The University RecordVolume IV APRIL igi8 NumbersTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WARBy THE RIGHT HON. AND MOST REV. COSMO GORDON LANGArchbishop of York, Primate of England and MetropolitanI deem it a privilege to be allowed today to address the members andfriends of the University of Chicago. There is no country in the worldin which the universities fill a larger place in the national life or enjoya larger share of the national confidence. The captains of industry havein this country taken the place of the kings, prelates, and nobles in thegoodly company of pious founders. The universities have contributedmore students in proportion to the population than in any other civilizedcountry.Among these universities yours has taken — I had almost said leapedinto — a place of special importance and distinction. You have yourown ideals and methods of work, yet I know that you cherish a deepreverence for the ancient universities of Europe. You have paid a hightribute to my own University of Oxford by transporting the designs oftwo of its noblest buildings, and I am sure that in so doing you havewished to pay homage to the spirit which these buildings breathe.Oxford, though the home of lost causes and impossible loyalties, whispering from her towers the last enchantment of the Middle Ages, has stillsomething to give to enrich and inspire the life of a university like yours,which so especially represents the energies and aspirations of a new world.As one who owes to Oxford more than he can ever repay, who cherishestoward her the reverence of a son to his mother and of a lover to hislady, and who has been for thirty years, and still is, a Fellow of one of itscolleges, if not by right of formal delegation, yet by the right of a son6970 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwho knows the mind of his mother, I bring to you at this momentoustime a message of greeting and comradeship from that venerable university.You have now entered the ordeal through which our English universities have been passing for three and a half years. The old life ofthose universities has disappeared; rather it is being fulfilled in France,Flanders, Palestine, and Mesopotamia. It may be interesting to youto hear some figures which are more eloquent than words. In Oxfordbefore the war there were 3,200 male undergraduate students. Thereare now 363, and of these many are officers who have returned disabledor invalided from service. At Cambridge there were before the war3,679 male undergraduate students. There are now 408. Oxford has11,500 men serving in the navy and army. Of these 15 have receivedthe Victoria Cross, 314 the Distinguished Service Order, 983 the MilitaryCross, 1,602 Special Mention in Dispatches, but above all 2,081 have hadthe honor of dying for their country. Cambridge has 1 5 , 200 men serving.Of these 8 have received the Victoria Cross, 303 the Distinguished ServiceOrder, 1,040 the Military Cross, 2,062 Mention in Dispatches, and 2,057have been killed. It is almost impossible to realize that the very bravestand most promising of those university men have passed away. Perhapsthe deepest and sincerest expression of the heart of all university men inEngland has been given by one of the most brilliant of Oxford's scholars,Professor Gilbert Murray: "As for me personally there is one thoughtthat is always with me, the thought that other men are dying for me,better men, younger men, with more hope in their lives, many of themmen whom I have taught and loved." The Christian "will be familiarwith that thought of one who loved you dying for you. I would liketo say that now I seem to be familiar with the feeling that somethinginnocent, something great, something that loved me is dying and isdying daily for me. That is the sort of community we now are, a community in which one man dies for his brother." We will not mourn forthese gallant men. Rejoicing in the fulness of life they were proud tosurrender it. They found their life in losing it. Some of them, suchas Julian Grenfell and Rupert Brooke, lived to express in noble verse thegladness of their self-sacrifice and the ardor with which they offered it.They will still live in the spirit of their universities, for there isOne great society alone on earth —The noble living, and the noble dead.Your time has come for taking your place in that field of sacrifice,for realizing this new and more hallowed community in which men haveTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR 71been dying for their brethren. The severity of the strain will be lessenedby the number of your women students, but they too will be eager inwhatever way is open to them to take their part in the great struggle.I know the spirit with which you will meet the call. The whole soulof the University of Chicago will answer "Ready."It is very natural to ask what changes will be wrought in the life ofour universities by this great convulsion. It is a question more easilyasked than answered. I can only attempt to give three of the manyanswers which might be made.First, the universities must become more international in their intercourse. The comradeship of nations which has been realized in warmust be preserved in peace. The universities, like the citizens, mustbecome increasingly "internationally minded." In the Middle Agesthey were not provincial but international. Students of all nationsturned to Paris, Bologna, and Oxford, attracted by the fame of teachers.May we not after the war look to the universities to create and sustaina new international fellowship of culture ? I would most earnestly hopethat it might become increasingly natural for Americans to study atOxford or Cambridge and for Englishmen to study in American universities. In this way the old ideal of the " Universitas," difficult tofulfil in days of high specialization, may be once again realized in a commonwealth of universities, each contributing its own special character,yet together possessing one common ideal.Secondly, it seems to me that the war must encourage the study inour universities of the history and relations of the great ideas whichmold the life of men and nations. We have learned that it is by ideasthat a nation lives, that for ideas a nation may be glad to sacrifice itspeace and happiness. We have been the witnesses of a sudden and overwhelming proof of their supremacy. "By the soul only the nationsshall be great and free." This will surely mean a revival in our universities of the study of literature, history, philosophy, and religion. Thereis no question as to the rightful place of science. Beyond all questionthe advance of science has been the greatest achievement of the humanmind in the last hundred years. But there may have been a tendencyto give to it a too exclusive place in education. Now the world haslearned as never before the enduring value of ideas, the moral ideaswhich make human life and history. We must study the forces of humansociety as well as the forces of nature. We must learn the meaning andhistory of the principles by which man has been winning, not the conquest of nature, but the conquest of himself.72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI would venture to plead that the revived study of ideas wouldbring the study of the ancient literature and philosophy of Greece andRome to its true place again. For as one who knew and admired youruniversities, Lord Bryce has said, "The literature, institutions andcivilization of Greece and Rome are for all the modern nations the firstfountain-heads of that European civilization which has swept down to usin a widened current." A study of the springs of this stream will helpto guide and control its mighty course. Does not this war itself recallthe first great contest between the ideas of freedom and the insolence offorce? Is not the world now a Plain of Marathon in which the freenations, who owe their allegiance to the ideas of Athens, are withstanding the hosts of a new barbarian menace ? There in that ancient history,literature, and philosophy, as in the fresh light of morning, we see shiningthe ideas which are still in this dark time our beacon lights. Othergreat ideas have since then uplifted, enlightened, and enriched the lifeof man and shaped his social life. These also must be studied, andamong them there will surely be found a place for those greater ideas,more august in their source and deeper in their influence than any others,which are now making an appeal so impressive to the conscience of theworld, the ideas which are preserved and vitalized by the Christian faith.Lastly, we may hope that the war will bring to our universities a highinspiration to the service of the commonwealth. Here, as in England,a voice has been heard breaking in upon the ordered course of study andthe familiar intercourse of college life, summoning the university tosacrifice itself for the service of the nation. Without hesitation thatsummons has been obeyed. Surely this unquestioning assent to thesupreme claim of service will not be forgotten in the days of peace. Thepeople who are worth dying for will be worth living for. Even here inthis great country, with all its wealth and resources, there are livesmeager and narrow, lives of men "in the slums of cities, moving amongindifferent millions to mechanical employments." Such lives men andwomen trained in our universities can enrich and enlarge. They can,in public fife, in the fulfilment of civic or political office, in frank andbrotherly intercourse, open out to the mass of the people new resourcesof health, education, leisure — bring to them a fuller share of all that hasmade human fife rich in hope and beauty and joy. Buoyancy of spirit,the glorious irresponsibilities of youth, the frank give and take of friendship, the eager quest of knowledge — these we hope will return when theshadow of this awful war has passed. But surely there will come withthem a new and steadying sense of purpose, an inward self-dedicationTHE UNIVERSITIES AND THE WAR 73to the service of the people for whose freedom the men of this generationwere ready to die. The ideas for which a university stands must bewoven into the stuff of the national life.It may be that some of the youngest of those present may live to seebetween these two oceans a population of three hundred million of people, owning one government and speaking one language. What arethe ideas by which this civilized society, vaster than any which historyrecords, will be inspired ? Will they be material or spiritual ? Will theyowe allegiance to the earthly Babylon, the symbol of material power, orto the heavenly Jerusalem, the symbol of spiritual faith and hope?Upon the sons and daughters of the universities more than upon anyothers the answer will depend. Our brothers have been willing to diethat democracy may be safe. It is for us to five that democracy maybe noble. For surely no one of us called to fulfil his citizenship at thishour fraught with issues so momentous to the future of the world canfail to sayVowsWere then made for me, bond unknown to meWas given, that I should be else sinning greatlyA dedicated spirit.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTTHE CONVOCATION ORATORThe University has not infrequently been honored by visits fromdistinguished guests. We have had presidents of the United States ontwo occasions; we have had the present dean of the diplomatic corpsat Washington, the French ambassador, M. Jusserand; we have, onmore than one occasion, had a former British Ambassador to the UnitedStates, whom we are still inclined to call James Bryce, though I understand that his name lately has incurred an old-world transmogrification.We democratic republican Americans have a notion that Viscount Brycewas always a peer in any company. But we have never been morehighly honored than today in the visit of the eminent prelate who hasfavored us with the Convocation address. We welcome him for himself;we welcome him as an influential member of the British legislature; wewelcome him as most felicitously representing the great British nationwith which we are so closely associated in the world-war for liberty andfor justice.Our union with Great Britain is not in blood alone, for many Americans have no British blood in their veins. We have inherited from ourmother-country the English language, and with language the commonlaw, the fundamental principles of the bill of rights, the whole system offree government. Whatever our ancestry, we are spiritual kin ofBritian over the sea. In the heat of this great conflict all former differences between the two nations shrivel and vanish. We are one in spirit,and in this just cause, like our forefathers, we pledge "our lives, ourfortunes, and sacred honor."We thank His Grace for his message, and we ask him to take homewith him greeting from the University of Chicago, and the assurance ofour cordial and loyal fellowship in arms to the end.THE ATTENDANCE OF STUDENTSThe attendance of students on account of the war, as is the case withall other American institutions of learning, has fallen off. The percentage of loss may be somewhat less in the University of Chicago than74THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 75in some colleges for the reason that, in the first place, we have womenas students, and, in the second place, we have so many graduate studentswho are beyond the military age. The loss during the current quarter,as compared with the Winter Quarter of 1917, amounts to 17 per cent.The loss among men is 23 per cent. In the Law School, which containspractically only men, there is a falling off of 52 per cent. Alumni andstudents are in the Army to the number of approximately 1,200. Weknow that this number is not complete. Additional names are comingin constantly to the Alumni Office. About seventy-five of the Facultyare engaged in war service, either in the Army or in other servicesdirectly connected with the prosecution of hostilities. One of ourFaculty, Major Henry Gordon Gale, is now in France. One of ourTrustees, Mr. Francis W. Parker, has charge of important work connected with the Young Men's Christian Association in the Americancamps in France. The scientific laboratories of the University were atonce placed at the service of the government on the outbreak of war, andmuch important work has been done in them since. The University istrying to do its share for this great cause.A CERTAIN HONORARY DEGREEThe following is a transcript from the minutes of a meeting ofthe Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago held March 12,1918."The President of the University made a statement as follows:"In 191 1 the Board of Trustees conferred on Count Johann Heinrichvon Bernstorff , then Imperial German Ambassador to the United States,the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Since Count von Bernstorffwas given his passports by the government of the United States it hasbeen made public that the said Imperial German Ambassador was longbefore that time engaged in transactions inimical to the rights of thiscountry as a neutral and in violation of the laws and of the peace andorder of the Republic of which he was a guest. Therefore the Presidentrecommends that the action of the Board conferring the honorary degreeof Doctor of Laws on Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff be rescinded."It was moved and seconded that the action of the Board of Trusteesof the University of Chicago of May 31, 191 1, conferring the honorarydegree of Doctor of Laws on Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff be and thesame is hereby rescinded, and that the name of the said Johann Heinrichvon Bernstorff shall be stricken from the list of honorary alumni of theUniversity; and, further, that it is the sense of the Board that it should76 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbe made known that this action is taken, not because the United Statesis at war with the Imperial German government, but on account of thefact that the said Ambassador, while he was a guest of this country andin enjoyment of all the privileges and