possessed very many specimens of rare andvaluable books. No one can know, my friends, except this great guest of this University, what has been the loss and how deep the wound to him and to learning on thatnight of destruction in Louvain.The University of Chicago, from its incunabula, containing more than one hundredspecimens, has selected this, its finest volume, to send by your hands to your university,that there may be begun now, if it has not been begun earlier, such a collection as willremind you of the great days of the past. And I have the honor, in the name of theArmour Institute of Technology, which contributed hundreds of engineers to thewinning of the great war between autocracy and democracy, to present to your Eminence, for the University of Louvain, the first edition of Euclid's Elements, printed in1482. With it we present also our great esteem and our profound affection.In accepting the books from Dr. Gunsaulus, the Cardinal said:My colleagues, I need not say to you that I am deeply moved, not only by yourgenerosity, but especially by this disposition to give us two of your own most importantvolumes for the use of our library. This generosity and great kindness of heart touchesme deeply, and I shall be your spokesman to my colleagues in the University of Louvain,who, I am sure, will be moved as I am by this attention.When at the close, of the "Star-Spangled Banner" the organ struckinto the Belgian national anthem, the Cardinal's face was seen to brightenwith interest and pleasure. A moment later in a low, hardly audible,voice he pronounced the simplest of Latin benedictions and broughtthe one hundred and thirteenth convocation to a close. And it isas a. benediction that his presence at the University will always beremembered.THE PENDING DEVELOPMENTS ANDIMMEDIATE NEEDS OFTHE UNIVERSITYBy PRESIDENT HARRY PRATT JUDSON[A preprint from the Annual Report of the President of the University for 1918-19]I. New organizations now pending:1. THE MEDICAL SCHOOLSIn 191 6 the Board of Trustees adopted a plan for the organizationof medical schools in the University. This plan contemplated twodistinct schools, one on the Midway, and the other on the West Side,the latter based on Rush Medical College. It included also definiteplans for research.The University of Chicago Medical School in the quadrangles of theUniversity on the Midway will provide for a four years' course leadingto the degree of Doctor of Medicine. A Bachelor's degree in a reputablecollege will be a prerequisite for admission, but due credit will be givenfor medical work done previous to graduation from the college.Members of the Faculty of the Medical School will give their entiretime to instruction and research, their practice being practically limitedto the University Hospital. A hospital building will be erected in thequadrangles, with a dispensary adjoining. Clinical work will be conducted in connection with these buildings. The* fundamental medicalscience will continue in the main as heretofore in the existing Universitylaboratories and in their extensions. Rush Medical College will bereorganized as the Rush Graduate Medical School of the University ofChicago. The work conducted in this school will be limited to theinstruction of students who already hold the degree of Doctor ofMedicine. It will be intended for the benefit of practitioners whodesire to improve their knowledge in particular subjects, and also forthose who desire to become specialists. The Faculty will be partly onthe full-time plan and in part will consist of eminent medical practitioners in the city who will give a portion of their time to instruction inthe School. The present building of Rush Medical College will bereplaced by a modern medical laboratory. Contracts of affiliation havealready been made with the McCormick Memorial Institute and theSprague Memorial Institute. These two institutes will conduct their328DEVELOPMENTS AND NEEDS OF THE UNIVERSITY 329research activities in connection with both schools and under the generaldirection of the University. Other provisions for medical research areexpected to be added to these.I 2.. RESEARCH INSTITUTE'SFor special work in the encouragement of research, plans have beenadopted for the organization of certain institutes for which funds havebeen provided and fo^ which it is expected that funds will be provided.The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago will conductresearch especially in the Near East in archaeology. The recent politicalchanges in that part of the world, it is believed, will make it possible tocarry on investigations which have heretofore been, to say the least,extremely difficult. Professor James H. Breasted, Chairman of theDepartment of Oriental Languages and Literatures, has been appointedDirector of the Institute and has been given leave [of absence for the year1919-20 in order to pursue active work in the field. Funds have beenprovided for this work by the generosity of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.The Board of Trustees has approved the formation of a ResearchInstitute in Physics and Chemistry, and plans are under way for thedevelopment of the work in question. The immediate need for thefirst step toward this organization is the provision of adequate facilitiesin the Department of Chemistry in the way of a building in which canbe housed research work and the most advanced graduate work. KentChemical Laboratory, already greatly overcrowded, will be given overto the instruction of undergraduates in Chemistry.The arrangement with the Sprague and McCormick research institutes will form the basis of research in the medical departments.3. GIFTS ALREADY MADE FOR RESEARCH*The Gustavus F.Swift Fellowship in Chemistry, endowed by Mrs. Gus-tavus F. Swift, Chicago, as a memorial of her husband, Gustavus F.Swift. It yields about $770 to the incumbent annually appointed, andis awarded for especial ability in research on the nomination of theDepartment of Chemistry and the recommendation of the Presidentof the UniversityThe Hoskins Fellowship in Chemistry, which yields $400 for the year1919-20, and is awarded to a * student pursuing research work inChemistry.1 On the organization of the Medical School the research fellowships in medicineand in surgery will be awarded. The fellowship in Bacteriology and in Pathology isawarded in alternate years.33° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Home Economics Fellowships, which yield $600 to students inthe Department of Home Economics for the year 1919-20. Candidatespresent evidence of graduate work in an institution of high standing.A part of the time of the women awarded these fellowships is to bespent in research in nutrition or related fields.The American Council of Research Fellowships in Physics andChemistry, provided by the Rockefeller Foundation, are awarded by theAmerican Council of Research. Fellows may choose the institution inwhich they desire to pursue research. Applications are made to theAmerican Council of Research, Washington, D.C.The Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Logan Research Fellowships, endowedby Mr. Frank G. Logan, are available for research in Medicine, Surgery,and Bacteriology and Pathology. Each fellowship affords an annualstipend of $1,000.Two industrial fellowships in the Department of Botany have beenestablished by the Gypsum Industries Association at the University ofChicago. Each fellowship provides a stipend of $750 and also $300 forthe purchase of special material and apparatus.The Fleischmann Company has renewed the fellowship in the Department of Physiological Chemistry, which was established in 1917. Theincome of the fellowship provides $750 a year for two years.It has from the first been the policy of the University to encourageresearch in all departments so far as circumstances have allowed. Inorder, however, to insure the conduct of investigation on an adequatebasis it is necessary that endowments be provided which are devotedwholly to research. The continued increase in the number of undergraduate students necessarily draws income from the endowment fundsfor imperative undergraduate instruction. Thus the inevitable tendencyis to increase the funds spent on undergraduates, thereby lessening thefunds available for advanced graduate work and for research,II. New buildings already authorized by the Board of Trustees, forwhich funds have been given:1. THE ALBERT MERRITT BILLINGS HOSPITALThe sum of $1,000,000 has been given the University by members ofthe Billings family for the erection of a, hospital building to be used forteaching and research. This building will be erected in the quadranglesof the University and will accommodate approximately 250 beds.Mr. Charles. A. Coolidge, of Boston, has been appointed architect, andDr. Winford Smith, director of the Johns Hopkins Hospital at Baltimore, Maryland, has been appointed consultant.DEVELOPMENTS AND NEEDS OF THE UNIVERSITY 3312. THE MAX EPSTEIN DISPENSARYMr. and Mrs. Max Epstein have given $100,000 for the building ofa dispensary to be erected in proximity to the hospital.3. THE RAWSON LABORATORYMr. Fred H. Rawson, of Chicago, has given $300,000 for a medicallaboratory to be erected in connection with the Presbyterian Hospitalfor the conduct of graduate work in medicine.4. THE UNIVERSITY CHAPELIn the final gift of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, December, 1910, it wasstipulated that $1,500,000 should be reserved for the erection of aUniversity Chapel. Mr. Bertram A. Goodhue, of New York, has beenappointed architect, and the plans are proceeding steadily. The building will be erected on the east side of the block in which the President'shouse stands. It is expected that this building will be adapted for allgeneral religious services, and for such formal services as the variousconvocations. It is hoped to make it a beautiful specimen of Gothicarchitecture. The tower above the crossing will rise approximately 216feet from the ground. The highest towers at present on the quadranglesare those of the Harper Memorial Library, whose height is 135 feet.The height of the Mitchell Tower is 127 feet, 3 inches.5. THE THEOLOGY BUILDINGIn 1916 a fund of $200,000 was given to the University by a donor,whose name is withheld, for the erection of a building for theologicalinstruction. The firm of Coolidge and Hodgdon were designated asarchitects of this building and the plans are practically completed atthe present time. The site will be immediately north of Haskell OrientalMuseum, the Theology Building thus being a counterpart of RosenwaldHall, facing the central quadrangle.6. THE BOND MEMORIAL CHAPEL FOR THE DIVINITY SCHOOLIn 1916 Mrs. Joseph Bond gave the University $50,000 for theerection of a chapel building suitable to the needs of the Divinity School.Messrs. Coolidge and Hodgdon were appointed architects. The buildingwill be erected on the north side of the quadrangles formed by theDivinity dormitories to the west, the Classics Building, and (ultimately)the Modern Language Building on the south and Haskell OrientalMuseum on the east. It will be connected by a cloister with theTheology Building. The plans are practically completed, and the littlechapel will be a beautiful addition to the quadrangles.332 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD7. THE QUADRANGLE CLUBBy the contract between the University and the Quadrangle Club,in accordance with which the present property of the Club was transferred to the University, it was agreed that the University should erecta new clubhouse costing not less than $100,000. This building will beerected on the corner of Fifty-seventh Street and University Avenue,immediately opposite the Reynolds Club. Mr. Howard Shaw, of Chicago,is the architect. The plans are practically complete. Owing to the present condition of the building industry it will no doubt require more thanthe ordinary time for the erection of these buildings, but constructionwill not be long delayed.The funds provided for the foregoing seven buildings now total$3,250,000.III. Buildings now needed, but for which funds have not yet beenprovided:1. A RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYKent Chemical Laboratory is overcrowded with students. Theneed of developing research in Chemistry has become increasinglyimportant. In order to adapt the work of the department as it nowexists and to develop it along research fines, there is needed a buildingfully equipped which will house the research work and.advanced graduatework, thus leaving Kent Chemical Laboratory for the ordinary purposesof the department. Such a building as is needed would cost perhapsabout $350,000 and would be erected directly west of Kent ChemicalLaboratory. ¦ ,¦2. THE MODERN LANGUAGE BUILDING3. THE HISTORICAL GROUP BUILDINGThese two buildings, the first on the west and the second on the e^st,will complete the group of which the Harper Memorial Library is thecenter. The Library is overcrowded, and the qompletion of the groupis a very pressing necessity. The original estimate some years ago was$200,000 for each of these two buildings. Of course under the presenteconomic conditions the cost will be greatly in excess of that.4. THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGAt present the administrative offices are distributed through differentbuildings and are more or less crowded and inconvenient. With thepresent number of students it would add greatly to the efficiency ofadministrative work if the building so long desired could be erected.A suitable building providing not merely for present needs but for futureDEVELOPMENTS AND NEEDS OF THE UNIVERSITY 333development of the University would cost not less than $500,000. Thegenerous gift of Mr. Andrew MacLeish of $100,000 could be applied tothis purpose.5. A BUILDING FOR THE UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL6. A BUILDING FOR THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION GYMNASIUMThe School of Education Quadrangle is incomplete. Emmons BlaineHall is well adapted to the purposes of the College of Education and ofthe Elementary School. Henry Holmes Belfield Hall provides for a part,but for only a part, of the work of the University High School. Theefficiency of that interesting laboratory school would be greatly increasedshould it be adequately housed.The present temporary gymnasium used by the two laboratoryschools has long since been out of date and should be replaced by anadequate modern structure, permanent in character.The High-School building would call for probably $500,000 and thegymnasium might be erected for $250,000.7. STUDENTS' OBSERVATORYA small building is needed for a students' observatory to be erectedat some convenient place in. the quadrangles. This of course is not forresearch and does not require the extreme accuracy of constructionrequisite in the Yerkes Observatory at Williams Bay. Perhaps astudents' observatory could be constructed for $50,000.8. RESIDENCE HALLS FOR WOMEN9. RESIDENCE HALLS FOR MENThe housing question is becoming a serious one. During the warvery little building has been done in the vicinity of the University.Meanwhile the increase of non-University population has been considerable, and the increased number of students which came when peace conditions returned calls for additional living facilities. It is extremelynecessary that the University should at once extend very largely itscapacities along this line. The Board of Trustees has authorized theCommittee on Buildings and Grounds to obtain plans for the newwomen's quadrangle of resident halls to be erected immediately north ofIda Noyes Hall. Similar plans must be obtained for the men's quadrangle, which will be in one of the blocks west of the Cobb Hall group.10. UNIVERSITY COLLEGEThe interesting work of University College in the loop districtprovides instruction now for over a thousand adult students. This workhas been growing and should be provided with permanent quarters. A334 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbuilding suitable for the instruction conducted in the central part of thecity will very greatly facilitate the service which the University mayrender to men and women who are engaged in some business or professional occupation, but who nevertheless are able to continue theirstudies in the classes provided by University College in the evening,late afternoon, and on Saturdays.IV. Additional endowment needed:It is of course a common impression that the University of Chicagohas such large funds that it can have no further needs in the way ofendowments. Those conversant with endowments, however, are awarethat the endowments of all universities are limited to specific purposes,and therefore that the Board of Trustees is not free to divert funds atwill from one object to another. That is distinctly true of the Universityof