The University RecordVolume IV J U L Y 1 9 1 8 Number 3THE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR1By THE ^ERY REVEREND SIR GEORGE ADAM SMITHPrincipal and Vice-Chancellor of Aberdeen UniversityMr. President, Members of the University of Chicago, Graduates andGraduands:It has been my privilege and honor to teach in this University underboth of your great presidents. I wish it were once more in order toteach that I had come among you on this occasion. But neither mypresent office in a sister-university nor the cruel circumstances of ourtimes permit of that. I am honored to come here as principal and vice-chancellor of a sister-university, and with all the validity of that officeI convey to you her greetings, to which, by the commission of the principals of the other three Scottish universities, I am empowered to addtheir greetings as well — St. Andrew's, Glasgow, and Edinburgh.We congratulate you on your rapid progress, on the solid foundationson which you are built, and upon the hope, the ambitions, the prospectswhich you have in your short history already so worthily earned.It is a real disadvantage of my office that no teaching is assigned toit. But there is another deprivation which I do not regret: I havenothing to do, as principal, with any examinations, to my great relief,for in my long experience there is only one trial greater in life than beingexamined, and that is the duty of examining. I may borrow the words ofa recent chief inspector of schools in England, when he retired, adaptingto himself the well-known words of the Vulgate and exclaiming: "Neeexaminans nee examinatus, sed sicut angeli in caelo."1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Seventh Convocation of theUniversity of Chicago, held in Hutchinson Court, June 11, 1918. James VincentNash, A:B. 19 14, courteously made this stenographic record.119120 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDComing back to you as principal of Aberdeen, I am, first of all, ofcourse, impressed by our differences, the differences between the universities, and these in many directions. I come to your Western Worldfrom the most northerly university of the British Empire, and almostthe farthest north university in the whole world.That may suggest to you something arctic, and indeed in Scotlandwe live in the latitude of Labrador, but thanks to the heating systemwhich your great continent works for us in the Gulf of Mexico we enjoya more equable climate than your own, suffering neither of your greatextremes. In fact, I may say that the summer of the east of Scotlandis pretty much like the spring of New England, and I know no betterclimate to do one's best work in.There are two other differences between us. One, of course, of age.We are just about four hundred years older than you, having beenfounded in the year 1494, by Papal bull, by a Pope whom I hardly darename in this gathering, Alexander VI, Alexander Borgia, notorious forhis crimes; and I believe that this foundation of my university was theone good act which he was ever known to have performed.The other difference is that, of course, of wealth and size. AndI may say that on this visit to America, which has included visits tomany of your great universities, I have never entered one, and I havenever entered this, without breaking anew the tenth commandment.I congratulate you on your wealth, on the lavishness of your space,and the greatness and the beauty of your buildings. I congratulate andenvy you.But there is this to be said of us: The Scottish universities havealways been thoroughly democratic. Through our system of parishschools, and now of numerous higher grade and secondary schools, wein Scotland have always provided a ladder to the learned professions,reaching from the steps of the poorest cottage and croft in our land.The students of my own university are gathered from every class ofthe people, and during the last few years some of the chief places in ourentrance bursary competition have been taken by such candidates as theson of the widow of a carter and the son of the widow of a railway porter.Before I begin the special subject on which I have been asked toaddress you there are two preliminary points on which I wish to say aword or two. First of all, I want to remind you of the continuity ofuniversity development in Great Britain and America. Have you everconsidered the close succession of your own universities to our earlierinstitutions of learning in Great Britain ? The last three of our ancientTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR 121universities — Edinburgh, Trinity College, Dublin, and Marischal College,Aberdeen, with the full rights of a university — were founded in 1583,1591, and 1593, respectively, and no other British university was foundedbetween that last, late at the close of the sixteenth century, and thefoundation of London University in 1826 and Durham University in 1832.But that great gap of more than two centuries was amply and generously filled up by the glorious succession of American universities.Harvard, your oldest university, founded in 1636, is only forty-threeyears younger than the last of our ancient universities; William andMary followed in 1693, Yale in 1701, and between that date and thefounding of London University there appeared Pennsylvania, Princeton,Brown, Columbia, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Amherst, and I don't know howmany others. You gloriously, as I say, filled that great gap, and it hasalways been a proof to me, sir, that the Pilgrim Fathers, and other English, Scottish, and Irish emigrants who laid the foundations of the UnitedStates, carried away not only a great part of the soul and character ofGreat Britain but a very large portion of her brains as well.The other point on which I wish to touch is this: The time has longbeen due for a closer co-operation between the universities of Americaand those of Great Britain, and for some measure of co-ordinationbetween their degrees. Always desirable, such measures have at lastbecome urgent in the circumstances created by the present war. Theyare rendered immediately necessary by the closing of German universities, for a very long time we must expect, to British and Americanstudents; and, to say the very least, it is up to us people of America, ofFrance, and of Great Britain to show that in this respect at least we cando for a time without the Germans.These measures are rendered all the easier by the new alliance, andI trust the lasting alliance, between our peoples. The times are bothfavorable and most compelling for their realization. Practical steps willbe taken to this end in the course of the year. A conference on the subject, between delegates from Britain and representatives of your greateruniversities, was called for May in New York, but has been postponedtill October or November, and I trust that conclusions will then bereached which may commend themselves to the universities on bothsides of the Atlantic. The special problems with which that conferencewill have to deal are, first, the interchange of teachers and, secondly,opportunities for postgraduate studies.As to the first, your experience with Germany and France will beof great value to us of Britain in this respect, especially as to the length122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof period and character of lectures to be given by the visiting professors,whether they are to be short, supplementary courses, or longer coursesfitted into the regular curriculum of the universities visited and qualifiedfor their degrees.With regard to the second point, opportunities for postgraduatestudies, the chief problem that lies before us is the provision of suitabledegrees in recognition of postgraduate work. I emphasize this postgraduate work, for I think it would be detrimental to the national interestof all three peoples if any of them sent its undergraduates out of theirown country.It is during undergraduate years that the national spirit and thecapacities for proving proper citizens of one of the great nations ripenand are most developed and most easily trained, and I would deprecate,from our experience and the presence of Indian students in Great Britainduring their undergraduate years, the exchange of undergraduate students.But we all want to see the postgraduate students of all three peoplestaking advantage of the opportunities of* research and the fresh aspectsof teaching which are possible to them, by passing from one set of ournational universities to the other.Now, in all these points I offer no further opinion. At present it isenough to assure you, and I do so heartily, that in all the British universities today there exists a very strong desire for an effective collaborationwith the universities of France and the universities of the United States.The various universities in my country are applying their minds andhave been applying them for some time to the discussion of details, andI ought to warn you of the appearance already of a considerable varietyof opinion.I now come to my proper tale this afternoon, " The Universities andthe War." I asked President Judson to make the title general, becauseI want before I close to say something about the universities of Franceand their contribution to the war as well as that of those of my owncountry.I believe that no institutions of modern society, not even thechurches, have been more powerfully affected by the war than the universities of all the belligerent countries. They have contributed, amongthe Allies, to the understanding of the great issues; they have swelled,more than most institutions and I believe in a degree equal to thechurches, the volume of that national conscience which is our chief andour lasting power in fighting for a cause so just and so sacred. AboveTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR 123all, they have sent lavishly of their men, both teachers and taught, bothstudents and graduates, to the forces of the Allies, and they have contributed, out of all proportion to their number, to the colossal sacrificeswhich the manhood of their nations have made to the most sacred causeever fought for in the whole range of human history.We have had in Britain, not a perfect, but a very considerable organization for public education in the meaning of the war, both morally andpolitically, and naturally the staffs of our universities have been calledupon to contribute to this propaganda, as well as to the great campaignso successfully conducted from one end of my land to the other, in theinterests of recruiting, while the volunteer system of enlistment still prevailed among us.Now, I need hardly say to you who have already, in your year ofwarfare, done so much in this direction, that all our laboratories and theirstaffs have been occupied in the researches and manufactures connectedwith munitions and ordnance, with the prevention of disease among thetroops, with the development and economy of food supplies, with thesupply of new fertilizers, with assisting new or revived industries, manyof which had been virtually monopolized by the German people; withresearches leading to the manufacture of glass, textile fabrics, armycloths, aeroplane fabrics, dyestuffs and drugs, of the last of which wehad in our country, owing to the lack of foresight, a totally inadequatesupply.Some university buildings have been turned, as with you, into hospitals, others into training schools, others into barracks for cadets.Others have been turned into workrooms for volunteer service in theproduction of war dressings and hospital garments.Time does not permit me to weary you with details under each ofthese heads, but I may say, by way of illustration of the last, that inAberdeen University, in eighteen months, our university women's warwork association completed 15,400 hospital dressings and comforts andover 257,000 war dressings for military and Red Cross hospitals andambulances. I haven't the figures for the last year, but I confidentlybelieve that by this time the figures I have given you have been doubled.The engineering departments have in several universities been handedover to the admiralty or the ministry of munitions for steel testing andother purposes. In other departments assistance has been given to HisMajesty's forces in meteorology and other sciences connected with aviation, in methods for detecting submarines, and matters connected withtransport and embarkation, and countless other purposes of the war.124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAnd all this in addition to the fact that, though our numbers have beenreduced, and some of our courses shortened, and a large proportion ofour staffs are absent on whole-time service for the war, the regularwork of the universities has been generally sustained from first to lastthrough the four years of our strenuous and bitter fighting.I may say again, just as a point in illustration, that out of the hundred or so members of the teaching staff of my own university no fewerthan thirty-one are giving whole-time service either to the army or to thenavy, while about twenty or thirty others are giving half-time service —half to the university and half for war purposes.I come now to the numbers of our men students and graduates whohave enlisted or been commanded for direct war service. Generallyspeaking, I may say that while the volunteer system of service prevailedthe students of our universities were reduced in most cases to one-thirdof their former number, in many cases to one-fourth, nearly so in Aberdeen, but in Oxford and Cambridge I believe to nearly one-tenth of theirformer number. That was, of course, because Oxford and Cambridgereceived students at a higher age, nearer the military age, than the restof us do.The response of university graduates within military age was practically as full as that of our students. In Aberdeen, for instance, wehave a list of graduates, men and women, of over 5,000, all told. On thefifteenth of February, this year, 1,750 of these were in naval or militaryservice — practically every man who was of military age and could bespared from the practice of his civil profession.Among them all, it may be of interest to you to know that I havefound only four ultra-pacifists and conscientious objectors.Taking graduates and undergraduates together, by the beginning of191 7, when almost all who served were still volunteers, the following arethe most notable of the numbers contributed by the universities: Oxfordby that time had sent 10,688 men to the colors; Cambridge had sent13,128; London University had sent over 20,000.Take, again, the four Scottish universities: Edinburgh — and thesenumbers are those which were correct up to the middle of February last,a somewhat later date — had sent something over 5,000; Glasgow, 3,222;Aberdeen, 2,645; and St. Andrew's, 742.I come now to the gravest part of my story — the tale of the sacrificesof the universities for our common cause, the number who have fallen,who have been killed in action, who have died of wounds or disease, orwho have gone down with their ships. At the beginning of 191 7 OxfordTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR 125had lost 1,412 of its men, and I expect by this time that that number islong over 2,000; Cambridge had lost 1,405. At the beginning of thisyear the fallen of Glasgow University were 472; of Edinburgh, nearly450; of my own university, nearly 250; and of St. Andrew's, 86, makingfor the Scottish universities a total of nearly 1,250 out of 11,000 men inservice, not nearly all of whom had reached