The University RecordVolume V JULY 1919 Number 3THE TURNING-POINT IN THEHISTORY OF CULTURE1By RICHARD GREEN MOULTON, Ph.D.Professor of Literary Theory and Interpretation; Head of the Department ofGeneral LiteratureI understand the word " culture " to mean the share of the individualin the common civilization. What at one time passed for culture — theconsciousness of highbrow superiority which seemed to say "Get awayfrom me, I have better taste than thou" — has long been turned over tothe comic papers. Even high personal gifts do not make culture if theyremain personal. They are rather to be described by. a favorite wordin school advertisements of a generation ago, which for so much a yearoffered education and accomplishments. To make culture in the truesense there must be some interaction between the individual and thecommunity to which he belongs; for the mass we speak of civilization,for the individual, culture. A classic passage in the writings of aneloquent nineteenth-century preacher proposes to arrange types ofcharacter under the three headings "Having," "Doing," "Being."The label c ( Having ' ' interprets itself : we think at once of the man definedby the large account that stands in the world's ledger in his name, whois in the main a center of attraction for the drifting of capital, importantonly as an indication of commodities, for whom length of days is desirablebecause "the longer a man lies out at interest the greater must be theaccumulation." There is no place for culture here. The life of " Doing ' 'may involve great qualities and a devotion of conscious service; but1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Eleventh Convocation of theUniversity held in Frank Dickinson Bartlett Gymnasium, June 10, 1919.207208 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis is a contribution to civilization, It is when the civilization reactsupon the individual that we get the man defined by the word "Being,"and it is here that the term culture is in place. I use the words "commoncivilization" because of the tendency of civilizations to combine andgroup together. In the millennium perhaps the world may present asingle civilization. But it is still a long, long way to the millennium,although I am simple enough to believe that this consummation has beenbrought measurably nearer by the world-crisis of the last few years, andthe co-operation of master minds in the statesmanship that will meet it,a co-operation in which a president of the United States has played agreat part. Meanwhile we have in the world many different civilizations, and these civilizations may blend in groups. A common culturehelps to identify the group, and the grouped civilizations react upon theindividuals who belong to them.Now, another person, speaking in some distant part of the world,on a topic similar to mine, might have a very different message to deliver.But speaking as I am to you who hear me I would say that our commoncivilization is descended from two civilizations of the ancient world, theunion of which has made us what we are. All our art, science, politics-all that we call the secular — is a continuation of processes begun andcarried to high maturity by the Hellenic civilization, reflected in theGreek and Latin literatures. For it is in its literature that every civilization stands reflected. But when we turn to our spiritual nature, we findno kinship with the Greeks ; our spiritual nature is an inheritance fromthe ancient Hebraic civilization, which is reflected in the body of literature we call the Bible. These two civilizations, Greek and Hebrew,developed independently. They were, surely, the most splendid productof antiquity. It is irresistible to borrow an expression from Dryden'sfamous, though rather cheap, epigram on Homer, Virgil, and Milton:The force of nature could no further go:To make a third she joined the former two.Thus, from our place in history, it would seem that the turning-pointin the evolution of our culture lies in the meeting of Hellenic and Hebraic.It needs a large historic perspective to call this a turning-point. Itwas in reality a long process. Three times, in different ages of the world,the two civilizations came together.Greek and Hebrew came together the first time when the conquestsof Alexander the Great forced Hellenic culture upon all civilization, andthus upon the exclusive Hebrew people. After protracted and heroicTHE TURNING-POINT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE 209resistance Palestine was gradually hellenized, while the new city ofAlexandria, named as record of the conquests, became a seat of Judaismhardly second to Palestine. This was not a fusion, but a consciousunion, in men's minds, of two diverse elements. In the literature thatfollows, notably in the New Testament, the antithesis of Jew and Greekrecurs as regularly as, in other ages, the antithesis of aristocrat anddemocrat, or the antithesis of capital and labor. Paul becomes the heroof this historic epoch, because in him a complete education in Greek andHebrew culture was combined with the dignity of Roman citizenship.The second union of Greek and Hebrew was on a larger scale.Antiquity culminates in the Roman Empire: Roman as to the adhesiveforce, Greek as to its mental sphere. And the stage enlarges to take inEurope. This Roman Empire became Christianized: so the process isdescribed by those who speak from the religious or ecclesiastical pointof view; from our literary viewpoint we would rather say that Hellenismwas being gradually hebraized. The fusion was thorough, and createdthe great epoch we call the Middle Ages. We moderns think of Europeas a geographical area in which many different nations live. TheEurope of the Middle Ages was a unity: a single state, its feudal systemculminating in a Roman emperor; a single church, of which the Popeof Rome was the brain, and the clergy a system of nerves connectingevery point with the central mind. Yet forces of disintegration wereat work, and the Roman Empire changed gradually into the Romanceworld. The common language of education and religion, Latin orRoman, was being adulterated by local dialects into new languages.Some of these we still call the Romance languages, because in these theRoman element was stronger than the local influence. In other cases-English, German — the native element was stronger than the Romanfactor; but the process was the same. And I like to fancy the Englishlanguage as likely to gain over all others in the end because, in this blendof Latin intellectuality and native force of sentiment, the balance inthe English language was the most perfect. Thus out of mediaevalEurope, by this disintegrating force of language, there arise the modernpeoples of Europe, and make a common group of civilizations, all havingtheir roots in the union of Hellenic and Hebraic, all drawn into the unityof mediaevalism, all diverging to create, not separate literatures, butrather a common literature in so many national dresses, like a singlelanguage with its dialectical variations.But if the fusion was complete, the two component elements enteredinto it each in a highly imperfect state. Centuries of war had dissipated2IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGreek culture, until in the latter part of the Middle Ages we find scholarsreading their Aristotle in Latin translations of Arabic translations fromthe original Greek. And Hebraic culture enters into mediaevalism onlyin a very imperfect form. No doubt these are called the great centuriesof the Christian church; but they are so called by those who write fromthe ecclesiastical viewpoint. The literature which is the basis of Christianity, the Bible, played a very small part in mediaeval history. Thereis no need for detailed proof of this: it stands reflected in a picturesqueanecdote related of himself by Martin Luther. A university student,nearing the close of his university course, he wanders into his universitylibrary and begins turning over books; to his^ surprise he comes for thefirst time upon the Bible, and finds it a varied literature instead of acollection of devotional passages familiar to him all his life. To cap oneinstance with another, Carlstadt tells us how he was a Doctor of Theologybefore he had ever read the Bible. An imperfect Hellenism and animperfect Hebraism had been fused into a mediaevalism which, notwithstanding its many features of greatness, appears from our point of viewa crude culture.There was needed then a third combination of the original Greekand Hebrew civilizations. What brought the Middle Ages to a closewas the entry of barbarism in Turkish form into the East : Greek scholarstransferred themselves and their libraries to Western Europe. It wasnow complete manuscripts of Greek literature that were carried into theheart of Europe, with Greek scholars to interpret them. With thesecame the whole of the Hebrew Old Testament and Greek New Testament, with a Budaeus and an Erasmus to act as interpreters. It wasthus Hellenism and Hebraism in their fulness that now were fusedtogether. The consciousness of the times took the proud name of theRenaissance — the new birth of civilization. Now, it is precisely fromthis movement named the Renaissance that the modern world datesitself.I fear that some of my hearers will think I have been unloading uponthem some very elementary history such as might well be spared froman occasion like this. But one thing that experience in teaching hasimpressed upon me is how in certain studies it is the elements whichforever need emphasizing. The latest discoveries may be trusted totake care of themselves. What defines a man is, not what he knows,but what of his knowledge he elects to emphasize. The value of suchhistoric survey as we have attempted is that it gives us at once a coherentpast for the culture we are studying. We know the old saying that, inTHE TURNING-POINT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE 211setting out to make yourself a noble character, you must begin by carefully selecting your grandfather. In the present case the history surveyed has provided a coherent ancestry for our modern culture; it isthe union of Hellenic with Hebraic. Here I can shelter myself underthe authority of a great historian. There is a special satisfaction inquoting Sir John Seeley in this connection, for no one will suspectSeeley of being actuated by considerations of religious orthodoxy inwhat he says as to the place in the evolution of education occupied bythe Bible. I am old enough to remember' — I was a schoolboy at thetime — the appearance of Seeley's first book, that stirred all Englandin a way in which it has never been stirred by any other one book. Iremember how a certain public personage, recognized as a pillar oforthodoxy, pronounced Seeley *s work "the vilest book ever vomitedfrom the mouth of hell"; to which a lively writer of newspaper criticismmade the rejoinder, that if this book should ever get down to hell, hellwould not retain it long on its stomach. So it is not theological prepossessions that actuate this Seeley when he laments the "lack of ideal andplan" in modern education.No adequate doctrine of civilization is taught among us. . . . .'• So long aschurches were efficient^ this idea of the continuity of civilization was kept before thegeneral mind. A grand outline of God's dealing with the human race, drawn fromthe Bible and the church doctrine, a sort of map of history, was possessed by all alike.Are we aware what bewilderment must have arisen when this is no longer the case,when those old outlines grow unserviceable, but no new map is furnished ?The phrase, "a sort of map of history," aptly puts the case. Thewildest radical, inclined to chop off the branch'on which he sits from theparent trunk, cannot help knowing that "things happened" before hisday. Not separate "things," not even separate strands of things, eacha subject for a specialist investigator, but the varied strands twiningtogether into a coherent evolution- — this is what is needed as a starting-point for our culture. And thus this historic fusion of Hellenic andHebraic civilizations, with the study side by side of the Hellenic andBiblical literatures, should always be emphasized as the foundation uponwhich the whole study of the humanities must rest.Let us turn to the subject of education. I am not proposing anytechnical analysis; but in the light of our foundation proposition let ussurvey the educational situation. For education seems to be a naturalmediator between civilization and culture. The matter of educationinvolves the various civilizations of the world presented in concentratedmoments; with such civilizations education confronts a succession ofindividual minds open to impressions.212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAt the outset of such a survey one point strikes us very favorably.One of the two constituent elements of our culture has gained full educational recognition. Hellenic literature, under the suggestive name ofclassical studies, stands in the forefront of modern schemes of education; a tradition has established itself that without classical studies therecan be no liberal education. Satisfactory as this may seem, we are atthe same time bound to notice the strong antagonism to this traditionwhich has in recent times made itself felt, and which comes, not atair from persons indifferent to education, but from those who claim tobe educational reformers.On this whole subject two distinct comments may be made. Inpart, I believe the opposition to classics rests upon a misunderstanding.It comes often from those who wish to emphasize the natural and politicalsciences, the exploits of which in modern times have been so magnificent.But the objectors fail to see that these very natural and political sciencesare themselves to be credited to the Hellenic factor in our civilization.When, after the long parenthesis of the Middle Ages, philosophy resumesits course, the modern philosophy and science go on just where Greekphilosophy and science had left off. The most eminent modern scientistwill hardly rank himself in mental equipment superior to a Plato or anAristotle; and the logic of his philosophy has been elaborated for himby the Greeks of old. But early in the modern world two details emerge,so slight at first as to seem accidents, so wide-reaching in effect as totransform all future philosophy. One is the invention of printing; theother, still less noticeable at the time, was the invention of scientificexperiment. In the ancient world each philosopher, or school of philosophy, sought to solve the whole universe at once. In the modernworld, with printing to perpetuate all records, the individual philosopherdisappears; all mankind through all generations becomes a co-operationfor discovering truth. Co-operation means specialization; philosophypasses out of literature into a new medium of technical science; as theresults of technical sciences are put together, philosophy comes backinto literature, the natural medium for integrated thought. So withthe other new element in philosophy: instead of being limited, as ancientphilosophy was, to observation of what happened to occur, experimentalphilosophy makes its observations on material specially arranged forthis observation. The pace of scientific advance has thus been enormously accelerated. It is a wise child that knows its own father: andit is not strange that rapidly progressing science should forget that inorigin it is a continuation of Hellenic philosophy, transformed almostTHE TURNING-POINT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE 213out of recognition by accidents of its own momentum. Moreover, wemay ask, is the practice of modern science up to the standard of its theory^as these are viewed from the standpoint of culture? The stage ofspecialization is fully emphasized. Is there due care for the integrationof specialized knowledge and its appearance in the medium of literature,which appeals directly to culture? As it appears to an outsider, thefactory of science makes complete provision for the construction ofseparate parts; the stage of assembling these separate parts is left totake its chances.But there is another kind of antagonism to classical study whichdepreciates the study altogether and regards it as an anachronism inthe modern practical world. However unconvincing the argumentsmay seem, we are forced to admit that, with the freedom of manygenerations left to Greek and Latin, they have failed to attract a considerable body of those who have been brought into contact with them.My own belief is that this is largely due to an error of policy in the traditional direction of such studies, by which the classics have been presentedsolely in the original languages. I lay the emphasis on the word ' ' solely,"for of course to study Greek and Latin masterpieces in Greek and Latinis the natural thing to do, and the goal which everyone desires if he canattain it. Indeed, at the beginning of the classical tradition there wasno error at all. At that period there was plenty of time to learn Latinand Greek, and* the literature in these languages had the highest culturalvalue. But as time went on the subjects demanding a place in education were multiplying, and the proportion of the whole that could bedevoted to classical studies must proportionately diminish. Thisdiminution of the time given to classical study was a diminution in theliterary element of the study, which cannot begin until facility has beenattained in reading the languages. A schoolboy confronting Homerwith a dictionary in one hand, a grammar in the other, and wanting athird hand to hold a book of annotations, may gain something from hisdiscipline; but what he gains will hardly be literary culture. Thus,while education in general was being enriched, the cultural value ofclassical study as a whole was being impoverished: it remained all it hadbeen for the advanced student, but for the crowd of boys and girls atschool who never got beyond the earlier stages their classical cultureended before it had really begun. All this might be avoided if theprinciple were established that in every stage of classical study, elementary or advanced, reading in the original and reading in translationshould be kept side by side. I can speak from experience. A large214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpart of my work for the last thirty years has consisted in presentingclassical epic and drama to students, many of whom know no Greek orLatin, while others have had only the Latin drill of their school days.I wish I could convey to you the appreciative interest with which — ofcourse after the requisite preparatory explanations— these foreignmasterpieces have been received and the naive astonishment expressedat finding Greek life and Greek poetic forrn natural and convincing." If only I had had this presented to me in English in my schooldays,what a difference it would have made!" This remark I have heardscores of times.Thus I believe it quite possible that classical study may regain itshold on the practical world. There is a solid foundation for this belieffrom an analogous case. In the biblical field the first idea was that theoriginal Hebrew and Greek must be, jealously guarded; that translationinto the vulgar tongue would mean religious anarchy. The faith of afew pioneers led the way; and the vernacular Bible appeared, and in abrief period it captured a whole civilization. Of course, there mustalways remain the difference in kind between the knowledge of the expertand the knowledge of the general reader; both are covered by the word"culture."But if we turn from all this to the other of the two factors in ourcivilization, and from this point of view study the situation, we get avery different result. In the scheme of study followed in our universities,and in the school studies influenced by these, Hebraic culture and theliterature of the Bible are conspicuous only by their absence. Of course,among the specialized sciences are found sciences that deal with Hebraicmaterial. But the question is of the general culture fostered by oureducational system; and in this biblical literature has little or no place.It is dismaying to find such disparity between theory and practice. Ifthe evolution of our civilization has been what has been described, ifthere be any soundness in the conception of education as reflectingevolution, how can we be content with the one-sided culture which oureducational system reveals ? It is not of errors or deficiencies that wecomplain; we note the absence of any care for realizing more than halfour responsibilities. A culture based on so imperfect an ideal seems tosuggest nothing but the striking expression of the Hebrew prophet,"Ephraim is a cake not turned": what is offered for our highest intellectual and spiritual pabulum is discovered to have been done only onone side!THE TURNING-POINT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE 215To begin with, we note not only the intrinsic loss to education of thebiblical literature itself; there is the further loss of its interaction withthe other elements of culture. In cases of this kind one plus one makesa great deal more than two. We have here, in the first place, two of theworld's great literatures absolutely on a par in their literary worth. Letthose pronounce who are familiar with both. In the second place, whileHellenic and biblical literatures are equal in rank, they are strikinglyunlike in kind, presenting contrasts at every point. Thus, in the thirdplace, when you surrender biblical literature you give up with it thewhole force of the comparative method, the most potent of all instruments of study, one which, so to speak, more than anything else opensthe pores of the mental skin and makes us receptive.One who studies in the field of general literature is in a position torealize a loss like this. Literary criticism of the last three centuriessums up as a chaos of contradictions: critical parties forever fightingamong themselves, and continuously retreating before the creativeliterature they attempt to control. The source of all this ineffectualcriticism is the men of the Renaissance, who sought to exalt Aristotleinto a literary dictator. It was enough to make the real Aristotle turnin his grave, for his Poetics was the modest task of a great mind, thesimple formulation of laws of Greek poetry from the practice of Greekpoets. But Renaissance criticism, seeking to make Aristotle's scientific laws into restraining laws for the poetry of the future, was fightingagainst nature; against nature with a Shakespeare at hand to maketraditional laws into anachronisms. Only when utterly routed did thiscriticism, almost in our own day, wake up to the obvious fact thatAristotle knew no literature but Greek literature; though of all ancientphilosophers he was the most inductive, yet in this case it was inductionfrom a single particular. Had Renaissance critics used Hebrew literature for comparison with Greek, or, better still, had Aristotle beenacquainted with the literature of the Bible, the modern world wouldhave been spared three centuries of critical confusion from which we areonly now recovering with difficulty.But there is worse than this yet to be noted. Not only is Hebraicliterature absent from our educational schemes, but the whole contentof the Bible has been divorced from literary form. This seems to meone of the most marvelous accidents of history. Not that there isanything unintelligible in the fact itself, which is easily explained; themarvel lies in the indifference of the world to what has happened. We2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmoderns know literature only in the form of books; and the mechanismof the printed page reflects literary form to the eye of the reader soperfectly that he never has to think about it; it affects him unconsciouslylike the attraction of gravitation. But it has not always been so. Themanuscripts of the centuries before the Christian era are wholly destituteof form: aggregations of alphabetical letters not even divided into words,with nothing to indicate dialogue, or prose and verse with verse variations. In manuscripts like these all forms of literature look exactlyalike; it is a succession of editors who draw from these manuscripts thedifferences of prose and verse, dialogue and story. But a distinctionappears between the Bible and other literature of antiquity. Greekpoetry, for example, was preserved in manuscripts which were in thehands of literary editors; when the advance in the art of writing allowsthe page to reflect the form, this Greek literature appears in its properliterary form — Homer, an epic in hexameters; Sophocles, a drama indialogue and choral poetry. But the Bible, all this while, was in chargeof men who were not literary readers but commentators; these conceivedof the Bible as material for commentary, and, when the advance inwriting came to them, they gave the Bible the form of texts for comment.In this mechanical guise of numbered chapters and verses the Biblemeets the modern reader; and he can hardly realize how this Bible, justlike Greek literature, is made up of story, song, drama, discourse, withrhythmic variations as delicate as those of Greek or English. Verylikely, when his attention is drawn to the subject, he may reply that hecares for the matter and spirit of Scripture, not for its technical form.He has not grasped the essential law of all literature, that a correct ideaof the literary form is as essential as a correct idea of the grammar toenable a reader to get the meaning and spirit of what he reads. Itwould be easy to multiply illustrations to show how the very surfacemeaning of a passage is affected by the literary form in which the passagepresents itself to the reader's eye. But why should I labor this point inmy own prosy language when it has so splendidly been formulated inpoetry ? One of the lyric poets of Greece — Pindar, I think — has calledthe Muses "the prophets of Apollo." The whole theory of literarymorphology is concentrated in that saying. Apollo symbolizes for usthe whole spirit of poetry. What are the Muses ? We hear of a Museof Epic, a Muse of History, a Muse of Lyric Song, a Muse of Dancing.It is the varied forms of poetry and the arts that are personified in theMuses. And the word prophet, which is a Greek and not a Hebrewword, simply means "interpreter." The sentence brings home to usTHE TURNING-POINT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE 217how the whole spirit of poetry can be interpreted only through the literaryforms in which it appears.It will no doubt be contended that the Hebraic factor in our evolution, if it be absent from educational schemes, yet reaches the modernmind by other routes. The Bible has revolutionized society ; its thoughtis institutionalized in the Jewish and Christian religions; even wherereligious authority may not be recognized yet the ideas of the Bibleleaven modern ethics. All this is true, and of vast importance in thediscussion of civilization. But culture is essentially a thing of the individual mind: not truth, but your personal reaction to truth, is whatconstitutes your culture. It is not the food you eat which nourishesyou, but the food you digest; and digestion (some of you are painfullyaware) is a question of the individual. Thus the Bible as a basis oftheology is one thing; the Bible in its full literary form is quite anotherthing; and this last is the food of culture. Of all the forms in whichthought clothes itself literature is the most spiritual, holding truth infree solution ; if it be found desirable to precipitate this truth into system,something of the spiritual potency is lost in the process. Individualfreedom is the breath of life to culture. What presents itself to the individual mind in the form of an orthodoxy cannot, in that form, touch thefree spirit of culture. Why, the "Cheerful Cherub" knows as much asthat.For Duty is a horrid word;Right doing should be glad:If you are good because you should,You might as well be bad.There is no question here of the comparative worth of two things, butonly of the distinctiveness of their spheres. Institutionalized thoughtmay have the high function of leading us to the true waters, but onlyculture can make us drink.I might stop here; for surely a dangerous situation has been disclosed when it appears that one of the two foundation elements of ourculture has been omitted from our schemes of education. But I feelimpelled to go one step farther. I passed lightly, just now, over theintrinsic loss of the omitted Hebraic literature. But if we look for amoment at what this literature really is, we may see that the neglectof it is a special loss in the circumstances of the present day.There is a general consciousness among us that we are standing atone of the critical moments of time. The outside appearance of thingsmay seem what it has been always; the customary ebbs and flows are2l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgoing on as before; but deep down below the surface the urge of thetide is carrying us into a new era. And we shall not be far wrong if wedescribe the coming age as an era of internationalism. The formerunits — of tribe, race, nation, state — are proving insufficient : we arereaching forward into a larger unity, a broader internationalism inwhich the lesser units are harmonized. Or is it to be some pervertedconception of the word that strives to raise antagonisms of nation withnation, class with class, class with nation? Is the internationalismtoward which we are moving to be a cosmos or a chaos? Of course,this is no occasion for entering upon that vast problem. The point Iwish to put to you is that this neglected side of our culture, the Bibleread as literature, is found to be itself a document of internationalism.Hellenic and Hebraic literatures are alike in one point: each is asuccession of "classics." But Hebraic classics differ from others inthat they combine to make a unity. Of course, every literature is aunity in the historic sense; it reflects the history of the people whoproduced it. What I have in mind is different from this; I mean aliterary unity. At the first sight of them you seem to