Chicago. Its endowments have been in the past adequate to carryon certain specific activities, and enlargement of its functions requiresadditional funds.The enormous economic changes since 19 14 have been such as toreduce the purchasing power of the income received by the Universityfrom its investments. That income has not materially increased inamount, and, as has been said, has materially decreased in what can bedone with it. In other words the dollar, as everybody understands,does not now buy what the dollar could buy five years ago. It followsthat the University needs further endowment, first, to carry on itspresent activities, and secondly, in order to carry out the importantdevelopments of the immediate future.1. The Board of Trustees has been able recently to add a little over$100,000 to the annual budget for increasing the salaries of the teachingstaff. While this afforded a substantial relief from a difficult situation,at the same time there is need of a material addition for the coming yearin order to bring the budget up to actual need. This will require anadditional endowment of perhaps $2,000,000.2. In 1916-17 a fund of approximately $5,500,000 was secured forthe development of the medical schools of the University. Of this fundabout $4,000,000 were set aside for endowment. The very great increasein the cost of material and of living is such that in order to establishthese schools on a sound basis it is obvious that additional endowmentshould be provided, Not less than $2^000,000 more should be in handby the time of the opening of the schools.3. A detailed statement has been made in the foregoing paragraphsshowing the immediate need of the University for the construction ofDEVELOPMENTS AND NEEDS OF THE UNIVERSITY 335new buildings. In order to carry on the present work of the Universityand that which should come in the immediate future, these buildingsmust be provided, but all educational administrators know that the costof maintenance of new buildings is a material item and is an immediatecharge on the income from invested funds. Therefore for each newbuilding provided there should be provided at the same time additionalendowment. How much' that endowment should be will of coursedepend on the nature and cost of the building involved.4. The definite provision for research heretofore recommendedshould involve above all adequate endowment funds. These fundsshould be provided for specific purposes.The generous gift of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., provides for theOriental Institute for a period of five years. The Research Institute ofPhysics and Chemistry should be the next in order, and needs an earlyprovision for which the capital fund of $1,000,000 would be adequateat the outset. As research is provided in other departments or groupsof departments, additional funds should be provided..The University of Chicago is a growing institution. It has nowupward of 11,000 alumni, and they are taking a worthy place in theactivities of life, justifying the large benefactions which have madepossible their education. The development of the University hasfollowed conservative lines, each new plan being studied with care inadvance, and coming naturally from what has already been made permanent. The needs to which attention is here invited are a pressingcall on the friends of the University for the immediate future.THE SALARY SCALE IN THE FACULTIES OF ARTS, LITERATURE,AND SCIENCEAt the time of the organization of the University in the autumn of1 89 1, the following was fixed as the scale of salaries: head professors,$4,000 to $5,000; professors, $3,000; associate professors, $2,500;assistant professors for a four-year term, $2,000; instructors for athree-year term, $1,200, $1,400, $1,600; associates, two-year term,$1,000, $1,100. In forming the original faculty some heads of departments were given salaries exceeding $5,000, but often appointmentsto that rank were made on the foregoing scale.In 1907 the salary question was again considered by the Board, andthe following new scale was adopted: heads of departments (headprofessor), minimum $4,500, maximum $6,000; professors not headsof departments, minimum $3,000, maximum $4,500; associate professors, minimum $2,500, maximum $3,000; assistant professors, fouryears, $2,000; on reappointment, maximum of $2,500; instructors,three years, $1,200, $1,400, $1,600; on reappointment, maximum of$1,800; associates, two years, $1,000 to $1,200.In January, 191 1, the Board discontinued future appointments tothe rank of head professor, providing thereafter that the administrationof departments should ordinarily be conducted by a chairman, to beappointed by the president for a three-year term, with the possibilityof reappointment.At a meeting of the Board in May, 1919, a committee was appointedto take into consideration an increase in the salaries of the teaching staff.This committee reported September 9, 191 9, and recommended thefollowing scale, which was adopted by the Board: professors, minimum,$4,000, maximum $7,000; associate professors, minimum $3,000,maximum $3,600; assistant professors, four years, minimum $2,100,maximum $2,700; instructors, three years, $1,500, $1,600, $1,700.Associates, two years, $1,200, $1,300. Within the limits of the foregoingscale additions were made to salaries in the teaching staff of the University approximating $100,000.336THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretarySTANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARDThe following standing committees of the Board were appointedat the meeting held July 8, 1919:Committee on Finance and Investment: Howard G. Grey, Chairman;Jesse A. Baldwin, A. C. Bartlett, C. L. Hutchinson, Julius Rosenwald.Committee on Buildings and Grounds, C. L. Hutchinson, Chairman;Jesse A. Baldwin, Vice-Chairman; T. E. Donnelley, Howard G. Grey,Harold F. McCormick.Committee on Instruction and Equipment: Charles R. Holden, Chairman; Charles W. Gilkey, F. W. Parker, H. H. Swift.Committee on Press and Extension: T. E. Donnelley, Chairman;F. W. Parker, Vice-Chairman; E. B. Felsenthal, R. L. Scott, Willard A.Smith.Committee on Audit and Securities: Robert L. Scott, Chairman;E. B. Felsenthal, Vice-Chairman; C. R. Holden, Wilber E. Post, W. A.Smith.LA VERNE NO YES FOUNDATIONThe Board of Trustees has voted that the entire available net incomeof the La Verne Noyes Foundation shall be used for the purposes designated by the donor in creating the fund, without diminution for depreciation of buildings or amortization of leaseholds, the deed of gift seemingto indicate a desire and intention to give to returning soldiers and sailorsthemselves the largest advantage available under the Foundation.Furthermore, the Board has voted that for the fiscal year beginningJuly 1, 1919, the entire income from the endowment of the Foundationshall be used in providing scholarships without reserving for instructionthat portion of the income which the deed of gift permits to be expendedfor instruction.The result of these two actions is the provision of an appreciablylarger number of scholarships for the current year than otherwise wouldhave been the case.STUDENT ARMY TRAINING CORPSNewton D. Baker, Secretary of War, has sent to the President ofthe University a communication of which the following forms a part:While the plan of the Student Army Training Corps was a logical if not imperative step at the time when it was undertaken, when a long war appeared to be in337338 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprospect, and when it was necessary to mobilize the entire energies of the nation, thesigning of the armistice on November n prevented it from ever being fully carriedinto effect. The abrupt termination of the Student Army Training Corps beforesufficient time had elapsed for its complete development, the interruptions due tothe influenza epidemic and to other conditions incident to the early stages of organization, created difficulties which could not fail seriously to disturb the order of academiclife. I am, therefore, glad of this opportunity to express to you my recognition of thepatience, devotion and skill with which both teachers and executives played the partswhich they were asked to play. The proposals of the War Department almost invariably met with a prompt and cordial response, and a willingness to make very genuinesacrifices where these seemed to be required by the nation's military need.In the matter of the financial adjustments which were recently concluded theinstitutions, have shown not only forbearance in their claims, but in many cases greatgenerosity in the actual terms of the settlement. It is a fact which is deserving ofpublic recognition that the service rendered by the educational institutions has beenwholly without pecuniary profit to themselves. The settlements have one and allbeen made upon the principle that the Government should protect institutions onlyfrom actual financial loss. The institutions have asked no more, but on their ownpart have often given more, not only in personal devotion, but in the use of veryvaluable property and other educational facilities at their disposal. For all this service,in so far as it relates to the War Department, I beg to express my profound gratitude.Mr. E. K. Hall, Business Director of the Committee on Educationand Special Training of the United States War Department, in the sameconnection has written as follows:The response of the institutions of higher education throughout the country tothe Government's call in 1918 was as magnificent as it was inspiring. Withoutreservation they placed their facilities and their services in the hands of the Government without hesitation and without thought of profit or reward. They accepted thecontracts which the Committee on Education and Special Training placed beforethem and relied upon the assurance that they would be justly treated and that sooneror later all inequities would in some way be adjusted. They seemed to be actuatedsolely by a desire to serve and co-operate with the plans of the War Department.This same spirit has continued through the period of adjustment and settlement.. . . . This Department wishes to take this opportunity to publicly acknowledge andexpress its appreciation of the patriotic and fair-minded attitude and co-operation ofthe educational institutions of the country which have contributed so largely to thesuccessful completion of the work of the Department.DEATH OF JUDGE FREDERICK A. SMITHJudge Frederick A. Smith, Second Vice-President of the Board, aTrustee of the University for twenty-nine years, one of the originalTrustees nominated by the American Baptist Education Society, andselected in the articles of incorporation, died July 31, 1919.At the meeting of the Board held on September 9, ,1919, Mr. AndrewMacLeish, chairman of a committee appointed to prepare a memorialTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 339of Judge Smith, presented the following, which was adopted and orderedspread upon the minutes:Resolved, That in the death of Judge Frederick A. Smith, one of our number fortwenty-nine years, the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago has sustaineda loss of highest value and importance, and of which we are mournfully conscious.This sense of bereavement relates not only to the kindly, patient and courteousqualities that marked the man in the long period of his service on our Board, butperhaps more so to the conspicuous gifts of Wisdom, Prudence, Conservatism, Fidelityand Vision that he brought to the consideration of the University's affairs and problems.A kindly man, an upright judge, a broad-minded, philanthropic and useful citizenhas gone to his deserved rest.For more than a quarter of a century Judge Smith participated with us in thework of building up the University. He was 3. charter member of its Board, for manyyears its Vice-President, and, as a member of important committees, a participant inthe work connected with the founding and maintenance of our great institution. Hisequable disposition, splendid judgment and energy manifested themselves on alloccasions.In his early career he served with distinction in the Civil War, and endearedhimself to his comrades in the same way in which he endeared himself to us and to allwho came within the sphere^ of his influence. Indeed, his magnetic personality wasfelt by all with whom he became in any wise associated.His memory will always be cherished by those who had the good fortune to comeinto contact with him, and so that future generations may know in what esteem hewas held by his contemporaries, this record of his deeds is now directed by his fellowmembers of the Board of Trustees to be inscribed upon the minutes of its proceedings.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade by the Board of Trustees :Morton Snyder to an instructorship in the Department of Educationand the principalship of the University High School, from October i,1919. Mr. Snyder was for ten years assistant principal of the Newark(New Jersey) Academy, and for two years inspector of high schools inConnecticut.Dr. Ralph B. Seem as Director of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital from January 1, 1921, and as assistant consultant on the plans forthe hospital, from July 1,1919.Dean DeWitt Lewis to a professorship of Surgery in the Universityof Chicago Medical School, from January 1, 1921.John T. McNeill to an instructorship in Church History, fromJuly 1, 1919.Ben H. Nicolet to an assistant professorship in the Department ofChemistry, from October 1, 1919.Florence Richardson as lecturer in the School of Commerce aridAdministration, from October 1, .19.19.340 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMajor James C. Lewis, Jr., to an assistant professorship of MilitaryScience and Tactics, from July i, 1919.Captain Preston T. Vance to an assistant professorship of MilitaryScience and Tactics, from July 1, 1919.Thomas G. Allen to an instructorship in the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, from October 1,1910.John Edward Gordon to an instructorship in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology, from October 1, 1919.Gordon J. Laing to the chairmanship of the Department of LatinLanguage and Literature, from October 1, 1919.Rutledge T. Wiltbank to an assistant professorship in the Department of Psychology, from October 1, 1919.Paul Eugene Klein as teacher in the Manual Training Departmentin the Elementary and High Schools, from October 1, 1919.Theodore Clarence Newman as teacher in Shop Courses, fromOctober 1, 1919.Leona F. Bowman to an instructorship in the Department of HomeEconomics, from October 1, 1919.Evelyn Halliday to an instructorship in the Department of HomeEconomics, from January 1, 1920.Florence B. King to an instructorship in the Department of HomeEconomics, from October 1, 19 19.Sybil Woodruff to an instructorship in the Department of HomeEconomics, from October 1, 1919.Marion G. Miller as teacher in the Elementary School, from October 1, 1919.Sarah F. Pellett as teacher in the High School, from October 1, 1919.Theodora Goldsun Pottle as teacher in the High School, fromOctober 1, 1919.Marjorie Parker as teacher in the Elementary School, from October 1,1919.Clyde John Bollinger as teacher in the High School, from October 1,1919.Ernest Hugh Schideler as teacher in the High School, from October 1,1919.Earl Joseph Belcher as teacher in the High School, from October 1,1919.Edith Ethel Shepherd as teacher in the Elementary School, fromOctober 1, 1919.Mildred Virginia Talbot to an instructorship in the Department ofHome Economics, from October 1, 1919.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 341PROMOTIONSInstructor Arthur J. Dempster, of the Department of Physics, toan assistant professorship, from October 1, 1919.Arno B. Luckhardt to an associate professorship in the Departmentof Physiology, from July 1, 1919.