The University RecordVolume V A PRI L 1 9 1 9 Number 2THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY*By ANDREW CUNNINGHAM McLAUGHLINProfessor and Head of the Department of HistoryTo speak on democracy requires some courage or at least audacityif the speaker expects to say anything new. And yet, though numberlessessays have been written and countless harangues have been perpetrated,the topic will not down. Today it stands before us as the one subject oftranscendental importance; the world has put on the trappings ofdemocracy and has perhaps accepted its philosophy. A war has beenwaged with the strength of millions to make democracy safe and to crushthe fell spirit of autocratic militarism. Young men by the hundredthousand lie in Flanders fields or in the rugged ravines of the Argonne,mute martyrs for the cause of -democratic justice. We cannot on suchan occasion as this pass along unmindful of the sacrifice, heedless of thesignificance of the great conflict which took young men from college hallsto offer themselves freely, gladly, not alone to shield us from physicaldanger, but to save for us and our children's children a principle and aninspiration. They died that democracy as a. principle of life might besaved and given new vitality, new reality, and new spirit. If we are totake the torch from their fallen hands, we must hold it high for the causethey fell for; its light ought not to be obscured by darkened counselsor by blind unmindfulness.I speak of a rejuvenated and newly inspired democracy, because, ifwe have seen democracy at its full stature, we may question its vitality.If we have faith in continuous enlargement, we may have confidence inits permanence, we may be sure that it was something worth dying for,delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Tenth Convocation of theUniversity held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 18, 191 9."3H4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand, what is more, something worth living for. And after all that is thegreat human question; if men died for it, will the rest of us live for it ?No quality or condition of life is permanent ; there must come change.We now are wondering, however, whether in our effort to secure what wethought most essential we have been swept on by a tide of humanpassions, which has deposited us at the feet of a new despotism, whichdisregards the old restraint of the democratic state and the democraticsociety. It almost seems as if all civilization were suffering from shellshock, beset by dangers of aberration and psychical derangement.Under the old name and with new watchwords are men to fashion a newtyranny or is there to come a refreshment of the spirit and enlargementof freedom ? I am not going to speak to you of Bolshevism as a creedor a practice; I wish only to remind you at the beginning that not evendemocracy can stand still, and to present the possibility that it faces anew peril. Moreover it would be possible to show from history, I think,that as soon as men are quite conscious of a condition or have reached thefruition of their hopes, that condition is already crumbling, possiblyshattered by the forces released to safeguard it. If democracy after itsstruggle for self-preservation is quite content, then it is no longer quitealive; it may go down before new vitalities. An embalmed democracydeserves burial.Let us now accept as sound the antithesis between autocracy anddemocracy, and, to understand what we fought for, let us first understandwhat we fought against. To analyze democracy is no easy task becauseit is alive; to vivisect democracy is harder than to hold an autopsy onautocracy.An autocratic government is one recognizing no authority beyonditself; it acknowledges no responsibility to externals. Its power isspontaneous, intrinsic, or inherent. Its main reliance, its main restingplace, is force. There may be no need of continuous display of power;but the nature of the institution demands the self-will of the autocratand the obedience of the subject. It is the duty of an autocrat not tocarry out the will of others, but to bend all the rest to his will; if he doesnot, he ceases to be autocratic. Necessarily, the state and the government are one; Louis XIV was quite right when he said "L'etat c'estmoi!"; he was the possessor of sovereignty, and sovereignty is thepeculiar possession of the state.Autocracy requires segregation for safety. If there is a divinitywhich doth hedge a king, the hedges must be scrupulously maintained.If no man is great to his valet, everything must be done to shut out theTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY "5vulgar from the sacred presence of the would-be great. Accessibilitymay be an amiable quality in a king, but it endangers his character asan autocrat; he must be kept apart from the conflicting and modifyingcurrents of life. I do not maintain that all autocrats have been personally inaccessible; but to the extent that they practice accessibility or feelthe pull of anything outside themselves they cease to be really andprimarily autocratic.This need of segregation or aloofness rests in part on the assumptionof superiority. No autocrat doubting his own wisdom would be morethan a whited sepulcher, though I admit he might still be a ravening wolf.Any recognition by an autocratic monarch or an autocratic aristocracythat they can be helped by the opinion of others undermines theirfortress. They are of bluer blood and of finer clay. To strengthenthis position of authority they call upon God as the source of theirpeculiar superiority. Because of this superiority they must cut themselves off from surrounding life. This of course begets a degree ofinsanity, for only by human contacts can one remain psychologicallywholesome.Autocracy leans upon deceit. The autocrat need not always bedeceitful; but when the lion's skin runs short he will "eke it out with thefox's." He has no duty but to serve himself. To deceive the multitudecan be no sin if he helps himself to greater security. And if active deceitis not always needful, secrecy is the inevitable companion of superiorityand aloofness. So closely allied are stealth and secrecy that it requiresthe microscope of the practiced casuist to distinguish one from the other,and both are the parents of intrigue.To this sum of the virtues of autocracy should be added cruelty; notperhaps a quality necessarily indulged in. But how is one to judge ofcruelty ? If one maintains aloofness and superiority, how can one knowhow his acts torture the common man? No one can retain humancompassion by shutting himself off from human sympathy. Sympathyis certainly denied the autocrat, because it means fellow-feeling, andthere are no fellows; all are his underlings.I have not been contending that any person was ever a perfectautocrat; it would probably not be hard to point out almost perfectlyfunctioning autocratic aristocracies. But that is neither here nor there.My main contention is that there was a nature in this thing we aredissecting, there was a logic in its life. It is living up to the philosophyof its own being, living up to the impulses of its own life, when it livesup to irresponsibility — irresponsibility to external compulsion, be itn6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlegal, moral, or spiritual. No human organization has as such a higherlaw than the law of self-preservation and self-expression, and the law ofautocracy must be that of self -consideration and that alone. To theextent that it considers others it invalidates itself.When Mr. Wilson called America to arms, bidding us fight againstautocracy, we thought at first, as possibly he did, of the enormities andcruel wilfulness of autocratic government. We were justified in sothinking; the Kaiser and the men surrounding him displayed to theworld various obvious perils in a government whose chieftain spoke ofhimself as the commander of an armed nation and as one relying on thestrong arm of a Teutonic God. But we soon saw more than this; wesaw Germany as an organized nation in arms playing the role of theautocrat among the nations of the world. We saw her practicing irresponsibility, laying international law aside, using brute force to get herway, trampling upon her inferiors, indulging in intrigue, using frightful-ness as a weapon. She could not acknowledge the binding character ofmoral obligation, she could not accept the common opinion of the worldwithout recognizing external authority, something above her ownself-will. No nation that opposed her plans merited pity, for her highestduty was to herself. She was typically, logically, adequately autocratic.No nation can adopt a form and principle of government and placidlyacquiesce in it, without tolerating, probably admiring, the philosophy onwhich such government rests. The character of a people is bound toshow itself more or less fully in the scheme of political order with whichit is content. But, generalization aside, no one can doubt the symmetryof the Teutonic organization. Germany was self-willed, Germany wassuperior, Germany relied on force, Germany would not permit thecrudities of outside civilization to mar her own Kultur, Germany mustbe dominant, not co-operative. When Grey asked the German foreignoffice in 19 14 to confer and discuss, and not to plunge recklessly into war,the request was pushed haughtily aside. It is not consistent with theself-will of a superior being to indulge in conversations. The outsideworld today, not as yet recovered from its amazement and its indignation,is questioning whether Germany ever will be in a condition of mindfitting it to act in a harmonious, friendly, and companionable way withother nations. And thus we see it was a state of mind the world foughtagainst, the autocratic state of mind — aloofness which begat peculiarity and obliquity — a dehumanizing because an uncompanionable stateof mind. An Englishman said not long ago that the "primary fault ofGermany was ingrained determination not to permit a free meeting ofTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 117minds between people and people." How could a nation permeated bythe philosophy of autocracy permit free, open, cordial interchange ofopinion, the building up of a community of sentiment or judgment ?If now we have performed this hurried autopsy, we may take up thevivisection. And yet, perhaps, it is quite unnecessary. For democracyis just the opposite of all these things, and if it be intent on self-preservation, on living up to the logic of its own being, it will shun thewhole philosophy of autocracy as it would the plague.In a democracy the masses of the people are supposed to participatein their own government. What is called the government is the creatureand agent of the state. This government has no inherent power, nothingintrinsically its own. The center of its character is responsibility to themain body of the people. All authority is a trust. The justification ofdemocracy as a form of government is that it is natural, not artificial;governmental action is supposed to conform, and in a perfect democracywill conform to the wishes of the people. It is not necessary to assumethat men always choose aright, but only that they strive to satisfy naturaldesires.Democratic government is responsive government. Whether menalways choose correctly or know their own needs better than a selectedfew can tell them is not now the question. Democracy's justificationof itself is that it is natural and that there are tides of human impulsesweeping through the masses of men, instinctive longings and cravingsto which government must respond. No extraneous, superimposed,semidetached government, above all not one tainted with irresponsibility,can be sensitive to the developing needs of mankind.I shall not however longer dwell upon democracy merely as a form ofgovernment. No one can speak for a moment of political machinerywithout finding himself beginning to wander into life beyond the bordersof mere mechanism. So closely associated are the assumptions ofpolitical democracy with the activities and spirit of everyday life, sointimate are political forms, if they be more than form, in their reactionson daily conduct, that it is almost impossible to distinguish the characterof the people from the nature of its government. It is a simple truismto assert that only a democratic people can establish and manage ademocratic government; and the reverse is also true: that a thoroughlydemocratic government demands for its own preservation the practicesand living principles of democratic society. So all-permeating is aprinciple of political organization, or so single are the thoughts of men,that the logic of a political system affects ethical conceptions, socialn8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrelationships, ecclesiastical organization, and theological tenets.Modern theology, for example, is the theology of democratic brotherhoodcoupled with freedom of the individual striving to make his own activeGod, just as the founders of Puritanism established their church oncontract, elaborated a contractual political philosophy, and boundAlmighty God by his own constitutional covenants.As democratic government is responsible government, acknowledgingthat power and authority rest on consent and agreement, so it inculcatesthe sense of responsibility in every member of the state. Unless theindividual, recognizing the ethical principle upon which the theory of thestate rests, is prepared to shoulder his burden and do his part, thattheory remains a theory. It is of course naturally a matter of degree;but nothing less than complete and full response to obligations is consistent with the existence of thoroughly popular government. Here wereach another justification of the democratic system. It suggestsresponsibility in each individual, and not only the need of doing forhimself; but of living for others. The autocratic state normally suggeststhat men must trust to superiors; democracy implies self-reliance andsocial obligation. If the philosophy of the popular state actually stimulates this feeling of obligation, this duty to act and to live in social order,then the state by its very nature, by the logic of its being, by the necessityof self-realization, awakens the most fundamental of human virtues.Irresponsibility is the most dangerous, the most corroding and poisonousof sins. It is the basis of crime and social decomposition. In thepolitical order, not to vote is a sin against the holy ghost of democracy.Democracy rests on faith. It confides in the fundamental validityof human nature. It believes that men can be trusted, and, while theymay fall into error, they will naturally on the whole seek out the good.Its philosophy is, therefore, the philosophy of optimism; and it isperfectly natural that it should have arisen in its modern form in America,where men are perhaps optimistic because they are democratic, butcertainly are democratic because they are optimistic. Once again wefind ourselves in the realm of ethics and even theology. It was inevitable that modern American democracy should have its rise in the mindand heart of a Virginian who had broken away from the old-fashionedviews of theology and religion, and looked upon the creator of theuniverse as a father who was interested in the lives of his children, ratherthan as a judge who was intent upon condemning them to everlastingfire. Until 130 or 140 years ago, men were accustomed to look backwardto the " Golden Age"; but with the coming in of a democratic spirit andTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 119democratic institutions, and especially with their development andunfolding, there came a realization that the Golden Age might be reachedas a result of human endeavor, as men came to have confidence in themselves and in their fellows. If we should once reject the belief that mencan be trusted, if we should lose our faith, we should lose our impulsefor betterment; one of the most helpful, perhaps the most stimulating,element in American life would disappear behind the clouds of doubt ordespair. The one thought we always have, even when not whollyconscious of it, is that men are capable of progress and that the futuresurely contains within itself a higher and better order of things than wenow see about us. In all that we do, we are inspired by the belief thatlittle by little, step by step, men are lifting themselves to a higher stageof civilization and to a higher plane of character. The autocratic oroligarchic state, by the very logic of its being, loses the inspiration thatcomes from faith. Faith and autocracy are enemies, and the very systemof the state suggests content with a static condition, not to say despair,rather than movement toward a better and brighter future.If we speak more simply and in the terms of practical politics, thisfaith foundation of the democratic state means that on the whole thereis no surer criterion for what is wise in political action than the judgmentof the main body of the people. If there is no such faith, then democracyof the popular state is a hollow sham. This does not mean that men areperfect in the mass, for they cannot well be inasmuch as they are notindividually perfect. It simply means that the judgments of the wholeare likely in the long run.to be the surest guides as to what is best for thewhole. As faith in the quality of the masses of men is an inspiration toeach one of us individually and affects our temperament in all mattersof social life, so the faith which is reposed in the individual man helpsto make him more worthy of confidence. If one believes that other menhave no faith in him, he must almost surely lose faith in himself."Was there not," says Morely, "a profound and far-reaching truthwrapped up in Goethe's simple yet really inexhaustible monition, that if wewould improve a man, it would be well to let him believe that we already thinkhim that which we would have him to be. "zDemocracy has been called the hope of the world. It is hope. AsJefferson said, men have the natural right to "pursue happiness."Unhopeful democracy does not amount to anything. If it does not aidin the development and improvement of human beings, there is no reason1 "Essay on Carlyle," Miscellanies, Vol. I., p. 192.120 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwhy we should take a consuming interest in its success or failure. Thisbelief in progress was the foundation-thought of Jeff ersonian democracy— that men relieved from the burdens of an expensive and elaborategovernment, given the opportunities of the free and open continent ofAmerica, would, under natural processes, rise to a higher stage of existence, and decade by decade, or rather century by century, work out amore glorious destiny. Henry Adams pictured Jefferson as saying tohimself: "If fifty years hence the average man shall invariably arguefrom two ascertained premises where he now jumps to a conclusion froma single supposed revelation — that is progress! I expect it to be madehere, under our democratic stimulants, on a great scale, until every manis potentially an athlete in body and an Aristotle in mind." In speakingof the characteristic optimism of the Americans of one hundred yearsago and more, Adams said:If the priests and barons who set their names to Magna Charta had beentold that in a few centuries every swine-herd and cobbler's apprentice wouldwrite and read with an ease such as few kings could then command, and reasonwith a better logic than any university could then practice, the priests andbarons would have been much more incredulous than any man who was told in1800 that within another five centuries the plough-boy would go a-field whistlinga sonata of Beethoven and figure out in quaternions the relation of his furrows.This recognition that faith is our soul's salvation, is the cause of ouranxiety in these passing days — not that we fear for our property, notthat we are afraid of national discomfiture, not that we stand sponsorfor any given international or even for any particular economic system —but that we fear for the philosophy of our daily life, fear that we maybe robbed of our faith, fear that we may stand naked and unarmed inthe presence of facts appearing to demonstrate that men are notsufficiently wise, generous, magnanimous, and self-restrained to movesteadily forward toward the goal of their own greater good.Democracy rests upon education. Of course it is conceivable thatin a perfectly simple state with narrow limits you might have democracywithout very much intelligence, but in the complexity of modern lifeit is utterly impossible to carry forward the affairs of popular government without wide and sound education. We sometimes wonder, notso much whether men are morally capable of living up to their responsibilities, as whether the human intellect is capable of actually solvingthe problems of modern life and managing public affairs for the commongood. Society has become so intricate, there are so many interrelationsand interdependencies, that we are sometimes staggered at the veryTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 121prospect and shrink from the attempt to find intellectual solutions forour problems.Because of some vague appreciation of these responsibilities ofpopular government, the American people have always taken a livelyinterest in schools and colleges. There has appeared at times to be evena strange contradiction between the unstinted force of the whole educational system and the attitude of mind, or what seemed to be the attitudeof mind, of the average American. Certainly until a short time ago theaverage business man and the great body of persons who had not themselves received college education were inclined to depreciate the value ofany form of study which would not give immediate practical assistancein the business of making a living. The educated man was looked uponas quite a superfluity in public affairs; and the theorist and even theexpert were considered abnormalities. The early life on the frontier,leading men to think that the greatest achievement was to overcome thetangible and most immediate obstacles of nature, prompted them tolook almost with disfavor on anything that was not adapted to the winning of the wilderness. And yet in spite of this, hardly were thesewestern settlements made, hardly, as Tyler says of the early NewEnglanders, were the stumps brown in their earliest harvest field, or hadthe wolves ceased to howl about their nightly habitations, when theydetermined to found schools and colleges and give their children theopportunity of education. The reason for this inconsistency, if such itwere, is to be found partly in this unconscious realization that democracydepends upon an intelligent public, and partly, no doubt, on the fact thatdemocracy is forward-looking, and if the early American had no ancestors,he had at least posterity. If he had no past, the future belonged tohimself and above all to his children.But when I have said that democracy rests on education, and promptswealthy men to endow schools and colleges and leads the public to pourout its money in educational undertakings, I have been dwelling only oneducation in the very formal, though more ordinary sense of the word.The more important truth is that democracy is itself educating. Theduties to which men are called, the matters which each individual manis Tasked to consider, in themselves demand thought. Any social orpolitical system which asks the individual man to think is in the highestdegree educating. We, as collegians, probably believe that the humanrace will move forward by men learning to think and to think correctly.If men cannot learn to think and to think correctly, there is little if anyhope for developing humanity. Democracy, therefore, has its chiefest122 THR UNIVERSITY RECORDjustification in that it suggests, or, as I have said, actually requiresthought. In recent years we have been somewhat disturbed by theapparent contradiction between democracy and efficiency. It is sometimes said that democracy is naturally wasteful and heedless, and doesnot pass laws or execute them with the care, judgment, or precision foundunder an autocratic system. If we should appraise a political system bythe cleverness of its legal adjustments, by the precision and adroitnesswith which its laws are prepared and enforced, or even by their actualadaptation to the more evident needs of society at a given moment, wemight well think that some government of superior beings, if they couldbe found, might deserve more confidence than the populace. But asa matter of fact we cannot accept that criterion. We must measuredemocracy by men, not by legislation. It is far better that men shoulddo things for themselves than that others should do things for them, eventhough others might succeed in doing those things better. Progressmust come from human effort, and above all from the effort to think."In the free state," said the French philosopher, Montesquieu, "it doesnot make so very much difference whether men think things out correctlyor incorrectly. The important thing is that they think at all."At times in the course of heated elections, when complicated questions of state are involved, we doubt whether the untrained public iscapable of understanding the actual issues. The truth simply is thatin a free state it does not make such a tremendous amount of differencewhether a question is thought out correctly or not, if men by theirresponsibilities are tempted to think about things which otherwise theywould have no thought about. There is no great elevating effect to bederived from thinking on subjects that are quite easily comprehended.The educational and uplifting force comes from reaching out for ideasand logical principles just a little bit beyond our reach; and it is thisreaching, this effort to do what one has not done before, this attempt tograsp what is perhaps unattainable, that is most desirable. It is betterthat men should reach and fail to grasp than never to have reached at all.Democracy is fundamentally a matter of human relationships. Ihave been contending that possibly its chiefest value resulted from itsnecessary reactions upon the individual man. But democracy as we havecome to conceive it is not an individual thing at all. Individualismand democracy are hostile one to the other; for individualism meansirresponsibility, self-will, detachment. And still democracy demandsfreedom; it cannot survive, it does not exist, under the weight of superimposed burdens as distinguished from self-imposed. Democracy withoutTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 123duties is either anarchical or dead. There are two kinds of moralityin the world and only two; and one of them is not morality. Obediencein response to externally applied compulsion need not be termed avirtue; though at times it is needed to restrain the criminal-minded manor the criminal-minded state, obedience is necessitated by immorality.Only internal compulsion, or obedience to one's own inner sense of obligation, is real morality. Now elementally such is the ethics of thedemocratic state. It calls on men to assume burdens, to compel themselves, to act rightly and justly because they believe in right and justice.There is a perilous notion abroad in the land that we should imitateGermany and rear passive obedience to external order into exalted virtue?and that by discipline, training, command, we should create character.This is all at variance with democratic philosophy and with thephilosophy of our educational system. Modern education has thrivenand justified itself by seeking to release faculties, to develop self-command, to awaken self-reliance, to establish responsibility tounimprison the real self of the pupil. Our educational system andphilosophy have been justified in the crisis. The young men from ourcollege halls flocking unbidden to officers' training camps showed intellectual keenness and eagerness; they showed power in analyzing problems, showed readiness to assume unwonted duties of command becausethey had been led by freedom of college life and college teaching tocommand themselves. It is no exaggeration to say that this capacityfor responsible leadership amazed the world and filled us with meritedpride. In the terrible battles on the Meuse and in the Argonne, youngfellows but a year or two out of college, working over an unknownterrain, leading a body of unskilled men, their superior officers sick orwounded or dead, carried the burdens of terrifying responsibility witha calm and courageous strength which is one of the soul-stirring factsof the war.This, I maintain, was the outstanding lesson of the war. TheGerman soldier doubtless had a consuming, almost a fanatical love of hisrace and his fatherland, and I would not rob the fallen soldiers of theirmeed of praise, if it is needed, for their readiness to sacrifice. But tomy mind the great inspiring sight was the rise of free peoples to struggleunbidden for justice, their readiness to offer their lives for uncompelledduty. And possibly the most wholesome and uplifting sight of all wasthe way in which the free peoples of the free British empire — inAustralia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa — nations nourished infreedom, rose almost to a man to perform prodigies of valor on the fields124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof death. For it gave us new assurance that empires could be reared onfreedom and that men would not cravenly steal to safety behind thecurtain of irresponsibility. The boys, too, that went from these hallsand other college halls openly, frankly, welcoming danger, welcoming itwith the pathetic high-heartedness that wrung our own souls, proved tous, if proof were needed, the compelling power of duty. You maylament that we were so slow; you may complain because we did not gointo the war sooner; you may believe that delay was in the long runwasteful of life; but as for me, I know of no more inspiring fact in historythan the calm, though slow, deliberation of a hundred million peoplemaking up their own minds to do what they believed ought to be done.If, as Thiers once said, a free state is a moral being that thinks before itacts, America was a free state; it was not under the bondage of suddenpassion or hatred or fear, not the victim even of blind nationalisticpatriotism, but only the slave of