have a library ofclassical works; the more you study them the more you see the librarycondense into a book, its different parts drawing together into a unitylike that of dramatic plot and movement. I am going beyond the position taken by Seeley. I have ventured to speak of the whole Bible as adrama in two acts with an interlude. And the lines on which this dramabecomes a unity are expressed by one conception of internationalism.A suggestion of this kind makes the starting-point of the movement;the primitive symbolism of Babel suggests the rise of varying languages,which in time make varying nations; the clashes and antagonisms ofnations as they fall farther and farther apart make a foundation for themain difficulties of the world. Against a background like this we havethe idea .of a chosen nation, a nation chosen to the high function ofbringing the other nations to its conception of God — the sublime ideaof a theocracy of the whole world. This theocracy is soon seen to breakdown under the weight of the secular; but before it comes to an end itsforward-looking seers see a new theocracy: no longer a political body,but laws and principles written in the hearts of individuals — a kingdomof God within men. At the close of the first act, in the vision poem ofthe Isaiahan rhapsody, we reach in full form a philosophy of world-history, imaginatively presented as proclaimed from the throne of theuniverse. But the ideal has changed as it has advanced. The firstconception, natural to its age, had been force; in place of this we nowTHE TURNING-POINT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURE 219hear of agencies as gentle as the light, gentlest and most irresistible ofthings; and with this the potency of suffering self-sacrifice. Yet withall this is ever linked what the Bible expresses by its great word judgment, the daily and unrelenting war against wrong until it has beenextirpated. With this combination the whole ideal has been transformed from world-conquest to world-redemption.Between the first and the second acts we have the Books of Wisdom,that special conception of philosophy which, in biblical literature,confines itself to the philosophy of human life. Not discussions andsystematizations, but brief essays are the form taken by Wisdomphilosophy: essays on such topics as husbands and wives, parents andchildren, wise men and fools, pride and true greatness, prosperity andadversity — all the details that go to build up a philosophy of personality.It is this personality that is the solvent for the confusions of internationalism. All these clashing nations are made up of husbands andwives, parents and children, men proud and men humble. Personalityis the one factor in common among these diverse peoples, the commoninterest in which they become one. With the state or nation as yourideal you are impelled to exalt your state or nation, and wake up tofind that you have been advancing your nation at the expense of othernations, and have simply introduced one more note of disturbance.But you can work for the exaltation of your nation without incurringany such risk; you make your nation great by making great the personalities of which it is composed. And this is the biblical way ofwisdom.So the second act, always on this basis of personality, carries forwardthe world-movement. The opening of the first act struck, in Babel,the note of disruption of nations; the opening note of the second act isthe symbolism of Pentecost, all the disrupted nations drawn again intoa unity. But you mark that this unity is not a uniformity but aharmony; a world-message is being uttered, but, mysteriously, "everyman hears it in the language in which he was born" ; a world-order whicheach individual translates in the terms of his own civilization. Then theworld-movement goes on to a vision climax of the kingdoms of the worldbecome a single spiritual kingdom. "But this," you say, "is merelypoetry." Poetry it may be; but poetry is the one form in which culturemay legitimately become aggressive.Is it too much to suggest that if ideals like these, not in the guiseof authority, which breeds contentions, but clothed with the highestliterary beauty and force of imaginative movement — the agencies220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgentle as the light — had won their way into the fundamental cultureof the various nations, the history of recent years might have been verydifferent, and the perplexities of the present movement might seem adegree less perplexing ?You will perhaps say that all this is an individual interpretationof things, biased by the literary professor's wish to exalt literature asthe natural food of culture, with special readings of disputed questions.Very likely you may be right. But what you have been hearing thisafternoon is not a Doctor's thesis, to be controversially defended againstthe cross-examination of a committee of specialists. Take it ratheras the last speech and confession of a teacher retiring from active serviceafter a fifty-year job and leaving the field to others; leaving it to colleagues brilliantly equipped in their several fields and with years ofdistinguished service ahead of them; leaving it to you, young men andwomen, who are this day to put on your academic armor with which toface the problems of the future. I have simply been putting to youwhat the situation looks like to me as I retire. A great saying of Baconcomes to me as I sum up— itself an echo from biblical wisdom. "Takeyour stand on the paths of antiquity"— but the sentence does not endthere — "in order to see clearly in what directions you shall make yourprogress." In the chronic difficulty of reading correctly the past andpresent, in the special perplexity today of speculating upon the future,you have one safe clue if you recognize the foundation of our civilization as resting on the meeting of Hellenic and Hebraic, if by grantingin education equal play to classical and biblical literature you main-ain the sanity of our modern culture.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTTHE CONVOCATION ORATORThe Orator today came to the University in 1892, at the opening,and has been an active and valued member of the Faculty ever since.His address at this Convocation is especially appropriate, and only oneof many charming and thought-provoking discussions which we oweto him. I cordially thank Professor Moulton, and extend to himevery good wish on behalf of the University.GIFTSThe University has received several interesting gifts during thequarter just closing:The ladies of the Columbia Damen Club of Chicago have given$100 for a Scholarship in the Department of Germanic Languagesand Literatures.Mr. William Hoskins, of Chicago, gives $400 for a Fellowship in theDepartment of Chemistry.E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company for the second time give$750 for a Research Fellowship in the Department of Chemistry.A donor whose name is withheld/gives $690 for a Fellowship in theDepartment of Home Economics in the College of Education.The mother, brother, colleagues, and friends of Edith Barnard havecompleted a fund of $3,000 for the endowment of the "Edith BarnardMemorial Fellowship in Chemistry." This Fellowship has been temporarily provided through the aid of Mr. and Mrs. Barnard since 19 16,but is now permanently endowed. This Memorial Fellowship will bean effective means of keeping fresh the memory of so choice a personality as that of the member of the staff of the Department of Chemistryin whose honor it is named.By the will of the late Harriet Morse a legacy of $3,000 is given tothe University to be known as "The Herbert A. and Harriet E. MorseFund," the income from which is to be applied to scholarships,Mr. William Huber, Jr., of Hamilton, Ohio, has recently given tothe University Libraries his entire library, consisting chiefly of music.The collection has already been received at the University and it is221222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDexpected that it will be unpacked and placed on shelves within thenext six months.No exact inventory has as yet been made. But it is estimatedthat it numbers 13,000 organ scores, chiefly arranged for the piano,and in addition about 700 volumes dealing largely with the literatureof music.The donor, Mr. Huber, has for many years been a prominent organist and choir-leader, and the present collection is the result of yearsof effort in bringing together the best scores, particularly in his specialline, viz., organ music. The libraify contains a great many publications which are no longer in the trade and which it would be impossibleto obtain through purchase.It is hoped that the collection may be at least classified, and possibly in part catalogued, during the coming year.THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTEThe close of the Great War and the overthrow of the TurkishEmpire, with the probable establishment of order and civilized methodsin the countries once misgoverned by that agency, open a very interesting field to discoveries in the ancient history of oriental peoples.In order that the Department of Oriental Languages and Literaturesof the University may be in a position to avail itself of the situationto add to the stores accumulated in the Haskell Oriental Museum andto share in the great advance of knowledge in these oriental lands,the Board of Trustees has authorized the organization of the OrientalInstitute of the University of Chicago, and has appointed ProfessorJames Henry Breasted as Director. The funds to carry on the Institute for an initial five-year period at the rate of $10,000 a year, amounting to $50,000, are the gift of a former Trustee of the University, Mr.John D. Rockefeller, Jr.RESEARCH IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRYThe Great War has made very vivid the necessity of the applications of science to various forms of human activity. In fact, the warhas been conducted by means of Applied science on an extraordinarilylarge scale. It has become entirely evident that the future successof national life throughout the world depends on further developmentsand further applications of knowledge in many processes of manufactures and of transportation and of the transmission of information.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 22£In short, the new world on which we are entering depends largely onthe mastery of the forces of nature by human intelligence. But it isalso quite obvious that applied science depends absolutely on theprinciples elucidated by pure science. Hence it is of paramountimportance that research in pure science should have every possibleencouragement.To aid in this encouragement the Rockefeller Foundation has madea large contribution to the National Research Council for a term offive years, thus enabling that body to provide liberally endowed researchfellowships in physics and in chemistry. Fellows appointed by theCouncil may choose the institution of their study. One such Fellowhas already been appointed in the University of Chicago, and otherswill be appointed later. While the research facilities of the Universityare adequate in these departments to a large extent, at the same timein order to enter satisfactorily on the new progress desired, it is important that these resources should be very materially increased.A RESEARCH LABORATORY IN CHEMISTRYIt is absolutely necessary that provision should be made in chemistry for a research building, either as a separate building or as an addition to the Kent Chemical Laboratory. That Laboratory is nowfilled to overflowing, and the special needs of present-day science requireadaptations which do not now exist in Kent. The first need, therefore, of the University in carrying out the work planned by the NationalResearch Council is to obtain the funds for this research laboratoryin chemistry. The funds should be sufficient to provide a suitablebuilding, with complete modern equipment, and with adequate arrangements for its maintenance.mRESEARCH ENDOWMENTBy the time such a building is completed and in operation it ishighly desirable that still further funds shall be provided as endowmentfor research professorships, both in chemistry and in physics. It isnot the policy of the University that the entire time of such professorshould be given to research. We believe it better to devote a part ofhis time to instruction of advanced students. But the major part ofhis energy should be free for the advancement of knowledge. TheUniversity hopes and believes that in the near future donors will befound who will be interested in these great lines of development.224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE END OF THE WARIn May the University celebrated a requiem service in honor ofits sons who gave their lives in the Great War. Today we welcomeback others of our members, faculty and students, who served in thegood cause and who are at home once more. We greet them with fullhearts and congratulate them on the privilege they had of contributingto the victory of our country and of the powers associated with us overthe malign forces which so gravely threatened the world. Their examplemust strengthen our hands for conquest over any other sinister forceswhich may endanger our republic.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryNEW TRUSTEESAt the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees the following wereelected to succeed themselves for a period of three years: Messrs. Eli B.Felsenthal, Harry Pratt Judson, Harold F. McCormick, Julius Rosen-wald, Martin A. Ryerson, Willard A. Smith, and Harold H. Swift.At the same meeting Dr. Wilber E. Post was elected a Trustee tofill a vacancy in the class of 1920, and Rev. Charles W. Gilkey to fill avacancy in the class of 192 1 caused by the death of Judge J. OtisHumphrey, of Springfield, Illinois.Dr. Post was graduated from Kalamazoo College in 1898, from theUniversity of Chicago in 1900, and from Rush Medical College in 1903.He has practiced medicine in Chicago since his graduation from RushMedical College. He is an assistant professor of medicine of RushMedical College and an attending physician of the Cook County andPresbyterian hospitals. He was a member of the special Red CrossMission sent to Russia in 191 7 and, in 1918, of the American-PersianRelief Commission, of which President Judson was director. Dr. Postis the third alumnus of the University now a member of the Board ofTrustees. There are two alumni of the old University now members ofthe Board.Mr, Gilkey has been pastor of the Hyde Park Baptist Church, Chicago, since 1910. He is a graduate of Harvard University (1903) andof Union Theological Seminary (1908), New York City. He has studiedin the Universities of Berlin and Marburg, in the United Free ChurchCollege, Glasgow, New College, Edinburgh, and at Oxford University.He is a trustee of the Baptist Theological Union. He has repeatedlyserved as university preacher at Harvard, Yale, Cornell, and the University of Chicago.THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTEAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held May 13, 1919, PresidentJudson announced a gift of $50,000 by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., toestablish for a trial period of five years the Oriental Institute of theUniversity of Chicago. The Institute is organized upon a plan outlinedby Professor James Henry Breasted, Chairman of the Department of225226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOriental Languages and Literatures. The significant opportunity whichworld-conditions now present for exploration and study in the NearEast and the Orient makes this provision for the purpose of researchespecially timely.At a subsequent meeting of the Trustees, Professor Breasted wasappointed Director of the Institute and Mr. Thomas George Allen,Secretary of Haskell Oriental Museum, was chosen as the Secretary ofthe Institute.EDITH BARNARD MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIPThe Board of Trustees at the meeting held June 10, 1919, accepted afund of $3,ooa creating the Edith Barnard Memorial Fellowship inChemistry. The gift was accompanied by the following communication:Chicago, June 3, 1919The Board of TrusteesUniversity of ChicagoWe, the undersigned, mother, brother, colleagues, pupils and friends ofEdith Barnard, have subscribed to and completed a fund of $3,000 for theperpetual endowment of the Edith Barnard Memorial Fellowship in Chemistry,which we would now hereby tender to the University of Chicago as a gift, intoken of our love and admiration for the rarely beautiful life which was lost tous so early, and also as a mark of appreciation and gratitude to the University,which contributed so much to the happiness of our departed friend by givingher a field for service in which her helpful nature and courageous, cheerfulpersonality enriched the lives of many men and women. In the MemorialFellowship we wish to see the name of Edith Barnard connected for all timewith a form of helpfulness and service to others through her Alma Mater,as helpfulness and service were the salient characteristics of her life.It is to be understood that the fellowship will be awarded annually onrecommendation of the Department of Chemistry on the usual conditionscontrolling fellowships in the University, that the stipend per year shall represent the total income received from the invested fellowship funds, that noservice will be required in return for the fellowship appointment, and that thefellowship will be no bar to appointment to another University position(assistantship) not conflicting with the purposes of the fellowship.Mrs. Emily BarnardHarrison B. BarnardErnest W. FarrEstelle B. HunterAgnes Fay MorganEdgar F. OlsonH. G. PowersJulius StieglitzandSixty-four OthersTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 227RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRYPresident Judson, at the meeting of the Board of Trustees heldMay 13, 1919, reported the action of the Rockefeller institute in reference to a plan for establishing national research fellowships under thedirection of the National Research Council.The plan proposed by the National Research Council and approved bythe officers provides for the support by the Foundation for a six-year period ofsuch a system to be carried out by the National Research Council. The planincludes:a) A system of fellowships to be known as " National Research Fellowshipsin Physics and Chemistry supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. "b) Provision through these fellowships of liberal stipends to persons whohave already demonstrated a high order of ability in research, for the purposeof enabling them to conduct investigations at educational institutions whichhave made adequate provision for the effective prosecution of research inphysics and chemistry.c) A definite agreement that the results of the investigation by the fellowsshall be made available to the public without restriction.d) Such supplemental features as may promote the particular purpose ofthe project and increase its efficiency. Thus it should be possible in certaincases to provide the fellows with such special apparatus and technical assistance as their researches may require, to send them abroad for work for a timewith leading investigators in their chosen fields of research, and to bring distinguished investigators to this country to visit the institutions at whichresearch fellows are working and to stimulate and broaden their work.e) Adequate direction of the whole project by a research board.The Rockefeller Foundation pledges itself to appropriate to theNational Research Council for the maintenance of a system of NationalResearch Fellowships in Physics and Chemistry such additional sums foruse in succeeding years as shall make available for expenditure duringthe period from May 1, 1919, to June 30, 1925, a total sum not toexceed $500,000.THE HERBERT A. AND HARRIET E. MORSE FUNDBy the will of Harriet Morse, deceased, a legacy of $3,000 was leftto the University. The fund is to be known as the "Herbert A. andHarriet E. Morse Fund," the income of which is to be applied to theeducation of worthy and needy persons desiring to attend the University.A son, Walter H. Morse, now of New York City, was a student inthe University in the years 1905-8.228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments havebeen made by the Board of Trustees:Alfred Eustace Haydon to an instructorship in the Department ofComparative Religion, from July i, 1919. .Lawrence M. Levin to an instructorship in the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, from October 1, 1919.Robert S. Piatt to an instructorship in the Department of Geography,from October 1, 1919.Benjamin H. Willier to an associateship in the Department ofZoology, from October 1, 19 19.Colonel Harold E. Marr, U.S.A. Field Artillery, to the professorship of Military Science and Tactics, from May 1, 19 19.Willis Eugene Gouwens as Curator of Kent Chemical Laboratory,from July 1, 1919.Ellsworth Faris to a professorship in the Department of Sociology,from October 1, 1919. He is professor of psychology in the Universityof Iowa and acting director of the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station.Edson Sunderland Bastin to a professorship of Economic Geology,from January 1, 1920.Professor Stuart Weller as Director of Walker Museum, from July1, 1919.Jacob Viner to an assistant professorship in the Department ofPolitical Economy, from October 1, 191 9. He is at present connectedwith the office of the United States Tariff Commission at Washington.Paul R. Cannon to an instructorship in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, from October 1, 1919.Russell S. Knappen to an instructorship in the Department ofGeology, from October 1, 1919.Leonard B. Loeb as Research Fellow in the Department of Physics.Mary Faith McAuley to an assistant professorship in InstitutionEconomics in the College of Education, from October 1, 1919.Laura van Pappelendam to an instructorship in the Art Departmentof the College of Education, from October 1, 1919.Carl J. Holzinger as teacher of Mathematics in the University HighSchool, from October 1, 19 19.William G. Burkett as teacher of Mathematics in the UniversityHigh School, from October 1, 19 19.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 229D. S. Whittlesey to an instructorship in the Department of Geography, from October 1, 1919.Bess Beatrice Martin as Assistant Examiner, from July 1, 1919.Henry Clinton Morrison to a professorship of School Administrationand the superintendency of the Laboratory Schools of the School ofEducation, from July 1, 1919. He was graduated from DartmouthCollege in 1895; was superintendent of schools of the state of NewHampshire from 1904 to 191 7; since that time he has been a secretaryof the Board of Education of the state of Connecticut.Chi Che Wang to an instructorship in Home Economics in the Collegeof Education, from July 1, 1919.Francoise Ruet as teacher of French in the University High School,from October 1, 1919.Mrs. Marie Cote Weaver as teacher of French in the UniversityHigh School, from October 1, 1919.Robert G. Buzzard as teacher of Science in the University HighSchool, from October 1, 1919.R. Leora Vail as teacher in the Elementary School, from October 1,1919.Charles E. Chadsey to give instruction in the Department of Education, in the College of Education, for the Summer Quarter, 1919.Dorothea C. Schmidt on the staff of the University Libraries, fromJuly 1, 1919.PROMOTIONSAssistant Professor W. E. Clark, of the Department of ComparativePhilology, General Linguistics, and Indo-Iranian Philology, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1919.Assistant Professor W. D. MacMillan, of the Department of Astronomy, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1919.Associate A. W. Bellamy, of the Department of -Zoology, to aninstructorship, from July 1, 1919.Instructor Fred T. Rogers to an assistant professorship in the Department of Physiology, from July 1, 1919.Assistant Andrew C. Ivy, of the Department of Physiology, to aninstructorship, from October 1, 1919.Associate Howard M. Sheaff, of the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, to an instructorship, from July 1, 1919.Assistant John V. Lawrence, of the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, to an associateship, from July 1,1919.230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDInstructor George D. Fuller, of the Department of Botany, to anassistant professorship, from October i, 1919.Associate Professor Algernon Coleman, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, to a professorship, from July 1,1919.Associate I. N. Edwards, of the Department of History, to an instructorship, from October 1, 1919.LEAVES OF ABSENCETo the following members of the faculties leave of absence has beengranted:Dean James Rowland Angell for one year from October 1, 1919, toaccept the chairmanship of the National Research Council for thatperiod.Mrs. Charles Lyman Brown, instructor in Art in the College ofEducation, for one year, from October 1, 1919.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the faculties:Professor W. S. Tower, of the Department of Geography, effectiveMay 1, 1919.Assistant Professor Joseph W. Hayes, of the Department of Psychology, effective May 1, 1919.Associate Professor Allan Hoben, of the Department of PracticalTheology in the Divinity School, effective September 1, 1919. Hebecomes professor of sociology at Carleton College, Northfield, Minn.RETIREMENT OF PROFESSORS MOULTON, HALE, AND CHAMBERLINAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees, held June 10, 1919, President Judson announced that Professor Richard Green Moulton, Professor William Gardner Hale, and Professor Thomas Chrowder Chamber-lin would automatically retire in the near future from the service of theUniversity under the age limit fixed in the Statutes: Professor Moultonon July 1, 1919, Professor Hale on July 1, 191 9, and Professor Chamber-lin on October 1, 1919.The Trustees adopted the following resolution:.Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board be instructed to convey to eachof the three professors thus leaving the service of the University an expressionof the high appreciation in which their long-continued and eminent servicesTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 231are held by the Board of Trustees, and its regret that the happy relations whichhave existed between them, severally, and the University, from the time ofits organization, are now being severed.MISCELLANEOUSExtensive repairs have been authorized in the Anatomy Building.Scholarships to the number of 145 have been granted under theLa Verne Noyes Foundation.Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, of the Department of Geography, hasbeen transferred to the head professorship of the Department of Geology.Professor H. H. Barrows has been appointed Chairman of theDepartment of Geography.The building at 923 East Sixtieth Street, formerly used as a fraternityhouse, is to be used as a dormitory for men students.Lyman Russell Flook, formerly superintendent of buildings andgrounds at the University of Michigan, and later first lieutenant, Ordnance Reserve Corps in charge of construction at the United StatesNitrate Plant, Sheffield, Alabama, has been appointed Superintendentof Buildings and Grounds.Mr. William Hoskins, of Chicago, has established a fellowship inChemistry for a period of nine or ten months. The appointee is to workin the study of reactions in ionized vapors.THE AMERICAN-PERSIAN RELIEFEXPEDITION1Leave of absence was granted to the President of the Universityat the meeting of the Board held May 14, 1918, in order to performcertain duties in Persia. The purposes of the mission were twofold:1. The President was appointed to the directorship of the American-Persian Relief Commission, with the intent of endeavoring to remedyconditions in Persia resulting from famine, pestilence, and war. TheAmerican Committee for Relief in the Near East, formerly the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, had been sendingfunds to various missionaries in Persia for the past two years. It wasthought best that a commission should go out to Persia, in order tostudy the situation and organize relief on a more definite basis and ona larger scale, if necessary.2. A committee, of which Colonel E. M. House is chairman, andwhich was busy collecting material for the use of our Commissionersto negotiate peace when such Commission should be appointed,requested the President of the University to make a report to thatCommittee on the political and social conditions in Persia, and, sofar as possible, in adjacent countries. This suggestion of the Committee was reinforced by a very specific request from the Departmentof State, at Washington, under whose direction and for whose benefitthe Committee was acting.Of these purposes the second was the deciding consideration in themind of the President, as a request from the government of the UnitedStates was virtually a command, to which it was the duty of a citizento accede at once.The President, however, made one condition with the Departmentof State, namely, that the visit to Persia for this purpose shouldbe made with the full knowledge and approval of the British government. The matter was cabled by the Department to the Britishgovernment, and the reply expressed entire approval.xAt the meeting of„ the Board of Trustees of the University held April 17, 1919,this report was presented by President Harry Pratt Judson.232THE AMERICAN-PERSIAN RELIEF EXPEDITION 233I beg herewith to submit a brief statement as to the work of themission and its results. A detailed report was submitted to the American Committee for Relief in the Near East, 1 Madison Avenue, NewYork City, copy of which is on file in the office of the Secretary of theBoard of Trustees of the University of Chicago. A confidential reportwas submitted to the American Commissioners to negotiate peace,in Paris. This is in three typewritten volumes, covering respectivelyMesopotamia, Persia, and the Caucasus, vThe Director of the Commission and his two colleagues, Dr. W. E.Post, of Chicago, and Mr. Maurice Wertheim, a banker of New YorkCity and son-in-law of Mr. Morgenthau, late American ambassador toTurkey, sailed from New York July 14, 1918, for Liverpool. Threeweeks were spent in London. During that time conferences were heldwith the British Secretary of State for Foreign AfMrs, Mr. A. J. Balfour, with the Under-Secretary for the Near East in the British ForeignOffice, Lord Robert Cecil, with the Secretary of State for India, Mr.Edward Montagu, and with representatives of the British Treasury.These officials were very frank in their statement of British policy inPersia, and very generous in their provision for the journey. It shouldbe said here that throughout the entire journey, from London to Egypt,Bombay, Baghdad, Persia, Transcaucasia, and to Italy by way ofConstantinople, the Commission was given the constant assistance ofthe British Army and the British Navy, without which assistance thewhole expedition would have been practically impossible. Everywherethere was extreme courtesy, and the frankest possible statement of allfacts needed. The government of British India at Simla not merelyextended every facility for the journey, but in turn put the President inpossession of all the facts involving British policy in Mesopotamiaand Persia.In accordance with a provisional arrangement, ten members of theCommission had sailed from Seattle in May and June, 1919, proceedingby way of Japan, Hongkong, Singapore, Ceylon, and Bombay. Itwas the plan of the Director to rendezvous with them at Bombay orBaghdad.On August 15 word came from the Foreign Office for the membersof the Commission to proceed at once to Rome, where further instructions would be found. Accordingly, London was left on the sixteenth,Paris on the eighteenth, and Rome reached on the twentieth. Here,at the British Embassy, instructions were given to report at Tarantoby noon of the twenty-fifth. In fact, that place was reached on the234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDafternoon of the twenty-fourth, and accommodations found waiting onthe Orient Line steamer "Ormonde," employed as a transport, andpacked with officers and men for the various eastern services. Theship left Taranto on the morning of the twenty-fifth, guarded by threedestroyers under the Japanese flag. Port Said was reached the forenoon of the twenty-eighth. As no steamer was leaving eastward forseveral days, the party went to Cairo, where arrangements for the nextstage of the journey were made with the British Headquarters. Onthe afternoon of September 2 the party sailed from Port Said on theP. & O. steamer "Nore" for Bombay.At Aden a cablegram was received from the Viceroy of India, inviting the Director and his two companions to be guests at the viceregalLodge at Simla. This invitation was confirmed at Bombay, andaccordingly a week was taken in the journey to and from Simla, and inthe visit there. The Simla visit was extremely important. Besidesreceiving every courtesy at the viceregal Lodge, the members of theCommission were able to hold detailed consultations with the principalmembers of the Indian government. Much valuable information wasobtained, and the government became fully informed as to the purposesand methods of the Commission. The Commission received the entireapproval of the Indian government, and in all their after undertakingshad the active support of that government. Backed thus by theForeign Office and the India Office in London, and by the Indiangovernment at Simla, the way was smoothed at every point.At Bombay rendezvous was effected with two members of the Commission who had come across the Pacific, the remainder of that partyhaving gone ahead to Baghdad. On September 26 the party sailedfrom Bombay under direction of the military authorities for Basra inMesopotamia.Basra, the great British base on the Shatt-el-Arab, was reachedearly in the afternoon of October 1, and here the party was transferredto a river boat, with barges in tow. The military authorities did everything to make the reception of the Commission and its further journeypleasant, and the admiral commanding the fleet in the Indian Seasentertained them at dinner on his flagship.Leaving Basra October 2, at 8:00 a.m., the long and slow trip upthe Tigris was made to the rail-head at Kut, which place was reachedOctober 5, just before midnight— too late for the night train forBaghdad.THE AMERICAN-PERSIAN RELIEF EXPEDITION 235The party took the train at Kut October 6, and reached Baghdadthat evening. They were met by the Aid of the Civil Commissioner,and taken at once to the residence of the latter as his guests.The Acting Civil Commissioner, Lieutenant Colonel A. T. Wilson,is quite a young man, of unusual ability and energy, and is doingextremely interesting work in the development of Mesopotamia underBritish rule.The first question considered naturally was that of the Armenianand Assyrian refugees, about whom telegrams had been received fromLondon and from New York.These refugees, some 25,000 in number, had come down fromNorthwestern Persia, fleeing from the Turks. The British authoritieshad placed them in a camp some thirty miles from Baghdad, and weretaking proper measures for shelter, medical and sanitary care, andsupplies of provisions and clothing. The Commission made arrangements to co-operate with the British authorities in this work, and leftthe greater part of its members in the camp to carry out the plans inquestion.At Baghdad the Ford cars which had been sent on in advance fromSan Francisco were found waiting. The party selected for Persia bythe Director consisted, besides himself, of the two gentlemen whocame with him from New York, Professor A. V. W. Jackson, of Columbia University, and Mrs. Jackson, and Mr. Vaile, of one of the California agricultural colleges. The party started from Baghdad on thetwelfth of October, with a convoy consisting of ten Ford cars — twotouring cars and eight vans — with six chauffeurs from India, fourBritish military chauffeurs, and a British lieutenant in command.There were thus altogether seventeen in the party.The road from Baghdad to Persia was across the Mesopotamiandesert. From there as far as Teheran and the Caspian Sea it was amilitary road, over the mountains and the Persian tableland. Thisroad was found always passable, and sometimes in very good condition. It was the main source of supply for the British Army inNorth Persia. Stops were made at Kermanshah, Hamadan, andKasvin, at which places committees were formed for relief and fundsprovided for their use. Teheran was reached on the thirty-first ofOctober. The party were given quarters by the courtesy of theAmerican Minister in the American Legation, and a month was spentin that place.236 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTeheran being the capital of Persia, it was possible to organizerelief work on a large scale through committees appointed and providedwith funds and instructions in different parts of the kingdom. Thefamine of 191 7-18 had caused a frightful loss of life, amounting, according to some estimates, to as high as a million persons. Meanwhile thefailure of crops in 191 7 had affected the fodder crops also, and therewas great mortality among draft animals. Persia is a mountainouscountry, consisting in the main of a tableland of about three or fourthousand feet altitude, and while having some three times the area ofFrance, it has practically no railways at all. The heavy loss to draftanimals, therefore, made transportation very difficult in 1918. Nevertheless the crops of that year were reasonably good, and on account ofthis fact, and of arrangements which it was possible to make throughthe various committees, and by help which the Persian government wasinduced to extend, affairs assumed such shape that it is believed thatthe winter of 1918-19 was not accompanied by famine conditions.The work of relief having beeen organized, a central committee inTeheran having been appointed to supervise the work throughoutPersia, and proper arrangements having been made for funds, the party,consisting of the Director, Messrs. Post, Wertheim, Jackson, and Mrs.Jackson, accompanied by a young man as secretary, left Teheran onthe second of December, en route to Paris, by way of the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea, Constantinople, and Italy. By that time the Britishauthorities were in possession of Baku and of the railway connectingBaku with Batum, on the Black Sea, and they provided transportationfrom Resht, the Caspian seaport of Persia, to Baku. Several dayswere spent in that place, making arrangements for relief to Armenianrefugees in the camp at Resht and vicinity and for Armenian orphansin Baku. The British authorities provided special cars on the railwayto Batum, with a military guard. The party left Baku on the tenthof December, and reached Batum on the thirteenth. The twelfth wasspent in Tiflis, the capital of Georgia. At Batum a British light cruiserarrived, sent on for the purpose from Trebizond by the British Admiralcommanding the Mediterranean Station, and conveyed the party toTaranto, Italy. A stop of two days was made in Constantinople whilethe ship was coaling. Here the Director met Presidents Gates andPatrick, of the American Colleges, and became somewhat cognizant ofthe local situation there and in other parts of Turkey. Such information as was obtained was put at the disposal of Dr. Barton's committeein Paris.THE AMERICAN-PERSIAN RELIEF EXPEDITION 237Paris was reached on the twenty-seventh of December, and somethree weeks spent there in the preparation of such report as mightseem advisable for the American Commissioners to negotiate peace, andin conference with the Secretary of State and others of the Peace Commission. The Director and his companions sailed from Brest on thetwenty-third of January on the White Star Line steamship "Adriatic,"arriving in New York January 31.The relief work in Persia involved the expenditure of about$1,250,000 and the organization of plans which would require from twoto three millions more during the spring and summer of 1919.The skilful arrangements made by the Treasurer of the Commission, Mr. Maurice Wertheim, solved the difficulties of exchange ineastern countries so successfully that upward of $200,000 were savedfor the purposes of the Commission, and the whole system of financefor the American Committee for Relief in the Near East was put onso sound a basis that further large sums will be saved in the workof the remainder of this year. It is believed by the President thatthe Commission succeeded in the undertaking for which it was sent,and that the management of finance was such that the entire costof the Commission was repaid to the Committee several times overfrom saving in exchange.While in Mesopotamia, Persia, and the Caucasus a careful studywas made of the social and political conditions in those countries.In Baghdad every facility was extended to the Director by the BritishCivil Commissioner, all his archives being opened for examination, andcareful reports being prepared and put in the hands of the Directorfor such use as he might see fit. The British work in Baghdad is of avery high order. Turkish misgovernment has been replaced by justice,order, and law. Extensive public works have been established, including a railroad from Basra to Baghdad and an extensive irrigation projecton the Euphrates River. The country, therefore, is prospering, and isbeing developed by the Britfeh for the benefit of the resident people,and is not being exploited for the benefit of the occupying power.Persia is largely under British military occupation. As soon,however, as a stable government can be maintained, so that safetyof life and property are secured, no doubt the British Army will bewithdrawn. Meanwhile the economic and political conditions of thecountry are very disturbed, and there is need of radical reforms on alllines. Persians look to the United States to send suitable help for thesepurposes.238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn Paris the Director filed a report with the American Commissionto negotiate peace, in three typewritten volumes, one on Mesopotamia,one on Persia, and one on the Caucasus. It included detailed studieson various political, economic, and social conditions in those countries,with specific recommendations as to policies which, in the judgmentof the Director, ought to be carried out, in order to secure peace andorder, in place of the disorders which for so many years have beenprevalent. Having finished the report and filed it with the Commission,and having had personal conferences with the Secretary of State,Colonel House, and other members of the Commission and staff, theparty returned to the United States.In thanking the Board of Trustees for the generous leave ofabsence, the President wishes to say that he believes the long andsomewhat arduous journey was successful, not merely in the reliefundertakings in Persia, but in the information given to our Commissioners, which they were good enough to say was of the highestvalue.THE FOUNDING OF THE FIRSTUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDIn 1856 the population of Chicago was a little over 80,000. Thecity was in the full tide of commercial prosperity. The Illinois andMichigan Canal had been completed in 1848. The eastern railroadshad entered the city in 1852. Railways were being extended west andsouth, and the business expansion of the city had received a mightyimpulse. Wealth was increasing, business was booming, and the peopleof Chicago were niore than ever confident of the coming greatness oftheir city.Combined with this boundless faith in the future of Chicago was aremarkable idealism which conceived and executed noble schemes forthe higher life of the city and the West. Just before this year, 1856,the Northwestern University had been established. In this very yearsteps were taken for founding the Chicago Theological Seminary.Proffers were being made which resulted in bringing to the city whatbecame the McCormick Theological Seminary. At this time the ChicagoAcademy of Sciences originated. Hahnemann College was incorporatedin 1855. The same year witnessed the organization of the Old SettlersSociety. In 1856 the Garrett Biblical Institute was opened, the Chicago Historical Society was organized, and the first city high schoolopened its doors. Two years later St. Luke's Hospital was founded,and during the period from 1855 to 1859 other institutions of charity,fraternity, and education in addition to many churches were established. Chicago was at this time a city not only of business but also ofidealism, philanthropy, and religion.To all its other contributions to the higher life the bustling, prosperous, growing city, though as yet poor in accumulated wealth, added,with enthusiastic liberality, the founding of the first University ofChicago.Senator Stephen A. Douglas became a resident of Chicago in 1847and in 1849 bought 74 acres of land reaching from Thirty-third toThirty-fifth Street and from Lake Michigan to South Park Avenue.Cottage Grove Avenue ran through the middle of the tract. That239240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpart of the tract lying east of Cottage Grove Avenue was subdividedand called "Okenwald," and here Mr. Douglas had a house. On thewest of the avenue, almost in the center of the 74-acre tract, werethe 10 acres which became the site of the first University of Chicago.The location was a little over a third of a mile south of the city limitsat Thirty-first Street, which the street cars did not reach till 1859.There has fallen into my hands a paper written more than fiftyyears ago, sometime in the sixties of the last century, never copied,never printed, which is, I am confident, the most authentic record ofthe very earliest steps taken in the founding of the first University ofChicago. It was written by Mr. J. O. Brayman, who was long associated with the Baptist newspaper now known as The Standard, andwith whom I was intimately acquainted. I quote from this paper:Dr. Ansel Eddy, with whom I was very well acquainted at the last, cameto Chicago in the fall of 1854, prospecting. He had been formerly a tutor ofMr. Douglas and a close intimacy and warm friendship had always existedbetween them. One day walking over Mr. Douglas' property at CottageGrove, Dr. Eddy suggested that the best use to which he could put a portionof his land would be to endow a college or university. After a few moments'silence Mr. Douglas replied, "I will, Doctor, if you will be the president ofit." (I have this from Dr. Eddy.)In the spring of 1855 Dr. Eddy came to Chicago as pastor of a Presbyterian church on the North Side. Sometime in the spring — April, I thinkit was — the subject of the college grant was renewed between him and Mr.Douglas. An arrangement was entered into that he should have the tenacres, provided he raised $100,000 by the first of December, in cash or goodsubscriptions.A few weeks thereafter Mr. Douglas, who was in disgrace with the peopleof Chicago on account of the part he took in the Kansas-Nebraska affair andthey hooted, hissed and badgered him and would not allow him to speak atNorth Market Hall, went over to visit some friends at Terre Haute, Indiana.He was taken sick there and did not return to Chicago, but went from thereto Washington on the opening of Congress and was not again in Chicago untilabout the first of April, 1856.About the middle of July, 1855, Dr. Smith [Dr. Justin A. Smith, editorof The Standard] and his wife, who boarded where we did, left their rooms.They were taken by F. W. King and his wife. Mrs. King, being a niece ofDr. Eddy and daughter of Rev. Alfred Eddy, was an educated and intelligentwoman and she and my wife soon "struck up" quite an intimacy. One eveningabout the middle of November I went home from the office about 10 o'clockand found my wife quite excited. Mrs. King had spent the evening in herroom and had told her that her uncle [Dr. Eddy] had made an utter failure —FOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 241"had not raised a dollar" was his expression to her. We had had some talkpreviously with Dr. Burroughs [pastor of the First Baptist Church] as to whythe grant was not made to the Baptists, as Mr. Douglas' first wife was aBaptist. My wife now saw an opportunity for the Baptists and wanted meto go over and see Dr. Burroughs. Next morning I went, but, not finding him,left an invitation to come over to tea in the evening. He did so and thematter was talked over.In the first days of December, 1855, Dr. Burroughs getting a letter ofintroduction from Mr. [Thomas] Hoyne, went over to Terre Haute and hadan interview with Mr. Douglas. He found that Dr. Eddy had been overnear the last of November and got an extension to the first of March, 1856.If he did not succeed by that time Dr. Burroughs got the promise of thegrant. Dr. Burroughs suggested, and we fell in with the suggestion, to watchthe matter through Mrs. King and Dr. Eddy and to keep advised of whatprogress had been made, and at the same time to keep the matter secret,lest the Presbyterians might learn that something was being done by theBaptists and might bestir themselves.Being advised that Dr. Eddy had had no better success than beforeDecember, Dr. Burroughs presented himself at Mr. Douglas' rooms in Washington on the first of March, 1856. Mr. Douglas had heard nothing from Dr.Eddy and still clung to him lest there might be some communication fromhim on the way. He therefore asked Dr. Burroughs to wait until the 15th,which of course he did. The 15th arrived and Dr. Burroughs received thetransfer of the grant. It was after that, so far as I know, that the first publicannouncement was made.The feeling against Mr. Douglas was so great that Dr. Burroughs hadto feel his way slowly and cautiously. I remember C. N. Holden wrote abitter article for the paper against receiving the land lest the odium shouldbe transferred from Mr. Douglas to the Baptists. I suppressed the article,however, after it was in type. [Mr. Holden was strongly anti-slavery, and aman of excellent judgment.]As a supplement to the above I quote an extract from the dailypocket diary of Edward Goodman, who, in 1856, was a young manrecently arrived in Chicago and who later became one of the proprietorsof The Standard. He had the diary and scrapbook habit, and muchof this story comes from his scrapbook. The following is from the diary :Tonight, Monday, May 5, 1856, at the First Baptist Church, corner ofWashington and La Salle Streets, Chicago, a public meeting was held in thelecture room on educational movements to found a University in Chicago.Judge Douglas has donated ten acres in Cottage Grove on condition thatthe foundation of the building be laid within the present year, $25,000 beexpended in 1857 and the building to the amount of $100,000 be erected withini860. Rev. J. C. Burroughs and Rev. C. H. Roe made telling speeches.242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. Douglas had named twenty men to receive in trust the site,secure a charter, and start the enterprise. This preliminary Boardof Trustees held its first meeting on July 14, 1856, in the law officeof one of their number, Mason Brayman. Charles Walker was chairman and the following action was taken:1. "The instrument of writing conveying the site having been readand discussed it was unanimously voted that the grant and trust beaccepted."2. An executive committee was appointed "with power to act inall matters pertaining to the contemplated University until anothermeeting of the Board."3. The following resolution was passed: "Resolved, That in acceptingthe grant of Hon. S. A. Douglas the Trustees record their high appreciation of his munificence and their cordial interest in carrying outthe noble object which it contemplated."The land given by Mr. Douglas as the site for the proposed institution, about 10 acres, was located on the west side of Cottage GroveAvenue a little more than 200 feet north of Thirty-fifth Street. Itwas a solid block of ground a little over 600 feet square, the easternhalf of which was covered by a grove of large oaks. Ten or twelvehundred feet to the east were the "shining levels of the lake." In1856 this location was very much in the country.The writer of this story became a student in the young Universityin September, 1859, at the time it began its work in the building thenjust completed. The street cars, then horse cars, ran on CottageGrove Avenue only to Thirty-first Street. On the corner of Thirty-fifth Street was a small dingy saloon, appropriately named "TheShades," the site of the present Douglas House. On Thirty-fifth Streetthere was but one building, a small cottage, between "The Shades"and State Street, nearly a mile west. There were a few houses to thesoutheast, Cleaverville, but I recall none to the south or southwest,and only two or three south of Thirty-first Street to the north. Eastof the University between Cottage Grove Avenue and the lake was"Okenwald," the residence of Mr. Douglas.It will be recalled that at the first meeting of the Trustees heldJuly 14, 1856, an Executive Committee was appointed. No othermeeting of the Board was held for ten and a half months. The Executive Committee was clothed with very extensive powers and conductedmost of the business of the University throughout the thirty years ofits history. Except in special exigencies the Board of Trustees metFOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 243only once a year. The Executive Committee held frequent meetingsand practically guided the destinies of the institution. If its recordswere available a reasonably satisfactory history of the University couldbe written, but unfortunately they are not. Those of the periodbetween 1856 and October, 1871, were destroyed in the great fire.Those of the period between October, 1871, and the final closing of theUniversity in 1886 were in the hands of the last secretary of the Committee, Mr. A. J. Wise. The secretary of the Board of Trustees, Mr.O. W. Barrett, committed the records of the Board to the presentUniversity of Chicago, where they will be permanently preserved.Unhappily it did not occur to Mr. Wise to do this with the much moreimportant records of the Executive Committee, nor did it occur toanyone to ask him to do so. Mr. Wise is no longer living, and whatbecame of these important records is not known. This statement iswritten in the hope that it may possibly lead to their discovery andtransfer to the new University.After the first meeting of the Board of the Old University, July 14,1856, the Executive Committee, then appointed, immediately took upthe work intrusted to it with great vigor. Two important initial stepswere taken.As the most immediately important, Dr. J. C. Burroughs and Rev.J. B. Olcott were appointed agents to undertake the raising of $250,000as a building and endowment fund. It seems to have been understoodthat Dr. Burroughs should do the work in Chicago and Mr. Olcottshould labor in other parts of Illinois. There were other temporaryassistants in securing subscriptions, but these two men were the responsible permanent workers. They labored with great efficiency. A mostliberal interest was aroused in the city and throughout the state.Chicago was a small city and there was little wealth among the Baptistsof Illinois, but so great was the interest in the founding of the University that before the first of October, less than three months afterthe agents began their work, they repotted that $100,000 had beensubscribed. It was proposed that the full sum of $250,000 should besecured in subscriptions by April 1, 1857. As late as January of thatyear it was hoped that this might be accomplished. But the projectorsof the new institution had set a mark too high for the young city andstate community to reach in so short a period as nine months. Indeedthey never reached the goal they had fixed. They labored on heroically and at the end of two years, in July, 1858, reported that the citysubscription had reached $115,000 and the country pledges $90,000, or244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD2l total of $205,000. I repeat that they labored heroically, for a succession of heartbreaking discouragements attended almost every stepof their progress.The first thing that interfered was the extraordinary disfavor intowhich Senator Douglas had fallen — a disfavor that was temporary,indeed, but that lasted throughout their initial efforts and seriouslycrippled them. Mr. Douglas had made the worst mistake of his political life in securing the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and openingthe territories to slavery, and throughout the three years from 1855 to1858 was the most unpopular and deeply distrusted politician in theentire North. He nobly redeemed himself in the spring of 1858 bysaving Kansas from having a slave constitution fraudulently forcedupon her, and regained the confidence and favor he had forfeited. Butfor nearly or quite three years the great majority of the northern peopleregarded him with distrust and abhorrence. It was during the lasttwo of these three years that the new University, the site for which hehad given and of which he was regarded as the founder, made its initialcampaign for funds. It immediately encountered indifference, prejudice, and opposition because of its connection with Mr. Douglas.Those who condemned his political policies found it hard to contributeto an institution he had founded. His enemies attributed unworthymotives to him. They declared he had given the site to increase thevalue of his adjacent property and to bolster up his political fortunes.To bring the University into disrepute they sought to convince thepublic that its name was Douglas University. Mr. Douglas was president of its Board of Trustees, and they charged that his influence in itscouncils was controlling and it was to be used as one of the stepping-stones of his ambition.These attacks became so serious and injurious that on August 8,1857, Mr. Douglas wrote the following letter, which, in addition tobeing essential to this story, is interesting as a part of the biographyof a great man:Chicago, Aug. 8, 1857Rev. J. C. BurroughsMy Dear Sir: I have learned with surprise and regret that many personsand newspapers, opposed to me in politics have allowed their partisan feelingsand prejudices to influence their action to the extent of endeavoring to injureand perhaps destroy the Institution over which you have been chosen topreside for no other reason than that the ground upon which it was to beestablished was owned and donated by me. So long as their efforts wereexpended in abusing me and maligning my motives by attributing to me theFOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 245design of making a pecuniary speculation under the veil of benevolence, Iwas content to remain silent and trust to the people of Illinois, with whom Ihave lived and whom I have endeavored to serve with fidelity and honorfor nearly a quarter of a century, to do justice to my motives and vindicatemy character.But when my enemies go so far as to assail the Institution itself andendeavor to marshall the forces and exert the influence of a powerful politicalparty to destroy its usefulness merely because I donated the grounds and ownthe surrounding lands, I feel it my duty, so far as I have the power, to obviatethe objections. With this view I propose to you, as President of the University of Chicago, and through you to the board of trustees, that in lieu of thelands which I have donated, I wiU refund all monies which have beenexpended thereon, including the cost of laying the corner stone, and in addition I will subscribe and pay fifty thousand dollars toward establishing theUniversity upon the plan which has been adopted on any other site whichthe board of trustees may select within the state of Illinois — the said sum offifty thousand dollars to be expended in the endowment of a Department orSchool of Law in said University. In the event that the board of trustees,at their next meeting, shall accept this proposition as a measure more favorable to the success of the institution than the donation of the present site,I shall hold myself in readiness, on