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the faculties:Carl Kinsley, Professor in the Department of Physics, effectiveJuly 14,1919.Clara Blanche Knapp, Instructor in Home Economics, School ofEducation, effective September 30, 1919.Louise Patterson, Instructor in Physical Culture, effective September 30, 1919.Helen Reid Goodrich, Instructor in Home Economics, School ofEducation, effective September 30, 1919.John C. Weigel, Instructor in the Department of Germanic Languageand Literature, effective September 30, 1919.Franklin W. Johnson, Principal of the High School, effective September 30, 19 19.Katherine L. McLaughlin, Teacher in the Elementary School,,effective September 30, 1919.Allen L. Shank, Teacher of Manual Training in the High School andthe Elementary School, effective September 30, 1919.Nama A. Lathe, Teacher of Art in the High School, effective September 30, 1919.Fred T. Rogers, Assistant Professor in the Department of Physiology,effective September 30, 1919.Andrew C. Ivy, Instructor in the Department of Physiology, effective September 30, 1919.MISCELLANEOUSAn appropriation has been made for purchases for Haskell OrientalMuseum.Under the will of the late La Verne Noyes, the donor of Ida Noyes.Hall and the creator of the La Verne Noyes Foundation, paintings, otherworks of art, furniture, rugs, and household furnishings suitable forIda Noyes Hall were bequeathed to the University.The University has purchased the property at the northeast cornerof Fifty-sixth Street and Greenwood Avenue, immediately north ofStagg Field.342 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. Lessing Rosenthal, of Chicago, has given to the University acollection of 551 volumes in classical philology; philosophy; foreign,especially German, law, and literature, particularly German. TheAssociate Director of the Libraries reports that "many of these bookswill prove valuable additions to the various classes or departments towhich they relate/' The thanks of the Board of Trustees were formally¦expressed to Mr. Rosenthal for his generous contribution.In addition to the bequest of $3,000 for a scholarship, reported inthe University Record for July, the will of Mrs. Harriet E. Morse includesa gift of the residuum of her estate in the event of her son, Walter H.Morse, "leaving no child or children or descendants of a child or childrenhim surviving.' 'Work upon the plans for the University Chapel is proceeding in theoffices of the architect, Bertram G. Goodhue. Progress, too, is beingmade in perfecting the plans for the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital,of which Charles A. Coolidge is the architect. It is expected that bothsets of plans will soon be ready for submission to the Committee onBuildings and Grounds.SIDNEY ALBERT KENTSIDNEY ALBERT KENTBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDThese sketches are written to perpetuate the remembrance of thebenefactors of the University of Chicago. Their lives have been builtinto and become a part of its history, and in it they continue to live.Through its activities they serve the world. The remembrance of theservants of mankind should not jperish. Future generations shouldknow, not their names only, but who they were and what they did.One of the earliest of the large benefactors of the University wasSidney A. Kent, who for nearly fifty years was a Chicago businessman and for much of that time a very prominent one. He was of NewEngland extraction and was born in Suffield, Connecticut. The Kentsmigrated from England to Massachusetts about 1630 and were amongthose who soon after that date secured permission to proceed to thevalley of the Connecticut and hew out a home for themselves in whatwas then the remote western wilderness. Springfield, Massachusetts,was founded, and the settlers soon began to spread out into the surrounding country. One company went ten miles down the river andorganized a town on the western bank which they called Southfield andlater contracted into Suffield. The shores of the new town, unlike thosetofthe north and south, rose abruptly from the bed of the Connecticutand continued westward in a succession of heavily wooded ridges alongwhich the north and south roads or streets ran, the chief of these perhapsbeing appropriately called High Street. The township was covered withan almost unbroken forest, so that the settlers were compelled literallyto hew their homes out of the wilderness. Among the first of thesesettlers was Samuel Kent, to whom a farm of sixty acres was allotted in1669, two hundred and fifty years ago. The town of Suffield was onthe border-line between Massachusetts ^and Connecticut. Havingbeen settled from Springfield it fell naturally under the government ofMassachusetts, although it lay entirely within the natural and, indeed,legal boundaries of Connecticut. The people early instituted effortsto have their allegiance transferred, but did not succeed in doing so formany years. In 1723-24 the electors made John Kent their agent inthe matter and in the end succeeded in becoming a part of Connecticut.343344 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThough the first Kents of Suffield were, like all the other settlers,farmers, younger sons soon began to leave the soil and seek their fortunes in other fields of effort. Not a few rose to eminence, one of themost distinguished of these being Chancellor Kent, author of the well-known Kent's Commentaries, the most famous of early American lawbooks.The family did not lack prominence in Suffield itself. Samuel Kentwas three times a member of -the board of selectmen. John was arepresentative of the town in the general court. When, a hundred yearsafter the founding of the town, the struggle for American independencecame, the men of Suffield were among the first to respond to the call toarms. Within forty-eight hours after the news of the battle of Lexingtonreached the town, a company of one hundred and eleven men were ontheir way to Boston to fight for their liberties. Their captain wasElihu Kent, the first of the many of that name who entered the patriotarmy.In 1870 the town celebrated its bicentennial anniversary and published an account of the event in a small volume. A few portraits ofrepresentative citizens were included and among them appears the faceof Henry P. Kent. One of the streets of the village bears the familyname Kent Avenue.Sidney A. Kent, the subject of this sketch, was a direct descendant,in the sixth generation, of that Samuel Kent who was one of the earliestsettlers of Suffield. His great-grandfather, Deacon Amos Kent, was thegreat-grandson of Samuel, the early settler. Like his father and hisgrandfather the deacon, Amos was a farmer, and his son and grandsonfollowed him on the ancestral farm.It goes without saying that the first settlers of Suffield were religious,and that a Congregational church was the first organization attempted.In the course of time the Baptists organized and some of the Kents wereamong the constituent members of the Baptist church. The Baptistsbecame strong, well-to-do, and lovers of learning, and in 1833 established the Connecticut Literary Institution, which has been, one of thechief glories of the town. The churches, the schoolhouse, and the Literary Institution naturally formed a center about which gathered theindustrial and business life of the township and became the village ofSuffield.The farm of Deacon Amos was about one mile west of the village.On this farm on July 16, 1834, Sidney A. Kent was born, son of Albert andLucinda (Gillett) Kent. There were two other sons and two daughters,SIDNEY ALBERT KENT 345all, except one brother, being older than Sidney. The family occupieda good position in the community. They were in comfortable circumstances. The farmhouse was so good that when the boy born in itin 1834 retired from business sixty years later, a man of large wealth,he made it with some additions and improvements his principal place ofresidence. He was fortunate in having two older sisters and a brotherfour years older than himself who had much to do in molding hischaracter. The brother, Albert E. Kent, was of exceptional ability andhigh character and exercised a strong and beneficent influence over hisyounger brother. It is to be regretted that nothing has been left onrecord of the boyhood of Mr. Kent. We know, however, that his youthwas spent in one of the most attractive countrysides in America. Onewriter, telling the story of the bicentennial celebration, says of Suffield," It is one of the very loveliest of the many beautiful towns in the splendidvalley in which it is situated. Its fertile and carefully cultivated farms,its broad and neatly kept streets, its fine roads, its magnificent residences,its superb churches, its commodious educational structures, all evince ahigh degree of culture and prosperity." One of the speakers at the celebration, referring to High, now Main Street, on and near which the Kentshad their homes, characterized it as "magnificent beyond comparisonwith any other street east or west," and the speaker was a resident ofSt. Louis. From this street, which was literally the "high street,"young Kent had under his eye the lovely valley of the Connecticut fromSpringfield, nine miles north, to Hartford, seventeen miles south. Looking westward he saw only three or four miles away one of the peaks of theMount Tom Range, with the almost perpendicular bluffs of ManateckMountain to the south, and a few miles to the northwest were the far-famed Berkshire Hills. And everywhere were brooks making theirway through the ridges to the river. It was a delightful spot in which tobe born and spend one's boyhood and to which to return in the eveningof life.Young Kent grew up on his father's farm, but his experience as afarmer's son was so exceptionally happy that it seems to have been thedream of his life to spend his last years amid the scenes of his boyhoodand on the ancestral acres. There were no remembrances of grindingtoil and youthful hardship, but rather of beautiful landscapes, of happydays in the forests and along the streams, of an attractive home life,and of pleasant years at school. The village of Suffield was small, butit was an educational center, and the enthusiasm for culture attained itsheight during the youth of Sidney Kent. It was during those years that346 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe Connecticut Literary Institution was established and every wideawake boy in the township conceived an ambition for an education. Noboy was more wide awake than young Kent and at sixteen he was astudent in the Institution. Entering in 1850 he pursued his studies fortwo or three years until he was fitted to become a teacher. Whether hegraduated may be doubted.In the spring of 1853 he lost his father, who died at the age of fifty-two, when Sidney was eighteen. How far this bereavement changed thecurrent of his life, the writer of this sketch does not know. But theyear marked one of the most important milestones in his career. Thediscovery of gold in California and of the fertility of the prairies of Illinoisand Iowa, followed by the extraordinary migration westward, attractedthe attention and awakened the interest of well-nigh every young manin the older states. It was while young Kent was a student in the Institution that the lure of the West laid hold of him also with its resistlessattraction and in 1853 drew nim to Illinois. Whether Chicago was hisobjective from the start is uncertain, but an opportunity to teach a schoolled him at the outset to Kane County, about forty miles southwest ofthat city. There he remained for the greater part of a year, fullfillinghis engagement as a teacher. His true vocation, however, was notteaching but business. He had innate gifts for success in commerciallife. The fabulous opportunities in business presented by the risingyoung city so near at hand came to him with such a power of appeal thatafter a single year of teaching he made his permanent home in Chicago.He was without means, apparently, and, accepting the first thing thatoffered, he became a clerk in the dry goods house of Savage, Case &Company, where he remained for two years.Mr. Kent's older brother, Albert E. Kent, who had the same inborncapacity for business, had also made his home in Chicago. Both wereambitious as well as capable, and in 1856 when Sidney was twenty-twoyears old they formed a partnership and struck out on their own accountin the commission business. They dealt chiefly in furs, hides, andgrain. Probably something had come to them from the settlement oftheir father's estate, for they are said to have engaged extensively inthe fur trade, and Sidney made repeated journeys through the near andfar West bu}dng furs for the eastern market. There were few railroadsat that time beyond the Mississippi and none at all beyond the Missouri,and these long journeys were difficult, wearisome, and not infrequentlydangerous.The Chicago of that day was a city of young men. Its business menwere often, as in this case, hardly more than boys. Here was a youthSIDNEY ALBERT KENT 347of twenty-two, one of the principal partners in a business that took himall over the West, as far as the Pacific, buying goods to be sold on theAtlantic. The courage and enterprise of the young business men of theChicago of that day compel our wonder and admiration. Sidney A.Kent had both courage and enterprise in an extraordinary degree. Hewas ready to make great ventures when proportionate rewards werepromised. Since entering business the two partners had studied thepacking industry and, becoming assured that it might be made veryprofitable and gave promise of extraordinary development, they enteredthat business in a small way in 1854, packing and shipping as a firstventure a thousand hogs. They formed the packing firm of A. E. Kent& Company and prospered greatly. Sidney was a natural speculatorbut by no means a reckless one. He had a keen speculative insight anda love for large operations. In the sixties he made a deal in pork whichattracted much attention. Believing the country overstocked he solda large amount of pork short. Other dealers believed he had made amistake and would not be able to deliver what he had sold without heavyloss. But he persisted and carried the deal through to the end with entiresuccess. The final outcome was that "he did not sell a barrel of pork onwhich he did not make a profit."About 1872 the firm became incorporated as the Chicago Packingand Provision Company with Sidney A. Kent as president. He remainedpresident of the corporation sixteen years. He was still a young man,being only thirty-eight at the beginning of this period.His activities during these years were by no means restricted to thepacking business. ,He was a member of the Board of Trade and dealtextensively in grain. One of the most notable transactions in which hewas engaged was the great wheat deal which extended from January,1880, to May, 1 88 1. A number of men were interested, but Mr. Kentmore largely than anyone else. From time to time very large sums ofmoney were required. Mr Kent's resources were sometimes strainedalmost to the limit. It was no doubt during these strenuous months thathe is said to have had his only falling-out with his trusted office man whomade out and signed all his personal checks, even the checks for hisdaily private expenses. It is related that he entered his office one dayand said to Mr. French, "Make me a check for $200,000," whereuponMr. French began to remonstrate, saying, "Mr. Kent, I can't do it,it is impossible. You have only $100,000 in the bank." On this, Mr.Kent, usually quiet and gentle, turned upon him in a sudden fury andsaid, "What's that got to do with it ? You can sign a check, can't you ?You make the check and I will attend to the rest of it." Few deals of348 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis sort have been entirely successful oil the Board of Trade. Thisone, however, proved a very great success. The profits are said to haveapproximated a million dollars, the largest share going to Mr. Kent.Meantime his business connections had become very widely extended .He had been one of the incorporators in 1864-65 of the Chicago UnionStock Yards. Six times he was made a director of the Board of Trade,the first time in 1865, the last in 1883. Immediately after its organization he became associated with the Corn Exchange Bank. In 187 1 hewas made vice-president and later became president of the bank. Formany years he was director of the Merchant's Loan Trust and SavingsBank. He was a director in the Kirby Carpenter Company with extensive interests in lumber, lands, and mills on the Menominee River,Michigan. He became a large holder of stock in the Chicago TractionCompany. He was connected with the American Trust and SavingsBank. He was a director in the Sante Fe Railroad Company, in theWest Chicago Street Railway, in the Union Iron Company, and inthe Illinois Steel Company. One of the larger later enterprises inwhich he engaged was the consolidation of the various smaller gascompanies of Chicago into the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company.He was a director in the Northern Trust Company and in the Metropolitan Bank.Mr. Kent remained at the head of the Chicago Packing and ProvisionCompany until 1888. Finding his time and attention taken up with hismany other interests, he then gave up the presidency and became vice-president of the company. His life had been one of extraordinaryactivity for the entire period since he entered business for himself, aperiod of thirty-two years. He was fifty-four years old, had accumulateda fortune, and began to think of retiring from active business.While Mr. Kent was still president of the Chicago Packing and Provision Company there occurred one of the most interesting episodes inhis life which reveals the man in a fight so attractive and illuminatingthat this sketch would be quite incomplete without it. The storyreveals his attitude toward his employees and toward the question of theeight-hour day which has been agitating the country ever since theincident occurred. It is told by George A. Schilling, a prominent laborleader of that day, who wrote as follows:In 1885 the Federal Trades of the United States convened in Chicago and resolved"that on and after May 1 , 1886, eight hours shall constitute a day's work." Agitationfor the inauguration of the eight-hour day began in the city in the early part of February, 1886. The movement gathered strength day by day and as the time for itsintroduction approached Chicago was ablaze for this demand.SIDNEY ALBERT KENT 349In the latter part of April, 1886, I, in company with another delegate of theChicago Trades Assembly, called upon Mr. Kent at his office and asked his aid in theintroduction of the eight-hour day at the Union Stock Yards. .... He simply askedwhether his men demanded it. I told him that I had every reason to believe that theywanted it. "Well," said he, in a modest way, "I will go down there tomorrow andinquire arid send you word later." Next morning he appeared at the packing houseand told his superintendent to call in the foreman of every department. When theycame he said, "I am informed that our men desire an eight-hour day," and he askedthat each foreman return to his department and have the men vote on the question."Tell them," he said, "that I have the following proposition to make: I will eithergive them the present ten hours' pay for nine hours' work, or give them nine hours'pay for eight hours' work. Say to them that they need not fear to express themselvesfully on the subject, as I have thought the matter over and have concluded to give theeight-hour day a trial."The foremen returned and apprised the men of Mr. Kent's message, and, afterdue deliberation, they concluded to accept nine hours' pay for eight hours' work, butrequested that the common laboring men, who were then receiving $1 . 