the front.Now, I wish to tell you, as I can from my experience as principal ofAberdeen University, who have been privileged to enter by correspondence or, oftener still, in person, over two hundred of the families ofthose nearly 250 fallen graduates, that except in one case I never foundthere any murmuring; far less, despair or dismay or any resentment at thegreat suffering and sacrifice which they had been called to pay, but, onthe contrary, everywhere a resignation to it and pride in the fact thatthey had been called to fight and to suffer for this sacred cause, as theybelieved, of their country and their God; and, in the power of that,everywhere a humble faith and hope in reunion with those whose deathsin such a faith, for such a cause, they could not but regard as entrancesupon a higher and a nobler service above.I want to devote, for I feel we have a great debt in the matter, a fewwords, before I sit down, to the universities of France. I shall best bringthis before you by reminding you that before this Great War broke outthere was no people, no civilized people, on the face of the earth sobroken, split, and fissured as the people of France; split from top tobottom by the greatest of all schisms, the religious; and broken, morethan any other political unity in the world, into groups, parties, andfactions/What do we now see ? What did we see before two years of the warwere over but that split and fissured people united again and as compact and as concentrated upon the moral issues and aims of this war aseither the people of England or the people of the United States. Whathad worked this miracle? The rector ofvthe University of Bordeauxtells us what it was that worked the miracle. In his interesting book,XJZJniversite et la guerre, he shows that it was not merely the physicalpressure of self-defense, but, on the contrary, a common devotion whichseized all parties, communions, factions, and sects alike in dedication tothe spiritual ideals which the war revealed. I read the following extractfrom his wonderful book:This extraordinary war had to mobilize the ideas after it mobilized themen of France. All the ideas of France are engaged in battle. The countryhas again acknowledged that which it believed, the university that which it126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtaught. There lies the secret of this vigorous reciprocal confidence. Therealso is one of the secrets of the unanimity which surprises ourselves. Themost skeptical have discovered for themselves a faith, the most realist an idea,and this faith and this idea are the same for all.That is the testimony to the work done for France in this war by herintellectuals, as represented by her universities.In another notable volume, entitled VAllemand et les allies, writtenby fourteen leading prelates and laymen of the Gallican church, inanswer to the addresses of the Catholic party of the Centre in Germany —a book issued under the Imprimatur of the Cardinal Archbishop ofFrance — we find the whole Gallican church, through its representatives,drawing near to this approximation to their standpoint of the intellectuals and the politicians in France.In answer to the charge brought against them by their fellow-believers in Germany that they were consorting with French atheists,with English freethinkers, and American I don't know what, the bishopof Nice laid it down that while as a church they have suffered fromthe state in France, the sins of their mother are as snow to them,the Catholics of France, compared with the black perfidy and the redcruelty which have marked the crimes of Germany. And he goes on toassert that the Catholic church can heartily accept the great principles ofthe Revolution, expressed as they are in the watchword, "Liberty,Equality, and Fraternity," for these are all to be traced to the gospel ofJesus Christ as their source.You find, also, a drawing in upon the same standpoint, of the Protestants of France, of the Huguenots of France. I should like to quote butone sentence from that wonderful book, Letters of a Young Soldier ofFrance. It expresses just what our own students in Great Britain havebeen feeling, and I have delayed saying anything of their motives andtheir conscience in thus so freely fighting for our cause because it is betterexpressed in French, that language in which thought and feeling comeso easily and clearly to the surface. He says, in writing home to hismother — he is a divinity student of Montauban: "We must search ourhearts to see whether we can fight, whether we are sufficiently in lovewith the justice which must be established afterward, to fight in the certainty that our victory will give another good workman to the task ofuniversal regeneration. Our watchword is, ' Christ and France.'"I didn't exaggerate when I called it a miracle, the intellectuals ofFrance, the religious people of France, whether Catholics or ProtestantsTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR 127or Jews, drawing in upon one point, concentrating themselves upon thisgreat war, standing shoulder to shoulder in the same trenches, becauseanimated by devotion to the same spiritual ideals.0 Americans! I can tell you from personal experience, that in theFrench, in the valor, the skill with which they have conducted and areconducting this war, in the heroism with which they have endured sacrifices far greater than those of Britain and yourselves, we have alliessplendidly worthy of us. God grant that we British and we Americansmay be worthy of the French.Now that I have delayed you too long, I want to close (being aminister and unable to help it) with a practical application. And forthis purpose I must go back to what I told you of the awful toll of oursacrifices. As I said the other day in this university, I come to you froma people that have drunk to the dregs the cup of the agony of war forthe last four years. But whatever the destruction, whatever the sufferings, whatever the sacrifices we have endured these four years, my message from my people to the American people is that that conscience withwhich we began the war is as strong as ever it was; our faith in the justice of our cause and our determination to see it, with our Allies, throughto its inevitable victory, has not failed us and will not fail us.We who are older, and some of us much older, than those who havefallen in their thousands and tens of thousands, in my country and inFrance — for remember the worst of war is that it falls most heavily on theyounger men — recognize the debt of our age to the youth of our nation,and feel an added duty toward their ideals. To the inspiration we havedrawn from their courage as individuals we are trying to add this care,that the visions and the enthusiasms of our youth do not suffer fromthis desperate thinning of their ranks across the whole of Europe; thatmore than ever we must control the accumulating prejudice of ouryears, our aging contentment with things as they are; that we husbandsuch force and freshness as remain to ourselves and continue alongsidethe young men that may be left to us, to play our diminishing part withunabated zest and courage.Now, on you, my younger friends, who are the contemporaries ofthose young martyrs who have fallen in their tens of thosuands in Europeand to whose great army your youth have begun to add (God grant itmay not be so great a number, but it looks desperately like it) ; on you,who are either their contemporaries or just behind them, there hasfallen an obligation heavier than perhaps was ever felt by any generationof youth in all the history of your people.128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn those whom it is most natural for you to follow you have a wealthof example that should control and inspire you throughout your lives.See that you cherish to the end the value of spiritual ideals, both for manand for nation, and without flinching face the full cost of your duty tosuch ideals, in life and in death, in ways that may show no heroism, butneed no less virtue and toil. See that you practice that faithfulness inservice, and in sacrifice to which those heroes have risen accept disciplineas patiently as they did. Accept discipline that is the foundation of allheroism, of all really good service to our fellow-men, and the first condition of a noble sacrifice. Be careful for details in the routine of yourlife, but be equally ready for life's emergencies. Never grudge the callto extra work nor shrink from any danger that may spring upon yourway to it. Ever keep back from uttering any selfish remonstrance atthe inequalities of reward or fortune, sometimes as great in peace asthey are startlingly so in time of war. If you thus train yourself in thework of ordinary days and in answer to God's more urgent calls, youshall be able to make the last resignation of life itself in humble hopeand peace.Friends, disasters may await us as peoples and as armies; troubles,sacrifices, and suffering greater than any we have yet experienced mayfall upon us. Let us remember those who have suffered, who havefought, and who have died for us, and rekindle the flickering flame ofour courage at the fire of their imperishable devotion.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTOur message from overseas comes from an old friend and one whoknows the United States. It is easy to misjudge another people. Inthe stress of the life and death struggle which was forced on them bythe pan-German conspiracy for the dominion of the world Britain andFrance might well wonder why the great republic of Washington andLincoln was so slow in coming to the aid of the forces fighting for liberty.It was, and perhaps is, hard for them to understand that the people ofthe United States as a whole have never been accustomed to thinkinternationally. For more than a century, indeed, they have beentrained to refrain studiously from the practical consideration of world-questions. This is part of the essence of the Monroe Doctrine. Forthis great nation, then, to turn from the ingrained habits of long generations and to realize our duty in a great world-crisis has been no easyor rapid matter. But I may say to Dr. Smith that the awakening isnow complete. He may say to his government and his people that theAmerican Republic is in the war to the end. We thank him for hismessage. Nowhere has it more whole-hearted acceptance than here,where we know him so well, and where he is in our heart of hearts.The Convocation Address today discussed the relationship of thewar to British universities. We are beginning to feel the effects in thiscountry, although of course it has not gone so far as it naturally wouldgo under the distressing conditions in the British Islands. For theSpring Quarter just closing the attendance shows a diminution of 21 .9per cent as compared with the Spring Quarter a year ago. Of course webear in mind the considerable number of women among our studentsand also of advanced graduate students beyond the military age. Whatthe war means to us, therefore, is shown more clearly in the fact that thetotal number of men this quarter is 33 .4 per cent less than a year ago,and that in the Law School, in which the students are nearly all men, theattendance shows a shrinkage as compared with a year ago of 60 per cent.At the gathering of alumni Saturday evening, June 8, the Universitywas presented on behalf of that organization with a service flag containing 1,068 stars. These are the alumni who so far as is now known are129130 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDactually in the Army or Navy in some form of service. Other namesare continually coming in, and from time to time the number on theflag will be altered to suit the facts.In this connection may I say that the number of gold stars in theflag is eight, representing those who have given their lives for the greatcause. We have also lost during the current quarter a member of ourfaculty who for many years has been a lecturer on medicine and a distinguished medical man in the city, and in the faculty of Rush MedicalCollege. Let us rise, therefore, in memory of John Lewis, ThomasCannon Lyons, Seymour Mason, Ona Jefferson Myers, Earl HenryNeville, Hawley Brownell Olmstead, August Leo Sundvall, WilliamJewell Whyte, Ephraim Fletcher Ingals.May I in connection with the service flag read a copy of a letteraddressed by the Colonel of the Eighteenth United States Infantry tothe commanding officer of the First Division, American ExpeditionaryForce, relating to Robert A. Hall, second lieutenant, Eighteenth Infantry,in the National Army, Ph.D. in chemistry in the University of Chicagoin 1907.Headquarters, Eighteenth InfantryFrance, May 9, 19 18From: Commanding Officer, Eighteenth InfantryTo: Commanding General, First Division, A.E.F.Subject: Commendation.I propose for citation the following names, for particular courageous andefficient action during the severe gas bombardment of this town on the nightof May 3-4:1. Robert A. Hall, second lieutenant, Eighteenth Infantry, N.A. Frombeginning to end of this bombardment, commencing at 8:30 p.m. and endingat about 3:30 a.m., this officer continually made the rounds of this town,visiting dugouts and assuring by his personal presence all possible stepspracticable to protect the garrison of this town against the gas. Withabsolutely no thought of his own personal safety he was exposed throughoutthis bombardment while making continuous rounds during the night inquestion.Under all bombardments, where any possibility of gas existed, this officerhas always left his dugout and remained out until he had assured all possiblemeans for protection against gas. He has already been cited by me for hisconduct, but on this occasion the circumstances that cause me to ask that he beagain cited are such as to give much greater value to the citation, as this bombardment has been, by far, the most severe one to which the regiment hasbeen subjected, both from the standpoint of gas and high explosive.