immunities of an honored diplomat,and while the two countries were at peace, nevertheless was for a longtime engaged in a series of transactions in violation of the laws of theUnited States, contrary to the peace and order of the Republic, andinimical to the rights of the United States as a neutral nation. A votehaving been taken, the motion was declared adopted."THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryHONORARY DEGREE WITHDRAWNAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held March 12, 1918,President Judson made the following statement:In 191 1 the Board of Trustees conferred on Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, then Imperial German Ambassador to the United States, the honorary degreeof Doctor of Laws. Since Count von Bernstorff was given his passports by the government of the United States it has been made public that the said Imperial GermanAmbassador was long before that time engaged jn transactions inimical to the rightsof this country as a neutral and in violation of the laws and of the peace and order ofthe Republic of which he was a guest. Therefore the President recommends that theaction of the Board conferring the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on JohannHeinrich von Bernstorff be rescinded.The Board of Trustees thereupon unanimously adopted a resolutionin which it is declared:That the action of the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago of May 31,191 1, conferring the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on Johann Heinrich vonBernstorff be and the same is hereby rescinded, and that the name of the said JohannHeinrich von Bernstorff shall be stricken from the list of honorary alumni of theUniversity; and, further, that it is the sense of the Board that it should be madeknown that this action is taken, not because the United States is at war with theImperial German government, but on account of the fact that the said Ambassador,while he was a guest of this country and in enjoyment of all the privileges and immunities of an honored diplomat, and while the two countries were at peace, neverthelesswas for a long time engaged in a series of transactions in violation of the laws of theUnited States, contrary to the peace and order of the Republic and inimical to therights of the United States as a neutral nation.SCHOOL FOR MECHANICS FROM NATIONAL ARMYThe Board of Trustees has placed at the disposal of the governmentthe shops in Henry Holmes Belfield Hall, School of Education, for useby one hundred drafted men of the National Army in order to furthertheir mechanical training for service during the war. The Hyde Parktelephone exchange building, on Dorchester Avenue south of Fifty-seventh Street, has been rented for barracks. The men, accompanied byofficers and instructed by members of the University Faculties, are to7778 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDremain for two months, beginning April 10. The costs involved are tobe met by the government.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade:Milton T. Hanke to an instructorship in the Department ofPathology, from January i, 1918.Fabian Kannenstine to an instructorship in the Department ofPhysics, from January 1, 1918.E. C. Mason to an associateship in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, from January 1, 1918.Leon C. Marshall as Chairman of the Department of PoliticalEconomy, from April 1, 19 18.PROMOTIONSAssistant Professor Edward Scribner Ames, of the Department ofPhilosophy, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1918.Associate Professor James A. Field, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy, to a professorship, from October 1, 1918.Associate Professor Harry A. Millis, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy, to a professorship, from September 1, 19 18.Associate Professor Chester W. Wright, of the Department ofPolitical Economy, to a professorship, from October 1, 1918.Assistant Professor Harold G. Moulton, of the Department ofPolitical Economy, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1918.Associate Professor Charles H. Beeson, of the Department of Latin,to a professorship, from October 1, 1918.Associate Professor E. Preston Dargan, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, to a professorship, from July 1,1918.Instructor Clarence E. Parmenter, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, to an assistant professorship, from October1, 1918.Assistant Professor Herman I. Schlesinger, of the Department ofChemistry, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1918.Assistant Professor Jean Piccard, of the Department of Chemistry,to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1918.Instructor Ethel Terry, of the Department of Chemistry, to an assistant prof essorship, from July 1, 1918.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 79Instructor J. W. E. Glattfeld, of the Department of Chemistry, toan assistant professorship, from October i, 1918.Instructor Gerald L. Wendt, of the Department of Chemistry, to anassistant prof essorship, from October 1, 1918.Instructor Charles C. Colby, of the Department of Geography, to anassistant professorship, from October 1, 1918.Associate Professor Preston Kyes, of the Department of Anatomy,to a professorship, from July 1, 19 18.Associate Merle C. Coulter, of the Department of Botany, to aninstructorship, from October 1, 1918.Instructor Peter G. Mode, of the Department of Church History,Divinity School, to an assistant professorship, from July 1,1918.Assistant A. W. Bellomy, of the Department of Zoology, to an asso-ciateship, from July 1, 1918.Associate C. R. Moore, of the Department of Zoology, to an instructorship, from October 1, 1918.Instructor M. M. Wells, of the Department of Zoology, to an assistantprofessorship, from October 1, 1918.Assistant Andrew C. Ivy, of the Department of Physiology, to anassociateship, from January 1, 1918.Associate Professor John F. Bobbitt, of the School of Education, toa professorship, from October 1, 1918.Assistant Professor William S. Gray, of the School of Education, toan associate professorship, from October 1, 1918.Assistant Professor Harold O. Rugg, of the School of Education, toan associate professorship, from October 1, 19 18.Assistant Professor Katharine Blunt, of the School of Education,to an associate professorship, from October 1, 19 18.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeaves of absence, in most instances to perform service related tothe war, have been granted to the following members of the Faculties:Professor F. C. Woodward, of the Law School, from January 1, 1918.He is a major in the Judge Advocate's Bureau of the War Department.Assistant Professor S. N. Harper, of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, for the Winter Quarter, 1918, for serviceunder the government.Professor Charles E. Merriam, of the Department of Political Science,for the Winter Quarter, 1918; subsequent action extends this leave untilOctober, 1918.8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAssociate Professor Carl Kinsley, of the Department of Physics,captain in the Radio Division of the Signal Corps of the United StatesArmy, from January i, 191 8.Professor John M. Manly, of the Department of English, servingas captain in the United States Army, from January 1, 1918.Professor A. C. McLaughlin, of the Department of History, to lecturein England on invitation of the British universities and the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain, for the Spring Quarter, 19 18.Professor C. J. Herrick, of the Department of Anatomy, serving asmajor in the Sanitary Corps, United States Army, from April 1, 1918.Assistant Professor Bertram G. Nelson, of the Department of PublicSpeaking, for the Spring Quarter, 19 18.Assistant Professor Gertrude Van Hoesen, of the School of Education, for service with the United States Department of Agriculture, forthe Spring Quarter, 1918.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the Faculties:Associate F. F. Blicke, of the Department of Chemistry, effectiveDecember 31, 19 17. He enters the War Department as chemist.Professor Frank M. Leavitt, of the Department of Education, effective October 1, 1918.Tirzah S. Morse, teacher in the Elementary School, effective December 31, 1917.Associate G. F. Sutherland, of the Department of Physiology, effective December 31, 191 7.Instructor Lloyd K. Riggs, of the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, effective March 31, 19 18. Mr. Riggs resigns to go intoindustrial chemistry.THE MEDICAL SCHOOLSSteady progress is being made in the organization of the enlargedmedical work of the University. Contracts have been executed by theBoard of Trustees between the University and Rush Medical College,the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, and the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases founded in memory of John RockefellerMcCormick.The Trustees of Rush Medical College have assigned to the University, the trustees of the hospital consenting, the contract between theTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 8lcollege and the Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago. The General Education Board and the Rockefeller Foundation are actively engaged infurthering the progress of the medical schools.Mr. Charles A. Coolidge, of Coolidge & Hodgdon, has been appointedarchitect of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital and the dispensaryfor out-patients, which eventually will be built on land owned bythe University south of the Midway. Dr. Winford H. Smith, of JohnsHopkins University, at present serving in Washington as LieutenantColonel of the Medical Corps of the United States National Army, hasbeen appointed as consultant. Preliminary study of the design of thesetwo buildings has begun.The Board of Trustees has voted to designate the dispensary forout-patients to be built by the funds provided by Mr. and Mrs. MaxEpstein as Max Epstein Dispensary.THE FLEISCHMANN FELLOWSHIPThe Fleischmann Company, of Peekskill-on-Hudson, New York, hasestablished a fellowship for the investigation of scientific problemsinvolved in the manufacture of compressed yeast, problems more acuteon account of conditions created by the war. The investigative workproposed is of a strictly scientific nature and of general interest toscientists. The University has full right to publish the results of theinvestigations. The fellowship will be available for two years.MISCELLANEOUSHoward Shaw has been appointed architect of the proposed newbuilding which the University expects eventually to erect for the Quadrangle Club at the southeast corner of University Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street in accordance with the arrangement made between theClub and the University.The Art Institute has presented to the University a collection ofEgyptian antiquities which has been placed in Haskell Museum. Theyconsist of statuettes, pottery, bronzes, mummy masks, etc.Mr. LaVerne Noyes, donor of Ida Noyes Hall, has added to his othergenerous contributions a sum sufficient to pay for the mural decorationsof the Assembly Room. These decorations were painted by Mrs. JessieArms Botke. They perpetuate the Masque of Youth which was givenin the Women's Quadrangles during the Quarter-Centennial of the University. The decorations were first shown to the public on January 26,1918.82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Hough Collection of Diptera, from the Department of Zoology,has been loaned to the Field Museum of Natural History. To themuseum also was loaned, some years ago, a herbarium from the Department of Botany.An additional appropriation has been made to enable the Departmentof Physics to instal wireless telegraph equipment between RyersonLaboratory and Mitchell Tower. The equipment first used by thedepartment was removed, by order of the government, after the UnitedStates entered the war. The new and improved equipment has beenput in place by the authority and request of the government.Original owned by the Chicago Historical Society SLmilL'MPainted by G. P. A. HealyWILLIAM B. OGDENBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDWilliam B. Ogden, in whose memory and from whose estate theOgden Graduate School of Science of the University of Chicago wasfounded, was born June 15, 1805, in the village of Walton, on the Delaware River, in Delaware County, New York. Walton was about sixtymiles west of the Hudson River and only a few miles north of the Pennsylvania line, and before the days of railroads in more direct communication with Philadelphia than with New York City. Delaware Countywas a wild and mountainous region, the abundant pine forests of which,together with the ease with which the logs could be floated down theriver to Philadelphia, attracted the families of many veterans of theRevolution. Among these settlers were the families of Mr. Ogden'sfather and mother. His father was from New Jersey and his motherfrom Connecticut. They met in this new wild land and married sometime in the closing decade of the eighteenth century.It was a wonderful country of mountain, forest, and stream, withunsurpassed opportunities for the country sports loved by a boy. Everyseason of the year abounded in these opportunities for a healthy, fun-loving boy, such as young Ogden was, and never did a boy avail himselfof them more fully. The rivers were full of fish and the forests of game,and the boy so loved the open and gave himself with such assiduity tothe outdoor sports of the favored region that his father was compelled,in the end, to restrict his hunting and fishing to two days in the week.He became extraordinarily expert with the rifle. On one occasion acolored man put up his turkeys as a mark, at one hundred yards, at aquarter of a dollar a shot. If the turkey was hit in the head it belongedto the marksman, but if hit anywhere else it remained the property ofthe negro. So certain was Ogden's aim that the owner of the birdinsisted on his paying half a dollar for a shot. As Ogden was about toshoot he ran up close to the turkey shouting, " Gib a nigger fair play.Dodge, dodge, old gobbler, Ogden is going to shoot. Shake yo head,darn ye, don't ye see dat rifle pointin' at ye?"There seems to have developed in Delaware County a rather superiorgroup of hunting men, with blooded horses and pedigreed hounds, andMr. Ogden in later years delighted in recalling the exciting experiencesof his early life, and relating them to his friends.8384 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLittle is known of the educational advantages of Delaware Countyin 1820 and thereabouts, but while Ogden was still a boy he decided toprepare himself for the law, and at about the age of fifteen he went toNew York City to begin his studies. In 1820, however, his fathersuffered a stroke of paralysis, and the boy was called home and at theage of sixteen found himself in partial charge of his father's business.In his twentieth year his father's death left the entire business responsibility upon him, as well as the headship of the family. The ten yearsfollowing his father's death, covering the period from his twentieth tohis thirtieth year, were filled with a variety of activities, curiously prophetic of his subsequent development. In addition to carrying on hisfather's business he entered into a partnership and became a merchant,and in a small way prospered. He entered into the political life of thecounty and state. He was a Democrat, and Andrew Jackson made himpostmaster of Walton. He became greatly interested in the project ofthe building of the Erie Railroad, and advocated this with such zealand power that he was elected in 1834 to the New York Senate on thatissue. In the legislative session following he made, on the twentieth,twenty-first, and twenty-second days of March, 1835, an exhaustiveargument before the Senate in favor of the project. This speech wasregarded as so important that it was reported in full in the Albany Argus,In view of the fact that the railroad system was