75 per day,should not be reduced at all. This Mr. Kent gladly conceded and complimented hisskilled workmen on the interest they felt in their poorer-paid fellows.May 1, 1886, came on Saturday, and "Hutch House," as it was then called, blewits whistle at 8 o'clock in the morning. The men were so elated at this victory that theyrechristened the building, and thereafter called it the "Kent House."The action of Mr. Kent in conceding the eight-hour day had such remarkableinfluence that by Monday, May 3, the whole Union Stock Yards was out for its adoption, and every packer was compelled to grant it. But, instead of consenting to ninehours' pay for eight hours' work, the workmen of other houses demanded ten hours'pay for eight hours' work, and when Mr. Kent's attention was called to this he willinglyfollowed suit. The eight-hour system was thereafter established throughout the UnionStock Yards for some 30,000 employes and remained intact until November of thesame year.Mr. Schilling goes on to say that Mr. Kent then went abroad for aprolonged absence, and that while he was away was waged " one of themost extraordinary contests in the annals of the labor movement ofChicago for the retention of the eight-hour day."The workmen lost the battle for the time being. Mr. Kent retiredfrom the presidency of the Chicago Packing and Provision Company.But he had won the lasting gratitude of the laboring men. They elected,in 1888, R. M. Burke to the state senate, and Mr. Schilling goes on withhis story as follows:In the year 1889 Senator Burke seized the opportunity to nominate Sidney A.Kent for the exalted office of United States Senator, and no one in Chicago was asmuch surprised as Mr. Kent himself on reading the papers the next morning. Thefollowing is the substance of the speech made by Senator Burke: "Mr. President andmembers of the Senate: I would place in nomination for the position of Senator of thegrand state of Illinois one of the nation's true noblemen, a plain, practical man. He,as an employer of labor, does not think that the honest demands of labor should be3So THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmet with a policeman's club. Notwithstanding the fact that he is among Chicago'smost wealthy citizens, he rises above his environment, and in summing up the wholeindustrial question, suggests a solution in the establishment of the eight-hour day law.It is not simply a theory with him, but two years ago he made a strenuous effort toinaugurate the same in the Union Stock Yards and did so for a time. When interviewed on the subject he said : ' The fact is that there are thousands of men continuallyout of work, who want a job and ought to have it, not only for their own well-beingbut for the safety of society, and if the reduction of the hours of labor to eight per daywill give them an opportunity to earn an honest living, as I believe it will, no employershould oppose it. And if the men will only devote their spare time to education andimprovement we will all be gainers in the end. The only thing to be feared is ignorance.'"Mr. President and members of the Senate, I wish to say that you may think itstrange that I, a representative of the laboring people, should nominate one of Chicago'smillionaires. Let me say, however, in justification of my act, I do so, not because ofhis millions, but because his noble mind and heart shine through his wealth: becausenotwithstanding a successful business career such as few men can boast of, he manifestsnone of that ostentation, arrogance and tyranny that are characteristic of the dollarkind: a man of few words, plain and modest as a schoolgirl, with all the simplicityof a true American who never held or sought office. None will be more surprised atmy action than he, and he may possibly call me to task for the liberty I have taken withhis name, but as a representative of the laboring people, I would nominate the greateight-hour advocate, Sidney A. Kent of Cook County."The late governor, R. J. Oglesby, in complimenting Senator Burke on his nominating speech, said it was the highest tribute he had ever heard paid to a rich man.The members of the Board of Trade tried to have some amusement for a few daysthereafter because he, a millionaire, was the candidate of the Labor Party for theUnited States Senatorship. To all these good-natured jests he replied that he wasproud of the honor, especially as he had received the full party vote (that of Mr. Burke)without having sought it.Mr. Kent always regretted the loss of the eight-hour day in the Union Stock Yards.He believed that employers generally should have been more friendly toward it. Hesaid that the question whether the eight-hour work day would be a benefit to theworkman and to the public at large would be solely determined by the use made of theleisure time. If it resulted in a broader intelligence, society at large would be thegainer: the workman's powers of consumption would be enlarged and the conditionof our home market improved.If all the work people felt as I do, we would collect a limited sum, erect a modeststone over his grave and inscribe thereon:Here lies Sidney A. Kent, the millionaire packer of Chicago, who, in 1886, championed and conceded the eight-hour day to his employes. He believed its universaladoption would result in a broader intelligence arid a higher standard of life for themasses and insure the more general progress of society.I have quoted thus freely from Mr. Schilling because such tributesfrom workingmen to men of large wealth are well-nigh unknown. Itwas written after Mr. Kent's death and more than twelve years after thefirst great battle for the eight-hour day. The writer of it spoke out of agrateful heart and voiced the feelings of the workingmen. It is, there-SIDNEY A. KENTMemorial Tablet in Kent Laboratoryby Lorado TaftSIDNEY ALBERT KENT 351fore, a tribute most eloquent and significant. It throws a wholly newlight on the character of this modest millionaire, whose heart was wideopen to the demands of his employees, who entered into the completestsympathy with them, who believed in and sought co-operation insteadof conflict with them, and who, a full generation in advance of the greatmass of employers, recognized the propriety, necessity, and justice of ashorter working day. The reduction of the ten-hour day to eight hourswith undiminished pay was felt by employers to be revolutionary.They fought against it, for the most part, with great bitterness. Whenthe issue was presented to Mr. Kent, however, he only asked whetherhis employees demanded it, and on being assured that they desired it saidthat he would confer with them. This he immediately did, encouragingthem to express themselves freely. He submitted to them his proposals,and when they came back with an amendment in favor of unskilledlabor he promptly accepted it. In other words, he treated them asthough he recognized them as partners in a great co-operative businessin which, so far as hours, wages, and general working conditions wereconcerned, they had a clear right to be heard. This was a very longstep to be taken a full generation ago in the democratization of industry,of which in this later day we hear so much.This intelligent and sympathetic attitude toward men who workedwith their hands presents Mr. Kent in a very attractive light. He hadhimself started life as a poor man and he never lost his understanding of,and sense of comradeship with, men who worked for a living. Mr.Schilling says, "The humblest workman in his employ could approachhim with ease and unconcern." He was not only without any of thearrogance of wealth, but he felt and manifested a living sympathy withworkingmen. He thus commanded their confidence and good-will.Employer and employees met each other halfway. And thus simply theydiscovered the basis of all industrial peaceand prosperity — co-operationinspired by mutual understanding and sympathy and a purpose on bothsides to deal fairly and justly.Mr. Kent remained unmarried until he was thirty years old. At thatage he was already a successful business man. It was on September 25,1864, that he married Stella A. Lincoln, of Newark Valley, New York.Mrs. Kent was the daughter of Congressman W. S. Lincoln. For anumber of years they lived on Park Avenue.. Later they made theirhome on Michigan Avenue, after 1884 at 2944 Michigan Avenue.It is said that in one of his large speculative deals, when he wasextending himself to the limit and putting up every available dollar,Mr. Kent sold one Michigan Avenue residence at a great sacrifice for352 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD$90,000, being confident that the final outcome would make up his lossmany times over.The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kent were two daughters, Helen L.and Stella A. Kent. The former married Andre Massenat, and the latterA. K. Legare. Mr. and Mrs. Massenat later made their home on PequestFarm, Bridgeville, New Jersey, and Mr. and Mrs. Legare in Washington,D.C. Sidney Kent Legare conducts the ancestral farm in Suffield, whichhas been developed into a splendid country estate with multipliedattractions.Mr. Kent was a good deal of a traveler. He made three trips abroad ;but most of his journeys were made in this country, and these carriedhim all over the Union. He used to say, with much satisfaction, that hehad visited every state and every territory in his own country, notexcepting Alaska. Many of his earlier journeys were made in the prosecution of his business, but later he traveled for pleasure, evidentlymaking it an object to visit every section of his own country.Mr. Kent continued in business until 1892 or 1893, retiring, beforehe was sixty, with an ample fortune. Forty years had passed since hehad left the place where he was born and bred; but his love for it continued. Suffield had been the home of the Kents for two hundred yearsor more. Mr. Kent loved it. He had never lost touch with it. Hisremembrances of his boyhood and youth must have been delightful, forthey drew him back to Suffield to spend the evening of life where itsmorning had been so happily passed. His father's farm, which had beenin the family a hundred and fifty years or more, had come into his hands.From time to time he added to it till it contained two hundred and sixacres. He seems to have had a reverent regard and love for the houseof his fathers in which he was born. This ancient "house he built over,retaining all possible of the original," in the words of an old Suffieldfriend. And another adds that it is "a spacious, attractive, and completely furnished house." Here he spent much of his time during thelast seven or eight years of his life. In 1899 he made his last trip abroad.His health was failing and for it he visited Carlsbad. Returning homethe following spring, he was prostrated by an attack of influenza. Thisfollowed by other complications and he died April 1, 1900, at his Suffieldhome. Mrs. Kent survived him and continued to make her home inSuffield during the rest of her life. She died in 1913, and the old home ofthe family descended to Mrs. Legare, her daughter.For nearly forty years, the period covering his business activity,Mr. Kent had lived a busy life, always full of interest and of ten of greatSIDNEY ALBERT KENT 353and prolonged nervous strain. He had conducted large business enterprises with conspicuous success. After his death Murry Nelson, a well-known business man of Chicago, said that P. D. Armour once declaredthat "he considered Mr. Kent the shrewdest man in the packing fraternity." It was said of him that "he enjoyed throughout his businesscareer in Chicago a unique reputation — that of a man who made fortunesby his brains, by shrewd speculation for the most part, his deals beingmarked by almost invariable success." It was this element in his career,the speculative, that filled it, first of all, with interest, then with a varietyof sensations, hope, fear, anxiety, confidence, panic, assurance, disappointment, exultation, and that, with these alternating sensations,brought mental and physical strain. Mr. Kent always acted on his ownjudgment, quite independently of the opinions of others. The weightof opinion on the Board of Trade was often opposed to his view, "butgenerally he was right and the majority wrong." And "always," it wassaid, "he was reserved, silent regarding contemplated transactions,unostentatious in the conduct of his business and modest in his successes."Mr. Kent was a member of various Chicago clubs. Of these theWashington Park Club, which maintained a racing course south ofWashington Park, and the Calumet Club, which was the club of theold settlers, have ceased to exist. The Union League remains the greatclub of the city.Mr. Kent was a quiet man. He talked little. There was nothingself-assertive in his manner. He was essentially modest and his bearingwas the farthest removed from the arrogance of wealth. It has beensaid of him that his four chief characteristics were "his love of home,reticence, great persistency, and indomitable energy." But this description of him is most imperfect and incomplete. It cannot be doubted thathe possessed business abilities of a very high order. And his businesscapacities were of two differing, almost contradictory, kinds. He organized and conducted great, conservative enterprises in the line of ordinarybusiness — what might be termed legitimate business, such as his commission house, packing companies, banks— with prudence, skill, andsuccess.But he was equally at home in the field of speculation. He was nota reckless plunger. But, having looked over the situation and decidedwhat the probabilities were, he was not afraid to take chances, sometimesrisking great sums when the prize to be won was big enough. Once convinced that a venture would succeed and deciding to enter on it, noamount of adverse opinion could dissuade him from making it. He did354 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnot invariably succeed. But he so generally succeeded, and particularlyin his greatest speculative deals, as to give him his reputation as theshrewdest trader of his day and to add largely to his wealth.It is said of Mr. Kent that he had determined, early in his career, tobecome rich. It was, perhaps, this purpose that led him into those greatventures that made him known, not only as an ordinary business man,but as an extraordinary speculator. The interesting and rather remarkable fact is that he was equally successful in both these lines of activity.Mr. Kent's purpose to accumulate large wealth, as wealth wasreckoned before our day of enormous fortunes, did not prevent himfrom being a man of unusual liberality. It has been said of him: "Thelist