one day's notice, to give ample securityfor its faithful performance on my part.I have the honor to be very respectfully your friend and servant,S. A. DouglasOn September 2, 1857, the Trustees held a meeting and unanimouslydeclined the proposition of the foregoing letter. The matter was feltto be so important and a proper understanding of the case by the publicso necessary to the welfare of the institution that a committee wasappointed "to prepare a reply to the letter of Judge Douglas." Itwas a committee of distinguished men, the chairman being SenatorJames R. Doolittle, of Wisconsin, who wrote the call for the NationalConvention that nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency ini860 and was the author of the famous epigram at the time of Mr.Lincoln's renomination in 1864: "I believe in God Almighty and underhim I believe in Abraham Lincoln." The letter is of such historicalinterest that, omitting the formal opening, it is here reproduced:Chicago, Sept. 3, 1857Hon. S, A. DouglasSir: , . . .... . . , , . . . , . . . . • • • •The proposition is declined, because in their judgment there is no other siteso eligible for a University in Chicago, or near enough to Chicago to command246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe local patronage of the city; because a removal of the site away fromChicago would involve a change of the corporate name; because it wouldinvalidate a great proportion of all the subscriptions for the erection of thebuildings and for the endowment, now amounting to $160,000.The remark contained in your letter that many persons and newspapersopposed to you in politics have allowed their partisan feeling and prejudiceto influence their action to the extent of endeavoring to injure and perhapsdestroy the Institution for no other reason than that the ground upon whichit is established was owned and donated by you calls upon the Board to statebriefly their true position. Composed, as the Board is, of members of allpolitical parties and of several religious denominations, it is only necessaryto say that their action as a Board in the original selection of the present sitewas entirely unanimous, as well as the vote declining your present proposition, to satisfy all persons of all parties that no political, partisan, or sectionalfeeling or prejudices have in the slightest degree influenced their determination.At the time when the site was originally selected, there were severalpropositions, besides the one made by you, presented for the considerationof the Board and the selection of the one donated by you was made unanimously and upon the ground of its superior eligibility only, without anyreference whatever to the political character of the donor. The establishment of the University of Chicago was looked upon by the Board as a matterabove and beyond all political considerations, not as a thing for the moment,but for all time, not as a thing which concerns you individually, or any otherpersons, but the youth of Chicago and the northwest generally, not only ofthe Chicago of today, but of that Chicago which in the fullness of time willbecome a city of which the most sanguine can hardly now form an adequateconception. To enable them to accomplish that high and liberal purposethey have steadily sought and obtained subscriptions and donations from themen of all parties and of all denominations. And among others your veryliberal donation was accepted after mature deliberation unanimously as themost eligible location for the University. In acting upon your present proposition the Board have again considered the matter and are still of the sameunanimous opinion.It is impossible, therefore, for them to see any just ground for arrayingany political or partisan prejudices against the Institution itself because youwere the owner and were pleased to become the donor of the most eligiblesite for the buildings of the University.But even if it were possible that some such prejudice might be arrayedagainst the Institution, it must, as it rests on no good foundation, be merelytemporary. It would, moreover, be little less than a betrayal of the sacredtrust committed to their hands, accompanied by a loss of all self-respect onthe part of the Board of Trustees, to yield their unanimous judgment to meretemporary personal or political consideration.FOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 247An additional and painful consideration for declining your propositionis that if the trustees should now yield their judgment and change the siteupon the ground alleged that many of your political opponents would behostile to the University unless the site were changed, the Board would, fromthat moment, have departed from their settled determination not to be influenced by political considerations and would by their own act become self-convicted of a charge now wholly groundless.It is to be hoped that this explanation will remove all occasion for opposition or prejudice against the University, if any such be seriously entertained,and that all patriotic citizens and all the public journals of Chicago and theNorthwest may give to this Institution their earnest and hearty support.Respectfully yours,J. R. Doolittle, ChairmanJohn M. WilsonRobert H. ClarksonH. A. TuckerL. D. BooneThis correspondence and the action taken in connection with itdid much to clear the air and put an end to the political assaults,though it continued for a time to be a habit with some persons andsome newspapers, instead of giving the University its true name, tocall it the Douglas University. But, though this political prejudiceand opposition were most injurious at the critical moment in the founding of the University, depriving it of many thousands of dollars thatwere vitally necessary, the Committee was quite right in believing thatit would be short-lived. Three and a half years later Senator Douglasdied honored by every loyal citizen for his patriotic course in standingside by side with President Lincoln and contending, like the giant hewas, for the preservation of the Union. And thus it came to pass thatthe connection of Stephen A. Douglas with the new institution, whichfor a time threatened the enterprise with disaster, came to be one ofits enduring glories. The relation was honorable to the Universityand to the man alike.But this partisan political attack was not the only nor the worstassault on the life of the new institution. That was the panic of 1857,one of the most disastrous in the history of our country. It fell uponChicago with distressing severity. It struck the city iri the midst ofa real estate boom. "The effects on the real estate market were fearful, and the building business suffered correspondingly Greatnumbers of workers left the city for want of employment." Great248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnumbers of houses and stores were vacant and rents were reduced andthose who owned real property were impoverished. Business of everykind was prostrated.This storm broke as the University was struggling to completethe initial $250,000 subscription. Added to the partisan politicalattack the panic proved well-nigh fatal. It became impossible to getnew subscriptions. Men who had already subscribed were reducedto bankruptcy, and not twenty-five cents on the dollar was ever realizedon this first subscription of $160,000. J. B. Olcott was six years inthe service of the University. He reported that he had secured subscriptions amounting to $88,000. At the end of his service his booksshowed that he had collected $22,316.40. Out of this came his salaryof $1,500 a year and the considerable expenses of the agency. At theend of nine years Dr. Burroughs had collected $40,645.84 on thesubscriptions secured by him during that entire period.In explaining the difficulties under which these men labored itshould not be forgotten that in 1861 the Civil War came on and wasfor two years as fatal to the work of getting subscriptions and makingcollections as the panic had been. The courage and persistence of theTrustees and their agents in the face of these repeated and overwhelming discouragements were beyond all praise. It is evident from whathas been said that from the beginning the Trustees never had any fundsat their disposal. They had large prdmises to pay, but no money inthe treasury. They were encouraged to go on by the fact that theyhad a very considerable subscription, secured and given in good faith,which they believed would eventually be paid.It will be recalled that after the first meeting of the prehminaryBoard on July 14, 1856, there were two important steps for the Executive Committee to take. The story of the first of these, the canvassfor subscriptions, has been told. The second was the securing of acharter. Since the adoption of the constitution of Illinois of 1870corporations are formed under the general law. In 1856 special charters were granted by the legislature and the charter of an educationalinstitution could be amended only by action of the legislature of thestate. Who wrote the charter of the new institution does not appear.It was enacted by the legislature in January, 1857, and approved bythe first Republican governor of the state, William H. Bissell.The charter in providing for a board of trustees of thrity-six members (afterward increased to forty-three) also provided:A board of regents, to consist of the governor of the State of Illinois, thelieutenant governor, the secretary of state, the speaker of the House of Repre-FOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 249sentatives, the superintendent of public instruction, the judges of the UnitedStates Court for the northern and southern districts of Illinois, and the circuitcourt of Cook County and of the Cook County court of common pleas, andthe mayor of the City of Chicago, by virtue of their offices, and of fifteenother persons to be appointed by the board of trustees.The duties of the regents were to visit the University, advise theTrustees, and report any violations of the charter to the legislature.The Board of Regents was a fifth wheel in the coach, but its appointment indicated the great expectations of the projectors of the University as to its future. The history of the institution showed that therewere plenty of persons ready, without appointment to that dignity,to perform all the duties assigned to the regents.Section 4 of the charter provided as follows:Any billiard room, bowling alley, race course, or other device or instrument for gaming, or any brothel or house of ill fame, or place where intoxicating liquors are sold or furnished (except for medicinal or mechanicalpurposes), within one mile of the site of said University, is hereby declareda nuisance and subject to abatement as such.From the first this provision was a dead letter, quite inoperative. Thesaloon called "The Shades" was never interfered with, at least duringmy time, from 1859 to 1862.The governor of the state was made ex officio the chancellor of theUniversity and the lieutenant governor vice-chancellor. I do notthink they ever had any duties to discharge.It was further provided:Otherwise than that the majority of the trustees and the President of theUniversity shall forever be of the same religious denomination as the majorityof this corporation [the majority of the corporators being Baptists], no religious test or particular religious profession shall ever be held as a requisitefor admission to any department of the University or for election to anyprofessorship or other place of honor or emolument in it, but the same shallbe open alike to persons of any religious faith or profession.Section 10 provided:The tract of land, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, on whichthe University is erected, belonging to the said University, is hereby declaredexempt from taxation or assessment for all or any purposes whatever.No tax exemption beyond this was enjoyed by the institution.The first meetings of the Board of Trustees, after the granting ofthe charter by the legislature, were held May 21 and 22, 1857. Theadditional trustees required by the charter and the elective regents,250 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwere chosen. Mr. Douglas was made president of the Board of Trustees and continued in that position till his death. Plans for a collegebuilding prepared by Boyington and Wheelock, architects, were presented and adopted, and the Executive Committee was "directed totake immediate measures for the erection of the building." It mustbe remembered that this action was taken before the panic struck thecountry. Liberal subscriptions were being received and it was believedthere would be aanple funds in hand for putting up the building. Itwas determined, therefore, to celebrate the Fourth of July, 1857, bylaying the cornerstone, the center of the main building to be in thecenter of the site.At the exercises attending the laying of the stone Judge Drummond,who was one of the regents, presided. Senator Douglas was presentand spoke briefly, Hon. I. N. Arnold making the principal address.It was a great occasion and there was a large attendance. A reportof the proceedings says:Thousands of the citizens of Chicago went down by the special trains onthe Illinois Central Railroad, or in their own carriages, and remained to theconclusion of the lengthy services A large delegation of the MasonicLodge in this city was present by invitation and the stone was laid with theexercises usual in that order.A lunch was served by the women interested in the new enterpriseand many after-dinner addresses were made. It was an all-day celebration and hope beat high in all hearts. So hopeful indeed did the prospects seem in July, 1857, that bids were accepted for the stone andmason and carpenter work aggregating $137,700. This would havemade the completed buildings cost perhaps $200,000. But then came apause. Before work was begun the disastrous panic of that fatefulyear developed and, though even in September the Trustees still hopedto go forward with the building, the storm in the financial worldparalyzed their efforts and brought the whole enterprise to a standstillfor a full year. It was not until July 15, 1858, when a meeting of theTrustees was again held, that courage was gathered for a new beginning. Dr. J. A. Smith, editor of The Christian Times, now The Standard,was the recording secretary of the meeting. In an editorial of theissue of July 21 he said:The subject principally requiring attention at the late board meetingwas the question whether to proceed with the building, so as to open in thefall. It was urged by the Executive Committee in its report that these needful steps could not longer be deferred without periling the whole enterprise.FOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 251Such, too, seemed the unanimous opinion of all present. While this subjectwas under discussion, full statements were made by Brn. Burroughs andOlcott of the present state of the endowment subscription. It appears thatin this city something over $115,000 has been subscribed; in the countryabout $90,000. For present use in the erection of buildings it had been ascertained that some $20,000 of the city subscription is available. With thisfinancial basis, it seemed no longer a question what was the true policy ofthe Board, and it was unanimously resolved that the South Wing and Corridorof the building should be put immediately under contract. This has sincebeen done, and the stone for the work is already, we suppose, being broughton the ground.On the showing made the prospect did, indeed, seem to be hopefulfor the erection of a part of the building whiich would not cost morethan $30,000. But the $20,000 depended on as immediately availabledid not prove to be so. Almost no part of that sum proved available.But the contracts had been let, work had begun, and the contractorsmust be paid. At a meeting of the Board held September 7, 1858,therefore, steps were taken to borrow money by mortgaging the University site. The ground had been given by Mr. Douglas with the provision that it should never be mortgaged. He now withdrew thiscondition, as appears from resolutions passed by the Trustees at ameeting held the following day, September 8. They were as follows:Resolved, That the thanks of the Board be presented to Hon. S. A. Douglasfor his liberality in waiving the terms of the original contract for the conveyance of the University Grounds and giving us a deed of the lands donatedby him for the University.Resolved, That the Executive Committee of the Board be authorized toexecute a Bond to Judge Douglas as shall be satisfactory to him and approvedby the said Executive Committee for the faithful carrying out of the University enterprise according to the spirit of the original contract.Authority was also given to the committee to issue bonds to theamount of $25,000 bearing 10 per cent interest, secured by mortgageon the site and building and further guaranteed by the Trustees andother friends of the University. These guarantors were secured byplacing $30,000 of the subscriptions in trust for their benefit in thehands of William Jones, for whom the South Wing, then under construction, was eight years later named. From the day this loan wasmade the Old University of Chicago was never out of debt, and everyyear saw it a little more deeply involved.The work of instruction was begun September 29, 1858, on the firstfloor of St. Paul's Universalist Church, corner of Wabash Avenue252 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand Van Buren Street, the teachers being Le Roy Satterlee and AlbertH. Mixer. There was a small Freshman class and a considerablenumber of preparatory students.The completion of the South Wing was much delayed, but it wasfinally finished and was dedicated with elaborate exercises July 21, 1859.Dr. A. C. Kendrick came from Rochester, New York, to speak. Thededicatory address was delivered by Senator J. R. Doolittle, and ahistorical statement made by William Jones. The new dining-room wasopened and a multitude fed. The attendance was so large that theexercises were adjourned from the chapel to the oak grove in frontof the building. Before the day was over a dozen speeches had beenmade, one of them by William Bross, one of the proprietors of ThePress and Tribune.The South Wing, afterward Jones Hall, of the great buildingplanned for the University but never completed was a four-storyand basement structure of rough-faced limestone, designed for a dormitory, with an extension northward two stories lower. This northextension contained the chapel, two or three recitation rooms, thepresident's office, and apartments in which in the earlier years thepresident and some of the professors and their families lived, givingthe building something of the atmosphere of a home. There was alarge dining-room in the basement which, however, was entirely abovethe surface of the ground.Little has been said thus far of Dr. John C. Burroughs, the firstpresident of the University. He had come to Chicago in 1852 as pastorof the First Baptist Church. In the latter part of 1855 he was electedpresident of Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, Illinois. Before he hadfinally accepted the position, though he had resigned his pastoratewith that purpose in view, he became interested, as has been alreadytold, in a possible University in Chicago, entered into negotiation withMr. Douglas, and in the spring of 1856 received from him the proffer ofa site for such an institution. Dr. Burroughs was one of the corporatorswho accepted the site and secured the University charter. After thefirst meeting of the corporators he entered actively into the work ofsecuring subscriptions. On July 3, 1857, the day before the laying ofthe cornerstone, he was elected president of the institution by a unanimous vote of the Trustees present at the meeting. It is evident fromthe record that he had urged the Trustees and continued to urge themto seek for the presidency the most highly trained and competenteducator they could secure. In furtherance of this view he now wrotethem as follows:FOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 253Chicago, July 6, 1857To the Board of Trustees of the University of ChicagoGentlemen: Through your Committee, Messrs. Woodworth, Walker andHoard, I am informed that at your meeting on the 3rd inst. you elected me tothe Presidency of the University. I need not assure you that the kind consideration implied in the action of the Board is held by me in grateful appreciation.At the same time I must refer the Board to the views which I so fullyexpressed previous to your action, as those by which I still feel that I mustbe governed in relation to the subject.To this it should be added that a number of members of the Board wereabsent and that neither in the vote of adjournment nor in the notificationof the meeting was there any intimation that the election of a Presidentwould be under consideration. On so important a matter I think there shouldbe the opportunity for the fullest possible expression, not only of the membersof the Board, but of the patrons and friends of the University whom theyrepresent. And I do not feel that I can accept a place which is not assignedme as the result of such an expression.Allow me therefore to suggest that an adjourned meeting of the Boardbe held .... at which it shall be understood that this subject will be considered. In the meantime I shall hold the subject under advisement, and willendeavor to be prepared if not to enter the service of the Board in the positionwhich they have assigned me, to recommend some course which will promisebetter for the interests of the University.Very truly yours,J. C. BurroughsThe question of the presidency now remained in abeyance forfourteen months. The closing down of the panic made it a questionwhether there would be any University. Meantime Dr. Burroughsremained the protagonist of the movement and by his energy andwisdom kept it going. But on September 8, 1858, at a meeting calledto consider this matter among others, the Trustees again elected Dr.Burroughs president by a unanimous vote. At a meeting held September 21, however, he formally declined the position and recommendeda professor in Brown University for the office. A committee wasthereupon appointed, which the next day reported as follows:Having given patient and prayerful attention to the subject of the Presidency and Dr. Burroughs' declination of it and having weighed his reasons,we recommend the adoption of the following resolutions:"Resolved, That, while we estimate duly the self-sacrificing motives whichinfluence Dr. Burroughs in this as in all his other efforts to promote the welfare254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof this institution, we are still of the opinion that he can best advance theprosperity of the University by filling the Presidential Chair."Resolved, therefore, that we urge upon him the withdrawal of his declinature and his acceptance of this office."This report, with the resolutions, was unanimously adopted andthe same committee was instructed to inform Dr. Burroughs of thisaction. The committee performed this duty without delay, and alittle later in the same meeting Dr. Burroughs came in andstated to the Board that he had received from the Committee appointedfor that purpose, information of its recent action with regard to the Presidency. He wished to assure the Board that his hesitation in this matter hadnot arisen from any unwillingness to perform any service which the interestsof the University may require of him, but from the convictions of his ownjudgment. If the Board should insist upon their own view of the subject,and still press the duties of the Presidency upon him, he would not continueto decline. He still requested, however, that his declinature should be allowedto stand, and that, for an arrangement which may meet the views of all, theBoard elect Dr. Wayland as President, with an Assistant President.At a session of the Board held later on the same day, September22, 1858, it was voted to accede to this request and Dr. Wayland waselected president and Dr. Burroughs vice-president by a unanimousvote.Dr. Francis Wayland was the great man of the Baptist demomina-tion and one of the great men of the country. He had recently retiredfrom the presidency of Brown University, after a service of twenty-eight years. He was sixty-two years of age and might reasonably beexpected to serve the new institution with vigor as well as with distinguished ability for ten or fifteen years. On the ground, however, of"existing engagements and the state of his health" he declined theelection. On this announcement being made to the Board, at a meetingheld July 22, 1859, Dr. Burroughs was for the fourth time electedpresident, at a salary "for the present" of $2,000 and immediatelyaccepted. He continued in the office till 1873, a period of fourteenyears. Dr. Burroughs was, in 1859, forty years of age. The bestyears of his fife he gave with unstinted and self-sacrificing devotion tothe institution. To him more than to any other man it owed its originand its final establishment. He was the logical candidate for the presidency, though the Trustees found themselves compelled to force thehonor and responsibility upon him.FOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 255The biographies of the Trustees of the first years of the Old University would form a fairly complete history of early Chicago. Amognthem were not only some of the earliest settlers but also some of themost eminent citizens. John H. Kinzie, son of John Kinzie, often calledthe father of Chicago, had been a resident from the first years of thecentury. William Jones, for whom Jones Hall was named, came toChicago in 1831 when its inhabitants numbered only a few score.William B. Ogden came in 1833 when it was only an inconsiderablevillage. He became its first mayor when it grew to the dignity of acity and was, perhaps, its foremost citizen for many years. After thedeath of Mr. Douglas he served the University as president of its Boardof Trustees till his own death in 1877. James H. Woodworth became aresident of the little village in the same year with Mr. Ogden, 1833.He was one of the early aldermen of the new city, was a member ofboth houses of the state legislature, was twice mayor of Chicago andserved the city in Congress. For many years he was the University'streasurer. Dr. L. D. Boone, who became a resident in 1836 and wasone of the most active of the Trustees, was successively city physician,alderman, and mayor. Samuel Hoard, one of the most faithful Trustees, served the public in the state senate, was clerk of the Circuit Court,member of the board of education, president of the department ofhealth, and city postmaster during the administration of Mr. Lincoln.The name of J. Y. Scammon is built into almost every part of thehistory of Chicago for nearly fifty years after 1833. He served the University with extraordinary devotion. Thomas Hoyne served the publicas a private citizen and in many positions of public trust and wasa devoted Trustee of the University from its inception. Walter S.Gurnee was another distinguished citizen, being twice elected mayorof the city. Charles N. Holden, who opposed receiving the grant ofthe site because he foresaw that the popular hatred of Mr. Douglasthen prevailing would imperil the success of the enterprise, becameone of the first and was for many years one of the most influentialTrustees. He came to Chicago in 1837, was alderman in 1855 and citytreasurer in 1857. It was said that he selected the location and drewthe plans for the famous Wigwam in which Mr. Lincoln was nominatedfor the presidency in i860. He was a member of the committee thaterected the building. He became one of the founders of the TheologicalSeminary which is now the Divinity School of the present Universityof Chicago. A son and grandson were later Trustees of the presentUniversity. Dr. Justin A. Smith was for more than forty years editor256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the leading Baptist paper of the West, now The Standard, and duringthe entire history of the Old University was one of its most devotedfriends. Charles Walker, whose son George C. Walker was later aTrustee of the present University and built Walker Museum, was amongthe foremost business men of the city and was vice-president of theBoard of Trustees of the first University. Mr. Walker was the firstshipper of hides (1836) and the first shipper of wheat (1838) to theEast, one of the organizers of the Chicago Board of Trade and ofthe first Chicago railroad, the Galena and Chicago Union. One of themost eminent men among the Trustees was James R. Doolittle, who,after serving Wisconsin for two years as a judge and twelve years asa member of the United States Senate, became a member of the Chicagobar. There were many other able and well-known men among thetrustees. Chief among them was the founder of the institution,Stephen A. Douglas. When Mr. Douglas donated the site he hadbeen a resident of Chicago only nine years, having made his homein the city in 1847. In 1856, when he gave the site, he was serving hissecond term as United States senator from Illinois. He was againelected senator three years later after the memorable Lincoln-Douglasdebate of 1858. He was chosen president of the Board of Trustees ofthe University on its organization in May, 1857, and continued in thatoffice till his death in June, 1861. It must be conceded that the University began its history with a notable group of men among itstrustees.The work of instruction in the newly completed South Wing of theambitious building projected, but never finished, began in September,1859. The students' rooms had been most comfortably furnished bythe women of the city and state. Though some preliminary workhad been done the preceding year the organized college work began in1859. It was the good fortune of the writer of this sketch to enter theUniversity as a Freshman at that precise time. I was admittedwithout examination, being required only to tell what preparatorywork I had done. My chum and I had as our room in the dormitoryNumber 1 in the northeast corner of the fourth (top) floor of the dormitory. Here over the tops of the oaks we had an inspiring outlookover the great lake. The study was large, lighted by gas, and hadconnected with it two single bedrooms. Students and professors tooktheir meals together in the basement dining-room, which was entirelyabove ground and both light and spacious. The scale of charges in theUniversity was absurdly low. Board was $2 a week, tuition $50 aFOUNDING OF FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 257year, and room rent $15 a year. There were four classes, Sophomore,Freshman, higher Academic, and lower Academic.A law department had been established only a few weeks prior tothe opening in 1859, so that there were also classes in law. A contribution of $5,000 from Thomas Hoyne had encouraged the Trustees toestablish the department. Judge Henry Booth was brought fromPoughkeepsie, New York, as head of the school.The first catalogue of the University was published toward theend of this first year, in the spring of i860, and showed the faculty tobe as follows: Rev. John C. Burroughs, President, and Professor ofMoral and Intellectual Philosophy; Albert H. Mixer, A.M., Professorof the Greek Language and Literature (Professor Mixer also dischargedthe duties of Professor of Modern Languages, French, and German);Alonzo J. Sawyer, A.M., Professor of Mathematics; Edwin C. Johnson,A.M., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature; J. H. Mc-Chesney, A.M., Professor of Chemistry, Geology, Mineralogy, and Agriculture; Henry Booth, A.M., Hoyne Professor of International andConstitutional Law; James Sylla, A.M., Tutor in the English Languageand Literature; Hon. Digby V. Bell, Professor of Commerical Science;William Tillinghast, Professor of Vocal Music.The active faculty in the college department consisted of thepresident and Messrs. Mixer, Sawyer, Johnson, and Sylla.Dr. Burroughs had been a pastor and made no pretensions to exactor extensive scholarship. He was not an inspiring teacher and histime was much occupied with the distressing financial difficultiesencountered in founding the institution. He was a genial, pleasant,kindly man, well liked by the students. Professor Sawyer was afine mathematician and an excellent drillmaster. Mr. Johnson, theProfessor of Latin, was a gentle, quiet, scholarly man. He was physically frail and lived only a few years. No doubt his lack of energetic,aggressive qualities was due to the frailty of his body. He was verymuch of a gentleman and was an excellent if not an inspiring teacher.Mr. Sylla taught English and elocution. At that time English occupiedno such place in the college curriculum as it does now. Only fourterms during the four years were given to studies in English and rhetoric. I found my ideal of a teacher and a cultivated gentleman inA. H. Mixer, Professor of Greek and the Modern Languages. Heimpressed his students with the fulness of his knowledge and inspiredthem as students by his enthusiasm as a teacher. I admired himgreatly and have always remembered him with gratitude.258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe number of students in attendance the first year, 1859-60,was 178, divided as follows:Law Students . , • . 