hardly begun at thatearly date, the prevision shown by a young man of twenty-nine as tothe future is altogether marvelous. He said : " Continuous railways fromNew York to Lake Erie, and south of Lake Erie, through Ohio, Indiana,and Illinois to the waters of the Mississippi, and connecting with railroads running to Cincinnati and Louisville in Kentucky, and Nashvillein Tennessee, and to New Orleans will present the most splendid systemof internal communication ever yet devised by man." He said: "Tolook forward to the completion of such a system in my day may be considered visionary," but declared that he hoped to live to see it realized.Mr. Ogden was then a young man who had spent his life in a countrydistrict handling comparatively small business interests. It may bedoubted, however, whether there was another man in the country witha broader and clearer vision of the railroad expansion of the succeedingforty years. It might have been confidently predicted of such a manthat he was likely to go far. This might have been predicted also fromyoung Ogden's military experience. At the age of eighteen he hadentered the New York militia. On the first day of his service he wasmade a commissioned officer. On the second day the brigadier generalWILLIAM B. OGDEN 85in command made Ogden a member of his staff. A little later he waspromoted to the rank of brigade inspector.But the turning-point in Mr. Ogden's career was his removal toChicago. That important event, important for him, for Chicago, forthe West, and therefore for the whole country, came about in the following manner: It so happened that a sister of Mr. Ogden had becomethe wife of Mr. Charles Butler, of New York City, Mr. Butler beinga brother of the well-known general, Benjamin F. Butler. CharlesButler, in connection with others, had purchased from the Kinzies andother owners a tract of 182 acres, all, or most of it, on the North Side,running from the river northward. Mr. Ogden had some means of hisown, but to what extent he was a partner in this transaction does notappear. However, in the spring of 1835 he was chosen to go to Chicagoand look after the disposition of the property. Although the place wasa miserable little hamlet of 1,200 or 1,500 people set down in the mudabout the forks of the Chicago River, it was already attracting almostnation-wide attention as a town of future importance. In the thirtiesa considerable body of young, ambitious, and unusually able men madehomes in the little village, and almost at once became leaders, a leadership which they maintained when the hamlet had become a great city.The following list of such men might be multiplied several times over:Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, Philo Carpenter, Judge John Dean Caton, JudgeGeorge Manierre, Judge Grant Goodrich, Thomas Hoyne, Gurdon S.Hubbard, Tuthill King, William B. Ogden, Captain Redmond Prinde-ville, J. Young Scammon, Judge Mark Skinner, and ("Long") John Went-worth. In 1834 land values were rising rapidly and the report spreadfar and wide. In the spring of 1835 the United States governmentannounced the opening of a land office in Chicago and a sale of publiclands in the adjacent region. There followed a great gathering of landseekers. The land office was on the second floor of the store of ThomasChurch on Lake Street. The buyers stood out in the street in front ofthe store, and the constant tramping of the great crowd made the streetvery muddy. Mr. Church therefore brought a supply of dry sand everymorning from the lake shore and covered the ground, making the mud,for a few hours at least, dry land. So great was the eagerness to buyland that the receipts of the land office during the first half of Juneexceeded half a million dollars, 400,000 acres being sold.It was during this government land sale that Mr. Ogden arrived inChicago. It is related that he was somewhat depressed by his firstinspection of the tract of land he had in charge. He found it to be an86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDunbroken field covered with a wild growth of oak and underbrush,marshy and muddy from recent rains. There was nothing attractiveabout it, save perhaps that it lay along the main river and the northbranch. In its wild and unkempt state he could not see in it anythingto justify the great price, $100,000, that had been paid for it. Hedetermined, however, to take advantage of the land hunger indicatedby the government sales, and advertised a public auction at which thesedesirable (!) lots could be bought. His surprise and gratification maybe imagined when his auction resulted in the sale of about one-thirdof the lots for more than the entire tract had cost.Aside from this gratifying stroke of business there was little in thesmall, unkempt, muddy village Chicago then was to attract a man wholoved, as Mr. Ogden did, the mountains and streams and forests of hisnative place. He felt little disposition to make the small western townhis home. He returned to New York to report to his business associatesthe success he had achieved. Meanwhile the real-estate boom inChicago was now fairly on. The opportunities for an able and ambitiousman multiplied in the far-western town, and inevitably drew Mr. Ogdenback. He returned to make the village his home and at once laid hisplans for permanent business activity. Naturally enough he turned hisattention at the outset to buying and selling real estate. Dealing inreal estate was the business of Chicago in 1835-36. Mr. Ogden openeda real-estate office and established a Land and Trust Agency which hecarried on in his own name from 1836 to 1843. By the latter date thebusiness had so increased and his other interests had so widened thata partner was secured. A very great and profitable business developed,and partners came and went. From time to time the firm name changed.Perhaps the best known of its various names was that of Ogden, Sheldon& Company, under which title it still continues after more than eightyyears. For some years after founding the business Mr. Ogden gavehimself with tireless energy to building it up. He became a firm believerin Chicago real estate. The well-known Captain Prindeville is reportedto have told the following story: Mr. Ogden offered him a five-acrelot on the West Side for $1,000, on what was known in that day as " canaltime," that is, one quarter down and the balance in one, two, and threeyears. Prindeville hadn't the money. Mr. Ogden offered to trust himfor a year for the first payment. Still he declined to buy. Then Ogdenproposed to take the land back at the end of the year if Prindeville didn'tlike the bargain. But the Captain, seeing no way of making the payments, refused even this generous offer. Whereupon Ogden broke out:WILLIAM B. OGDEN 87"Why, Redmond, that's not the way to get along. When you are dealing with Chicago property the proper way is to go in for all you can getand then go on with your business and forget all about it. It will takecare of itself." Another man bought the property and made $4,000 onit in six months.It goes without saying that a man of Mr. Ogden's unusual abilitywas, from the start, one of the leading citizens of the rapidly growingtown. At the first election for town trustees after his arrival he wasmade a member of that board. Eh B. Williams was presiderjt. Theyears 1835-36 formed a period of extraordinary growth in population.The number of inhabitants more than doubled and the people began tocatch a vision of the future city. It was decided, therefore, to applyto the legislature for a city charter. In the fall of 1836 the presidentof the town board, Mr. Williams, appointed a committee of five mento draw up a city charter for submission to the legislature. Of thiscommittee Mr. Ogden was a member, as was J. D. Caton, afterwardchief justice of the state. The committee reported the proposed charterin December. On March 4, 1837, the legislature passed the bill approving the charter, and Chicago became a city. From north to south thenew city extended from North Avenue to Twenty-second Street, andthe western boundary was Wood Street.The first business of the new municipality was the election of amayor, and a spirited contest was at once begun. William B. Ogdenwas nominated by the Democrats, and John H. Kinzie by the Whigs.The former was a newcomer, the latter Chicago's oldest resident, havingcome with his father, John Kinzie, in 1804, while in his first year. TheKinzie family stood deservedly high in the young community. Mr.Ogden and Mr. Kinzie were fellow-attendants of St. James EpiscopalChurch. Both were young men, Mr. Ogden being thirty-two years old,and Mr. Kinzie a year older. A little over seven hundred votes werecast. Mr. Ogden was elected Chicago's first mayor by a vote of 469against 237 for his opponent. One interesting fact connected with thisfirst election in the new city was that the South Side cast more votesthan the North and West sides together. The following was the distribution of votes: South 408, North 204, West, 97; a total of 709.It was in this year, 1837, that the Hon. I. N. Arnold, thereafter Mr.Ogden's legal adviser in Chicago, first met the young mayor. Indescribing his personal appearance Mr. Arnold says:You might look the country through and not find a man of more manly and imposing presence, or a finer-looking gentleman. His forehead was broad and square; his88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmouth firm and determined; his eyes large and dark gray; his nose large; hair brown;his complexion ruddy; his voice clear, musical and sympathetic; his figure a littleabove the medium height; and he united great muscular power with almost perfectsymmetry of form. He was a natural leader, and if he had been one of a thousandpicked men cast upon a desolate island he would, by common, universal, and instinctiveselection, have been made their leader.It is little wonder that Chicago chose him for its first mayor.The real-estate boom of 1835-36 had made a good many men apparently rich, and some of them had built, or were preparing to build, comfortable homes. Mr. Ogden was one of those who had prospered. Inthese two years he had acquired a substantial fortune. His operationshad been so extensive and successful that he felt justified in buildingwhat long remained probably the finest private residence in the city.He brought to Chicago the rising young architect, J. M. Van Osdel, todraw the plans for this house and build it in the spring of 1837. It wasthe first house in Chicago built by an architect. It is described as"attractive, homelike, beautiful." It stood on the North Side in thecenter of the block bounded on the east by Rush Street, on the southby Ontario, on the west by Cass, and on the north by Erie. The blockwas covered with a fine growth of native trees. The house was builtof wood, a broad porcrr extending across the south front. It stood inthe center of the block. Here he brought his mother and sister.M. E. H. Sheldon, who married one of his sisters, says:I lived under the same roof with Mr. Ogden for a quarter of a century, and fornearly all that time we carried on our house jointly, thus enforcing a very close andlong-continued intimacy. These years brought to each of us, as they do to all, daysof trial, of suffering, and of sorrow, and yet, in all that time, looking back in carefulscrutiny, I cannot recall one harsh or unkind word received from him. His patienceand forbearance were great, his friendship steadfast, and his good-will unbounded.This is a noble testimony. Mr. Arnold says of the social life of thishome, presided over by Mr. Ogden's mother and his sister:In this home of generous and liberal hospitality was found no lavish or vulgarexhibition of wealth, no ostentatious or pretentious display On the contrary,here were refinement, broad intelligence, kind courtesy, and real hospitality. Heregathered from far and near the most worthy, the most distinguished representativesof the best American social life. Here all prominent and distinguished strangers werewelcomed and entertained, and here, too, the most humble and poor, if distinguishedfor merit, culture, or ability, were always most cordially received. Here he entertained Van Buren, Webster, Poinsett, Marcy, Flag, Butler, Gilpin, Corning, Crosswell,Tilden, Bryant, Emerson, Miss Martineau, Fredrika Bremer, Margaret Fuller, theartist Healy, Anna C. Lynch, and many others, comprising some of the best representative men and women of our country and the most distinguished visitors fromWILLIAM B. OGDEN 89abroad. The guest always found good books, good pictures, good music, and the mostkind and genial reception. Mr. Ogden himself, however, was always the chief attraction. He was, in his way, without an equal as a conversationalist. His powers ofnarration and description were unrivaled.The testimony to Mr. Ogden's conversational gifts is very abundant.G. P. A. Healy, the artist, who painted three portraits of Mr. Ogden, says:"I found him in conversation a worthy rival of the three best I ever met,viz., Louis Phillippe, John Quincy Adams, and Dr. O. A. Bronson."Mr. J. Y. Scammon, who knew him intimately for forty years, declaresthat as a traveling companion he had never seen his equal. Mr. Arnold,after saying that he was never more attractive than in his library recitingthe poetry of Bryant and others, or at his piano playing accompanimentsto his own singing of old songs, continues: "Perhaps I ought to makean exception, when he was driving his own carriage, filled with guests,over the prairies of the Northwest, for then he would make the longestday short by his inimitable narration of incidents and anecdotes, hisgraphic descriptions, and his sanguine anticipations of the future."When Mr. Ogden became mayor of the new city of Chicago, withits 4,000 people, in 1837 it was a poor excuse for a city. The buildingswere for the most part wooden shanties. There were few sidewalks.For much of the year the streets were little better than mudholes. Thestores were mostly on South Water Street, with one here and there onLake Street. The Fort Dearborn reservation was still in existence,cutting off the South Side from the lake. One bridge, on DearbornStreet, connected the North and South sides, but was soon destroyed orremoved. A floating bridge at Randolph connected the South and Westsides, and a foot bridge the North and West sides. There were nearlyforty places where liquor was sold, five churches, and seven small privateschools. "The waterworks consisted of a hogshead on wheels, with afaucet, under which the consumer's bucket received a supply for a pricepaid to the proprietor and driver." The imports of the city amountedto $373,677, and the exports to $11,665. The citizens, were growing richby selling to one another for the most part city and suburban lots.The government was spending some money in improving the river,and on July 4, 1836, work had been started on the Illinois and MichiganCanal, and labor was in demand. The city began its career underMr. Ogden without either money or credit. Improvements of every sortwere needed and had the flush times kept on and men continued to growrich on real estate, the new mayor, being a man of great intelligence,enterprise, and energy, would doubtless have made his administrationgo THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmemorable for public improvements. But he was hardly seated in themayor's chair when the panic of 1837 fell on the country and the citylike a thunderbolt out of a clear sky. It was in the early part of thisyear that the Illinois legislature had adopted that ambitious bill appropriating some $10,000,000 for internal improvements which, when thecrash came, bankrupted the state.The panic fell on Chicago with most disastrous effect. Its sole stockin trade became worthless. Men went to bed rich and awoke to findthemselves worth less than nothing. Real estate was transformed froman asset into a liability, and well-nigh universal bankruptcy followed.All plans for public improvements had to be abandoned. During histerm of office, however, Mr. Ogden appointed the first permanent boardof health; the first census was taken showing the population on July 1,1837, to be 4,170; and the council elected the first board of schoolinspectors. Mr. Ogden was able to do one notable service for the city.Mr. Scammon, than whom there could be no better authority, says:There is no brighter page in Mr. Ogden's history than that which records his devotion to the preservation of the public credit. The first time that we recollect to haveheard him address a public meeting was in the autumn of 1837, while he held the officeof mayor. Some frightened debtors, assisted by a few demagogues, had called ameeting to take measures to have the courts suspended, or some way devised by whichthe compulsory fulfilment of their engagements might be deferred beyond that period,so tedious to creditors, known as the "law's delay." They sought legislative actionor "relief laws," virtually to suspend for a season the collection of debts. An inflammatory .... speech had been made. The meeting, which was composed chiefly ofdebtors, seemed quite excited, and many were rendered almost desperate by therecital, by designing men, of their sufferings and pecuniary danger. During theexcitement the mayor was called for. He stepped forward and exhorted his fellow-citizens not to commit the folly of proclaiming their own dishonor. He besoughtthose of them who were embarrassed to bear up against adverse circumstances withthe courage of men, remembering that no misfortune was so great as one's personaldishonor. It were better for them to conceal their misfortunes than to proclaim them;reminding them that many a fortress had saved itself by the courage of its inmatesand their determination to conceal its weakened condition, when if its real state hadbeen made known its destruction would have been inevitable and immediate. "Aboveall things," he said, "do not tarnish the honor of our infant city!"This eloquent appeal carried all before it and the honor of the city wasnot. tarnished.In this disastrous panic Mr. Ogden suffered with his fellow businessmen. He was so seriously crippled that he himself came near shipwreck.He weathered the storm indeed, being a man of indomitable will andenergy and extraordinary business ability, but it took five years toextricate himself from his difficulties and get fairly on his feet again.WILLIAM B. OGDEN 91For two or three years his private affairs required his individual attention. In 1840, however, he was a member of the board of aldermen,and performed a unique public service. For some reason the South Sideor an influential party on that side opposed any bridge across the mainriver. It had secured the destruction of the Dearborn Street bridgeor it had been carried away by a flood, and when it was proposed to spanthe river on Clark Street the movement encountered bitter opposition.The aldermen were evenly divided, and it required the vote of MayorRaymond to pass the ordinance. It was necessary to make a bridgethat would not obstruct navigation, and Mr. Ogden made plans forwhat was known as a swing bridge. It was built according to these plansand proved so serviceable that during the succeeding five years otherslike it were constructed at Wells, Randolph, and Kinzie streets.When a boy Mr. Ogden intended to follow the law as a profession.His father's illness and death, and later on business openings, had interfered with his plans, but they did not bring his studies to an end. Hewas essentially a business man, but he carried out his purpose to becomea lawyer so far, at least, as to be admitted to the bar in Chicago in 1841.His brother, Mahlon D. Ogden, who followed him to Chicago, becamenot only a successful lawyer, but a judge. It was the house of MahlonD. Ogden, standing in the center of a block of ground far north in theChicago of 1871, that had the distinction of being the only importantbuilding on the North Side to survive the great fire. It was later displaced by the Newberry Library.In 1841 William B. Ogden became one of the founders of the YoungMen's Association of Chicago, an organization which for thirty yearsmaintained a reading-room and conducted lecture courses in the growing city.Work on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which was to open navigation between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico and workwonders for the prosperity of Chicago, had been begun in 1836. Thiswaterway was an enterprise of supreme interest in Chicago. The panicof 1837 had interrupted more or less the progress of the work. The statebecame embarrassed, the state bank failed, and in 1841 work on thecanal came to an end. Mr. Ogden felt a profound interest in the completing of this great public enterprise. In the autumn of 1842 he wasone of a self-constituted committee of four men, the others being ArthurBronson, of New York, J. Butterfield, and Mr. Ogden's attorney, I. N.Arnold, who devised a plan for carrying the work on. More than$5,000,000 had already been expended, and it was estimated that it02 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwould cost $1,600,000 more to complete the undertaking. The plan wasapproved. The legislature enacted the necessary measures to carryit out, and this was done with such success that the canal was finishedin 1848, and continued for many years to be one of the great assets ofthe city.One of the early institutions of Chicago was Rush Medical College.Chartered in 1837, it did not get fairly under way till Mr. Ogden gaveit, in 1843, a site f°r a building on the North Side, at the corner of Dearborn and Indiana streets. He assisted in the erection of the first modestbuilding of the college, and was for many years president of the boardof trustees. This was the beginning of the connection of Mr. Ogden'sname with the University of Chicago, Rush Medical College being nowin organic connection with that institution. Like many another manhe builded better than he knew!A quotation from Mr. Arnold has indicated that Mr. Ogden was aman of marked literary tastes. He not only loved good poetry andfilled his house with books, but more than once adventured into literature. In 1844 a new paper was started in Chicago, the Chicago Democratic Advocate and Commercial Advertiser. The paper had no editor,and its editorials were largely written by William B. Ogden, N. B. Judd(who nominated Mr. Lincoln for the presidency in the famous Wigwamin i860), I. N. Arnold, and Ebenezer Peck. A paper with no responsibleeditor, however, could not long survive in a city like Chicago, and thislasted only a few years.After the panic of 1837 Mr. Ogden continued his real-estate business,but for a number of years under very difficult conditions. It is saidthat between the spring of 1837 and the fall of 1838 values had diminished 80 per cent. Indeed lots could hardly be sold at any price. In afew years, of course, prices began again to advance. In 1844 and 1845that increase in values had begun which marked the founding of manygreat Chicago fortunes. In Mr. Ogden's notebook he wrote: "In 1844I purchased for $8,000 what eight years thereafter sold for $3,000,000.""I purchased in 1845 property for $15,000 which twenty years thereafter, in 1865, was worth ten millions of dollars." He did not hold theseproperties and realize their profits, for he was a dealer in real estate andwas continually buying and selling. The vast amount of real estate heowned from time to time merely passed through his hands, keepingbusiness moving and building up the city. He opened up in the courseof three transactions more than a hundred miles of streets, and madethe multifarious improvements necessary in putting new subdivisionsWILLIAM B. OGDEN 93on the market. He prospered greatly, but his real-estate business didnot furnish the opportunities his extraordinary talents and energiesrequired. He found them in the great public enterprises which occupiedmuch of his time during the last thirty years of his life.In 1846 a popular movement began for the improvement of thewaterways of the West and the harbors of the Great Lakes. This wasa matter of great moment for Chicago, and Mr. Ogden took a leadingpart in preparing the way for the extraordinary River and HarborConvention held in that city in 1847. He united with two other menin calling the preliminary meeting in Chicago in 1846, and was a memberof the Committee of Arrangements for the convention. When theconvention assembled in Chicago on July 5, 1847, he nominated thetemporary chairman. The number of delegates is variously given atfrom three to ten thousand. Abraham Lincoln was present as one ofthem and spoke. Thurlow Weed, who attended, described the convention as "the largest deliberative body ever assembled." It was saidthat twenty thousand strangers visited Chicago to attend the convention. It was held in the courthouse square under an immense tentcovering about two-thirds of the block, the courthouse then standingon the northeast corner of the square and the jail on the northwestcorner.In the same year Mr. Ogden was once more a member of the citycouncil. He also found time to act on the Committee of Arrangementsof the Western Educational Convention held in Chicago, and acceptedthe presidency of the Northwestern Educational Society organized bythe convention. This society was instituted to further the bettertraining of Illinois teachers, and out of it grew the state's admirablesystem of normal schools and colleges.But the great event of the year 1847 in Mr. Ogden's life ,was hisentrance into the career of an organizer and builder of railroads. Thefirst Chicago railroad was known as the Galena & Chicago Union. Thiscompany had been chartered in 1836 when Galena was a more importantplace than Chicago and was naturally placed first in the name of theproposed road. After eleven years had passed without any real beginning having been made, Mr. Ogden and a few other men bought thecharter and the few assets and began an effort to secure the buildingof the road. Mr. Ogden and Mr. Scammon went to Boston and laidthe situation before William F. Weld, then known as the "railroadking." Mr. Scammon, in relating the interview, says: "Mr. Weldsaid to us, ' Gentlemen, I do not remember any enterprise of this kind94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwe Boston people have taken hold of upon statistics. You must gohome, raise what money you can, expend it upon your road, and whenit breaks down, as it surely or in all probability will, come and give itto us, and we will take hold of it and complete it, as we are completingthe Michigan Central.'" William B. Ogden and J. Y. Scammon werenot the kind of men to be talked to in this way. Mr. Scammon continues: "A resolution was then formed .... that the Galena shouldnot break down. We came home, sought and obtained subscriptionsto the stock of the road upon the pledge that the stock should neverbe endangered until it rose to par This pledge was kept." Aninteresting light is thrown on the wealth of the leading business men ofChicago in 1847-48 by the following statement of Mr. Scammon:"There was no man in Chicago who could conveniently, or was disposed to, subscribe for more than $5,000 in the stock of the railroadcompany, and the enterprise not only required faith and energy, butthe soliciting of subscriptions from every person who could take evenone share of stock." The work was prosecuted with infinite difficulty.Mr. Ogden himself visited the farmers along the proposed line fromChicago to Galena and solicited their subscriptions. He was presidentof the road and held that office till 1851, when troubles in the directorate,regarding which information is lacking, led him to retire from that office.As a result of his retirement the road was never extended to Galena, butFreeport remained its terminal, to the intense indignation of Galena,which had invested generously in the stock. As a business enterprise,however, the Galena & Chicago Union was eminently successful.In the midst of his labors to inaugurate the building of railroadswest of Chicago Mr. Ogden also interested himself in securing railroadconnections with the East. The Michigan Central, having reachedLake Michigan in 1846, had stopped at New Buffalo, sixty-six mileseast of Chicago. Mr. Ogden felt it to be imperative that the roadshould be extended to the rising young city. He therefore, in connection with J. Y. Scammon, set himself to work to bring this about, andafter long effort they revived an abandoned Indiana charter which gavethe exclusive right to construct a railroad from Michigan City to Chicago.The Michigan Central, being put in possession of this charter, extendedits line and entered Chicago in May, 1852, giving the city two easternconnections, the Michigan Southern having anticipated its rival by threemonths.The Chicago Board of Trade was founded in 1848 with Mr. Ogdenas one of its organizers and a member of the board of directors. In thisWILLIAM B. OGDEN 95year also he was a partner of Cyrus H. McCormick, the inventor of thereaper and mowing machines which have revolutionized the agricultureof the world, who had recently determined to make Chicago the centerof the new industry. In its beginnings Mr. Ogden assisted in financingthe enterprise which has now become world-wide in its operations.Meantime he was reflecting deeply and corresponding widely onthe railroad problems of the country. Already his early vision of arailroad system reaching the Mississippi had so enlarged that he nowsaw that system covering the continent and extending to the PacificOcean. He had become so well known for his large and intelligent viewson the railroad policy of the country that when, in 1850, the NationalPacific Railway Convention was held in Philadelphia, Mr. Ogden wasmade its presiding officer. He seems thus early to have begun the foundation of those plans which led to the building of the first road to thePacific. It was probably in pursuit of those plans that a little later hewas actively engaged in Iowa in furthering the extension of the RockIsland west of Davenport to the Missouri River, where the Union Pacificlater began.But Mr. Ogden's mind was not entirely absorbed with railroadsrunning toward the Pacific. He was equally interested in securing railconnections for Chicago with the East. On the organization of theChicago & Fort Wayne Company in 1853 he became one of its directors.The road, after making various combinations, extended its lines toPittsburgh.By 1853-54 Mr. Ogden had become a man of considerable wealth.It may have been about this time that he instructed his financial manager to ascertain and report to him how much he was worth. After fullinvestigation the report was submitted showing him to be worth abouta million dollars, on which he is reported by the agent to have said tohim, "My God, Quigg, but that's a lot of money."It was at this time, 1853-54, that Mr. Ogden went abroad, spendingabout eighteen months in England and on the Continent. During thistrip he gave another illustration of his inclination toward literary production by a series of letters to the Chicago Democratic Press. Heexamined the waterways of Europe, and in these letters strongly advocated a ship canal connecting Chicago with the Mississippi and theGulf.In 1855, soon after his return from Europe, he was made a memberof the Sewerage Commission, which brought to Chicago for his manyyears of service that eminent engineer E. S. Chesbrough, who devised96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand carried into execution the city's sewerage and water-supply systems.He became in the same year one of the organizers of the Illinois SavingsInstitution, of which he was for many years a director.In politics Mr. Ogden was for most of his life a Democrat. He was,however, opposed to slavery, and in 1848-49 lined up with the Free-soilers. It was therefore only natural that he became one of the foundersof the Republican party. In 1856 he was on the Committee of Arrangements for the first Republican State Convention, which was held atBloomington. In the same year, with many other of the old settlers, heassisted in organizing the Chicago Historical Society and became itsvice-president, holding that office for many years. In this year also hemade one of the important investments of his life. This was the establishment on the Peshtigo River, Green Bay, northern Wisconsin, of agreat lumber business. Within a few years the firm owned about twohundred thousand acres of pine lands, built extensive mills with aflourishing village about them, constructed a fine harbor, and manufactured for the Chicago market forty or fifty million feet of lumber annually.These years formed a period of extraordinary business activity inMr. Ogden's life. He was a little over fifty years old and had reachedthe full maturity of his powers. His means were ample, allowing him tobranch out in many directions, and his interests and investments werewidely distributed. He had begun the construction of the Chicago, St.Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and in 1857 was pushing it forward with allhis energy. He was president also of the Illinois & Wisconsin, as well asof the Wisconsin & Superior Land Grant Railway. These roads, withthe Beloit & Madison, the Rock River Valley, and other small lines heabsorbed into the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac, and thus laid thefoundation for the great Chicago & Northwestern System. Meantimehe had found time to organize a company to tunnel the Chicago River,and in 1857 ^e united with the ablest men in the city in founding thefirst of the present great banks of Chicago, the Merchants Loan andTrust Company.The widespread and disastrous panic of 1857 found Mr. Ogden'soperations thus widely extended. He was under an immense load ofobligations. On the paper of the Fond du.Lac Railroad alone he wasendorser to the amount of nearly a million and a half dollars. His failureseemed to his friends and the public almost inevitable. This generalimpression was the occasion of practical expressions of friendship andpersonal devotion almost without parallel, and which constitute anunspeakably eloquent testimonial to the character of Mr. Ogden, hisWILLIAM B. OGDEN 97integrity, his lovableness, his greatness. The most extraordinary offersof assistance began to come to him from many friends. Robert Eaton,of Wales, at once sent to him $80,000 to use at his discretion. MatthewLaflin, of Chicago, tendered for himself and friends $100,000. ColonelE. D. Taylor, of Chicago, repeatedly pressed upon him a like amount.Samuel Russell, of Middletown, Connecticut, whose agent in ChicagoMr. Ogden had been for many years, wrote to the latter's partner in thatcity, placing his entire fortune of half a million dollars in Mr. Ogden'shands. Perhaps the most touching of all these proffers came from aScotch nobleman whose friendship he had acquired while abroad fiveyears before. It was contained in the following letter:My dear Mr. Ogden:I hear you are in trouble. I have placed to your credit in New York £100,000.If you get through I know you will return it. If you don't, Jeanie and I will nevermiss it.Mr. Ogden was not asking his friends for help. These proffers andothers like them were spontaneous expressions of affection and devotion.He declined them all. He was confident that he could weather thestorm, and making a full exhibit of his affairs to the creditors of the Fonddu Lac road he was allowed to continue in control and pay the obligations as he was able. In these transactions Samuel J. Tilden was hisNew York adviser.There was indeed another side to these troubles of the Wisconsinrailroads Mr. Ogden was then building. It also illustrated the greatnessof the man. The people in one section of Wisconsin, fearing the loss ofall they had invested, became exasperated against him. They thoughtthat he had deceived and swindled them, and threatened to shoot himif he ever again ventured into their country. He immediately sent handbills into the community, calling a public meeting which he wouldaddress. A large and threatening crowd assembled. In vain Mr.Ogden's friends urged him not to go to the meeting. He was receivedwith a most menacing uproar. He was unarmed, and appealed to theirsense of fair play, and told them that after they had heard him theymight shoot him if they pleased. With perfect candor and clearnesshe laid before them all the facts, and revealed his own losses and embarrassments and the disastrous results of the panic. He then picturedwith enthusiastic eloquence the certainty of ultimate success, assuredthem it would double the value of every farm, and when he concluded,instead of mobbing him and shooting him, they appointed a committee98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto wait upon him, which said, "Mr. Ogden, we are authorized by thefarmers and other stockholders along the road to say, if you wish it, wewill double our subscriptions." He was as honest and courageous as hewas able and efficient. It is not to be wondered at that he was broughtforward in 1855 as a candidate for the United States Senate. This wasin the great contest at Springfield in which Abraham Lincoln, the leadingcandidate, finally withdrew in favor of Lyman Trumbull and securedhis first election as Senator.In 1858, while business was still prostrate from the panic of thepreceding year, Mr. Ogden became one of the organizers of the NorthChicago City Railway. Meantime the Chicago & Fort Wayne, ofwhich he became a director in 1853, after forming a combination withtwo other roads and making a through line from Chicago to Pittsburgh,fell into difficulties during the prostration of the country's business, andin 1859 sequestrators and receivers were appointed in the states throughwhich its fines ran. The difficulties of the road brought into full playthe extraordinary business genius of Mr. Ogden. A general meetingof the stockholders, bondholders, and creditors was held in Pittsburgh.There was much confusion and conflict of opinion. Mr. Ogden broughtabout unity by proposing a plan which created a new company composed of bondholders and other creditors and stockholders, which conserved the interests of all and assured the success of the road. Itrequired the appointment of a single receiver for the entire line, andthis office was at once urged upon him at a salary of $25,000 by allparties. He was already overburdened with other great enterprises,his health was impaired, and he felt compelled to decline. No otherman, however, could be found, and, after refusing again and again, hewas in the end fairly forced by necessity to undertake the work of puttingthe reorganized road on its feet. This he finally did with the understanding that his compensation should be less than half the amountpressed upon him. His administration was most successful, and theChicago, Pittsburgh & Fort Wayne finally became a most importantpart of the great Pennsylvania System.It was said a moment ago that when the Fort Wayne receivership wasurged upon him Mr. Ogden pleaded that he was already overburdened.He was then engaged in one of the great organizing and constructiveundertakings of his life. For it was in 1859 that he was organizingout of his various roads in Wisconsin and northern Illinois the vastsystem of the Chicago & Northwestern. From the beginning he wasthe president of the road, and within five years had absorbed into theWILLIAM B. OGDEN 99new system his earliest railroad venture, the Galena & Chicago Union,with several of its connecting and dependent fines. The organizationof the Chicago & Northwestern System was one of the most brilliantachievements of his life. He continued in the presidency till 1868,when, having removed to New York City, he retired. As his connection with the Galena & Chicago Union, a part of the Northwestern, hadexisted since 1847, the stockholders, on the occasion of his retirement,adopted the following:Resolved, That his [W. B. Ogden's] connection with this company dating back fora period of twenty-one years, his disinterested labors in its behalf without fee or rewardduring the whole time, the benefit he has conferred upon it and the country, demandour grateful acknowledgments.The writer of this sketch recalls vividly the visit of the Prince ofWales, afterward Edward VII, to Chicago in i860, and his progress, inan open carriage, down Michigan Avenue. Mr. Ogden was a memberof the committee of three citizens for the reception and entertainmentof the prince. In this year, with the avowed purpose of encouragingthe railroad development of the state, he sought and secured electionto the state senate on the Republican ticket. It might he supposedthat his multiplied business interests, real estate, lumber, railroads, etc.,with his new political duties, would have absorbed all his energies. Buthe was a great executive, of extraordinary administrative ability toemploy the brains and direct the activities of other men. There was,therefore, nothing but the extent of his resources to limit the enlargement of his business interests. In i860 he purchased at Brady's Bend,in the iron and coal region of Pennsylvania, five thousand acres of land,and organized the Brady's Bend Iron Company, with a capital of$2,000,000, which within a few years was employing six hundred menand making two hundred tons of rails daily.In 1 86 1 he was appointed one of a committee to organize the Chicago& Alton Railroad by act of the legislature, which was in fine with hispurpose in seeking election to the state senate. When, in the same year,the Civil War broke out, and a great passion of patriotism flamed throughChicago, Mr. Ogden was a member of the committee organized to raisefunds for arming and equipping the city regiments. It was in this yearalso that he was elected president of the Board of Trustees of the firstUniversity of Chicago. The University had begun its educational workin 1858. Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who had contributed its site onCottage Grove Avenue, north of Thirty-fifth Street, had served as100 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpresident of the Board till his death in the spring of 1861. Mr. Ogdensucceeded him and continued in the office as long as he lived. He felta lively interest in the institution, and was understood to be pledged toerect the north wing of the great university building as soon as theinstitution should free itself from debt. This it never did, and thetroubles which broke out among the trustees and for many years paralyzed their efforts so discouraged Mr. Ogden that any benevolent intentions he had cherished toward the institution were never carried out.In 1862, the second year of the Civil War, the national congresspassed an act authorizing the building of the first railroad to the Pacific.Under this act the Union Pacific was built with William B. Ogden as itsfirst president. This was a fitting conclusion of his progressive railroadbuilding. He had expressed the hope in the New York senate in 1835that he might live to see the railroad system of the country extend to theMississippi, and before reaching sixty years of age he had himself becomean influential and even dominant figure in systems extending from theAtlantic to the Pacific, being president of roads extending the greaterpart of the distance.We find him during these years making frequent contributions to theeducational and charitable work of Chicago. With three other menhe gave a site of twenty acres to the McCormick Theological Seminary.He was one of the earliest considerable contributors to the ErringWomen's Refuge. There were naturally repeated gifts to the firstUniversity of Chicago, as well as to the Academy of Sciences.At sixty years of age he began to think of withdrawing from activebusiness. He resigned from the presidency of the Union Pacific, andin 1866 purchased a handsome villa at Fordham Heights, adjoiningHigh Bridge on the Harlem River near New York. There were morethan a hundred acres of land, with a front of nearly half a mile on theriver. The place was given the name of "Boscobel." For a numberof years Mr. Ogden resided alternately in Chicago and New York,gradually spending more and more of his time at Boscobel. Here hewas living in quiet when he was rudely drawn from his seclusion by theChicago fire of 1871. He had definitely retired and placed the care ofhis great enterprises for the most part in other hands. And it was nota single disaster that now fell upon him, but a double one. It was notChicago alone that was burning, but his great lumber mills and thehomes of his workmen at Peshtigo. The telegraphic wires disturbed hisdreams of a quiet and peaceful old age with these messages: " Chicagois burning." "All Chicago is on fire." "Chicago is burned up." "AWILLIAM B. OGDEN IOIwhirlwind of fire is sweeping over Peshtigo." He boarded a train forChicago at once, reaching that city Tuesday evening, October 10, passedthrough the still smoking ruins, and sought his own home, which, hehad been told on the train, was the only one left standing on the NorthSide. He could not find it. He could hardly find the spot where it hadstood. It was his brother Mahlon's house farther north which alonesurvived the conflagration on the North Side, and thither, through stillsmoldering fires, he made his way. The following day he received finalintelligence of the utter destruction of Peshtigo, aggravated by a terribleloss of life among his workmen. "His individual loss in the two firesexceeded two million dollars." This is the declaration of Mr. Arnold,who had every means of knowing. Mr. Arnold adds: "He met all — Iwill not say like a hero, but like a Christian hero." He remained inChicago only four days, seeking to encourage the people to rise to thoseheroic efforts which transformed what seemed an irreparable disasterinto a real and enduring advantage in a better and greater city. Hethen went on to Peshtigo, where his presence was indispensable to thedespairing people. Here he threw off at once thirty years of his age,becoming a young man of exhaustless energy, untiring industry, and contagious enthusiasm. He said to the people, "We will rebuild thisvillage — the mills, the shops — and do a larger winter's logging than everbefore." He remained two months or more, superintending and directing the work. Mr. Arnold writes:At daylight in the morning he was up, and worked with the men till dark, constantly exposed to the rain and sleet and snow. When night came, he would go on anopen car, drawn by mules, eight miles to the harbor. All the evening, until late in thenight, he was engaged with his clerks and assistants, in drawing plans, writing letters,and sending telegrams to his agents, and the next morning break of day would findhim again at the head of his men at Peshtigo. During all this period he was cheerfuland pleasant, and inspired everybody with courage and faith in the future. Thisterrible strain upon him, and overwork for a man of his years, probably shortened hislife.A business associate, General Henry Strong, who was with Mr. Ogdenduring these herculean labors, closes his account of them with thisestimate of the man:Thus .far in life, I have been associated with no one equal to him in businesscapacity, in energy, in perseverance. He possessed many of the qualities of a greatand successful general, viz., unflinching courage, coolness in times of danger, rarepresence of mind in emergencies, decision, a constitution of iron, great physical strength,executive power of a high order, ability to master the details of anything he had onhand, firmness of purpose, faith in his own judgment and plans, and an unbending102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwill to carry through to completion, and against all opposition, anything he undertook.In the planning and management of large enterprises, while in the prime of life, he hadno superior and I believe few equals.Mr. Ogden contemplated marriage in early manhood, but his hopeswere disappointed by the death of his intended wife. He evidentlycherished for her a very tender attachment, and the remembrance ofher deterred him from marriage till very late in life. On February 9,1875, he married Miss Marianna Arnot, daughter of Judge Arnot, ofElmira, New York. He had long been on the most friendly relationswith the family and with the daughter, and Mr. Arnold remarks thatthe only mistake about the marriage was that it did not take place twentyor thirty years earlier. At the time of his marriage Mr. Ogden was in hisseventieth year, and his health was beginning to break. With the failureof his strength he put his affairs into the hands of Andrew H. Green,one of the ablest men in New York, who continued in permanent chargeof his estate until its distribution after Mr. Ogden's death. His healthcontinued to fail, and he died August 3, 1877, in his seventy-third year.He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, New York, on August 6. BishopClarkson, of the Episcopal church, traveled halfway across the continent to speak at the funeral, telling of Mr. Ogden's open professionof his Christian faith somewhat late in life, of his talent for friendship,of his noble character, aiid of his commanding abilities. It was at onceeverywhere recognized by the press that one of the great men of thecountry had passed away.Not long after Mr. Ogden's death the Chicago Historical Societysuggested to Mrs. Ogden the propriety of placing a portrait of her husband on its walls, and the artist, G. P. A. Healy, was commissioned topaint it. This was done from a picture that had been made by the sameartist in 1856, when Mr. Ogden was fifty-one years old. On its formalpresentation to the Society on December 20, 1881, the Hon. Isaac N.Arnold delivered a biographical address from which some quotationshave been made in this sketch. In moving the adoption of resolutionsof thanks to Mrs. Ogden, at the conclusion of Mr. Arnold's address, theHon. Elihu B. Washburne, minister to France during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, among other things said:Mr. Ogden was a man of education, intelligence, and refinement. As a businessman he had broad and enlightened views, a bold spirit, and unerring sagacity. Ofcourtly and polished manners, there is no society in the world he would not haveadorned. As a conversationalist, I have hardly ever known his superior, or even hisequal. If a public speaker is to be measured by results accomplished, there were fewWILLIAM B. OGDEN 103men ever more happy or more successful. I have never known a man who could betteraddress himself to the intelligence, the understanding, the judgment, and the sympathy of men I never heard so effective speeches as those made by him.Mr. Arnold, in his address, had brought out another and a veryattractive side of his character, saying:His was one of those sympathetic natures that brought gladness into every circlehe entered. His smile was like the sunshine to the landscape. He developed andbrought into action whatever was good in those with whom he associated Hisnature was an inspiration and a stimulant He brightened the path of everyonewith whom he walked. No one entered his presence who was not made happier, an4made to think better of themselves and of others, of life and humanity.The story was told by Mr. Arnold that a lady born to affluence, butreduced to poverty, asked Mr. Ogden how her sons could hope to earn aliving. His reply was:Madam, don't have the least concern. If your sons are healthy and willing towork, they will find enough to do, and if they cannot begin at the top, let them beginat the bottom, and very likely they will be all the better for it. I was born close by asawmill, was early left an orphan, was cradled in a sugar trough, christened in a mill-pond, graduated at a log school house, and at fourteen fancied I could do anythingI turned my hand to, and that nothing was impossible, and ever since, madam, I havebeen trying to prove it, and with some success.In view of the long-continued relation of Mr. Ogden to Rush MedicalCollege and the first University of Chicago as president of their boardsof trustees for many years, the permanent and prominent connectionof his name with the new University of Chicago is as gratifying as it isappropriate. That connection came about in the following manner:Mr. Ogden left 7 J per cent of his estate for distribution by his executorsand trustees for such benevolent causes as they might select. In 189 1these executors and trustees were Andrew H. Green and Mrs. Ogden.In January, 1891, Dr. William R. Harper, President-elect of the newUniversity, was invited to meet Mr. Green in New York to" confer withhim with reference to an endowment for scientific studies in the newUniversity. Only six months had passed since the institution hadsecured its earliest fund. A board of trustees had only just been organized and a president elected who had not yet accepted. It would seemas though Mrs. Ogden and Mr. Green had been waiting for just thisopportunity and recognized at once the singular appropriateness ofdevoting a part of Mr. Ogden's estate to the purpose which he had himself cherished while living — the upbuilding of a university for Chicago.104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWithin six months after first proposing the matter they executed a formaldesignation to the University of "70 per cent of the moneys to be devotedto charities under the terms of Mr. Ogden's will." On July 9, 1891, thetrustees of the University accepted the proposed gift, and in consideration of it undertook to organize and maintain the Ogden Graduate Schoolof Science. This school was fully organized and began its work ofresearch and instruction on October 1, 1892, the day on which theUniversity opened its doors to students. The amount received fromthe estate for the Ogden Fund was paid to the University at intervalsthrough twenty-one years, and, in the end, totaled in round numbers$566,000. This entire sum was invested as a permanent endowmentfund, none of it being employed for buildings or equipment.The Ogden Graduate School of Science has been exceedingly successful and useful, registering in 1916-17 more than seven hundred students,pursuing graduate studies, and being a recognized center of scientificinvestigation. The School is housed in a dozen buildings built by theliberal gifts of George C. Walker, Sidney A. Kent, Martin A. Ryerson,Miss Helen Culver, Charles T. Yerkes, Julius Rosenwald, and by theUniversity itself. These buildings alone, without their equipment, cost$1,700,000. The value of the grounds, buildings, apparatus, and endowments exceeds $3,000,000.Thus there has been built by gifts from his own estate and fromothers, in the city where his active life was passed, a splendid and enduring monument to one of its greatest and best citizens, William B. Ogden.Nothing could be more appropriate than that such a monument shouldexist in memory of the city's first mayor, of the first president of thetrustees of Rush Medical College, and the man who for sixteen years,more than half of its history, was president of the board of the firstUniversity of Chicago.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WARThe present article is a miscellany containing various items of interest in connectionwith the University of Chicago War Service.The work of Professor Stieglitz^ withMiss Mary Rising on the preparation ofthe synthetic drug, luminal, which is ofimportance in the treatment of epilepsyand which has not hitherto been madein this country has reached the first stageof completion, and the results will bepublished early in April in the Journalof the American Chemical Society for thebenefit of any would-be manufacturers.They have already been imparted to theleading firm interested in the drug, andaccording to this firm the methods usedshow in many particulars a decided improvement over the patented process.With the aid of Miss Gladys Leavell,Mr. R. Q. Brewster, and Mr. H. J. Ross-bacher, Professor Stieglitz has been doingwork on other needed drugs.Mr. Harry H. Herron and Mr. D. L.Patterson are inspectors of powder andexplosives in the Ordnance Departmentat New Brunswick, New Jersey.Mr. R. Q. Brewster and Miss GladysLeavell at the request of Professor Stieglitz have been working on the preparationof the drug salophen with the object ofenabling manufacturers to obtain goodyields. Mr. Brewster has solved theproblem and will publish the results forthe benefit of any manufacturer interested. Dr. R. E. Nelson, who took hisPh.D. degree in Chemistry at the MarchConvocation, has entered the service aschemist in the gas warfare work in thegovernment laboratories at the AmericanUniversity in Washington, D.C. Mr.E. N. Bunting, Assistant in the Department, has accepted an appointment withBausch and Lomb as research chemist tofacilitate their manufacture of opticalglass, one of the fundamental war requirements for the making of instruments ofprecision. Mr. B. C. Renick, who hasheld a scholarship in Chemistry, hasjoined the Navy, and Mr. C. S. Howe, who has been specializing in the Department, also entered the service at the endof the Spring Quarter.Mr. Gustav E. Landt, who graduatedat the March Convocation, has enteredthe chemical service section of theEngineering Department and is workingin the American University near Washington in the Gas Service Section.Mr. M. Kharasch has been inductedinto service and will serve as a chemist,first in the Bureau of Standards and thenin a large government manufacturingplant.At the University of Chicago duringthe Autumn Quarter the following warlectures have been given under theauspices of the Lecture Committee of theGeneral Publicity Committee: January10: Ernest D. Burton, "Is the GoldenRule Workable between Nations ?"February 13: Sir Walter Roper Lawrence, former member of the IndianCouncil and secretary to Lord Curzon,"Ethics of War"; February 14: Mr. H.Hinkovic, ex-member of the CroatianParliament, member of the JugoslavCommittee of London, "The Jugo-Slavsin Future Europe "; February 28: Dr.H. Gideon Wells, "Russia and Roumaniain Wartime, Personal Experiences";illustrated; March 7: Mr. Joseph Mar-tinek, editor of Delniske Listy of Cleveland, "My Experience among the Bol-sheviki"; March 14: Captain HenriHanaut, of the General Staff of theFrench Army, "France at War"; thislecture was illustrated by moving pictures owned by the French government;March 21: Mr. S. K. Ratcliffe, Lecturerunder the London University ExtensionBoard, "America in the World-Order."Professor J. Paul Goode has prepareda new lecture entitled "The Prussian105io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDream of World-Conquest," which hedelivered recently before the annualmeeting of the Cleveland Chamber ofCommerce.At the recent meeting of the IllinoisAcademy of Science Professor John MerleCoulter, Head of the Department ofBotany, gave an address on the workscience is doing today to enable the nationto meet a great emergency.Professor James R. Angell, Head of theDepartment of Psychology and Dean ofthe Faculties, has recently been appointedto the Advisory Board of Educatorswhich is to co-operate with a specialcommittee of army officers to be knownas the Committee on Education andSpecial Training. As defined by thegeneral order of the War Department,the functions of this committee are asfollows: "To study the needs of thevarious branches of the service for skilledmen and technicians; to determine howsuch needs shall be met, whether byselective draft, special training in educational institutions, or otherwise; tosecure co-operation of the educationalinstitutions of the country and to represent the War Department in its relationswith such institutions; to administersuch plan of special training in schoolsand colleges as may be adopted."Major Frank Billings, Professor ofMedicine, who was appointed medicaladviser to the governor of Illinois in thecreation of the medical advisory boards,has been assigned to the Provost MarshalGeneral's office in Washington. MajorBillings' work is understood to be that ofadviser to the Provost Marshal in connection with the medical problems under theSelective Service Law.Professor Edwin O. Jordan, chairmanof the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology, recently returned from amonth's inspection of several army campsin the South and Southwest for thepurpose of studying certain infectiousdiseases, especially cerebro-spinal meningitis. This inspection was conducted atthe request of the Surgeon-General of theUnited States.Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin,Head of the Department of History,delivered the Washington Birthday ad dress at the University of Michigan onFebruary 22. The subject of the addresswas "England and America: Their Common Traditions and Ideals."Captain Charles Edward Merriam, ofthe Aviation Section of the Signal Corps,who has been president of the ExaminingBoard in Chicago, has been ordered toRome by the War Department to takecharge of the Italian headquarters of theUnited States government propagandabureau.So great has been the demand for military French that the editors of Trench andCamp, the weekly published for the menin the National Army cantonments, havemade arrangements for publishing aseries of short lessons in conversationalFrench for men who are unable to attendthe regular classes. The editors haverequested Professor Ernest Hatch Wil-kins, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, to preparethe material each week, and he has consented to do this with the co-operation ofAssistant Professor Algernon Coleman, ofthe same department.Captain Anton J. Carlson, chairmanof the Department of Physiology, who isin the Sanitary Corps of the NationalArmy, and now at the Army MedicalSchool, Washington, D.C., has beendirected to proceed to Ottawa, Canada,for the purpose of conferring with thesurgeon-general of the Canadian forcesconcerning the nutrition of the Canadianarmy. He will visit Montreal and Toronto to observe the food conditions ofthe concentration camps and will laterinspect camps in the United States.Lieutenant William H. Spencer, of theOrdnance Reserve Corps, who is aninstructor in the School of Commerce andAdministration, reports that the seventhsection of the Ordnance Training School ofthe University opened on March 18 withan enrolment of 101 men. These menwere inducted by their local boards, uponorders from the Ordnance Office, and sentto military posts, where they are enlistedand equipped before being forwardedto the University of Chicago for training.The training will cover a period of sixweeks, at the end of which time thedetachment will be transferred to somecamp or arsenal for six weeks' furthertraining.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 107Messrs. H. R. English and H. A. Blan-kenship, who for some time have beeninstructors in the Ordnance TrainingSchool, upon recommendation of theofficer in charge have been transferredto an officers' training camp for ordnancemen at Camp Meade, Virginia. Mr.Whittlesey, also an instructor of longstanding, was inducted into the serviceand assigned to the University of Chicagoas an instructor. He has been recommended for promotion to the grade ofordnance sergeant. The Ordnance Office,before the beginning of the course, haddetailed Sergeant Schweitzer as anassistant of Lieutenant Spencer at theUniversity, but within a few days afterhis arrival he was taken with pneumonia.Upon orders of the Ordnance OfficePrivates White and Wold were transferred from the Rock Island Arsenal tothe University as assistants after SergeantSchweitzer was taken ill.Associate Professor Allan Hoben, ofthe Department of Practical Theologyat the University of Chicago, who hashad wide experience in civic and pastoralactivities, has made arrangements toenter war work in France in connectionwith the Young Men's Christian Association. Professor Hoben expects to begone from the University until the opening of next year. At the present timeDr. Hoben, who is the author of a highlysuccessful book on The Minister and theBoy, is conducting a professional readingcourse in the Biblical World on the subject of "Church and Community."Owing to the illness of Major John S.Grisard during a greater part of theWinter Quarter, all lectures and drill inthe first weeks of the quarter werehandled by Dunlap Clark, whose organizing ability was unusual. On January 25Clark was summoned for training in theSignal Corps (Balloon Observation Section) at Omaha, where he nowis. EugeneCarlson, '19, was appointed in his placeand carried on the work until February18, when Captain William McAndrew,ex-'u, of Company F, 341st Infantry,was assigned to duty here.Captain McAndrew, after three yearsat Vincennes University, came to theUniversity of Chicago in 1907, was herefor a year, taught a year, went back toVincennes for his degree of A.B. in 1910,and then spent another year at Chicago. From 1913 to 191 7 he was athleticdirector of the Southern Illinois NormalSchool. In 1914 he became a captainin the 4th Illinois National Guard,stationed at Camp Grant. He went tothe first Officers' Training Camp atFort Sheridan and was commissionedcaptain August 15. He was assigned toCompany F, 341st Infantry, NationalArmy, stationed at Camp Grant. OnFebruary 15 Captain McAndrew wasdetailed to take charge of the Department of Military Science at Chicago.These constant changes, howevernecessary, had an obvious effect on themorale of the Reserve Officers' TrainingCorps. The undergraduates felt thatthe training they were receiving was tosome degree fragmentary and notprogressive. In the Autumn Quarterthe actual number regularly in the workfell to 155. During the Spring Quarter,however, it rose to 220, and underCaptain McAndrew the work is continuing to progress satisfactorily.Major Henry Gordon Gale, Professorof Physics and Dean in the Colleges, isnow in France, where he has been placedin charge of instruction of the UnitedStates meteorological service. MajorGale was senior instructor of the infantrydivision of the third Officers' TrainingCamp at Camp Grant, but in Januarywas transferred, first to Washington andthen to France for his present service.The work of the meteorological sectionis not principally connected with aviation,as frequently supposed, but with theartillery. Some twelve hundred trainedobservers will be presently attached toour army in France, their duties being tonote all atmospheric conditions thataffect long-range gunfire.President Judson is a member of theadvisory board of the organization forthis summer's Plattsburg Training Campfor young men under the draft age. Theplan of the camp is to provide trainingfor college men and others who may provide the future officers of the army. Thetraining offered is substantially that ofthe regular United States military andnaval camps, combined with practicalspecial features which have come intoprominence in connection with modernwarfare. Special emphasis will be laidon such phases as hydroplaning, groundwork with aeroplanes, telegraph andio8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwireless, road-building, and automobileassembling and maintenance, as well asthe scientific study of farming and foodconservation. A large part of the summer's activities will be in summer sports,tennis, boating, swimming, fishing, andgolf. The idea is to make the plan ofcombination of pleasure and preparednessa real appeal to the men of the countrywho are under draft age.All technical instruction in militaryand naval science is under the directionof officers of the United States Army andNavy, recommended by the departmentsin Washington.Training in the new Plattsburg campwill not be as intensive as that given inthe former camp there. Special attention will be given to organized athletics forthe period of recreation, under the direction of Mr. Fred T. Dawson of the athletic department of Princeton. Thegeneral entertainments as well as theinformal life of the camp will be underthe direction of Rev. Ralph B. Pomeroyof the General Theological Seminary ofNew York. The musical director is Mr.Felix Lamond of Trinity Church, NewYork. Provision has been made for sixhundred cadets, and it is expected that alarge number of these will be the collegemen of the country who are under draftage.The honorary president of the organization of the Junior Plattsburg Camp isPresident James of the University ofIllinois. The advisory board is made upof twenty-five college and universitypresidents, representing leading institutions in all parts of the country, andheaded by representatives of the Armyand Navy in the persons of Colonel Tillman, superintendent of the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point, andRear Admiral George B. Ransom.Dean Frank Justus Miller has been incharge of the University of Chicago registration for the Junior Plattsburg Campfor the summer. Applications will bereceived at Dean Miller's office, Room23, Classics Building, at 11:05 everymorning after Monday, April 8.The application blanks of the studentswho desire to enlist for the summer campmust be signed by parents or guardians.An advance fee of fifty dollars is required;the balance of two hundred dollars maybe paid at the time of reporting for duty.The chairman of the executive committeeis Professor Capps of Princeton. All communications should be addressed tothe "Junior Plattsburg," 8 West FortiethStreet, New York City. The executivecommittee alone is qualified to pass uponapplications, but information and recommendations may be obtained in DeanMiller's office.One hundred aeroplane mechanics andcarpenters will be trained at the University during the coming eight weeks as apart of the great aero program of thenation. The men will be secured throughthe army draft boards throughout thestate, and will be inducted into thenational service before reporting forinstruction. They will be under government direction during their course at theUniversity and will be directed in theirwork by an army officer who will appearon the campus within a few days.The training will be given in the shopsof the University High School, by instructors from the School of Education. Therewill be training along mechanical linesfor the purpose of securing repairers ofaeroplane motors and carpentry work,for the instruction of future repairers ofaeroplane framework. There will alsobe a daily period of military drill, presumably about two hours.The course will be for the period ofeight weeks, at the end of which time itis expected it will be repeated. Duringtheir stay here they will be housed in theold telephone exchange at Fifty-seventhStreet and Dorchester Avenue. Therewill be no prerequisite of technical knowledge necessary for the work, but it isexpected that men who have somemechanical experience will be chosen inpreference to those with no technicalknowledge at all.The especially equipped laboratoryautomobile, given last spring to the University Ambulance Company by friendsof the University, has been transferred tothe Laboratory Division of the SurgeonGeneral's service at Washington for usein the camps in the immediate vicinityof Washington. This car has been serving as the laboratory of Camp Crane, theambulance headquarters at Allentown,Pennsylvania. It is transferred to Washington because of the lack of laboratoryand hospital facilities there. It will alsobe used as a pattern for the constructionof similar cars.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Sixth Convocation was held in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on Tuesday, March 19, 1918, at fouro'clock. The Convocation orator wasthe Right Honorable and Most ReverendCosmo Gordon Lang, D.D., D.C.L.,LL.D., Archbishop of York, Primate ofEngland and Metropolitan. The President also made a brief statement.Archbishop Lang, who was educatedat Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford, was for six years a studentof the Inner Temple, London, and forthree years was Fellow and Dean ofDivinity at Magdalen College, Oxford.He became Vicar of St. Mary's, the Uni-versity church at Oxford, in 1894, Bishopof Stepney in 1901, Canon of St. Paul'sthe same year, and in 1908 was appointedArchbishop of York. The Archbishopis considered one of the ablest speakersin the House of Lords. He is in thiscountry to promote the good understanding and spirit of co-operation betweenEngland and America.The award of honors included the election of five students to associate membership in Sigma Xi, thirty-eight students tomembership in Sigma Xi, and nine students to membership in the Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.In speaking of the honors of graduation the President also called attentionto those who took degrees at this Convocation and who are in the national servicein the war. He then added that the firstrepresentative of the University in theArmy who had died in service was Haw-ley B. Olmstead, of the College Class of191 7. Mr. Olmstead came to us fromthe University of Virginia. Immediatelyafter the declaration of war he enlistedand was assigned to the Fifteenth FieldArtillery. Early in the summer hisregiment was sent over-seas with the firstAmerican contingent. He died in anAmerican camp from pneumonia.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the title of Associate, 55; the title of Associate in Educa tion, 1; the certificate of the College ofEducation, 7; the title of Associate in theSchool of Commerce and Administration,9; the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 1; thedegree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 42;the degree of Bachelor of Science, 40.The Divinity School: the degree of Masterof Arts, 5; the degree of Bachelor ofDivinity, 3; the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, 1. The Law School: thedegree of Bachelor of Laws, 4; the degreeof Doctor of Law, 3. The GraduateSchools of Arts, Literature, and Science:the degree of Master of Arts, 15; thedegree of Master of Science, 1 ; the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy, 8. The totalnumber of degrees conferred was 122.The Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening ofMarch 18. In the receiving line werePresident and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson,His Grace the Archbishop of York,and Dean and Mrs. James RowlandAngell.At the Convocation Religious Servicein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall Sunday,March 17, the sermon was delivered bythe Reverend William C. Bitting, SecondBaptist Church, St. Louis, Missouri.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the SpringQuarter, 19 18, are as follows:The first preacher in April was Professor Albert Parker Fitch, of AmherstCollege, Amherst, Massachusetts, whopreached on April 7. On April 14 and21 Dr. Cornelius Woelfkin, of the FifthAvenue Baptist Church, New York City,spoke, and Professor John Douglas Adam,of Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Connecticut, on April 28.The first speaker in May will also beProfessor Adam, who preaches on May 5.Dean Charles Reynolds Brown, of theYale School of Religion, New Haven,Connecticut, will be the speaker on bothMay 12 and May 19, and Bishop WilliamFrazer McDowell, of Washington, D.C.,on May 26.The first speaker in June will be Rev.James Edward Freeman, of St. Mark's109no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEpiscopal Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota.At the recent annual meeting of theModern Language Association of AmericaProfessor Ernest H. Wilkins was electedVice-President of the Association and wasappointed chairman of a committee onRomance Language Instruction and theWar.In the Report of the Commissioner ofEducation of the United States for theyear ending June 30, 191 7, are embodiededucational statistics for the year1915-16. It is of interest to note thefollowing facts with regard to the numberof degrees of Doctor of Philosophy givenby American universities:Name of InstitutionColumbia Univ Univ. of Chicago Harvard Univ Yale Univ Johns Hopkins Univ . . .Univ. of Wisconsin Cornell Univ Univ. of Illinois Princeton Univ Univ. of California Univ. of Michigan Men Women75 1365 145240 1034 334 332 229 42721 121 I Total79525o3737343327Professor Gordon J. Laing, of theDepartment of Latin, gave a series ofillustrated lectures at the University ofMichigan from March 26 to 29 inclusive.The course, which was given in connectionwith the Classical Institute Conferenceof the Michigan Schoolmasters' Club, wasthe general subject of "The Roman Religion from the Monuments," and the individual subjects were "The IndigenousGods of Rome and Italy," "The Graeco-Italian Divinities," "The Worship of theEmperors," and "The Oriental Cults."At the semicentennial celebration ofthe University of California ProfessorJames Henry Breasted, chairman of theDepartment of Oriental Languages andLiteratures, and Professor James HaydenTufts, Head of the Department of Philosophy, were the official representatives ofthe University of Chicago. ProfessorBreasted, who gave the Earl Lectures on"Egyptian Civilization and Its Place inHistory" at the University of California,also gave one lecture on "The EarliestInternationalism" in a course on "Inter national Relations," as part of the program of the semicentennial celebration.At the fourteenth annual meeting ofthe Classical Association of the MiddleWest and South, held on April 4, 5, and 6in Omaha, Nebraska, Henry W. Prescott,Professor of Classical Philology, gave atthe third session "An Appreciation ofPlautus' Mostellaria," and ProfessorRobert J. Bonner, of the Department ofthe Greek Language and Literature,presented a paper on "Some Aspects ofAthenian Litigation."In a discussion of the subject of "TheModern School" before the New EnglandAssociation of Colleges and SecondarySchools, which met at Boston University,Professor Paul Shorey, Head of the Department of the Greek Language andLiterature, was one of the speakers. Theother speakers were ex-President CharlesW. Eliot, of Harvard University; Principal Alfred E. Stearns, of PhillipsAcademy, Andover; and Professor OtisW. Caldwell, of the Lincoln School,Columbia University, formerly of theSchool of Education at the University ofChicago.Professor Forest Ray Moulton, of theDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, has just given a series of lecturesat Adelbert College, Western ReserveUniversity, Cleveland, under the auspicesof the McBride Lecture Fund. Theopening lecture was on "The Doctrineof Evolution," and the general subject ofthe five lectures was "The Origin of theWorld."An alumnus of the University ofChicago, Professor Nevin M. Fenneman,head of the department of geology atthe University of Cincinnati, has beenelected president for 19 18 of the Association of American Geographers. Atthe same time Professor Walter SheldonTower, of the Department of Geography,was made a councilor of the Association.Dr. Fenneman received his Doctor'sdegree at Chicago in 190 1."Some Tendencies in Modern Painting" was the subject of a lecture beforethe Renaissance Society of the Universityof Chicago on the evening of February13 by Walter Sargent, Professor of ArtEducation. Following the lecture theRenaissance Society and the DepartmentEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE illof the History of Art opened an exhibitionof modern paintings in the museum ofthe Classics Building.The paintings, which were exhibitedfrom February 14 to February 21 inclusive, have been generously loaned bythe Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. CharlesL. Hutchinson, president of the Instituteand a University Trustee, Mrs. CraneChadbourne, Mrs. Chauncey J. Blair,Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, president of theUniversity Board of Trustees, Mr. PaulSchultze, and the Union League Club ofChicago. The painters represented inthe collection include Bellows, Corot,Daubigny, Diaz, Froemkes, Hassam,Homer, Innes, Manet, Metcalf, Monet,Murphy, Ranger, Renoir, Schofield,Le Sidaner, and Symons.At the recent meeting of the AmericanAssociation of Anatomists, held in thenew Institute of Anatomy at the University of Minnesota, Professor Robert R.Bensley, of the Department of Anatomy,was elected president of the Association.Director Breasted gave the presidentialaddress at the meeting of the AmericanOriental Society (Western Branch), heldat the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati,on February 22. The subject of hisaddress was "The Place of the Near Eastin the History of Civilization."At the recent meeting of the IllinoisBoard of Natural Resources and Conservation, of which Professor T. C. Chamberlain, Head of the Department ofGeology, and Professor John M. Coulter,Head of the Department of Botany, aremembers, the former was made chairmanof the subcommittee in the GeologicalSurvey Division and the latter chairmanof the subcommittee in the Natural History Division. The director of the Boardis Francis Wayland Shepardson, formerlyAssociate Professor of American History.At the recent election of officers heldby the American Philosophical Society,Professor Albert A. Michelson, Head ofthe Department of Physics, was made oneof the vice-presidents for the ensuing year.Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, who ischairman of the committee of award inthe annual economic essay contest established by Hart, Schaflner & Marx, ofChicago, has recently announced the decisions of the judges for 191 7. Dr.Frank H. Knight, an instructor in theDepartment of Political Economy, received a cash prize of $500 for an, essayentitled "Cost, Value, and Profit"; Mr.Moses B. Levin, a Senior College studentin the School of Commerce and Administration, received a $300 prize for an essayon " The Marketing of Wrapping Paper ";and Mr. Homer E. Gregory, A.M., 191 7(University of Chicago), received honorable mention for his essay on "TheAluminum Industry."Competition for the two higher prizesis open to any American, whether collegeman or not. The two smaller prizes areopen only to undergraduates in Americancolleges. University of Chicago menhave taken ten prizes in the thirteenyears during which the contests havebeen held. Northwestern Universityis second in the list of successful contestants, and Harvard third. The committee of award represents educationalinstitutions both east and west.Mr. John Masefield, one of the greatestof the modern English poets, gave thesecond of the William Vaughn MoodyLectures for the present year on the evening of February 14. Mr. Masefield,whose recent volume on The Old FrontLine does for the campaign in Francewhat his preceding book did for the Galli-poli campaign, lectured on the subject of"The War and the Future." At theclose of the lecture Mr. Masefield readsome of his own poems.The first of the William Vaughn MoodyLectures for this year was given by Professor William Lyon Phelps, of YaleUniversity, who spoke on "A Contemporary English Realistic Novelist."At a meeting of the Department ofSuperintendence of the National Education Association, held in Atlantic City,New Jersey, from February 23 to March2, Director Charles Hubbard Judd, ofthe School of Education, as chairman ofthe Committee on Publicity, presented itsreport to the department on February 28.Dean Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool, gave three lectures on the McNairFoundation at the University of NorthCarolina in March.Four interesting and very valuableinstruments — two Milne-Shaw seismo-112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgraphs for measuring earth tremors, apole-star recorder, and a fine E. Howardclock — have recently been added tothe equipment of the Weather BureauObservatory at the University ofChicago.The two seismographs were designedand built by J. J. Shaw, of England, andwere chosen by a committee of WeatherBureau experts in Washington after astudy of the different types and makes —English, Japanese, Russian, and German.The Shaw seismographs embodied the features and improvements suited for the pierat the University of Chicago. The seismographs came safely through the submarine zone and were shipped to Chicago.Mr. B. C. Kadel, chief of the InstrumentDivision of the Weather Bureau, spentthree weeks in setting up and adjustingthe instruments and instructing severalobservers in the intricacies of theirmechanism.The pier at the University of Chicagorests on solid rock, and any disturbance,earthquake, or explosion will set the pierin motion. The two seismographs areset to record motions of the earth from alldirections. One is set due north andsouth and the other due east and west.The seismograph consists of a delicatealuminum boom, which swings a massof one pound. The boom is suspendedin a very fine wire harness and is reallya sort of pendulum. Once set in motionit will continue to swing to and fro, witha period which is adjusted to twelveseconds. It is desirable to stop the boomfrom swinging, so an ingenious copperpiece is fastened at right angles to theboom, and this copper is allowed to swingbetween four powerful magnets, opposedin sets of two. This magnetic fieldstops the swing of the boom, and theprocess is called damping. Runningparallel and coupled to the boom is a verylight mirror. Gas is used on a small-sized mantle for light, as the Shawseismograph is a photographic instrument. The light from the gas mantleshines on this mirror and is reflected backat a convenient angle to a lens whichreduces the light to a point. Justback of the lens is a cylinder onwhich is rolled a sensitized sheet. Thepoint of light shining on the rotatingcylinder leaves a true, non-friction recordof the curves or excursions of the pier. Thesheet turns once an hour and is designedto run twenty-four hours. The time is placed on the sheets by an eclipsing device. A wire circuit from the Observatory clock shuts off the record everysixtieth second, and every fifty-ninthminute is missed by a solid fifty-ninthcog in the clock wheel. So the sheethas every minute and hour placed directlyon the record photographically.The pole-star recorder was designedin its simple form by Professor WilliamPickering, of Harvard Observatory. Itwas simply a camera which took thetrail of the North Star during photographic darkness. As the Pole Starapparently turns one complete circleevery twenty-four hours, due to theearth's rotation, part of the circle ismade at night, but the larger part duringdaylight. When the film is developedthe star is found to have left a partcircular trail.The simple pole-star recorder hasbeen much improved by two devices sincethen, and made entirely practical. Professor C. F. Marvin, chief of the WeatherBureau, designed a clock which wouldautomatically open and close the shutterat the will of the observer, so that advancing twilight in summer could beregulated. Mr. B. C. Kadel, chief ofthe Instrument Division of the WeatherBureau, added a photographic ^ almanacand timing apparatus. This is placedin front of the film during the day at thewill of the observer, and photographs thetime and date directly on the film. Asthe object of the recorder is to makeknown the period during which the skywas clear or cloudy, the time had to beplaced on the film. The almanac consists of a 365-toothed disk, engaged to ascrew which is turned once for each dayin the year, insuring the correct time foreach day. A smoked-glass disk, stampeddaily with the date, is placed in the middleof the almanac. This is exposed to thebright sky at any time during daylight,but exposes only part of the film, thefuture path of the Pole Star beingcovered. At night the automatic shutteropens and exposes the film to the PoleStar until early morning. When developed, the trail will be a clean partialcircle if it was clear, a broken arc if partlycloudy, and entirely missing if it wascloudy all night.Among the other new instruments soonto be put in place is the Dine pressureanemometer, which has arrived in Washington and is being adjusted. It will beEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE H3placed in the near future on the southeast corner of the steel tower which supports the wind instruments. This valuable anemometer records the strength ofthe wind and its velocity, especially inthe puffs.The recording rain gauge will be soonplaced in position southeast of Rosen-wald Hall. It is planned to have atele-thermoscope and tele-thermographinstalled in the thermometer shelter.These instruments out of doors are connected by a circuit with the office insideand give any minute the temperature ofthe free air in the shelter. One makes apen record, and the other is a buttondevice which brings a needle to rest whenthe indicator is moved to the correcttemperature outside. It is also plannedto have several types of barometers, anda thunderstorm recorder is also underconsideration.The Observatory will be one of thefinest in the world, and Professor Henry J.Cox, forecaster for the Chicago district, has placed a trained observer in chargeof the Observatory's equipment.An exhibition of Persian art was heldin the Classics museum from April 2 to11. The exhibit consisted of rare andbeautiful examples of# pottery, textiles,carpets, and manuscripts and was theofficial exhibit shown at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in 1915. The collection was made with the consent of thePersian government from private collections of great merit.Much of the pottery is of the so-calledRhages ware; its beauty lies in itsexquisite color and delicate form. Someof the pieces date from the eleventh andthirteenth centuries. Of particular interest are two narrow scrolls about six feetin length which contain the entire Koranwritten in microscopic caligraphy. Tapestries of rare beauty are shown; one is particularly noteworthy in that it took fourhundred women a hundred years to produce it.THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1918-19Edward Stowe AkeleyA.B., University of South Dakota, 1915Helen Jeanette AllenA.B., Vassar College, 1913Salvador M. de AlvaLL.B., Lincoln Jefferson University, 1913L.H.B., Catholic University of America, 1916Archibald Gillies BakerA.B., McMaster University, 1896Th.B., ibid., 1900Thomas Swain BarclayA.B., University of Missouri, 19 15A.M., ibid., 1916Charles Henry BehreS.B., University of Chicago, 1918Lloyd E. BlauchA.B., Goshen College, 1916Rufus Norman BoardmanA.B., Ripon College, 1917Walter Blaine BodenhaferA.B., Indiana University, 191 1LL.B., ibid., 191 2A.M., University of Kansas, 1915Gustav Adolf von BrauchitschGrad., Concordia College, St. Paul, 191 2Grad., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 19 14Ruth Lomas BribachA.B., Vassar College, 1906Irene CasePh.B., University of Chicago, 1916Jordan True CavanA.B., Western Reserve University, 191 5A.M., ibid., 191 7Thomas Howard ChapmanA.B., William Jewell College, 1917Grover Gulick ClarkA.B., Oberlin College, 1914Lillian Edna ColemanS.B., Drake University, 1914Ruth Robinson ColemanA.B., Wellesley College, 1915Morris Albert CopelandA.B., Amherst College, 19 17Charles W. CulpepperS.B., Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1914S.M., ibid., 1915Frieda Opal DanielA.B., Drake University, 19 16Almena DawleyA.B., Oberlin College, 19 12A.M., University of Chicago, 1915 PhysicsZoologyPolitical EconomySystematic TheologyHistoryGeologyEducationPhilosophySociologyOld TestamentEnglishPsychologyEducationPolitical EconomyPhilosophyHousehold AdministrationPhilosophyPolitical EconomyBotanySociologySociology114THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1918-19 USWilliam DiamondA.B., University of Manitoba, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916William Franklin EdgertonA.B., Cornell University, 1915LnxiE Velma EichenbergerS.B., Industrial Institute and College,Columbus, Miss., 1914Helmuth Carles EngelbrechtGrad., Concordia College, Milwaukee, 191 7Alice Hall FarnsworthA.B., Mount Holyoke College, 1916Zoe Fisk FlanaganPh.B., University of Chicago, 1910A.M., ibid., 1914Gladys Elizabeth GibbensA.B., Tulane University, 1914AM., ibid., 1916S.B., ibid., 1917Frances Elma GillespieA.B., George Washington University, 1906Elvah Harley GraftonS.B., Buchtel College, 191 1S.M., ibid., 1913 ;Arthur Wing HauptS.B., University of Chicago, 19 16Albert Eustace HaydonA.B., McMaster University, 1901Th.B., ibid., 1903D.B., ibid., 1906A.M., ibid., 1907Hope HibbardA.B., University of Missouri, 19 16Victor Dwight HtllA.B., William Jewell College, 19 15.Daniel Clarence HoltonA.B., Kalamazoo College, 1907A.B., University of Chicago, 1907D.B., Newton Theological Institute, 19 10Karl John HolztngerA.B., University of Minnesota, 1915A.M., ibid., 1917Jacub HorakPh.B., University of Chicago, 1916George Bernard JacksonA.B., Asbury College, 1902Ruth Mildred KellerA.B., Ohio State University, 19 14Sc.B., ibid., 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Julie KochA.B., Sophie Newcomb College, 191 2Alexander Haggerty KrappeA.B., University of Berlin, 1915A.M., University of Iowa, 191 7 GermanOriental LanguagesChemistryHistoryAstronomyEnglishMathematicsHistoryChemistryBotanySystematic TheologyZoologyLatinChurch HistoryEducationSociologyHistoryComparative PhilologyHistoryRomancen6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDChi-ting Kwei PhysicsA.B., Yale University, 191 7LaDema Mary Langdon BotanyA.B., Oberlin College, 1916S.M., University of Chicago, 1917Helen H. Law LatinA.B., Vassar College, 191 1A.M., ibid., 191 2Frederick Charles Leonard AstronomyS.B., University of Chicago, 191 8Lawrence Meyer Levin RomanceA.B., Harvard College, 191 7Howard Scott Ltddell PsychologyA.B., University of Michigan, 1917Thomas Beatie McCarter PhysicsA.B., University of Texas, 1916A.M., ibid., 1917Ernest Frederick Mahr ZoologyS.B., Syracuse University, 19 17Takuo Matsumoto New TestamentA.B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1914D.B., Drew Theological Seminary, 19 17Carl Mauelshagen HistoryS.B., University of Tennessee, 1910A.M., University of Chicago, 1917Karl Stone Means ChemistryA.B., Butler College, 19 14A.M., Indiana University, 1915Howard E. Mtddleton BacteriologyS.B., Iowa State College, 1916Lennox Algernon Mills HistoryA.B., University of British Columbia, 1916Cyril Arthur Nelson MathematicsA.B., Midland College, 1914Eva May Newnan LatinA.B., Leland Stanford Junior University, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Margaret Cross Norton HistoryPh.B., University of Chicago, 1913A.M., ibid., 1914L.S.B., New York State Library School, 1915William Abbott Owens PsychologyS.B., University of Chicago, 1910A.M., ibid., 191 1Mary Dorothy Philbrick RomancePh.B., University of Chicago, 1914Emma Feild Pope EnglishA.B., University of Chicago, 1912A.M., ibid., 1913Ward Glen Reeder EducationA.B., Indiana State University, 1914John Andrew Rice LatinA.B., Tulane University, 19 11A.B., Oxford University, 1914THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1918-19 117Clarence White RifeA.B., University of Saskatchewan, 1914Mary Meda RisingA.B., Mount Holyoke College, 191 2Edward Stevens Robinson^A.B.; University of Cincinnati, 1916Henry John RossbacherS.B., Purdue University, 19 12Minna Johanna SchickS.B., Northwestern University, 19 16A.M., ibid., 191 7William Frederick SeyerA.B., University of Alberta, 19 15Harold Horton SheldonA.B., Queen's University, 1916A.M., ibid., 1917Clara Lyford SmithA.B., Bryn Mawr College, 1907A.M.^ ibid., 1908S-.T.B-.-, Pacific School of Religion, 19 15Gertrude Elizabeth SmithA.B., University of Chicago, 1916A.M., ibid., 1917DeWitt Talmage StarnesA.B., University of Chattanooga,. 19 11A.M., University of Chicago, 19 16William Howard StetnerS.B., Columbia University, 1916Perry Daniel StrausbaughS.B., Wooster CollegeHelen Mabel StrongS.B., University of Chicago, 19 17John Wilson TaylorA.B., University of Toronto, 1914A.M., ibid., 1916Frank Martindale WebsterPh.B., University of Chicago, 19 14Edward Staunton WestA.B., Randolph-Macon College, 191 7Paul Vining WestA.B., University of Denver, 1908A.M., ibid., 1915Leonard Dupee WhiteS.B., Dartmouth College, 1914A.M., ibid., 1915Roy Arthur WilsonS.B., University of Montana, 1916S.M., ibid., 19 1 7Maude Howlett WoodfinA.B., Richmond College, 1916Edward ZbitovskyA.B., Dubuque College, 19 13Ph.B., University of Chicago, 1915Albert Clay ZumbrunnenA.B., University of Missouri, 1907A.M., ibid., 1909. HistoryChemistryPsychologyChemistryMathematicsChemistryPhysicsNew TestamentGreekEnglishPolitical EconomyBotanyGeographyGreekEnglishChemistryEducationPolitical ScienceGeologyHistoryPhilosophySociologyTHE VERY REVEREND SIR GEORGE ADAM SMITH