of Mr. Kent's public benefactions would be too long to recount.There was hardly a charity in Chicago to which he did not subscribe andno one can ever know the approximate of what he modestly gave torelieve private want." He was particularly interested in the needs of hisnative town. To its Literary Institution, now known as Suffield School,he made contributions, as did Mrs. Kent after his death. His greatcontribution to Suffield, however, was the Kent Memorial Library.For the erection of the building, the purchase of books, and the endowment of the library he provided nearly or quite $100,000.But the greatest of his contributions was made to the Universityof Chicago. The University was being founded while Mr. Kent waspreparing to retire from active business and make Suffield his place ofresidence. This makes it the more surprising that he should have conceived so liberal an interest in this new Chicago enterprise. The writerof this sketch well recalls the day in the spring of 1890 when Mr. Kentmade his first subscription to the University of Chicago. In connection with Mr. F. T. Gates I was soliciting funds for the foundingof the University. We were trying to complete a million-dollar conditional subscription. We had reached the last hundred thousand dollars,but subscriptions were coming very slowly and we were in a state of greatdiscouragement. It was at just this time that we called on Mr. Kent inhis LaSalle Street office. He knew neither of us, but received us cordially, listened to our plea, and immediately said: "I am interested inwhat you are doing and will give you two thousand five hundred dollars."We had received larger subscriptions than this, but it was given so quicklyand freely, and at a time when we so much needed encouragement thatmy associate was quite overcome and was more extravagant in hisexpressions of appreciation than in receiving any other promise of helpduring that strenuous year. When Mr. Kent, instead of putting usSIDNEY ALBERT KENT 355off and asking us to come in again later, said at once, "I will help you."Mr. Gates's surprise and relief were so great that he exclaimed impulsively: "Mr. Kent, for this encouragement I could almost fall down andworship you." Perhaps it was the very extravagance of our gratitudethat contributed, a little later, to the interest he began to manifest inthe development of the University.More than six months before the new institution opened its doors tostudents Mr. Kent informed the trustees that he had "decided to erectand furnish a building to be located on the University grounds and tobe known as the Kent Chemical Hall." He wished to give the University not a sum of money, but a building. His purpose was to build alaboratory and present it completed, fully furnished, and perfectlyequipped. This he did. The plans were laid before him for approval.The details connected with the work of construction were submitted tohim. He paid the bills as they came in, authorizing and approving allexpenditures. The laboratory was dedicated in connection with theFifth Convocation, January i, 1894, the service being held in the KentTheater, the auditorium of the building. A letter was read from Mr.Kent in which he said: " I hereby give this building, fully furnishedand completely equipped, to the University of Chicago as a chemicallaboratory, for the use of this and succeeding generations. ' ' In receivingthe building President Harper said of the growth and development ofMr. Kent's idea:At first $100,000 had been considered a sum sufficient for the purpose. Before adefinite conclusion had been reached the sum was fixed at $150,000. When the contracts were made for the erection of the building the sum designated was $182,000.When the bills came to be paid, including furnishings, the sum was $215,006, and tothis Mr. Kent generously added $20,000 for equipment, making in all $235,000.At the Convocation proper the President again spoke of the new laboratory, and of the indebtedness of the University and of chemical scienceto its builder. Mr. Kent was present and at the close of the President'squarterly statement sent to Dr. Harper the following note which wasread to the audience:If in any small measure the work of my life can contribute to the advancement ofknowledge and the greater happiness of men; if this can be done in the city where mybusy days have been spent and where my heart is; and if, as I believe, we, who haveaided in the work of erecting this great University, have helped to lay the foundationsof what can never be destroyed, I feel in this work a pride and happiness that have neverbeen equalled in my life.It is interesting to recall that Mr. Kent's older brother and formerassociate in business, Albert E. Kent, had before this date presented a356 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDchemical laboratory to Yale, and that his example may have moved theyounger brother in making a like contribution to the new University ofChicago and even inspired him to outdo the other's generosity.On the wall of the entrance to the Kent Chemical Laboratory is abronze tablet in the center of which is a bust of Mr. Kent in bas-reliefwith the following inscription below:THIS BUILDING IS DEDICATED TO A FUNDAMENTALSCIENCE, IN THE HOPE THAT IT WILL BE A FOUNDATION STONE LAID BROAD AND DEEP FOR THETEMPLE OF KNOWLEDGE IN WHICH AS WE LIVEWE HAVE LIFE.Sidney A. KentThe Laboratory is a three-story and basement building about onehundred and eighty feet in length, with an addition in the rear, knownas the Kent Theater. It fronts south on the central quadrangle of theoriginal University group. It is a commodious and attractive structureof blue Bedford stone, like the other buildings of the University of EnglishGothic architecture, and built to endure for centuries.The buildings of the University have been much admired. Theirattractiveness is, without doubt, very largely due to the munificence ofMr. Kent in the construction of the Chemical Laboratory. He set theexample which later contributors of buildings have followed. PresidentHarper in the address accepting the building said:Everything was planned, and it was necessary to plan it upon a large scale. Mr.Kent would not in any case consent to the use of material that was not of the best..... In all this the standard was fixed for the other laboratories of the University.Had the Chemical Laboratory cost $100,000, the Physical Laboratory likewise wouldhave cost $100,000. The Chemical Laboratory, however, cost $235,000, and so thePhysical Laboratory when finished will cost its donor $230,000. With such provision for the Departments of Physics and Chemistry, it followed naturally thatAstronomy, when the matter was taken up, should be treated in a manner equallymagnificent.Kent and Ryerson were the first of the University's laboratories andthey set a standard which could not be lowered.It must be remembered that this was at the very beginning of things.The only buildings under way were the divinity dormitories and theclassroom building which came to be called Cobb Lecture Hall. Therewas no money for any others. The University was absolutely dependent for the character of its future buildings, whether, indeed, it was tohave other buildings of any sort, on the generosity of donors. Had itSIDNEY ALBERT KENT 357been impossible to find givers who would put more than $50,000 into abuilding for an institution whose future was then quite uncertain, buildings costing that amount only must have been constructed. Thestandard established by these first builders would have been" for manyyears the accepted standard. When, therefore, Mr. Kent put nearly aquarter of a million dollars into the first scientific laboratory he redeemedthe architectural future of the University from meanness and insignificance and gave it permanently that commodiousness, richness, impres-siveness, and beauty which have given it distinction throughout theeducational world. It may be said with truth that the universities ofthe whole country are indebted to Mr. Kent. It has been said thatKent was the first of the great laboratories of our country devotedentirely to chemistry. Like the Ryerson Physical laboratory, built atalmost the same time, it was the envy and despair of other universities.But with these fine buildings to stimulate them to effort, they, too,found generous friends, and the era of great scientific laboratories began.That era may fairly be said to have been introduced by Sidney A. Kentand Martin A. Ryerson.The Fifth Convocation of the University, held January 2, 1894,fifteen months after the opening of the institution, centered about thededication of Kent Laboratory. Professor, later President, Remsenhad a year before been brought from Johns Hopkins to assist the architect in planning an ideal laboratory. He now returned to Chicago asConvocation orator to dedicate the building into which he had put hisbest thought, taking for his theme "The Chemical Laboratory." Theoccasion was made memorable by a conference of the teachers of chemistry representing forty-one institutions, which resulted in the organization of an annual conference for the discussion of methods of chemicalinstruction.When the Laboratory was built it was more than ample for thestudents of the new institution. As has been indicated, it was a largebuilding, but twenty-five years have passed since its erection, the annualattendance of students in the University has increased more than tenfold, from less than 1,000 to more than 10,000, and the Laboratory nolonger accommodates the great and growing multitude. It was builtto provide for 300 students, but by subsequent changes its capacityhas been increased so as to give adequate facilities for the care of 500students. The registration during the last five years has much exceededthat number, resulting in most serious overcrowding. It becamenecessary in the Autumn Quarter of 1919 to restrict the number of353 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDregistrations to 750, which is 250 more than the building can adequatelyaccommodate.Professor Julius Stieglitz, Chairman of the Department of Chemistryand Director of Laboratories, writes me :In the course of years this beautiful laboratory has become quite inadequate insize, both for the housing of vital branches of instruction in chemistry and for thecare of the vast number of students attracted to chemistry by the recognition of itsextraordinary importance in so many varied branches of science and to the life of thenation Since the planning and building of the Kent Chemical Laboratory,two great new fields of chemistry, physical chemistry and the chemistry of radioactive substances, have been developed and have taken a place in chemistry as fundamental as the three branches, inorganic, organic, and analytical chemistry, for workin which the Laboratory was planned and constructed The most serious featureof the overcrowded conditions in Kent is that the development of its research facilitieshas been very seriously impaired and its usefulness .... jeopardized. There arenot enough private research laboratories even for all the members of the enlargedstaff [which is five times as great as it was at the beginning], and the 30 to 35 studentsengaged in research for the Ph.D. degree are crowded either into an already overcrowded large laboratory, or into rough basement rooms which were never designedfor research work and which are poorly lighted and poorly ventilated.The department is pleading therefore for largely increased facilitiesfor its important and growing work, either in an enlargement of Kent,or "a new laboratory which will give adequate space and facilities forthe crowded research workers, for the proper housing of physical chemistry and of radio-activity work — and, if it is large enough, possibly forgraduate work in industrial chemistry — -but that is another story."All this is said to emphasize the importance of the great contribution Mr. Kent made to the University at the very beginning of its history.Well did he say in the inscription on the tablet of dedication in theentrance of the Laboratory, "This Building is Dedicated to a Fundamental Science." So fundamental is it that the saying is current thatchemistry won the Great War. Mr. Kent builded even better than heknew. Since his day, though that day closed so recently, chemistry hasmade for itself a new and vastly greater place in the world's life. Hehelped to introduce the new era. In doing this he made a great contribution, not only and not chiefly to the University of Chicago, but tomankind. He believed he was making adequate provision for the studyand teaching of chemistry in the University for generations to come.If he were still living, no one would rejoice more than he that the greatness of his contribution aided in that extraordinary development in thescope of chemistry and its value to the world which, before a singleSIDNEY ALBERT KENT 359generation passed, overcrowded Kent Laboratory with eager studentsand made its extension or duplication imperative.Mr. Kent's interest in the University and in the great building he hadgiven it continued unchanged. The writer of this sketch recalls aday in 1897 when he and President Harper, entering the Corn ExchangeBank, met Mr. Kent coming out. He stopped us and said: "I am gladto meet you, for I have something to tell you which will interest you both.I am just making my will and am leaving the University $100,000 forthe care of the Laboratory." , He died three years later, leaving a verylarge estate. It turned out that before finally executing his will thebequest to the University was made $50,000. A similar amount wasleft to the Art Institute of Chicago. The bulk of the estate was left toMrs. Kent and his two daughters. The will provided that, in the eventof certain contingencies, a very large sum should go to the University asan endowment for scholarships. But the Kent stock maintains itsvirility, and his fortunes goes, as he intended it should, to his children'schildren. This contingent provision is mentioned here to show the continuance of his interest in the institution for which he had done so much,and his benevolent thought of the coming generations of the young peopleof our country.In concluding this sketch I cannot refrain from quoting two verypregnant sentences from the pen of the Honorable William Kent, latemember of Congress from California, the son of Mr. Kent's older brother,Albert E. Kent.Sidney A. Kent was a man of remarkable business judgment and ability, and wascharacterized by a great gift of human kindliness. He showed quickness and aptitudein every one of the many lines of business he took up, and had the warm affection ofmany people in all walks of life.What has impressed jme in these two sentences is this— neither of themcould close without referring to Mr. Kent's human kindliness and powerto inspire affection in people "in all the walks of life." He was a veryable business man, but, after all, the things that gave the greatest valueand significance to his life were the human interest he felt and manifested in his fellow-men who worked with their hands, his thought for thewelfare of the young in his eastern and western homes, and his munificentgifts for their education and advancement.