meditation and self-imposed obligation.Half the virtue of our conduct, half the value of our lesson to a desperateworld, would have been lost if we had plunged ahead with battle-madpassion for revenge or reparation.Freedom begets responsibility; freedom creates duties; freedombinds men together in fellowship. This is only one of those paradoxesof which human life is full. The student of the philosophy of societyknows that society flourishes on mutually supporting contradictions.So democracy, calling upon the individual to live and act, is at war withirresponsible individualism. One of our colleagues, with a wit suited toSydney Smith or a regenerated Voltaire, once defined an afternoonreception as a clever social device for giving the least possible pleasureto the largest possible number. I may stop to say that even theafternoon-reception variety of democracy is at least as praiseworthy asthe more decorous and not less formal autocracy. For if democracyat its worst is but an uncomfortable and perhaps uncomforting elbowingand pushing for the ices and cakes, resulting in the least possible gratification to the multitude, autocracy at its best, that is, acting most wholeheartedly in response to the law of its own being, seeks to give thegreatest possible pleasure to the smallest possible number.But the afternoon reception does not typify real democracy, fordemocracy connotes co-operation and relationships. Individualism isthe result of disintegration; its motive is detachment. Democracy isassociation. You cannot take a man out into the wilderness and leavehim with the admonition that he be a good democrat. Democracyrequires companionship, and it lives and flourishes on interchange; if itTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 125is alive, it is nourished by companionability. Without contacts, naywithout wholeness, without social solidarity, it is only partly itself. Ifa neighborhood, a nation, a college, is divided into groups that are self-willed, self-seeking, uncommunicative, it is not democratic— for merepoverty or mere simplicity or mere unsophistication, though often calledthe elements of democracy, are not so at all. You cannot have — needI say it ? you cannot have popular government, popular determination;you cannot have popular anything, without a populace which feelsitself a whole.I have not touched on the vexed question of social equality or indeedon equality at all. I am not sure that in the future, if democracy everreaches perfection, equality will be considered an essential attribute.There is no equality in nature, and an artificially imposed equality canscarcely be called democratic. The whole subject is so full of perplexingand alluring difficulties that I should need another hour to discuss them;and that discussion you must be spared. Some things however areobvious. Democracy, as we have known it, has meant progress andopportunity, not an unvarying dead-level achievement ; it has rested onthrift and enterprise and individual judgment and energy; it has givenor allowed its rewards, doubtless over-la vishly, to shrewdness andindividual skill. But a society which does not prompt men to move andto exert themselves can scarcely survive. Equality before the law weall acknowledge as a necessity, and if it is not a reality it must be madeso, a real equality before the bar of justice.Almost from the beginning in America, and most notably since menbegan to pour in eager armies through the passes of the Appalachians toseize upon the lands of the Mississippi basin and to develop its resources,success has been the outstanding word in American civilization. Everyschoolboy was urged to win success in life, and generally the thoughtwas of pecuniary success. It is symptomatic of recent America that thatword no longer holds its dominating position, and, if it is used, connotessomething new. The winning of a great fortune is not now looked uponas the only success in life, if it be success at all; and the holders of vastwealth are judged by others and they judge themselves by the skill andwisdom and public spirit with which they give their money away. Wedo not know how far this attitude toward the amassing of fortunes willdevelop in the days to come, or how far men should be deterred orrestrained in -their efforts to make and control money and more money.And I think we do not need to know. We do know that society livesand is changing before our eyes and that there is a deepening sense of126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsocial responsibility in the minds of the fortunate and the 'prosperous.After all is said, responsibility is the word and the spirit which separatesdemocracy from its antagonist, its essential enemy, autocracy.Autocracy is selfishness, superheated self-will, ingrained indulgentindividualism. Democracy cannot be self-centered, grasping, secluded,exclusive, repelling. Doubtless we are entering upon a stage differentfrom that created by the frontier life of the American people, andservice is supplanting success. It is moreover not alone the rich thatmust cherish responsibility; but the poor as well. Or, if we can reasonably hope for the disappearance of real poverty, as we must andmay hope, the less fortunate and the less gifted must bear their shareof obligation to the state, to themselves, and to their neighbors.I have no doubt that industry must be democratized and that theprocess is going on. But unless we have passed on to a stage of merenegation, such democratization does not involve the .destruction ofexpert guidance or the denial of appropriate pecuniary reward; it doesnot involve domination by the ignorant and the incapable, or thebenumbing of individual initiative. It does mean probably a wideningof companionship, a strengthening of responsibility, a humanizing andliberalizing of authority, a deepening of duty, a banishing of unintelligentenmity. It does mean, this process of democratization; an integratingprocess, a wholesomizing process, based on a sense of individual self-respect and social esteem. Unless the past has led us quite astray, theseare the natural products of a developing humanity under the inspiritingsuggestions of a political system which decries wilfulness.The industrial revolution began only about one hundred and fiftyyears ago; it has shown its effects clearly only through the past seventy-five years. Only during the past one hundred and fifty years has moderninductive science been applied to mechanical invention and wrought themarvelous change in habit, environment, and necessities of men. Takenall in all, this was probably the greatest transformation suffered by thehuman race, since man first learned to make fire. Indeed the changefrom tools to machinery and above all from tools to machinery drivenby non-human power, may be considered almost as momentous as thechange from the unaided human hand and claw to tools. Count thisgross exaggeration, if you wish; but you still will see it is nothing butsheer folly to suppose that the industrial organization of society is to finda quasi-permanent, human, and satisfying form in a few decades afterthe revolution has shown its results. Ultimately, doubtless, society willbe stabilized; but it will not be today or tomorrow. The most we haveTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 127the right to demand and expect is that the social rearrangementswill be brought on by reasonable adjustment, not by autocratic bruteforce, that the philosophy and spirit of democracy will enable men towork out results by agreements and accommodations and intelligentconsent.Publicity is the weapon of democracy. Not only is secrecy a sourceof danger, but it is in itself incompatible with popular government.How, pray, can people have opinions about things they know nothing of ?And if there is no opinion, how can popular government exist at all ?The openness of democratic life sometimes seems to militate againstprivacy, not to say secrecy. To the inquisitive onlooker we appear todirect our political affairs by mandates issued at elections; but we don't.We govern1 chiefly by public opinion, and if congressmen at times appearto insulate themselves from the vulgus and not to know what people arethinking, we are justly indignant. A democratic government caiinotbe an insulated government, cut off from the currents of life for two- orfour-year periods, although men at Washington often appear to think so.As publicity is an absolute essential, stealth and intrigue are impossiblederivatives from democratic philosophy. I do not mean they do notexist. I mean that they are vices gnawing at the heart of the democraticstate; they are the weapons of a mean autocracy.There is now on foot a movement for Americanizing the immigrant.Plans are laid for inculcating certain knowledge, extending the use of theEnglish language, and developing a spirit of patriotism. Often, itseems to me, the motive of this effort is not quite clear. Is it based onsome fear ? Must we believe that men must be given, if only by forcibleinoculation, a readiness to fight for the flag ? Is it based on the assumption that we have our own Kultur, high above all other brands, whichmust be accepted if civilization be secure ? If so, I am not confidentof the justice, the wisdom, or the moral effects of the effort. But Iam confident that social integration must be secured, if democracysurvive; disintegration, intellectual separateness, differences of moralreactions on fundamental problems of living, are unsocializing and henceinconsistent with community life and action. There must be understanding, freedom of intercourse, interchange of ideas between man andman, or there can be no creation of a common purpose. The flag, whichwe may all ignorantly worship, must be the symbol, not of a pugnaciouspatriotism, but of the common possession of a common ideal.Democracy without community in things of the spirit is gross, material,and nevertheless unreal. America is safe as a democratic reality if there128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDis a wide and deep devotion to a code of daily morality; if there is nocommonness, waving the flag is of little value.For this reason too we insist now on the use of the English language,not because it is better than others, not because we fear that the civilization it may carry with it is imperiled, not because of any mean nationalistic pride or envy or trepidation or enmity, but once again becausecommunication and the creation of a public opinion which is the basisof free popular government are necessary if we would maintain and buildup the thing our boys died for, the thing the masses of the plain peopleare praying for. The old saying, "divide and rule," was the watchwordof many an autocratic system; we have the right to say to people of thewould-be popular state, "unite and rule"; you cannot possess your owngovernment unless you as a whole people possess yourselves.We sometimes hear that democratic government is government bythe majority; but that is a deceitful half-truth. Or we hear that aminority has certain rights and immunities beyond the reach of themajority, which in this country is restrained by constitutional prohibitions. Neither one of these assertions expresses the philosophiccontent of democracy. In a free state the majority, by the nature ofthe state, has no right to legislate for itself alone. Fifty-one have noinherent authority to bully forty-nine; that would be only autocracyon a large and unwholesome scale. Democracy rests on duty, not onprivilege, and that is the lesson for both minorities and majorities. Thenotion that we live in the presence of a persistent dualism of majoritiesand minorities and that the minorities have a shield and buckler protecting them from molestation may be partly true in fact; but it beliesthe spirit of democracy if not of ever-changing life; it is in part a relicof the half-democracy of the eighteenth century and of the principle ofan unchanging natural law that cannot be moved one jot or one tittle.By the implications of a real democracy, minorities and individualsshould be protected by the principle of freedom, by the duty of majoritiesto be responsible for others and not self-seeking, by the duty of minoritiesto accommodate themselves to public needs.The simple truth is that the truly popular state cannot be based ondualism, on continuous friction between fifty-one and forty-nine, onauthority backed by protected privilege, or on unreasoning powersupported by majority strength. Need I repeat again that democraticgovernment rests upon agreement; that is, upon processes through whichmen come to common understanding? Life is not rigid; it is a seriesof adjustments and accommodations. A real democracy is constantTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 129rearrangement, adjustment, and assimilation. Irrespective of legallimitations, minorities must have their rights — -not because they areprotected minorities, but because they are portions of the whole andbecause majorities carry responsibility for others. That is thephilosophy of democracy. Jefferson announced that acquiescence inthe decision of majorities was the vital principle of republics; but thepurpose of the majority to be right must be reasonable. That is the sumof the whole matter. Democracy is not consistent with irreconcilableminorities; they must acquiesce; and the power of the larger numberis to be guided by reason, it must come from reasoning, from discussion,from the upbuilding of a common purpose and a common life. Acquiescence is more difficult than domination. Such is the lesson which theyoung fledgling democracies of eastern Europe must learn if they are tohold aloft on their adventurous flight. On the other hand, the tyrannyof the sans culotte is no better than the despotism of the over-dressed.In the Gettysburg address Lincoln appealed for a new birth offreedom. He hoped that those who died there, those that offered thelast full measure of devotion, would create by their death a finer spiritfor the living. He hoped that America would go on with a fuller lifeconsecrated to freedom and justice. Had he lived, he would have beensadly disappointed. I do not maintain that those lives were given invain; slavery was banished and the nation was saved. This saving ofthe nation by willing sacrifice gave strength to the spirit of populargovernment; it gave courage and hope to the unrepresented peoples ofBritain and other states of Europe. But after that war came years ofpetty revengeful politics; and the men of America, for whom the heroesof Gettysburg perished, turned to the material tasks of a materialisticgeneration, to exploiting the natural resources of the continent, as if lifewere no more than meat or the body than raiment. In large measurethey left the new birth of freedom to the none too tender care of wranglingand ambitious party leaders. It is not so easy now to shirk the responsibilities of the hour, because the west is gone; and it must not be doneagain, if democracy was worth dying for. The burdens of social responsibilities lie at our very doors. If we insist on putting petty politiciansinto office and on shunning the tasks which humanity here and in theworld at large has thrust upon us, we shall shame the cause for which wefought and court disaster. Momentous as our victory in France maybe, momentous in overturning Europe, in banishing autocracy, possiblyeven more important is the effect upon ourselves. Are those conquestsby that maddening reacting perversity which muddies the whole stream130 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof history, to make us vain, nationalistic, and domineering, or is thereto be a freshening of life, a clarification of character ?This war, we have asserted, is to make the world safe for democracy;but democracy can be safe only if it is democratic. The great questionbefore the world today is whether America will play whole-heartedly therole of a democratic nation. That is the center of the whole world-problem. Democracy as a spirit, a spirit partly begotten and greatlyenlarged and strengthened by a theory of political organization, hasshown itself masterful, conquering, almost, it would seem, irresistible.Thrones have been overturned, the secret chancelleries of nations havebeen opened to the gaze of an irreverent public, dynasties have disappeared, wilful autocratic over-lords have fled into the darkness. Fromthe days when America, acknowledging a decent respect for the opinionof mankind, announced that governments obtain their just powers fromthe consent of the governed, the mills of the gods have been grinding notslowly but exceeding fine. It is easy enough for mole-eyed materialiststo talk of territories and markets and economic penetrations and mailedfists and national armies and tribal gods; but the world has been changedunder the hammering insistence of a principle of human life. Once andagain, and most plainly last of all, democracy has risen in its armed mightand hurled itself against its enemy. But its victories have on the wholebeen silent victories, untroubled by the din of physical warfare, unsulliedby human sacrifice. The real struggle has been continuous, uninter-mitting, most real when most unnoticed. Democracy overthrewautocracy because it was life fighting with death, or youth with age.Autocracy was beaten in the war because it was beaten as a principle ofliving, as a reality, before the war began. Wars only register conquests.Men and women that can read and think should see this thing plainly.You fight in vain against a tide of human progress. .And now that America has won, what will she do — America who,cherishing, enlarging, and upbuilding the principles of British freedomfor which the men of Britain had themselves struggled and suffered,America, who, more than any other nation, unless it be the old and theregenerated England, is responsible for this spread of democracy throughthe last century and a half — what will America do ? Well, we are toldshe will now live unto herself, scorn companionship, flout co-operation,shield herself from duty, assume irresponsibility. Such words would befunny if they were not so serious; all the more serious because they comefrom men sparring for party advantage and playing with the prejudicesof races and factions. For this all means that we shall abjure democracyTHE IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOCRACY 131and refuse to act it out. We gave, forsooth, we gave our boys forrevenge, to punish Germany, to ward off fear from our coasts, not toclarify and cleanse human life; we sent those 2,000,000 young fellowsacross the sea that we might be safe to lead an irresponsible existence,sharking for our own booty, heedless, content, autocratic, becauseuncompanionable, superior, inaccessible, self-willed— forgetting thatdemocracy implies responsibility, faith, education, solidarity, adjustment, communication, companionship, co-operation, publicity, moralitybased on self-compulsion.Some things even the blind should see. You cannot act one thingand be another. If you would be democratic, act the democrat. In theworld of international affairs maintain your faith, take courage fromyour belief in the hearts of men, rely on enlightened public opinion andstrive to enlighten it and your own mind, trust to the weapons of publicityas the foe of stealth and intrigue and hidden malice. Cherish companionship, recognize life as a series of readjustments and accommodations,shoulder responsibilities, cast out mean fear even though it be calleddanger to the Monroe doctrine, practice friendliness, and be high-heartedeven as our boys were high-hearted and ready for service and death."Small minds," said Burke, "and great empires go ill together."America if it would be great must be big-minded, magnanimous, andspiritually strong. If we deny ourselves in the wide currents of theworld, refuse to act the democrat, decline to participate in a world-arrangement based on consent and agreement, pride ourselves on a puny-souled invulnerability, think we can shut ourselves off by a hedge ofself-imposed divinity, we don't deserve to live as a democracy. We shallnot he a democracy. We shall have already fallen a prey to the cancerof autocratic irresponsibility, to the corroding acids of self-will. Wecannot be inwardly democratic and outwardly autocratic — inwardlyhope-full, faith-full, friendly, frank, and humane, outwardly repelling,unsocial, sullen, superior, distrustful, forceful. For the revivification ofour own souls the nation must act on the moral tenets of its own acceptedphilosophy or lose it, sear its own spirit, deaden its own life. As Germanyattempted to play the role of the autocrat because the nation was permeated with the philosophy of autocracy, America must play thedemocrat if she is filled with the spirit and the philosophy of democracy.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTPEACE CONDITIONS AT THE UNIVERSITYThe surrender of Germany last November has brought the warpractically to an end, although of course before its legal close manyarrangements remain to be made. Even so, the purposes for whichour country entered the great war have to a large extent beenaccomplished, and we can feel that the sacrifices which have beenmade so lavishly by our people have not been made in vain.The current quarter has marked the beginning of the closing outof war conditions in the University, and distinct progress toward theresumption of ordinary conditions of life. It is perhaps fairly to beexpected that the coming autumn will witness the renewing of activities substantially as they were before the war.WHAT THE WAR HAS MEANT TO THE UNIVERSITYIn common with all other educational institutions in the UnitedStates, the University endeavored to do its part in support of thenational cause. At the outset all the laboratories were offered to thegovernment, and they were able to render very active, and we believevery useful, service. Sixty-two members of the faculty at one time oranother were released from their duties to render service for theUnited States in the war. Twenty-eight members of the faculty havegiven active service without leaving their place in the quadrangles.Others, including assistants, are so many that the entire service onbehalf of the faculty amounts to approximately two hundred. Some ofthese, like Lieutenant Colonel Henry Gordon Gale of the Department ofPhysics, were in the Army in France. Others, like Mr. Francis WarnerParker of the Board of Trustees, had important administrative dutiesin that country for the Young Men's Christian Association. Others,like Colonel Frank Billings, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Andrews Mil-likan, and Lieutenant Commander Albert A. Michelson, were retainedin Washington in the military or naval service. All names will be dulyentered on the records of the University, and fully published in theAnnual Report which will be rendered at the close of the present year.132THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 133Our alumni and students gave the "full measure of devotion" totheir country. The service flag given to the University by its alumnilast spring contains 1,068 stars, and others have been added since.Their record has been an honorable one, and one of which the University will long have reason to be proud. Not a few gave their lives,and these the University will commemorate during the coming quarter,on Memorial Day, a day which hereafter will mean so much to us.It seems entirely fitting, further, that there should be in the quadranglesa worthy memorial in perpetual memory of the University's sons whoselives are a part of the great price which the world has given for libertyand justice.LOSSES BY DEATHSince the last Convocation the University has met a great loss fromits circle in the death of two of its number. Mr. Newman Miller formany years was the very able and faithful Director of the UniversityPress. Professor George Burman Foster was a force in the higherlife of many thousands of people, and a man of so rare qualities thatwe cannot expect to replace him in any way in the faculty. We willstand in honor of Newman Miller and George Burman Foster.PLANS FOR DEVELOPMENTOf course the war has delayed various activities in which the University was deeply interested when hostilities came on. These plansand others which may be the fruitage of the war we may now take upwith confident expectation of early realization.As all are aware, the medical fund was completed before the declaration of war. The architect is busy preparing the plans for theBillings Hospital and the Epstein Dispensary, and it is believed thatas soon as the conditions of business warrant we shall be able to proceedat once with construction. Meanwhile, it is unnecessary to say thatcareful attention will be given to completing the plans for the organization of that very important and interesting work of the Universityfor the future.The plans for the Theological Building and for the Henry BondChapel have been completed, and as soon as business conditions warrant work will proceed on those very attractive and very importantadditions to the resources of the Divinity School. Of course at thepresent time the generous funds given for these purposes would notsuffice for the erection of the buildings on the abnormal costs whichthe war has created.134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe architect for the University Chapel building, Mr. BertramGrosvenor Goodhue of New York, is making preliminary studies, andin due time the plans will be ready for the consideration of the Boardof Trustees. We shall all rejoice when we can see what we confidentlybelieve will be a beautiful and impressive building erected on the blockeast of the President's House which will symbolize, we trust for thecenturies to come, the finer spiritual life of the University.The war has made plain the fact that in all our educational institutions there has been and is a very genuine spirit of loyalty to thenation. It has also shown the desirability of perpetuating the spiritand of developing in many ways the capacity to understand and toserve the Republic. In the days when Metternich was ruling the policies of central Europe he saw to it that the Austrian universities shouldcarefully refrain from any lines of thought having to do with government. It was his belief that Greek philosophy, art, and music shouldbe the real material of instruction, as he was confident that they didnot involve any danger to his particular form of government. Hewas doubtless incorrect. The human mind cannot be diverted evenby the felicities of Greek literature, or of opera, from thinking aboutthe realities of life. However, it certainly is advisable that our educated men and women should have a reason for the faith that is in thembearing on the conduct of citizens. The magnificent gift of Mr. LaVerne Noyes for scholarships in honor of those who have served in thegreat world-war for liberty will be made the basis and center in theUniversity of training in the higher realities of citizenship which it isbelieved cannot fail to be of benefit to the Republic in the generationsto come. The ghastly spectacle of conditions in Russia shows amongother things the fantastic folly of inadequate education in the realitiesof public order. Our Republic, if it is to endure, must be a land ofliberty under law.GIFTS TO THE UNIVERSITYThe current quarter has witnessed the receipt by the Universityof several very interesting additions to its resources.Mr. J. L. Rosenberger has made a gift of fifteen hundred dollarsto endow the "Susan Colver Rosenberger Educational Prizes" as amemorial to his late wife. Mr. Rosenberger was at one time a studentand his wife was a graduate of the old University of Chicago. Theincome of the fund will be used to give prizes for research in educationalwork or methods, whether in the Department of Education or in thework of the Divinity School. I quote from the letter of gift: "Thisendowment is intended to be a special memorial to my late wife, SusanTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 135Colver Rosenberger, to the end that her name may distinctively continue in the cause of education to be something of the inspiration whichshe herself was in her lifetime." I quote further: "It is desired tohave the prizes awarded as stimuli for constructive study and originalresearch to develop practical ideas for the improvement of the educational aims and methods in the fields suggested." The University isindebted to Mr. Rosenberger not merely for his generosity but alsofor the very interesting purpose which he has selected for development.Mr. Joseph Triner has provided the funds for a scholarship in theDepartment of Chemistry. "The Joseph Triner Scholarship in Chemistry" is to be assigned to a Czecho-Slovak graduate of the HarrisonTechnical High School of this city who has pursued at least one yearof chemistry in that school, who is recommended by the principal ofthat school, and approved by the Chairman of the Department ofChemistry in the University of Chicago. The scholarship carries astipend which will provide tuition and laboratory fees for one year.The University has had not a few students from our fellow-citizens ofCzecho-Slovak ancestry, and we are glad to welcome more of them.Their loyal American citizenship is well known. Their interest in thehigher learning is well known. This generous gift is perhaps indicativeof the relationship which the University has long had to our fellow-citizens of this ancestry, and we are rejoiced to extend special honorsto those of their number who win distinction.Another very interesting gift has come from one of our own immediate circle, a thousand-dollar, five per cent bond, given to the University, the income on which is to be used as an annual prize to be knownas the "John Billings Fiske Prize in Poetry." This gift comes fromMr. Horace Spencer Fiske, in memory of his father, who was a loverof poetry and an honor graduate of Union College. I quote from theletter of gift: "The wide and growing interest now being taken inpoetry in this country has suggested that universities might be a greatinfluence in the production of that form of literature, and of contributing something of pleasure and stimulus and beauty to our nationallife." This prize will hereafter be awarded annually, and it is hopedwill encourage students in future years in that particular form of intellectual life which is so dear to the donor.WAR FINANCES OF THE UNIVERSITYFrom many quarters information shows that universities and collegeshave suffered financially from the war to such an extent as to. lead inmany cases to considerable deficits in the current year. "The University136 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof Chicago has in every way done its share, we think, toward warservice. At the same time, deficits are contrary to our establishedpolicy, and I am authorized to say that at the close of the current yearthe University's accounts will show no deficit. All understand thatendowed institutions of learning are somewhat in the position of privatepersons whose incomes are obtained from fixed salaries or from investments which bear a fixed rate of interest. In other words, the incomedoes not increase, while the cost of living necessitates a largely increased expenditure. This is not comfortable in private life, and itis not comfortable for educational corporations. Business institutionsof course may be expected to derive a largely increased income from thewar conditions which have brought about the higher cost of living.That is not the case to any appreciable extent with universities andcolleges. In order, therefore, to do anything toward somewhat alleviating the war conditions in the University faculty it is necessary asfar as possible to restrict many desirable expansions of Universityactivities. The Board of Trustees will use every effort to the endsindicated, with the one qualification of not departing from its fixedpolicy of avoiding deficits.ATTENDANCEThe total attendance in the quadrangles during the current winterquarter is 2,808, as against 3,101 a year ago, showing a net loss of 293.This is a distinct approach toward normal conditions, a far bettershowing in attendance than we had any reason to expect after thegeneral disturbance of last autumn. In University College the totalnumber of students taking work during the current quarter has been944, against 1,024 the winter quarter of 1918. This makes a University total of 3,752 for the winter quarter, 1919, and 4,125 for 1918.THE VICE-PRESIDENTFrom July, 1918, to February, 1919, the President of the Universitywas absent from his post, being engaged in an important mission toPersia in the service of famine relief and of the American Commissioners to Negotiate Peace. During all those months, in which the Universityhad to cope with war conditions which did not quite disrupt its normalaffairs, the institution was very wisely and faithfully administered by theVice-President, Professor James R. Angell, to whom especial gratitude andhigh appreciation are due, and I most cordially and sincerely tenderthese to him now.