48Sophomores . .8Freshmen . . . . . 12Higher Academics . . 21Lower Academics . . 89With the opening of the work of instruction in the newly completedbuilding the account of the founding of the first University of Chicagoproperly ends. A hundred details might be added, but perhaps, theywould not increase the interest or value of the story. Great hopesattended the opening of the new institution. The students were proudto be members of the first classes of what they were confident wouldbecome a leading University. Chicago regarded it with pride andexpectation, and all its friends rejoiced in the assurance that they hadlaid the foundations of an institution that would grow with the growing city and become one of the great universities of the world.IN MEMORY OF MEMBERS OF THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOFALLEN IN THE WARIT IS FOR US TO BE HERE DEDICATED TOTHE GREAT TASK REMAINING BEFORE US THAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD WE TAKEINCREASED DEVOTION TO THAT CAUSE FORWHICH THEY GAVE THE LAST FULL MEASURE OF DEVOTION— THAT WE HERE HIGHLYRESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL NOTHAVE DIED IN VAIN, THAT THIS NATION,UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OFFREEDOM, AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THEPEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE,SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH.— Abraham LincolnIN MEMORIAMRAYMOND ARTHUR ANDERSON1912, 1913, 1914, 1915* Ph.B. 1915, 1916LESTER CLEMENT BARTON1906, 1907JOHN KENNETH BROCK1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, Ph.B. 1914CLARENCE ALEXANDER BR0DIE1914, 1915, 1916THEODORE HARVEY CLARK1914, 1915, 1916HEDLEY HEBER COOPER1907, 1908EDWARD RAYMOND DeBOTH1907, 1908, 1909, 1910 CARL CONRAD DITMAR1917, 1918MARTIN LELAND DOLLAHAN1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, S.B. 1915JOHN ARTHUR DUGGAN1916, 1917ROBERT HARLAN FLANSBURG1916, 1917HARRY WILKERSON FORD1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904JASPER JOSEPH FFRENCH1914BYRON MALCOLM GENDREAU1913, 1914, 1915259260 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDJOHN MARION GOAD1916, 1917WALTER WOOD GODDARD, JR.1909, 191 1, 1912, 1913HAROLD ERNEST GOETTLER1910, 1911, 1912, 1913. 1914. S.B. 1914EL ROY DAVID GOLDING1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, Ph.B. 1915DAVID BULLOCK HARRIS1915, 1916, 1917PHILIP WILLIAM HARTZELL1916,1917, 1918STILLMAN BINGHAM JAMIESON, JR.1917, 1918ELMER LEOPOLD KRAUSE1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, Ph.B. 1918LLOYD ERNEST LEDUC1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, S.B. 1914GEORGE PHELPS LEGGETT1915, 1916, 1917WARREN BROWER LEONARD1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, I9i4i Ph.B. 1914JOHN SIMON LEWIS, JR.1894, 1895, 1896, A.B. 1896COUNT de ROCHAMBEAU LOVELLETTE1911, 1912, 1913THOMAS CANNON LYONS1916, 1917JOEL FURNAS McDAVID1913, 1914, Ph.B. 1914, 1915, 1916, J.D. 1916ROWLAND HAZARD McLAUGHLIN1917BERNARD FRANCIS McMEEL1916, 1917FRANK CHARLES MARSHALL1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, D.B. 1888HARRY PAUL MARTIN1913, 1914, 19*5, 1917, S.M. 1917SEYMOUR MASON1914, 1915, 1916, 1917RICHARD PERRY MATTHEWS1912, 1913, 1914, 191S, 1916, Ph.B. 1916WILLIAM FENIMORE MERRILL1908, 1909, 1910, 1911GILBERT COCHRAN MOSS1916, 1917, 1918ONA JEFFERSON MYERS1911, 1912, 19131 Ph.B. 1913, 1914, J.D. 1914 EARL HENRY NEVILLE1913, 1914FRANK JOHN OLIVER1916, 1917HAWLEY BROWNELL OLMSTEAD1916, 1917EDWARD ORR1915, 1916, 1917, Ph.B. 1917ROY BENNETT PACE1911, 1914, 1915WALTER SMITH POAGUE1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, Ph.B. 1914GEORGE JOSEPH READ1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, A.B. 1911CHARLES EDWARD REISS1912, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918JOHN IRVING ROBERTS1916, 1917JOHN CHESTER SANDALL1915, 1916, 1917, Ph.B. 1917PHILIP FRANK SCHAFFNER1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, S.B. 1907WALTER BEAUMONT SCHAFER1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917 .LAURENS CORNING SHULL1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, S.B. 1916HARRY HENRY STRAUCH1913, 1914, 19,15, 1916, S.B. 1916CEDRIC BARTON STROHM1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, S.B. 1917AUGUST LEO SUNDVALL1915, 1916, 1917CHARLES OLIVER TAYLOR, JR.1913,1914GLENN IRVING TENNEY1915, 1916, 1917PRESTON EDDY TUPPER1916ORVILLE CHASE WETMORE1913, 1914, 191SWILLIAM JEWELL WHYTE1915, 1916, 1917CHARLES HENRY WILBER1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, Ph.B. 1905,1906, 1907, J.D. 1907HOWARD WOODHEAD1896, 1897, 1898, 1900, A.B. 1901, 1902, 1903,1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, PhJD. 1909IN MEMORIAM 261THE UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOLPAUL CODY BENTLEY ALEXANDER AGNEW McCORMICK, JR.Harvard University Yale UniversityPAUL GREENWOOD COX ROWLAND HAZARD MCLAUGHLINBrown UniversityTHOMAS EDWARD NALY HEFFERAN WALTER SMITH POAGUEUniversity of Wisconsin The University of ChicagoFRYAR PATRICK HUTCHINSON WELLBORN SAXON PRIDDYSONS OF TRUSTEES AND MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIESROBERT MORSS LOVETT, JR. HARRISON FOSTERKENNETH MacLEISH ROWLAND HAZARD McLAUGHLINThe year of residence at the University is indicated by the date after each name. The date of receiving a degree is also indicated. This list is doubtless incomplete. Corrections and additions maybe sent to the Office of the President.A service was held Sunday, May 18, at four o'clock in the FrankDickinson Bartlett Gymnasium, in memory of members of the Universityof Chicago fallen in the war. At the north end of the gymnasium largeAmerican flags were draped about the University coat-of-arms. Fromthe railing of the running track depended service flags of the fraternities,many of them bearing gold stars. As the solemnity and beauty of themusic gripped the hearts of the audience, it seemed to some a pity thatthe services could not have been held in the beautiful new chapel. Onedeeply moved remarked, however, that the beautiful chapel would notafford a setting more instinct with significance than the gymnasiumwhere so many soldiers had been made physically fit for their greatservice.Promptly at four o'clock the invocation was pronounced by theacting chaplain of the University, Reverend Theodore Gerald Soares,Ph.D., D.D. President Harry Pratt Judson then made a statementregarding the service of the members of the University in the war,concluding with a request that the audience, after the University custom,rise in memory of the dead. Pleyel's Hymn was rung on the AliceFreeman Palmer Chimes. Then Verdi's Requiem was sung with greatsolemnity by the Apollo Musical Club, under the direction of HarrisonM. Wild. The entire Chicago Symphony Orchestra assisted. Thesoloists were as follows: Soprano, Monica Graham Stults; Contralto,Louise Harrison Slade; Tenor, Robert Lauren Quait; Bass, ArthurMiddleton. At the conclusion of the Requiem the Apollo Club sangHandel's " Hallelujah Chorus. "HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS, D.D.By THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDChicago has been generally regarded as a city wholly given tobusiness, absorbed in material things, and quite destitute of interest inspiritual ideals. It may seem, therefore, a curious fact, but it is a quiteunquestionable one, that the seventies and eighties of the nineteenthcentury formed a period of widespread and profound interest in thatcity in the central and fundamental questions of Christian theology.The character of God, the person of Christ, the atonement, sin, penalty,forgiveness, the inspiration of the Bible, were subjects much in men'sthoughts and were common topics of conversation. This unusualinterest in religion had its origin in the experiences of two prominentclergymen, Professor David Swing and Dr. Hiram W. Thomas. Professor Swing was a Presbyterian and Dr. Thomas a Methodist. Theypassed through almost identical experiences, Professor Swing in themiddle seventies and Dr. Thomas a few years later. The public interestaroused in the career of the first was deepened and prolonged by that ofthe second, with whom this sketch has to do.His parents, Joseph and Margaret (McDonald) Thomas namedhim at his birth Hiram Washington. He had three brothers and twoyounger sisters. His father was of German- Welsh descent and in religiona Quaker, while the mother was of Scotch-English blood and a Methodist,He, w#s born April 29, 1832, on his father's farm in the Allegheny Mountains in Hampshire County, which is near the northeastern corner ofwhat is now West Virginia. When he was a year old the family movedfifty miles west to Preston County, where he grew up as a farmer's boy.His early school advantages were slight, but the hard work of the farmwas lightened by occasional terms in the district school. The region inwhich he spent his boyhood was a paradise for sportsmen, and youngThomas embraced its opportunities with such ardor that he early becamean expert horseman and a crack shot. The family was poor and the lifeprimitive. The boy, "in the summer plaited his own hats with ryestraw that grew on his father's farm, and in the winter made his capsof the furs of the wild animals he captured in the chase." A story hetold in a sermon fifty years later reveals the conditions under which his262THE REVEREND HIRAM W. THOMAS, D.D.HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 263boyhood was spent. It told of himself, a boy of ten or twelve years,barefooted and clad in a cotton shirt and very cheap homemade trousers.One summer day his father, returning from town, brought him a ten-centstraw hat. Hastening out of the house with this prized possession, heclimbed the rail fence and sitting on the top examined and admiredand exulted in his new hat. Looking over the unfertile acres of the hillfarm and at the log house he said to himself, "How rich our family is.What a fine house we have. What a splendid farm we have, and whatgood horses and nice stock. We have everything we need. And nowmy father has brought me this new chip hat from, the store, so much finerthan I could make for myself, so much more stylish and elegant. I ama very fortunate boy. I can't think of another thing I want." He wasa contented and happy boy, and if he lacked anything he was fortunateenough not to know it.From his youth up he was physically frail, and no doubt it was to hisearly life in the open and to the tonic air of the West Virginia hills thathe owed such health as enabled him to meet the sorrows and labors of hislater life.He reached the age of eighteen before he made a profession of religion and joined the Methodist church. It is curious, therefore, to hearhim say, "I always had the conviction, without being able to explain itscause, that I should some day be a minister, if I lived. I was ratherlaughed at for the idea among my companions and in my family, but Icould not shake it off. I am certain that it resulted in my being one."Very soon after his conversion, with little education and without anypreparatory theological training, he began, in his nineteenth year, topreach. His drawings toward the Christian life had begun several yearsbefore this time, but he yielded to them and made his way slowly.He says, "I had a hard struggle of it: it was a weary way finding thelight; it was plod and plead and pray." This spiritual struggle had beenattended by an intellectual quickening. It created in him such a desirefor a better education that he left home and found his way on footnearly a hundred miles to Hardy County, southeast of Preston, where hefound a little village academy and supported himself by working mornings and evenings through a winter's study. His conversion and decisionto devote his life to preaching greatly increased this desire for a bettereducation. Full of evangelistic zeal, he began to preach wherever opportunity offered, and with such promise that at the age of nineteen he wasadmitted to the Pittsburgh Conference of the Evangelical Association,an organization of German Methodists. He preached and studied264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDat the same time. For two years, from 1850 to 1852, he took privateinstruction under a Dr. McKesson, of his neighborhood, who was aprominent German Methodist minister. Later he attended for a singleterm an academy at Cooperstown, Pennsylvania, and still later studiedfor a short time in the "Seminary" at Berlin, a few miles northeast ofhis home and across the Pennsylvania line. During this period offour or five years he continued to preach, for two or three years beingassigned a "circuit" by the Conference with a salary of $100 a year.We get one interesting glimpse of the young preacher of those earlyyears. He was in his twentieth year when he applied for a license topreach. The presiding elder of his district was a very able and eloquentman, Rev. Uriah Eberhart, a brother of Professor J. F. Eberhart,who was a prominent citizen of Chicago for many years, one of the earlyteachers of Dr. Thomas and his life-long friend. The presiding eldermakes the following statement:I was holding a quarterly meeting in Virginia in 1852, when there came in a youngman of slender build, long red hair, dressed in a suit of homemade clothes, dyed withbutternut bark. A brother near said, "That is Hiram Thomas. His case is comingup for license to preach." "Well," I replied, "I shall have to hear him try before Icould sign a license for so unpromising a youth." I heard him that night, at myrequest. Long before he was through, my doubts disappeared, and he got his licenseand a God-speed.On the advice of the presiding elder the young man went to theBerlin Seminary, which was in charge of Professor J. F. Eberhart, whosays:I will never forget his appearance as I first saw him. He was mounted on a bayhorse, with saddle bags, long overcoat, leggings and boots coming nearly up to hisknees, such as were worn in that day, and a bundle roll strapped on behind the saddle.Such was the full outfit for circuit preachers of that age.In reply to my questions as to what studies he wanted to pursue he said mentaland moral philosophy, logic and rhetoric, and he wanted to learn Greek so as to beable to read the Testament in the original. .... His face was serious and looked arepresentative of the solemn, sincere and strenuous Christianity of that day. ....When he got into the school his solemnity seemed to change. He was all attention andsparkling and bright in his nature. He was more intelligent and cultured than theordinary students and, being attentive, took in every thought and fact of his recitationswith great avidity. He enjoyed natural philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics, andmastered the Greek verb "to be" with all its many irregularities, in its various voices,moods and tenses, in less time than I ever knew any student to accomplish that featof arbitrary memory. No one ever enjoyed his studies more and no student was evermore satisfactory to his teacher.After he left school he was appointed to the Sugar Creek circuitnear Franklin, Pennsylvania. It was while he was riding this "circuit"HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 265that a great piece of good fortune came to him. He was holding a seriesof evangelistic meetings in Mercer, one of the extreme western countiesof Pennsylvania, when one evening a hilarious company of young peoplecame in and out of pure mischief nearly broke up the service. Theleading spirit in the mischief was a girl of nineteen or twenty years, MissEmeline C. Merrick. She belonged to one of the most prominent andwell-to-do families in the village. The meetings continued. She wentagain, became interested, and was soon numbered among the converts.The young minister found the girl who had nearly broken up his meetingso attractive that he promptly fell in love with her. She who had firstgone to his meetings to mock and then had remained to pray ended bygiving her heart to him and promising him her hand. Born in Pleasant-ville, Pennsylvania, August 31, 1832, she had received her education atAshtabula, Ohio, where the family had lived for some years. Herfather died suddenly while on a journey through Illinois sometimebetween 1845 and 1850, and the family later returned to Pennsylvania.The daughter had meantime received a good education, which she supplemented by wide reading. She was very attractive, with a warm,sunny disposition, and at the same time she had a practical, executivemind and great force of character. Her forbears were from NewEngland, and she inherited their practical characteristics. She wasthus ideally fitted to be the wife and helpmeet of the somewhat dreamy,reflective, unambitious young preacher she was to marry. Dr. Thomasfully appreciated the part she had played in his life in the way of stimulusand driving power when he said of her after her death, "But for her Ishould still be riding the circuit in little western towns."They were married near Franklin, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1855,when she was twenty-two years old and he not quite twenty-three. Therailroads had reached Chicago three years before. They had crossedIllinois and entered Iowa. The great West lay open, inviting settlement.The rich soil of the prairies called irresistibly to the dwellers among thehills and mountains of the East. All the Atlantic states felt the lure ofthe new world in the valley of the Mississippi. Men by the hundredthousand turned their possessions into money and settled in Illinois andIowa. Every year an army of new settlers invaded those states. Thefather of young Thomas, with his family, joined the army of 1854 andwent far toward the border line of settlements in southeastern Iowa.He was an abolitionist and uncomfortable in a slave state.More than fifty years later Dr. and Mrs. Thomas visited the oldWest Virginia place, which appears to have been still known as the266 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"Thomas farm." It comprised 400 acres, and when the Doctor, froman elevation commanding a wide view, pointed out to his wife the farmwith its slaty, stony soil he assured her that for agricultural purposesit was not worth two cents an acre. This was probably a pessimisticview, as his father had sold it for $10 an acre. A short time before thisvisit it had again been sold for the same price. Then came a change.The stony soil was discovered to be so rich in glass sand that glass wasbeing manufactured. But this was not all. The surface was found tobe underlaid with coal. The new proprietor had given up farming.The old homestead had been torn down, and a new and modern househad taken its place. The products of the old farm were no longer themeager and hard-won crops of hay and grain and potatoes of formeryears but rich royalties on the output of the coal mines and the production of glass. If the boy on the rail fence had only known, how right hewould have been when he said, "How rich our family is."Was it sympathy with his father on the slavery question or hismother's letters telling him of the need of preachers in that new landthat moved the son to follow the family to the little Iowa hamlet ofPilotburg, sixty miles west of Davenport? However that may be, hejoined them with his wife in their far western home in the spring of 1855.But his purpose of entering at once on the work of preaching in thenew settlements was temporarily shattered by a severe, protracted, andwell-nigh fatal illness. The change of climate from his native mountainsto the valley of the Mississippi was too great a shock for his fragile body,and he "was brought to the very verge of death by a siege of congestivechills and fever." The physicians gave him up, the community awaitedhis funeral, but he began suddenly and rapidly to improve, and the wholecountry round about was, as he said, greatly excited over what seemed amiraculous recovery. But many months passed before he was able toenter on the work of the ministry.He did not find German Methodists organized in the West, and in1856 he was admitted to the Iowa Conference of the Methodist EpiscopalChurch and entered on his work as an itinerant Methodist preacher, hisfull connection with the Conference dating from 1858. The capabilitiesof Mrs. Thomas began at once to appear. Referring forty years laterto those early experiences Dr. Thomas said, "We had the experience ofitineracy in a new country, not only its romance, but its hardships.My salary was $300 a year for the first three years and the next year $400.But we were happy. Mrs. Thomas was a fine economist. It seemed tobe as easy to be six weeks ahead as six weeks behind; we were never inHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 267debt, and only once were we without money in the house, and thenonly for a few hours.". Mrs. Thomas early recognized her husband'sunusual powers. She did this before he was himself conscious of them.Frail in body, naturally a student, an omnivorous reader, he might haveyielded to his love for a quiet, sedentary life had he not felt the spur of hervigorous personality. She was ambitious for him if he was not for himself, and he said after her death, "One could hardly do less than his bestunder the pressure of such an intense fife."He therefore did his best and began to be known beyond the limits ofhis circuit. But there are almost no records of his Iowa ministry. Hekept no diary and wrote no account of his fife. In a sermon on theatonement delivered in the late seventies of the last century he said,"The world will never be troubled with a journal of my poor life; forI am writing none. Only the date of my birth and the day — the coronalday — of my marriage, have I committed to paper, save this: that a fewpoints in my religious experiences so impressed me that I wrote themdown." We have therefore no authentic record of his life and work inIowa. We know only two or three facts. We know that while prosecuting his work he sought the help of two strong men to assist him inand direct his private studies. These were Dr. Charles Elliott andDr. W. J. Spaulding, successive presidents of the Iowa Wesleyan University. This is only an indication of how essentially scholarly theyoung preacher was. He continued to be a most earnest student all hisfife. One has only to read his sermons to learn how broad his readinghad been, how completely he had mastered what he had read, and howprofoundly and independently he had thought on the great themes ofphilosophy and science and theology. Though his early educationaladvantages had been few he became an unusually well-educated man.And he was no ordinary student, who held himself to his task by forceof will. He literally pursued knowledge. He had an extraordinarypower of concentration. The subject of his study absorbed him sowholly that he was perfectly oblivious of what was taking place abouthim. No noise disturbed him. No interruption attracted attention formore than an instant, and his wife was sometimes compelled to resortto extreme measures when her necessities required his assistance.Whether the following story is apocryphal or not I do not know. Itis declared to be a true tale, and its date is somewhere in this early Iowaperiod:Mrs. Thomas was doing her own house work, and — expecting company fordinner — had put bread in the oven, when the fire went out for lack of fuel. She had268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDasked Mr. Thomas, who was intently studying near by, to go at once and cut somewood. He paid no attention to her request, and she spoke again and several timestried to impress him with the fact that the bread would be spoiled if there was not afire immediately. Still he paid no attention, until, as a last resort, she took theremaining coals on a shovel, ajnd, stepping behjnd him, held them close to the canebottom chair on which he was sitting. The chair soon ignited and the flames madeit uncomfortably hot. He then "raised " rather briskly for him, but still deliberately,and asked good naturedly, "Emma, what was it that you wanted ? "It was with this absorbing interest that he studied natural science inhis early ministry when receiving a salary, in obscure charges, of from$300 to $600 a year, and he continued throughout life to follow themarvelous developments of science with the same devotion.No doubt Dr. Elliott and Dr. Spaulding introduced him to the studyof philosophy. Unlike most of us he loved it and pursued it with eagerinterest. He had the philosophic spirit, and when he stepped into therealm of philosophy one can imagine him recognizing his own countryand saying with Rob Roy, "My foot is on my native heath," and therethenceforth he dwelt. Philosophy remained his favorite study. Withthe same intense interest, indeed, he pursued the study of history, butit was as a student of the philosophy of history. Where the pessimisticand cynical Henry Adams found only chaos in history Dr. Thomasdiscovered "Unity, Continuity, Purpose, Order, Law, Truth, the Universe, God." Philosophy remained a life-long pursuit. Of coursetheology did also, and he made himself familiar with the history oftheological thought. But philosophy, "the application of reason to itslegitimate objects," ruled his thinking in all departments of study andreacted powerfully on his preaching all his life.Few young ministers give themselves to such a wide range of readingand study or become absorbed in it. Young Thomas was accustomedto study far into the night. As a result he slept in the morning untilroused by his wife. "On the morning after the celebration of his silverwedding, in the spring of 1880, his wife waked him early, with the words,'Come, Hiram, it is time to get up,' when he sleepily replied, 'Emma,that's the first thing you said to me, just twenty-five years ago this morning, and I have been hearing it ever since.'" There is a verisimilitudeabout this story that commends it. But it is worthy of note that hiswife not only encouraged him in these studies and, perhaps, incited himto them, but that she was also a student. From a child she had been agreat reader. Her husband said of her, " In the lines of history and literature she was remarkably proficient, and in many things she was considered a critic." Thus intellectually husband and wife progressedtogether.HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 269The twelve years of ministry in Iowa are illuminated by one otherray of fight from a sermon of Dr. Thomas preached in 1895. This wasa sermon, "In Memory of Our Dead," delivered in the People's Church.He refers at length to Judge Boyles, saying among other things:I first met Judge Boyles when pastor of the Methodist church at Fort Madison,Iowa, in 1858. There was no parsonage, the church was run down, we lived, in threelittle rooms, paid our rent, did our own work. I got $400 a year and it was hard workto get that. The first we heard of Judge Boyles was a ten-dollar bill he sent us; andto help the church along we reported it on the salary. His family then attended