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Twelfth Convocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Friday, August 29, at4:30 P.M. The Convocation Address,"The Peace Conference in the Light ofHistory," was delivered by WilliamEzra Lingelbach, Ph.D., Professor ofModern European History, Universityof Pennsylvania.The award of honors was announced:Valeska Pfeiffer, the Lillian GertrudeSelz Scholarship. The election of thefollowing students to the ChicagoChapter of the Order of the Coif wasannounced: Isabelle Randall Bridge,Stanley Hart Udy. The election of thefollowing students to the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa was announced: Dorothy Ellen Erskine, SimonHerman Herzfeld, Edna RichardsonMeyers, Mary Emma Quayle, CharlesGarrett Vannest, John James Willaman.Honorable mention for excellence inthe work of the Junior Colleges: ArthurAnderson, Rena Mazyck Andrews,Homer Paul Balabanis, Merrick RobleeBreck, Harold Lewis Hanisch, HaraldGroth Oxhom Hoick, Frederick TracyMay, Jr., Robert Latour Muckley,Bertha Beatrice Needham, Mary AgathaScott, ' Agnes Warren Simon, EnidTownley, Jacob Allan Weiss. Honorablemention for excellence in the work leading to the Certificate of the College ofEducation: Grace Breckenridge. TheBachelor's degree was conferred withhonors on the following students:Dorothy Marian Ashland, Lucretia JaneBelting, Eva A. Bernstein, Judge Boggs,Elsie May Creed, Martha DorothyFink, Beatrice Jane Geiger, SimonHerman Herzfeld, Frances Bernice Hess-ler, Mary Ellen Icke, Paul GrenvilleJeans, Letha Margaret Lowen, EdithLeanna McEachron; Lucy WhitneyMarkley, Edna Richardson Meyers,Alta Nelson, Julia Christina Nelson,Wendell Abel Potter, Mary EmmaQuayle, William Herbert Radebaugh,Besse Eugenia Rice, Mary Evangeline Robb, Emily Taft, Charles GarrettVannest, Lillian Frona Wester, CharlesCorbin Yancey. Honors for excellencein particular departments of the SeniorColleges were awarded to the followingstudents: Dorothy Marian Ashland,Bacteriology; Eva A. Bernstein, English; Judge Boggs, Education; MarthaDorothy Fink, Education; Orlin DentonFrank, Botany; Beatrice Jane Geiger,Chemistry; Simon Herman Herzfeld,Chemistry; Mary Ellen Icke, Education;Paul Grenville Jeans, English; AltaNelson, Home Economics; Julia Christina Nelson, General Literature; LeRoyNielsen, History; Dorothy ElizabethPerham, History; Mary Emma Quayle,English; Besse Eugenia Rice, English;Mary Evangeline Robb, Geography andGeology; Margaret Elizabeth Rourke,English; Margaret Elizabeth Smith,Home Economics; Emily Taft, French;Charles Garrett Vannest, History andPolitical Science; Charles Garrett Vannest, Education; Tsu Lien Wang,Education; Lillian Frona Wester,Romance; Charles Corbin Yancey,Anatomy and Physiology.Degrees .and titles were conferred asfollows: The- Colleges: the certificateof the College of Education, 5 ; the degreeof Bachelor of Arts, 2; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 53; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 31; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Education, 40;the degree of Bachelor of Science inEducation, 2; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Administration, 3; The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 10; the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy, 2; The LawSchool: The degree of Doctor of Law, 6;The Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,and Science: the degree of Master ofArts, 45 ; the degree of Master of Science,19; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,28. The total number of degrees conferred was 234.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 A.M. Sunday, August 24,in the Harper Assembly Room. At360EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 36111:00 a.m., in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, the Convocation Religious Servicewas held. The, preacher was theReverend Lewis Beals Fisher, D.D.,LL.D., Dean of the Ryder DivinitySchool.RECENT ADDITIONS TO THEFIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKSIN THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO LIBRARIESIn the University Record for July, 19 19,pages 294-98, there appeared a list of onehundred and seven incunabula in thepossession of the University of ChicagoLibraries. Since that list was printedseveral additional items have been received, due, chiefly, to the. generosity ofDr. F. W. Gunsaulus, who has presentedthe following:1. A small volume in modern boardbinding lettered: Folitiani Sylvae sex.It contains six of the smaller works ofAngelus Politianus, viz. :1. Sylva cui titulus Ambra, printed atFlorence ca. 1485, apparently the workdescribed in Hain's Repertorium, number13,230. No copy listed in the Censusof Fifteenth-Century Books in America.2. Sylva cui titulus Rusticus, printedat Florence by Miscominus, February7, 1 49 1. Described in Hain's Reperto-rium and Copinger's Supplement, number13,234, Proctor, number 6^154. Nocopy in the Census.3. Sylva cui titulus Manto, printed atBologna by Franciscus [Plato] de Bene-dictus, June 9, 1492.[Note: The imprint agrees in part onlywith that given in Hain's Repertorium,number 13,129, of which work there issupposed to be a copy at WellesleyCollege.]4. Sylva cui titulus Nutricia, printedat Florence by Miscominus, June 7, 1491.Agrees with the copy described in Hain'sRepertorium, number 13,236. According to the Census there is a copy at Harvard College Library.5. Lamia, printed at Florence byMiscominus, December 18, 1492. InHain's Repertorium, number 13,222.No copy listed in the Census.- 6. Panepistaemon, printed at Florenceby Miscominus, March 10, 1491. InHain's Repertorium, number 13,225.The Census notes one copy in the Harvard College Library. [Note: The dates of printing givenabove are according to the old style.]II. Michael de Carchano (or as hewas more commonly called Michaelisde Mediolano). Quadragesimale, seuSermonarum duplicatum, printed at Venice by Nicolaus of Frankfort, 1487.Described in Hain's Repertorium andCopinger's Supplement, number 4,506.There are four other copies noted in theCensus. As far as I know this -is thefirst specimen from the press of Nicolausof Frankfort in the University Libraries.III. Avicenna. Liber Canonis, printedat Venice by Pierre Mauser, i486.Described in Hain's Repertorium andCopinger's Supplement, number 2,205,Proctor 4,602. There are six copiesnoted in the Census. The UniversityLibraries have another edition of thiswork dated 1500.In a collection of books from the libraryof the late Dr. Mortimer Frank, ofChicago, purchased by the UniversityLibraries in June, 1919, there have beenfound two books antedating 1500, viz.:1. Guido de Chauliac. Chirurgia,printed at Venice by Bonetus Locatellusin 1500. In Hain's Repertorium andCopinger's Supplement, number 4,813.Only one other copy in America according to the Census.2. Jacobus de Forlivio. Expositiones ,in primum librum Canonis Avicennae,printed at Pavia by Christophorus deCanibus and. Stephanus de Georgiis,probably in 1483 or 1484. Described inHain's Repertorium, number 7,241. Noother copy in America according to theCensus.GIFTS TO CARDINAL MERCIER _The books presented to CardinalMercier for the University of Louvain aredescribed as follows:Balbus de Janua (Joannes de)Catholicoh.Large folio,, lit. goth. double columns,65-67 lines, 3721 1, without marks,. rubricated, painted red capitals, thickboarded brown morocco, covered withblind stamped antique ornaments, joints,g.e.j by Riviere. FINE copy; from theLakelands and Morris libraries, with thelatter's printed Kelmscott House label.Absque ulla nota (Argentinae, "R"Printer).The extremely rare first edition fromthe press of the printer who used the362 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpeculiarly formed capital "R" so wellknown to students of fifteenth-centurytypography. By Hain and other bibliographers, books containing this peculiarletter were attributed to the press ofMentelin, but it is now generally allowedthat it cannot with any certainty be saidwho was the printer of them.Euclid. Praeclarissimus liber elemen-torum Euclidis perspicacissimi in artemGeometrie. Colophon: .... ErhardusRatdolt Augustensis impressor solertis-simus. Venetiis impressit. Anno sa-lutis. M. cccc.lxxxij. Octauis Calen.Iun.Small folio, Gothic letter, 137 leaves oftext printed in two sizes of type, witharabesque woodcut initials (white onblack) ; on the first leaf of text a beautifulwoodcut of similar kind; and the marginsof the volume filled with geometricalfigures. Vellum binding, gilt tooled.Editio princeps of a world-renowned bookand typographically one of the marvels ofearly printing. For two hundred yearsbibliographers have vied with each otherin commendation of it. Save for a fewmanuscript notes in a sixteenth-centuryhand, this copy is as clean and brillianta one as any collector is ever likely tosecure. Its broad margins, black ink,exquisitely engraved initials, and clearlycut diagrams are a revelation of typographical beauty and masterly craftsmanship. Ratdolt was one of the veryfirst printers to introduce wood engravings in his books, and his borders andinitials, says A. W. Pollard, "have neverbeen surpassed." G. R. Redgrave in hisauthoritative monograph on Ratdolt thusrefers to the Euclid:"In the course of the year 1482, Ratdolt issued several of his most remarkableproductions; among them the foremostplace is due to the Euclid with its beautiful border and admirable diagrams. Itconstitutes the first attempt to illustratethe text of this great author with woodcuts of the problems, and it must ever bememorable for the skill and enterprise itdisplays in the accomplishment of whatmust at that time have been a mostdifficult task. The illustrations consist ofadmirably engraved woodcuts of greatdelicacy and intricacy. The entire workcomprises 138 leaves, the last blank, andthere are in all upwards of 420 woodengravings, excluding about 200 whichmay be formed from lead lines." The dedication of the work, which isto the Doge, John Mocenico, is oftenwanting, as it is contained on a preliminary leaf but is present in this copy inperfect state. In this dedication Ratdolt professes his wonder that amid thegreat quantity of new and old volumeswhich were daily being published in theDoge's fortunate and prepotent city, solittle had been done for the study ofmathematics, but supposes that it arosefrom the difficulty of printing thenecessary diagrams with the text.LA MAISON FRANACISEA French House at the University ofChicago has been assured, through thegenerosity of citizens of Chicago, including a group of Bohemians and a group ofPolish citizens who desire to express inthis way their admiration for France.La Maison Francaise owes its conceptionto the conviction that in the years tocome the teaching of French will assumemore and more importance in the secondary schools and colleges in the country.More and better-prepared instructors willbe needed. Thus far higher institutionsof learning have been content with givingstudents specializing in French a knowledge of the language and literature ofFrance.A large and varied experience with thepreparation of teachers of French hasconvinced the staff of the Department ofRomance Languages of the University ofChicago that this purely linguistic andliterary training was far from sufficient.Although students generally completedtheir knowledge by a trip abroad, forpractical purposes, they were notequipped at the start to get the full benefitof their study in France. Moreover, allcould not afford this privilege.To meet the needs and wishes of Frenchscholars along the line of general improvement, the professors of RomanceLanguages at the University of Chicagohave come to the conclusion that, in addition to academic instruction, studentsmust be given a practical knowledge ofthe social, aesthetic, political, and ethnicfeatures of the French.To bring this about La MaisonFrancaise has been organized. AlreadyColumbia and Wisconsin have such aninstitution. The usefulness of La MaisonFrancaise at Columbia has been clearlyEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 363proved. Moreover, frequently prospective students ask for just such an organization where it will be possible to hearand speak French outside of the classroom. La Maison Francaise will be such aplace. French exclusively will be spoken.The House will be a dormitory forwomen, for most of the specializingstudents in French are women.^ As in theother women's halls, the residents willdine at a common table, which in thiscase will have a French menu as far as itis^compatible with American taste and theincome of the House.In addition to this feature, the Housewill be a kind of club, a meeting place forthe "Cercle francais" of the Universityand other French societies as may arisefrom time to time. It will have a reading-room open to all students, men andwomen, at fixed hours.It will have a special library of Frenchpapers, periodicals, and books dealingmainly with non-academic subjects, suchas travel in France and French-speakingcountries, sports, fashion, arts, society,commerce and industry, the stage anddramatic literature, manners and customs, etc.There will be also a small museum ofphotographs, lantern slides, pictures,illustrated papers, and books for thepurpose of bringing France to the patronsof the House. There will be short talks,recitations and readings, dramatic performances and musicals, conversationcircles. All entertainment will be underthe direct supervision of the " Directrice,"who will be the head of the House. Shewill live in the House, preside at the table,supervise all activities, engage and directthe servants. The Directrice will beassisted by a committee appointed bythe Head of the Department of RomanceLanguages. "The House is located at 5810 Wood-lawn Avenue in a building belonging to theUniversity of Chicago. The House wasorganized at the beginning of the SummerQuarter, 1919. Provision is made for the- support of the House during the firstthree years. It is expected that it willbe so successful that permanent provisionfor an even larger House will be made.GENERAL ITEMSFriends of Professor George BurmanFoster will be glad to have these indications of his continuing influence. Llewel lyn Jones, editor of the Literary Reviewof the Chicago Evening Post, has prepareda lecture on "The Personality and Workof George Burman Foster," which isalready in demand. The University ofChicago Press has printed a bibliography for use in study-classes devotedto Mr. Foster's Function of Religion.The bibliography was prepared byEustace Haydon, Ph.D., now teaching inMr. Foster's department.The Arcadia Book Company hasasked for short manuscripts of Mr.Foster's, which they wish to syndicate,and afterward publish in book form.Professor George Herbert Clarke, headof the English department of the University of Tennessee, is editing theNietzsche lectures, delivered at the University of Chicago in the summer of 191 7,entitled, "The Soul of FriedrichNietzsche." Professor Douglas ClydeMacintosh, Ph.D., of Yale University, isediting a technical book, compiled fromhis notes on Mr. Foster's courses on"The Ethics of the Christian Religion"and on "The Dogmatics of the ChristianReligion," entitled Christianity in ItsModern Expression. In response ^ tomany requests, Mrs. Foster will edit avolume of sermons as soon as possible.In view of the foregoing, Mrs. Foster,who took his ashes to West Virginia forburial, will put upon his tombstone thewords, "Who, being dead, yet speaketh."As a former president of the AmericanOriental Society, Director James HenryBreasted, of the Oriental Institute ofthe University of Chicago, recentlyrepresented America at a joint sessionof the Royal Asiatic Society, the SocieteAsiatique, the American Oriental Society,and the Oriental School of the RoyalUniversity of Rome. After some weeksin London and Paris, Director Breastedsailed October 22 from Venice forAlexandria, and is now in Egypt.Messrs. Ludlow S. Bull, W. F. Ed-gerton, and W. A. Shelton, formergraduate students in the Department ofOriental Languages and Literatures atChicago, are expected to join Professor"Breasted in Cairo. Associate ProfessorDavid D. Luckenbill, who has just beengranted leave of absence by the University Board of Trustees, will sailabout the first of January to join theparty, which will then proceed to theTigro-Euphrates Valley. The return to364 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAmerica will be made by October, 1920.Under the extremely unsettled conditionsstill prevailing abroad, the expeditionis rendered possible only by the mostfriendly co-operation on the part of theBritish authorities.The funds for this survey of thearchaeological situation in the NearEast have been generously furnished byMr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and otherfriends of the University.Two foreign professors of note lectured at the University of Chicago onNovember 19, 20, and 21. One is Professor Vito Volterra, of Rome, and theother, Abbe Ernst Dinmet, of Paris.Professor Volterra, who is professor ofmathematics and physics in the University of Rome and during the war wasdirector of the National Research Council of Italy, spoke in French, November 19, on "The Organization of Scienceduring and after the War." On November 20 he spoke in Italian to theRomance Club on "Carducci," and onNovember 21 to the Physics and Medicalclubs on a technical subject. ProfessorDinmet, who is in this country to interestfriends of education in the Universityof Lille, lectured November 20 on"Some Aspects of the Bronte Sisters,"of whose lives and works he has writtenan authoritative appreciation. This lecture was given on the William VaughnMoody Foundation.Professor George de Bothezat, ofthe Polytechnic Institute of Petrograd,Russia, gave three lectures at the University of Chicago on November 19, 20,and 21 under the auspices of the Department of Physics. The first lecture wason "The Fundamental Principles ofDynamics," the second on "The Fundamental Principles of Hydrodynamics,"and the last on "The Actual Question ofthe Present State of the Theory of FluidResistance."Professor de Bothezat, who is directorof the aeronautical laboratory at thePolytechnic Institute in Petrograd, was' the chief builder of the aeronautic institute in Odessa and during the war wasa 'scientific expert in the Russian wardepartment. For more than a year hehas been in Washington, D.C., as thescientific expert of the National