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 13 1I consider this officer not only unusually courageous and energetic, butlikewise unusually efficient in his line of work. He has been evacuated todayby my order, suffering with severe burns from Yperite received on the nightof May 3-4.2. Paul Sechliman, corporal, French interpreter for the EighteenthInfantry, volunteered and went out under the bombardment of May 3-4 towarn traffic on the roads leading out of Villers-Tournelle to Coullemelle,Rocquencourt, and Serevillers, carrying out this mission successfully, with thegreatest coolness, courage, and intelligence.Frank ParkerColonel, Eighteenth Infantry[Official Stamp]The members of the faculty have been eager to render service to thegovernment in the war in any way in which they are respectively bestfitted. The Board of Trustees have generously allowed leaves of absencefor those who are taken from their duties for the national service, and thenumber who have left is 104. Of course some of these are in the Army;others in the Navy; others engaged in various forms of civilian activityin Washington or in the laboratories of the University in Chicago.Departments have been variously affected. The department of anatomy, with eight members of the staff, has five in the Army, three of whomare majors. The department of physics has called to the service its head,Professor Michelson, who is tendered the rank of lieutenant-commanderin the Navy; Professor R. A. Millikan, who is a lieutenant-colonel inthe Army; Professor Henry Gordon Gale, a major in the Army, now inFrance; Associate Professor Carl Kinsley, who is a captain in theSignal Corps in the United States Army; Assistant Arthur J. Dempster,engaged in submarine work in the United States National Army; andInstructor Ralph Sawyer, serving in the Signal Corps in Washington.Of the 29 members of the department of political economy and theSchool of Commerce and Administration faculty, 19 have enterednational service. But it is invidious to particularize.An interesting feature of the effect of the war on universities is itsrelation to their finances. Obviously there is, with a shrinkage ofattendance, a loss of income from student fees. There is in some casesreduction in income from invested funds. There is obviously also anincrease in expenses. During the current year the reduction in incomeof the University is upward of $146,000, and the increase in expensesowing to higher cost of supplies, like coal, is about $74,000. The totaleffect, therefore, of the war will be a loss to the University practically of$220,000. Nevertheless, I may say that so prudent has been the132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfinancial administration of the University by the Board of Trustees thatJune 30, the end of our fiscal year, will show no deficit. Almost alone,I believe, among institutions of the larger rank, the University of Chicagohas not been compelled for the coming year to dismiss members of itsfaculty in order to reduce a deficit. What the next year may bring to usI cannot say, but we certainly are all grateful that the first year of thewar has not brought financial disaster to us.The universities and colleges of the country, from one end of the landto the other, have shown, I believe without exception, a fine spirit ofloyalty in this great crisis. Their young men have eagerly offeredtheir services to the government. Members of their faculties haveshown a desire to do everything in their power to serve the country.The scientific resources, the laboratories, all the departments which canaid, have been tendered to the government and have been freely used.The University of Chicago, therefore, has done no more than its share inthis great movement. While I am proud of the fine spirit of loyaldevotion to country which our alumni, our students, our faculty, andour Trustees have shown, I know that we are but one of many; that weare loyal to our country and at the same time loyal to the privilegeswhich we have had and which we owe to the free life of the Republic.The University is glad to be enlisted with its sister institutions in thisgreat common crusade for the liberty of the world.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryPRESIDENT JUDSON'S MISSION TO PERSIAThe Board of Trustees has granted leave of absence to PresidentJudson for such length of time as in his judgment may be necessary tovisit Persia as chairman of the Persian Relief Commission. He expectsto be absent for about six months.The following telegram was sent to President Judson on the eve ofhis departure for Persia:Chicago, July 10, 19 18President Harry Pratt JudsonHotel ManhattanNew York CityThe Trustees of the University in session today send you their greetings andbest wishes. They congratulate you upon your opportunity to serve humanity ofwhich you have unhesitatingly availed yourself; they rejoice in the service you canand will render to a suffering people. They wish you Godspeed as you cross perilousseas and traverse smitten lands. They look forward to the time when once n^ore youwill resume your work with the institution to which you have devoted yourself sofaithfully and so successfully.Martin A. Ryerson, PresidentJ. Spencer Dickerson, SecretaryTHE DUPONT FELLOWSHIPE. I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware,have given funds to provide the Dupont Fellowship in chemistry. Thefellowship is to be awarded to a graduate student making chemistry hismajor subject. There are no restrictions as to the line of work to becarried out or as to the disposition of any results which may be reaped.The fellowship is intended primarily to effect the development of chemistsof high scientific training.INSTRUCTION OF ENLISTED MENBy authority of the Board of Trustees, a contract has been enteredinto by the University with the United States War Department to givetechnical instruction to men called into the army by the selective service*33134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDlaw. Approximately ioo men were in training from April 10, 1918, untiJune 10, 191 8, and approximately 140 men for the period following. Theold Hyde Park telephone exchange building at 5823 Dorchester Avenuewas rented by the University for barracks and the men were fed inHutchinson Cafe. The second company of men required larger quartersand a neighboring residence was rented by the University for this purpose. Various courses conducted by competent instructors were given.Workrooms were provided in Belfield Hall. The entire service has beenperformed without financial profit to the University.OFFICERS OF THE BOARDAt the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, held June n, 191 8,the following trustees were re-elected: Adolphus C. Bartlett, HowardG. Grey, Charles R. Holden, J. Otis Humphrey,1 Charles L. Hutchinson,Francis W. Parker, Frederick A. Smith. The following officers werechosen: president, Martin A. Ryerson; first- vice president, AndrewMacLeish; second vice-president, Frederick A. Smith; treasurer, CharlesL. Hutchinson; secretary, J. Spencer Dickerson; corresponding secretary,Thomas W. Goodspeed; auditor, Trevor Arnett; counsel and businessmanager, Wallace Heckman.WOODLAWN HOUSEThree houses on Woodlawn Avenue between Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets, owned by the University and heretofore rented to fraternities, have been altered and repaired and their use as roomingdormitories for women has been authorized. Forty-five women students, including the head, have been provided for and thus an urgentneed for accommodation for women unable to secure rooms in thewomen's dormitories has been partially met.Snell Hall also, during the Summer Quarter, was made available fora rooming dormitory for women, accommodating fifty-nine persons,including the head.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments have beenmade:Leslie Parker Brown, of the University of North Carolina, to aninstructorship in Spanish, from October 1, 19 18.1 Judge Humphrey died at Springfield, Illinois, June 14, 1918.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES x35Isaac V. Edwards to an associateship in the department of history,from October i, 1918.C. 0. Hardy, Ph.D., University of Chicago, of Ottawa University,Ottawa, Kansas, as lecturer in the School of Commerce and Administration, from October 1, 191 8.A. C. Hodge, of the University of Minnesota, lecturer in the Schoolof Commerce and Administration, from October 1, 1918.Helen R. Goodrich to an instructorship in the department of homeeconomics in the College of Education, from October 1, 1918.Marion Hines to an instructorship in the department of anatomy,from October 1, 1918.Richard W. Watkins to an associateship in the department ofanatomy, from October 1,1918.Mildred Place to an instructorship in art in the College of Education,from July 1, 1918.Loraine Sherwood as teacher of science in the University High Schoolfrom July 1, 191 8.Marguerite Hanford as teacher in the University High School, fromOctober 1,1918.Instructor George Latham Harris as assistant to the principal of theHigh School, from October 1, 1918.Louise Patterson to an instructorship in the department of physicaleducation, from October 1, 191 8.PROMOTIONSAssistant Professor Algernon Coleman, of the department ofromance languages and literatures, to an associate professorship, fromJuly 1, 1918.Instructor Charles H. Swift, of the department of anatomy, to anassistant professorship, from October 1, 191 8.Associate Professor Albert Johannsen, of the department of geology,to a professorship, from July 1, 191 8.Assistant Professor Albert D. Brokaw, of the department of geology,to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1918.Assistant Professor Rollin T. Chamberlin, of the department ofgeology, to an associate professorship, from July 1, 191 8.Instructor Eugene A. Stephenson, of the department of geology, toan assistant professorship, from October 1, 191 8.Assistant L. C. Sorrell, of the School of Commerce and Administration, to an instructorship, from October 1, 191 8.136 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLEAVES OF ABSENCEThe Board of Trustees has renewed most of the leaves of absenceheretofore granted to members of the faculties. In addition, leaves ofabsence have been granted to :Instructor A. J. Dempster, of the department of physics, fromNovember 1, 191 7. He has been employed at the Naval ExperimentStation, New London, Connecticut.Professor Forest R. Moulton, of the department of astronomy, fromApril 1, 1918. He has been commissioned major in the OrdnanceReserve Corps of the United States Army, and will direct the computation of range tables and all exterior ballistic data connected with trajectories of shell and shrapnel.George E. Frazer, professorial lecturer of the School of Commerceand Administration, from April 1, 19 18.Associate Professor Allan Hoben, from April 1, 191 8, to serve withthe Young Men's Christian Association in France.Professor Leon C. Marshall, from May, 1918, to have in charge thelabor work of the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation.Associate Professor Algernon Coleman, of the department ofromance languages and literatures, from July 1, 191 8, to act as executive secretary of the Commission on Educational Work in the Americancamps in France under the direction of the National War Work Councilof the Young Men's Christian Association.Professor Theodore G. Soares, of the Divinity School, for theAutumn Quarter, to give special service in speaking at the Americancamps in France.David H. Stevens, of the department of English, from October 1,1918, to enter government service in Washington, D.C.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the faculties:Ethel Bird, lecturer of the School of Commerce and Administration,effective April 1, 191 8.Anna R. Parks, physical director of the School of Education, effective September 30, 191 8.Eleanor Troxell, teacher in the Elementary School, effective September 30, 19 1 8.Instructor Bernice Allen, of the department of home economics inthe University High School, effective September 30, 1918.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 137MISCELLANEOUSProfessor Julius Stieglitz, chairman of the department of chemistry,has been appointed as special expert in the United States Public HealthService of the Department of the Treasury. He will continue in residence in the University. The government assigns him two assistants who will be in the Public Health Service and who will carry outtheir work in Kent Chemical Laboratory under Professor Stieglitz'sdirection.An appropriation has been made for an exhibit of the University atthe Illinois State Fair on the occasion of the celebration of the onehundredth anniversary of the admission of the State of Illinois into theUnion.The University subscribed for $100,000 of the third issue of LibertyLoan bonds. This was exclusive of subscriptions of individuals connected with the University, for whom provision was made for buyingthese bonds by payment in instalments deducted from their salaries.Mrs. George M. Eckels has presented to the University the morevaluable part of the law library of the late Mr. Eckels, which consistsof over 750 bound volumes.An appropriation was made for defraying the expenses of the department of astronomy in observation in Wyoming of the solar eclipse inJune. The observation was in connection with the observatory of theUniversity of Denver.An appropriation has been made for building two additional exitsextending from the south end of the balconies to the stage of LeonMandel Hall. These were provided in order to insure safer and morerapid means of leaving the hall in case of fire or panic.The Columbia Damen Club of Chicago has given $100 as a specialsupplementary scholarship fund for the use of the Germanic department.THE ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL WORK IN THE UNIVERSITYUNDER THE NEW PLANThe Board of Trustees has adopted the following plan of organization of medical work:The University will establish two separate medical schools, each withits own administration and faculty, each providing for instruction andresearch.1. In the Quadrangles on the Midway there will be a medical schoolwith the primary purpose of training students for the degree of Doctorof Medicine. The Bachelor's degree from a reputable college will be138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrequired for admission. Provision will be made for about 350 students.Members of the faculty in the laboratory departments and in the mainclinical departments will give their entire time to teaching and research,receiving no personal fees for practice. The staff of the hospital willconsist of the medical faculty, patients being admitted only if willing tohave their cases used for teaching or research, and the hospital will bea part of the medical school and therefore under the control of the medicalfaculty, subject to the Board of Trustees of the University.This will be a new school in every respect and it will be known as theUniversity of Chicago Medical School.2. In connection with the Presbyterian Hospital and the Trusteesof Rush Medical College there will be a medical school the primarypurpose of which will be the further training of practitioners of medicine.Only students holding the degree of Doctor of Medicine from a reputablemedical school will be admitted. In rare cases the degree of Doctor ofScience in Medicine may be conferred, but usually certificates will begiven under regulations to be recommended to the Board of Trustees bythe faculty. While provision for full-time members of the faculty willbe made to some extent, the faculty as a whole will be on what is knownas the part-time plan. Eminent practitioners of medicine will be soughtfor faculty positions, without interfering with their private practice.Relations with the Presbyterian Hospital and with other co-operatinginstitutions will be determined by the respective contracts. In orderto insure an adequate hospital staff provision will be made for advisorymembers of the faculty, who will have a voice but not a vote in facultymeetings and who will have the right to practice in the hospitals underthe direction of their several departments.As both of the medical schools will be graduate schools, but each in adifferent sense, for the sake of clearness the school on the West Side willbe known as the Postgraduate School.The Trustees of Rush Medical College will cease to give the degreeof Doctor of Medicine, and the Postgraduate School, in its purpose andmethods and in the selection of its faculty, will be an entirely newone, and under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Universityof Chicago. Nevertheless, inasmuch as the organization of the newschool has been made possible by the co-operation of the existing institution, in recognition of that fact and of the long history of the collegewhich now ceases to add new practitioners to the profession, the schoolwill be known as Rush Postgraduate Medical School of the University ofChicago.