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryDEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYProfessor Julius Stieglitz, chairman of the Department of Chemistry,in a communication to the Board of Trustees, called attention to twoexpressions of judgment concerning the high quality of University ofChicago men engaged in chemical-warfare service.These two expressions are contained in a letter of Mr. Gerald L.Wendt and are as follows :Captain Ross, at the Edgewood Arsenal, said to me that of all the ten thousandmen there, either enlisted men or officers, no one had made such a record or deservedsuch commendation as Kharasch of Chicago, and that only second to him was Mr.Hellerman.Major Evans stated that all Chicago men had done exceptionally well, and that itwas an entire surprise to find how unanimously the Chicago men towered above theothers.BEQUEST OF MARTHA E. FRENCHMr. Charles H. Ewing, of Chicago, has notified the University that —Under the terms of her will, Miss Martha Ellen French left a few small bequeststo personal friends; bequeathed $25,000 to Oberlin College, of which she was a graduate; $20,000 to Lincoln Institute of Kentucky, and made the University of Chicagoand Hull House Association of Chicago, her residuary legatees in the following clause:"The remainder of my estate, I give to be divided equally between Hull House andthe Helen Culver Fund for the endowment of the Hull Biological Laboratories of theUniversity of Chicago, subject to the same conditions as the existing Fund." Ofcourse, the amount which a residuary legatee will receive cannot be definitely determined until the probate of the estate is closed, but I should think that the Universityof Chicago would receive in the neighborhood of $5,000 from her estate.PRESIDENT JUDSON'S MISSION TO PERSIAAt the February meeting of the Board of Trustees, President Judsonpresented a full report of his mission to Persia as director of the American-Persian Relief Commission under the auspices of the AmericanCommittee for Relief in the Near East. The purposes of the missionwere twofold:The President was appointed to the directorship of the American-Persian ReliefCommission, with the intent of endeavoring to remedy conditions in Persia resultingfrom famine, pestilence, and war. The American Committee for Relief in the NearEast, formerly the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, had been137138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsending funds to various missionaries in Persia for the past two years. It was thoughtbest that a commission should go out to Persia, in order to study the situation andorganize relief on a more definite basis and on a larger scale, if necessary.Committee, of which Colonel E. M. House is chairman, and which was busycollecting material for the use of our Commissioners to negotiate peace when suchCommission should be appointed, requested the President of the University to makea report to that Committee on the political and social conditions in Persia, and, sofar as possible, in adjacent countries. This suggestion of the Committee was reinforced by a very specific request from the Department of State, at Washington, underwhose direction and for whose benefit the Committee was acting.Of these purposes the second was the deciding consideration in the mind of thePresident, as a request from the government of the United States was virtually acommand, to which it was the duty of a citizen to accede at once.The President, however, made one condition with the Department of State,namely, that the visit to Persia for this purpose should be made with the full knowledgeand approval of the British government. The matter was cabled by the Departmentto the British government, and the reply expressed entire approval.After describing in detail the work performed by the mission thereport concludes with these paragraphs:In Paris the Director filed a report with the American Commission to negotiatepeace, in three typewritten volumes, one on Mesopotamia, one on Persia, and one onthe Caucasus. It included detailed studies on various political, economic, and socialconditions in those countries, with specific recommendations as to policies which, in thejudgment of the Director, ought to be carried out, in order to secure peace and order,in place of the disorders which for so many years have been' prevalent. Havingfinished the report and filed it with the Commission, and having had personal conferences with the Secretary of State, Colonel House, and other members of the Commission and staff, the party returned to the United States.In thanking the Board of Trustees for the generous leave of absence, the Presidentwishes to say that he believes the long and somewhat arduous journey was successful,not merely in the relief undertakings in Persia, but in the information given to ourCommissioners, which they were good enough to say was of the highest value.MILITARY TRAININGA plan for military training has been adopted which does not providefor military drill during the year, but which will undertake to give, inconnection with programs drawn up by the various staff corps, expertinstruction fitting students on the technical side for one or another ofthe several branches of army service. Students entering the militarycourses will be held for three summer camps. One of these may bein the summer preceding entrance on the college course and one thesummer succeeding graduation.Harold E. Marr, lieutenant colonel in the United States Army,has been appointed by the War Department and will serve as Professorof Military Science and Tactics in the University.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 139DEAN JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL,At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held February 11, 1919,a letter, of which the following is a copy, was presented:February 7, 1919To the Board of TrusteesThe University of ChicagoWith the welcome return of President Judson to his post at the University myduties as Vice-President are at an end.I trust you will permit me to express my sincere appreciation of the unfailingconsideration which you have shown me during the trying events of the last fewmonths. Without your full confidence and co-operation it would have been difficult,if not impossible, to adjust ourselves to the onrush of an almost daily change of circumstance. It has been a great privilege to serve you and the University in thesedisturbed times and I hope and believe that we have issued from the struggle strongerin many ways than when we entered it.You will, I am sure, allow me also to comment gratefully on the unswerving loyaltyof my colleagues during this crisis. Nothing could have been finer than the whole-souled and self-sacrificing way in which they have thrown themselves into the work,many of them straining their physical resources to the last possible point. It wouldbe a pleasure to mention by name some of them to whom we are most indebted butselection would be difficult and the list would be very long. The names and servicesof those who left us to enter one or another form of government service and of whom weare so justly proud, will in due time no doubt come to your notice. But those whoremained at home in many cases carried the heavier burden and are at least equallydeserving of our gratitude. So far as I have had opportunity to observe, this selfsame spirit of devotion has permeated the student body and the entire business andadministrative staff. I feel it a great honor to have been permitted to work side byside with men and women of such character.{Signed) James R. AngellThe Secretary, in accordance with a formal vote of the Board, sentto Dean Angell the following expression of its appreciation of his servicesduring the absence of the President of the University:February 12, 19 19Mr. James R. Angell, Vice-PresidentThe University of ChicagoIn acknowledging your communication of February 7 addressed to the Board ofTrustees, its members at the meeting held February n, 1919, upon the initiative ofPresident Judson, unanimously voted to express to you its sense of appreciation of theservices you performed as Vice-President of the University during the absence of thePresident, a period characterized by exceptional difficulties.The seven months during which you served as Vice-President witnessed not onlythe conclusion of the world- war but the consideration of some of the most intricateproblems concerned with the winning of the war. The University naturally felt theinfluence of this time of unrest in well-nigh every department of its activities.In these months too, in co-operation with the War and Navy departments, theUniversity whole-heartedly entered upon the hitherto untried task of educating soldiers140 THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESand sailors. The time during which the Student Army Training Corps was in training was long enough plainly to indicate the difficulties involved, although entirelytoo short convincingly to prove the real value of this somewhat experimental emergencyeffort to produce a body of fighting men trained in mind as well as in body.These two characteristics of the period of your administration are suggestive ofthe many matters you were called upon to adjust during "the onrush of an almostdaily change of circumstance. "The Board of Trustees desires to express its satisfaction with the manner withwhich you met the situation and the success which attended your efforts. The loyaltyof your colleagues during this time of crisis, the co-operation observable in the businessand administrative staff, the spirit of devotion of the student body, all were increasedby the uniform tactfulness of your decisions, the wisdom of your administrative andexecutive acts, a tactfulness and a wisdom employed wholly for the good of the University.On behalf of the Board of Trustees,{Signed) J. Spencer Dickersqn, SecretarySUSAN COLVER ROSENBERGER EDUCATIONAL PRIZESThe Trustees, at the meeting held February n, 1 919, accepted agift tendered by Mr. Jesse L. Rosenberger "to endow in perpetuitywhat shall be known as the Susan Colver Rosenberger EducationalPrizes, " the income from the fund to be used for prizes:One prize to be awarded in one year, or at one time, either in connection with theSchool of Education or such other department of the University as may be deemedbest, for a thesis that shall meet the requirements of the University and give theresults of valuable original -research on some important phase of sound elementary,home, kindergarten, primary, or grammar-school education, its principles, needs,methods, or discipline, or pertaining to child welfare, or else, when thought best, tobe awarded for the best practical essay or thesis produced in competition and treatingin some original way of one or the other of said subjects. The next prize to be awardedthe next year or time in connection with such other department or departments of theUniversity as may be thought best, as a reward for meritorious original research andan acceptable thesis, or competitively for the best essay or thesis, on some importantphase of education or educational principles, needs, or methods in relation to, or asan essential part of, religious, home or foreign mission, Sunday-school, social settlement, or betterment work, or in relation to the general welfare, whichever it isbelieved at the time will do the most good. It is particularly desired to encourageoriginal research of a kind to warrant and secure publication. In other words, itis desired to have the prizes awarded alternately, as stimuli for constructive studyand original research to develop practical ideas for the improvement of educationalaims and methods in the fields suggested and among the students in such departments of the University as it may from time to time be thought the greatest good willbe done.This endowment is intended as a special memorial to Susan ColverRosenberger (Mrs, Jesse L. Rosenberger) "to the end that her namemay distinctively continue in the cause of education to be something ofthe inspiration which she herself was in her lifetime, she having prac-THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 141tically consecrated her life to that cause. ... . . . She spent nearly thirtyyears in the service of the public schools of Chicago, first as a teacher,and then for twenty-two years as a principal, until she broke down inhealth. .... She was a graduate of the old University of Chicago,class of 1882, and received the degrees of A.B. and A.M."This is the sixth gift made by Mr. Rosenberger, either individuallyor in connection with Mrs. Rosenberger.RETIREMENT OF PROFESSOR MONCRIEFAt his request Associate Professor John Wildman Moncrief , of theDepartment of Church History, has been retired from the close of theSummer Quarter, 1919, the Board of Trustees of the Baptist TheologicalUnion concurring.The Board of Trustees of the Theological Union at its meeting heldApril 1, 1 919, adopted the following minute:The Board of Trustees of the Baptist Theological Union desires to place on recordits appreciation of the service rendered the Divinity School of the University ofChicago by Professor John W. Moncrief. Coming to the University in 1894, hebrought to the Divinity School the enthusiasm of a broad culture and the strong faithof an earnest Christian. As a teacher of Church History he has brought to his studentsa wide and philosophical outlook upon human affairs. He has been a friend andcounselor as well as instructor of a generation of men who are now carrying on theKingdom of God on earth.As the one to organize for the first time the courses in the History of Missions,he has laid the foundations for what should be one of the most important phases ofthe work of the Divinity School. In this field, as in courses in Church History, hehas shown the relations of Christianity to the processes of historical development ofsociety, and has thus led his classes into a broad and confident view as to the place ofChristianity in the social movements.Having granted his request to be retired from active service; the Board of Trusteesexpresses its hope that he may find it possible to place in some permanent form theresults of his study.THE WILLIAM HUBER, Jr., MUSICAL COLLECTIONA valuable collection of music, consisting of more than 25,000pieces, has been given to the. University by Mr. William Huber, Jr.,of Hamilton, Ohio, whose name it will hereafter bear. It becomes apart of the libraries of the University and will be placed in closed portfolios. An impression of the size of the collection may be obtainedfrom its weight, which is over 6,500 pounds.TRINER SCHOLARSHIP IN CHEMISTRYJoseph Triner, of Chicago, has given funds to provide for fiveyears a scholarship in chemistry for a Czecho-Slovak graduate of theHarrison Technical High School, Chicago, who shall have pursued with142 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdistinction at least one year of chemistry in that school, who is recommended by the principal of the school and approved by the chairmanof the Department of Chemistry in the University of Chicago.THE JOHN BILLINGS FISKE PRIZE IN POETRYHorace Spencer Fiske, connected with the University since 1894,at first in the University Extension Division, then as Assistant Recorderand now in the University Press, has. contributed a fund, the incomefrom which shall provide, in honor of his father, the John BillingsFiske Prize in Poetry. The prize is to be awarded annually in a competition open to graduate and undergraduate students alike, the judgesto be the head of the Department of English, a leading American poet,and a leading American critic.THE UNIVERSITY PRESSThe Board of Trustees has authorized the removal of the bookstorefrom the Press Building to Ellis Hall, where extensive repairs have beenmade in order to give additional space, nearly twice the amount hithertoavailable, for the requirements of the bookstore. There is an abundanceof light. New bookshelves, show cases, and other fixtures have beenprovided.By action of the Board the Retail Department of the Press becomesthe University of Chicago Bookstore.The activities of the Press are eventually to be divided into threedistinct departments: Manufacturing (including printing and bookbinding), Publishing, and the University Bookstore, each under separatemanagement.Mr. Newman Miller, since 1900 Director of the University Press,died January 8, 19 1 9.Dean Angell has been appointed Acting Director of the UniversityPress.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade by the Board of Trustees:J. O. McKinsey to an instructorship in the School of Commerceand Administration, from January 1,1919.Percival Bailey to an associateship in the Department of Anatomy,from January 1, 1919.E. B. Fink to an associateship in the Department of Pathology,from January 1, 1919.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 143Eliazbeth A. Todd as teacher in Home Economics in the HighSchool, School of Education, from January 1, 191 9.Elinor Castle as teacher of French in the High School, School ofEducation, from January 1, 191 9.Harry T. Fultz as teacher of Mechanical Drawing in the HighSchool, School of Education, from October 1, 1919.Zoe Bayliss as teacher in the Elementary School, School of Education, from January 1, 191 9.Ivan C. Hall as Logan Fellow for the academic year, 1919-20,beginning October 1,1919.W. J. Crozier, Ph.D., to an assistant professorship in the Department of Zoology, from October 1,1919.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the Faculties:Wiliam R. Meeker, associate in the Department of Anatomy, totake effect January 1, 1919.Beatrice Hunter, instructor in Home Economics in the High School,to take effect January 1, 191 9.Lee I. Knight, Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany,to take effect February 1, 19 19.Albert D. Brokaw, Professor in the Department of Geology, to takeeffect in February, 1919.Curt Rosenow, Instructor in the Department of Psychology, to takeeffect March 31, 191 9.Agnes K. Hanna, Instructor in Home Economics, School of Education, to take effect December 31, 19 18.W. F. Dodd, of the Department of Political Science, to take effectApril 1, 1919.Morris M. Wells, Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology,to take effect September 30, 19 19.Katherine L. Cronin, Instructor in Physical Science, to take effectApril 1, 1919. •PROMOTIONSAssociate Professor Conyers Read, of the Department of History,to a professorship from October 1, 19 19.Assistant Professor D. D. Luckenbill, of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, to an associate professorship from October1, 1919.144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAssociate Professor George T. Northup, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, to a professorship from Octoberi, 1919.Instructor Franck L. Schoell, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, to an assistant professorship from October1, 1919.Associate Professor J. W. Linn, of the Department of the EnglishLanguage and Literature, to a professorship from October 1, 1919.Associate Professor C. R. Baskervill, of the Department of theEnglish Language and Literature, to a professorship from October 1,1919.Assistant Professor T. A. Knott, of the Department of the EnglishLanguage and Literature, to an associate professorship from October1, 1919. -Instructor C. H. Grabo, of the Department of the English Languageand Literature, to an assistant professorship from July 1, 1919.Instructor George W. Sherburn, of the Department of the EnglishLanguage and Literature, to an assistant professorship from October1, 1919.Instructor David H. Stevens, of the Department of the EnglishLanguage and Literature, to an assistant professorship from October1,1919.Assistant Professor John A. Parkhurst, of the Department of Astronomy, to an associate professorship from January 1, 1920.Assistant Professor Elbert Clark, of the Department of Anatomy,to an associate professorship from October 1,1919.Assistant Professor George W. Bartelmez, of the Department ofAnatomy, to an associate professorship from October 1, 1919.Assistant Professor Rollo M. Tryon, of the Department of Education, to an associate professorship from July 1, 1919.Instructor Mabel B. Trilling, of the Department of Education, toan assistant professorship from October 1, 1919.Instructor Lydia J. Roberts, of the Department of Education, toan assistant professorship from October 1, 1919.Instructor Emery T. Filbey, of the Department of Education toan assistant professorship from October 1, 1919.Instructor Arthur P. Scott of the Department of History, to anassistant professorship from October 1, 19 19.Associate Professor Herman Oliphant, of the Law School, to a professorship from October 1, 1919.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 145Instructor William H. Spencer, of the School of Commerce andAdministration, to an assistant professorship from October i, 1919.LEAVES OF ABSENCETo the following member of the Faculties leave of absence has beengranted:Assistant Professor Nathaniel W. Barnes, of the School of Commerceand Administration, beginning January 1, 1919, to work in France underthe Y.M.C.A., teaching business English to soldiers in the army camps.The work is part of a general program of education conducted by theY.M.C. A. under approval of the War Department.MISCELLANEOUSAn appropriation has been made for repairing the west half of theroom in Lexington Hall formerly used as a women's gymnasium. Thisroom and others are used as a day nursery for the benefit chiefly of thechildren of members of the Faculties.Plans for the proposed Theology Building and for the Bond MemorialChapel have been formally adopted. The funds were provided for theerection of these two buildings during the years 191 6 and 191 7.Extensive repairs are being made in the Anatomy and Physiologybuildings, for which appropriations have been made.An appropriation has been made to aid in the establishment, at5610 Woodlawn Avenue, of La Maison Francaise, intended to serve asheadquarters for persons interested in the French language, literature,and institutions, , under the supervision and advice of the RomanceDepartment.Through Miss Katharine Blunt, of the School of Education, afellowship in home economics has been provided by a friend for theyear 1919-20. The woman to whom the fellowship is awarded willspend a part of her time in research in food chemistry, nutrition, orrelated subjects.Mr. C. R. Crane has once more shown his interest in the Universityand in European and Asiatic peoples by contributing $2,000 to provideArmenian instruction at the University for a period of years. Theinstructor during the Summer Quarter will be Mr. Bedikian.Beginning with the Autumn Quarter the rent of rooms in men'shalls will be increased approximately 10 per cent.CHARLES JEROLD HULLBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDThis is a strange story of an unusual sort of man. It will seem afiction of the writer's imagination, but it is, in fact, an authentic recordof the life of Charles J. Hull. The story is told because, as will appear,the name of Mr. Hull is written large in the history of the Universityof Chicago.He traced his ancestry back to Rev. Joseph Hull, graduate ofOxford, rector in the Church of England, whose leanings toward dissent brought him with "a. considerable flock of his people" to the NewWorld in 1635. This body of immigrants, known as "Hull's Colony,"received a grant of land on the south shore of Boston Bay. The town,in memory of the old home from which they had come, soon exchangedits Indian name of Wessaguscus for that of Weymouth. A centuryand a quarter later descendants of Joseph Hull were people of substanceliving on the large island of Conanicut in Narragansett Bay, and itis said that a house still stands on this island, burned by the Britishin the Revolutionary War, but later rebuilt, and known as the "OldHull Place." A small neighboring island known as Prudence was ownedby the Slocums, but this was so devastated by the English that thefamily never returned to it. A son of the Hulls, Robert, and a daughterof the Slocums, Sarah, married, and these were Charles J. Hull's grandparents. His father, Benjamin, married Sarah Morley, and Charleswas born March 18, 1820, "in a little, rough house once a cooper shop"on the corner of his grandfather Morley's farm in Manchester, Connecticut, twelve miles east of Hartford. The mother died a few weeksafter his birth, and the father migrated to Ohio, which was then afar west and pioneer country. The family, on both sides, seems tohave fallen on evil times. The grandfather, Robert Hull, with hiswife, had settled on a farm near Castile, Wyoming County, New York,about fifty miles southeast of Buffalo. To them, it does not appearjust when or how, the young Charles was committed, perhaps by thefather on his migration westward. The son saw him but once thereafter, in 1839, and then had to seek him out in his Ohio home, wherehe died in 1853.146CHARLES JEROLD HULL 147The orphaned boy was welcomed into the home of his grandparents,who lavished upon him the tenderest affection and the most devotedcare. This love and devotion he returned in full measure. The grandmother was evidently the forceful member of the family. They wereall curiously illiterate, but Mr. Hull always spoke of his grandmotherin terms of extraordinary appreciation, as beautiful, physically, mentally, and morally, a noble woman.At seventy-five her movements were graceful, her voice clear and musical, herhair glossy and soft, her eyes large, dark, and bright, and her skin as white, soft, andbeautiful as a child's She scarcely learned to read, yet she had strong sense,was a faithful wife and good mother; she was strong-willed, courageous, and lion-hearted, and yet she was always tender and motherly. .... Her. influence is alwayswith me and blessed be her name forever. I owe her for my very life.The grandfather was an honest, kind, hard-working farmer, who, toadd to the insufficient income from the farm, made his house a countrytavern in which, as was the universal custom, whiskey was sold. Theboy was brought up on the farm and behind the bar.When he was fifty-six years old Mr. Hull wrote an account of hisearly experiences in school:Fifty years ago this summer, I think, I was sent to school to learn the Alphabet.T was a wild, rough, barefooted, bare-headed, restless, human animal. Being placedon a slab bench, without back .... I soon forgot the dignity of the place andwhistled. The crime was charged upon me and a cloud of small witnesses stoodready to testify T indignantly denied the accusation. But the proof wasconclusive . ^ . . and I was flogged. I went home, reported, and was told thatI need not go to school any more. I had a rest then for about three or four years,when it was decided that I must be taught to write. A sheet of foolscap paper waspurchased, folded and pinned together so as to make four leaves, and I was sent toschool with instructions to write two pages a day. At the end of four days I returnedthe paper for inspection and it was nearly a solid ink blot. The ruling member ofthe family then decided that it was wholly useless to send me to school; that I nevercould learn anything, and I was put into the tavern to tend bar. But fate seemeddetermined that I should not be let off in that easy manner, and when I was aboutfourteen another spasm to educate me took possession of my dear old grandmother,and my grandfather's Bible, the only book I ever knew him to own, was put intomy hand, and I was sent back to the log schoolhouse to