AdvisoryCommittee for Aeronautics of the UnitedStates government. The latest appointment to the Facultyof the University of Chicago Law Schoolis that of Dr. Clay Judson to an instructorship in personal property andmortgages. Dr. Judson, who receivedhis J.D. degree from the Law Schoolin 191 7 cum laude and his A.B. degreefrom Harvard in 1914, is the son ofBrigadier General William V. Judson,of the United States Engineers, who isin charge of river and harbor improvements in Chicago and vicinity.Announcement is just made at theUniversity of Chicago that the newAlumni Directory to be published underthe auspices of the Alumni Council willcontain approximately 11,000 names,This is an increase of more than 4,000names over the list published in the lastdirectory, issued six years ago. Thematerial for the new directory, includingall the changes brought about by the war,is practically ready for the printer, andthe volume, of eight hundred pages, willappear about the first of the year.Professor Gordon J. Laing, of theDepartment of the Latin Language andLiterature at the University of Chicago,has been made Chairman of the Department, to succeed Professor WilliamGardner Hale, who retired this year.Professor Laing, who has been connected with the Department of Latin fortwenty years, is president of the ClassicalAssociation of the Middle West andSouth, which has vice-presidents fromthirty states and a membership ofabout two thousand. He is also vice-president of the Archaeological Instituteof America, as well as associate editorof Classical Philology and general editorof the University of Chicago Press. In1911-12 Mr. Laing was the AnnualProfessor at the American School ofClassical Studies in Rome.At the recent annual conference ofthe Association of American Universitiesheld at the Ohio State University inColumbus, Professor James R. Angell,Dean of the Faculties at the Universityof Chicago and Chairman of the NationalResearch Council, presented a paper onbehalf of the University, his subjectbeing "The Organization of Research."President Harry Pratt Judson discussedthe paper by President Ray LymanWilbur, of Leland Stanford Junior Uni-EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 3^5versity, on "Remunerative Extra-University Activities." Others in attendance from the University of Chicagoincluded Dean Albion W. Small, DeanRollin D. Salisbury, Professor JuliusStieglitz, Chairman of the Departmentof Chemistry, and Associate ProfessorDavid A. Robertson, of the Department ofEnglish, who is secretary of the association.Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, D.Sc,curator of Indian Art at the BostonMuseum of Fine Arts and author ofnotable books in his special field, gavean illustrated lecture on "Indian Painting, Buddhist and Hindu," before theRenaissance Society of the Universityof Chicago on November n. Thesociety the same evening held its annualmeeting and elected as president GordonJennings Laing; vice-presidents, DavidAllan Robertson, Horace Spencer Fiske,J. CM. Hanson, Charles L. Hutchinson,,Lorado Taft; secretary, Mrs. HenryGordon Gale; treasurer, Walter A.Payne; executive committee, AntoinetteB. Hollister, Elizabeth Wallace, James A.Field, Walter Sargent, and Barrett Spach.In addition to publishing in Novemberthe important new book on The Revelationof John, by Shirley Jackson Case, theUniversity of Chicago Press announcesnew impressions of several other successful volumes: A Survey of ReligiousEducation in the Local Church, by WilliamC. Bower; Principles of Money andBanking, by Harold G. Moulton; TheLife of Jesus, by Herbert W. Gates; TheDramatization of Bible Stories, by Elizabeth E. Miller; and. Principles of Banking, by Harold G. Moulton.The Revelation of John is a non-technical interpretation of what this mysteriousbook meant to the author and his contemporaries, and contains among otherunique features a new English translation in which the obscure language ofthe book is rendered clearly and intelligibly. Of great historical interest is"the description of the different interpretations of Revelation which have beencurrent in the past.Two centennial addresses were givenin August at the University of Chicago-one on James Russell Lowell, by ProfessorPaul Shorey, Head of the Department ofthe Greek Language and Literature, August 15; and one on Whitman, byAssociate Professor Percy Holmes Boyn-ton, of the Department of English,August 20.Dean Shailer Mathews, of the University of Chicago Divinity School, hasbeen elected a director of the UniversalMilitary Training League. The idea ofthe league is to train primarily for citizenship and secondarily for military service.Professor Robert Andrews Millikan,of the Department of Physics, who wasvice-chairman of the National ResearchCouncil during tjie war, has beenappointed a member of the researchfellowship board of that organization.Non-resident Professor George ElleryHale, formerly chairman of the NationalResearch Council, is also a member ofthe board, which has already assignedseveral fellowships in physics andchemistry. The object of the fellowships is to promote fundamental researchin those fields, primarily in educationalinstitutions in the United States.At a recent meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences ProfessorForest Ray Moulton, of the Departmentof Astronomy and Astrophysics, waselected a fellow in the Section of Mathematics and Astronomy.Professor Albert Feuillerat, Universityof Rennes, Visiting Professor at Yale,1919-20, author of many importantstudies in Elizabethan history andliterature, lectured July 24 in HarperAssembly Room, on "English Archivesand How to Search Them."Ten afternoon concerts for the eleventhseason, 1919-20, are announced atthe University of Chicago by the University Orchestral Association. Therewill be eight concerts by the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra, and two recitals,one by Emilio De Gogorza, baritone,and one by Harold Henry, pianist.The date for the Symphony concerts areOctober 21, November 4 and 18, December 9, January 13, February 10 and 24,and April 13. The recitals will takeplace on January 27 and March 9. TheOrchestral Association was organizedto provide the best orchestral andchamber music and artist recitals forthe University community.366 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWalter Sargent, Professor of ArtEducation at the University of Chicago,is the author of a bulletin issued bythe Bureau of Education at Washington,on "Instruction in Art in the UnitedStates." The bulletin deals particularlywith art instruction in elementary andhigh schools, in universities, and inprofessional schools. Professor Sargentis also the author of Fine and IndustrialArts in Elementary Schools.A graduate of the University ofChicago, Miss Helen L. Drew, whoreceived her Master's degree at thatinstitution in 1915, has been madeprofessor of English at Rockford College.For the past two years Miss Drew hasbeen an instructor in English at WellesleyCollege.Dr. Raymond D. Mullinix, whoreceived his Doctor's degree from theUniversity of Chicago in 1918, and whowas an Associate in Chemistry for fouryears at the same institution, has alsobeen elected to the faculty of RockfordCollege, his new position being that ofprofessor of chemistry.A Doctor of Philosophy from theUniversity of Chicago, Evan TaylorSage, has just been made professor andhead of the department of Latin at theUniversity of Pittsburgh. Dr. Sage wasa lieutenant in the aviation serviceduring the war and later was made acaptain in the reserve corps.President Harry Pratt Judson receivedin September the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.President Judson has recently beenmade chairman of the Committee onRhodes Scholarships for the state ofIllinois.The Head of the new Department ofMilitary Science and Tactics at theUniversity of Chicago is Colonel HaroldE. Marr, of the Field Artillery, UnitedStates Army. The Department alsoincludes two Assistant Professors ofMilitary Science and Tactics — MajorJames C. Lewis, Jr., F.A., and CaptainPreston G. Vance, F.A. The object ofthe Department is to enable students ofthe University to earn reserve commissions as officers of field artillery in thearmy of the United States. It is intended to obtain this result with the least wasteof time by providing military training atthe same time that men are pursuingtheir general or professional studies.More than one hundred men havealready enrolled for the course.The work of the Department isplanned to cover four years, but with theapproval of the Faculty it may be completed in three. On being awarded adegree by the University the studentwill receive a commission as secondlieutenant in the Field Artillery ReserveCorps. vIn the summer camps, of six weekseach, special attention will be given todismounted and mounted drill, pistolpractice, standing gun drill, the ridingand training of horses, use of motors,trucks, and tractors, reconnaissance, andartillery practice.Alterations in Ellis Hall at Fifty-eighthStreet and Ellis Avenue are being madeto prepare classrooms for the Departmentof Military Science and Tactics and tohouse the cannon sent by the War Department to be used in connection withinstruction in field artillery.At a recent meeting of the AmericanMathematical Society Professor LeonardEugene Dickson, of the Department ofMathematics, was appointed a representative of the society in the division ofphysical sciences of the National ResearchCouncil. Assistant Professor WilliamD. MacMillan, of the Department ofAstronomy and Astrophysics, was alsoappointed as a representative in theAmerican section of the InternationalAstronomical Union.The Evolution of a Democratic SchoolSystem, by Director Charles HubbardJudd, of the School of Education at theUniversity of Chicago, was recentlyannounced by the publishers. It is aplea for co-operation in developing thejunior high school system."¦ A member of the Faculty of theUniversity of Chicago Law School,Judge Julian W. Mack, of the UnitedStates Circuit Court, has recently beenelected to the Board of Overseers ofHarvard University. Judge Mack, whois a graduate of Harvard, has been chairman of the section on compensation ofsoldiers and sailors and their dependentsfor the Council of National Defense.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 367A timely and authoritative book hasbeen issued by the University of ChicagoPress under the title of The Spread ofChristianity in the Modern World. Theauthor is the well-known professor ofChristian morals in Harvard University,Edward Caldwell Moore, president ofthe American Board of Commissionersfor Foreign Missions, of which he isnow the official representative in theNear East. Special attention is givenin the book to the progress of missionsin India, Japan, China, the OttomanEmpire, and Africa.A striking comparison between conditions at the University of Chicago in1892 and in 19 19 was presented byPresident Harry Pratt Judson at therecent Anniversary Chapel Service.In 1892 the total area of Universitygrounds was four city blocks; the totalarea of grounds in 1919 is ninety-twoacres. The total buildings in 1892 werefour unfinished; in 1919, forty-one.The total gifts paid in up to October1, 1892, were $1,000,000; the total to thesame date in 1919 was $53,506,086.The number of the Faculty in 1892 wasone hundred and thirty-five; in 1919,three hundred and eighty-one.The matriculations October 1, 1892,were 1; October 6, 1919, 79,901. Theregistrations in the year 1892-93 were742; in the year 191 6-1 7 they were10,448; in the year 1918-19, 8,635;and in the Autumn Quarter, 1919,5,375- There were no alumni in 1892;in 1 9 19 there were 11,396.The remarkable war service of theUniversity is shown in the following:The total number of the Faculty enrolledfor war service was 100; the total number of students and alumni in war service,including the Student Army TrainingCorps, was 4,355. The total killed ordead in service were 72; and the totalhonors, citations, medals, etc., were 10.Over three hundred and thirty scholarships on the La Verne Noyes Foundationhave been awarded for the AutumnQuarter at the University of Chicago.In previous quarters more than fivehundred were assigned. The foundation, of an estimated value of $2,500,000,provides for paying the tuition of deserving students who served in the GreatWar or who shall be descendants byblood of anyone in service in the armyor navy of the United States in that war. Professor Anton J. Carlson, Chairmanof the Department of Physiology at theUniversity of Chicago, who was commissioned captain in the Sanitary Corpsof the United States Army in 191 7, mademajor in 191 8, and lieutenant colonelin 1919, has just returned to his regularwork at the University. Dr. Carlsonwas first in service in the United Statesand Canada, in the Division of Foodand Nutrition, Office of the SurgeonGeneral. He worked in twelve campsin the United States and was then senton a special mission to Canada. Hisservice in the American ExpeditionaryForce took him first to England, wherehe had supervision of the rations andthe messing of United States troops inEngland and on British transports.Dr. Carlson also instituted a school forUnited States Army cooks at the Winchester Camp.In October, 1918, Dr. Carlson was inthe advanced sector and zone of operation in France, inspecting and improving messing conditions in camps andwith field organizations; and in December he was ordered to Tours, Brest,and San Nazaire to arrange for satisfactory rations on foreign transportscarrying United States troops. Laterhe was directed to report to Mr. HerbertHoover in Paris, and continued with theAmerican Relief Administration untilAugust, 1919.Under this organization ProfessorCarlson was on duty in Jugo-Slaviaduring the winter of 1918-19, invest!--gating the food needs and recommendingthe food to be imported on credit fromthe United States. In the spring of1919 Dr. Carlson was recalled to Parisand made the director of the division ofthe American Relief Administrationknown as the Children's Relief Bureau.He organized the American personneland plans of distribution, and determinedthe kinds of food, to the value of about$14,000,000 to be distributed to about2,000,000 underfed children in Poland,Czechoslovakia, Austria, Roumania,Jugo-Slavia, Finland, the Baltic states,and parts of Western Russia freed frombolshevik control. Professor Carlsonvisited all these countries in person(except Roumania), paying particularattention to puttingthe child- welfare workon a national and permanent basis.On the committee of the RooseveltMemorial Association in Chicago are368 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe following: President Harry PrattJudson, of the University of Chicago;Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson and Mr.Julius Rosenwald, of the Board ofTrustees; and the following alumni ofthe institution: Mr. Donald R. Rich-berg, Mr. Roy D. Keehn, and Mr. AlvinF. Kramer. The movement for amemorial fund continued through theweek of October 20-27.The establishment at the Universityof a Field Artillery unit of the ReserveOfficers' Training Corps is part of afederal project to insure a supply ofcompetent officers in case of futureemergency. Representative colleges anduniversities are co-operating with theWar Department in putting the planinto operation, the chief idea of which isto co-ordinate the technical and theoretical military subjects with the usual university courses, giving the practical workin one or two summer camps. Uponsatisfactory completion of the course, astudent is offered a commission in theField Artillery Reserve Corps.Courses in fundamentals — organization, military customs and courtesies,regulations, hygiene, first aid, etc. —are being conducted for beginners duringthe Autumn Quarter at the University ofChicago; and courses in field artilleryordnance, topography and orientation,and equitation are being given for thoseof previous military training.The United States government hasgenerously supplied the University ofChicago with a three-inch firing batterycomplete, French, British, and American"75's," one 155 mm. howitzer and agun of the same caliber, all the latestsignal and fire equipment, trucks,tractors, motor cycles, etc., and what isof more interest to many students,fifty artillery and riding horses. Threeofficers and twenty-two enlisted menhave also been detailed to the Universityby the War Department to provide theinstruction and care for the equipment.Opportunities for enrolment in thesemilitary courses are still open.Professor Paul Shorey, Head of theDepartment of the Greek Language andLiterature at the University of Chicago,has been elected vice-president of theAmerican Classical League organizedat the last meeting of the NationalEducation Association. The object of the league is to improve and extendclassical education in the United