thePresbyterian Church; but they came over to hear me and he encouraged me byremarking that "if that man's legs hold out, that head might be heard from."Fort Madison was the young preacher's second appointment inIowa. The first at Marshall, where the son, Dr. Homer M. Thomas,the well-known Chicago physician, was born in the summer of 1858,had ended. There he had received a salary of $300. It was in theautumn of the same year that he was appointed to Fort Madison with asalary of $400. One is at a loss to decide which is the most interesting fact of the year beginning in autumn of 1858 — the promisingyoung preacher, twenty-six years old, giving a year's service for thismeager pay; this exceptional family of three living in three rooms;the gifted wife and mother doing her own housework and making herhome a social center in the village; or the fact that she did this on thatmeager salary and not only did not allow her less careful husband toget in debt but managed to have money always in the house and to keepsix weeks ahead of the expenses. Perhaps as interesting as any was theaction of the husband and wife in turning in to the church treasury forapplication on his salary a large ten-dollar bill sent, not to the church,but to him personally by a stranger.The man's legs held out and his head began to be heard from. Thechurch prospered, and after the first year at Fort Madison salaries of$400 became things of the past. In those years the Methodist itinerancywas a two-year term. At the end of his term Mr. Thomas was appointedchaplain of the state penitentiary, which was located at Fort Madison,so that his residence in that place was prolonged to four years. Hisreputation, however, was growing. Churches were asking for hisservices, and in 1862 he was assigned to the church at Washington.Mount Pleasant next secured him, and his last pastorate in Iowa was inBurlington. Meantime he was becoming every year more widely known.The churches he served prospered. The congregations increased, themembership grew, and his fame as a preacher crossed the Mississippi.270 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt reached Chicago, and in 1869 the Park Avenue Methodist Churchof that city succeeded in securing his transfer from Iowa and his appointment to its pulpit. His old teacher J. F. Eberhart was chiefly responsiblefor bringing him to Chicago. He writes:In 1869 he [Dr. Thomas] attended the General Conference in Chicago. I entertained him at my house. .... About that time I met a leading lawyer from Burlington, Iowa, who said, in answer to my inquiry, that in the morning Dr. Thomas hadthe largest audience in Burlington, and in the evening he had aU the people.Very shortly thereafter I invited Dr. Thomas to make me a visit and sent himtransportation. I was then a member of the board of trustees of the Park AvenueMethodist Church. Dr. Bayliss was then our minister. I told Dr. Bayliss that I hada country minister visiting me, and I thought he would preach for him if invited He looked quizzically at me and said, "I will invite anyone you recommend."The official members of the church spread the news, and on Sunday morning theaudience was larger than usual The evening audience packed the house.Next morning Dr. Bayliss called at my house before Dr. Thomas was out, and Iasked him his opinion of the "country preacher." He said, "There are few menliving who can preach such sermons as he preached."The official board at once made an application to have him transferred.When he settled in Chicago he had been preaching about eighteenyears. He had served his apprenticeship and had become a master-workman. He had supplemented the defects of his early education bywide reading and earnest study until there were few more scholarly menin the Methodist ministry. There were almost none who possessedan equal acquaintance with science and philosophy. He had developedinto a preacher of very uncommon attractiveness and power. And hewas still a young man, being only thirty-seven years of age. He wentfrom a small town to what, even then, was considered a great city. Itwas a deserved recognition when in 1870 the Indiana Asbury Universityconferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity.In 1869-70 Chicago was a city of about 300,000 people. Its population was increasing at the rate of 40,000 every year. It was themetropolis of the Northwest, and ministers not unnaturally felt that aChicago pulpit opened opportunities of influence and usefulness thatcould be found nowhere else in the West. To be called to Chicago was arecognition of ability and promise. To be appointed to Chicago by thebishops of the Methodist church was a similar recognition.The Park Avenue Church, to which Dr. Thomas was called by thepeople and appointed by the bishop, was located on the corner of ParkAvenue and Robey Street, which at that time was far out in what is knownas the West Division of Chicago. It was in the midst of a communityHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 271of families belonging to the middle class. It had a membership in 1870of 298. This increased during the pastorate of Dr. Thomas to 368.The great Chicago fire of October, 1871, did not reach within two milesof the Park Avenue Church, but many of its members lost their property,and the pastor surrendered $500 of his $3,000 salary to lighten theburdens of his people.In 1872 Mr. Thomas was appointed to the Clark Street, or First,Church, which held its services in the well-known Methodist ChurchBlock on the corner of Clark and Washington streets. The buildingwas in the very center of the path of the great fire of 1.87 1 and was ofcourse utterly destroyed. The Church Block, as the Methodists calledit, was a block of stores and business offices, with an audience room,classrooms, and Sunday-school rooms reserved for a free church. Herea church was conducted, $1,000 a year from the income of the businessblock being annually appropriated to help pay its current expenses. Allthe rest of the income was demoted to aiding feeble societies in erectinghouses of worship. Several thousand dollars a year were being appropriated for this purpose when the fire came and destroyed the building. Thesite being in the midst of the business quarter it was at once rebuilt inmore substantial form than before. The new block was a "four-storybuilding containing ten basements, eight stores, a pastor's study, lecture-rooms, parlors, and a large auditorium." It was intended to constitutea perpetual endowment of Methodist missionary and extension work inChicago.At the time Dr. Thomas took charge of the church it was entering thenewly erected block and gave him an ideal field for his peculiar gifts.It was central, in the business district indeed, and far from any residencequarter, but at the point where all lines of transportation came together,equally accessible from the North, South and West sides of the city,as well as near the great hotels, thus inviting the mass of strangers alwaysin the city. It was an attraction to many that the new pastor's viewswere spoken of as under suspicion by the rigidly orthodox, and he wassoon preaching to large congregations.Soon after he took charge of the Clark Street Church his interest inphilosophy resulted in the organization in October, 1873, °f tne Philosophical Society, which held its meetings in the Church Block. ThisSociety was composed of men and women interested in the discussion ofquestions of philosophy, social science, natural science in its broaderaspects, history, and moral philosophy. The members were of widely272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdivergent views. The meetings were open and the discussions frank andfree. The Society quickly reached a membership of nearly three hundred. Dr. Thomas was its second president, and for a time it was notonly prosperous but received a good deal of public attention, too muchindeed for the peace of mind of the pastor of the Clark Street Church.Occasionally public lectures were given under the auspices of the Societyin the auditorium of the Church Block.It so happened that two such lectures were delivered by two somewhat prominent skeptics, Gerald Massey and Judge Henry Booth."This was thought to be a great outrage on Christianity — infidel lectures from a Methodist pulpit — and Dr. Thomas was hel|J responsiblefor it.".Of course he was in no way responsible, as it was understood that allshades of views were held in the Society, and no one was responsible forthe utterances of any speaker except the speaker himself. The breezeagainst the pastor blew over, but the incident awakened in some mindsand deepened in others grave suspicions as to his orthodoxy. Twoparties began to appear in the Rock River Conference, of which he wasa member. These parties might be called the conservatives and liberals.The conservatives insisted that their preachers must adhere strictly tothe Methodist Standards of Doctrine and Articles of Faith. The liberalsheld that theology was a progressive science, that Methodism was organized on a liberal" basis, and that the pastors must, within somewhatbroad limits, have freedom of thought and speech. There was undoubtedly a third party composed of those who believed in liberty and progressbut hated trouble, deprecated theological strife, and hoped to achieveprogress without sacrificing peace.A number of incidents occurred during the three years of the ClarkStreet pastorate which awakened criticism, but none of them was ofsufficient importance to imperil the pastor's position in the church. Heremained in good standing in the Conference, but the bishop thought itbest to remove him from Chicago to a less conspicuous post, and in theautumn of 1875 he was appointed to the First Methodist Church ofAurora, Illinois, where the salary was little more than half of what hehad l)een receiving. The Centenary Church, the largest Methodistchurch in Chicago, paying a salary of $4,000, double that paid in Aurora,had made strenuous efforts to secure him, but the authorities stood firmand sent him to Aurora. For many years his home in Chicago was at535 West Monroe Street. It was convenient to the Centenary Church,HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS mand that church wanted him, but Methodist discipline required obedience, and the man under authority obeyed, packed up his goods, andmoved to Aurora.His stay in that city was limited to two years, but it was one of themost fruitful periods of his ministry. He found the church with 296members and left it with 434. He built up an evening congregationthat filled the house. One of the notable things of his pastorate was thepreaching of a series of sermons in the winter and spring of 1876. Thesermons were all on great themes, such as "God or First Cause," "Originand Antiquity of Our Race," "The Problem of Evil," "The Governmentof God," "Immortality," "The Resurrection," "Future Punishment,"etc. They were delivered extemporaneously but were stenographi-cally reported for the Aurora Herald and first printed in that paper.Congregations that filled the house listened to them with absorbedattention and growing interest. A year later they were published inbook form under the title The Origin and Destiny of Man.These sermons are interesting reading. The questions discussed areamong the greatest in theology. They are presented with simplicity,sincerity, and ability. The sermons contain the germinal thoughts thatmade up the body of the preacher's later views. Save on a few points,such as a place of material hell fire, there is little dogmatic teaching.When he did not feel certain he confessed his uncertainty and led hiscongregation along lines of inquiry. Indeed one of the charms of thesermons was the fact that he talked with his congregation as a friendwith friends. He said in the last of them, " In the beginning of this seriesI had no thought whatever that they were to appear in print. When thepublishers of the Herald requested my manuscript for publication, I hadto tell them I hadn't any, for to not one of these discourses have I everdone anything in the way of written preparation more than what mightbe noted on half a sheet of paper."Few families are called upon to suffer the domestic afflictions thatfell on Dr. and Mrs. Thomas. Of their seven children six died in childhood. This series of sermons was broken into by a succession of heartbreaking troubles. These were so many and so great as to draw forth aletter of sympathy from the Philosophical Society of Chicago. Inanswering it Dr. Thomas wrote, "We have indeed passed through noordinary affliction. For eight long weeks we have had severe sicknessin our house, prostrating each one of our family, and, what is saddest ofall, taking from us our dear little Lollie. . . . . For more than a weekI was but partially conscious." He had been prostrated by typhoid274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfever and was kept out of his pulpit for two months, having returned tolife from the very gates of death.At the end of his first year in Aurora the Centenary Church of Chicagorenewed its efforts to secure him, but the Aurora church would not givehim up. At the end of his second year the Centenary people insistedthat they must have him, and at the Conference of October, 1877, hewas appointed their pastor. This was at that time the leading Methodistchurch in Chicago. No other had half its membership, which was about900. No other paid so large a salary. It wa£ the best appointment inthe Conference, and of course in the entire West. If there were placesof larger influence the successful occupancy of this pulpit pointed directlytoward them. Dr. Thorny was one of the ablest and most popularpreachers in the denomination. He might have aspired to any pulpit.Had his ambition led him in that direction a bishopric was not beyondhis reach. When he went to the Centenary Church in 1877 ne was stiHa young man, only forty-five years old, with a quarter of a century ofvigorous activity before him. There lay before him a plain path tocertain and large success in the denomination to which he belonged.That was the path of conformity. The path to inevitable trouble wasnonconformity, not so much in his views as in the promulgation of them,in his insistence in his preaching on the points in which he differed fromhis church.The pastorate in the Centenary Church marked for him the partingof the ways. He had reached in his theological thinking views thatdiffered, not so much from the Articles of Faith, but from other standards of doctrine of the Methodist church. The differences related principally to inspiration, the atonement, and future punishment, not as tothe fact of inspiration, or of the atonement, or of future punishment,in all of which he believed, but as to speculative theories regarding them.A less conscientious and more ambitious man would have contentedhimself with preaching these great doctrines without explaining how hisviews differed from those held by others.This, was, however, not the method of Dr. Thomas. He had aphilosophical mind. He loved to turn a fact over, view it on all itssides and in all its relations, and reach a theory regarding it that satisfiedhis mind. Having done this he was so constituted that he must proclaim the result, and being a preacher he proclaimed it in the pulpit.His theories on the atonement, inspiration, and future punishment differing from the general Methodist view awakened criticism and alarmamong the more conservative and became matters of popular interest.HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 275His sermons were printed in the newspapers and created bitterness amongthe more strictly orthodox Methodist preachers.He had not reached the views he held on these doctrines exceptthrough long-continued study and struggle. We get from his sermonsan occasional glimpse into his inner life that reveals something of theexperiences he went through in reaching settled convictions. In aCentenary Church sermon on the atonement he said:For the sake of other struggling souls I would have this that I wrote in this city,January 11, 1870, live: "For years I have had the most painful and perplexing doubtson the subject of the Atonement, especially on its Godward bearings, as usually heldin the churches accounted strictly orthodox. So uncertain, unsatisfactory and comfortless have these views seemed to me, so difficult to understand, and of so littlepower on my own heart, that I have had but little spirit to try to preach them to others.And yet I have felt that Christ must be preached; but not seeing my way at all clear,I have tried to do the best I could, often believing that I was more of a moral lecturerthan a gospel minister."Thank God! My long agony — and none but those who have had similar trialscan know how great it has been — has this day been removed by clearer views: andwith them came such a feeling sense of the divine love as filled my soul and caused meto weep long and loud for joy. The light came while reading Bushnell's VicariousSacrifice. May God keep me in this peace and help me to preach it to the world."That day I got the full view that God loved me; that he was in the sacrifice of avicarious love to save me, and to save the world.This moral-influence theory, or, as he always called it, moral theory ofthe atonement, he thenceforth held, rejecting all others.He had the same sort of struggle over the question of future punish*ment. I have an impression that in his youth and in the somewhatprimitive region in which he had been brought up Dr. Thomas had hearda good deal of preaching on the endless torment of the wicked in a lakeof fire, and made the mistake of supposing that that sort of preachingstill prevailed in a city like Chicago. Against this conception his heartand mind revolted. As a matter of fact other ministers had withoutany great mental struggle quietly abandoned these conceptions. It doesnot seem to have been so with him. These old views of a material lakeof fire and brimstone caused him a world of trouble. In his farewellsermon at the Centenary Church he said:The subject is so large that before it I stand almost speechless. I have lookedinto this question a good deal. I attempted to study it under a realization of whatthe subject was fifteen or twenty years ago. It was such a gloom upon my mindthat i" scarcely smiled for years. I was not conscious of the state in which I was. Iread all I could get. I could not settle the question in argument one way or the other.I got relief in prayer.276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHe accepted the doctrine of future punishment but turned more andmore to what was known as the "larger hope," that if in the future lifemen repented and turned to God there was hope for them. He did notknow that they would, but he was not without hope that they might.When he preached this farewell sermon in the autumn of 1880 he hadnot been tried but had for two years been under censure for hereticalviews and was about to go to the annuai Conference in great anxiety andutter uncertainty as to what awaited him.The question of his orthodoxy had come before the Conference twoyears before, in 1878, and was quite certain to come up again. For twoyears he had been preaching to the largest Methodist congregation inChicago under official censure. There are several accounts of the circumstances attending that censure. Dr. Thomas was a fair-minded manand of a curiously judicial temper. He himself gave the most temperateand fairest statement of these preliminary proceedings against him thatI have been able to find. It was made in this same farewell sermon, andI quote from it the essential facts:Two years ago, at the close of my first year's pastorate, I went to the Conferenceand handed in my reports. My name was called in the regular order, my characterpassed as it had been for many years before. Then there was a committee created —something that, so far as I know, was new in Methodism up to that time — called aCommittee on Conference Relations. I called it a kind of Methodist grand jury,because persons could go to that Committee and file secret complaints, and in mycase they did so, and I did not know then, nor do I know now, nor have I been able tofind out, who they were, nor just what complaints they uttered. They never took anydefinite shape so that I could really get at them. This Committee appeared beforethe Conference Monday morning and stated that complaints had reached it in reference to myself and immediately the Conference went into secret session, and it continued thus in secret I think during five sessions. I have been familiar with Masoniclodges in nearly all the degrees for nearly twenty years and I do not think that I everknew a lodge to be guarded with more serious care than was that secret session. Menwere not permitted to talk loud .... and had to be called to account frequently forfear somebody would hear them from the windows. My published sermons had beenbroadcast before the world for years, yet not one was brought forward. They didvote on one sermon I preached before the Conference [This was a sermon on "PresentNeeds of Religion" preached the preceding Sunday, a very admirable discourse]and stood up and condemned it in this light, that no loyal Methodist preacher couldpreach it, and there was this singular thing happened. The night I preached thesermon, I had not sat down after the conclusion of the sermon until one of the so-calledstrong men of our church rushed to my side and took me by the hands and said:"Brother Thomas, those are my sentiments." And the next day when the standupvote was called with reference to the sermon he got right up not three feet from me[voting with the majority in condemnation] and he came to me and said, "Now, brotherThomas I want to explain a little. You must remember what I said to you and youHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 277must have seen my vote." I told him I remembered what he said and I saw him standup. -"Well," said he, "what I said was what I believed, but I could not afford to goagainst what seemed to be the popular feeling." I simply remarked to him that Ipitied him, and I would never mention his name, and nobody shall ever know throughme who he is.It was finally suggested that I prepare a paper, and at the hour of twelve o'clockI sat down, and in about thirty minutes wrote out a candid, open, honest statement ofmy views on religious matters, especially on the points where I thought there was apossibility of difference. I had been pulled, stretched and picked until I was sick inbody and sick in spirit, and I wanted to know whether I was orthodox enough to standin a Methodist pulpit, and I did not want to play lawyer, I could not if I tried — so Ipractically drew up a bill of charges against myself and put it in the hands of theConference. They took a day to deliberate over it, and had me before the Committeeand two of the Committee thought I was all right and one that I was not [Overridingthe Committee the Conference finally passed a vote requiring him to give assurancesthat he would not repeat the teaching complained of, or would wihtdraw]; and thenclosing by saying in the interest of peace and charity they would take no furtheraction for the present. ....Now? in so far as any pledge that I made to that Conference is concerned, thatpledge was in writing — and I stated in conclusion that as there seemed to be a widespread misapprehension as to what I really did believe and teach, I would try to soexpress myself in the future as not to be misunderstood and try to do my work as afaithful Christian minister as best I could. I have kept that pledge as well as Icould I suppose they all knew that if there was anything about me at all it washonesty, and I suppose they knew, and everybody knows, that if I try to preach atall I have to say what I think, and that I would keep on saying what I thought as longas I talked This more I say: I will and I must be mentally and spirituallyfree. And that at any cost. I would rather die in poverty deep, with the crown ofliberty on my brow, than to live in a palace and wear chains.The conclusion of the Conference action referred to was singularlylame and impotent, saying, "Not desiring to cut short his ministry,which, however unsatisfactory in the past, we believe may be useful inthe future, we deem it best in the interest of charity and peace to takeno further action in the premises for the present." But the body of thereport reaffirmed the judgment of the Conference that Dr. Thomas shouldgive "unequivocal and satisfactory assurance" that his former teachingshould not be repeated or that he should "retire from the MethodistPulpit." He had declined to give any such assurance or to retire. Hehad simply said, "In the future I shall endeavor to so express myself asto guard as far as may be against the possibility of being misunderstood."Now for Dr. Thomas this was no promise of any change whatever. Noman ever preached more simply and clearly. His evident aim in everysermon was to express himself with such simplicity and clearness thathe could not be misunderstood.278 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAfter this Conference of 1 878 matters ran on without further questionfor two years. At the session of 1879 the character of Dr. Thomas waspassed without question, and this course was again taken in 1880.His ecclesiastical troubles were really brought upon him by theChicago newspapers, and this not because of their enmity, but becauseof their excessive friendliness. Discovering that his views differedsomewhat from those of other ministers they began to print his sermons.The time came when these papers gave his sermons to the public everyMonday morning. They gave out the impression, though the sermonsthemselves did not convey it, that the other pastors were preaching thedoctrines of reprobation and a material lake of fire and brimstone. -Theyheld him up as, in addition to Professor Swing, the one progressive thinkerin the Chicago pulpit, all other pastors being either not quite honest orignorantly conservative. Dr. Thomas was not responsible for thisimpression, but it was made and other clergymen resented it. Thewrath they ought to have directed at the press was visited on him, andthe Methodist ministers were so wrought up by this excessive attentionto and praise of one of their number, with the implied or expressed censure of themselves, that the time came when they were incapable ofdealing with him wisely or justly.This was the state of affairs when he went up in 1880 to the Conference. His name having been passed, two of his friends, without consulting him, moved that "the action of the Conference in passing thecharacter of H. W. Thomas be understood to nullify the action on hiscase in 1878." The Conference would not consent to this, however, andthe motion was laid on the table.The next day the action of two years before was reaffirmed. Dr.Thomas again declined to withdraw, saying, in the course of a writtenstatement he submitted, "I cannot go out of the church at your request,nor should I be forced out of it unless it be under the forms of law andafter such thorough investigation as shall settle definitely the points atissue."It is worthy of note that on the motion asking him to withdraw,while no voted in the affirmative, 65 were absent or refused to vote,and 49 voted in the negative. Among the 49 were several men who wereor became presiding elders and at least one who was later made a bishop.Measures were now taken to try Dr. Thomas for heresy. The casewas referred to the presiding elder of the district, and on the request ofthe accused two of his bitterest opponents were requested to formulatethe charges against him and present them to his presiding elder.HIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 279For some reason action was delayed, and the case did not come upfor trial until September, 1881 . The case was then tried in a preliminaryway before the presiding elder of the Chicago district, who reported tothe Conference on October 5 that " a Committee of Inquiry had examinedcharges against him and that he had been suspended from the ministry."Whereupon "a select number" of fifteen was ordered for the final trialof the case. The trial took plaee immediately and was ended before theclose of the Conference.It is not my purpose to follow the course of this trial. As a matter offact it was not a trial. In the nature of the case it could not be. Theforms indeed were observed, but the case was prejudged. Dr. Thomaswas accused of no evil deed. His character was above reproach. Hisfife was without a stain. He was charged with "teaching doctrinescontrary to the -articles of religion, the established standards and thedoctrines and belief of the Methodist Episcopal Church," on inspiration,the atonement, and future punishment. His views on these subjects hadlong been before the world. For years his sermons had been appearingalmost weekly in the Chicago daily papers. His views were perfectlyfamiliar therefore to every member of the "select number" appointedto consider the case. It is no reflection on them to say that their mindswere made up before the case was called. If they were intelligent menit could not have been otherwise. One way or the other they must havecome to a decision in advance. It was on this ground that the friendsof Dr. Thomas charged that the " select number " of fifteen was appointedto convict. The testimony and the arguments of counsel were allequally superfluous. The Committee was appointed to voice the sentiment of the majority of the Conference, and this it did.One thing, however, should be said. The testimony of three orfour individuals as to what they had heard Dr. Thomas say in privateconversation and which was made much of by the prosecuting counselshould have been laughed out of court.The result of the trial was that as to the doctrine of inspiration hewas acquitted by a vote of eleven to four. As to the atonement andfuture punishment he was found guilty and was expelled from the"ministry and membership" of the church.What were the views of Dr. Thomas on these great doctrines ? Theyhad been published in a hundred sermons, but he repeated them withfulness and frankness to