get an education.As he had a Bible he was called up with the Testament class. Theboy was naturally ashamed to confess that he could not read and whencalled upon was silent. The teacher, who was a "fiery Irishman,"gave him two or three chances and, knowing nothing of his utter illiteracy, supposed him simply obstinate and defiant and, after threatening to whip him within an inch of hisTif e if he did not obey and readhis verse, gave him still another chance, going so far as to read the148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDverse and ask him to repeat it. He could not remember it even thenand received the worst kind of a licking. He went home and showedhis arms and back. He says, "That was the last day I was sent toschool. Two years later I pushed out on my own account in pursuitof knowledge."Meantime, however, he had developed a remarkable aptitude forbusiness. The bar of the tavern had been turned over to him two orthree years before this time, and he had conducted the business ofselling whiskey with so much success that when he reached the age offourteen the sign of the tavern was changed to his name. The farmhad unfortunately been mortgaged, "and it was only by the aid ofhis tireless zeal that the old people were able to redeem it." He wasthe business manager of farm and tavern. This continued for threeyears, until he was seventeen.Then came a change of which he wrote:The old "Hull Tavern" in Castile, near Perry, was the resort of horse-traders,horse-racers, drunkards, and gamblers on a small scale. In 1837, while it was conducted without a license, in my name, a horse trade and a row occurred one night inthe bar-room. One of the parties feeling aggrieved, the next day had me arrestedfor selling liquor without license. I paid his claim for damages, his attorney's fees,court costs, etc., and was released. From that day until this (1875), I have been ateetotaler, including tea and coffee.All this so disgusted him that, despite the protests of his grandparents,he tore down the sign which bore his name. Not only did he become ateetotaler, but he entered on a life-long temperance crusade. Nearlyforty years later he wrote, "I immediately began to think and workin a feeble way for the rescue of others. I do not remember a singleweek since that time in which I have not done some work in that direction."That was, however, not the only or the principal change wroughtin him in that momentous year. His mind seemed to have a new birth.He was illiterate, and all at once his intellectual needs became revealedto him and drove him into a passion of mental application. It was thetransforming crisis of his life and almost overnight changed the boy intoa man and awoke in him an unquenchable ambition for an education.Having unusual natural endowments, he quickly taught himself reading,writing, and spelling, and then applied himself to mathematics. Thearithmetic of that day he mastered in fourteen weeks, carrying a copy ofthe multiplication table — while following the plow — in his hat, foreasy reference. He then entered the district school and applied himself with such diligence that at the end of three months he was engagedCHARLES JEROLD HULL 149to teach a nearby country school. The attainments of some of hispupils were in advance of his own, and he worked early and late tomeet their needs. He engaged a private instructor to hear his recitations in new studies and assist him in advanced work. During severalyears of teaching his private studies included algebra, surveying, Latin,and law. His grandfather was now, in 1840, seventy-five years old,£,nd much of the heavy work of the farm fell on the twenty-year-oldgrandson. He was accustomed to rise very early, do the chores, goto the house of his tutor and recite to him, often before he was out ofbed, and hasten to the schoolhouse, where he made the fire and sweptout before the pupils arrived. "Having taught the lessons, mendedthe quill pens, and kept order with an ingenuity and gentleness of discipline unusual in those days, he hurried home, took the horses whichhis grandfather had hitched to the plow for him, and worked till dark."Or, if plowing was not needed other work kept him busy as long as hecould see. This was followed by study or by speaking in the countrydebating societies, in which he was a conspicuous figure for ten milesround.In 1 841, at the age of twenty-one he began a contract as teacherof the village school in Perry, "to teach the school summer and winterfor three years consecutively." Perry was ten or twelve miles fromhis grandfather's home. He began with fourteen pupils and endedthe first term with sixty-five.At the close of this period of teaching he entered the academy atLima in the adjoining county of Livingston, where he continued hisstudies for a year and a half. His experience at Lima gave conclusiveevidence of the extraordinary progress he had made in the six yearssince he first awoke to the value of an education. After a few monthshe was teaching some studies in the academy while still being taughtin others. Part of his support while at the academy was earned bydoing odd jobs about the village.In the summer of 1839, when nineteen years old, Mr. Hull hadmade a curious journey. What moved him to make it is uncertain.Did he wish to meet his father, whom he had not seen since his infancy ?Did he desire simply to see something of the world beyond his homecounty? Or was the lure of the New West beginning to exercise itsfascination over him? However strongly he was moved by any orall of these things, the journey was undoubtedly the result of thatintellectual and spiritual awakening which had begun the year beforeand was still the controlling force in his fife. Providing himself with a150 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhorse, doubtless from the farm, he rode south into Pennsylvania andwest through Ohio, where he saw his father, through Indiana andIllinois, finally reaching Chicago. Although at that time Chicago wasonly a village of about 4,000 people and had not yet recovered fromthe disastrous panic of 1837, young Hull, with the unerring businessinstinct he possessed, at once decided that it should be his futurehome.It was while he was in the academy at Lima that he met the youngwoman who was to become his wife, Melicent A. C. Loomis, of whomit was said: "She seems to have had all-her life that nameless charmwhich takes captive all hearts." Long after her death friends spokeof her as "the loveliest of women." The young man himself wasa personable, gifted, and ambitious youth. They were mutuallyattracted, became engaged, and were married in 1846.Carrying out the purpose formed seven years before, Mr. Hulltook his wife to Chicago and there made his home for the rest of hislife. He was twenty-six years old. Though Chicago as a real townwas younger than he was, it had been incorporated as a city. Itspopulation, however, was only 14,000. It was still only an overgrownvillage with few public improvements. No railroad from the east hadyet reached it. The western terminus of the Michigan Central wassixty-six miles east, at New Buffalo, and the road was not extended toChicago until six years later. Fort Dearborn with its reservation stilloccupied what is now the most valuable business part of the city. Thepublic schools employed only thirteen teachers. No real estate boomhad yet followed the disastrous panic of 1837. The city was in thestage of arrested development, waiting for the coming of the railroads.It will be sufficiently evident from the story as already told thatwhen Mr. Hull reached Chicago he was without means. It does notappear how he raised the funds to marry a wdfe and transport her andhimself to their new home, nor by what route they came, whether byboat from Buffalo or by rail to New Buffalo and thence by stage. Onecannot but admire the courage of a man who, without means, couldtake his wife seven hundred miles to a new and strange city, where nobusiness opening awaited him, but where he must immediately findemployment in order to live. Quite illiterate up to eighteen, a farmerboy and a bartender, with the slenderest preparation a country-schoolteacher for a few years, a student in a village academy for a year and ahalf, the prospects could hardly be called bright for him in a smallwestern city whose future was still uncertain. While he felt absoluteCHARLES JEROLD HULL 151confidence in himself he does not appear to have had any defininteplan of procedure. At this period of his life he was an opportunistand proposed to avail himself of whatever offered. He accepted thefirst opening that presented itself and became clerk in a hardwarestore while looking for something better.Mr. Hull had an extraordinary aptitude for business. His employerquickly discovered this and at the end of the first month proposed todouble his salary; but Mr. Hull's alert intelligence had already discerned a business opening, and he began merchandising in a smallway. It must have been a very small way at the outset, as he wasquite without means, and he must very soon have begun to take largechances and have branched out in more than one direction. He conducted a store for general merchandise on Lake Street, but he alsobought grain and shipped it east. In the course of three or four yearshe had accumulated a small fortune, amounting, it is said, to $40,000,and seemed to have every prospect of large success. In 1849, however,disaster overtook him. Fire destroyed his store and his entire stockof goods. He had a cargo of grain in Buffalo and, compelled to sellby the Chicago disaster, a sudden fall in the price of wheat made thewreck of his business complete. Turning his assets into cash andcollecting what was owing him be paid his obligations and was readyto begin again, though once more without means.He then made a surprising but entirely characteristic change.Children had come to him, three of them, two boys and a girl.During these years he had given such time as he could find for it tothe study of law, and after his business reverses he opened an officeand began the practice of law, acquiring sufficient business for the support of his family. At the same time, feeling that a knowledge ofmedicine would be useful to him in legal practice, and being movedalso by the fact that the members of his family were of delicate constitutions, he attended lectures in Rush Medical College, went throughthe course of study and in 1851 received the degree of M.D. from thatinstitution. It is evident that the five years that had passed since hisarrival in Chicago, devoted to business, to the study and practice oflaw, and. to compassing a complete course in medicine, had been a periodof extraordinary toil. And then came the surprising change. Havingpaid his debts and got his medical degree, instead of going on with hislaw practice he took his wife and three children, went to Cambridge,and entered the Harvard Law School. There he remained two yearsworking with his characteristic zeal and energy and enjoying the large152 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDopportunities of self -improvement which that center of learning offered.As he had saved almost nothing from the wreck of his Chicago businessthe most rigid economy was necessary, and one wonders how he managed to support his family of five during the two years the law courserequired. He afterward referred to the Harvard experience as "ascuffle with poverty." But Mr. Hull was an unusual man and without doubt found methods of adding to his income of which other menwould not have thought. He graduated from the Law School in 1853at the age of thirty-three. He then did another surprising and characteristic thing. He proceeded to Washington and applied for admission to the bar of the United States Supreme Court and was admittedon motion of the Hon. Reverdy Johnson. Returning to Chicago heresumed the practice of law with such immediate success that withina few months, by March, 1854, in addition to supporting his familyand paying a small debt incurred at Harvard, he had saved a thousanddollars. This thousand dollars has a peculiar significance in the storyof his life from the fact that the use he made of it eventually divertedhim from the law to real estate and to the career of buying and improving and selling land. He had purchased a piece of land in the westdivision of Chicago for $10,000 and, with his savings making the firstpayment on it, he subdivided and sold it almost immediately. Hethen bought a second tract, which within three days after its purchasewas also subdivided and on record and offered for sale. Real estatewas still a side issue, however, and the law was his real business, withan evidently increasing practice. With all these irons in the fire hemust have been a busy man. He had an extraordinary faculty forturning off business without seeming absorbed by it. During the periodin which all these things were occupying his time and attention a ladywas visiting at his house and relates that "there was no talk of business, but that she was entertained, taken to drive," and receivedevery attention.Mr. Hull much enjoyed the practice of law, and, though he gaveit up as a calling, his real estate business sometimes gave him importantcases of his own, which he himself conducted. In 1872 he wrote:"I have spent the entire week in court watching the R.R. Co. in itsefforts to appropriate by condemnation They have not reachedour Block 34 and if our cases are not disposed of soon I don't know butI shall resume the practice of the law, for the old love returns andbreaks out all over me." From all the evidence that can be obtainedit seems clear that Mr. Hull had gifts that would have made him veryCHARLES JEROLD HULL 153successful in the legal profession; but he had equal or greater giftsfor business, and he finally devoted himself to the latter.The writer of these pages saw Mr. Hull only once or twice and doesnot recall any acquaintance with him, but his remembrance of himcorresponds, in some degree, to the following description of him by onewho knew him well:Mr. Hull was five feet eleven inches in height and seemed taller; of fine proportions, erect and broad shouldered; of most elastic step and motion, with massivehead, very fair skin, perfect white teeth, brown hair, beaming, brown eyes, and amouth where tenderness and mirth softened the expression of unconquerable firmness. Some years later than this he was — as he continued through all the changeswrought by years — the grandest-looking man the writer has seen. There was, moreover, a largeness of nature, a buoyancy, an unspoiled simplicity of heart, an air ofbeing invulnerable to petty annoyances or fears, and of indifference to low aims whichmade his presence strongly tonic.It is not impossible that this is the description of a friend prejudicedin his favor, and that one who saw him once or twice without reallyknowing him would receive a slightly different impression of him;but he certainly was of a striking and imposing appearance. He wouldhave attracted attention in any company. There was about him anair of distinction, and it is not too much to say of him that his abilitieswere as pronounced as his appearance suggested they would be.I have called Mr. Hull an unusual man. He was more than that.He was uniquely unusual. He cannot be classified. He was sui generis.There was no one like him.The first Sunday after he arrived in Chicago in 1846, without meansand without employment, he found his way to the old log jail in thecourthouse square that he might meet, instruct, and encourage anyprisoners he might find there. The authorities refused him admission.Not being the sort of man to be daunted by difficulties he spoke to theimprisoned men through a hole in the door, gave them a message ofencouragement, and promised to return the following Sunday. Howsoon the doors were opened to him does not appear, but his Sundayvisits continued. Then and ever afterward he took a deep interestin criminals. He became known as their friend. While men wereconfined he visited, taught, sympathized with, and encouraged them,and when they were released advised them, helped them, and foundemployment for them. After the Bridewell was built he made his wayto it every Sunday morning for many years and gave systematic moraland religious instruction to the inmates. These visits continued untilthe destruction of the Bridewell by fire in 1871, soon after which his154 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbusiness took him to Baltimore for some years and later to other places,where the same work was done by him for many years thereafter.Dr. Colly er, the well-known pastor of the Unitarian Church on theNorth Side, Chicago, wrote of Mr. Hull:I've got a collegiate pastor, if that is the right name. He preaches for nothingand "finds" himself; also, to some extent finds his congregation, and altogether,for a poor church in want of cheap but most capital preaching, is as desirable a manas can be found. He called and settled himself and this is the way he did it. Twoor three years ago I began to notice him in church. He always came late, alwaysappeared as if he had been running, got in generally as sermon time came, and so —as I knew no facts to account for this peculiarity — I naturally got up a theory — thathe was one of your modern philosophers, who had got beyond such trifles as prayerand singing — not to mention the Bible lesson — intended to get in just when whatthe Scotch sexton called the "preleemoneeries" were over, but being in addition tohis other excellencies a superb sleeper, especially of a Sunday morning, rather overdidit every time, and so had to run for it. It is no matter how I found out my mistakeand that I had a colleague. What I have to repeat is a sketch of one of his sermons.In laying out work for the Liberal Christian League, started in Unity Church a shortwhile ago, one committee was to see after the cause and cure of intemperance, andmy friend was put on it. When they met it was found this man's little finger wasthicker than all their loins upon that question. It was determined therefore to askhim to speak to the church. He spoke on Sunday night and the first sentence in hisaddress cleared up the mystery of his being late at meeting. He said: " I came to thiscity twenty-one years ago. The day after I arrived I went to visit the public schoolsand the prison. On the Sunday I went to the Bridewell and spoke to the inmates— a custom I've kept up steadily down to eleven o'clock this morning." For the lasteight years he has been absent from his post only a dozen times. Every Sundaymorning he goes to the Bridewell bright and early, has his meeting, gets throughabout eleven, and then has to run to reach church in time for the sermon.For a time about twenty teachers labored with him in the Bridewell,but gradually all dropped off till John V. Farwell and Mr. Hull alonewere left to divide the work between them.Mr. Hull did not preach to the prisoners. He spoke to them onsuch subjects as,"Fate and Luck," on " Self -Reliance," on "Compensation," on "Law," on"Poverty," on "Secrets," as wisely and well as if judges and savants sat before him,not as if they were branded men. If he referred to their past it was to say, for instance,"My mission among you is not to pry into your antecedents, not to talk of what hastaken place heretofore. For, we are dead as to yesterday and not born as to tomorrow. I am here to talk to you of today. We must take advantage of today tolearn lessons which will benefit us when tomorrow comes." He implored them to"be men all over — head, heart, will, and conscience."In the Baltimore prison, where for years he continued the same sortof work, he said to audiences: "Not a man in Maryland is poorer thanCHARLES JEROLD HULL 155I was twenty years ago. I had not so much as would buy a crackerfor my wife and child. Will you change your condition when youemerge from here?" He told them to come and see him on theirrelease, and he would do what he could for them. They were fed,lodged, helped. Mr. Hull became known as "The Prisoners' Friend."He was sometimes imposed upon, once robbed by men he had befriendedin prison, yet many times he had the joy of knowing he had encouragedand helped men to a new start and a better and happier life.He began this self-denying and heroic service and continued itthrough the years when fortune smiled upon him and he was a manof large wealth, because he felt that it was a work to which God hadcalled him.His interest was not confined to inmates of prisons. He was justas deeply and sincerely interested in the victims of intemperance. Hewas sometimes called the "Father" of the Washingtonian Home.This refuge for the intemperate was founded in Chicago in 1863. Itsaim was to reclaim and save. Mr. Hull is said to have been the firstcontributor to its funds. When it was organized, with some of theleading men of the city among its trustees, he was made chairmanof the Board. Lots were purchased and a building erected on MadisonStreet looking north on Union Park. At the end of five years, in 1868,Mr. Hull wrote:When I stated at the opening of the last anniversary exercises at the Washingtonian Home that at the Anniversary of this year the association should be free fromdebt, I was told by several directors that the promise was too great, that it wouldbe impossible to pay the debts in one year. .... I have been censured for reducing the number of inmates and for enforcing such, rigid and ceaseless economy, butI now offer in defense of my program $20,000 worth of unencumbered real estate,$4,000 worth of furniture, and a state endowment, which, together with the regularincome of the institution ... . will maintain an average of seventy-five patients.I have labored fully five years to get the home into this condition. It has done goodwork and will be a great blessing in the future. May I not at the end of this yearcease to be its father and turn my attention to some other enterprise ? I desire todo something for the colored people .... of the South.Prisoners, drunkards, emancipated slaves — these three classes seem tohave offered a rather large field for the philanthropic labors of a man ofbusiness; but they were far from exhausting the sympathies of this quiteextraordinary man. I find him nowhere so attractive as in the interesthe manifested in newsboys and bootblacks. He not only conducteda very large real estate business but grew rich in doing it. The glimpseswe get of the circumstances under which he carried it on make us wonder156 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhow he did it at all; for it was in his office that he gathered the bootblacks and newsboys and there became their friend, instructor, andfinancial adviser and helper. "For many years the apple barrel,crackerbox, and store of gingerbread stood open to the fraternity, aswell as to the ex-convict and other unfortunates, and they were emptied fast, as the personal entries show. One item I have noted of $13,on one day for gingerbread alone." Many a hungry newsboy who hadheard the rumor thrust his face inside the door and asked, "Be thisHull's Hash House?" Mr. Hull brought in benches to accommodatehis visitors. In the evening, with the help of the ladies of his family,he taught the boys arithmetic, singing, and the like. The list of thesepupils and wards showed so often the residence "nowheres" that hewas moved to help them to their first lodging-house. This was oneof the beginnings of the Chicago Newsboys' Home.Their liability to "get broke" at times led to his establishment ofa loan fund. Not only in Chicago, but in Baltimore, where he spentseveral years, his office was the headquarters of these waifs of the street.Incidents like the following happened, without doubt hundreds of times:Three newsboys are playing marbles under the table, and a little Italian match-seller is drying her clothes at the heater. She has lost ten cents and dare not gohome. I will make her cash account right. How much children do suffer! Is thereno remedy? One of the boys under the table is extremely cross-eyed, ill shaped,chews tobacco, cheats, lies, swears, and is generally devilish. I hardly know how tomanage the little fellow, but I believe I am gaining on him. He is sharp in business and hardly ever gets broke. When he does fail I give him money enough tobuy a new stock. Today one of my smallest boys came in entirely "strapped."I gave him four cents and induced "cross-eyes" to loan him one. He bought tenpenny papers, paid off the loan and has nine cents for the evening trade. My ill-fated boy has no confidence in anybody, and he would not let the money go out ofhis hand until I promised to repay it if Jack did not. Maybe I can reach him in thisway, induce him to make loans to the other boys until he has faith.And this was a man involved in vast transactions, conducting a greatbusiness in half a dozen cities, and accumulating a fortune! Thestory of this man's life is well-nigh incredible, and I have not exhaustedthe record of his philanthropic interest.His heart went out toward the emancipated colored men. TheCivil War was hardly over before he began to make his plans to helpthem. The scene of his most prolonged and ambitious effort wasSavannah, Georgia. Shanties not worth $50.00 were rented to negrofamilies for $10 .00 a month. "No one would sell a lot to them." Mr.Hull bought tracts of land in the outskirts of the city and began toCHARLES JEROLD HULL 157encourage colored men to buy and build and own their own homes. Itis said that he gained the respect and good-will of prominent businessmen and citizens of the city and state. An assistant in his office writes:He began with the very poorest and most ignorant. Scarcely a man to whomhe sold a lot this first winter (1869-70) had a dollar when he made his purchase. Butwith the loan of courage and money from Mr. Hull many got up comfortable cottages Mr. Robt. C. when Mr. Hull met him on the street and tookhim to his office, had not a dollar; his old coat and pants hung in strips and wereskewered together with wooden pins Mr. Hull helped him with his ownhands to build the little house Shortly after R. C. was earning $60 per month,his daughter was in school, his wife well dressed, and the house enlarged Mr.Hull went one morning, a mile from the office, paint pot in hand, to R. C.'s houseand painted the front door and casing before R. C. was up. Paints, a brush, and limewere offered to all who would paint or whitewash their houses and fences. Theywere advised how to purchase and repair their shoes and clothes, and when he showedthem how to use the trowel, the hammer, and the paint brush his energy showedthem how to put three days' work into one. No payments were required till thelumber and workmen's bills were paid, then weekly or monthly installments, oftenless than the man's previous house rent, were expected Before spring he hadthe pleasure of seeing about thirty families in their own homes. A long collegevacation enabled his daughter to spend the winter, as she did once again, zealouslyhelping him. At other times the cousin, Miss Helen Culver, did the same. Indeedthese ladies .... whether there or elsewhere, were his main dependence, workingin the same spirit with him. In 187 1 two night schools were established, one at theoffice with 365 names on the roll, five nights a week, taught three nights by Mr. Hulland Miss Culver alone; the other two, with the assistance of Mr. Hull's local agent,who the first three nights conducted another school in the suburbs. The schoolswere free and all necessary implements were furnished.This most philanthropic missionary work resulted in "the first freecolored school ever established in the state." Mr. Hull in telling ofthe meeting which established this school wrote: "Mr. Robt. C. in his black broad-cloth suit, as Chairman of the meeting and Presidentof the Board of Education, has greatly changed in appearance sinceyou first saw him Miss Culver reports 91 houses on theseplaces." In January, 1872, he wrote:Our schools are prosperous The office is closely seated with short benchesthat we stow away during the day, but we are not able to accommodate all that come.There are more than three hundred names on the roll and a clamor for new admissions.The schools increase the labor of the enterprise very much, but it is all most cheerfully borne. Miss Culver and Mr. T. work at the business during the day and fivenights each week in the school. The school is one of the best thoughts in our work here.He also worked five nights in the school each week. I call attentionagain to this man of large wealth and this cultivated woman, MissCulver, toiling all day in the business of helping these poor and ignorant158 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDblack men to acquire a piece of ground and a home of their own andthen give their evenings to teaching them and their children.This work for colored people became a permanent part of Mr.Hull's business in Savannah and other southern cities. As a resultof it many hundreds of families in Savannah alone owned their homes.The time came when one of the city papers stated that a larger proportion of blacks than of whites own their homes in Savannah, and alarger proportion than anywhere else in the South.Mr. Hull wrote in 1878: "I have always had faith in a division ofproperty. I have tried to bring a slice of the earth within the reachof the poorest family. This I have done as far as possible." Andagain in 1880 he wrote:Can paupers be good citizens ? Can a landless people be patriotic ? Is it safefor a nation to allow the masses of the people to remain non-landholders? Is notland the natural heritage of the tiller of the soil? If he cannot own a homestead,will he not become a restless, troublesome citizen ? . . . . Land is the natural wealthof a nation and when it is not distributed discontent and revolution will come.It was these convictions that determined and directed the life-business of Mr. Hull. In the choice of the business he would followand in the conduct of it he was moved by philanthropy and patriotism,both alike sincere and enlightened. I find no other explanation ofhis extraordinary career. He did not fall into that business by accident. He had a profession for which he had prepared himself at greatcost, and for success in which his prospects were unusually bright.He loved it and deliberately left it, left it for