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1393. Research in medical subjects will be carried on in connection withboth medical schools as circumstances may warrant. The existingcontracts with the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute and with theJohn Rockefeller McCormick Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseaseswill provide at once for definite undertakings of this character, and it isexpected that from time to time other provision for research will be madeunder the direct authority of the University.Medical research will be under the general direction of a UniversityBoard, consisting of the President of the University as chairman, theDean of each medical school, the Director of each affiliated researchinstitution, and four members of the University Faculties appointed bythe Board of Trustees.4. The subject of public health will receive especial attention, bythe development of existing departments and by the establishment ofsuch new departments as may from time to time prove practicable.PRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS OFELI BUELL WILLIAMS, HOBART W.WILLIAMS, THOMAS CHROWDERCHAMBERLINLEON MANDEL ASSEMBLY HALLJUNE n, 1918President Judson: We have met this morning for an interestingfunction, being the presentation to the University of certain portraitswhich are to be preserved in the archives of the University for all time.I assume portraits painted by the master of art who has done these willbe preserved for all time, and we will receive, therefore, something inperpetuity.First, the portraits of Eli Buell Williams and Hobart W. Williams,painted by Ralph Clarkson, will be presented on behalf of the donors byMr. Wallaice Heckman.mr. and mrs. eli buell williams and hobart w. williamsWallace Heckman:In April, 1833, Eli B. Williams with his wife reached Chicago, whichthen consisted of scattered elements of a hamlet of two hundred people,mostly whites and half-breeds. In August, four months later, he withothers met to organize the shanties, huts, and wigwams about the mouthof the Chicago River into a village with a board of trustees. Twenty-eight votes were cast at this meeting for village organization. A yearlater he became a member of this board and two years thereafter president of it.In the latter capacity he made the first Chicago loan for publicimprovements. It was for $60 .00 for the improvement of Clark Street.He held the office of president of the village board until in that capacityhe helped to incorporate the city of Chicago. He kept a store, wasrecorder, was the receiver of public moneys for the government of theUnited States, helped to lay out the school districts, organized the firstEpiscopalian church, the St. James; with associates he brought herethe first theater, the Rialto, at which Joseph Jefferson, then a lad of140Portrait by Ralph ClarksonTHOMAS CHROWDER CHAMBERLINPRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS 141nine years, took part, singing between acts. He became interested inindustrial corporations, helped to create the Chicago Gas Light andCoke Company, of which he was director, assisted in the organizationof the Rivers and Harbors Convention in 1847, and the promotion of theproject vital to Chicago — the Illinois and Michigan Canal.For twenty years he was active in every enterprise for the improvement of the city and in every movement for public welfare. In these andthe activities attendant to leadership in a growing community, thisunpretentious, strong man built his life into the social, political, religious,and industrial structure of Chicago. He maintained a hospitable homein an ample, dignified colonial house at Monroe Street and WabashAvenue. He made judicious investments in real estate and left something of a fortune.Owing to the inheritance of this fortune and natural characteristicsthere came to Hobart W. Williams an outlook different from that whichhis father faced in his youth. Shrinking from public office, anythinglike conspicuous position or display was distasteful to him. He metresponsibility with sound judgment and steadfastly increased his property. He cherished his relation to his native city and state and had ajust sense of the potentialities of the means at his disposal.He canvassed the schools and educational institutions and has provided substantial support for a well-selected group of them. Finally;having for several years considered the subject he concluded that therewas one branch of instruction not adequately provided for, so far as heknew, namely, instruction in administration and business in connectionwith university work, which he considered would distinctly add to theefficiency and usefulness of educated men.Now it happened that two constructive educational men, PresidentJudson and Dean Marshall, with whom he had no connection and whohad no knowledge of him, had already worked out a carefully organizedplan for this branch of instruction but had been hampered year afteryear for lack of funds. Just at this emergent time an inquiry came overthe telephone to an officer of the University asking as to the form whicha deed should take conveying property to the University, the income ofwhich was to be devoted to instruction in commerce and administration.The deed thus wholly unsolicited was afterward made. It was of theWilliams homestead at Wabash Avenue and Monroe Street, in value notless than $2,000,000, a memorial from Hobart W. Williams to his parents.It seems fitting that today his portrait should be hung by the sideof that of his father on the walls of the University. High standards142 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof character, sound, farsighted judgment, and search to be of servicecharacterize alike father and son. Their lives are a part of the historyof Chicago and will therein be preserved, but henceforward they willactively endure with freshening usefulness as a part of the foundationof the educational work of the University.Mr. President, I have the distinguished pleasure and honor of presenting to the University of Chicago the portraits of Eli B. and Hobart W.Williams, painted by that master of his art, Ralph Clarkson.President Judson: The audience are requested to take theseportraits on faith until the final unveiling of all. The portrait of ThomasChrowder Chamberlin, painted by Ralph Clarkson, will be presentedon behalf of the donor by Professor Bailey Willis, professor of geology,Leland Stanford Junior University.THOMAS CHROWDER CHAMBERLINBailey Willis, Professor of Geology, Leland Stanford Junior University:We are gathered here today to enjoy a rare privilege, the privilege ofexpressing frankly, sincerely, and cordially our appreciation of one whomwe love and honor. Our privilege is the higher because our friend isgreat. He is wise as he is human, loyal as he is lovable, faithful infriendship as he is farseeing in research.Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin is one of the great minds of scienceand his heart is as great as his mind.Large of stature as he is large of brain, he is a man whose manhoodhas been proved in every sphere of activity, which called for energy,endurance, and vitality. He carries on today vigorously, after seventy-four years of unsparing demand upon his physical powers, and we haveevery reason to hope that our cherished wish that he may carry on formany years to come will be fulfilled.He is thoroughly a man. I have seen him so angry in debate thathe brought his fist down on the table and said he would resign if thegrounds of his argument were not recognized; and yet he is most reasonable, for he did not resign, although the grounds of his argument werenot recognized.Chamberlin's purpose has always been constructive. The impulseof the builder has ever been conspicuous in his mental work. It appearsat every point of his career, from the time of his young manhood, whenhe built up the geological survey of Wisconsin, throughout his presidencyPRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS 143of Beloit and of the University of Wisconsin, to the constructive periodof the University of Chicago, and throughout his activity on innumerablecommittees of the communities in which he has lived. The constructivepurpose stands out as characteristic of the man's nature.In science also his activity has been that of a great builder, although,as fate would have it, he was first obliged to destroy old structuresbecause they stood in the way of the nobler structures which must bebuilt.Chamberlin combines the mentality of the explorer with that of thepoet. He possesses in a high degree the power of imagination whichdistinguishes them both. But he is greater than the explorers of strangelands, even as Columbus was greater than Cortes, in that in him love ofadventure is dominated by love of truth; and Chamberlin outsoars thepoet in that his imagination rises into realms of truth beyond thosereached by a Tennyson or a Browning, yet remains ever conscious of thedominance of eternal law.Man's nature is threefold— physical, mental, and moral; and of thesethe most vital is the moral nature. Who that knows Chamberlin personally or through his writings can fail to appreciate the profound moralpurpose which guides him ? Respect for fact, which is but another termfor truth; honesty of thinking both with himself and with others; feelingand purpose characterized by kindliness, generosity, forbearance, andaffection toward his fellows; aspiration, idealism which projects theevolution of the soul in a great vision of the future as continuous astime itself — these are the elements of the moral character which towersabove the plane of our common humanity and yet is sympathetic to allsincere men.His human hope, that keenest indicator of the spiritual quality of aman's soul, is broad, far-reaching, aspiring. None has ever envisioneda brighter future for humanity than he. Beyond all the limitations oftheir lower natures, vestiges of the past of men, he sees the inevitableevolution of a higher mentality, a superior morality; an evolution notfinite, not within our weak grasp, but infinite in its possibilities, everapproaching, yet never .attaining, the divine ideal, which itself must evertake on loftier attributes.I listened once to a discussion of the future of the human race betweenChamberlin and James Bryce. The latter maintained the inheritedview that the duration of warmth sufficient to sustain life on the earthis limited to a few thousand years, and that consequently the evolutionof man could not present a very hopeful outlook. Chamberlin was on144 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe eve of a journey to study China and the Chinese with a view to ascertaining the conditions which might limit the higher education of thatpeople in their possible development. He replied to Bryce convincinglyon geologic and cosmic evidence that the outlook for the persistence ofliving conditions on the earth is unlimited, and in illustration of his hopefor the evolution of man stated that it were not worth while for him tovisit China nor for others to concern themselves with the Chinese, ifman's existence were limited to a few thousand or hundred thousandyears. Four was the multiple which had been used, and Chamberlindeclared warmly that not 4,000 nor 400,000 nor 400,000,000 years couldin his judgment be regarded as the span of human evolution.Yet immeasurable as is his concept of the future of man, even sogreat are the possibilities of growth from individual effort. We plantbut a small seed. We see but little of its growth. But if we have plantedthe right seed wisely we may be sure of its perpetuation, yes of theimmortality of its vital principle.Let us briefly suggest the transformation of geologic science, whichhas been brought about by the searching investigations and creativethought of this truly great man.The geology in which Chamberlin and his contemporaries wereeducated was a stony fossilized science — like a piece of petrified wood,it represented what had been. It told of a past. Its present consistedonly in certain economic applications to industry. Future, geology hadnone except to trace the decadence of a moribund earth.In cosmogony the beautiful theory of Laplace, as Chamberlin hasjustly described it, satisfactorily explained the origin of the solar system.That it was inconsistent with the fundamental laws of gravitation wasnot dreamed of, but it was to be demonstrated only after half a centuryby the philosophic insight of Chamberlin, co-operating with the mathematical genius of Moulton.So intimate is the logical sequence of cause and effect that themistaken theory of the origin of the earth carried with it errors of interpretation of the evolution of all later stages. Not only was our inferenceregarding the dynamics of crustal wrinkling wrong, but also our inheritedviews regarding the history of the atmosphere and thus even of theevolution of life itself.The geology of half a century ago comprised two groups of concepts. Those which were founded directly upon observation and whichhave stood the test of time, and those which were developed by brilliantthinkers upon the too narrow foundation of facts then available andPRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS 145which, because the foundation was not broad enough, have fallen. Itis but a trite observation to point out the inevitable result of suchtheorizing, but it is worth while to call attention to the fact that the basalhypothesis, the nebular hypothesis of Laplace, fettered geology by thevery perfection of its mathematical logic, carrying erroneous implicationsinto every branch of the science through the error that lay at its heart.In discovering that error, in demonstrating the fatal inconsistencybetween the mathematical consequences of the Laplacian theory andthe facts of the solar system, Chamberlin and Moulton freed geology,took the foundations from beneath mistaken hypotheses, and openedup new vistas of research to geologists and astronomers.In emphasizing the value of this negation of the geologic faith inwhich Chamberlin had been taught, let us hasten to recognize that hedid not arrive at it by choice. He was not a willing iconoclast. Ineager search for the truth he came upon established beliefs which barredfurther progress, and he broke through them because there was no otherway to truth.Chamberlin's purpose is always constructive, and to achieve itsurely he devised and employs the method which of all methods buildsthe structure of hypothesis most securely. It is the procedure which hehas made familiar as the method of multiple hypotheses.The method of multiple hypotheses consists in framing all possibleexplanations of any given set of facts and in then proceeding to testeach hypothesis by critical criteria which it can meet only if true. Itis not a natural method, for hypotheses are the students' intellectualchildren and he submits them to the ordeal of a fatal question only whenlove of self is dominated by love of truth. But it might be said to beNature's method, for Nature provides for her offspring the test of multiple chances and lets those survive who can. Chamberlin deliberatelybut fairly checks every brilliant flight of his scientifically trained imagination by the cold analysis of reason before it has been able, so to speak,to carry him beyond the sphere of control of merciless logic. It is wellto bear this fact in mind as we turn to the subject of his great constructivework in science.The planetesimal hypothesis of the origin of the earth is as indissol-ubly associated with the name of Chamberlin as is the nebular hypothesis with that of Laplace. It is the survivor of a family of hypotheses,the