Statesand to advance the cause of liberaleducation. Professor Shorey has theopening contribution in the ClassicalJournal for October — "What to Do forGreek," which he gave as an addressbefore the National Classical Conference.A graduate of the University ofChicago, Dr. Charles Bray Williams,who received both his Master's andDoctor's degree at that institution, hasjust been installed as president ofHoward College, Alabama. Presidentsof all the state and denominationalcolleges of Alabama attended the installation. Howard College (Baptist) is thelargest denominational college in thestate.The registration for the AutumnQuarter shows an increase over theattendance in the corresponding quartera year ago.In the Graduate School of Arts andLiterature there are 206 men and 168women, a total of 374; and in the OgdenGraduate School of Science, 228 men and82 women, a total of 310, making thetotal attendance in the Graduate Schools684.In the Senior Colleges 474 men areenrolled and 400 women, a total of 874;and in the Junior Colleges 894 men and608 women, a total of 1,502. The totalfor the Colleges, including 152 Unclassified students, is 2,528.In the Professional Schools there are156 Divinity students, 203 Medicalstudents, 306 Law students, 242 inEducation, and 576 in Commerce andAdministration, a total for the Professional Schools of 1 ,483. In UniversityCollege the registrations ar e 1 , 2 2 5 . Thetotals for the University, exclusive ofduplications, are 2,934 men and 2,715women, a grand total of 5,649, which is again of 1,337 °ver the Autumn Quarterof 1918.Two important industrial fellowshipsin the Department of Botany have justbeen established by the Gypsum Industries Association. Each fellowship provides a stipend of $750 and also $300 forthe purchase of special material andapparatus.The holders of these fellowships are toinvestigate the value of gypsum andEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 369other sulphur compounds as fertilizersfor various crops on various soils in the"United States. This work will involveboth plot cultures and pot cultures in thegreenhouse. It will also involve theanalyses of many soils for many crops.The University will appoint the fellowsand make public the results of theinvestigation.By action of the Board of TrusteesProfessor Harry A. Millis, of the Department of Political Economy, has beenauthorized to give instruction half-timeduring tne current academic year in orderto render service as arbiter in questionsrelating to the clothing trade in Chicago.The Metropolitan Life InsuranceCompany has placed at the disposal ofthe Chairman of the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology, ProfessorEdwin Oakes Jordan, a fund for thestudy of influenza and its complications.The University itself has also made anappropriation to the same Departmentfor the study of influenza in co-operationwith investigations in Boston, New York,and Washington.The Fleischmann Company has renewed the fellowship in the Departmentof Physiological Chemistry which wasestablished in 191 7. The income of thefellowship provides $750 a year for twoyears.The president of the Board of Trusteeshas appointed a committee of three of theTrustees to confer with a committee, ofthe alumni on the question of a suitablememorial to be placed in the quadranglesof the University for alumni who havegiven their lives in the war with Germanyand Austria-Hungary. The committeefrom the Trustees consists of Mr. CharlesL. Hutchinson, President Harry PrattJudson, and Mr. Harold H. Swift. Thecommittee from the alumni consists ofMr. Frank McNair, Ph.B., '03; Mr. LeoF. Wormser, Ph.B., '05, J.D. '09; andMr. Emery B. Jackson, A.B., '02. Mr.McNair, who is chairman of the AlumniCouncil, is a banker, Mr. Wormser alawyer, and Mr. Jackson an architect.An alumnus of the University ofChicago Law School, Mr. Roy D. Keehn(J.D., '04), has just given to the University funds for the support of a graduatefellowship in the Law School during the current year. Mr. Keehn, who also tookhis degree of Bachelor of Philosophyfrom the University, is a prominentlawyer in Chicago, having formerlybeen associated in the practice of lawwith ex-Secretary of War Jacob M.Dickinson, and being now consultingcounsel for the Chicago Americanarid the Chicago Herald-Examiner.Three new appointments are justannounced at the University, as follows:Mr. Morris Kharasch has been appointed as a National Research Councilfellow in chemistry, Mr. Richard W.Watkins as an instructor in the Department of Anatomy, and Miss Emma Koh-man as an instructor in the Departmentof Physiology.^ One of the great enigmas of biblicalliterature has been the closing book of theNew Testament. Few people knowwhen or why it was written, and itsspecific^ reference to a millennium hasmade it much quoted in support ofstrange theories about the imminentend of the world and the futility of humaneffort to make this earth a better placeon which to live. The need, therefore,of a sane historical exposition of the bookhas resulted in an adequate volumeannounced for immediate publicationby the University of Chicago Press underthe title, The Revelation of John. Thevolume, by Shirley Jackson Case, Professor of Early Church History and NewTestament Interpretation in the University of Chicago, embodies the latestresults and soundest conclusions ofmodern historical knowledge.The central theme of the book is toexplain the meaning of Revelation as itsauthor intended it to be understood bythose to whom it was first addressed.It introduces the modern, reader also tothe conditions under which John and hisfellow-Christians were living when Revelation was written. As a means of acquainting readers with the peculiartype of writing known as a revelation,a chapter is devoted to the descriptionof this class of book which was currentamong the Jews, Gentiles, and Christianswhen John wrote. The book alsodescribes the different interpretations ofRevelation which have been current inthe past.The author, Dr. Case, is widelyknown for his volumes on The Millennial37o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHope, The Historicity of Jesus, and TheEvolution of Early Christianity.Judge Frederick A. Smith, of theCircuit Court of Cook County, Illinois,who by his will left to the University ofChicago his law library and $25,000, hadbeen a Trustee of the University ofChicago for twenty-nine years. JudgeSmith was a graduate of the old University of Chicago in the class of 1866,arid of the Union College of Law. Hehad been president of the Chicago LawClub, the Chicago Bar Association, andthe Hamilton Club. He also served asvice-president of the Union LeagueClub and was a trustee of Rush MedicalCollege. Judge Smith was a lifelongresident of Chicago and deeply interestedin the progress of the city and the University.A graduate of the University ofChicago in the class of 1907, BernardIddings Bell, has recently been electedpresident of St. Stephen's College, NewYork. For several years he was dean ofSt. Paul's Cathedral *in Fond du Lac,Wisconsin, and during the war waspersonal aid to the senior chaplain atthe Great Lakes Naval Station, wherehis work was especially effective. President Bell is the author of two booksgrowing out of the war— Right and Wrong after the War and The Work ofthe Church for Men at War, and he has *also been a contributor to the AtlanticMonthly on religious topics.Howard Mumford Jones, who received his Master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1915 and gave theConvocation Ode before the Phi BetaKappa at the Quarter-Centennial thefollowing year, has recently been madeassociate professor of general literature inthe University of Texas, having beencalled from the University of Montana,where he was professor of English.A fellow in the Department of Education at the University of Chicago,Clarence Leon Clarke, who is a candidatefor the Doctor's degree, has been electedto a professorship of education atBeloit College.A book that gives a bird's-eye view ofthe science of psychology has beenpublished by the University of ChicagoPress under the title of General Psychology,The author, Dr. Walter S. Hunter, whoreceived his Doctor's degree from theUniversity of Chicago in 191 2, is professor and head of the department ofpsychology at the University of Kansasand served in the war as first lieutenantin the United States Army Medical Corps.1 • 1 1 • oo [ • • I • 1 • 1 I :ssoi 1 : i : 1 ; 1 : : : 1 : 1 : 1 1 :O H VO H ¦^}- ¦* ^d- H O Ch VONIVf) lO CNCO H *•- cON« CO o O¦* 51 5 M.MVO VO •st- Ch O H O VO00 IN VO W HI><N O O rj- COrf CO O co vo Q\ J>. N t-» <N Ch -3- CO 00 'Si- H. vo ¦* -3- ¦*O^ rf- •*« ^i- o^ vo Ch ¦^ o^00 P K hT M oT w 4 coC3OI H CO O <M *- o w W t^ H Ch t^ H H M O CO IN <N ¦ t. CN r- VO r~ CN VOO O) vo 00 •t« N CO H H t>- H CO H3 OO vO vo 00 O it rtoTfOvO On M T^OO CO OO CO O CO N n vo w CO vo O O O -* Ch Ch 01a COMD Ch vo H VO <N Ch oo •sf- <o r- co m vo !>. 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NNtf IN Ch Nlfl l> Ch CO H Tf co N 00 ^ x>.1o iou- O ¦ST CO c M -* Tj"H^ CO •^ H <N VO vo vO °1£ H HChOO H 00 Ch O vo ^ t- Ch tN h O i- "<t H COVO C ) c CO vO t> rj"$3 O vi- VC HCtrl 00 •sf- CO CO CN vo VOa vN CO w rf- ¦*« vO 01 vr co CO vo Ch c» vo OMNh ^ 0 ^- a\ ChOC *- •* O O COO O J> CO ^ 1- vo 00 H CO -* Ch -sf- t>- 1> oa«s 00 Tt CO W ^ 0 co W vo "i>CO COtoS3M Tt ¦* O w vO H r- h o O «vo "k Ch CO •M '¦¦ «t- <N CO oo Ch C h O1O CO c~ vO Ch O O OO H H CO M CO COou -t H VO H H H Tt O vo vO voHc co r- o CN CS d" J^ *- O000 C VO t- H (N C O vO Ch O t- H VC vo VO CO o cCO - M o tl 00 Ij-H CO vr H vo 0 Ch vo co ^ h ^- oo h co CO N CO oo ¦*t ~> ooa -*cr > H w vo oo^ " vq^1-eo vO O vo VO VO t- Ch vo Ch vo i- 1 vo N NN C co vo HVO C ) vo co VO l- tor-. o vo ChOO Jt* lO «N CO vo 0 * H JT- CO ^ f- vo CMS to VO vO vo VO ChHT) vO r0« ^ 00 Ch CO MS«£ H H . H (N h" r? •5?53 00 oq 0 O ^J-vO 0 0 VON 0 l Ch cnvo Ch vo • co C > oc H VO c1 cs vo Ch M <N vr 5 Ch OO <N CO oH VO H £-» <N H <N ' CO CO Ch fOP £ I oT «00 00 VC VO <N H Ch vo -* CO c 7\ VC O M (N 1- ¦^t M H CO C ) f- M H o ? 8rt (N t-» OOVO OI vo -=t CM Tfr h ^ OC f- co Ch vS CO -* O rj-^ vo cv 5 OC •> "* H H VO o^oT (- qjIIISjjt00-3 -ft* ht!P < v«awh< hiB eni-lOo iCO gZ ¦.2 ^ •c C "o^CHer ¦x:| 1 w t 800hi<w 1wK1 "Soo'oO 0U L•si •.2.3COh ' 1 i1PC .cc/ :pp:p•p; osi i! £3 IIIMM <&HP w30_ow2Ph >I1 if 12Ht — » K— 5 H oi H w CO 4 vo Ch-i WH37iINDEXAmerican-Persian Relief Expedition, The,232.Anderson, Galusha, 90.Appointments, 47, 142, 228, 339.Attendance: Autumn, 112; Spring, 200,302; Summer, 371.Board of Trustees: Appointments, 47,142, 228, 339; bequest of Martha E.French, 137; Dean James RowlandAngell, 139; death of Judge FrederickA. Smith, 338; Department of Chemistry, 141; Edith Barnard MemorialFellowship, 226; gift of AndrewMacLeish, 46; Herbert A. and HarrietE. Morse Fund, 227; John BillingsFiske Prize in Poetry, 142; La VerneNoyes Foundation, 47; leaves ofabsence, 48, 145, 230; military training, 138; new Trustees, 225; OrientalInstitute, 225; President Judson'smission to Persia, 137; promotions,143, 229, 341; research fellowships inphysics and chemistry, 227; resignations, 49, 143, 230, 341; retirement ofProfessor Moncrief, 141; retirementof Professors Moulton, Hale, andChamberlin, 230; Standing Committees of the Board, 337; StudentArmy Training Corps, 50, 337; SusanColver Rosenberger EducationalPrizes, 140; Triner Scholarship inChemistry, 141; University Press,142; William Huber, Jr., musical collection, 141.Boynton, Percy Holmes, The WilliamVaughn Moody Collection of AmericanLiterature, 193.British Educational Mission, The, 1.Brown, Mrs. Permelia (Thomas W. Good-speed), 169.Burton, Ernest DeWitt, Newman Miller,186.Case, Ermine Cowles, Samuel WendellWillis ton: As a Teacher, 97.Colver, Nathaniel, D.D. (Thomas W.Goodspeed), 75. Convocation Addresses :— One Hundred and Tenth Convocation: Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, The Implications of Democracy,113.— One Hundred and Eleventh Convocation: Richard Green Moulton, Ph.D.,The Turning-Point in the History ofCulture, 207.— One Hundred and Twelfth Convocation: William Ezra Lingelbach, Ph.D.,The Peace Conference in the Lightof History, 303.Convocation, The One Hundred andEleventh, 289.Events, Past and Future: General items,109, 196, 299, 363; gifts to CardinalMercier, 361; La Maison Francaise,362; One Hundred and Ninth Convocation, 109; One Hundred andTenth Convocation, 195 {see also 113);One Hundred and Twelfth Convocation, 360 {see also 303); recent additions to the fifteenth-century books inthe University of Chicago Libraries,'36l«Fellowships, The Award of, 1919-20, 201.Fenn, William Wallace, George BurmanFoster: Professor Foster as a Theologian, 177.Fifteenth-Century Books in the University of Chicago, March, 1919 (J. C. M.Hanson), 292.First University of Chicago, The Founding of the (Thomas W. Goodspeed),239-Foster, George Burman (J. M. PowisSmith) ,172; (William Wallace Fenn) ,177; (James Hayden Tufts), 180.French Educational Mission, The, 43.Gifts to the University, 44, 45, 46, 134,137, 140, 141, 142, 196, 221, 226, 227,329, 330, 331, 361.Goodspeed, Edgar Johnson, CardinalMercier at the University, 323.373374 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGoodspeed, Thomas W., Charles H.Smiley, 88; Charles Jerold Hull, 146;The Founding of the First Universityof Chicago, 239; Hiram WashingtonThomas, D.D., 262; Ida Noyes, 53;Nathaniel Colver, D.D., 75;. Mrs.Permelia Brown, 169; Sidney AlbertRent, 343.Hanson, J. C. M., Fifteenth-CenturyBooks in the University of Chicago,March, 1919, 292.History of Culture, The Turning-Pointin the (Richard Green Moulton) , 207.Hull, Charles Jerold (Thomas W. Good-speed), 146.Illustrations : Conference with the BritishEducational Mission, Ida Noyes Hall,preceding p. 1 ; Ida Noyes, the CollegeStudent, facing p. 53; Ida Noyes,the Art Student, facing p. 73;Nathaniel Colver, facing p. 75 ; CharlesH. Smiley, facing p. 88; GalushaAnderson, facing p. 90; SamuelWendell Williston, facing p. 92; CharlesJerold Hull, facing p. 113; GeorgeBurman Foster, facing p. 172; Newman Miller, facing p. 186; The FirstUniversity of Chicago, facing p. 207;The Reverend Hiram W. Thomas,D.D., facing p. 262; Cardinal Mercierat the University, Leaving the MitchellTower, facing p. 303; The Convocation Procession, facing p. 323; SidneyAlbert Kent, facing p. 343; Sidney A.Kent (Memorial Tablet in KentLaboratory), facing p. 350.Implications of Democracy, The (AndrewCunningham McLaughlin), 113.Judson, President Harry Pratt, ThePending Developments and ImmediateNeeds of the University, 328.Kent, Sidney Albert (Thomas W. Good-speed), 343.Laing, Gordon J., Newman Miller:From the Point of View of a Colleaguein the Press, 189.Leaves of absence, 48, 145, 230.Letters from Persia, 52.Lillie, Frank Rattray, Samuel WendellWilliston: His Work in Entomology,in Medicine, and as Student of theEvolution of Life, 92. Lingelbach, William Ezra, The PeaceConference in the Light of History, 303.McFarland, A. C, Newman Miller: AnExpression of Sympathy on the Deathof Newman Miller, Director of theUniversity of Chicago Press, 186.McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham, TheImplications of Democracy, 113.Members of the University of ChicagoFallen in the War, In Memory of, 259.Mercier, Cardinal, at the Uniyersity(Edgar Johnson Goodspeed), 323.Miller, Newman (A. C. McFarland),186; (Ernest DeWitt Burton), 186;(Gordon J. Laing), 189.Moulton, Richard Green, The Turning-Point in the History of Culture, 207.Needs of the University, The PendingDevelopments and Immediate (President Harry Pratt Judson), 328.Noyes, Ida (Thomas W. Goodspeed), 53.Peace Conference, The, in the Light ofHistory (William Ezra Lingelbach),303- "President's Convocation Statement, The:at the One Hundred and Tenth Convocation, 132; at the One Hundred andEleventh Convocation, 221; at theOne Hundred and Twelfth Convocation, 328.Promotions, 143, 229, 341.Resignations, 49, 143, 230, 341.Retirements, 141, 230.-Salary Scale, The, in the Faculties ofArts, Literature, and Science, 336.Smiley, Charles H. (Thomas W. Good-speed), 88.Smith, J. M. Powis, George BurmanFoster : Professor Foster as a Man, 172.Standing Committees, 337.Thomas, Hiram Washington, D.D.(Thomas W. Goodspeed), 262.Tufts, James Hayden, George BurmanFoster, 180.University Preachers: for Winter Quarter, 109; for Spring Quarter, 196;for Summer Quarter, 299.INDEX 375University and the War, The: UnitedStates Naval Reserve, 108; UniversityPress and the War: books bearing onthe war, 106; men in military service,107; purchase of Liberty Bonds, 107;War Papers, 106; war work by women,107.Vice-President's Quarterly Statement,The, 44. Weller, Stuart, Samuel Wendell Williston,102.William Vaughn Moody Collection ofAmerican Literature, The (PercyHolmes Boynton) ,193.Williston, Samuel Wendell (FrankRattray Lillie), 92; (Ermine CowlesCase), 97; (Stuart' Weller), 102.