a business to which he feltcalled by convictions he did not wish to resist. That business was inits nature the same which we have seen him conducting in Savannah.The Savannah enterprize was only an illustration on a small scale ofthe work to which he gave his life for thirty-five years.That work was to encourage and assist poor men, laboring-men,to become property owners, to secure homes of their own. For theirown sake and for the sake of their country he wanted to help themto become landholders and householders. After living for a time ina house on the corner of State and Adams streets, Chicago, and lateron the site of the old Chamber of Commerce, corner of Washington andLa Salle streets, in 1855-56 he built a handsome house on the blockat the corner of Polk and Halsted streets, the old Hull homestead,which later became a part of that famous Chicago institution, Hull-House.CHARLES JEROLD HULL 159In Twenty Years at Hull-House Miss Jane Addams writes:Sunday afternoon in the early spring (1889) on the way to a Bohemian Missionin the carriage of one of its founders, we passed a fine old house standing well backfrom the street, surrounded on three sides by a broad piazza which was supportedby wooden pillars of exceptionally fine Corinthian design and proportion. I wasso attracted by the house that I set forth to visit it the very next day.This was the old Hull homestead which, by the death of his wife andchildren, had ceased to be a home and had passed to business uses.Miss Addams found that the lower part of it was being used for officesand storerooms in connection with a factory back of it. "Before ithad been occupied by the factory it had sheltered a second-hand furniture store, and at one time the Little Sisters of the Poor had used itit for a home for the aged."The tract of land on which Mr. Hull built his home, acquired in1854, was one of the first purchases he made in beginning the greatenterprise of his life. It was followed in the course of years by manyothers in various parts of the city. These subdivisions, about twentyin all, he divided up into small lots and sold to poor men who wishedto build homes, or he built the houses and sold them the houses andlots on easy terms. He conducted active campaigns among them topersuade them to make the great venture of becoming owners of theirhomes. He achieved immediate and large success and was encouragedto extend his operations. In 1856 he was thirty-six years old, Hehad little capital and slight business experience. Young, of a sanguinedisposition, urged on by high hopes of accomplishing a great mission,and encouraged by large temporary success, he apparently went to thelimit of his credit in purchasing lands and making new subdivisionsin Chicago. In the midst of these very large operations he was overtaken and overwhelmed by the disastrous panic of 1857. Mr. Colbert,in Chicago and the Great Conflagration, says:The effects oh the real estate market were fearful, and the building businesssuffered correspondingly. The depreciation of prices in corner lots was great in thewinter of 1857, but it was much greater in 1858 and 1859, as payments matured whichcould not be met. A large proportion of the real estate in the city had been boughton "canal time," one-quarter down and the balance in one, two, and three years.The purchasers had depended on a continual advance in values to meet those payments and found that they could not even sell at a ruinous sacrifice. Great numbersof workers left the city for want of employment, and those who remained were obligedto go into narrowed quarters to reduce expenses. This caused a great many residences and stores to be vacated and brought about a reduction in rents on those stilloccupied, which impoverished even those who were able to hold on to their property.i6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMany hundreds of lots and houses were abandoned by those who had made onlypartial payments, and the holders of mortgages needed no snap-judgment to enablethem to take possession. A stop was at once put to the erection of buildings.Several blocks were left unfinished for years and some were never finished by theoriginal owners.This panic brought down on Mr. Hull an avalanche of debt. Abusiness associate of after years writes: "He held a large amount ofunencumbered property, but his outstanding notes for later purchasesamounted, I think he has said, to $1,500,000 — more than the wholewould bring at the current valuation." He was urged by his creditorsand lawyers to go into bankruptcy, but he abhorred repudiation ofdebts in all its forms and refused to get rid of his obligations in anyother way than their payment in full. He struggled on under crushing burdens, selling at almost any sacrifice, getting his notes extended,and at the end of five years was able to write:I have now my business matters in shape so that I can see my way clear throughthem. Within the last twelve months I have paid nearly $400,000 of my indebtedness. I sold rather more than $1,000,000 worth of real estate in order to paythat sum. I owe about $150,000 still, which I am endeavoring to pay.This struggle lasted nearly or quite ten years before he freed himselffrom debt and once more got fairly on his feet. He often said thatthose ten years took the hair off his head.They may well have done this, for in addition to these businessdisasters they brought him the most grievous domestic afflictions.The youngest of his three children, Louis Kossouth, born in 1852,died in childhood. In i860, in the darkest days of his struggle againstbankruptcy, he lost his wife. The oldest child was a son, CharlesMorley. He entered the first University of Chicago in 1862 and graduated in 1866, just as he was entering manhood. He was a fine, capable, promising youth from whom his father hoped great things. Inthe fall of 1866 Chicago was visited with an epidemic of cholera, andthe bright young life was ended in the course of a single day. Adaughter remained, Fredrika Bremer, amiable, devout, talented. Shewas in full sympathy with her father's work and aided him in it; shewas a student, traveled abroad, was given every advantage, and wasmost dear to her father's heart. She was his comfort and strengthduring the dark decade from 1857 to 1867 and lived until 1874.During the dark years of combined bereavement and commercialdisaster one great piece of good fortune came to Mr. Hull. His cousinMiss Helen Culver became a member of his family and eventuallyan associate in his business. Her childhood had been spent in Cat-CHARLES JEROLD HULL 161taragus County, New York, only a few miles from the village whereMr. Hull passed his early years.After graduating from Randolph, New York, Academy she hadmigrated to Sycamore, Illinois, where for. a year she conducted a privateschool. In 1854 she became principal of one of the primary schoolsof Chicago and continued to teach, advancing to the grammar and highschool, until 1861. Forming a close friendship with Mrs. Hull shewas constrained by that lady, who saw her own death drawing nearin i860, to promise1 to give up her teaching and assume the care of thechildren so soon to be left without a mother. This promise she faithfully kept, abandoned a profession in which she was most successful,and took charge of Mr. Hull's household. The call of patriotism tookher in 1863 to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where for some time she represented the United States Sanitary Commission in the military hospitals.Her genius for business soon revealed itself to Mr. Hull, and she becamehis business adviser and associate. Few men ever had a more competent one, a fact which he lost no opportunity to recognize. In reviewing the past in a letter to her dated December 20, 1874, he wrote:Our work closes its minority today. It is twenty-one years since we boughtblock six, corner Polk Street and Center Avenue. The old organization is still working on the same principle as at its birth It has done a large work, and iscapable of increase almost without limit. As far as I know, and to the best of myknowledge and belief, this is the only effort ever made to benefit and permanentlyelevate the poor generally, without contribution or taxation. It has behind it anidea or principle, which, if put in general operation, would entirely abolish pauperismand nearly uproot crime.The intention of the enterprise is simply to distribute the unoccupied and nowwaste lands among the poor, and aid in their improvement. Upon the carryingout of this idea depends the general welfare of the whole people, and the stability ofour government. The popular religion of the times, aided by our charitable institutions and benevolent associations, cannot counterbalance the mischievous resultsof concentrating the weaith of the country in a comparatively few families. If thisprocess of concentration goes on extensively the poor will join in riot (their revolution) and level down from the top, by destroying the property, of the rich. Ouridea is to level up from the bottom, by giving the poor a fair chance to rise.The great success of the undertaking is largely due to your energy, your steady,persistent labor, and your never-failing faith. You have stood hard at the helm,when I was almost tempted to go in out of the storm. Your keen womanly instinctand long-range spiritual vision caught the glimmer of the lighthouse, in the mistbeyond my sight, at the end of the pier. Without your faith the work must havefailed. I bless you; God will and the poor ought to.Their joint work was conducted in many parts of the country.Miss Culver was with him in Savannah, where, as has been already162 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtold, she toiled for the success of the enterprise literally day and night.Shortly after 1871 Mr. Hull established the business in Baltimore,where he spent much of his time for the next ten or twelve years, MissCulver managing the manifold operations in Chicago. The businesswas extended to other parts of the country and was remarkably successful. Many thousands of poor men secured homes of their own,and Mr. Hull became more and more prosperous. The great objecthe had in mind was accomplished. The home owners, having a stakein the country, became more patriotic, desirable citizens. They addedappreciably to the strength and solidarity of the Republic.Inevitably, however, this question suggests itself: How did ithappen that a business the objects of which were altruistic, philanthropic, patriotic, made its projector rich? There are two or threeanswers to this question. It was conducted on business principles.Mr. Hull did not believe that the way to help the poor was to give themsomething for nothing, to dispense charity to them. He wrote in 1877:"Gifts and loans demoralize and weaken the poor; they need tonics;their salvation is in providing for themselves. Work and economyare the needs of the poor." He believed that every man should paypar value for every dollar he got. His aim in life was to help the poorto help themselves. He expected them to pay full value for whathe sold them. He did everything he could to enable them to do this.He encouraged them in industry and economy, gave them ample timeto make payments, took no snap judgments on them, but insisted,for their sake as well as his own, that they should faithfully observetheir covenants with him.This does not account, however, for his own ultimate success infull. There was another element in the explanation. It was this.He had an extraordinary perception of real estate values. He knewwhen and where to buy and make an investment profitable. In 1868he wrote from Nebraska:I worked five days at Lincoln, "among the real estate," and one day for thebenefit of the Church and Sabbath-school. I purchased forty acres adjoining the cityon the south, ten acres extending within twelve hundred feet of the Capitol groundson the east, and twenty acres near the University square adjoining the city on thenorth and eleven lots at the state sale.The next year he visited Lincoln again and wrote:I have been here at the state sale of lots and lands; the property has sold readilyand at good prices The prices are a large advance over those of the fall sale,in some localities several hundred per cent more.CHARLES JEROLD HULL 163Such things as this explain his prosperity. In 1882, writing fromBaltimore, he gave, without intending to do so, a luminous explanationof his business success:How differently men see Two neighbors on Sunday afternoon wanderinto the suburbs of the city for an airing, and come upon an open block of ground.The one says he would like to have it as a pasture for his horse. The other calculatescarefully its distance from the center of the city, and sees that the main avenue,when extended, will run through this ground. On Monday he buys it. Soon hegets the avenue extended, puts up a block of brown-stone fronts and makes a fortune,while his neighbor is still hunting a pasture for his horse.It was this sort of prevision that led Mr. Hull to make purchases inChicago of prairie lands through which such business streets as Halstedlater ran. It was this sort of prevision as to land values that, whilehe was pursuing aims of noble altruism, led Mr. Hull to fortune.The closing years of his life were shadowed by an insidious diseasethat did not incapacitate him for business but gave him assurancethat he had not long to live. He busied himself in his affairs in variousparts of the country. "He disregarded physicians' warnings that hemust rest, met suffering, when it came, with heightened cheer andattentiveness to others, and so forbore all notice of it that near friendshalf doubted the marks of sickness which they saw." To one of thesefriends he wrote in December, 1886:For your sake I wish your commission to me to be healed could be executed.But I think it cannot be done. I made up my mind some time ago that the thornin my side is permanent, that it cannot be removed, and the less said about it thebetter. It ought to make me more patient and make me do better work.He continued in the business harness, as he had desired to do, to thelast. A sudden and, to his friends, quite unexpected change in hismalady resulted in his death in Houston, Texas, February 12, 1889,just before his sixty-ninth birthday.Mr. Hull left an estate of some millions of dollars. It had beenaccumulated during the period of Miss Culver's association with himin business. She had shared, perhaps equally with him, in the successthat had been achieved. She had a perfect understanding of his purposes and plans. She sympathized with his ideals. There was no oneelse to whom he could bequeath the business with any hope of its continuing. He had unbounded confidence in her loyalty and ability.He was perfectly assured that she would make such use of the estateas he would approve, and he recognized the fact that she had had solarge a part in acquiring it that it belonged to her as much as to him.164 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt fell therefore quite naturally to her, and the business, after his death,went on as before.Mr. Hull regarded Chicago as his home, but his widely extendedbusiness kept him in other cities most of the time during the lasttwenty-two years of his life. The writer of this sketch is not able,from any personal acquaintance, to speak of his characteristics. Hesaid of himself in 1868: "Want of education, unfavorable associationsin early life, a resolute struggle with poverty, and an unconquerablewill have brought me to this age with unpleasant characteristics."Those who knew him best, however, said :No notice of Mr. Hull would be complete which did not mention the radiantbreakfast-table face, the regal courtesy of home, where an unkind or indifferent wordor look was unknown. ... . . . His character was positive. His faults were virtuescarried to excess His characteristics were all strongly marked. He hadindomitable will, dauntless courage, absolute self-mastery, tireless persistence, patience, unqualified truthfulness and integrity, and the utmost openness and franknessin all relations, together with constantly bubbling humor and tenderness. He neitherfelt nor affected reserve regarding his emotions, laughing and weeping as readily asa child He passed through a strenuous business career entirely free fromrancor Unusual as were his intellect and his energy — his benignity and all-embracing benevolence were his most marked traits — not the less so that his viewsand methods sometimes differed from those of other benevolent persons.In line with the last clause of this quotation it may be said thatMr. Hull was deeply and sincerely religious, but in his religion alsohe differed from others. His whole life seems to show that he possessedthe spirit of Jesus which is the essence of true religion, but he wasfar from holding the views he supposed the "orthodox" cherished.One most interesting incident in Mr. Hull's life, not yet mentioned,belongs just here. Toward its end he published a book which he calledReflections from a Busy Life. I regret that it was not Reminiscencesof a Busy Life, but it was what the title indicates — reflections. Thereminiscences are valuable, but they are few and far between in the320 pages of the book. The reflections seem to be excerpts from hisletters — letters written for the most part to members of his family.They touch upon a thousand topics, are often very acute, and makean interesting book. He was an abolitionist who acted for the mostpart with the Republican party, being at one time mentioned for nomination as lieutenant governor of Illinois. He was a prohibitionist,advocating as early as 1867 what our country now has, national prohibition. He believed in woman suffrage when few others had thoughtof it.CHARLES JEROLD HULL 165He had pronounced opinions on the best way to help the poor,saying:All charities, public and private, for the support of the poor, increase pauperism.They are nurseries of poverty and crime. If they were all blotted out of existenceat once, our vast, idle, worthless population would soon become self supporting.Men cannot be helped by donations. It cripples a man to make him a receiver offavors. Make him work or starve.Yet he invited his prison audiences to come to him when they weredischarged, and they were fed, lodged, helped. At the same time hetold them plainly: "If I give a strong, healthy man a dollar beforehe has earned it I do an injury to his very soul. I have done thishundreds of times, but I now know it was a wrong. I have no right totake away a man's incentive to work and help » himself." Mr. Hullthoroughly tested both ways of helping the poor. His office was foryears the recognized feeding-place of the hungry, with constant wholesale provision for them. His cellar was filled with coal which the needywere invited to take. The scale of his steady outlays, at one periodof his life, is illustrated by the payment of $95 at a time for haulingcoal for the poor. He came through long experience to feel stronglythat the only way really to help a man in need was to help him to helphimself.Mr. Hull had very pronounced views on theology. He attendedDr. Robert Collyer's Unitarian Church, was an admirer of ProfessorDavid Swing, and sympathized strongly with Dr. H. W. Thomas inhis separation from the Methodist church. He had no use for what heunderstood to be orthodox views. In the Reflections he gave frequentexpression to his views on questions of theology. In 1876 he wrote:Teach men everywhere that the Universe is governed by law, and that the doctrine of substitution is a fable, and that there is no such thing as the forgiveness ofsins; that our highest good demands that wrong doers should suffer, and therebybe made wiser and better; that we are now building day by day for the future, andthat neither angels nor God can lift us out of ourselves, that grace and growth areelements of the soul, and never can be external.In particular he combated the doctrines of substitution and the forgiveness of sins; and yet he writes: "Our Father in heaven is fast becomingto me a substantial, unseen, unchanging, quiet reality, beyond whoseinfluence and parental care no child can wander. All are His, andnone can ultimately be lost." Again he writes on faith: "There ispromised to those who believe that their names shall be written in theBook of Life; blessed believers. Those who believe nothing, have nofaith, hope for no future, must travel a dreary, dusty road."i66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn the later years of his life Mr. Hull became a trustee of the firstUniversity of Chicago and a vice-president of the Board of Trustees.It will be recalled that his son was a graduate of that institution. Mr.Hull became so much interested in the University that he arranged fora considerable bequest to it, and it was not until the institution hadclosed its doors finally in 1886 that these benevolent provisions werechanged. Almost immediately after Mr. Hull's death Miss Culverbegan to form benevolent plans for the use of the estate which sheknew would be approved by him. The first of these plans resulted inthe organization of that world-famous institution Hull-House. MissJane Addams began her settlement work in 1889, the year of Mr. Hull'sdeath. Miss Culver recognized the value and promise of that workand in 1890 gave the settlement a lease of the house and the lots onwhich it stood, rent free for thirty years. The settlement took thename Hull-House, and a few years later Miss Culver gave the propertyto the Hull-House Association and has added from time to time contributions aggregating about $170,000. To all this she has added herpersonal services as one of the trustees of the Association. Her giftsto good causes have been widely distibuted, amounting since Mr. Hull'sdeath to more than $600,000 in addition to the great donation nowto be mentioned.At a meeting of the trustees of the University of Chicago heldDecember 19, 1895, President Harper submitted a letter from MissCulver in which she said:It has long been my purpose to set aside a portion of my estate to be used inperpetuity for the benefit of humanity. The most serious hindrance to the immediate fulfillment of the purpose was the difficulty of selecting an agency to which Icould entrust the execution of my wishes. After careful consideration I concludedthat the strongest guaranties of permanent and efficient administration would beassured if the property were entrusted to the University of Chicago. Having reachedthis decision without consulting the University authorities, I communicated it toPresident Harper, with the request that he would call on me to confer concerningthe details of my plan. After further consideration, I now wish to present to theUniversity of Chicago property valued at $1,000,000 The whole gift shallbe devoted to the increase and spread of knowledge within the field of the biologicalsciences Among the motives prompting this gift is the desire to carry outthe ideas and to honor the memory of Mr. Charles J. Hull, who was for a considerable time a member of the Board of Trustees of the Old University of Chicago. Ithink it appropriate, therefore, to add the condition, that, wherever it is suitable,the name of Mr. Hull shall be used in designation of the buildings erected and of theendowments set apart in accordance with the terms of this gift.CHARLES JEROLD HULL 167The property deeded to the University by Miss Culver consistedof a large number of pieces of real estate, some of it vacant, but mostof it improved with dwellings, or with buildings used for business purposes. These properties, as they were sold, did not always realize theprices anticipated and the generous donor from time to time addedconsiderable sums to her original donation, these sums aggregating$253,700. From July 1, 1897, to June 30, 1913, the net income ofthe Fund was added to the principal. This addition amounted to$294,201.34.Four biological laboratories were erected: Botany, Zoology, Anatomy, and Physiology, forming an attractive quadrangle, the fourbuildings being connected by cloisters. These four laboratories arethus in effect under a single roof. Their cost, including equipmentwas $340,000, and was borne by the Helen Culver Fund. At the timethis is written, the Fund, including the cost of the buildings, amountsto above $1,100,000, about $800,000 being endowment. The laboratories are called the Hull Biological Laboratories.The University has not restricted its work in biology to the resourcesprovided by the Helen Culver Fund. When, on account of the growthof the institution, the four laboratories of the Biological Group becameinadequate to meet the demand for space, the Howard Taylor RickettsLaboratory was built and equipped from other resources, at a cost of$60,000, for the use of the Departments of Pathology and of Hygieneand Bacteriology. While the income from the Fund amounts toabout $35,000, the University expends above $150,000 annually inconducting the work of the biological departments. About a thousanddifferent students are enrolled each year. More than three hundredof these are pursuing graduate courses.A member of the staff writes:Besides providing a place where many thousand students have taken undergraduate courses in biology and thus prepared themselves for the study of medicineand other useful work, these laboratories have provided opportunity for the trainingof investigators who are devoting their lives to the advancement of science. Twohundred and forty-two students have here done work which has led to the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy [March, 19 19]. Each one of these has accomplished somepiece of original investigation.Very many investigators [more than a hundred are named] have found in thegroup of buildings around Hull Court the means of conducting extended researcheswhich have constituted definite advances in our knowledge of biological, includingmedical, science.i68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAmong these is Dr. Alexis Carrel, who began here the series of researcheson surgery of the blood vessels and transplantation of organs whichlater resulted in the award to him of the Nobel prize, and who in theGreat War made discoveries in the treatment of wounds which arerecognized as of the highest importance.The Hull Biological Laboratories were dedicated on July 2, 1897.In presenting them to the University, Miss Culver, after referring tothe desire of some strenuous natures that, as a result of their lives,power might "be transmitted to succeeding generations and an immortality of beneficent influence be secured," went on to say:It was in obedience to such a driving power that provision for these buildingswas made. Since it has fallen to me to conclude the work of another, you will notthink it intrusive if I refer to the character and aim of the real donor. During alifetime of close association with Mr. Hull I have known him as a man of tenaciouspurpose, of inextinguishable enthusiasm, and above all things dominated by a desireto help his kind. Much of his time for fifty years was spent in close contact withthose most needing inspiration and help. He had also profound convictions regardingthe best basis for social development in our country, and these directed the energiesof his life. Looking toward the close of activity, it was for many years his unchanging desire that a part of his estate should be administered directly for the publicbenefit. Many plans were discussed between us. And when he was called away,before he could see the work begun, I am glad to know that he did not doubt thatsome part of his purpose would be carried out. He would have shared our joy inthis great University, could he have foreseen its early creation. And it would havebeen a greater pleasure could he have known the wide diffusion of its benefits soughtby its management. ....I have believed that I should not do better than to name, as his heirs and representatives, those lovers of light, who, in all generations and from all ranks, give theiryears to search for truth, and especially those forms of inquiry which explore theCreator's will, as expressed in the laws of life and the means of rendering lives moresound and wholesome.This sketch began with a boy orphaned, poor, illiterate, his youthpassed under the most unpromising conditions. It has been an extraordinary story of intellectual and spiritual development and philanthropic service, ending in large material prosperity. It has been thehigh privilege and noble service of Helen Culver to discover and withsplendid munificence to employ the means through which from CharlesJ. Hull's life "power may be transmitted to succeeding generationsand an immortality of beneficent influence be secured."MRS. PERMELIA BROWNBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDAt a meeting of the University Board of Trustees held September21, 1909, the Business Manager announced that he had received noticeof a bequest left to the institution by Permelia Brown. Who PermeliaBrown was no one knew. No one had ever heard of her. Indeedsuch was the ignorance concerning her that her first name appearedon the records as "Parmelia." No one knew whether she had beenmarried or unmarried, but the impression was that she had been aspinster. The only thing known of her was that she had been a residentof Chicago, and that her death revealed the fact that she had made awill constituting the University of Chicago her residuary legatee.Nothing more would ever have been known about her by the University but for the circumstance that the will was immediately attackedin the courts. Everthing connected with her life that appears in thissketch was disclosed by the testimony brought out in the various trialsof the case as it progressed from the probate court through the circuitand appellate courts, where, after nearly five years of litigation, thecase came to an end^ the will having been sustained in all the courts.The will had given the larger part of the estate to relatives andto certain friends who had been particularly serviceable to Mrs. Brownin her old age, and continued as follows: "After the payment of all theforegoing bequests and legacies, all the rest and residue of my estatethat remains after my executor, hereinafter named, has paid all theforegoing legacies which may not have lapsed, I give, devise andbequeath unto the University of Chicago .... "to