the trial committee, concealing nothing. Hethen gave a brief summary of them as follows:28o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAnd now, what is the substance of what I believe and what I deny?I hold to the inspiration and authority of the Scriptures; that in matters ofdoctrine and duty they are final; the authority of God. But I do not accept the"verbal" theory of inspiration; nor claim that all parts of all the 66 books of the B$>leare of equal authority, inspiration, or value; nor that all parts of the Old Testament arecritically infallible. And in these things am I not in accord with the best scholarshipof our own church and of the world ? Certainly I am. ... .1 hold to the doctrineof a vicarious atonement; but I hold it in that form that is called moral or paternal;or in other words I hold to the governmental view with the penal idea left out. I denythe doctrine of a literal penal substitution. It is, I think, both unreasonable andunscriptural. The moral view finds a place and a necessity for all that is said of thesufferings of Christ. .... He is the " Lamb slain from the foundation of the world";the "Lamb that taketh away the sin of the world"; He is a "Mediator"; He is the"propitiation for our sins"; He is our "sacrifice," our "atonement"; we have"redemption through His blood"; He was "wounded," "bruised," "bore our sins inhis own body on the tree"; "by his stripes we are healed"; "Ete died for us."I hold to the strength and integrity of the government of God; that all sin will beproperly punished; but I do not believe in a material hell fire; nor in the terrible ideasof future torment that have come down to us from the past. . . . . • I hold to the endlessness of the law by which sin must be punished, and hence to endless punishmentfor the endlessly obdurate, if such there be; but, assuming, as I do, the freedom of soulsafter death, I cannot affirm that any soul will, or will not, forever remain in sin, andhence I can neither affirm nor deny endless punishment for any soul. But, postulatingendless punishment upon endless sinning, I am logically bound to suppose that, if thesinning come to an end, the suffering must also come to an end— unless, indeed, it bethat suffering of loss that in the nature of things seems to be remediless. And I havea hope — a hope that has come to ms through much suffering and prayer, and thatseems to be strengthened by the nearest visions of God — that, somehow, all the divinelove and striving to win and save souls will not end with this poor, short life; but thatthe work of discipline and salvation may go on in the immortal world. And it seemsto me that whilst there is upon some texts a surface look of finality, there is a deeperand a far-reaching vision of other texts, and of the Scriptures as a whole, on whichthis hope may rest.It seems incredible that a man of the noble character of Dr. Thomasshould for views like these have been expelled not only from the ministrybut from membership in the church. It seems still more incredible thatthe Judicial Committee should have refused to hear his appeal, becausehaving no other pulpit he was preaching for the People's Church.It is due to Dr. Thomas to call attention to the difference in thespirit manifested by him and by the men who prosecuted him. He wastreated with what sounds very much like brutality by some of them.But through all these years of trial he himself displayed, as far as therecord shows, a truly Christian spirit. The bitterness manifested bysome may be inferred from the following statement of Charles J. Hull inHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 281his Reflections from a Busy Life: "Soon after Dr. Thomas was deposed,an intelligent professional gentleman predicted that within two years hewould be without a following and unable to provide bread for his family."This gentleman may have been intelligent, but he was a poor prophet.The stormy period in the life of Dr. Thomas was now over. He wasforty-eight years old when his ministry in the Methodist church ended,but he still had before him a peaceful, fruitful, and highly successfulministry of more than twenty years. Within two weeks after theConference had placed him in the supernumerary list, without a charge,he was the pastor of a new church.Immediately after the adjournment of the Conference in October,1880, some of his friends met together to consider some plan by whichhe might be retained in Chicago. They decided to organize a church andcall him to the pastorate. They worked fast. Twenty men signed acontract pledging themselves to a guarantee fund to the amount of$250 each, and this continued to be done annually. These guarantorsconstituted the board which chose the trustees of the church. OnOctober 28, 1880, the organization was completed, and the trusteeswrote to Dr. Thomas, saying, "We, the trustees, as authorized by theboard of directors, extend to you a call from The People's Church ofChicago, to preach the gospel upon such a broad and evangelical platform as to you may seem in accordance with the will of God and bestpromotive of His cause in the welfare of mankind."Dr. Thomas immediately accepted this call. Hooley's theater wasengaged and the first service was held November 7, 1880. The pulpitlabors of Dr. Thomas were therefore interrupted for one month only,which gave him a very short vacation after the exhausting experiencesattending his double trial.The People's Church was established on the following basis, set forthby the trustees:As its name implies, it is the aim of The People's Church to provide a place ofworship for all; for strangers and those without a religious home, and those of muchor little faith, and of different beliefs; and to unite all in the great law and duty oflove to God and Man, and in earnest efforts to do good in the world.In form The People's Church is independent Congregational, and requires notheological tests as conditions of membership. We think, and let think.1 We holdthat upon the great questions of the Christian faith and life, the freedom of reasonshould not be bound by the opinions of men, but that all should search the Scripturesand believe and do what they think is true and right; and The People's Church welcomes to its fellowship all who are in sympathy with its spirit and work.*" We think and let think" was a quotation from the "father of Methodism",John Wesley.282 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAt the opening service the pastor stated that they had no desire tostart a new denomination. From the first Sunday the attendance wasvery large. In September, 1885, the Society removed to the ChicagoOpera House, and in 1886 it was said, " It is difficult to obtain even standing room when Dr. Thomas preaches." At a later date the serviceswere transferred to McVicker's Theatre.The organization was not so much a church as a congregation.The "Articles" adopted November 4, 1889, lodged all power in thecongregation, that is, the holders of seats. They chose the pastors,the trustees, the deacons, and the advisory council. They succeededthe guarantors in full financial responsibility for the enterprise. Thischange brought its anxieties, the trustees in February, 1890, in appealingfor an increased rental of seats, saying, "With our uniformly largeaudiences — on many Sundays the capacity of our commodious auditorium is inadequate- — it may be a surprise to many to learn that thenumber of sittings taken thus far in the current year is less than fivehundred."Dr. Thomas labored all his life under the handicap of frequent andserious illnesses. Perhaps Professor Eberhart was referring to thefourteen years spent in Iowa when he says, "He had a severe attack oftyphoid fever almost every year." He also related the following: "Atone time he and his wife both had a siege of sickness. He was in ahouse on one side of a small lake and his wife on the other side, wherethey could see each other when well enough to sit up, but neither onewas able or permitted to visit the other for several months."During his first year with the People's Church he was kept out of hispulpit four months by sickness. With all this sickness we do not wonderthat it was said of him, "His body is frail, his walk unsteady, and thereis a sort of Lincoln lankness about him. He has hardly enough fleshto cover his bones." We only wonder that he found the courage andstrength to do anything. The amount of labor this frail man performedis astounding. He was an invalid who through fifty years performed thelabors of a Hercules.His sicknesses were sore trials, but his sorrows were greatly increasedby the loss of six of his seven children. In almost every pastorate achild was taken from the family. In his farewell to the CentenaryChurch he said, "We have buried our children in four cemeteries and twostates."The crowning affliction, however, came in 1896 in the death of thewife of his youth. Dr. Thomas had always considered her his mainHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 283support and chief assistant. "Her active temperament, capacity forwork, and old-fashioned common sense made her just the helpmeetneeded when he organized the People's Church and much of its successmust be attributed to her." She had a winning personality and shemade her home a social center. She had a great fund of anecdotes anda keen sense of humor which made her interesting and attractive. Shedied on January 5, 1896.At her funeral President Spaulding said of her: "She possessed avery luminous and lofty spirit, wonderfully vital in its quality. Therewas space in her soul for the sublimest conceptions, the highest ideals, thenoblest impulses and for the free play of the faculties that plan andachieve great things."Considering his physical frailty Dr. Thomas might very properlyhave confined his labors to the immediate duties of his pastorates. Hefound this, however, impossible. For many years he was in greatdemand as a lecturer in different parts of the country. When theAlliance, a semireligious paper, was started in 1875 he became one ofthe editors, and in his later years was an associate editor of Unity. Hewas president of the Congress of Religions organized after the World'sFair of 1893. For fifteen years he presided over the Chicago PeaceSociety. While, however, he was an earnest advocate of peace, he wasnot a peace at any price man. In 1880 he was made chaplain of theFirst Regiment, Illinois National Guard, and served the regiment formore than a quarter of a century, being retired at his own request in1908. In association with the young men of the regiment he renewedhis youth. He went out with them to the rifle ranges, and they saidof him with affectionate pride, "He wore upon his breast two medalsof which he was supremely proud — the 'Long and Honorable Service'medal of our regiment, and the c Sharpshooter's' badge of the IllinoisNational Guard."The ministry of Dr. Thomas in the People's Church continued from1880 to 1902, from his forty-eighth to his seventieth year. There couldbe no more convincing evidence of the unique quality and extraordinaryability of the man than he gave in maintaining a great congregation in thecenter of the business district of Chicago for twenty-two years. Thewonder grows when it is remembered that he carried on this successfulwork, not in the vigor of physical strength, but in bodily frailty andprecarious health, not in the morning, but in the afternoon and eveningof life.284 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn 1899 Dr. Thomas married Miss Vandelia Varnum. She was ofEnglish parentage, was born in Lynden, western New York, was educated at Ten Broeck Academy and Alfred University, and later tookgraduate studies at Cornell. For some years she was a teacher inOttawa .University, Kansas, and Mount Carroll Seminary, Illinois.Having exceptional ability as a public speaker, she was called into thelecture field in 1887 for the Women's Christian Temperance Union andfor five years averaged a lecture a day. For several years before hermarriage she was connected with lyceum bureaus in New York, Ohio,and Chicago and was the only woman lecturer at that time distinctly inthe popular field.She came to Dr. Thomas with experience and understanding and infull sympathy with his work. Many burdens that fell heavily on hisdeclining strength she was able to bear for him. Aside from the cares ofthe home, his large correspondence, social demands, and the like therewere many pulpit and platform engagements which fell upon her to fill.It was an ideal union for the ten years of life that remained to Dr.Thomas.The People's Church gave its pastor an annual vacation of two orthree months. From his youth up he had been an expert with the shotgun and the rifle, and many of his vacations were spent in the northernwildernesses or the western mountains.In 1900 he bought a home in De Funiak Springs in northwesternFlorida, and thereafter all the winters and later all the summers werespent there.In 1901, as president of the Congress of Religions, accompanied byhis wife and others, Dr. Thomas toured the Pacific Coast, holding congresses in the principal cities from San Diego to Seattle.Though very frail in the last years of his life he retained the keenestinterest in all world-movements. In the words of Mrs. Thomas:In his last sickness he said, "Women are coming into their own. I'll not be here,but you will, and you will be a part of it when all women will have the ballot." And afew days before, while he could still walk, he came down stairs with face radiant asthe stars, and said, "I can see it, I can see it, a world congress, a world court of justice,a world peace." His outline of the future League of Nations differed but little and inno sense vitally from that which is now given by the Peace Commission in Paris.He died after a brief illness at De Funiak Springs, Florida, August12, 1909, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. This was seven years,after he retired from the pastorate of the People's Church. These wereHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 285not years of idleness. He continued to write and preach and lecture.A lecture was delivered by him at an Alabama Chautauqua in 1905which was worthy of his best days. It was on "World Problems." Ifind in it many pregnant sentences, such as the following: "Henceforththe world problem must be the democracy of mankind." "Henceforth industrialism will be in the foreground World courts willarbitrate questions of dispute. .... World peace is the first and mosturgent problem of these great years." " One who has never worked musthave a hard time trying to be religious." "Religion is the life of Godin the soul of man."The People's Church did not long survive the loss of the greatpersonality round which it had gathered and which had been its reallife. It cannot be doubted that Dr. Thomas was a unique man. Aneminent Methodist minister recently said to me, "He was of a mostattractive and winning personality. If he said to a person, ' Come toJesus,' that person would feel at once that this was the most importantand delightful thing in the world to do." Children loved him. Animalsinstinctively recognized him as a friend. The most vicious dogs becamefriendly on his approach. With him in the saddle horses that otherscould not ride became gentle. Walking on the streets of Chicagobecame increasingly difficult for him. Everybody knew him, and somany wanted to shake hands with him that they obstructed the sidewalk and interrupted travel. It was said of him by one who knew himwell:In trusting confidence in others he was childlike. Almost anyone could approachhim and apparently deceive him, but in truth he was rarely deceived. He simplyignored the evidences by which the world judged and saw only the latent or possiblegood, or perhaps consciously allowed his sympathy to take possession of his judgment.But however gentle and peaceful he was tremendously strong and unyielding when thetime and subject demanded, where great issues were at stake. Time was nothing,majorities were nothing, defeat nothing. There was the vision and the faith thatnever faltered.In person he was about six feet in height, very slender, with darkauburn hair, worn long and with a natural and beautiful wave, and amustache. His movements were slow, his speech deliberate, with apleasant drawl, and he was never disconcerted. In preaching he was'conversational, not declamatory. His voice was, like Lincoln's, a hightenor and had the same carrying power. He was a quiet preacher butspoke with earnestness and sometimes rose to impassioned eloquence.He preached without notes, though in his later years he wrote his sermons286 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDout in full. He was not rhetorical in his preaching, nor was he hortatory.His style was eminently didactic. He considered the" preacher to be aprophet, a teacher, yet his teaching was the farthest removed from dogmatism. The impression he made on his congregation was what itwould have been had he begun by saying, "This is an important andinteresting subject that we ought to know about, I have looked into it,but I would like to have you study it with me. Let us together see whatwe can make of it."He made large use of the historical method. He would trace thehistory of science, or of philosophy, or of theology from the remote pastdown to the present. He would take up the origin and development oflife on our planet, or of man, or of religion. Or he would take a singledoctrine and follow its historical development. But all these lines ofthought led to one great conclusion, the life and love of God in the soulsof men. He himself said of his preaching:My methods are different from some. I pursue as a rule, as you have all learned,the inductive method. I seek to lead the minds of those with whom I am talking, andI feel always that I am near to — with my audience — talking with them, not standingoff and talking at them, but talking with them. I try to lead them along to thestandpoints where truth seems evident to them, and where I do not have to proclaimand cry out, believe! believe! but where they see the truth and they want to believe,and they can't help but believe.His sermons were not the traditional exordium, three points, conclusion, and exhortation. They were a growth, a development, anunfolding, one thought leading naturally to the next, the listener findinghimself at the close in the very presence of the loving God and Father ofall. Such preaching to those who heard it habitually was a liberal education, and it is not strange that some of the ablest thinkers in Chicagoattended the People's Church.Dr. Thomas preached for more than fifty years. More than fivehundred of his sermons were printed in the daily papers. About onehundred were published in four volumes. These are among the mostthoughtful, instructive, elevated in tone, and Christian in spirit that Ihave ever read. They are the sermons of a man who read widely,thought deeply and clearly, and was intent on leading men into theChristian life. The business center of Chicago is the worst place in thecity for gathering a great audience to hear preaching. The fact thatthrough more than twenty years Dr. Thomas drew together there acongregation of 1,500 or 2,000 is the best possible evidence that he wasHIRAM WASHINGTON THOMAS 287a great preacher. It was a marvelous achievement; and it was all themore remarkable because his preaching was the farthest removedfrom the sensational. His appeal was to the intellect, the conscience,and the heart. He informed the mind, convinced the understanding,awakened the spiritual life, and brought the life and love of God into thesoul.The body of Dr. Thomas had been buried in Rose Hill Cemetery,Chicago, and on May 1, 1910, a memorial service was held under theauspices of the surviving members of the People's Church, the officers andfriends of the Congress of Religion and St. Bernard Commandery,Ejiights Templar, "in honor of their Pastor, President, Frater andComrade." Addresses were made by Rabbi Hirsch, Dr. Frank W.Gunsaulus, Professor G. B. Foster, Jane Addams, and Dr. R. A. White.I cannot refrain from quoting a few fines from the noble tribute tohis memory by the Veteran Corps of the First Infantry Regiment,Illinois National Guard, of which he was chaplain for twenty-eight years:He was one of the great figures of the present generation, a many-sided man,great in mind, pure in heart and noble in character He has passed into historyas one of the great souls of our day. .... During his quarter-century of militaryservice he preached to many thousands of young soldiers The keynote of hisreligious philosophy was love, the love of God for his children, the love of man forhis divine Father, and for his brother-man.Since her husband's death Mrs. Thomas has established threememorials of him. In Alfred University, New York, she has endowedthe Dr. Thomas World Peace Prize Contest, providing for first andsecond prizes.Largely through her benefactions and those of that life-long friendof Dr. Thomas, Professor John F. Eberhart, a church has been built tohis memory in the southwestern part of Chicago, Chicago Lawn. "TheHiram W. Thomas Memorial Congregational Church." Located in agrowing section of the city, where the people own their homes, it has apromising future. No more fitting memorial of a great preacher couldbe built than one designed to perpetuate the preaching of the gospel towhich he gave his life.This biographical sketch is written because of the erection by Mrs.Thomas of still another memorial. Dr. Thomas was one of the earlyfriends of the University of Chicago. He often served the institutionin sermons and lectures. In January, 1916, Mrs. Thomas wrote to thetrustees the following letter:288 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGentlemen:It gives me great pleasure to transfer to The University of Chicago the propertiesrepresented by the accompanying deeds. The purpose of the gift is to found, when theincome thereof is sufficient, a series of annual lectures in memory of my husband, thelate Dr. H. W. Thomas, of Chicago, Illinois, the same to be known as the "Hiram W.Thomas Lectures." I do not label these, for I would not fetter the future by thepast, but they shall be given by representatives of the larger faith and express the evergrowing thought of the; world in religion and life — the universals that knit man to manand man to his Maker.I ask that due publicity be given to each course that those with open vision outsideas well as the student life may avail themselves of the benefits.Sincerely yours,Vandelia Varnum ThomasIn a previous letter Mrs. Thomas had said that her husband wasthe University's "first minister," and that "he gave his last messageyears after in Chicago in Kent Hall."Through these lectures we may hope, with their founder, that " thespirit in which Dr. Thomas lived and wrought and died" will findexpression, and though dead he will continue to speak.THE ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Eleventh Convocation of the University ofChicago was held in the Frank Dickinson Bartlett Gymnasium, atfour o'clock on the afternoon of June the tenth. The ConvocationAddress by Richard Greene Moulton, Ph.D., Professor of LiteraryTheory and Interpretation, and Head of the Department of GeneralLiterature, is printed in this issue of the University Record. The President's Convocation Statement is also included in this issue.The award of honors included that of the new and notable Mr.and Mrs. Frank D. Logan Research Fellowship in Bacteriology andPathology. The Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Logan Fellowships in Medicine and in Surgery will also be awarded upon the organization of theMedical School. The Logan Fellowship awarded at the One Hundredand Eleventh Convocation is assigned in alternate years in Bacteriologyand Pathology. The American Council of Research Fellowship inPhysics, provided by the Rockefeller Foundation, was also awardedfor the first time.Other awards were as follows: Honorable Mention for excellence inthe work in the Junior Colleges, 101 ; Honorable Mention for excellencein the work leading to the certificate of the College of Education, 3 ;scholarships in the Senior Colleges for excellence in the work of theJunior Colleges, 14; the Joseph Triner Scholarship in Chemistry, 1;the Julius Rosenwald Prize for excellence in Oratory, 2 ; the FlorenceJames Adams Prize for excellence in Artistic Reading, 2; the Milo P.Jewett Prize for excellence in Bible Reading, 1; the David BlairMcLaughlin Prize for excellence in the writing of English Prose, 1 ;the Conference Medal for excellence in athletics and scholarship, 1;scholarships in the Senior Colleges for excellence in the work of thefirst three years of the college course, 13 ; the Bachelor's Degree withHonors, 57; honors for excellence in particular departments of theSenior Colleges, 52; scholarships in the Graduate Schools for excellencein the work of the Senior Colleges, 14; the Howard Taylor RickettsPrize for research in Pathology, 2 ; Election to the Chicago Chapter ofthe Order of the Coif on nomination by the faculty of the Law Schoolfor high distinction in the professional work of the Law School, 2;28920O THE UNIVERSITY RECORDelection as associate members to Sigma Xi on nomination of two departments of Science, for evidence of promise of ability in research work inScience, 10; election of members to Sigma Xi, 11; election of members to Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, on nomination bythe University, for especial distinction in general scholarship in theUniversity, $^.Degrees were conferred as follows: Bachelor of Arts, n; Bachelorof Philosophy, 206; Bachelor of Science, 79; Bachelor of Laws, 3;Master of Arts, 35; Master of Science, 13; Bachelor of Divinity, 4;Doctor of Law (J.D.), 8; Doctor of Philosophy, 13.During the academic year 191 8-1 9 the following titles, certificates,and degrees have been conferred:The Certificate of the Two Years' Course in the College of Education . . .33The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science . . . . . . . 477The Degree of Bachelor of Laws 4The Degree of Master of Arts in the Divinity School ........ 29The Degree of Master of Arts or Science in the Graduate Schools . .. . . 115The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity 7The Degree of Doctor of Law . 28The Degree of Philosophy in the Divinity School . 7The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Schools .... . 