children of Chamberlin's brain, whom he has subjected inexorablyto the tests of uncompromising fact. It is the only survivor of the largenumber of tentative explanations of the earth's origin which sprang146 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfrom a searching analysis of the possibilities of gaseous, meteoritic, ornebular genesis of the planets and their satellites. This fact gives usfaith in its inherent soundness. Yet Chamberlin himself has said of it:"The interpretations we offer are tentative. The final story of the birthof the earth will come only after a time, when the vestiges of creationhave been more faithfully rendered than is now possible."In thus speaking he follows consistently the long-established habit ofhis mind to hold all theories subject to the tests of advancing knowledge.The planetesimal hypothesis assumes that the solar system is sprungfrom a spiral nebula, that the material which is now gathered in the solarsystem was contained in that nebula in cold, separate particles, havingtheir appropriate relation to the central mass, and that each of the planetshas grown by the gathering together of the particles which were withinthe gravitative attraction of a particular knot in the nebular arm. Theparticles gathered together, some of them, and became the earth. Inthat simple phrase, "became the earth," is comprised the whole story ofgeology. The aggregation of mass, the assembling of energy, the infinitechanges of chemical, physical, biological character, which have goneon in the growth of the earth, constitute a group of related problems ofthe most intricate and the most fascinating kind.Chamberlin has entered upon these problems one by one, haspresented a solution for them, tracing the history of the earth from thedays when it was a young, tiny earth, with a small radius, up to its presentadolescent stage; and furthermore he pursues, through all terrestrialtime, the evolution of the atmosphere, the evolution of life, down, notonly to the present day, but far beyond, as I have said, into the remotestpossibilities that the human mind can grasp.Following upon the proof that the doctrine of Laplace contains atits heart an error which nullifies its conclusions, the positive contributionof the planetesimal hypothesis and its consequences, places the nameof Chamberlin among the great names of science — with Laplace, withDarwin, with others of the greatest names — among those who have ledour thoughts on and created for us a new world, as different from theold world of geology as Europe was from America in the days ofColumbus.Although Chamberlin has been a great leader, he has never workedalone. One of the grounds for faith in his conclusions is the fact thatthey are always the result of team work. To adopt an athletic simile,Chamberlin has been a star player, but he has always played with theteam, and the team has always had its opportunity and done its share ofPRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS 147the work. It would be hard to say how many have played on thoseteams. In lecture-room, in seminar, in discussion with his students andcolleagues, Chamberlin, the sympathetic man, has always been in touchwith every inquiring mind, and, as is true of every great teacher, he hasdrawn from those minds a response which stimulated his own. Thusthere are hundreds who have unconsciously shared in the development ofhis thought, while there are others who consciously and most effectivelyhave taken part in his research.We may say that it would have been impossible for Chamberlin tosolve the problems of celestial mathematics had it not been for association with Forrest Ray Moulton, the great mathematician. Moulton'sname stands beside that of Laplace as an interpreter of the mechanicsand mathematics of the heavens, and his work has been to Chamberlinindispensable.There is another associated since his boyhood with Chamberlin, aman who is modest, sincere, always devoted, a thorough student, andwise teacher. Rollin D. Salisbury has always stood by as Chamberlin'sright-hand man in constructive work in geology and in the work of thisUniversity. His name must always be associated with that of Chamberlin as co-author of the new geology which has been built up on thebasis of the planetesimal hypothesis.It is hard to know whom most to congratulate in speaking of anothercollaborator of Chamberlin's, whether Chamberlin the older or Chamberlin the younger. It is a rare good fortune that the son has inheritedthe father's breadth of vision and power of purpose. The father isfortunate in having his son work beside him; the son is most fortunatein having chosen such a father.Among others who have worked with Chamberlin there are Lunn,MacMillan, McCoy, Stieglitz, Michelson, who have contributed helpfully in the solution of problems and testing of hypotheses which sprangfrom his inspiring thought.Ours is the valued privilege of knowing and collaborating with ourgreat leader. We are gathered today to pay tribute to his genius, inwhich we recognize the driving power of reason, the inspiring force ofimagination, the guiding recognition of law. In recording our appreciation, we testify to his leadership as that of the most profound thinker,the most farseeing philosopher who has yet appeared in geology andastronomy in America or Europe. And to this testimonial to his standing in the realm of thought we join the assurance of that affection whichhis own sympathy with his fellow-men evokes.148 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt has been the wish of many of us that not only Chamberlin's writings but his personality also might be perpetuated for future generations.Through the initiative of Professor J. Paul Goode a committee wasformed to obtain a portrait of Professor Chamberlin, and we were fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Ralph Clarkson, whose skill hasbrought out in striking likeness the strong cordial spirit of the man, inthe familiar attitude of eager inquiry as he sits leaning toward you,giving freely of his own thought and drawing out all that you have togive him of the truth.Mr. President, I have the honor to present to you, on behalf of hiscolleagues and students represented by the committee (J Harlen Bretz,Albert D. Brokaw, Henry C. Cowles, J. Paul Goode, Eugene A. Stephenson, and Stuart Weller), the Clarkson portrait, to be preserved in theHalls of the University as an everlasting presence of the personality ofour great friend and leader, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin.acceptance on behalf of the university of chicagoPresident Judson:It affords me great pleasure, on behalf of the University of Chicago,to receive these gifts, which will indeed be preserved among the permanent archives of the University we hope so long as the University is.These portraits are memorials of men very different, and yet incertain fundamentals very much alike — in possessing certain ruggedqualities of American citizenship, which mean so much to the life andperpetuity of our Republic. Indeed, it will be a sad day for our land ifsuch qualities vanish away.Mr. Williams and his son, men of ability, men of energy, men ofuprightness, devoted themselves to long lives of business. They weremen of ability, without which, after all, great success is seldom acquiredin this world. Those who have lived a long life in educational workrealize very keenly that there is a sharp difference among men in theirnatural intellectual endowments, or, if I may use a homely simile, thatthere are some who were not on the front seat when brains were distributed. However that may be, even ability goes not far withoutsustained energy, and certainly in business life uprightness is a valuableasset. I was told when a lad, by a man of large success in business,that a young man's greatest business asset was a reputation for integrity,far more valuable than money, acquired with great difficulty and easilyPRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS 149lost. In the long lives of these two men, Mr. Williams and his son,their integrity of character was without fault or blemish.The gift came, as Mr. Heckman has told us, unsolicited, an absolutesurprise. To the best of my knowledge, no member of the Board ofTrustees and no member of the Faculties had any personal acquaintancewith Mr. Hobart Williams. I do not know whether he knew what wewere planning and trying to bring to pass in the School of Commerceand Administration. I do know that his gift came at a most opportunetime to make that school an assured success.The portraits of Mr. Williams and his son will be unveiled by thesecretary of the School of Commerce and Administration and its presentadministrative head, Professor Wright.One of the most modest men with whom it has been my fortune tobe even remotely associated is Mr. Hobart W. Williams. His* modestyis so great that his personality is extremely illusive. I have conductedcertain correspondence with him, but have never been able to call onhim to express my personal appreciation. He was invited to be presenttoday, and I received a very courteous note yesterday expressing hisvery great regret at the impossibility of his being here.Again we have the portrait of a rugged American character, possessedin his way of the same qualities, of sound ability, tireless energy, and thefinest intellectual integrity. We do not always realize that one of themost essential qualities of a man of science is, after all, honesty withhimself and with his work. It is the foundation of all scientific success.It means the testing of all his studies by tests which shall prove themunfailingly to be either true or lacking in truth; that he has no prepossessions, no preconceived opinions, which he cannot abandon in a momentif proven to be unsound — and that intellectual integrity is the real testof a man of absolute scientific qualities. Without that he belongs to thecommon herd of people who believe what they wish to believe and notwhat they must believe. We have today a portrait presented to us ofone of the founders of the University of Chicago, of one of the foundersof modern geologic thought, of one of the founders of the highest schoolsof intellectual and scientific integrity — Professor T. C. Chamberlin.That will be unveiled by one of his students and colleagues, ProfessorGoode.You will all bear witness, ladies and gentlemen, that that is a sgeak-ing likeness, and I am going to prove it by testing it alongside of theoriginal, Professor Chamberlin.*5o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Chamberlin:Mr. President, My Friends:I appreciate very profoundly the honors of this hour. I wish Icould feel that I was altogether worthy of all that has been said, but Iknow the sincerity of my friend and not unwillingly defer to his judgment.I rejoice that at least I have created the feeling that the work which Ihave tried to do is sincere and genuine, as far as I could make it; thatit has been carefully and conscientiously done, and is, therefore, perhapsthe more likely to last.I am profoundly grateful for this token of regard from those withwhom I have labored. To the teacher the appreciation of his studentsis grateful beyond all else. That those with whom I have worked in theschoolroom, in the study, and in the laboratory — and who have, as Professor Willis has so justly said, been real participants in my work —should desire to express at this time, before my work is complete, andbefore I have passed away, their appreciation in this significant waytouches my deepest sense of gratitude. That my colleagues and scientific friends should have desired to unite with them in this expressionadds to the depth of my thankfulness.I wish to thank Dr. Willis for laying emphasis on the things that Ihave been most anxious to do, however inadequately I have done them,and for his kind interpretation of the spirit in which I have tried to work.It is especially gratifying that he has laid particular stress on those aspectsthat happen to be dearest to me. The view that stability in the pastand great endurance in the future are prime attributes of our planet —that part of creation in which we are participants — is the one tenetabout which my affections cling more strongly than any other. It isto me supremely satisfactory that a prolonged study of the earth yieldssteadily accumulating evidence of fundamental conditions that give agenerous outlook for our race. This gives an enlarged value to whatwe ourselves may do; it is lasting in kind. It is gratifying to feel thatadequate time is likely to be given for truth to work out its good influencesin spite t of the adverse effects of untruth. If the earth is to pass awayin a few thousand years — at least as a habitable globe — the good andbad seem so nearly balanced in this initial stage of our evolution thattheir equated value is relatively small and the creation of the earthseems scarcely to have been worth while; but if adequate time is tobe granted so that the truth may grow and may fully prove itself, andthe good triumph over the bad because it is good, the outlook for thefuture becomes inspiring to the last degree. And so I rejoice that atPRESENTATION OF PORTRAITS 151least this thought, which I cherish and fondly believe will be sustainedby the realities of the future, has been given emphasis, because I believeit to be among the most vital of the inferences that may be drawn fromthe record of the earth. This interpretation gives to the long history ofthe earth, and to the slow evolution of man up to the stage at which hehas now arrived, an adequate meaning and gives ground for the prophecyof still more profound significance in the unfoldings of the future.I desire to express my special appreciation of the patience and genialskill with which Mr. Clarkson managed his subject during what musthave been a trying effort to portray his characteristics. With raretact he touched the springs of spontaneous thought and drew forth dayafter day the reactions he wished to convey to the canvas. You canjudge far better than I the extent to which he has been successful inrealizing a true portraiture.The kind words of our President are very grateful. The goodopinion of those with whom and for whom one labors ranks among thegreatest rewards of one's life. From one whom I so much admire andlove, words of appreciation and affection are especially dear.President Judson: I said a word a few moments ago about theextreme modesty of Mr. Hobart W- Williams. We have with us thismorning another very modest gentleman. The artist, whose activebrain and facile hands have given us these magnificent works whichwe shall preserve with such great pleasure through all the years, wasintended to be on the platform. The vacant chair there he should haveoccupied. He preferred not to be seen; but if Ralph Clarkson hasbrought with him a likeness of himself I wish he would rise and showit to us. [Mr. Clarkson arose.] We should have been quite willinghad that proved to be a speaking likeness.Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the University, then, I beg leaveformally, officially, and with great pleasure, to accept these generousgifts, which we shall preserve among our precious memorials and ourprecious possessions.I thank all those who have been concerned in obtaining them, theartist who has done so splendidly in producing them, and I tender mywarm regards to Mr. Williams in the distance, and to our good friend andfellow-worker, Professor Chamberlin, here.MR. AND MRS. ELI BUELL WILLIAMSANDHOBART W. WILLIAMSBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDIt was in 1833 that the hamlet of Chicago began to grow into a village.During that year nearly a hundred men, some of them bringing theirfamilies with them, made their homes in the little settlement. Amongthe settlers of that year were Mr. and Mrs. Eli B. Williams, who arrivedin Chicago on April 14, 1833. They came from Toland, Connecticut,Mr. Williams being in his thirty-fifth year. The maiden name of Mrs.Williams was Harriet Bissell.Rufus Blanchard in his Discovery of the Northwest has preserved thefollowing incident of Mr. Williams' family history:At Toland, Conn., in his father's house, John Buell Fitch planned and built thefirst steam engine ever made. He, with his assistants, worked secretly in the basementof the house and continued their labors till the engine was in practical working order:the first of its kind While at work on it, says Mr. Williams, the screechingof files, the clink of hammers, and hissing of steam, heard outside, excited the credulityand superstition of the age, till witchcraft was suspected and the whole neighborhoodwas beset with fear from what was going on in the mysterious basement.Out of that basement issued a practical steam engine (not of course thefirst one), which successfully propelled a passenger boat on the DelawareRiver.Mr. Williams seems to have had some means on his arrival in Chicago.He came with Mrs. Williams in his own carriage, crossing the CalumetRiver at what is now South Chicago, making his way thence through theoak openings which extended to the new settlement at the forks of theChicago River. Nearing the hamlet, they left Fort Dearborn on theirright hand and drove to the forks of the river, where they found a logtavern kept by Mack Beaubien. Indians were lounging about the door,and Mrs. Williams, not liking their appearance, persuaded her husbandto go on toward a hotel which they saw on the west side of the southbranch. They drove across the river on a floating log bridge and put upat this West Side house.152Portrait by Ralph ClarksonELI BUELL WILLIAMSE. B. WILLIAMS, H. W. WILLIAMS 153Mr. Williams was looking for a place which promised a good openingfor business. Considering that Congress had recently made appropriations for improving the river and harbor, that preliminary steps hadbeen taken toward digging the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and thatthere was a fair prospect that Chicago would in course of time grow into atown of respectable size, Mr. Williams decided to make it his home.In 1833 the population, exclusive of Indians and soldiers, did notexceed two hundred. But there was a garrison in Fort Dearborn, andseveral hundred Indians lived in or near the town. New settlers werebeginning to arrive, and their numbers daily increased. A hundred andfifty frame buildings were erected during 1833. There were only half adozen stores, and Mr. Williams quickly decided that there was a businessopening for him. He therefore concluded to open a store at once. Hisplace of business was on South Water Street east of Dearborn Street.There were two other stores on South Water Street. George W. Dole waslocated near the corner of Clark Street and P. F. W. Peck near thecorner of La Salle Street. Mr. Williams built the frame of his storefrom timber cut from the forests on the North Side and hewn with abroadax. The weatherboarding came from St. Joseph, Michigan, andthe flooring from a sawmill which Mr. Naper had just built at Naperville,thirty or more miles southwest of Chicago.A few months after the arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Williams an electionwas held, August 10, 1833, to organize the hamlet into a town. Thetwenty-eight votes cast at this election show how very few qualifiedvoters the new town contained. The fact that one year later Mr. Williams was elected a member of the town board of trustees and in 1836was elected president of the board indicates how quickly the people recognized his character and ability and how well he deserved the recognition.The principal north and south highway was Clark Street. In wetweather it was impassable in low places, and no places were high. Aditch on both sides of the street was an imperative necessity. Therewas no money in the town treasury, and after much importunityMr. Williams secured a loan of $60, but only by becoming personallyresponsible for the money. The ditches were dug, thus beginning internal improvements in Chicago and making one street possible of travelin most weathers.The town during the period from Mr. Williams' arrival in the springof 1833 to the autumn of 1836 had a remarkable increase in population.The two hundred inhabitants of April, 1833, had increased in three anda half years to nearly four thousand. A great real estate boom was in154 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprogress, and a vision of the Chicago that was to be had begun to dawnupon men's minds. The citizens were no longer satisfied with a towngovernment, and a movement was started in the fall of 1836 for thedevelopment of the town into a city. It devolved upon Mr. Williams,as president of the town trustees, to appoint a part of the committeeto which was intrusted the drawing up of the charter for the new city.Mr. and Mrs. Williams in 1834 took part in organizing the firstEpiscopal church in Chicago, St. James. Mr. Williams was one of adozen men responsible for the organization of the parish. After Chicagobecame a city he continued to occupy positions of public trust. He wasan alderman for the first ward in the City Council from 1838 to 1839,and again from 1852 to 1855, when it was a greater honor to representthe first ward than it has since become. Ten years later he was made acommissioner of the city reform school.The year 1838 brought the first theater to Chicago. After a shortseason in the spring the management returned in the autumn for a moreextended one. A building called the Rialto, an old auction-room in thecenter of the business district on the west side of Dearborn Street,between Lake and South Water streets, was rented and a license soughtfrom the City Council. A contest at once arose over the question ofgranting it. H. L. Rucker, Mr. Williams, and Grant Goodrich wereappointed a committee to consider the question. Judge Goodrichvigorously opposed granting the license, first, on moral grounds, andsecondly, because the Rialto was of flimsy wooden construction and,being located in the center of the business section, its use as a theaterwould greatly increase the danger of a conflagration and thus be an economic as well as a moral menace to the community. Mr. Williams andMr. Rucker, however, satisfying themselves that the citizens generallydesired the opening of such a place of amusement, reported in favor ofgranting the license. The Council adopted the report. The incidentis mentioned because this theater brought to Chicago Joseph Jefferson,who was a member of the company which played in Chicago in the falland winter of 1838. He was then a child of nine years, and his only partconsisted in singing one or two songs between the acts.The following year, 1839, the first city directory was prepared, andin it Mr. Williams appears as "Recorder, cor. Clark & Randolph Sts.and groceries etc., South Water St." Five years later he was appointedregister of the United States land office. In the directory of 1843 heappears as "Merchant, res. Washington, between State and DearbornSts." For twenty years or more he occupied public positions of re-Portrait by Ralph ClarksonHOBART W. WILLIAMSE. B. WILLIAMS, H. W. WILLIAMS 155sponsibility. He was interested in all movements connected with thegeneral welfare. Before the town became a city he assisted in organizing its school districts. He was among the foremost of those who broughtabout the great River and Harbor Convention of 1847. At the preliminary Chicago meeting called to arrange for that convention he wasmade one of the two vice-presidents.How long Mr. Williams continued to carry on the store he establishedin 1833 is not known, but not later than 1846. He began in 1850 tobecome actively interested in some of those public-utility corporationswhich have since played so important a part in the business history ofChicago. In that year the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company wasorganized. The plant of the company was on the south side of MonroeStreet near Market Street, just east of the south branch of the river,From the beginning Mr. Williams was one of the directors of thecompany.In politics he was a democrat, and in 1852 was a delegate to thestate convention of his party.In 1853 he was appointed receiver of public moneys and shortlyafter disbursing agent for the United States Depositary at Chicago.The office was in the old post-office on Clark Street, between Randolphand Lake streets, adjoining the ground now covered by the Hotel Sherman. Mr. Williams sometimes took more than $50,000 in gold to depositwith the United States subtreasury in St. Louis. The need of the officewas passing, however, and Mr. Williams was the last of the United Statestax receivers in Chicago, the office being closed in 1855 and its worktransferred to St. Louis.In the closing years of his mercantile career Mr. Williams took oneor more partners to whom he finally sold the business. He made veryprofitable investments in real estate located at points which turned outto be in or near the center of Chicago's business district. He had theforesight to hold these properties and the good fortune to see themcontinually increase in value.The rapid expansion of the Chicago business district soon compelledMr. and Mrs. Williams to seek a home for a family residence south ofWashington Street. They went some distance away and built theirpermanent home on a large lot on the southeast corner of WabashAvenue and Monroe Street, where they would be undisturbed by theencroachments of business! The lot had a front of a hundred andsixty feet on Wabash Avenue. Here they built a handsome colonialframe house, set well back from the avenue and surrounded by large156 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtrees and shrubbery. But in the late sixties business once more drovethem out. Mr. Williams rented the house and lot, and for a number ofyears the house was known as the Maison Doree and was a high-classladies' restaurant and ice-cream parlor. Then came the fire of 1871and swept it away. In 1876 Mr. Williams replaced the house with abusiness block known as the Williams Building, a great, six-story stoneblock, covering the entire lot. During their later years Mr. and Mrs.Williams, when in Chicago, lived in one or the other of the city hotels, butmuch of their time was passed in travel.In 1879 an old settlers' reception was held by the Calumet Club atwhich "Long" John Wentworth made an address in which he referredby name to the men present who had settled in Chicago in the thirtiesor earlier. In the course of the address he said, "I see the presidentof one of the old boards of town trustees, Eli B. Williams, here . . . .and in justice to that board it should be said that it was wound upwithout owing a dollar." Mr. Williams was then about eighty yearsof age. He remained in Chicago another year and then took Mrs.Williams for a trip to Europe. From this journey he did not return,dying in Paris on March 24, 1881. Mrs. Williams returned to Chicagoand made her home at the Palmer House. Going abroad again shevisited Paris and in the same city in which her husband had died fiveyears before she also passed away, June 16, 1886. Both husband andwife were buried in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago. Mr. Williams wasalways greatly interested in the upbuilding of the city. He saw it growfrom an insignificant hamlet of two or three hundred people to a greatmetropolis of seven hundred thousand and begin to dream of becomingthe largest city in the world.The children of Mr. and Mrs. Williams were two, a son still livingin 1918, and a daughter who died in infancy. The surviving son,Hobart W. Williams, was born in Chicago, November 14, 1837, andreceived his education in the schools of that city and abroad. He nevermarried, and after the death of his parents spent much of his time in theneighborhood in Connecticut where they had lived in early life. Hecontinued, however, to consider Chicago as his home and to cherish alively interest in his native city and in Illinois.Having no near relatives to whom he wished to leave his propertyhe felt that nothing could be more appropriate than to distribute itamong the institutions of religion, education, and charity in the stateand city where it had been acquired. He decided that he would makethis distribution during his own lifetime that he might himself witnessTHE WILLIAMS HOME (1851^1871)THE WILLIAMS BUILDING (1876-19 18)E. B. WILLIAMS, H. W. WILLIAMS 157some of the results of his benefactions and that he might be certain thatthe purposes he had in mind would be carried out.He therefore, through the Merchants Loan and Trust Company ofChicago, established a trust on his personal estate, amounting to $2,115,-000, in favor of five institutions of learning in Illinois and five charitableinstitutions in Chicago. The income from this great sum is to go tothese ten institutions, share and share alike, so that each one of themwill receive annually and in perpetuity from six to ten thousand dollars.After deliberate inquiry Mr. Williams chose the following as his educational beneficiaries: Monmouth College, Rockford College for Women,Illinois College at Jacksonville, James Millikin University at Decatur,and Illinois Wesleyen University at Bloomington. The five institutionsof charity were the Old Peoples Home in Chicago, the Chicago Homefor Aged Persons, the Chicago Commons Association, the ChicagoOrphan Asylum, and the Chicago Home for Destitute Crippled Children.Mr. Williams' real estate exceeded in value the personal propertyin this great, benevolent distribution. He divided this among theChicago Young Men's Christian Association, St. Luke's Hospital, andthe University of Chicago. To St. Luke's he gave the property wherethe original Williams store of 1833 stood, on South Water Street, betweenState and Dearborn streets. The Clark street property, north of theHotel Sherman, where the depositary of the United States land officestood sixty-five years ago, he gave to the Chicago Young Men's Christian Association. To the University of Chicago he conveyed the property on the southeast corner of Wabash Avenue and Monroe Street,having a front of one hundred and sixty feet on Wabash Avenue and adepth of one hundred and seventy-one feet on Monroe Street. This wasthe site of the residence of Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Williams, as already related, before the corner became business property. The smallest valuationplaced on it was two million dollars. It was provided that this shouldconstitute a "special endowment fund in memory and honor of Eh B.Williams and Harriet B. Williams, the parents of the donor. It is to beknown as the " Eli B. Williams and Harriet B. Williams Memorial Fund."The income of the property is to be devoted to payment for "instructionin commercial or business studies or in studies relating or allied thereto,"and to "the purpose of assisting poor and deserving students" in thoseand other studies.Excepting only the gifts of the founder, tjiis is the greatest contribution that has been made to the University since its inception in 1889.153 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is all the more notable from the fact that the donor, Mr. Hobart W.Williams, was self-moved in making it, proffering the great donationwithout solicitation from the officers of the University. The firstintimation the University received that this great donation was to bemade was an inquiry over the telephone as to how a piece of real estateshould be deeded to it. It was only in subsequent interviews that themagnitude of the gift was disclosed. The contribution, one of the greatest in the history of education, was made in 191 6. It is certain to makethe School of Commerce and Administration one of the largest and mostbeneficent in what seems destined to be one of the leading universitiesof the world. And it will build the lives of Eli Buell Williams and HarrietBissell Williams and their son, the donor, Hobart W. Williams, into thepermanent life of Chicago and of American education.