establish thePermelia Brown Aid Fund. It then went on to provide that the incomeof the fund received by the University should be used in assistingAmerican-born girls, students in the University in meeting the expensesof their course of study. It further provided that such students mightbe assisted for four years, but not longer than four years.Who then was Permelia Brown ? These biographical sketches arewritten that the benefactors of the University of Chicago may not,as the years pass, be forgotten and become merely names of the unknown. It is desired that their life-story shall be preserved as a partof the history of the University itself. Nothing is known of PermeliaBrown's parents or of her place of birth. All that can be said is that169170 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe approximate time of her birth was the year 1822, and that the placewas probably somewhere in Canada, or possibly in northern New Yorkor northern Vermont. She had, in her childhood, no advantages whatever of education and probably never went to school a day in her life.One might well conclude that her earliest years were passed in theCanadian wilderness, and a hundred years ago much of Canada wasa wilderness where schools were unknown. The first real glimpse tobe had of her reveals a child of fourteen or fifteen years of age, and thatglimpse is of real interest and significance. She was in the city ofMontreal. She must have been well grown, with an appearance ofmaturity beyond her years, and not without personal attractions; forit was at that time, when she was only fourteen or fifteen, that JamesFlood made her his wife. She was quite illiterate, could neither readnor write, and never learned to do either of these things, except thatthe time came when she could write her own name; but she never foundthis easy, its accomplishment requiring from three to five minutes ormore. Notwithstanding these deficiencies, however, she commandedthe respect, confidence, and affection of her husband. James Flood,the husband, was a somewhat superior man. The marriage took placein 1835 or 1836, and not long after, probably during the forties, Floodmoved to Chicago. He was a lake man and rose to the command ofa ship and was known for many years as Captain Flood. Comingto Chicago in the early days of the city he was wise enough and fortunate enough to secure a home near the center of the business district,at what was at that time, and until the renumbering of the streets, 120and 122 West Madison Street. This property, of course, never rosein value to anything like the appreciation of real estate still more favorably located, but it was near enough the business center and on a sufficiently good street to become increasingly valuable as time passed,and Captain Flood was wise enough to retain possession of it as longas he lived. He died in 1864 and left all he had to his wife Permelia.With a business sense equal to that of Captain Flood she continued tohold the property and never parted with it. These two small lotsconstituted the bulk of her estate. She had held them at the timeof her death more than sixty years.Mrs. Flood remained a widow about eleven years and then marriedJohn J. Brown, a livery man whose business place was near her home.They were married in 1875, when she was about fifty-two years old.Her second marriage seems to have been as successful as the first.She was sincerely attached to Mr. Brown. He never sought to interfereMRS. PERMELIA BROWN 171with her possession of her property or her management of it, andat his death left his own accumulations to her. He died about 1900,Mrs. Brown being at that time seventy-seven or seventy-eight yearsold. She lived thereafter a very retired life. Two women friendswere much with her, one looking after her house and her personal comfort, the other acting as her secretary and business assistant. Shehad no interests outside her home and the business of caring for herinvestments. What she should do with her estate- was much on hermind. Like many other persons in her position she made a numberof wills. She had no children to provide for and almost no relatives.It was not until 1904, when she was more than eighty years old, thatshe made her final will. She then called in an attorney and submittedto him detailed instructions and a week later executed her last will andtestament, at the same time destroying all former wills that were stillin existence. Among the instructions submitted to the attorney whodrew this final will was that provision, quoted above, making the University of Chicago the residuary legatee of the estate. She lived manymiles from the University, far out on the West Side. She had probably never seen the institution, but she had heard of it so favorably thatthrough it she determined to give to poor young women opportunitiesto secure those advantages of education which had been denied to her.During the last years of Mrs. Brown's life she suffered greatly fromill health. For a number of years she did not sleep in a bed but satnight after night in a rocking-chair. Up to the last five years of herlife, perhaps indeed to the end, she looked much younger than she was.Two of the three witnesses to her will testified that when they witnessedit they believed her to be sixty or sixty-five years old. x She was in factat that time above eighty. She died in July, 1909, at the age of eighty-six or eighty-seven.The University received from her estate $26,133 .83. This amounthas been so invested as to yield an annual income of $1,371 .02.Mrs. Brown was a very humble person. She had no social oreducational equipment for a well-rounded, abundant life. She hadmeans indeed, but she practiced the closest economy, denying herselfmuch that she was well able to afford. She apparently long cherishedthe purpose of conserving and increasing her small estate that she mightleave as much as she could to help poor and worthy girls to a richerand fuller life than she herself had lived. This purpose she carriedout, so that she did not live in vain. She lived obscurely, but she succeeded in making her life forever fruitful. She achieved an immortalityof helpful influence.GEORGE BURMAN FOSTERA service in memory of George Burman Foster, Associate Professorof Systematic Theology, 1895-97, Professor of Systematic Theology,1897-1905, Professor of the Philosophy of Religion, 1905-18, was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall at 4:30 p.m., Wednesday, January 29,1919. The Vice-President of the University, James Rowland Angell,presided. The service was opened with prayer by Professor TheodoreGerald Soares, Acting Chaplain of the University. An address "Professor Foster as a Man," was delivered by Professor J. M. Powis Smith.Professor Gerald Birney Smith then read several tributes from Professor Foster's students now holding positions of importance in universities and seminaries. Dr. William Wallace Fenn, Dean of the HarvardDivinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, then spoke of ProfessorFoster as a theologian and Professor James Hayden Tufts spoke ofProfessor Foster's philosophy of religion. The service concluded withthe pronouncement of the benediction by the Acting Chaplain.PROFESSOR FOSTER AS A MANBy J. M. POWIS SMITHIt is my good fortune to have known Professor Foster for the lasttwenty-three years, first as a student in his classes, later as his colleaguein a closely related department, and concurrently throughout the wholeperiod as a friend. It is a solemn privilege to lay this wreath upon histomb.The concrete facts of Professor Foster's external life do not bulklarge. Like most university professors, he lived the quiet life of thespirit. He was born at Alderson, West Virginia, April 2, 1857. Hestarted his college work at Shelton College in that state, but completedhis course at West Virginia University, receiving his A.B. in 1883, andA.M. in 1884. He crowned his course at the University by marryingMary Lyon, the daughter of one of his professors. He had gone tocollege to equip himself for the work of the ministry, upon which hehad already entered. He took theology at Rochester TheologicalSeminary, graduating in 1887. He served as pastor of the First BaptistChurch at Saratoga Springs, New York from 1887-91. He then spent172Photo by Florence M. HendershotGEORGE BURMAN FOSTERGEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 173a year in Germany at the Universities of Gottingen and Berlin, whencehe returned to become Professor of Philosophy in McMaster University,Toronto, where he remained till 1895. He was called thence to theDivinity School of the University of Chicago as Associate Professor ofSystematic Theology. He was promoted to a Professorship in the samedepartment in 1897. In 1905 he was transferred from the DivinitySchool to the Graduate School and made Professor of the Philosophy ofReligion. Here he stayed until his untimely death on December 22,1918.Few men have been more glowingly praised or more heartily damned.It was inevitably so. There was nothing half way in his make-up.He was an out-and-outer in everything. He had no patience withopportunism in any sphere, and gave it short shrift. He saw clearly thedesired goal and made straight for it. Such undeviating directnessnaturally brought friction between him and less courageous or less clearsighted people. It is not without significance, however, that few ofthose who denounced him ever really knew him. No one could come intoclose contact with him for any length of time without yielding to thecharm of his personality. He was endowed not merely with brilliancyof mind, but even more generously with warmth of heart. He gatheredup people into the glow of his affections which speedily melted all traces.of suspicion and hostility. He had a genuine liking for folks and thisnaturally called forth from them a corresponding attitude toward himself. Kindness was instinctive and spontaneous with him. He wishedto be helpful to his fellow-men. He was clothed with gentleness as witha garment, but it was the gentleness of a strong man. Women andchildren recognized in him a friend. The oppressed did not appeal tohim in vain. He was always ready to enter the lists against iniquity andgreed. He was a knightly soul, a splendid demonstration of modernchivalry.In the best sense of the word, Professor Foster was a simple soul.There was a genuinely child-like quality about him that was irresistiblywinning. It was impossible to doubt his earnestness and sincerity.He breathed forth an atmosphere of reality. This simplicity of spiritand genuineness of aim and purpose attracted to him all classes and kindsof people. Into the interests of all he entered with sympathetic andappreciative understanding. He had a broad and generous outlookupon life. In the familiar words of Terence he might have said truly,"Homo sum; humani nihil alienum a me puto. " He touched life at manypoints, and gathered the riches of his spirit in many mines. There wasJ74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnothing ascetic or pharisaic in his attitude toward life. He sought thebest wherever it was to be found, and he gave forth of his best freely inreturn. He sought to live an abundant life and to live it to the full.He was a preacher of unusual power. There was a genuinely prophetic fervor about his message. He felt that he was set for the defenceof a free gospel. He was restless under every form of restraint uponfreedom of thought and speech. He denounced hypocrisy in every form/and pleaded for downright sincerity and purity of motive. His ethicalpassion, coupled with penetrating spiritual insight and finding expressionin richly imaginative and picturesque speech, made the hearing of oneof his sermons an unforgettable experience. He combined the old-timeoratorical manner with the modern social and religious message in away to produce most stimulating effects. His hearers might, and oftendid, dissent — they never slept. Naturally a preacher of such gifts had awide audience. He could not be confined within the limits of any onechurch; he belonged to the religious world. He was in demand on everyhand and in the most widely divergent communions. In fact, his religious message was called for repeatedly in quarters not supposed to beat all in sympathy with a religious interpretation of life. He was willingto talk religion to any group of people that was willing to listen. Andhe made religion of compelling interest to many who were not stirred inthe slightest degree by the ordinary preaching of the churches.Professor Foster was through and through a Christian. He deliberately dedicated himself to a life of service and sacrifice. He covetedrecognition and appreciation, but he was unwilling to surrender hisprinciples or one jot of his self-respect in order to obtain them. He stoodfor a generously liberal type of Christianity in a spirit of love, but hewas not "too proud to fight" for his ideals. He suffered unspeakablyin body and spirit from the buffetings of experience, but he maintained apersistent and reasoned optimism. He surrendered three of his childrento the Great Destroyer, and yet wrote bravely and confidently upon"The Function of Death in Human Experience. " There was no root ofbitterness in him. The death of his son in the military service of hiscountry was directly due to the ruthless ambition of Germany; and yetat my last interview with him in the hospital, he spoke in deprecationof the spirit of vengeance that was then finding expression in manyquarters, and expressed the hope that Germany might be given a chanceto develop its better self. As a philosopher and student of history hepreserved a sane and well-balanced view of life, and never became afaddist. His enthusiasm was eager and contagious for everything newGEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 175or old that had in it promise and potency of good, and his enthusiasmswere so many that he never remained one-sided in his views or blind tothe values appreciated by others. Religion was always his supremeinterest. He moved continually in that sphere; he was genuinely andincorruptibly religious. If we may bring an ancient word down tomodern times, we may call him a saint. There is no other word thatquite does justice to the mystic quality in his experience. He livedas "seeing Him who is invisible. " The deepest thing in his life was hiswill to believe. No man ever had greater occasion to doubt. A manless spiritually minded would have succumbed. Disaster followeddisaster with appalling frequency, leaving him "clean forespent";but from these experiences he came forth with a fresh devotion and amore deeply rooted trust in things eternal.The woes of life were unable to get the better of Dr. Foster. Hisspirit soared above them; his courage never failed him. He was brightand cheery among his comrades and did not obtrude upon them his ownpersonal griefs. He was ready to meet every friend upon commonground, and brought with him a never-failing stock of interest andappreciation. He was richly endowed with the saving sense of humor.He could give and take a joke with the best of them. I remember wellthe glee with which he reported a conversation with one of his colleaguesin philosophy. His friend asked him how he went about his writing.Dr. Foster answered to the effect that he read extensively upon hissubject, he thought long upon it and then, to use his own words, "I sitdown and write like a demon." The friend retorted "That is exactlywhat some people think." This spirit kept him from taking life tooseriously and completely freed him from any suggestion of somber gloom.He had a sane and healthy mind and a wholesome attitude toward theproblems of life. ,Professor Foster's contribution to the life of the church was of aspecial kind. Neither in his own local church nor in the church at largewas he drafted into service upon boards and committees or burdenedwith the duties of office. This Mras in part due to his temperamentwhich did not seek and would not have welcomed activities and honors ofthis kind. He lived in the realm of thought rather than of action. Hisexpansive soul could not have confined itself within the oppressive limitations of official routine. In quite as large measure, however, it was dueto the fact that his mind moved ahead much more rapidly than that ofthe great mass of the church. He was a pioneer in the field of theologicalthought and pioneers are always lonely souls. His rapid progress176 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinevitably subjected him to the suspicions of his brethren. He seemedto them to be undermining the foundations of their faith. In truth,however, he was helping to lay the foundations of a better faith.Friendly criticism and intelligent foresight are indispensable to the churchif she is to maintain her hold upon the esteem and confidence of intelligent people. No contribution to the church's efficiency exceeds in valueand importance that made by her scholars. A church that muzzles orignores scholarship speedily sinks into slothful ignorance and unspiritualsuperstition. It is only through the work of such men as George B.Foster that the church is enabled to keep step with the progress of theages. They do not sit in her councils, but they break out the paths ofthought along which those councils will later follow.It was in the classroom, however, that Professor Foster did hisgreatest work. Here he was greeted by large numbers of eager students,drawn thither by his widespread renown and actuated by various motives. Some who " came to scoff remained to pray. " Many a man whowas losing his grip upon spiritual realities was encouraged and enabled totake a firmer hold by reason of the hours spent in the classroom of thismost inspiring teacher. His students came to know him, and to knowhim was to love him. They understood hini and thus called forth hisvery best. His greatest contribution to them was himself. He revealedhimself to them in all the wonderful richness of his nature. They sawconstantly his unshakable devotion to the truth and his consuming zealin its pursuit. His transparent honesty commanded their respect. Hisability to push through to the heart of a problem, wasting neither timenor energy upon subsidiary and distracting details, filled them with admiration. The catholicity of his mind and his entire freedom from unreasoning prejudice enlisted their co-operation. Over and around theteacher's enthusiasm for knowledge and permeating the scholar's questfor truth was a fine glow of religion which elevated the whole process intoa truly spiritual experience.The news of Professor Foster's death has brought a sense of personalloss into many lives throughout our land and the lands beyond the seas.Words of profound appreciation have come in from former students inevery part of the globe. To many of us life will always be richer andfiner because of the interpretative insight and contagious enthusiasm ofthis great teacher. In the age of social reconstruction upon which we arenow embarked and toward which he looked forward eagerly, we shallmiss his inspiring co-operation, but be grateful for the memory of hisexalted idealism. The workman falls; his work goes on.GEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 177PROFESSOR FOSTER AS A THEOLOGIANBy WILLIAM WALLACE FENNDean of the Harvard Divinity SchoolWhile I was a minister in Chicago, one of the many greatly appreciated privileges of living in this neighborhood was the frequent opportunity to attend the Sunday vesper services of the University, which atthat time were held in the lecture-room of Kent. On one occasion Iheard Professor Foster speak from the words of Paul: "I have learnedin whatsoever state I am, therein to be content. I have learned how toabound; I have learned how to be abased. In everything and in allthings, I have learned the secret, both to be in want and to abound."The scene is as vivid in my recollection today as if it were of yesterday — the gathering shadows, the tall, spare form of the preacher, partlyobscured in gloom, partly illuminated by the lamp at the reading desk;the keen, alert face of the scholar, the wealth of dark hair, brushedback occasionally with an unconscious, meditative gesture. Up to thattime I knew him only by sight and by name, as teacher of systematictheology in the Divinity School of the University of Chicago. I cameaway from that service persuaded that I had listened to the most deeplyreligious man I had ever heard, and that impression was deepened bysubsequent acquaintance, ripening into intimate friendship.I do not wish to speak of Professor Foster particularly as a theologianthis afternoon. What I would say is rather in substance this : that hewas the most profoundly, purely, genuinely, religious man that I everknew. In the case of Professor Foster, unlike that of others, we cannotspeak of the religious side of his nature. Religion was not a side of hisnature; it was his nature, in its wholeness. All his powers were penetrated and united by the religious spirit, and how rich and manifold thatnature was. He was a great scholar. It is not as a personal friend, butas a colleague in the Department of Systematic Theology that I ventureto repeat here what I have said elsewhere, both in public and in private,that as a systematic theologian, for breadth and depth of learning, forkeenness, vigor, and originality of mind, he had not a peer in the world,unless perhaps it be Troeltsch, and I should underscore the perhaps.Certainly in this country, no theologian was anywhere near his equal.He was also a great teacher. Once, in his classroom, he wrote uponthe board a single sentence containing a proposition in theology, andasked one of the students whether he agreed with it. The questionstarted a discussion, which was carried on among the members of the178 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDclass, with only an occasional hint or suggestion from Professor Foster.The discussion was interesting, but it seemed to me rather wandering,until ten minutes before the close of the period Professor Foster gatheredup the lines of the debate, and then it became evident that throughout,unobtrusively, he had so guided and governed the discussion that itslines had converged precisely at the point where he wished them toconverge. It was a triumph of the teacher's art. He was a masterlyteacher.Who can ever forget his pithy wit and genial humor? On one occasion, after listening to a lecture on the caution of Jesus, in which thelecturer declared that Jesus did not believe in casting his pearls beforeswine, that he had many things to say to the people which they were notprepared to hear, that his practice was to lead them along gently, withoutoffending them, until they should by-and-by be prepared for the largertruth, Professor Foster a day or two later happened to meet the lecturer,who remarked rather pointedly that he was glad he was in the audience,to which Professor Foster replied, "Yes, I was there, and while youwere speaking, one question occurred to me, and that was, that if Jesuswas precisely the sort of man that you describe, I can't for the life of mesee how he ever managed to get crucified. " As one of my Harvard colleagues said, when I quoted the remark: "That was ultimate. "Professor Foster's literary style was often obscure and labored, butnow and then there came a single short sentence which went to the veryheart of the matter and illumined the whole discussion. In the lastpublic address that I heard him give, in Boston, nearly a year ago, hesaid: "If there was perfection at the beginning, why begin?" Andthat single sentence said what many a theologian had been trying to say,in his dull fashion, in an elaborate essay or even in a book.I never shall forget the look on his face and the tone of his voice ashe said to me one day while we were walking the streets of Chicagotogether : ' ' Yes, truth may change, but truthfulness is of eternal worth. ' 'What tender humanity he had! With the mighty mind was associatedthe heart of a child. His passion to be helpful had been referred to.Once while he was spending a week with me on the shore of Cape Ann,he came down one morning with an open letter in his hand and a look ofdismay on his face. "Here is a letter," he said, "from a man who hasasked me half a dozen questions in theology which it will take me hoursto answer, and I don't feel as if I had strength to do it." "Why,"I replied, "do you know the man?" "Never heard of him in my lifebefore." "Is he an educated man, who would understand the answersGEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 179that you might give?" He looked rather dubiously at the letter andsaid: "I should judge from his writing that he is a very illiterate person. ""Then why should you spend hours of your time in writing page afterpage to a man who will only misunderstand you and misrepresent you ?""Why," he answered, with the utmost simplicity, "why, but he hasasked me the questions. " With greater callousness than his, I venturedto suggest a way in which, without putting himself to so great labor, hecould at least satisfy his inquirer with due politeness.So friendly and willing to be helpful to strangers, so simple and trustful in his nature, I often wondered whether he was not taken advantageof by people wTho presumed upon his kindness or who sought to use himfor their own ends.But if he was thus kind and sympathetic to strangers, what was he tohis friends ? One dares not speak of the family relations in which his lifewas happily and securely rooted in mutual helpfulness, confidence, andaffection. To those of us who were his friends, the loss is great andirreparable. Sensitive, extraordinarily sensitive, I knew him whencontumely was raining upon his head, but I never heard from him oneresentful or vindictive word. But he told me with great sorrow only alittle less than a year ago, that when his son died in military service,there was only one clergyman in the city of Chicago who wrote him aletter of sympathy, and that was a Jewish rabbi.These and many other traits of character which, for lack of time,cannot now be described or even mentioned, were united by that religiousspirit which was so impressive. That this was not appreciated is sad,but it is not surprising. I fancy that for the failure, his method is inpart responsible. It was his way to take a current tendency and followit relentlessly to its logical conclusion, and then seek to estimate itsconsequences for the life of the spirit. People supposed that when hewas doing this, he was stating his own final conclusion. But with himthere was no finality. There were but stages in the pilgrim's progress.He never could have belonged to the cult of the "arrived. " The musicto which his life was set was the Pilgrim's Chorus.He said once that it was his habit in the lecture-room to reveal hisinmost doubt, in the pulpit to reveal his inmost faith. Indeed, I sometimes wonder whether his own thinking reckoned so fully as it shouldhave done with his own religious life. No man was firmer than he inchampioning the rights of thought in religion. But I sometimes wonderwhether his own thinking took sufficient account of the meaning of hisown religious life.i8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHe had the virtues of his ancestry — mountain pioneers. He waspassionately devoted to liberty. He had the simplicity, the frankness,the friendliness of the mountaineer. He had the loathing for shams andfor their loathsome parents, falsehood and cowardice. These thingsmay have come in part from his pioneer ancestors. But he had a deeperheredity in the spirit which, in all ages, entering into human souls, makesthem friends of God and prophets. He was a pilgrim of the eternal,dwelling in tents like the great souls who have preceded him, everseeking for the city which hath foundations.GEORGE BURMAN FOSTERBY JAMES HAYDEN TUFTSProfessor and Head of the Department of Philosophyf It is sometimes possible to separate a man's work as thinker andwriter and teacher from his more intimate and personal life. But in thecase of Professor Foster this would be extremely difficult. His peculiarpower and widespread influence were due largely to the intimate interaction between the world of thought and the life of feeling, between thepursuit of truth and the pressure of humanity's needs. The study ofreligion was for him the most practical of all tasks.Born among the West Virginia hills, the son of a farmer, he spent theyears until the age of sixteen largely out-of-doors working on the rockyhill farm or hunting the mountains over for ginseng root. The abidinginfluence of this early environment is suggested by the dedication of hissecond book, which recalls "the West Virginia hills which stand likesentinels around my childhood's home," and adds the motto Montanisemper liberi. He was not in later years a lover of the fields and woods,but had rather, as his wife used to tell him a "cathedral mind," but itseems not fanciful to think that this early life among the hills not onlystrengthened his body for its severe tasks of later years but also made itscontribution to elevation of soul and love of freedom.A passion for books which would get him up long before daybreakto read by the light of the open fire as he lay upon a rug, and whichwas scarcely comprehensible, even to his open-minded father, showeditself very early and at sixteen he was "given his time" by his fatherto go away from home for study. His gift for effective speaking enabledhim to support himself through fitting school, college, and seminary bypreaching.He brought to the University a twofold training: on the one hand,his work as preacher, both during his years of study and later for fiveGEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 181years at Saratoga, was well adapted to give him knowledge of religiousneeds and to deepen his naturally kindly and sympathetic spirit; on theother, his year in Germany and three years as teacher of philosophy atMcMaster University disclosed new horizons, and introduced him tomethods of critical inquiry. The first training was valuable for his chairin theology, the second was important for this but indispensable for hislater field of the philosophy of religion. As the work in this latter department was jointly planned Professor George S. Goodspeed would havetreated chiefly the history of religion and Professor Foster