45The Convocation Prayer Service was held in the Harper AssemblyRoom Sunday morning, June 8, at 10:30. The Convocation ReligiousService was held in Mandel Hall at 11:00 a.m., the sermon beingpreached by Rev. Edgar Young Mullins, D.D., LL.D., president ofthe Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.The Convocation Reception was held Monday evening, June 9,in the Tower Group Buildings. Those in the reception line werePresident and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson, Professor and Mrs. RichardGreene Moulton, Professor and Mrs. Thomas C. Chamberlain, Professorand Mrs. William Gardner Hale.In honor of the three professors who retired at this time a dinnerwas given in Ida Noyes Hall Tuesday evening, at 7 o'clock, by membersof the University Senate. After the dinner President Judson as toast-master introduced the following speakers: Dean Rollin D. Salisbury,James R. Angell, Nathaniel Butler.Many other functions were included in the very busy Convocationseason. Some account of these and of the activities of the alumni maymay be found in the July number of the University of Chicago Magazine.At the dinner of the alumni on Saturday evening, June 7, in Hutchinson Hall, one of the most interesting events of the reunion took place.THE ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH CONVOCATION 291Fred Huebenthal, '17, who was a member of Ambulance Unit Number555, a unit made from the University of Chicago Ambulance Unit,presented to President Judson on behalf of the University the Americanflag, which had been given to that Ambulance Unit by the women ofthe University at the time of its departure in the summer of 191 7. Hestated that the flag was the first American flag connected with a militaryorganization to fly^upon the soil of Italy. It was at the head of theAmerican columns that were sent up to the Austrian front, and wasone of the first flags that appeared in the great battle of the Piave.For that reason and in token of the loyal interest of the University informing the Unit and starting it on its noble work in Italy the company had unanimously voted that the flag be returned to the Universityof Chicago. With this flag they also presented an Austrian machinegun captured in the battle of the Piave. President Judson in receiving this gift thanked the Unit for the flag and the gun and stated thatthe University was proud of the service this Unit rendered. In commenting on the war activities of the University, its students and alumni,he spoke in part as follows:During the Great War which is just closing the alumni of the University havecontributed thousands to the national cause, and there are seventy gold stars on ourservice flag. It is, I think, eminently proper that we should begin to consider at anearly date the best means of establishing in the quadrangles a suitable memorialfor those of our number who have given their lives for our country. It is not a matterfor hasty consideration but should involve very careful deliberation. Various viewsas to a suitable memorial are held and expressed in different parts of the country.A memorial building is eminently adapted to commemorate a single person, and thatis the case with us in several instances. For the commemoration of a group of people,however, I doubt very much whether a building is the best means. As time passesthe memorial idea tends to disappear and the utility of the building is likely to takefirst place in the thoughts of a great majority of the people. For a memorial of thischaracter, therefore, it seems to me it is better to create something which is a memorial, and a memorial only, quite apart from any practical utility. To illustratewhat I have in mind, for instance, I would suggest as a suitable structure for ourgrounds a memorial arch to be placed, perhaps, at the head of Fifty-eighth Streetat the entrance to the quadrangles at that point. Such an arch should be constructedon the best lines of architectural °and artistic beauty. It should have the choicestsculptural decoration. It should contain a bronze tablet, or tablets, bearing thename and record of each one of our soldier and sailor dead. It would stand as longas the University lasts to commemorate these names and the spirit of the Universitywhich honored them. Furthermore, a memorial of that character is within reach ofthe members of the University. It would be far better in my opinion to have it thegift of a great number of people each one of whom would contribute small sums,rather than the gift of a few who are able to give large sums. Let it be the expression of our honor, our gratitude, and our affection. Of course, I am not urging theplan of the arch as the sole idea. Other better ones may be suggested. It is, however,the underlying principle involved that I am urging on the attention of the alumni.FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO,MARCH, 1919By J. C. M. HANSONAssociate Director of LibrariesAs the University of Chicago Library has not been in existence muchover twenty-six years, it cannot be expected as yet to have acquired booktreasures comparable to those of institutions with a history coveringmore than three hundred years of continuous development. Add to thisthe circumstance that with the exception of the last seven years most ofthe books were purchased by and for departmental libraries, few of whichwere in a position to collect or care for early imprints, it is not surprisingthat, even as late as 1914, there were less than twenty-five books in sightprinted prior to 1 501, and of these, few had been purchased on individualorders. They seemed in the main to have been the result of periodicvisits by certain professors, especially interested in the development oftheir departmental libraries, to the vast accumulations of uncataloguedbooks stored in Ellis Hall and elsewhere. Most of the incunabula laterfound in these collections were of small format and in ordinary bindingsand had probably on that account remained unnoticed.About 191 5 the attention of Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus, to whom theUniversity was already indebted for some exceptionally valuable manuscripts and letters, was called to this poverty of the University Libraryin the matter of fifteenth-century books. The result has been the addition to date of thirty unusually fine specimens of the early presses.The collection presented by him stands at the east end of the MainReading-Room, third floor, Harper Memorial Library. It is the plan ofthe donor from time to time to add to it as opportunities presentthemselves of securing good illustrations of the works of printers andpresses not as yet represented in the University Library.In the winter of 191 5-16 a more methodical examination of theBerlin and Hengstenberg collections was begun for the purpose ofsecuring a general survey of their contents, to provide a rough preliminaryclassification, and incidentally to set aside unusually rare and valuablebooks which might turn up in the course of the sorting. A considerablenumber of fifteenth-century books, some of them of rather exceptional292FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 2%value, were found. These books are now located in the Rare BookRoom, first floor, Harper Memorial Library. Incunabula from theDivinity and Classical libraries have been provisionally added to thiscollection, with the result that it now contains seventy-seven specimens.Added to the thirty in the Gunsaulus Collection, this makes a total ofone hundred and seven books printed prior to 1501, now in HarperLibrary.The collection is numerically small as compared with those of certainother libraries, e.g., Harvard, with nearly 900; the Library of Congress,with 600 in the Thacher Collection alone; and the Newberry Library,with a little over 300 items. It presents, nevertheless, a promisingnucleus around which there should in time be grouped a sufficient numberof good illustrations of the more notable early presses, to afford facultyand students an opportunity to study the progress of printing during thefirst half-century when it was passing through the formative stages,from its first strict adherence to the form and style of the manuscriptto that attained by the printed book about 1520, when it appears withcomplete title-page, pagination, table of contents, and occasionally anindex.Aside from their importance for students, it must be remembered thatthe value of these early books is constantly increasing and every largelibrary owes it to posterity to save as many of them as possible fromdeterioration and destruction. As Graesel says, "To practically allincunabula we may safely apply the Erasmic saying: Sicut in unguentiset vinis, ita in libris pretium addit antiquitas. "A list of the University of Chicago collection as it stands today isappended to this brief notice. Certain information given in notes atthe end of the list is based on a comparison of the titles with the Censusof Fifteenth-Century Books in America recently completed in the Bulletinof the New York Public Library, April-December, 1918. It will be notedthat of the 107 items 22 represent the only copy so far reported inAmerica. In 22 cases the Census notes one, and in 19, two other copies.The fact that few copies are known does not of itself determine thatthe book is of unusual value as a specimen of printing. In fact, some ofthe best illustrations of the more famous presses are fortunately represented by from four to eleven copies in American libraries. The Censusmay possibly bring to light works of which no other copy is known toexist anywhere. To such unica would in any case attach an extraordinary interest and value. It is doubtful, however, whether these raritieswill be found outside of the few notable private collections built up by294 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcertain millionaire book-lovers in this country. At any rate, there isas yet no reason to believe that of the 22 books, of which the Universityof Chicago seems to have the only copy in America, there are not othercopies in European libraries. Some of them are schoolbooks, and it is wellknown that this particular class of books has from time immemorialbeen subjected to hard usage and that consequently some editions, orissues at least, have been practically destroyed. There is a possibilitythat among these early textbooks which came to the University chieflythrough the purchase of the Calvary Collection there may be cases inwhich the University of Chicago copy is one of a very few which havesurvived the wear and tear of the schoolroom, not to speak of a certainvandalism which has characterized school children of all countries andall ages.The present list is arranged in chronological order based on the yearof printing. In addition to the date there is given author, often withoutforenames, epithets or titles of honor or distinction, title of the book inbrief form, place of publication, and name of printer, when known. Timehas not permitted any exhaustive search for bibliographical data. Whenthe books are fully catalogued, information, especially as to date, placeof publication, and printer, will no doubt be supplied in many cases,where in the present list it has been omitted.List of Incunabula1. *n.d. Compendium octo partium orationum. n.pl. n.pr. (Possiblyprinted in Augsburg about 1495 by Michael Wenssler.)2. *n.d. Jacobus de Varagine. Legenda aurea. Ulm, Johann Zainer.G.3. **i47o Augustinus. De civitate Dei. Rome, Sweynheym and Pan-nartz. G.4. **i47o Cicero. De officiis. Venice, Johann and Wendelin ofSpeier. G.5. *i47o Gerson. De efficacia orationis. Cologne, Ulrich Zell.6. 1470 Leo the Great. Sermones et epistolae. Rome, JohannesPhilippus de Lignamine. G.7. ***i47i CypIrianus. Epistolae. Rome, Sweynheym and Pannartz. G.8. **i47i Festus. De verborum significatione. Rome, G. Lauer.9. 1471-72 Lyra, Nicolaus de. Glossae seu Postillae perpetuae in Veterumet Novum Testamentum. Rome, Sweynheym and Pannartz.5 v. Vol. I wanting.10. 1472 Boccacio. Genealogia deoru.x Venice, Wendelin of Speier.G.11. ***i472 Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotkeca seu Historiarum priscarum libb.VI. Bologna, Baldassare Azzoguidi. G.FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 295Lactantius. Opera; De divinis institutionibus. Venice, Wendelin of Speier.13. 1472 Thomas Aquinas. Questiones de Anima. Venice, FranzRenner. G.Varro. De lingua latina. Venice, n.pr. G.Boccacio. De montibus, etc. Venice, Wendelin of Speier.(Bound with his Genealogia deorum, 1472.) G.Donatus. Fabularum breviatio. Padua, Pierre Mauser.Festus. De verborum significatione. Venice, Johann of Cologneand Johann Manthen. G.Bible. German. Augsburg, G. Zainer.Corpus juris civilis. Institutiones. Rome, Ulrich Han.Corpus juris civilis. Institutiones. Basel, Michael Wenssler.Caraccioli. Quadragesimale de poenitentia. Venice, Johannof Cologne and Johann Manthen. G.Caraccioli. Quadragesimale de poenitentia. Strassburg, GeorgHusner ?Priscianus. Opera. Venice, Johann of Cologne and JohannManthen. G.Priscianus. Opera. Venice, Jacobus of Fivizzano. G.Valla. Elegantiae de lingua latina. Venice, Jacobus Rubeus.G.Bersutre, Pierre. Liber bibliae moralis. Cologne, Bartholo-maeus of Unkel.Dionysius Periegetes. De situ orbis. n.pl. Erhard Ratdoltand Peter Loslein.Justinus. Epitome Trogi. Venice, Filippo de Pietro. G.Bible. German, Low. Cologne, H. Quentell. 2 v. (Imperfect;lacking Isaiah to end.)Bible. Latin. Strassburg, Adolf Rusch. 4V.Leonardus Matthaei (de Utino). Sermones. Vicenza,Stephan Koblinger.Duns Scotus. Quaestiones super libro primo sententiarum.Venice, Johann of Cologne, Nicolai Jenson, soc.Duns Scotus. Quotlibeta quaestionum. Venice, Johann ofCologne, Nicolai Jenson, soc. (Bound with his Quaestiones,1481.)Paulus Venetus. Super libros de anima. Venice, Filippo dePietro. (Imperfect; Fol. 1 mutilated, fol. 18 and 5.0 in MSS.)Boethius. De consolatione philosophiae. Cologne, JohannesKoelhoff. G.36. ***i482 Jacobus de Varaglne. Historia lombardica. Nuremberg,Anton Koberger.37. ***i483 Chronicles of England. St. Albans, n.pr. G.38. *i483 Cicero. Rhetorica. Venice, Baptista de Tortis.39. 1483 IsmoRUS. Etymologiae; de summo bono. Venice, PeterLoslein.14. ?147215. 147316. *I47417- **I47418. 147519. ***i47520/ ?147621. ?147622. *i476?23- 147624. **i47625- ??147626. **I47727. 147728. 14792Q. 148030. 1480.31- 148032* *I48i33- **I48i34- ??148135- ***i482THE UNIVERSITY RECORD40. 1483 Plinius Caecilius Secundus. Epistolarum liber. Treviso,Johannes Rubeus.41. **i483 Silius Italicus. Tunica. Venice, Baptista de Tortis.42. *i483 Terentius Afer. Comoediae. Venice, Andreas Torresanuswith Bartholomaeus de Blauis.43. *i483~84 Caprioli. Commentaria in IV libb. Sententiarum, seu libb. IVdefensionum theologiae Thomas Aquinatis. Venice, OctavianusScotus. 4 v. G. (Incomplete copy; lacking vols. 2-4 and ofvol. 1, fol. 1-5 ?)Bible. Latin. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger. 4 v.Gellius. Nodes Atticae. Brescia, Boninus de Boninis. G.Breviloquus. Vocabulari. Cologne, H. Quentell.Bromyarde. Summa praedicantium. Basel, Johann of Amor-bach. 2 v.Thomas Aquinas. Super primo sententiarum. Venice, Anto-nius.de Strata.Gudbertus Tornacensis. Sermones. Louvain, Johannes ofPaderborn. G.Avlenus. Opuscula, Aratea, etc. Venice, Antonius de Strata.Cicero. De oratore. Venice, Thomas de Blauis. G.Aristoteles. Opera. Venice, Bernardinus Stagninus. (Imperfect; wanting fol. 1-472.)Ficino. De cur a valitudinis eorum qui incumbunt studio litter arum. Florence, Antonio Miscomini. G.Holcot. Super libros sapientie. Reutlingen, Johann Otmar.Regiomontanus. Kalendarium. Venice, Erhard Ratdolt.Vergilius Maro. Opera, cum commentariis Servii, Donati,Landini, Calderini. Venice, Georgius Arrivabenus.Barzizius. Orthographia. n.pl. n.pr.Ebrardus. Modus latinitatis. n.pl. n.pr.Hleronymus. Epistolae. Venice, Bernardinus Benalius. G.Melber, Johannes. Vocabularius predicantium; Variloquus.Strassburg, Georg Husner.Regius. Epistolae Plinii.- Venice, Gulielmus Tridinensiscalled "Anima mia."Savonarola. Triumpho della Croce. Florence, BartolommeodiLibri. H.Slmonetta. Historia delle cose facte dallo invictissimo DucaFrancesco Sforza. Milan, Antonio Zarotto. G.Bergamo. Statuta. Brescia, Angelus and Jacobus Britan-nicus.Bible. Latin. Basel, Johann Froben.Bonaventura. Questiones supra libros sententiarum. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger. 5 vols, in 2.Lescher. Rethorica. Cologne, H. Quentell.Bible. Latin. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger, 4 V. (Imperfect;lacking parts 3-4.)Celtes. Panegyris. Augsburg, Erhard Ratdolt.44 148545- 148546. *i48647- ***I48648. *i48649- **i487?5o. 1488Si- 148852. ***I489S3- 148954- ***i48o.55- *i48956. **i48957- **i4go ?58. *I4QO59. **i4po60. **I490?6i. 149062. **I49063. ***i49064. 149165. 149166. 149167. ?149168. . 149269. *I492FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BOOKS IN THE UNIVERSITY 29770. 1492 Petrarca. Epistolae familiar es. Venice, Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis.71. 1492 Petrarca. De remediis. Cremona, Bernardinus Misenta andCaesar of Parma.72.1492-93 Barbaro. Castigationes. Rome, Eucharius Silber.73. 1493 Qutntilianus. Quintilianus cum commento [Institutiones ora-toriae.] Venice, Bonetus Locatellus.74. 1493 Schedel. Cronicarum libri. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger.G.75. 1494 Augustinus. De civitate Dei. Freiburg i. B., Kilian Fischer.76. 1494 Augustinus. De Trinitate. Freiburg \. B., Kilian Fischer.(Bound with his De civitate Dei, 1494.)77. 1494 Boccacio. Genealogiae. Venice, Bonetus Locatellus.78. *i494 Colonne, Guldo delle. Historia troiana. Strassburg, n.pr.79. **i494 Ovidius Naso. De arte amandi. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus.80. **i494 Thomas Aquinas. Super secundo sententiarum. Bologna,Benedictus Hectoris Faelli. (Bound with his Super primosententiarum, i486.)81. 1495 Camp anus. Opera. Rome, Eucharius Silber. G.82. ***i495 Claudianus. Opera. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus. (Also asecond copy; imperfect.)83. 1495 Gaza, Theodorus. Grammatica introductiva de mensibus.Venice, Aldus Manutius.84, ***i495 ? Juvencus. Historia evangelica. n.pl. n.pr.85. ***i495 Lrvius. Historiae romanae decades. Milan, Ulrich Scinzenzeler.86. 1495-98 Aristoteles. Opera. Venice, Aldus. 5 v. (Imperfect; lacking vol. 1 signatures 6 - end, vol. 2-3. There is a second copyof vol. 4.)87. ***i496 Hugo de Sancto Caro. Pastilla aurea super Psalmos. Venice,Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis. G.88. 1496 Petrarca. Bucolicum carmen. Venice, Marcus Horigono.89. 1497 Cleonides. Harmonium introductorium. Venice, Simon (deGabis) Bevilaqua.90. 1497 Johannes de Sancto Gemlniano. Liber de exemplis et similirtudinibus rerum. Venice, Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis.91. 1497 Marullus. Hymni et epigrammata.. Florence, Societas Colub-ris (Compagnia del Drago). (Imperfect; fol. 11-14 supplied inmanuscript.)92. ***i497? Prudentius, Opera. Deventer, Richardus Pafraet of Cologne.G.93. ***i498 Colonna, Egidio. De regimine principum. Venice, Simon (deGabis) Bevilaqua.94. 1498 Sollnus. De mirabilibus mundi. Brescia, Jacobus Britannicus.95. ***i498 STATros. Statii Sylvae cum Domitii Commentariis. Venice,Petrus Johannes de Quarengiis.96. 1499, 1497 Boethius. Opera. Venice, Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis. 3 vols, in 1. (Also a second copy of vol. 2. H.)298 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD97. ***i499 Colonna, Egldio. Commentum super libros priorum analyti-corum Aristotelis. Venice, Simon of Lovere. (Bound with hisExpositio in artem veterem, 1507.)98. 1499 Epistolae diversorum philosophorum oratorum et rhetorum.Venice, Aldus.Gerson. Atphabetum divini amoris. Paris, Gui Marchand.Mancinellus. Scribendi orandique modus. Ulm, JohannSchaffler.Ovtdius. Heroidum epistolae. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus.(Bound with his De arte amandi, 1494.)Ovmrus Naso. Tristium liber. Venice, Johannes Tacuinus.Scripiores astronomici veteres. Venice, Aldus. (Also a secondcopy; imperfect.)104. 1499 Suidas. Lexicon graecum. Milan, Johannes Bissolus andBenedictus Manguis. G.105. **5oo Avicenna. Canonis libri. Venice, Simon (de Gabis) Bevi-laqua.106. *i5oo Exercitum puerorum grammaticale. Strassburg ?, Georg Husner ?107, **i5oo Tibullus. Tibullus cum commentariis. Venice, JohannesTacuinus. (Imperfect; wanting sign. o6-end.* Only copy so far located in America. *** One of three copies in America.**One of two copies in America. G. Stands for Gunsaulus Collection.H. Stands for Hodge Collection.99. *I499IOO. **I499IOI. **i499102. **I499IO3. 1499EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE.. ., ... ... -. ' VAt the recent meeting of the National *Academy of Sciences in WashingtonProfessor Ernest J. Wilczynski, of theDepartment of Mathematics, was electedto membership. Professor Wilczynski,who is a graduate of the University ofBerlin, has been connected at varioustimes with the University of California,the Carnegie Institution of^ Washington,and the University of Illinois.A promising movement is being organized by prominent alumni and membersof the Faculties to increase the interestand efficiency of the alumni organizationsof the University throughout the country.Several conferences have already beenheld in Chicago, and Professor NathanielButler, of the Department of Education,who is Director of Co-operation withSecondary Schools, recently spoke onthe subject before the Minnesota AlumniClub in Minneapolis. Dean ShailerMathews also spoke on the same subjectbefore a group of alumni in Denver,where he was in attendance at theNorthern Baptist Convention.A fifty thousand dollar fund is nowbeing raised by the alumni of the ChicagoTheological Seminary for the GrahamTaylor Hall to be erected on the newSeminary site at the University ofChicago, Fifty-eighth Street and University Avenue. The new building .will bethe central unit of the Seminary and willhouse the library and chapel. ProfessorTaylor, who has taught at the Seminaryfor almost a quarter of a century, wasa pioneer in the field of social betterment.The University Preachers for theSummer Quarter have been announced,as follows:President Frank Wakeley Gunsaulus,of the Armour Institute of Technology,was the preacher on June 22, andProfessor Harris F. Rail, of the GarrettBiblical Institute, Evanston, Illionis, onJune 29.The first preacher in July was DeanShailer Mathews, of the University of Chicago Divinity School. Professor Theodore G.Soares, of the sameschool, spoke on July 13; Dr. WilliamPierson Merrill, of the Brick Presbyrterian Church, New York City, onJuly 20; and Associate Professor AllanHoben, of the University of Chicago,on July 27.The first preacher in August will beProfessor Gerald Birhey Smith, of theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School.The preacher for August 10 will beshortly announced. On August 17 Dr.James A. Francis, of the First BaptistChurch, Los Angeles* Calif ornia, will bethe preacher; and on ConvocationSunday, August 24, Dean Lewis B.Fisher, of the Ryder Divinity School,University of Chicago.Professor Edward Caldwell Moore, ofHarvard University, who is now in theNear East as a representative of theAmerican Board of Commissioners forForeign Missions, has just finished animportant book on the development andinternational relations of modern^ missions, which the University of ChicagoPress is to publish shortly under thetitle of The Spread of Christianity in theModern World.Announcement is just made of^ theappointment by the governor of Illinoisof Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, Headof the Department of Geography andDean of the Ogden Graduate School ofScience at the University of Chicago,as a member of the Illinois State Boardof Natural Resources and Conservation.Dean Salisbury succeeds to the positionmade vacant by the resignation of Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Head of theDepartment of Geology at the University of Chicago.Two prizes were awarded to members of the Faculty of the School of Education of the University of Chicago atthe exhibition in the Art Institute ofpaintings and sculpture by Chicagoartists. Walter Sargent, Professor ofArt Education, received the prize of the299300 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEnglewood Woman's Club of Chicago,and Antoinette Hollister, Instructor inClay-Modeling, received the Mrs. JohnC. Shaffer hundred-dollar prize in sculpture for her figure "The Eaiitter.''At the annual meeting of the Association of American Anatomists held fromApril 17 to 19 in Pittsburgh, ProfessorRobert R. Bensley presided.In the recent Victory Loan the University of Chicago exceeded its quota of$100,000 by 50 per cent. Through DeanFrank J. Miller the following subscriptions have so far been reported: TheFaculties, $37,5°°; women students$26,900; men students, $9,450; theadministration, $10,350; the Universityof Chicago Press, $5,050; the UniversityHigh School, $53,000; the UniversityElementary School, $7,550. The approximate total is $150,000. The prize of aGerman leather dress helmet for thegreatest amount and number of subscriptions was presented in chapel toMiss Katherine Clark, who secured$6,050 in subscriptions.Dean James Rowland Angell, Headof the Department of Psychology, hasaccepted the headship of the NationalResearch Council at Washington. Thisposition is of one-year tenure and became effective July 1. The Councilhas been the chief agency of the government in mobilizing scientific men andscientific resources for the war. It consists of an association of the leadingscientific societies and organizations ofthe^ United States, and has thirteendivisions, six of general relations andseven of science and technology.As head of the National ResearchCouncil Dean Angell will have controlof the work of mobilizing, stimulating,and co-ordinating the scientific activitiesof the country. Dean Angell has beengranted a year's leave of absence fromthe University of Chicago.Professor Gordon J. Laing, of theDepartment of the Latin Language andLiterature, was elected president of theClassical Association of the Middle Westand South at the annual meeting of theassociation in Atlanta, Georgia . ProfessorLaing, who formerly edited the journalof the association if he Classical Journal,published by the University of ChicagoPress), resigned from that position to become General Editor of the Universityof Chicago Press. The Classical Association of the Middle West and Southhas vice-presidents from thirty states anda membership of about two thousand.Professor Anton Julius Carlson, Chairman of the Department of Physiologyat the University of Chicago, who as amajor in the Sanitary Corps of theUnited States Army inspected Americancamps in England and is now a memberof the American Relief Administrationin France, writes from Paris in a privateletter: "You must not believe all thetales carried to you by my friends andenemies. I am by no means an expertaviator, although I have used the aerialroute as means of transportation to savetime; no mishaps, except one forcedlanding because of a stalled motor. Another time we were struck by a rainstorm and went above a cloud and lostour way over the mountains of Wales.Last January, in trying to get downthrough Servia, in face of wrecked railroads, bad wagon roads, and no camionsor automobiles, I had an offer of beingtaken in an airplane from Belgrade toUskub; but I declined the offer, partlybecause the machines were rather shaky,partly because I did not have much confidence in the pilot, and thirdly becauseit was snowing. I know of several pastimes more pleasant than flying over theSerbian mountains in a snow storm ."Professor Carlson, whose particularduty in connection with the Children'sRelief Work in several countries haskept him in Paris for about a month,expects to take the field again for theAmerican Relief Administration, probably going up to Finland, and returningby Esthonia, Lettonia, Lithuania, Poland,Roumania, and Vienna.Director A. A. Stagg, of the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics,has had a Unique honor conferred uponhim. Through Colonel Waite C. Johnson,of General' Pershing's staff, who is thechief athletic officer of the AmericanArmy, Mr. Stagg was invited to be director of the Inter- Allied games whichtook place during June and July. Unfortunately, because of ill health, Mr.Stagg was unable to accept the invitation to direct the games.Associate Professor Rollin T. Cham-berlin, of the Department of Geology,EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 301has been appointed a member of theCommittee on Grants of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience to distribute the annual appropriation of research. Four thousand dollars has already been assigned for theyear 1919.The first William Vaughn Moody lecture for the Spring Quarter at theUniversity of Chicago was given onApril 9 by Mr. John Galsworthy, thewidely known English novelist and playwright, author of The Dark Flower, TheFreelands, Fraternity, Justice, and TheMob. A great audience heard the lecture on "New Factors in the Life ofthe Civilized World," in which thespeaker discussed the importance of thepress, the schools, and the arts in ademocracy, the conquest of the air, theproblem of bolshevism, the advantagesof a League of Nations, and the growingbrotherhood of the Briton and theAmerican.Three other lectures on the MoodyFoundation were given on April 15, 16,and 17 by Dr. A. V. Williams Jackson,Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages inColumbia University, the subjects of thelectures being the " Beginnings of Persian Poetry and the Great Epic,""Persian Mystic and Lyric Poetry," and"Romantic Verse, Including BalladPoetry of Lands to the East of Persia."Professor Jackson recently visited Persiaas a member of the American-PersianRelief Commission of which PresidentHarry Pratt Judson, of the Universityof Chicago, was the director.Professor Frank R. Lillie, Chairman ofthe Department of Zoology, has beenelected one of the representatives of theAmerican Society of Zoologists in thereorganized Division of Biology andAgriculture of the National ResearchCouncil. The president of the AmericanSociety of Zoologists is Professor CharlesManning Child, of the University ofChicago.Professor James Henry Breasted,Chairman of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, was elected amember of the American PhilosophicalSociety at its annual meeting in Philadelphia . While in Philadelphia ProfessorBreasted gave the presidential addressbefore the American Oriental Society, andlater in Washington gave two lectures on the William Ellery Hale Lectureshipof the National Academy of Sciences, on"The Origins of Civilization."Professor Julius Stieglitz, Chairman ofthe Department of Chemistry, who hasbeen president of the American ChemicalSociety, has been nominated by thatsociety as a representative in the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the National Research Council.Professor Stieglitz has also been electedto membership in the American Philosophical Society.Mr. Trevor Arnett, Auditor of theUniversity of Chicago, was elected president of the Association of BusinessOfficers of Universities and Colleges ofthe Middle West at its recent meetingin Chicago. Mr. Arnett presented apaper at one of the sessions on "BusinessOrganization of Universities with Exhibitof ^ Organization Charts." Among theuniversities represented were Minnesota,Wisconsin, Ohio State, Indiana, the University of Cincinnati, the State University of Iowa, and the University ofMichigan.Lieutenant Colonel Harold E. Marr,U.S.A., who is a graduate of BowdoinCollege, has been assigned by the UnitedStates government to take charge of thework in Military Science and Tactics atthe University of Chicago. Work in thisdepartment will include expert instruction fitting students on the technical sidefor one or another of the several branchesof army service. Students entering themilitary courses will be held for threesummer camps. One of these may be inthe summer preceding entrance on theuniversity course and one the summersucceeding graduation.Professor George H. Mead, of theDepartment of Philosophy, who has justbeen re-elected president of the ChicagoCity Club, has been made chairman of theCook County branch of the League toEnforce Peace. Others from the University associated with Professor Mead in thework of the League are Dean ShailerMathews, of the Divinity School; Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin, Head ofthe Department of History, and Mr.Frederick D. Bramhall, of the samedepartment. Representatives from theBoard of Trustees include Mr. Charles L.Hutchinson and Mr. Julius Rosenwald.ATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 19191919 1918Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —12s157 12269 247226 10214? 13566 237207 1019Total 28236253740 19137i41240 47373394980 24329544522 20137740943 44467285465 296195152. The Colleges —Senior Junior. Unclassified Total 9391,22182(4 dup.)12 8231,014122 1,7622,23594(4 dup.)14 7621,00586(2 dup.)8 8291,03010I 1,5912,035969 1712005Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. The Professional Schools:1. The Divinity School —Graduate 2Unclassified English Theological Chicago Theological Seminary. 22 1 23 24 3 27 4Total 1165510338 151518 1317012138 11864113103 141261 13276119113 25 I*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate 6Senior Junior 8Unclassified Total 169732228 33822 202812430 190383221 19833 209463524 356 73. The Law School-Graduate , . . .11Candidates for LL.B Total 123131665871,8081951,613 12189803291,343321,308 1352022469163,i5i2302,921 9151065ioi,5i52241,291 14271523701,400221,378 1052761588802,9152462,669 3088362364. The College of Education S, The School of Commerce andAdministration 74Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplications Net totals 252302oH?JwWuhaWHo(—1><?JHhHw>wHH<Wo<*w?j<MP<