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Seventh Convocation was held in Hutchinson Court,Tuesday, June n, at 4:30 p.m. TheConvocation Orator was the Very Reverend Sir George Adam Smith, LL.D.,Litt.D., F.B.A., Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Aberdeen University. Theorator appeared in the uniform of a chaplain of the Territorial Forces of the British Army.The award of honors included the election of three students to associate membership in Sigma Xi, three students tomembership in Sigma Xi, and forty-fivestudents to membership in the Betaof Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the title of Associate, 167; the certificate of the Collegeof Education, 41; the degree of Bachelorof Arts, 13; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy, 241; the degree of Bachelorof Science, 70. The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 28; the degreeof Bachelor of Divinity, 5. The LawSchool: the degree of Bachelor of Laws,10; the degree of Doctor of Law, 13.The Graduate School of Arts, Literature,and Science: the degree of Master ofArts, 33; the degree of Master of Science,7; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 18.During the academic year 191 7-18 thefollowing titles, certificates, and degreeshave been conferred by the University:The Title of Associate 350The Certificate of the Two Years' Coursein the College of Education 61The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science 498The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science in Education 109The Degree of Bachelor of Laws 20The Degree of Master of Arts in the Divinity School 48The Degree of Master of Arts or Sciencein the Graduate Schools 153The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity .... 13The Degree of Doctor of Law 26The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy inthe Divinity School 3The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy inthe Graduate Schools 74 The Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Court on the evening ofJune 8. In the receiving line were President and Mrs. Judson, Sir George AdamSmith, and Mr. and Mrs. T. E. Donnelley.At the Convocation Religious Servicein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Sunday,June 9, the sermon was delivered by theReverend Theodore Gerald Soares.^ At the Alumni Dinner, Saturday eve-nmg> June 8, addresses were made by Professor S. H. Clark, the Reverend E. P., Savage, Lieutenant Paul Perigord, of theFrench Army, and President Harry PrattJudson. The alumni presented to theUniversity a service flag bearing 1,068stars, representing the men in service inthe Army and the Navy for whom thereis an exact record.The Phi Beta Kappa address at theUniversity of Chicago was given onJune 10 by Professor Charles HubbardJudd, Ph.D., LL.D., director of theSchool of Education. His subject was"Industry and the Liberal Arts."GENERAL ITEMSA full report of the activities of theUniversity of Chicago War Service willbe included in the October number of theUniversity Record.Professor Charles Edward Merriam, ofthe University of Chicago, captain in theAviation Section of the Signal Corps, whowas ordered to Rome to take charge of theItalian headquarters of the United Statesgovernment propaganda bureau, recentlyarrived in London on his way to Italy.Assistant Professor Rudolph Altrocchi, ofthe department of Romance languages andliteratures will be associated with CaptainMerriam.Both members of the department ofpublic speaking, Associate Professor S. H.Clark and Assistant Professor Bertram G.Nelson, were granted leaves of absenceduring the Spring Quarter by the Board ofTrustees to give their services to the government in the way of public addresses159i6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand the training of public speakers in thecause of patriotism. Professor Nelsonwas especially active in the recent LibertyLoan campaigns in Chicago, not onlygiving many addresses himself, but training many four-minute men for theirwork.At the semi-centennial celebration ofthe University of California ProfessorJames Hayden Tufts, head of the department of philosophy, gave the BarbaraWeinstock Lecture, his subject being"The Ethics of Co-operation." Professor Tufts was one of the official representatives of the University of Chicagoat the celebration. He also gave anaddress before the teachers of the BayAssociation on the subject of "MoralEducation."Professor James Henry Breasted, chairman of the department of Oriental languages and literatures and director ofthe Haskell Oriental Museum, receivedthe honorary degree of Doctor of Lawfrom the University of California at itssemi-centennial celebration. ProfessorBreasted gave a series of lectures on"Egyptian Civilization and Its Place inHistory" as a part of the semi-centennialprogram.At the one hundred and thirtiethannual meeting of the American OrientalSociety recently held at Yale UniversityProfessor Breasted was elected presidentof the society. He is also president ofthe western branch of the AmericanOriental Society.A contribution to the pedagogy of thefield of science is announced by the University of Chicago Press in a series of volumes to be known as The, University ofChicago Nature-Study Series and to beedited by Elliot R. Downing, associateprofessor of natural science in the Schoolof Education. It has been a generationsince an attempt was made to reorganizethe methods of science teaching, and thebooks proposed are expected to be a distinct contribution to the developmentwhich is now in progress. The plan is tobe inaugurated by a Source-Book in Biological Nature-Study, with a Laboratoryand Field Guide in Biological Nature-Study, and two notebooks — one for theelementary grades and another for theintermediate grades, all of which are beingprepared by Professor Downing. The purpose of the series is to fill thegap which now exists in the scientificeducation given by elementary andsecondary schools. Science has longbeen taught in both types of school, butinstruction has been of a haphazardcharacter and is in need of reorganization.The School of Education of the Universityof Chicago, in the effort that it is makingto * improve grade- and high-schoolteaching in all departments, has found asa result of its investigations that thepresent methods of science teaching needa thorough overhauling in the interestsof the child and of science itself.The thirtieth Educational Conferenceof the Academies and High Schools inrelation with the University of Chicagowas held on May 9 and 10. On May 9the conference for principals and superintendents was held in Kent Theater, themorning session being devoted to a discussion of "Scientific Method in the Reconstruction of High-School Subjects" byAssociate Professor Harold O. Rugg, andof "The Relation of Reading Ability toHabits of Study" by Dean William S.Gray, of the faculty of the School of Education. At the afternoon session FrankN. Freeman, associate professor of educational psychology, discussed "Experimental Attempts to Measure VocationalFitness"; Principal Franklin W. Johnson, of the University of Chicago HighSchool, presented a reading-list for high-school principals; and J. Franklin Bob-bitt, professor of school administration,presided at a round table which considered a summary of recommendations ofschool surveys concerning the teachingstaff. At the evening session the chieffeature was Director Charles HubbardJudd's presentation of "Courses in Civicswith Special Reference to Lessons inCommunity and National Life."On the morning of May 10, in CobbLecture Hall, occurred the Prize Scholarship examinations open to Seniors recommended by the principals of co-operatingschools. On the same day, in KentTheater, was discussed the general topicof "The Curriculum of the Junior HighSchool." Superintendent John D. Shoop,of Chicago, spoke on "The Establishmentof the Junior High School in Chicago,"and the "Present Status of Curriculum-Making in Junior High Schools" was considered, for manual arts, by Emery Fil-bey, of the University High School; forEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 161history, by Paul C. Stetson, principal ofthe South High School, Grand Rapids,Michigan; for English, by Roll'o L.Lyman, of the University of Chicago;and for mathematics, by J. R. Clark, ofthe Parker High School, Chicago. Dr.Charles H. Judd closed the session with"An Evaluation of the Present JuniorHigh-School Situation."President Charles R. Van Hise, of theUniversity of Wisconsin, gave the addressat the general session in Leon MandelAssembly Hall on the evening of May 10,his subject being "The Development ofGovernmental Regulations during theWorld-War."Important departmental conferences inart, biology and agriculture, commercialeducation, earth science, English, German, Greek and Latin, history, homeeconomics, manual arts, mathematics,physics and chemistry, and Romancewere held on the afternoon of May 10,and among those participating werePresident Frank Alvah Parsons, of theNew York School of Fine and. AppliedArts; Dean Eugene Davenport, of thedepartment of agriculture at the University of Illinois, and Professor John M.Coulter, head of the department ofbotany.The annual Norman Wait Harris Lectures at Northwestern University, whichwere founded to stimulate scientific research, were given by Professor ThomasG. Chamberlin, head of the departmentof geology. The general subject of thecourse was " Glaciers, Ancient and Modern," and the individual subjects were"Birth, Growth, and Mature Stages ofGlaciers," "The Decadence, Death, andResidual Products of Glaciers," "Existing Glaciation and the Place It Gives thePresent Epoch in the Cycle of Climates,""The Glaciation of the Last GeologicalPeriod," "The Glaciation of the EarlierGeological Ages," and "The AssignedCauses of Glacial Periods; the ClimaticOutlook." The six lectures were given onsuccessive nights to large audiences, and adinner in honor of the lecturer was givenat the University Club of Evanston bythe university trustees and members ofthe faculty.Professor George Herbert Mead, of thedepartment of philosophy, was electedpresident of the City Club of Chicago atits recent annual meeting. The Food Administrator for Illinois,Mr. Harry A. Wheeler, who is presidentof the Chamber of Commerce of theUnited States, gave a University WarLecture in Leon Mandel Assembly Hallat the University, of Chicago on the evening of April 25. His subject was "TheProblem of Food Conservation." President Harry Pratt Judson presided at themeeting and introduced the speaker."The Spirit of French Universities"was the subject of a public lecture givenin the Harper Memorial Library at theUniversity of Chicago on April 29 by Mr.Charles Cestre, professor of English inthe University of Bordeaux. ProfessorCestre has been especially interested inthe relations of French and Americanuniversities.Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, formerhead of the department of politicaleconomy at the University of Chicago,recently spoke before members of thatdepartment and others on the problemsinvolved in war finance, and comparedpresent financial conditions of the otherwarring countries with the economicpolicy of the United States.In the campaign at the University ofChicago for the Third Liberty Loan thechairman of the committee in charge,Professor Frank J. Miller, of the department of Latin, reports that 195 mencontributed $19,950, and 185 womencontributed $18,400. The total numberof students contributing was 380 andtheir total subscriptions were $38,350.Subscriptions from the faculty andadministration totaled $104,600. In addition the University itself subscribed$100,000 and the Divinity School $4,000,a total of $104,000.The faculty of the University HighSchool contributed $5,100, and the students purchased bonds to the amountof $47,800, besides selling to persons outside the school a total of $15,600, makingthe total credit for the University HighSchool $68,500. The grand total ofsubscriptions from the University ofChicago to the Third Liberty Loan was$294,750.President Harry Pratt Judson gave theaddress of welcome in Chicago on May 5to Professor Thomas G. Masaryk, theleader of the international Czecho-Slovak162 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmovement, who was on his way to Washington to confer with the administration.More than 40,000 Bohemians escortedProfessor Masaryk to the BlackstoneHotel, where the address of welcomewas given. President Judson in his address said:"I believe that your work, ProfessorMasaryk, will be crowned with the success it deserves. The ideals for whichyour people and mine are contending areessentially the same. Those ideals areliberty and justice, which the Bohemianpeople love above all things in theworld." In his reply Professor Masaryksaid: "I cannot but remember that it wasthe University of Chicago which invitedme a few years ago to lecture on a subjectwhich is now one of those uppermost inthe minds of the world, namely, theCzecho-Slovak question. You are aconstant reminder that real, sincerepolitics must be founded on science.Science is truth, nothing more or less,and political truth is democracy. Thatis what the nations of the world arefighting for today — democracy."Associate Professor Elizabeth Wallace,of the department of Romance languagesand literatures, after seven months ofservice in connection with the International Health Commission of theRockefeller Foundation and the American Red Cross, gave some of her experiences in France in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on the evening of May 14. The proceeds of the lecture are to be given to theWoman's War Aid of the University ofChicago."War Neurosis (shell shock) after theWar" was the subject of an address onTypes of Social Work, a series beinggiven under the auspices of the Philanthropic Service Division of the School ofCommerce and Administration. Thelecturer was Dr. E. E. Southard, directorof the State Psychopathic Hospital,Boston, Massachusetts, who spoke inHarper Memorial Library on May 14.At the meeting of the Association ofBusiness Officers of the Universitiesof the Middle West, held at Bloomington,Indiana, on May 10, Mr. Trevor Arnett,auditor of the University of Chicago, presented a paper on the subject of "BudgetClassification . ' ' Mr. Arnett has in preparation a volume on College and University Finance, which will be published underthe auspices of the General EducationBoard.At the recent annual meeting in Washington of the National Academy of Sciences, Professor Albert A. Michelson,head of the department of physics, presented a paper on "The Correction ofOptical Surfaces," and Professor RobertA. Millikan, of the same department,discussed the subject of "Physical Researches for the War."The Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize of$250, which is annually awarded in Mayto the student presenting the best resultsin research in pathology or bacteriology,has been awarded to Harry Lee Huber,S.B. '13 and Ph.D. '17. Dr. Huber wasformerly research assistant in pathologyat the University.As the result of a tentative survey of theeducational problems connected with theAmerican Expeditionary Forces, which hasjust been made by Anson Phelps Stokes,chairman of the board of directors of theAmerican University Union in Paris, theWar Work Council of the Y.M.C.A. sentover an Educational Commission to complete the study of the problems and drawup plans to meet the situation. Of thiscommission Mr. Stokes is chairman, andassociated with him are two or three othermen of prominence in the educationalworld, among them President John H.Finley, of the University of the State ofNew York. The executive secretary ofthe commission is Associate ProfessorAlgernon Coleman, of the department ofRomance languages and literatures.Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, formerlyprofessor in the University of Prague,president of the Bohemian Political Committee (London) , and commander-in-chiefof the Czecho-Slovak Army, delivered anunusually effective address before a largeaudience in Leon Mandel Assembly Hallon May 27, his subject being "Bohemia'sPart in the War." President Harry PrattJudson, who gave the address of welcometo Professor Masaryk on his arrival inChicago on May 5, presided at the meeting and introduced the speaker. One ofthe striking features of the meeting wasthe singing of national songs by the Men'sBohemian Club of Chicago. ProfessorMasaryk lectured at the University sev-EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 163eral years ago on the Czecho-Slovakquestion, which has now become one ofespecial importance.Colonel Reginald V. K. Applin, of theFourteenth (King's) Hussars, a Britishofficer well known in this country throughhis military lectures at Camp Grant andother American training camps, gave anaddress in Kent Theater on May 28 thatwas of especial significance to members ofthe R.O.T.C. Colonel Applin, who hasseen much war service and is the authorof a manual on machine-gun tactics,spoke as a specialist in the methods ofmodern warfare. Professor Robertsonpresided.Among the industrial fellowships assigned by the Mellon Institute of theUniversity of Pittsburgh are five to menwho received their Doctor's degree fromthe University of Chicago. Dr. ErnestDana Wilson, 19 15, was assigned the industrial fellowship on leather belting, forwhich $3,800 a year has been available.The fellowship expires this spring. Dr.Bert Allen Stagner, 19 14, is conductingresearches in connection with the commercial use of hair. This fellowship,which has an appropriation of $3,000 ayear, expires October 1. The researchesby Dr. James Bert Garner, 1897, concernthe subject of gas, and the fellowship,which has an appropriation of $7,500 ayear, expires September 1. A fellowshipon organic synthesis is held by Dr. GeorgeOliver Curme, Jr., 19 13. It has available funds of $10,000 a year, with a bonusof $5,000, and expires January 1, 19 19.Dr. Oscar Fred Hedenburg, 19 15, is investigating the subject of insecticides ona fellowship which makes available $3,000a year. It also expires January 1, 19 19.All these holders of industrial f ellowshipstook their Doctor's degree at the University of Chicago in the department ofchemistry, of which the present chairmanis Professor Julius Stieglitz.The Japanese Club of the Universityof Chicago and other Japanese friends ofthe University have presented to theUniversity of Chicago War Service a fundamounting to $ 1 1 1 .00 . The members ofthe club individually are contributing tothe Red Cross and the Y.M.C.A, but areuniting in this special gift for the purposeof expressing their appreciation of theUniversity and its contribution to thecause of all the Allies. The money will be expended under thedirection of the Women's War Aid of theUniversity of Chicago War Service forthe benefit of University of Chicagostudents in the Army and Navy.The Japanese Club was founded in1902. At the present time there areforty members. It has been a very activestudent organization, issuing an annualpublication and holding receptions andentertainments both for Japanese students and for all members of the University. The officers of the club areDr. Y. Ishida, assistant in physics, andMr. S. Kusama.Among the research grants recentlyvoted by the American Association for theAdvancement of Science was one to Director Edwin B. Frost, of Yerkes Observatory. The amount is $500, and thepurpose of the grant is the measurementand reduction of photographs of stellarspectra already taken with the 40-inchtelescope at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.Professor Henry Chandler Cowles, ofthe department of botany, recently gavethe annual address at Iowa State Collegefor the national honorary societies PhiKappa Phi and Gamma Sigma Delta.Professor James Hayden Tufts, head ofthe department of philosophy, has published The Real Business of Living, concerned specifically with the practices andprinciples involved in public morality andcivic duty.At the beginning of the campaign nowbeing conducted by the University ofChicago for books to be sent to Americansoldiers^ and sailors it was hoped thatsomething like 1,600 to 2,000 volumesmight be collected. As a matter of fact,already more than 7,000 volumes havebeen received for the purpose and inlarge part classified and catalogued, anda thousand books ready for use havealready been shipped to various camps.Not only have members of the faculty,students, and other members of the University made large contributions, butmany people residing in the neighborhood of the University have also madegenerous gifts. Many who have not hadbooks to contribute have volunteeredcash contributions. Members of thelibrary staff have worked evenings forseveral weeks in preparing the books forshipment, and members of the Y.M.C.A.164 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand of fraternity houses have offeredtheir automobiles for carrying books toand from the deposit stations, whichhave been located in the bookstores ofthe University of Chicago Press, at theReynolds Club, the Quadrangle Club,Hitchcock Library, the various departmental libraries, and Harper MemorialLibrary. The campaign has been carriedon through four committees acting underthe general supervision of the associatedirector of the University libraries,Mr. J. C. M. Hanson, in co-operationwith the Chicago Public Library andunder the auspices of the American Library Association.A complete list of the UniversityPreachers during the Summer Quarter isas follows:Dean Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool, spoke on June 23, and BishopCharles Palmerston Anderson, of Chicago, on June 30.The first speaker in July was President Franklin Chester Southworth, ofMeadville Theological School, and hewas followed in that month by ProfessorTheodore Gerald Soares, head of the department of practical theology; ProfessorGerald Birney Smith, of the departmentof systematic theology; and Dean Herbert Lockwood Willett, of the Disciples'Divinity House.The first speaker in August will be Rev.William States Jacobs, of the First Presbyterian Church, Houston, Texas. OnAugust n Professor George BurmanFoster will speak; on August 18 President Ozora Stearns Davis, of the ChicagoTheological Seminary; and on Convocation Sunday, August 25, Rev. WilliamPierson Merrill, of the Brick PresbyterianChurch, New York City.John Merle Coulter, head of the department of botany, and his son Merle C.Coulter, of the same department, havecollaborated on a new volume, PlantGenetics, published by the University ofChicago Press.President Harry Pratt Judson presidedat the University patriotic celebrationheld in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall onJuly 4. The Declaration of Independence was read by Professor David AllanRobertson. The address was given byProfessor Theodore Gerald Soares, headof the department of practical theology, whose subject was "Fight the Next WarNow."Professor Julius Stieglitz, chairman ofthe department of chemistry, has beenappointed a special expert in the UnitedStates Public Health Service of theTreasury Department. This will notinvolve the lessening of his duties at theUniversity, nor his residence work. Thegovernment assigns him two assistants,who will be in the employ of the PublicHealth Service and will carry out theirwork in Kent Chemical Laboratory underProfessor Stieglitz' direction.Major Anton J. Carlson, chairman ofthe department of physiology, who is nowin the Sanitary Corps of the NationalArmy attached to the Food Division ofthe Surgeon General's Office, is at presenton duty in England, making a study offood conditions in the rest camps of theUnited States Army.A new fellowship in chemistry has beenestablished at the University of Chicagothrough a gift by E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Company, of Wilmington, Delaware. It is to be awarded to a graduatestudent making chemistry his major subject. There are no restrictions as to theline of investigation to be carried out, oras to the disposition of any results thatmay be accomplished. The fellowship isintended primarily to effect the development of chemists of high scientific training.The University of Chicago is to havean exhibit of the University at the IllinoisState Fair in September, 19 18, on theoccasion of the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the admission ofthe state of Illinois to the Union. Acommittee, with Professor ErnestDeWitt Burton, director of the University libraries, as chairman, has been appointed to have charge of the exhibit.The World-Peace and After is the titleof a book just published by Carl H.Grabo, instructor in English. It dealswith the great problems of a democraticpeace and a proposed league of nations.Mr. Grabo is also the author of two othervolumes, The Amateur Philosopher andThe Art of the Short Story.A new anthology of American poetryfrom the earliest times to the present dayEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE I65has recently been published under thetitle of American Poetry, the editor beingPercy H. Boynton, associate professor ofEnglish. He has been assisted byHoward M. Jones, A.M. 19 15, now ofthe University of Montana, George W.Sherburn, Ph.D. 1915, and Frank M.Webster, Ph.B. 19 15, of the University ofChicago.Two new numbers in the highly successful series of University of ChicagoWar Papers are available, one by Professor Conyers Read, of the departmentof history, on England and America, andthe other by Director Charles HubbardJudd, of the School of Education, onDemocracy and American Schools.Forty students and three members ofthe faculty of the University of Chicagohave been appointed to the TrainingCamp at Fort Sheridan which beganJuly 18 and closes September 16. Onlystudents who are at least eighteen yearsof age and who expect to be in residenceat the University during the AutumnQuarter have been appointed. Theappointees from the faculty will betrained as assistant instructors to helpOfficers assigned to institutions. Students and members of the faculty will beunder temporary enlistment for sixtydays and will be discharged at the endof that period.During the absence of President HarryPratt Judson as head of the AmericanCommission for Relief in Persia, the deanof the faculties, Professor James R.Angell, head of the department of psychology, has been designated by theBoard of Trustees as Vice-President ofthe University.Seventy-four members of the DivinitySchool of the University of Chicago areengaged in war service. Two of theformer students of the institution havedied in service — Harvey Clark, who diedin Mesopotamia, and August L. Sund-wall, who died in France. Eighteen ofthe students are in military serviceproper, nineteen are chaplains in theArmy or Navy, thirty-four are inY.M.C.A. work, one is in war-campcommunity service, and one is a denominational secretary.Of the faculty, Dean Shailer Mathewsis giving a major portion of his time assecretary of the War Savings Committee for Illinois. Associate Professor AllanHoben, of the department of practicaltheology, is now in France directing therecreational life of the soldiers. Professor Theodore G. Soares, head of thesame department, who has been lecturing on the war both in New York andin Chicago, is under appointment tospeak in the American camps in Franceand expects to leave about the first ofAugust to be gone till the opening of theWinter Quarter in January, 19 19.The registration in the Divinity Schoolnaturally reflects the war situation. TheSpring Quarter showed a decrease of33 per cent as compared with the attendance a year ago, but thus far in the Summer Quarter the attendance has beensurprisingly good, due partly to thelarge enrolment of missionaries in theschool. At least twenty-seven missionaries have been working in theDivinity School during the year, some ofthem training for service and others onfurlough.At the patriotic demonstration showing friendship for France, which was heldin Leon Mandel Assembly Hall on theevening of July 15, the subject of the address was "Jeanne Dare and Her Meaning for America," and the speaker wasDr. James Westfall Thompson, professorof mediaeval history in the University.Professor David Allan Robertson presided. The Misses Townsend, who areabout to go to France to sing in thecamps, sang some of their songs, andthe members of the French Club ledthe audience in singing "La Marseillaise."Professor Paul Shorey, head of the department of the Greek language andliterature, has recently gone to ColumbiaUniversity to give summer courses oflectures on Greek literature. ProfessorShorey also lectured at Columbia a yearago. He is expected to return to Chicagoabout August 20.At the meeting of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia Dr.Samuel Wendell Williston, professor ofpaleontology, was elected to membership.At the same meeting in PhiladelphiaLieutenant Colonel Robert AndrewsMillikan, of the department of physics,who is the executive officer of the National Research Council, gave an addresson "Science in Relation to the War."i66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 19181918' 1917Men Women Total Men Women Total Gain LossI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 106147 14267 248214 190238 *7361 3&3299 USScience 85Total 25330045319 20939440741 46269486060 42846466929 23440645564 6628701,12493 2002. The Colleges —Senior 176Junior 264Unclassified 33Total 7721,025868 8421,051101 1,6142,076969 1,1621,59012614 925i,i59126 2,0872,74913820 473Total Arts, Literature, andScience 673II. The Professional Schools:1. Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified English Theological Chicago Theological Seminary . 25 3 28 35 35Total 11965109IS2 141361 13378H5162 17563104123 1897 19372in123 60*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior Junior. .Unclassified Total 191383221 20833 211463524 182122535i2 169121 19813154533 133. The Law School-Graduate *Senior Candidate for LL.B Unclassified Total 195106 1427253 105277159 22834 133i8 241352159 1364. The College of Education 5. The School of Commerce andAdministration 75Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplication 5*2i5537225 3731,42423 8852,961248 6192,209239 3^51,52417 9843,733256 99772Net totals i,312 1,401 2,713 1,970 1,507 3,477 764Portrait by Louis BeltsLA VERNE NOYES