the philosophyof religion. The death of Professor Goodspeed threw the burden ofboth these tasks upon Professor Foster. Instruction in the history ofreligion although at first undertaken with some reluctance, came to beincreasingly fascinating as it brought him into contact with a larger rangeof concrete religious experience. But his training and paramount interests were in the philosophical and psychological problems of religionand in the bearing of these upon the actual religious life of today andtomorrow.His most substantial publications were his two books: The Finalityof the Christian Religion, 1905, based on courses of lectures given at theHarvard Summer School of Theology, and The Function of Religion inMan's Struggle for Existence, 1909, based on a lecture delivered beforethe Philosophic Union of the University of California, "dashed off atwhite heat in about thirty days as a sort of c by-product.' " Articleswere contributed from time to time to the American Journal of Theologyand other periodicals. The Dudleian Lecture on "Revealed Religion"delivered at Harvard last year is expected to appear in print shortly.An invitation to deliver the Nathaniel William Taylor lectures at the YaleSchool of Religion had been accepted and "The God-idea" had beententatively considered for the subject. Lectures on Nietzsche given atthe University in the summer of 191 7 were written out, but the secondvolume of his chief work which was begun shortly after the publicationof the second edition of his first volume, had never been completed. It isa somewhat interesting fact that with Professor Foster as with manyothers the occasion which called forth his most conspicuous work was nothis regular teaching but an invitation to lecture at another institution.Of his larger book it may well be said that it attracted attention andexerted influence altogether out of proportion to the extent of its circulation. Finally, the meditation on The Function of Death in HumanExperience published in 191 5 in the University of Chicago Sermons isclassic in its simplicity of expression and profound in its thought.1.82. THE UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Foster's focus of interest and great contribution were notin the field of Philosophy of Religion conceived as a separate generaldiscipline, nor in the specific problems of Christian Theology and Religionwhich his training as a preacher and his earlier chair in the Universitynaturally tended to make of compelling importance. Rather he aimedto bring to each of these fields the method and data of the other. Heaimed to view Christianity in the light of the history of thought and thepsychology of experience; he aimed to bring to the general study ofreligion the personal experience of his own life struggle and of the to himever fascinating and supremely important personality of the Founder ofChristianity. He studied therefore (i) religion as a type of experience,(2) the views of the world and of man which religion implies, and then(3) more definitely the question whether Christianity can be regardedas the ultimate religion — a question which involved in turn the question" What is Christianity ? "The field so conceived was vast. In each of its divisions it had as heviewed it a destructive and a constructive phase. The dead hand ofauthority which would prevent any scientific inquiry at all must first beremoved. Man must be free to use scientific methods or any methodswhich would lead to truth. Further, the composite structures built inpast ages out of religious experiences, crude metaphysics and tribal orimperial law, must be shattered — unless they could be left standing onthe definite basis of being regarded simply as great monuments of a pastwhich must not interfere with the needs of building a home for the humanspirit of today and tomorrow.Yet all this work of dissolving authority and setting us free from thepast was but preliminary. The constructive phase, of which unfortunately we have only the beginnings in completely worked-out form,was to him the more important as it was of course the more difficult ofexecution. His philosophical basis he found, not in the idealism whichhad earlier held sway in Germany and was, when he began to work, predominant in British and American thinking. Nor did he adopt as awhole the method and point of view of the pragmatic movement althoughhe regarded the conception of evolution as crucial in his problem, andsays in his preface to the second edition of the Finality that this movement presented a new situation which would compel a rewriting of hismanuscript for the projected second volume. He turned rather to aphilosophy which seeks the essence of religion in the willing and feelingside of experience; which finds escape from naturalism by distinguishingsharply between facts and values; which emphasizes personality as aGEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 183spontaneous and creative factor not explained by either mechanism orhistory; and which finds the possibility of religion in the "eternalvalues," which, while they "cannot be given and received passively"but must be "created and conquered by the sweat of our brows as wetill life's thorny fields," are yet " unattainable by us men of ourselves,"and through fountains of creative personalities "stream forth frometernity into the human world. "Students of the philosophy of religion will recognize the quarriesfrom which Professor Foster brought materials for his own structure.But no one can question that this was in a very genuine and vital sensehis own. There is a relentless pursuit, a sustained passion, a sweepof thought, which come not to the eclectic chooser, but to him only who •has fused all his materials from whatever source gathered in the heat oflong and severe intellectual toil.The key to Professor Foster's contribution and to his power asthinker, teacher, and writer, is found when we inquire "how are we totest either past or future philosophies of religion?" Can we employa method of deductions from pure reason or of observations by animpartial spectator ? Either of these methods would assume that intellectual tests were adequate, yet humanity has always shrunk from trusting implicitly to the intellectual "knowledge about" as an adequatesubstitute for "acquaintance with" when a practical problem of asupreme value of experience as well as of the meaning of the world is atstake. Professor Foster was convinced that the intellectual has infact filled too large, or rather, too exclusive a place in the criteria ofreligion. Religion was for him in part an attitude of personal companionship. This meant that one could understand it only if one werethe type of person who made himself capable of companionship with themorally ideal person. In part religion is a matter of the reality whichnow is, but in part it is also a matter of the reality which is yet in themaking and to which the inquirer must make his own contribution. Ifwe ask what is the "essence" of religion or of Christianity we learn that,in Professor Foster's words, "determination of essence is constructionof essence, since the task is personally conditioned. That is, it is notsimply a datum to be received, but a reality to be created ever anew..... The task is not simply scientific, but moral, and thus belongsto man's larger vocation of forming an ethical personality through painand struggle, perplexity and sorrow. ",."Not simply scientific but moral" — the common man may not haveformulated his reasons thus, but he has felt that the religious life is184 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnot merely a theory but a belief, a venture. He has been greatly movedby men who have not merely inquired but have themselves thrown theirall into the struggle, who have risked not merely external disapproval orpecuniary loss but their own souls. The reason why Professor Fostergripped not only students but men at large was probably not so muchbecause of greater metaphysical acuteness, wider historical research,or even more relentless and single-minded pursuit of truth than someothers evidenced, but rather because his views were born in the travailof great personal struggles for freedom, assurance, and personal fulfilment of life. Many who reach the same intellectual conclusions withless of struggle pay the penalty for their own smoother course by leavingtheir readers and hearers cold. The souls which win their victoriesof the spirit through passion have a more convincing philosophy. Saysthe preface to The Finality of the Christian Religion:The Book is a mirror of the development of the author's own experience; adevelopment, moreover, which has not yet come to a close; a fact which is also mirroredin the book. He believes that a multitude of thoughtful men and women are passingthrough an experience similar to his own; and that a greater multitude will travel, withbleeding feet, the same via dolorosa tomorrow, and the day after .... to all such theauthor offers himself as fellow-pilgrim, not without some hope that they may be alittle less lonely for his comradeship, a little less bewildered for his guidance, and alittle less sorrowful and discouraged for his own joy and hope.Side by side with this principal interest in the great problem of religion was growing in his later years a broad sympathy with problems ofdemocracy which was finding expression in contributions to the dailypress or in sermon and debate. Foster saw that the issues of the warwould not be settled with the end of the military campaign. He believed that industrial democracy as well as political democracy must bein the end not only the just, but the stable, basis for society, howeverslow the process may be through which the readjustment should be made.Nor was this democratic conviction a matter separate from his philosophyof religion. His confidence in the possibility of human nature was forhim a part of his general view that the religious possibilities and the moralpossibilities of men are not limited to the few. "Human nature'screative power in the world of goodness" he wrote in his Function ofReligion in Man's Struggle for Existence, "is not limited to the Great Manand the Great Man's influence, but, though graded, is immanent andconstant in the race."The struggle in which he beat his music out was real, and many didnot catch the greater swell of harmony but heard only the clashingGEORGE BURMAN FOSTER 185chords. He did not regard the issues as merely personal. "I shouldbe a traitor to every poor, half-paid teacher in the backwoods if I did notgive free expression to my convictions" he exclaimed at one time. Buthe found his way; he stood for his convictions with absolutely unfaltering courage; he met misunderstanding and opposition unflinchingly; more he met even severer tests of successive bereavements, andkept gentleness, sweetness, and serenity of spirit. His was a soul thathad overcome the world.In his meditation upon Death Professor Foster has himself framedthe test by which he would be judged:What of ourselves do we leave behind us for other men, when we must go hence ?Is that which we have given to men, is that which we shall leave to men, worth ourliving for ? Are men stronger, truer, freer, because we have lived ? Is there a humansoul in the world to whom we have been a necessity? Is there someone who hasfound in us a revelation of God, who has had a vision of the life of God, of the love ofGod, in and through us ? If so, we have known happiness upon the earth, we havefulfilled our calling in life, and death cannot bear witness against us.NEWMAN MILLER 1871-1919AN EXPRESSION OF SYMPATHY ON THE DEATHOF NEWMAN MILLER, DIRECTOR OF THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSREAD BY A. C. McFARLANDAt a general meeting of the men and women connected with theUniversity Press the following resolution was adopted and signed byall the members:"We desire to express our sense of great loss in the death of ourformer Director, who for so many years strove so successfully to buildup the organization of the University Press, until it now ranks as thelargest and best-known university press in the country. We recallgratefully how interested he was to have each one of us do his utmosttoward the success of the enterprise; how zealous he was for the reputation of the Press; how considerate in times of individual need; and howcompanionable, courteous, and genial in his personal relations with hisassociates. And we wish to have it known how deeply we appreciatethe spirit of co-operation and the ideals which our Director infusedinto the organization."NEWMAN MILLERBY ERNEST DEWITT BURTONNewman Miller was one of that large class — that broad stream ofmen — which the country is constantly contributing to the city and tothe institutions of the city. Born in a country village in Michigan, hisambition for an education sent him to Albion College, where he wasgraduated in 1893. In the same year he came to the University ofChicago as a graduate student in political science and related departments. In the years 1894-98 he was Lecturer in Political Science inthe University Extension Division, and in 1896-98 secretary of theCorrespondence Department. Leaving the University in 1898, he wasfor two years owner and editor of a city newspaper in Albion, Michigan,and in 1900 came back to the University as director of the Press. In186NEWMAN MILLERNEWMAN MILLER 187the eight years since the founding of the University, the Press had hadfour directors, each of whom after a short experience left it for a lessdifficult or a more lucrative position. The new Director was destinedto occupy his position for eighteen years and a half, and to witness thesteady growth of the Press under his guidance to its present assuredposition of influence and usefulness, not only in the University, butamong the great publishing houses of the country.My relations to Mr. Miller in his position as Director of the Presshave been manifold and long continued. Through my relations tovarious publishing interests of the University and as Director of theLibraries, I have had almost constant occasion for business dealingswith Mr. Miller throughout the whole period of his service. In all thesematters we were both working for the interests of the University, butas representing different departments of its manifold activities ourinterests were in a sense opposed, and there was constant opportunityfor differences of opinion that might easily have developed in us a sortof antagonism to one another. Out of this experience of many years Iwish to bear my testimony to Mr. Miller's fairness of mind, breadth ofvision, and the high standards which he maintained for himself and forthe Press as a department of the University. My relations with himgave me perhaps a keener sense than most of his colleagues in the University had occasion to acquire of the difficulties of many kinds whichMr. Miller encountered in his eighteen years of service as director of theUniversity Press. Compelled in the nature of the case to talk and tothink in terms of profit and loss in the commercial sense of the words,Mr. Miller steadily refused to regard his task or that of the Press asmerely or chiefly a commercial one. That which held him to that taskin the face of criticisms and discouragements that were inseparable fromthe nature of the work of the Press was his conviction that that workwas essentially educational, and that in administering the affairs of thePress he was making a real contribution to the educational value of theUniversity's work, and so to the forces that were promoting the higher lifeof the country. It is my deliberate conviction, shared, I am confident,by many of my colleagues who are in a position to have a basis for judgment, that despite all the hindrances and difficulties with which he hadto contend, Mr. Miller, by his administration of the Press, made one ofthe most solid and substantial contributions which has been made byany of us to that great educational force which we call the University.We are all his debtors, and the future will be indebted to him for a veryreal and material contribution to its welfare.i88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBut to us who knew him personally Mr. Miller was much more thanthe Director of the Press. He was a friend whom we prized for hisgenial personal qualities and for his high moral character. Associatedwith him as I have indicated in the business affairs of the University,living beside him for years as a neighbor, and having traveled with himabroad, I always found him a conscientious gentleman of high moralstandards and steady fidelity to them. One of the most beautifulelements of his character, known, I presume, to but few even of hisfriends, was his tender and constant devotion to his widowed mother.Her only son, he was always concerned for her welfare and her happiness.Almost his last act before he was compelled to take to his bed in whatproved to be his last illness, was, though ill himself, to visit his motherin the sanitarium at Elgin.Mr. Miller was probably not usually thought of among the religiousforces of the University or the community. He had not been for manyyears a member of a Christian church or a regular attendant at church.But I, who knew him better perhaps than some of you, know that thedeepest motives of his life were religious. Indisposed, as are so manymen today, to speak of that which is deepest, he did not, I think, oftendiscuss the subject of religion. But when he did speak of it, as hesometimes did in conversation with his friends, it was always withfrankness, intelligence, and sympathy, and, in years of somewhat closeassociation with him during which we often had occasion to get belowthe surface of things and in which he disclosed naturally and withoutintention the motives that governed him, I learned to believe in him asa man soundly and sincerely religious. If that religion was less articulatethan in many of the rest of us, perhaps that was partly at least our fault.It is a simple but a sincere testimony that I would bear to my friendtoday. I knew him and I loved him. He found his task in life, theway in which he could best serve humanity and the God of humanity.He loved life and the joys of life and he found much joy in life. But heheld to his ideals, he did his work with fidelity and success. He hasmade his contribution to the better world that shall be. We shallcherish his memory as a true man, a loving son and husband, a Christianman who served his generation faithfully and well.NEWMAN MILLER 189NEWMAN MILLER, FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OFA COLLEAGUE IN THE PRESSBy GORDON J. LAINGProfessor of Latin and General Editor of the University PressOf the many admirable qualities in Mr. Miller's character whichthose who have spoken here today have described, the one which alwaysattracted me most was the poise, the evenness of temper with whichhe met the trials and tribulations of a publisher's life. He was a publisher and yet he was cheerful and contented. Every profession hasits difficulties, but the publisher has more than his share. He standsbetween the cold and unresponsive public, who to his eyes appear tobe interested in anything but books, and the author who happens toknow that he has written the very book of which the public standsmost urgently in need. It is his task to lead the public to the book onthe one hand, while on the other, he must ease the author's pain byplausible explanations of the public's lack of appreciation. This istrue of all publishers, and we should stray far from the truth if webeguiled ourselves into believing that the university publisher is exemptfrom the trials of his fellows. For profundity of learning in author oreditor does not always lead to that sweet reasonableness which goes sofar to make smooth the rough places of life.From the day that Mr. Miller became Director he bent all his effortsto the task of making the Press the medium of expression for the highest aims of the University. He realized that if ever he lost sight ofthis ideal, the institution that he was directing would be a universitypress in name only. It would follow one or other of those two roadsto the dismal swamp down which so many university presses havegone; it would either be the mere print shop of the University — anannex to the administrative offices, printing and distributing circulars,announcements, registers, and reports; or, misled by the lure of possibleprofits, it would become a purely commercial house, issuing under theprotection of the University's name books and pamphlets of a popularcharacter, titles that would sell, works that in the patter of the trade"make a wide appeal"— collections of essays of sloppy literary appreciation or of cheap pseudo-science or of emotional religious propaganda.In a word the Press would be similar to a hundred other publishingconcerns, differing from them only in the one detail that it paid no taxes.To either of these goals the way was downhill, and like all roadstending in that general direction, easy. But Mr. Miller scrupulously190 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand persistently avoided both of them. He chose the path that ledupward, and from first to last clung to his theory that the chief functionof the Press was the publication, through books and journals, of theresults of research work done either in our own libraries and laboratories or elsewhere. So long as the work was good he saw, just as theeditors of our journals and series have always seen, that it did notmatter where it was done. From this ideal he never swerved, thoughhe knew quite will that it was not the policy that would make a goodshowing on the accountants' books; that it was not the policy thatwould result in his own aggrandizement. It was a difficult position tomaintain; how difficult only those who were in close contact with himfor years can say. For although the Press is classified as one of thedivisions of the University, its success or failure in any given year istoo often spoken of in terms of dollars and cents. It is said to havehad a "good year" if on all its operations it shows a profit; a "fairyear" if it breaks even; a "bad year" if it loses money. I wonderhow many of the other departments of the University could stand asimilar scrutiny of their expenditures and receipts. I am inclined tothink that they would all be found to have had a long run of bad years.When Mr. Miller identified himself with those who wanted a university press, that is a university press in the strict sense of the term, he knewwell that it could never pay; and that in any reckoning which includednot only the amount invested in the plant but the subsidies granted bythe University for journals and books, a financial loss was inevitable.He knew, moreover, that from year to year he would be called upon tojustify this or that investment. "You," he said to me once, "are notthe only educator in this plant; I am an educator myself. I havespent most of my life in teaching people what is meant by a universitypress, and," he added in his whimsical way, "I am not sure that I haveever convinced a single hearer." I hastened to assure him that on thislast point at any rate his experience was entirely professorial. Onanother occasion he said to me: "My understanding is that those whoare in control of the University want a university press. This is it.It can never be essentially different. An increase in the subsidiesgranted by the Board of Trustees for research books and journals canmake it a greater university press; a decrease in those subsidies wouldmake it a cramped university press. But in kind it will remain the same."Mr. Miller attained his ideal. He has given us a real universitypress. That fact is recognized not only here but in the publishingworld at large. During Christmas week I was in New York and calledupon several publishers there. One of them, the head of a*house thatNEWMAN MILLER 191represents the highest standards in American publishing, said to me:"Do you people in Chicago know that Mr. Miller has given you themost distinctive university press in America? Your press has confined itself to its legitimate field, namely the publication of noncommercial books. That is not, I assure you, true of all the universitypresses. Some of them are pubhshing books on all kinds of subjects.Tax-free, they are competing with us who have to pay taxes. Thesituation is becoming intolerable."But we do not need the testimony of others to bring us to a realization of the high quality of Mr.^Miller's work and the distinctionof the press which he created. The facts are familiar to those of uswho have heard him discuss his ideals of publishing and who rememberwith what pride he watched the growing list of scientific publications.They are familiar also to those who have read the reviews of Pressbooks appearing in current periodicals. Reviewers have sometimesfailed to understand the subject of a book, but that after all is a normal condition for a reviewer. The significant thing for us to remembertoday is that of all the reviewers of the hundreds of books publishedby the Press during Mr. Miller's directorship not one, so far as myknowledge goes, has ever criticized any of them as feeble or trivial orundignified or unworthy of a university press. The imprint of a publishing house comes to have a very definite connotation in the mindsof reading men. That the imprint of the University of Chicago Pressstands for what is sound, scholarly, scientific, and dignified is due tothe jealous vigilance with which Mr. Miller guarded it.One of the difficulties which Mr. Miller had to meet was lack ofmoney for the publication of research books. The University madegenerous appropriations from time to time; but not even the Universityhas unlimited funds at its disposal, and many manuscripts, containingthe results of research work of members of our own faculty, haveremained unpublished. No one, not even the authors themselves,regretted the inability of the Press to publish the books more keenlythan Mr. Miller. It may be added that not all the authors of researchbooks that have been published realize how often it was through hisefforts that the money was procured.In the marketing of the books he showed the same energy. Theselling of abstruse works of science, theology, and philology is not aneasy problem. It is an unfortunate fact that the selling qualities ofa book are often in inverse ratio to the scholarship it displays. Thegeneral public resents the kind of book that necessitates even the mildest form of cerebral? activity. Mr. Miller was fully aware of this, and192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas shrewd and resourceful in meeting the situation. He had a horrorof routine publication, and made the promotion of every new bookthe subject of special study. In one way or another he brought thatbook to the attention of every person and of every library that mightby any possibility be interested in it. The highest type of publishingskill is not seen in selling a hundred thousand copies of a novel. Itis seen in selling a thousand copies of some technical work of scienceor philology, or a hundred copies of a doctoral dissertation, and Mr.Miller had that skill.In internal administration he had the same high ideals of efficiency.His hand was upon everything. For while each of the departmentsinto which he divided the Press had its own head, the departmentswere so closely interlocked that questions affecting more than one ofthem were continually arising. These could be settled only by theDirector, and it was to the infallible tact which he showed in handlingthem that the spirit of co-operation referred to in the resolution justread by Mr. McFarland owed its origin. He always had his ownopinion, but at the inter-departmental conferences, which were sonotable a feature of his administration, he welcomed suggestions byany member of his staff. He believed in the effectiveness of co-operativeeffort, and the loyal service rendered by all those employed in theplant attest the soundness of his system. Nor was his interest in themembers of the Press confined to the heads of the departments. The doorof his office, as every employee knew, was always open, and anyone whohad a claim or a grievance could always see him and get a fair hearing.His fine personal qualities have been so well described by thespeakers who have preceded me that I need not enumerate them. Iknew him from the time that he became Director in 1900 and I knewhim intimately from the beginning of my own connection with thePress in 1908. His death has left me with a sense of loss that is withme every day. He was the most companionable of men. He wasdevoted to his business, and yet he could relax. He carried a heavyload of responsibility, but he was always cheerful. He had one of themost difficult positions on the campus, but he never lost his poise."Call no man successful till the end," said the old Greek philospher,contemplating the numerous examples of men whose careers endedbefore their lives were over. But Newman Miller, deeply as we deplorehis premature death, we can call successful, for he saw the Press, whichwas nothing when he came to it, attain a position of distinction in theworld, and its fair fame is the legacy which he has left to the Universityhe served so long and loved so well.THE WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODYCOLLECTION OF AMERICANLITERATUREBy PERCY HOLMES BOYNTONEarly in the winter of 191 7 the first gift was made "to begin thepurchase of books in American literature" for the University of Chicagolibrary. The donor is Mrs. Francis Neilson, whose interest in theUniversity has not been limited to this support.When the gift was made, the resources of the library for the studyof American literature were beyond the average of any but some of theoldest eastern University libraries. The fact that the successive headsof the history department in Chicago had all been specialists in American history had led to the purchase of the reprints of original narratives and the collections of the historical societies which contain muchof the most desirable early material. On the more strictly literaryside there were in the neighborhood of two thousand volumes availablefor the nineteenth century.The gift of Mrs. Neilson made possible, however, an extensivecampaign for the building of a more nearly complete collection. Thiswas pursued on the following lines :1. Books for which there was immediate need in current graduate courses, alist of two or three hundred which it had not been possible to secure out of the departmental budget. (This necessarily included some items from each of the next threegroups.)2. Books systematically selected to supplement and complete works of, andbiographies and criticisms of, the leading forty or fifty American men of letters.3. Anthologies, collections, special histories of groups, organizations, and literarycenters, and also theses and monographs.4. Important current books, particularly in the fields of poetry, drama, andcriticism.5. Periodical files.The rough estimate was made that the first ^.vq thousand dollarswould make possible the purchase of some fifteen hundred books. Asa matter of record, however, the lack of general interest among collectors was so marked and the resultant prices were so low that overthirty-five hundred volumnes were secured. A second gift was madein the summer of 19 18.193194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe work has now proceeded to the point where most of the obviousbooks, sets and editions, in print are in the possession of the library,and the present problem is to secure books of significance which areout of print and which are needed to make complete the works ofauthors or the collections of earlier fiction, poetry, and drama. Naturally, the policy maintained has been, not to collect books merely fortheir rarety, which depends largely on the caprice of the wealthy collectors, but to secure material for study, and to regard an exact reprintof an original work as meeting the University library needs. Nevertheless, some interesting original works have been secured. Theseinclude not only a good deal of Colonial and early nineteenth-centurymaterial which has not been reprinted, but uncollected writings ofwell-known men of letters; such, for example, as Bryant's poem "TheEmbargo"; Lowell's "Commencement Poem"; the first edition ofWhitman's "Leaves of Grass" ; many of the less available titles ofLafcadio Hearne, Joaquin Miller, Bayard Taylor, Stedman, Aldrich,Gilder; and the less expensive first editions of the major poets. Important acquisitions have been made in the periodical field; so that, evennow, the majority of the better-known periodicals of secondary interestare available. A recent important purchase is an almost completefile of The Conservator, the special journal devoted to the memory andthe doctrines of Walt Whitman, the files of which are extremely rare.Important acquisitions of another sort are steadily being made inthe field of the American drama. Some one hundred and fifty worksof biography, over three hundred single plays, and probably two hundred volumes which include plays with other works, have alreadybeen accumulated. Related to these, also, are important histories ofthe stage in different cities, collections of dramatic criticism in filesand scrap-books (notably that of Hilary Bell, an additional gift ofMr. and Mrs. Neilson), the collections of the Dunlap Society, and thechief periodicals related to the American stage and drama.Already the resources of the library for research have been verygreatly increased, and the prospect for having the best collection inAmerican literature west of New York and Philadelphia is practicallyassured.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND TENTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Tenth Convocation was held in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, Tuesday March 18, at 4:30 p.m.The Convocation Address, "The Implications of Democracy," was delivered byAndrew Cunningham McLaughlin, LL.D.The award of honors included: HarryAlbert Singer, Anatomy; Walter HermanSpoenemann, Anatomy; Sister MaryLouis Towner, Romance; Ernest Bloom-field Zeisler, Mathematics and Astronomy. The election of the followingstudents as Associate Members to SigmaXi was announced: Everett NaughtinCollins, Julius Bahr Kahn, Philena AnneYoung. The election of^ the followingstudents as members of Sigma Xi wasannounced: Helen Jeanette Allen, Herbert Bell, Clyde John Bollinger, AmandoClemente, Lillie Eichelberger, DwightTarbell Ewing, Anant Madhav Gurjar,Arthur Wing Haupt, Marie Agnes Hin-richs, Hikokuro Honda, Jacob RobertKantor, Helen Lois Koch, Elmira Lodor,George Elmer Miller, Fredric MaxNicholson, Dean Alvin Pack, HazelMarguerite Schmoll, Arthur Ware Slo-com, Karl Theodor Steik, Edward JuliusStieglitz, Perry Daniel Strausbaugh,Harry Benjamin Van Dyke, ChesterKeeler Wentworth. The election of thefollowing students to the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa wasannounced: Luman Elmer Daniels,Ralph Liggett Evans, Winifred HenriettaFranz, Ralph Waldo Gerard, CharlesCassius Greene, Max A. Greenstein,Josephine Moore, Mary Emma Quayle,Sister Mary Louis Towner, ErnestBloomfield Zeisler.Honorable Mention for excellence inthe work leading to the Certificate ofthe College of Education: Esther VanGoens. The Bachelor's degree was conferred with honors on the followingstudents: Eva Beatrice Cappetta, LumanElmer Daniels, Harriet Ruby Ensworth,Ralph Liggett Evans, Winifred HenriettaFranz, Ralph Waldo Gerard, Charles Cassius Greene, Max A. Greenstein,Lawrence Jacques, Helen Brainerd Lay,Josephine Moore, Leonard StanleySluzynski, Walter Herman Spoenemann,Sister Mary Louis Towner, MauriceNathaniel Wallk, S. Marie Williams,Ernest Bloomfield Zeisler. Honors forexcellence in particular departments ofthe Senior Colleges were awarded to thefollowing students: Serena Emma Atchison, Political Economy; Luman ElmerDaniels, Anatomy and Physiology; Harriet Ruby Ensworth, English and GeneralLiterature; Ralph Liggett Evans, Chemistry; Minerva Fouts, Household Art;Winifred Henrietta Franz, Chemistry;Ralph Waldo Gerard, Chemistry;Charles Cassius Greene, History andPolitical Science; Max A. Greenstein,Anatomy and Physiological Chemistry;Helen Brainerd Lay, History of Art;Josephine Moore, Latin and Romance;Herman Bernhard Siems, Chemistry.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the certificate ofthe College of Education, 3; the degreeof Bachelor of Arts, 3; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 47; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 27; The DivinitySchool: the degree of Master of Arts, 3;the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 1;the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1;The Law School: the degree of Doctor ofLaw, 4; The Graduate Schools of Arts,Literature, and Science: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 4; the degree of Masterof Science, 4; the degree of Doctorof Philosophy, 9. The total number ofdegrees conferred was 106.The Convocation Reception, at whichProfessor and Mrs. McLaughlin wereguests of honor, was held in HutchinsonHall Monday, March 17 from 9:00 to10:30 p.m. Those in the receiving linewere: President and Mrs. Harry PrattJudson, Professor and Mrs. AndrewCunningham McLaughlin, and Senatorand Mrs. Francis Warner Parker.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m. Sunday, March 16,195196 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin the theater of the Reynolds Club.At 11:00 a.m. in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall the Convocation Religious Servicewas held. The preacher was ProfessorC. A. Anderson Scott, D.D., WestminsterCollege, Cambridge, England.GENERAL ITEMSThe Lowell Centenary was observedwhen William Gardner Hale, Professorand Head of the Department of Latin,spoke of Lowell, whom he knew intimately at Harvard, and Percy HolmesBoynton, Associate Professor of AmericanLiterature, delivered an address onLowell as an American man of letters.On the William Vaughn Moody Foundation, Lieutenant Robert Nichols, R.F.A.,author of Ardours and Endurances,lectured in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,Thursday evening, March 6, on newEnglish poets, especially the late CharlesSorley, Robert Graves, and SiegfriedSassoon.The Renaissance Society met in thetheater of Ida Noyes Hall, March n,at which meeting Hermann Rosse, headof the Department of Design of the ArtInstitute of Chicago, delivered an illustrated lecture, "The Stylistic Theater:Retrospects and Speculations." Mr.Rosse's paintings and drawings for stagedecoration were on exhibition in IdaNoyes Hall from March 10 to March 19.Madame Breshkovskaya, "the Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"visited the University Saturday, January25, speaking in the theater of Ida NoyesHall and later addressing an overflowmeeting.Professor James Henry Breasted,Chairman of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, who is alsoDirector of the Haskell Oriental Museum,is to give two lectures on the WilliamEllery Hale Lectureship of the NationalAcademy of Sciences at Washingtonon April 28 and 30. The general subjectis "The Origins of Civilization." Thesubject of the first lecture will be "Fromthe Old Stone Age to the Dawn of Civilization, " and of the second, "The EarliestCivilization and Its Transmission toEurope." Professor Breasted also gives thepresidential address before the AmericanOriental Society, which meets in Philadelphia from April 23 to 26. The subjectof the address is "The Emancipationof the Near East and the ResultingResponsibilities and Obligations of American Orientalists. "The University Preachers for theSpring Quarter are as follows:Professor Albert Parker Fitch, ofAmherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, formerly president of AndoverTheological Seminary, spoke on April 6;Reverend Daniel Couve, Chaplain ofthe French Army, on April 13 ; and Dr.Cornelius Woelfkin, of the Fifth AvenueBaptist Church, New York City, onApril 27.The first speaker in May will also beDr. Woelfkin, who will be followed onMay n and 18 by Dean Charles R.Brown, of the Yale School of Religion,New Haven, Connecticut, and on May25 by Bishop William Fraser McDowell,of Washington D.C.The first speaker in June will also beBishop McDowell, and the ConvocationPreacher for June 8 will be shortlyannounced.A notable and artistic gift to theHaskell Oriental Museum at the University of Chicago is just announced bythe Director, James Henry Breasted.It is a pair of gold filigree and pearlear-rings, found at Rah, or ancientRhages, and stated by the donor tobe of the Abbaside dynasty, of some eighthundred years ago. They were presentedby His Highness, Malek , MansoorMirza Shoa-es-Saltenah, son of the lateShah, Muzafer-ed-Din, who gave themto President Harry Pratt Judson, whowas recently in Persia as director of theAmerican-Persian Relief Commission,with the request that he transmit themto some American museum.Under the auspices of the RenaissanceSociety at the University of Chicago anexhibition of paintings and designs byHermann Rosse, head of the departmentof design at the Art Institute of Chicago,was held in the Ida Noyes Hall. Mr.Rosse gave an illustrated lecture beforethe Renaissance Society on the eveningof March 11, his subject being "TheStylistic Theater: Retrospects and Speculations. "EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 197At the recent meeting of the Association of American Universities theUniversity of Missouri was electedpresident, the University of Virginia,vice-president, and the University ofChicago, secretary. For the University ofMissouri President Ross Hill will act aspresident of the Association; PresidentE. A. Alderman will be vice-president;and \ the secretary for a period offive years will be Professor David A.Robertson, of the University of Chicago.Professor James Rowland Angell, Deanof the Faculties and Head of the Department of Psychology, has been offeredthe presidency of the University ofMichigan, of which his father was president for tnirty-eight years. DeanAngell, who is a graduate of the University of Michigan and of HarvardUniversity, has been associated with theUniversity -of Chicago for twenty-fiveyears. He has been president of theAmerican Psychological Association, andis the author of a text on Psychologyand of Chapters from Modem Psychology.He was appointed Exchange Professorat the Sorbonne, Paris, in 1914.Dean Angell has been active in warservice as a member of the psychologycommittee of the National ResearchCouncil, a member of the Committeeon Classification of Personnel in theArmy, and an advisory member of theCommittee on Education and SpecialTraining, War Department.Mr. John Galsworthy, the Englishnovelist and playwright, gave a lectureon the William Vaughn Moody Foundation at the University of Chicago onApril 9. Mr. Galsworthy recently tookpart in the James Russell Lowell Centenary in New York City. Among hisbest-known books and plays are TheDark Flower, The Freelands^ Justice, andThe Mob.Beginning April 15, Dr. A. V. WilliamsJackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University, gavea series of three lectures on the samefoundation, the first discussing the "Beginnings of Persian Poetry and theGreat Epic"; the second, April 16,*" Persian Mystic and Lyric Poetry";and the third, April 17, "Romantic Verse,Including Ballad Poetry of Lands to theEast of Persia. " Professor Jackson wasa member of the American-Persian Relief Commission of which PresidentHarry Pratt Judson, of the Universityof Chicago, was director.The John Ruskin Centenary (Ruskinwas born February 8, 18 19) was celebrated on Friday afternoon, February 7.Addresses were delivered by James WeberLinn, Associate Professor of English,"Ruskin as a Writer and Prophet," andWalter Sargent, Professor of Art Education, "Ruskin as a Critic of Art."Richard Green Moulton, Head of theDepartment of General Literature, willdeliver the Phi Beta Kappa address inJune. Professor Moulton completes thisyear twenty-seven years of service at theUniversity.On the general committee to have incharge the proposed "hero memorial"to Chicago's soldiers fallen in the war arethe following members of the Universityof Chicago Faculty:President Harry Pratt Judson; DeanShailer Mathews, of the Divinity School;Dean Herbert Lockwood Willett, of theDisciples' Divinity House; LieutenantColonel Frank Billings, Professor ofMedicine; Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch, Professor of Rabbinical Literature andPhilosophy; Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus,Professorial Lecturer on Practical Theology; and Lorado Taft, ProfessorialLecturer on the History of Art.On the same committee are the following members from the UniversityBoard of Trustees:Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, a memberof the subcommittee to appoint a largergeneral committee, Mr. Martin A.Ryerson, Mr. Julius Rosenwald, Mr.Harold F. McCormick, and Mr. HaroldH. Swift. Mr. Hutchinson is also chairman of the organization committee forChicago's Roosevelt memorial.Charles Manning Child, Professor ofZoology in the University of Chicago, waselected president of the American Societyof Zoologists at its meeting at Baltimorewith the American Association for theAdvancement of Science.Dr. John Wildman Moncrief, Associate Professor of Church History, is toretire this year after a service in theDivinity School of twentyTfive years.Professor Moncrief, a graduate of Deni-son tFniversity, was for a number of years198 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprofessor of Greek at Franklin College,Indiana, and received the honorarydegree of Doctor of Divinity from Deni-son University in 1904.At the meeting of the MathematicalAssociation of America Professor HerbertEllsworth Slaught, of the Department ofMathematics, was elected president ofthe association.Professor Leonard Eugene Dickson,of the Department of Mathematics, at theannual meeting of the American Mathematical Society gave the address asretiring president, his subject being"Mathematics in War Perspective."Among the publications of the University of Chicago Press during the WinterQuarter was the famous address ofProfessor George Burman Foster on TheFunction of Death in Human Experience.It first appeared in the University ofChicago Sermons and has had a widereading as one of the most solacing andbeautiful presentations of the great factsof death and life by the author ofThe Finality of the Christian Religion.Another significant religious publicationissued in this quarter was A Survey ofReligious Education in the Local Churchby Professor William C. Bower, ofTransylvania College. The book presents a full treatment of the surveymethod, thus making it available for theuse of those who have had no previousexperience in social or educational surveys. A third timely publication in thereligious field was The Gospel in the Lightof the Great War by President Ozora S.Davis, of the Chicago Theological Seminary, which is especially designed for theminister who recognizes the opportunitiesof the pulpit in an age which the writerbelieves is the most challenging in thehistory of the Christian church.During the Winter Quarter also twovolumes in philosophy and science werepublished, the first being Cultural Reality,by Dr. Florian Znaniecki, who is nowLecturer on Polish History and Institutions in the University of Chicago, butwho is also widely known in Poland as awriter on philosophical subjects and vice-president of the Psychological Society ofWarsaw. Dr. Znaniecki's aim in thisnew volume has been to formulate aconception of reality which will be usefulfor social and historical sciences and helpful for cultural progress. The volume in science, The Living Cycads, is byProfessor Charles Joseph Chamberlain,of the Department of Botany at theUniversity of Chicago, who after investigations extending over fifteen years thatnecessitated trips to Mexico, Cuba,Australia, and Africa, completed thislatest contribution to the "University ofChicago Science Series."Other publications during the quarterinclude Carmina Latina, selected andedited by Professor Roy C. Flickinger, ofNorthwestern University, who includesin his collection riot only old favorites butnovelties in Latin versions of patrioticsongs; The Classical Journal GeneralIndex, Vols. I-XIII, covering the years1905-18; Papers of the BibliographicalSociety of America, Vol. XII, Nos. 3-4,which constitute a Willard Fiske memorial; and Sociology and Education, Papersand Proceedings of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XIII, which includescontributions from Charles H. Cooley,Robert E. Park, John M. Gillette, andEdward Alsworth Ross.The Ellen H. Richards MemorialFellowship, offered jointly by theTrustees of the Memorial Fund and theUniversity of Chicago, has been awardedto Elizabeth Wilhelmina Miller. Heracademic record is as follows: Universityof Chicago, Ph.B., 1914; A.M., 1915;Instructor in Home Economics, StateNormal College, Mayville, North Dakota,19 1 2-13 ; Instructor in Home Economics,University of Chicago, 1915-18; Associate Professor and Head of HouseholdScience Department, Iowa State Collegeof Agriculture, 19 1 8-1 9 . Miss Miller dideditorial work in the Home EconomicsDivision of the Food Administration,Washington, D.C., during the autumn of191 7. She is joint author with Mr.Emery and Mr. Boynton of a LaboratoryManual of Applied Chemistry and haspublished the following articles: "TheSolution of Antimony from EnameledCooking Utensils,'' "A Home-Made Soy-bran Meal for Diabetics" (with LydiaRoberts), and "Problems in CakeMaking" (with Bernice Allen)! MissMiller is to spend the year 1919-20 incarrying on nutrition studies in the University of Chicago.Dean Leon Carroll Marshall, of theSchool of Commerce and Administation,EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 199who has been in the war service of thegovernment as Director of IndustrialRelations, United States Shipping Board,recently represented the director-generalof the Emergency Fleet Corporation inthe dispute at Seattle between the shipbuilders and the 25,000 union employeesof the shipyards. Dean Marshall helda series of conferences with yard owners,striking workers, and international officers of various unions who were presentto investigate the situation. As one ofthe results of the conferences the strikingemployees returned to work.Dean Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool has been engaged to give a seriesof lectures in June before the SummerAssembly for Preachers at Dallas, Texas.The assembly is the first summer schoolof theology of the Southern MethodistUniversity.Professor GeorgeHerbert Mead, of theDepartment of Philosophy, who is alsopresident of the City Club of Chicago,gave an address at the symposium of the patrons' department of the National Education Association on February 27. Thegeneral subject of the symposium was"Lay Contributions to Educational Progress," and Professor Mead's subject was"The Interplay between the School andthe Community."Professor William Gardner Hale, Headof the Department of the Latin Languageand Literature, gave an address at theJames Russell Lowell Centenary celebrated in Harper Assemble Room onFebruary 26. As a former student ofLowell at Harvard, Professor Hale gavean intimate sketch of the poet's life andpersonality. Lowell's career as a poet,essayist, and diplomat was discussed byPercy Holmes Boynton, Associate Professor of American literature.Professor Julius Stieglitz, Chairman ofthe Department of Chemistry, has beenappointed chairman of the Committee onPublication of Compendia of ChemicalLiterature for the American ChemicalSociety.200 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 1919Men Women Total1919 Men Women Total1918 TotalGain LossI. The Departments op Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature. . 125157 12269 247226 102141 13566 237207Science Total. 28236253740 19137141240 47373394980 24329544522 20137740943 44467285465 292 . The Colleges-Senior Junior Unclassified Total. ............. 9391,221(4 dup.)8212 8231,014122 1,7622,2359414 7621,005(2 dup.)868 8291,030101 i,59i2,035969 171200Total Arts, Literature,arid Science ...II. The Professional Schools:1. Divinity School —Graduate. Unclassified English Theological Seminary Chicago Theological Seminary. 22 1 23 24 3 27Total Il65510338 151518 1317012138 11864H3103 141261 13276119113 I*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate. Senior Junior. Unclassified Total 169732228 33822 202812430 190383221 19833 209463524 73. The Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidates for LL.JB.. . . .Unclassified Total 123131665871,808195 1218980329i,34335 1352022469163,i5i230 9i51065ioi,5i5224 14271523701,40022 1052761588802,915246 3088362364. The College of Education .5. The School of Commerceand Administration.Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplications . 74Net totals 1,613 1,308 2,921 1,291 i,378 2,669 252THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1919-20Edward Stowe AkeleyA.B., University of South Dakota, 1915 PhysicsHarland Hill AllenA.B., Colorado Teachers College, 191 6AM., ibid., 191 7 Political EconomyHelen Jeanette AllenA.B., Vassar College, 1913 ZoologyWilliam Birger AndersonPh.B., University of Chicago, 191 8 RomanceJacob Frank BalzerA.B., Carleton College, 1910A.M., University of Chicago, 1913 New TestamentTheodore H. BastA.B., Ripon College, 191 2 AnatomyNorvil BeemanA.B., Oberlin College, 1915 ChemistryCharles Henry Behre, Jr.S.B., University of Chicago, 191 8 GeologyHarold BennettA.B., University of Toronto, 1915 LatinViola Paula BlackburnA.B., Wellesley College, 1918 EnglishEdward BlankensteinS.B., University of Chicago, 1918 PhysicsLloyd E. BlauchA.B., Goshen College, 1916A.M., University of Chicago, 1917 EducationBlanche Elizabeth Mae BrothertonA.B., Smith College, 1915 LatinEdward Tankard BrowneA.B., University of Virginia, 1915A.M., ibid., 191 7 MathematicsAlrhonse 0. BrungardtPh.B., University of Chicago, 1918 Political EconomyAdolf August BruxConcordia College, 1913Concordia Seminary, 191 7 Old TestamentArmand BurkePh.B., University of Chicago, 191 8 PhilosophyFred Allen ConradA.B. , Goshen College, 191 2 SociologyMorris Albert CopelandA.B., Amherst College, 191 7 Political Economy202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHenry Leon CoxS.B., University of North Carolina, 1914Charles Wesley CraneA.B., McGill University, 1905B.D., McGill Wesleyan College, 19 10Carl Addington DawsonA.B., Acadia University, 191 2Frank Louis de BeukelaerA.B., Colgate University, 1910A.M., Columbia University, 1914Howard de ForestS.B., Princeton University, 1895M.F., Yale University, 191 1William DiamondA.B., University of Manitoba, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Alfred Paul DorjahnA.B., University of Chicago, 191 7Walter Louis DornGrad., Concordia College, St. Paul, 1914Grad., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 191 7Cornelia Mitchell DownsA.B., University of Kansas, 191 5Mary DrokeA.B., University of Arkansas, 1913A.M., University of Chicago, 191 7Alice Hall FarnsworthA.B., Mount Holyoke College, 191 6RUNALFUR FjELDSTEDA.B., University of Manitoba, 1905Zoe Fisk FlanaganPh.B., University of Chicago, 1910A.M., ibid., 1914Ruby Olive FoulkA.B., Campbell College, 1909A.M., University of Kansas, 1916Robert Worth FrankA.B., Wabash College, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913James Byron FriaufA.B., University of Montana, 1918Margaret Bradley FullerS.B., Northwestern University, 1913Gladys Elizabeth Carson GibbensA.B., Newcomb College, 1914A.M., Tulane University, 1916S.B., ibid., 191 7Harold Clifford GoldthorpeS.B., Utah Agricultural College, 191 7Carter Lyman GoodrichA.B., Amherst College, 1918 ChemistrySociologyPractical TheologyChemistryBotanyGermanGreekHistoryBacteriologyRomanceAstronomyGreekEnglish"PhilosophyPhilosophyPhysicsGeologyMathematicsPhysiological ChemistryPolitical EconomyTHE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS IQIQ-20 203Harold Foote GosnellA.B., University of Rochester, 19 18Walter S. GuilerA.B., Miami University, 1909A.M., Columbia University, 191 2Foster Erwin GuyerA.B., Dartmouth College, 1906A.M., ibid., 1907F. Russell HamblinA.B., Buckland University, 19 14A.M., ibid., 1915Martin Charles Edward HankeS.B., University of Chicago, 1918Earl Kansas HillbrandA.B., Kansas Wesleyan University, 191 7A.M., Northwestern University, 191 8Jakub HorakPh.B., University of Chicago, 19 16Joseph Anthony HumphreysA.B., Oberlin College, 1916O. L. InmanA.B., Indiana University, 1915S.M., University of Idaho, 19 16Edward Theodore JohnsonS.B., University of Chicago, 191 7Forrest Alva KingsburyPh.B., Central College (Iowa), 1909William Valentine KnollA.B., University of Iowa, 191 7Helen Lois KochPh.B., University of Chicago, 1918Hans KurathA.B., University of Texas, 1914John Wayne Lasley, Jr.A.B., University of North Carolina, 19 10A.M., ibid., 191 1Helen Hull LawA.B., Vassar College, 191 1A.M., ibid., 191 2Mayme Irwin LogsdonS.B., University of Chicago, 191 2Katherine Eva LudgateA.B., University of Washington, 191 7S.M., ibid., 1918Chih-Wei LuhA.B., Soochow University, 1913Audie J. LynnA.B., Indiana University, 191 7Edward Winifred MarcellusA.B., Northwestern University, 1909A.M., Columbia University, 191 7 Political ScienceEducationRomanceLatinChemistryEducationSociologyEducationBotanyPhysicsPsychologyGeologyPsychologyComparative PhilologyMathematicsLatinMathematicsPsychologyPsychologyPolitical EconomyEducation204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCharles Arthur MessnerA.B., Wabash College, 1914John Preston MintonS.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1912Edith MohneyA.B., Kansas Wesleyan University, 1910A.M., Northwestern University, 1913Robert Sanderson MullikenS.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 191 7Joseph Clyde MurleyA.B., Upper Iowa University, 1909Jackson Benjamin McKinneyA.B., Marietta College, 1909A.M., Ohio State University, 1913John Thomas McNeillA.B., McGill University, 1909A.M., ibid., 1910D.B., Westminster Hall, 191 2Elizabeth McPikePh.B., University of Chicago, 191 8Margaret Cross NortonPh.B., University of Chicago, 1913A.M., ibid., 1914L.S.B., New York State Library School, 191 5Alois Richard NyklGrad., Academy of Commerce (Prague)Dean Alvln PackA.B., University of Utah, 1916Emma Feild PopeA.B., University of Chicago, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913Samuel Caleb RatcliffeA.B., University of Mount Allison, 1909A.M., University of Alberta, 1918B.D., ibid., 1918Hartley Grant RobertsonA.B., University of Toronto, 1914Fred Stanley RodkeyA.B., University of Kansas, 191 7A.M., ibid., 1918Constance Rummons PhilosophyA.B., University of Nebraska, 1916Ellen Mary Sanders GeographyA.B., University of London, 1908A.B., University of Bristol, 1910Paul Bigelow Sears BotanyA.B., Ohio Wesleyan UniversityB.Sc, ibid.A.M., University of Nebraska, 1910 Comparative PhilologyPhysicsGermanChemistryLatinEnglishChurch HistoryRomanceHistoryRomanceBotanyEnglishSociologyGreekHistoryTHE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS IQIQ-20Paul Joseph SedgwickS.B., University of Chicago, 1918William Carlson SmithA.B., Grand Island College, 1907Perry Daniel StrausbaughS.B., College of Wooster, 1916Francis Huntington SwettA.B., Bates College, 1916Edward Ayers TaylorA.B., University of Denver, 1914A.M., University of Chicago, 1918William Flint ThrallA.B., McKendree College, 1901A.M., ibid., 1902Alfred TonnessPh.B., University of Chicago, 191 7A.M., ibid., 1918James Elliott WalmsleyA.B., Randolph-Macon College, 1894A.M., ibid., 1894Chester Keeler WentworthS.B., University of Chicago, 1918Gertrude WilliamsA.B., Oberlin College, 1918Harold Rideout WilloughbyA.B., Wesleyan University, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Frank Edwin WoodA.B., Baker University, 191 2A.M., University of Kansas, 1914Warner F. WoodringS.B., Tri-State College, 1913A.B., ibid., 1914Margaret WoosterA.B., University of Nebraska, 191 3A.M., ibid., 1915John Frank WrightA.B., Acadia University, 191 7Joseph Ussery YarbroughS.B., Nashville Bible College, 1909A.B., University of Texas, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Werner Charles ZahnA.B., University of the Cape of Good Hope, 191 7Edward ZbitovskyPh.B., University of Chicago, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Dudley De Forest ZuverA.B., Allegheny College, 191 7 BotanySociologyBotanyZoologyEnglishEnglishSystematic TheologyHistoryGeologyChemistryNew TestamentMathematicsHistoryPsychologyGeologyPsychologyGeographyPhilosophyPhilosophyTHE FIRST UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO