The University RecordVolume IV JANUARY igi8 Number iTHE MASQUE OF YOUTHMURAL PAINTINGS IN IDA NOYES HALLTo commemorate the dedication of Ida Noyes Hall, June 5, 1916,when the Masque of Youth was performed in the Women's Quadrangles,mural paintings by Jessie Arms Botke were presented to the UniversitySaturday, January 26, at four o'clock. In the dimly lighted theaterof Ida Noyes Hall a large number of persons were assembled whenPresident Harry Pratt Judson introduced the donor of the paintings,Mr. La Verne Noyes, who said:Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen: When you gave me the privilege of havingthis building bear a — to me — prized name, I accepted it with alacrity. I could notthen know what a fraternal sentiment would grow up within it; what a large, loving,and lovely family it would contain, and what a world-wide fame for beauty and usefulness it would acquire in so short a time.And when I learned that a great genius had been found for this crowning decoration, and a theme found worthy of the artist and of the place, you will pardon me, Itrust, for claiming the right to furnish this crowning halo.I take great pleasure, Mr. President, in presenting to the University of Chicagothis unique, artistic, and beautiful decoration of the auditorium of Ida Noyes Hall.I trust it may lend a charm to the lives of those whose good fortune it is to matureunder its inspiring beauty.I regret that my part has been so small in the thought and planning of this charming college home and playhouse for so large and beautiful a group of young ladies.My joy is great that I was permitted to participate in it in a subordinate way. My joyis unspeakably great today that I am participating in this crowning glory — thededication of the monumentally artistic decoration of this assembly hall.Mr. Ralph Clarkson, N.A., having been detained by the storm,Mr. Lorado Taft was called upon to speak for Art:When I was asked a few minutes ago to talk until Mr. Clarkson should arrive Iconsented without protest, for I find myself eager to tell you of the enthusiasm which12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis occasion has awakened within me. I know that we are about to behold somethingvery beautiful: the sort of thing which this broad land of ours needs more than itneeds anything else.The method of unveiling is unique and dramatic — a revelation of loveliness emerging from shadowy chaos, which may well symbolize the revelation of beauty emergingfrom the sordidness of a monstrous city's daily toil. In this dim twilight one catchesglimpses of forms majestic and gracious, outlined as it were against a background ofbillowing smoke — the fingers of rosy dawn parting the veil of night.When, Mr. Noyes, you presented this magnificent house to the University ofChicago I thought it one of the finest things ever done by a Chicagoan, because younot only created a building of the greatest utility, but made it exquisitely beautifulwithal. Today your benefaction reaches its climax in thus crowning itself with thiswreath of loveliness. I envy you the privilege of doing such things!You see I have been enthusiastic about this work before this and happen to knowa little about it. A year or two ago Ida Noyes Hall was dedicated in fashion as originalas it was fitting by means of that charming Masque of Youth. How we all wished thatthose ephemeral moments might be perpetuated, those dazzling scenes made permanent! There was that stately figure of Gothic Architecture — I have told ProfessorHale that I have never seen anything more statuesque — and Mrs. Flint, the gloriousAlma Mater, and radiant Sister Elizabeth, and those prancing steeds of the Sun — andso many more which one recalls with pleasure. Later I was shown amazing sketchesof Mrs. Botke's frieze, and realized that perhaps the fair vision was to be made areality. A decoration that should have much significance as well — how unprecedentedin this country! It seemed too good to be true. I felt that we were to have somethingas precious perhaps as the treasured tapestries of mediaeval castles — a hint, maybe,of that delightful chapel of the Palazzo Riccardi.My hope has been more than justified. The artist has appreciated her opportunity and risen to it. With infinite patience and a skill which we had but feeblyguessed, she has conceived and carried out in a twelvemonth this great work — anachievement which should shame her easy-going colleagues.It has been a logical sequence, the story of much of the world's best art. Do yourealize how many masterpieces have been the direct fruits of pageantry ? The processions, the ceremonials, the moving and brilliant spectacles so familiar in the oldentimes, were a constant invitation to the artist. Those gorgeous scenes were perpetuallyclamoring to be painted and sculptured Why, even the Parthenon frieze is but asublimated record of the pan-Athenaic procession!But I think I detect the kindly light of Mr. Clarkson's glasses 'mid the encirclinggloom, We are saved! I bow.Mr. Clarkson, a former teacher of Mrs. Botke, then spoke asfollows:It is with much pleasure and satisfaction that I view these admirable decorations. Besides my artistic concern I have the personal interest for one whom I havecome in contact with as a student and whose talent I was sure would achieve worthythings. That this faith was well founded is proven by what is before us. Beautyof design, color, and rhythm adequately fill the space and give great pleasure tothe beholder. The problem of decorations that must be viewed near to and yet beeffective across the room has been exceedingly well solved. They carry well, andTHE MASQUE OF YOUTH 3near by they delight one by their fine craftsmanship expressed in so many beautiful and varied forms.I cannot look upon this accomplishment without calling attention to the presentexhibition of the Alumni of the Art Institute, and rejoicing that another one of its students has been given an opportunity to express her art. This exhibition contains thenames of many who have gained international reputations and whom we should beeager to acclaim. We are not yet the art center; still we are sending into the worldstudents who do much to make art centers. I speak of these things here because themen who are responsible for the art appeal of your University are the same men whowere behind the ideals that created the "Dream City," the Columbian Exposition, andthe Art Institute. One of the greatest events of the Columbian Exposition was thatit gave American artists the opportunity to show what they could do, and they madegood. The men and women who were given this chance became famous, and thebroad acceptance of home art dates from that period.For many years I have been interested in civic art and have worked for a beautifulcity, as I early learned that if you desired a place to be "loved you should make itlovely." So upon your University I feel the imprint of those men who are responsiblefor so much that is beautiful in our city, and they have made it aesthetically attractiveso that it would attract and hold the affections of those who come to it.In accepting the pictures President Judson said:Mr. Noyes, Ladies, and Gentlemen: Ida Noyes Hall is a building noted both inits construction and in its appointments for very exceptional beauty, convenience, andappropriateness. By some good persons the question has been raised whether therewill be a wholesome educational effect on our young women by living in the midst ofso much luxury — whether they will not perhaps in their future lives be discontentedwith plain surroundings. I do not fear any such result. It must be noted that this isa public building, not a private home — except in a limited sense as concerns the clubhouse, art galleries, libraries, and legislative halls, which belong to all the people, areadmittedly proper objects of artistic treatment. So with our Hall, which belongs toall the women of the University. As they come and go through the years of theirUniversity life in these lovely spaces the ideas of good taste they will absorb, even ifunconsciously. Their homes, no matter how simple, cannot fail to show the effects.Beauty is not a matter primarily of expense, but of appropriateness; ugliness of homeadjustment often comes from mere lack of knowledge. Ida Noyes Hall will in itselfafford an education in beauty of living.When we came to the dedication of the building in 1916, we had in mind its uniquecharacter and desired something more appropriate than mere formal exercises. Wewere fortunate in having a former student, Miss Lucine Finch, peculiarly gifted andexperienced in the preparation and conduct of symbolical presentations in variousforms. She produced, as appropriate to the occasion, the Masque of Youth, and it waspresented under her direction in connection with the convocation exercises in June.To all who witnessed the Masque it seemed unfortunate that so beautiful and significant a thing should be ephemeral. But now again the University was especiallyfavored in finding an artist who could meet the need. Mrs. Jessie Arms Botke,taking her theme from the Masque, has given us these beautiful mural paintings, whichat once are the crown of loveliness for Ida Noyes Hall and will preserve, we trust,for ages to come the charm of the dedication pageant.4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMr. Noyes, on behalf of the Board of Trustees of the University I accept thisadditional evidence of your generosity to our young women and of your love for thememorial building which so adequately perpetuates a name and a personality dear toyou.At the conclusion of President Judson's statement the lights wereflashed on, revealing the paintings to an enthusiastic and cheering assemblage.After the ceremony the receiving line formed in the foyer of theassembly room: President and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson, Mr. and Mrs.Cornelius Botke, Mr. La Verne Noyes, and Mr. and Mrs. Martin A.Ryerson. The University orchestra furnished music. Each guestreceived a program containing the order of exercises and an accountof the Masque including the allegory and the order of the procession, witha full description of the paintings and a biography of the artist.The allegory of the Masque composed and directed by Miss LucineFinch, a former student of the University, was as follows:In comes Youth, joyous in unawakened power. To her the past is but avoice long stilled, the present her possession, and the future a place whither herdreams may fly. Guided by her angels she comes to Alma Mater seated onher Gothic throne, surrounded by the perfection of nature — the Lake, thepageant of the Sky with the health-giving Sun, the pale beauty of the Moon,the Clouds and the reviving Rain, the low-lying Fields with their wholesomeworkers. Youth throws herself at Alma Mater's feet, eager for a test of heryoung strength. And so Alma Mater summons her ideals, as a challenge toYouth's spirit. In answer come, in their turn, the Olympic Games, for theperfection of her body's growth, and that she may learn to take victory simplyand defeat with courage; the Romance of Literature, that her imaginationmay be stirred and her dreams take form; the Spirit of Worship, that this earth-loving child may lift her eyes to the enduring sky. Then Knowledge placesher lamp in Youth's hands. And now indeed is Youth rich with gifts. Thencomes the City seeking aid from Alma Mater, and the wise mother, knowingthat her child must spend her strength for others before it shall be truly hers,bestows on Youth the Gift of Service.The paintings, of which those on the south wall are shown in thefrontispiece, were described in the program as follows:THE EAST WALLAbove the proscenium is the Coat-of-Arms of the University of Chicagowith palm leaves and branches of laurel.To the left are symbols of some of the studies pursued in the University:Archaeology (a Pompeian lamp, an Egyptian papyrus, and an Ionic capital),Drama (tragic and comic masks), Chemistry (a retort and balance), Art (threeTHE MASQUE OF YOUTH 5white shields in a blue field), Medicine (the staff of Esculapius, herbs, and amedicine jar), Literature (two books and a lighted lamp), Pharmacology (amortar and a pestle).To the right are other symbols of the curricula: Mathematics (a compass,a triangle, and a ruler), Geography (a globe, a map, and a ruler), Architecture(five Ionic columns, a blueprint, and a compass), Economics, Commerce, andIndustry (a beehive), Poetry (Pegasus), Household Arts (a hearth and a spinning wheel), Law (an open book and the scales of Justice). On this side tooare three heralds summoning the masquers.THE SOUTH WALLAgainst a background of trees and of the buildings of the University andabove a foreground of millefleurs, which like the drawing and color of the figuresadd to the impression that the artist has transformed the masque as an Elizabethan would have changed it for its Tudor setting, are the characters of themasque: The Spirit of Gothic Architecture, the tall figure of a gray-beardedman in a gray robe. A maroon-garbed page bearing the Coat-of-Arms of AlmaMater. Alma Mater in white garments, against the Law Building, whichwas the background of the acted masque. Against the background of IdaNoyes Hall the figure of Youth with a crown of spring flowers. The little bluewaves and the Lake, in a shimmery dress of blue that merges upward into greenand then into a white crest, pass beneath Ida Noyes Hall and the MitchellTower. A, mist-veiled figure carrying an orb is the Moon. Then, before theHarper Memorial Library, is the golden Sun Chariot. Bringing the fruits ofthe earth are the Treaders of grapes and the Harvesters. The Contestants ofthe Olympic Games are next — lithe athletes bearing Greek bowls and laurelcrowns, who pass, with their two judges, beneath the towers of Bartlett Gymnasium. The Dancers of the Persian Romance appear by tall cypresses and thewindows of Leon Mandel Assembly Hall: pages, the Prince, the enslavedPrincess, swordsmen, and a falconer. Then with the sacred book comes theblue-robed Spirit of Worship, and Knowledge with her lighted lamp. Behindtwo helmeted pages the City follows with her gray-coated pages waving theblue banner of the Lake. The final section on this wall represents the EndlessCycle of Youth.THE WEST WALLAbove the main doorway are decorative figures supporting a golden scrollwith these words: "In the Year of Our Lord 191 6 was done the Masque ofYouth in dedication of Ida Noyes Hall."THE NORTH WALLThe panels between the doors of the north wall illustrate episodes in themasque. As the architectural motif was used on the south wall, the waters ofLake Michigan are used on the north wall. From left to right these are the6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsubjects: A decorative panel of trees and shrubbery; the Appeal of Youth toAlma Mater; the Olympic Games; the Harvesters and Workers in the ripenedFields; on Youth, at the behest of the City, Alma Mater bestows the Gift ofService; Alma Mater and the Cycle of Youth.THE PAINTERMrs. Jessie Arms Botke is a native of Chicago, a graduate of the ChicagoPublic Schools, who studied mainly at the Art Institute of Chicago. Sheworked also with John Johansen, Charles Woodbury, and for four years withAlbert Herter. She has traveled in England, France, and Spain. Her husband,Mr. Cornelius Botke, who assisted her in the work, was born in Holland andreceived most of his training in Haarlem. Their studio is at 1542 East Fifty-seventh Street in the South Side Art Colony.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTATTENDANCE DURING THE CURRENT QUARTERThe attendance in all our institutions of learning on account of thewar has materially decreased during this autumn. Large numbers ofour young men are in the Army, most of them being officers who havegone through one of the various training camps. Obviously the fallingoff in attendance, then, will be greatest in the undergraduate departments, or in those professional schools in which most of the young menare of military age. The figures for the University as a whole show atotal registration during this autumn of 4,321, as against 4,917 a yearago. This is a falling off of 596, or i2TV per cent. The attendance ofmen is 2,018, as against 2,508 a year ago, showing a loss of 490, which is19! per cent. The attendance in the Law School shows a shrinkage of44 per cent.What the future year may bring of course no one can now foresee,but the needs of the Army and the eagerness of the young men who arein our schools and colleges to serve their country will make it altogetherlikely if the war continues that there will be a further decrease in attendance. The attendance of women is practically unchanged, as comparedwith that of last year. The only effect of the war, so far as that is concerned, therefore, is to lessen what would have been the normal increasein the attendance of women. The fact also that so many of our studentsare graduate students beyond the military age tends to lessen thedecrease here as compared with institutions in the East where the students are nearly all young men within the military age.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WARMEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY FACULTIES INNATIONAL SERVICE*TRUSTEESParker, Francis Wayland, TrusteeY.M.C.A. in FranceRosenwald, Julius, TrusteeCouncil of National Defense1 This list does not include the large number of persons who, while carrying theirregular university work, are giving part of their time to government service.78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRyerson, Martin A., TrusteeState Director of War Savings for IllinoisSwiet, Harold Higgins, TrusteeMajor, Red Cross Mission to RussiaADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERSJudson, Harry Pratt, PresidentChairman of the District Board for Division One of the District ofIllinois — the Appeal Board in connection with the Selective Service LawAngell, James Rowland, Professor and Head of the Department ofPsychology; Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science:Committee on Personnel under direction of the Adjutant General,War Department, Washington, D.C.THE MEDICAL COURSESBillings, Frank, Professor of MedicineLieutenant Colonel, Red Cross Mission to Russia. Director ofMedical Organization in Illinois, Second DraftTHE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGYHayes, Joseph Wanton, Assistant Professor of PsychologyCaptain, Sanitary Corps in charge of mental examination of recruitsat Camp Dixon, New JerseyKitson, Harry Dexter, Instructor in PsychologySecond Lieutenant, Artillery, United States Army. American Expeditionary ForceTHE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONWilkins, Thomas Russell, Teacher, University High SchoolAviation Section, Signal Corps, United States ArmyBeauchamp, Wilbur L., Instructor in ChemistrySecond Lieutenant, 343d Infantry, United States Army, CampGrant, IllinoisFultz, Harry, Instructor in Manual TrainingSecond Lieutenant, Field Artillery, American Expeditionary Force,FranceParker, Lucia W., Instructor in French and Assistant to the Principalof the High SchoolRed Cross Service in FranceTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 9Blunt, Katherine, Assistant Professor of Food ChemistryOffice of Home Economics, States Relation Service, Department ofAgriculture, Washington, D.C.Miller, Elizabeth W., Instructor in Home EconomicsThe United States Food Administration, editorial work, Washington, D.C.Whitford, W. G., Assistant Professor of Aesthetic and Industrial EducationCompany A, Division Headquarters Trains, Camp Grant, IllinoisJudd, Charles H., Director of the School of Education; Professor andHead of the Department of EducationSpecial editorial collaborator in the Bureau of Education in cooperation with the United States Food Administration, Washington, D.C.THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL ECONOMYMarshall, Leon Carroll, Dean of the Senior Colleges and Dean ofthe School of Commerce and AdministrationCouncil of National Defense, War Industries Board, Washington,D.C.Field, James Alfred, Associate Professor of Political EconomyCouncil of National Defense, Shipping Board Statistics, Washington, D.C.Canning, John Bennett, Instructor in Political EconomyMajor, United States Army, Camp Grant, IllinoisViner, Jacob, Instructor in Political EconomyAssistant to the Chairman of the United States Tariff CommissionWardlow, Chester C, Assistant in the Philanthropic Service Division,School of Commerce and AdministrationSignal Corps, Washington, D.C.Spencer, William Homer, Instructor in Business Law, School of Commerce and AdministrationFirst Lieutenant, Ordnance, United States ReservesTHE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCEMerriam, Charles Edward, Professor of Political ScienceCaptain, Aviation Section, Signal Corps; President of the Examining Board, Chicago, IllinoisTHE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORYHarvey, Andrew Edward, Instructor in HistoryFirst Lieutenant, American Expeditionary ForceIO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE DEPARTMENT OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES AND LITERATURESWallace, Elizabeth, Associate Professor of French Literature; Deanof the Junior CollegesRed Cross and International Health Commission of the RockefellerFoundation in FranceSchoell, Franck Louis, Instructor in Romance LanguagesCaptain in French Army, on parole in SwitzerlandStoppani, Pietro, Instructor in FrenchCaptain in Italian ArmyTHE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATUREManly, John Matthews, Professor and Head of the Department ofEnglishCaptain, Quartermaster Officers' Reserve Corps, War CollegeDivision, Washington, D.C.Lommen, Ralph Gerald, Fellow, English DepartmentSection 555, United States Army, Allentown, Pennsylvania. University of Chicago Ambulance Company No. 3THE DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMYLee, Oliver J., Instructor in AstronomyDirector of the United States Free Navigation School, Chicago,IllinoisHubble, Edwin P., FellowMajor, United States Army, Camp Grant, IllinoisTHE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICSMillikan, Robert Andrews, Professor of PhysicsDirector, National Research Council; Major, Signal Corps, UnitedStates ReservesGale, Henry Gordon, Professor of Physics; Dean in the Collegesof ScienceCaptain, United States Army; Senior Instructor, Third TrainingCamp, Camp Grant, IllinoisWatson, Ernest C, Assistant in PhysicsUnited States Navy, Master Electrician, Local .Submarine CommitteeKinsley, Carl, Associate Professor of PhysicsCaptain, Signal Corps, United States ArmyTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT IISouder, William Henry, Assistant in PhysicsBureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.Dempster, Arthur J., Assistant in PhysicsUnited States National Army, Submarine work in New LondonTHE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYBrown, Ralph L., FellowFirst Lieutenant, Ambulance Unit No. 13, United States NationalArmy, in France with a commission of scientific menGouwens, William E., CuratorUnited States Public Health Service, Newport News, VirginiaHenderson, Lawrence M., Assistant in Physical ChemistryAmerican University Experiment Station, Washington, D.C.Finkelstein, Leo, Assistant in Physical ChemistryFirst Lieutenant, Gas Offense Division, Washington, D.C.Roberts, Lathrop E., AssistantGas Offense Division, Washington, D.C.McPherson, A. T., Assistant 'Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGYLamborn, Raymond E., AssistantMeteorological ServiceMacClintock, Paul, AssistantCompany A, 29th Engineers, American Expeditionary Force,Ayer, MassachusettsToepelman, W. C, FellowSignal Corps, Aviation Section, Meteorological ServiceBridge, Josiah, FellowFirst Lieutenant, United States Army, Camp Lewis, Washingtonthe department of geographyJ. Paul Goode, Associate Professor of GeographyChairman, Local Exemption BoardMcMurray, Kenneth Charles, AssistantFirst Lieutenant, Infantry, Camp Grant, IllinoisPlatt, Robert S., AssistantFirst Lieutenant, Infantry, Camp Grant, IllinoisWard, Harold B., AssistantTraining for Engineers' Corps, Washington, D.C.12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTower, W. S., Associate Professor of GeographyFirst Lieutenant, Meteorological ServiceBuzzard, Robert G., FellowAmbulance Service, Section 555, United States Army, Allentown,Pennsylvaniathe department of anatomyHarvey, Basil C. H., Professor of AnatomyMajor, Camp McPherson, Georgia, Base Hospital Unit, No. 13,United States Reserves, Medical CorpsClark, Elbert, Assistant Professor of AnatomyCaptain, Section 555, United States Army, Ambulance ServiceSweet, Winfield, Assistant in Anatomy DepartmentFirst Lieutenant, Ambulance Section 555, Allentown, PennsylvaniaHerrick, C. Judson, Professor of NeurologyMajor, Surgeon General's Sanitary Service, Baltimore, MarylandHanchett, William McMicken, Assistant in AnatomySecond Lieutenant, Base Hospital Unit No. 13Streedain, Arthur B., Assistant in AnatomyBase Hospital Unit No. 13THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRYAND PHARMACOLOGYMathews, Albert P., Professor of Physiological ChemistryCaptain, Quartermaster's DepartmentHager, H. B., Former Assistant in PharmacologyAssistant Surgeon with the Atlantic FleetMaurer, Siegfreid, Former Assistant in Physiological ChemistryFirst Lieutenant, Headquarters Company, 344th Infantry, CampGrant, IllinoisTHE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGYCarlson, Anton J., Professor of PhysiologyCaptain, Surgeon General's Office, Sanitary Corps, Food DivisionLebensohn, James E., Former Fellow in PhysiologySecond Lieutenant, Naval Hospital, Washington, D.C.THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGYWells, H. Gideon, Professor of PathologyMajor, Red Cross Mission to RoumaniaHirsch, E. F., Instructor in PathologyFirst Lieutenant, Base Hospital, Camp Grant, IllinoisTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 13department of hygieneHarris, Norman Macleod, Assistant ProfessorCaptain, Sanitary Service, Canadian Army Medical CorpsBower, Albert Gordon, InstructorFirst Lieutenant, Camp Funston, KansasCannon, Paul R., AssistantAmbulance Service, Section 555, Allentown, PennsylvaniaTHE LAW SCHOOLMechem, Floyd Russell, Professor of LawMember of the Federal Exemption Board, District No. 1 of theNorthern District of IllinoisOliphant, Herman, Assistant Professor of LawAssistant Director, Bureau of War Trade Intelligence, War TradeBoard, Washington, D.C.Duke, R. T. Walker, Library Assistant, Law SchoolFirst Lieutenant, United States Army in FranceWoodward, Frederic C, Professor of LawOffice of Judge Advocate General, Washington, D.C.ATHLETICSSome dozen years ago a very important action was taken by theinstitutions of the Middle West concerning intercollegiate athletics.The regulations then adopted have been in force since, have become amatter of course, and I dare say that people in general do not know infull the history of the matter or why the present plans were at that timefelt necessary. Perhaps, therefore, I may be permitted to give a briefstatement on this head.About the year 1905 the conditions of intercollegiate athletics,especially as related to the game of football, were intolerable. Theabuses were so many and the effects were so serious that it was theundoubted duty of the various institutions to take the matter up officiallyand to seek a remedy. This was done. A Conference representing thedifferent faculties was held, and all the facts were taken into carefulconsideration. It appeared on the whole clear that one of two thingswas possible.The first was the abolition of intercollegiate football altogether.There were not a few who favored that, and had it been urged bysome of the institutions there is little doubt that it could have beendone.14 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe other alternative was the adoption of drastic regulations whichmight preserve the sport and at the same time serve to eliminate most ofthe serious evils in question.After long and careful deliberation the second alternative wasadopted. The following fundamental principles were those involvedin the new regulations:i. The entire control of these intercollegiate contests by the facultiesof the respective institutions rather than by irresponsible bodies.Doubtless in the early years of some of these sports it appeared that theywere simply a matter of boys' play, and that they might very properly bearranged and regulated by the students concerned. Then also alumniwere naturally greatly interested, and their share in regulation wouldseem desirable. With the development of the contests, however, somany questions of fundamental university polity and university orderand morale were involved that it seemed plain to the faculties thatcontrol should be in the hands of those responsible for the universitydiscipline, those who, as they permanently conduct such matters, canadopt and enforce permanent policies. In other words, intercollegiatecontests in football, if retained at all, should be in subordination to theprimary purposes for which institutions of learning exist, and theseprimary purposes certainly do not include intercollegiate sport.2. Another change was the abolition of the training table. In thefirst place, the training table is a feature of professional athletics andmay be extremely proper for pugilistic encounters, but it certainly isunnecessary for amateur contests. Further, the use of the training tablehad led to so many abuses and, what perhaps was equally injurious,suspicions of abuses that it seemed best to the conference to abolish thesystem altogether.3. Another change was the adoption of the one-year rule, wherebyno student could appear in intercollegiate contests until he had made arecord of at least one year of reputable work in his college. This wasobviously aimed at the elimination of those young men who appeared inthe autumn at a given college, found a place on the team, and after thelast contest found it advisable to withdraw from college.4. Another change limited membership in university teams to undergraduate students. The conditions of membership in graduate schoolsand professional schools of a graduate character are such as not to makedirect control under all the regulations easy, and further it was felt thatthese contests essentially belong to the colleges anyway, and thatstudents who had entered on advanced graduate work should be entirelyoutside the horizon of intercollegiate sports.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 155. Another very important change limited the number of games.There had heretofore been at least twelve each year. That number wascut down to six, although shortly afterward it was made seven. Thepurpose of this limitation was, on the one hand, to conserve the physicalstrength of the members of the team and, on the other hand, to lessenthe time during which the college life is torn up with excitement aboutthe contests.6. Accompanying this lessening of the number of games was a rulelimiting the time covered by the entire work of the football season. Itwas ruled that practice should not begin before the fifteenth of September, and that the last game should be played on the Saturday beforeThanksgiving Day. Of course this had the same purpose as the preceding regulation. It was felt to be extremely important to limit thetime devoted to these contests, and not under any circumstances toallow post-season games to encroach on the limited period.With these modifications intercollegiate football was resumed in thecolleges of the Conference and has been carried on since. It is believedthat the evils which were so conspicuous a dozen years ago have beenvery largely eliminated. Of course there have always been attemptsfrom various quarters to induce the Conference to lessen the rigidity ofthese restrictions, and some very excitable people, not being informedof the entire situation and not being intrusted with the responsibility ofadministering the universities in the light of the whole situation, haveat times been very strenuous in attempting to break down the steadyrestraint which the Conference colleges have held on the situation. Anattempt was made during the quarter just closed to allow post-seasongames to be permitted here. The Faculty of the University, however,declined to allow this entering wedge, and was sustained by the lateraction of the faculties of the Conference in refusing to approve postseason games. It may be said, however, that the purpose for which theproposed game was desired was fully carried out in a game permittedon the University athletic field between teams representing Camp Grantin Illinois and Camp Custer in Michigan, whereby the sum of approximately $33,000 was netted, to be divided between those two camps fortheir athletic purposes.It is, of course, easy for those who are not responsible for the conductof an institution to tell those who are responsible how to perform theirduties. University faculties, however, as a rule consider their responsibilities soberly and carefully, and in this case the action taken wasthoroughly 'ustified.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSThe following appointments have been made:Associate Professor Edith Foster Flint to a deanship in the Collegesfor the Autumn Quarter, 1917, and the Winter Quarter, 1918.Curt Rosenow to an instructorship in the Department of Psychology,from October 1, 191 7.Jacob Kantor to an instructorship in the Department of Psychology,from October 1, 1917.Elfrida Mary Akerman as associate in the Department of PhysicalCulture, from October 1, 191 7.Ethel Bird to a lectureship in the School of Commerce and Administration, from October 1, 191 7.J. O. McKinsey to an instructorship in the School of Commerce andAdministration, from October 1, 191 7.Jenny Lind Green as teacher in the Elementary School, from October 1, 1917.Charles Drake to an instructorship in the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, from October 1, 191 7.C. A. Nash to an associateship in the Department of Chemistry fromOctober 1, 1917.Mary Wetton to an associateship in the Department of Chemistry,from October 1, 191 7.J. G. Sinclair to an associateship in the Department of Zoology, fromOctober 1, 191 7.Percival Bailey to an associateship in the Department of Anatomy,from October 1, 1917.Marion Hines to an associateship in the Department of Anatomy,from October 1, 191 7.William R. Meeker to an associateship in the Department of Anatomy, from October 1, 191 7.Richard W. Watkins to an associateship in the Department ofAnatomy, from October 1, 191 7.G. F. Sutherland, Ph.D., to an associateship in the Department ofPhysiology, from October 1, 1917.16THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 17Harvey Godfrey McComb to an instructorship in Mechanical Drawing in the School of Education, from October 1, 191 7.Otto Koppius to an instructorship in Physics in the University HighSchool, from October 1, 1917.Genevieve Kirkbride as teacher in the Elementary School, fromOctober 1, 1917.Elsie May Smithies to an instructorship in Latin and assistantshipto the Principal of the University High School, from October 1, 191 7.R. C. Gunning to an instructorship in the Department of Physiology,from December 1, 191 7.Dr. A. L. Tatum, Professor of Pharmacology in the University ofSouth Dakota, to an assistant professorship of Pharmacology andPhysiology, from January 1, 191 8.Carlos Castillo, Assistant Professor in the University of Indiana, toan instructorship in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, from January 1, 19 18.resignationsThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the faculties:Assistant Professor R. E. House, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, effective September 30, 191 7. Mr. Househas been appointed assistant curator of the Hispanic Society, New YorkCity.Associate H. Maurice Rees, of the Department of Physiology, effective January 1, 1918. Mr. Rees accepts a professorship in the University of South Dakota.PROMOTIONInstructor Harvey B. Lemon, of the Department of Physics, to anassistant professorship, from October 1, 191 7.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to the following members of thefaculties:Professor Herman Oliphant, of the Law School, serving on the staffof the Director of Food Administration.Associate Professor Elizabeth Wallace, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, serving in France in connectionwith the International Health Commission of the Rockefeller Foundationi8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand the American Red Cross, for the Autumn Quarter, 191 7, and theWinter Quarter, 191 8.Professor Charles E. Merriam, of the Department of Political Science,for service under the War Department.Professor Frederic C. Woodward, of the Law School, serving in connection with the work of the United States Food Administration inWashington, from October 1, 1917.Professor Albert P. Mathews, of the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, serving as captain in the Quartermaster's Corps, UnitedStates Army, from October 1, 191 7.Professor Robert A. Millikan, of the Department of Physics, servingon the National Research Council, from October 1, 191 7.Assistant Professor Walter F. Dodd, of the Department of PoliticalScience, serving as head of the Legislative Reference Bureau, Springfield,111., from October 1, 191 7.Professor James R. Angell, of the Department of Psychology, servingunder the War Department, in determining fitness of men for variousservices in the Army.Instructor Harry D. Kitson, of the Department of Psychology, serving in the Army, from October 1, 1917.Assistant Professor Joseph W. Hayes, of the Department of Psychology, psychological examiner in the Surgeon-General's Department,United States Army, from October 1, 1917.Instructor Wilmer H. Souder, of the Department of Physics, servingin the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C, from October 1, 1917.Instructor Leo Finkelstein, of the Department of Chemistry, servingin the Medical Department of the United States Army, Washington,D.C, from October 1, 1917.Instructor Jacob Viner, of the Department of Political Economy,serving in connection with the United States Tariff Commission, fromNovember 1, 191 7.Instructor Lever ett S. Lyon, of the School of Commerce and Administration, serving in the Ordnance Department, United States Army,from October 1, 1917.Instructor Edwin F. Hirsch, of the Department of Pathology, servingat the Base Hospital, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111., from October 1, 191 7.Professor Anton J. Carlson, of the Department of Physiology, captain in the Sanitary Corps of the United States Army, from November 1,1917.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 19Wilbur L. Beauchamp, teacher of Chemistry, University HighSchool, serving in the National Army, from October 1, 1917.Instructor Oliver J. Lee, of the Department of Astronomy, servingas director of the United States Free Navigation School, Chicago, fromOctober 1, 1917.Instructor William H. Spencer, of the School of Commerce andAdministration, serving in the Ordnance Department of the UnitedStates Army, from December 1, 191 7.Professor Walter S. Tower, of the Department of Geography, firstlieutenant in the United States Army, in meteorological service in France,from January 1, 191 8.Associate Professor Solomon H. Clark, of the Department of PublicSpeaking, serving in connection with the National Committee on PublicInformation, for the Spring Quarter, 191 8.Dean Shailer Mathews, of the Divinity School, serving as state secretary for Illinois of the United States War Savings Committee, fromJanuary 1, 191 8.RETIREMENTAt his own request, after more than twenty-five years of service inthe University as Associate Professor of Greek and as Professor ofClassical Archaeology, Frank Bigelow Tarbell, of the Department of theHistory of Art, has been retired, his retirement to take effect April 1,1918.GIFT OF CLASS OF 191 7The Class of 191 7 has contributed to the University $250 in LibertyLoan bonds as its class gift. It is the intention of the class that thesebonds shall be held by the University until such time as the class shallfeel that the money can be conscientiously put into some other gift fo**the University.THE LIBERTY LOANTo the University were allotted bonds to the amount of $60,000 ofthe first Liberty Loan.The University subscribed for $200,000 of bonds of the secondLiberty Loan and was allotted $150,000.The Auditor reported to the Board of Trustees, at the meeting heldNovember 13, 191 7, that there had been 351 subscriptions to the bondsof the second Liberty Loan, amounting to $51,800, by members of thefaculties and employees of the University, all made under the auspicesof the University.2b THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRYDER DIVINITY SCHOOLAt the Board meeting held November 13, 1917, arrangements wereperfected by which there will be erected on land owned by the University,at Sixtieth Street and Dorchester Avenue, a group of four buildings forthe use of Ryder Divinity School already affiliated with the University.The four buildings are: a dormitory, a library — to be used also for socialand club purposes — a gymnasium, and a chapel, or church building.The foundations of the church edifice, in which St. Paul's UniversalistChurch will hold its services, and of the dormitory are finished. Thegymnasium, which faces Dorchester Avenue, has been completed.Ryder Divinity School is the theological department of LombardCollege, which is situated at Galesburg, 111.ANNUAL AUDITThe following report of the public accountants was submitted to theBoard of Trustees by the Committee on Audit and Securities at themeeting held October 9, 191 7:Chicago, September 11, 191 7The Committee on Audit and Securities of the Board of Trustees,University of Chicago:In accordance with your instructions, we have audited the accounts of the University of Chicago and of the University of Chicago Press for the year ended June 30191 7, and now submit our reports thereon, together with relative statements, all asset forth in the index prefixed hereto.We have pleasure in reporting that we found the books to have been very carefullyand accurately maintained, and the supporting vouchers and other documents conveniently filed for reference. Every facility was afforded us for the proper conductof the audit and we desire to express our appreciation of the courtesies extended to us.Marwick, Mitchell, Peat & Co.MISCELLANEOUSThe Board of Trustees has appropriated $2,000 for the cost of publication of additional volumes of the "University of Chicago ScienceSeries. " Eight volumes of this series have already been published.The use of University land, fronting on Sixtieth Street between Wood-lawn and University avenues, for a football-practice field for the studentsof the School of Education has been authorized.The plots of land used during 191 7 for gardens have again beenoffered by the Board of Trustees to persons living in the neighborhoodof the University, preference being given to people connected with theUniversity.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 21Drexel House, a three-story apartment building situated at 5845Drexel Avenue, has been in use since October as a dormitory managedco-operatively by women students. The head of the house is Miss HelenHendricks, and her assistant is Miss Irma Zickler.Miss Thyrza Barton, head of the University Housing Bureau, is inFrance, serving under the Young Women's Christian Association. Hersuccessor is Miss Mabel Etnyre, formerly a graduate student in theUniversity.THE THREAT OF GERMANWORLD-POLITICS1THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE WAR ON THE PARTOF THE UNITED STATESBy PRESIDENT HARRY PRATT JUDSONThe United States has been driven into war with Germany by theentry of that power into a policy of piracy on the high seas. Withinthe area of the Atlantic Ocean, some fifteen hundred miles long and sixhundred miles wide, and within nearly all of the Mediterranean Seanotification has been duly given that vessels will be sunk by Germansubmarines without regard to nationality and without regard to thepurpose of their voyage.The joint resolution adopted by Congress in April, 1917, declared astate of war to exist with Germany. Eighteen American ships hadalready been sunk by German attacks, and two hundred thirty-sevenAmericans had been killed. The attacks were not only on vessels of theUnited States. Piratical raids were uniformly aimed at everybody.One-third of the Norwegian commercial marine had been destroyed.In May, 1915, the "Lusitania," a passenger ship, was sunk withoutwarning, without giving any chance for the safety of those on board.More than one thousand persons were drowned. Over one hundredof these were Americans, many of them women and little children.In these German attacks on neutral rights and safety there was noremote resemblance to the acts of the British navy. While it is true thatAmerican commerce with Germany was hindered and in a large measureprevented by the British naval blockade, at the same time not oneAmerican life had been lost, not one American ship had been destroyed.It was wholly a matter of property. Each claim on the British government resulting from the blockade could be settled by courts of law, anddamages could be paid in money. The only immediate effect on American prosperity was perhaps that the profits of American business mightbe double rather than threefold what they had been before the war.Further, the question as to the unlawfulness of the British blockade atbest was in doubt. Very likely a suit before a court of arbitration onthat ground would have gone against the United States.zThis address was delivered in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, on April 25, 191 7,and was later published as the first of the "University of Chicago War Papers."22THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 23A government which does not protect the rights of its citizens on thehigh seas will presently have no rights left. If we permit Germany toforbid navigation within twenty miles of the coast of Spain, presentlywe may expect to have that navigation forbidden twenty miles from thecoast of the United States.In short, a government which peaceably submits to such outrageswill have and will deserve to have the contempt of the world.The lawless acts of the German navy under the specific orders of theGerman imperial government constituted war upon the United States.The joint resolution of Congress in April did not begin war, but recognized a state of war as already existing by the act of Germany.1THE DEEPER CAUSES OF THE WORLD- WARWe now realize clearly that the world-war, however, has muchdeeper causes than the mere attempt to blockade the Entente Alliesby a submarine campaign. This deeper cause in its essence is aworld-wide piratical attack by Germany on nations which have whatGermany wants. The word "piracy" is here used in a larger sense thanits technical application in international and criminal law. In thislarger sense it means seizing by force what belongs to another nation,whether by land or sea. We have learned that there is a scheme, theresult of decades of careful and elaborate planning, for subjecting theentire world, sooner or later, to the domination of the German Empire.There is a scheme for seizing coveted lands and coveted dominion inevery quarter of the globe. It is in this conflict for the liberty of theworld that our country is now deeply concerned. Should the submarinepolicy itself be withdrawn, it would be idle for us to put a stop to hostilities. We must stay in the fight until these deeper causes of the GreatWar are destroyed, and until there are adequate securities against theirearly recurrence.In reality, then, this war on the part of the United States is, in thefirst place, a war of self-defense and, in the second place, a war for thedefense of all the other democracies of the world.THE GERMAN EMPIRE AN ENEMY OF THE WORLDThe German Empire as now organized and as now administered isan enemy of the world by reason, first, of its controlling forces; by reason,secondly, of the far-reaching, piratical aims of those forces; by reason,thirdly, of the methods by which the imperial government of Germanyseeks to attain these ends.1 "War Information Series": How the War Came to America, pp. 22-23.24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI. THE CONTROLLING FORCES IN GERMANYThe controlling forces in question are perhaps five:i. The first is the virtually autocratic government of the empire.The constitution of the German Empire is such that the will of the kingof Prussia finds easy expression and is only with great difficulty to beresisted. While nominally a constitutional monarch, virtually he is anautocrat.In these days monarchy is by no means always equivalent to autocracy. In the British monarchy, for instance, it is true that the kingsucceeds by heredity in the limits of a certain family. However, thissuccession was determined by act of Parliament, and act of Parliamentmay set aside the royal family altogether, or any king within the royalfamily. The British ministers and the Cabinet in England are responsible, not to the king, but to the elective House of Commons. In otherwords, Parliament through a freely elected House of Commons actuallygoverns the country. The king reigns, but he does not rule. TheHouse of Commons is chosen by what we may call universal suffrage, andin itself has the power under certain customary conditions, not merelyto enact new legislation, but even to change the fundamental laws of thecountry. In short, the British monarchy is a real representative democracy. It is a monarchy only in name.In Prussia the monarchy is quite different. Here the king alsosucceeds by heredity and in a certain family, but that succession isindependent of parliament or constitution. It is claimed by the kingthat he succeeds by divine right and not by the will of the people. ThePrussian constitution was not made by the Prussian people. It is agrant from the king, who may at any time revoke it. The Prussianministry is responsible, not to the Prussian parliament, but to the king,who appoints and removes his ministers without regard to parliamentor to the popular will. The upper house of the Prussian legislature consists of members who succeed by heredity, and of othersappointed by the king. The lower house of the Prussian parliamentis, to be sure, elective, but elective by the people on the three-class system. The electorate is divided into three classes accordingto the amount of taxes paid. The first class, electing one-thirdof "the members, contains approximately 4 per cent of the population. The second class, electing another third of the members, contains about 14 per cent of the population. The third class, alsoelecting one-third of the members, contains about 82 per cent of thepopulation.THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 25In other words, in the Prussian government the king, the hereditarynobility, and the possessors of wealth govern the country. The massesare very nearly helpless.In the German Empire the king of Prussia, by virtue of being kingof Prussia, is German emperor. The ministers are responsible to theemperor, not to the parliament, the chancellor and other members ofthe ministry being appointed and removed without regard to the desireof parliament or to the popular will excepting in so far as the emperor seesfit. The upper house of the parliament, the Council of the Empire,consists of the delegates appointed by the governments of the 25 statesin the federal empire. In this body of 61 delegates there are 17 Prussians;that is, they are virtually appointed by the king of Prussia; and 3 otherswhom the German emperor, that is, the king of Prussia, controls. Thesedelegates must vote as directed by those who appoint them. Further,no change in the fundamental law of the empire can be made against thevotes of 14 members of the Council. Thus the king of Prussia, or inother words the emperor, can prevent any constitutional amendment.The lower house of parliament — the Reichstag — is elected by universal suffrage, the electors being not less than twenty-five years of age.However, the original apportionment was made in 187 1 and there hasbeen no change since. A deputy from Berlin represents on an averageabout 125,000 voters, while a deputy from the districts of East Prussia,which contain the Prussian landed aristocracy, represents only about24,000 voters. Legislation is virtually determined by the Council ofthe Empire, and the Council of the Empire is controlled by the emperorand by the other hereditary princes.The German Empire is far from being a democracy, whether director representative. The power to declare war is in the emperor with theassent of the Council, but when the emperor sees fit to consider the wara defensive one he may declare war without the consent of the Council.That is just what happened in 1914, when the Emperor declared war —and thus is wholly responsible for bringing on the great world-war inwhich we are now engaged.2. Another of the controlling forces is the Prussian military caste,arrogant, exclusive, and determined on domination.The Prussian nobility, at least by custom, has so managed affairsthat it has a practical monopoly of appointments to office in the army.In the reserve, sons of great commercial magnates are allowed minorpositions, but the control of the army is for the nobles. Their power inpolitics, especially in eastern Prussia, owing to semi-feudal conditions26 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand to archaic election laws, is very great. Thus a mediaeval nobleclass, military and political in power, depending on the emperor for itsprestige and in turn supporting the emperor as a God-given monarch, isone of the controlling forces in the German Empire, and a force sinisterand baleful in the extreme. The members of this class believe implicitlyin the divine right of the noble to flout the common man and of Prussianized Germany to flout the world. Arrogant, insolent, domineering,they go far to make and to keep Germany a bitter enemy to free democratic institutions through all the world.3. Still another of the controlling forces is found in those who directthe manufacturing and commercial life of the German Empire. Theyare determined to spread their enterprises throughout the world, notmerely by ordinary competition, but by force wherever competition initself is not sufficient. Years ago it was said repeatedly to a thoughtfulAmerican at that time visiting in Germany that Germany must shortlyhave a war with the United States, the reason being that the UnitedStates had begun to attempt to secure a share in the world-markets.This attempt, it was said, must be met with cannon, because thosemarkets belonged to Germany.4. The fourth great controlling force is the Pan-German organizations. These organizations have been actively at work in definite formsince about 1894. Their aims cover the world, and have been expressedin a series of pamphlets, articles, and books with which Germany in thelast two or three decades has been flooded. While ostensibly privateorganizations, it is very clear that their aims are essentially the aims ofthe other controlling forces in the Empire, and must be reckoned withby the rest of the world, therefore, not as the mere vaporings of irresponsible individuals, but as the deliberate plan which Germany as awhole is determined on carrying out.15. Another of the ruling influences in Germany is a strange philosophy of the state which seems generally accepted. There is no lawof right but that of power, if the state is a party. In short, ethics, ascommonly understood in the rest of the world, in Germany apparentlyapplies, if at all, only as between individuals. The state is not bound byany standard but its own advantage. Laws, treaties, solemn governmental engagements, cease to be binding as soon as they cease to beadvantageous. Chivalry, courtesy, humanity, are of no account at allif the state otherwise orders. To be sure, this is a code of ethics whichis appropriate for pirates; but it is a code which is unquestionably1 Cheradame, chap. i.THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 2 JGerman today. It differs from the ethical code of the German barbarians who overran Roman civilization fifteen centuries ago only in thatin our times it is explicitly stated as a system of thought and conduct.Such a philosophical formulation of principles was quite beyond theGoths, or the Vandals, or Attila's Huns. Their descendants havelearned phrases, but not ethical action.II. THE PREDATORY AIM OF GERMANYAs has been said, the essential aim of the controlling forces in Germany is to dominate the entire world, both politically and commercially,by force of arms wherever necessary, by intrigue everywhere else. Thisis essentially, in its larger sense, piratical. It merely means that othernations have things which Germany wants, and Germany means to getthose things without regard to the method.PRUSSIAN ROBBERY FROM HER NEIGHBORSPrussia has been a predatory nation from the first. In 1864 thePrussian government succeeded in getting Austria to combine with it toattack Denmark and to take from it the provinces of Schleswig andHolstein. Whatever might be said of the German population of Holsteinand of south Schleswig, there is no doubt that a large part of the provinceof Schleswig was Danish, and that the population of that province isDanish to this day. It was taken from Denmark merely becausePrussia wanted it and had the power to get it. In 1866 Prussia succeeded in forcing on Austria a war over the disposition of the plunder ofthe War of 1864, and by means of this short war Prussia annexed byforce of arms other independent German domains and drove Austriatotally out of the organization of Germany as a whole. In 1870 Prussiasucceeded in forcing on France a war which, while ostensibly declaredby France, was in fact, as we now know by the admission of Bismarck,the result of a trick of his own, he and the military authorities dominantin Prussia being determined to bring the war about. As a result of thisthe provinces of Alsace and eastern Lorraine, thoroughly French infeeling and by nearly two centuries of life, were torn away from Francemerely because Prussia wanted them and had the power to get them.At the same time Prussia imposed on France an indemnity of onethousand million dollars. This again was an extortion purely piraticalin character, and was made the basis of the future military organizationand ambitions of the new German Empire.28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAs to the economic significance of Alsace-Lorraine, the following is aclear statement of the case:When Moltke in 1870 insisted upon, and Bismarck against his better judgmentassented to, the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the main thought in their minds wasthat of securing a strategic frontier. They secured, though they did not know it atthe time, something far more valuable than that, something that has proved the baseon which Germany has built up her towering fabric of prosperity and power, somethingwithout which Germany could not have begun this war or could not have waged itfor six months. They secured the largest deposit of iron ore in Europe and the secondlargest in the world, surpassed in value and extent only by the Lake Superior deposit inMichigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The soil of the lost provinces has madeGermany's fortunes. She has derived from it her metallurgical ascendancy, the motivepower for her industries, her wealth, and as a consequence her naval, military, andpolitical power.The area covered by this deposit embraces the Longwy and Briey districts inFrance, now occupied by the German armies, and portions of German Lorraine, ofLuxemburg, and of Belgium, also for the moment in German* possession. If Germanycould secure a peace based on her present military position the whole of this wealthof iron ore, estimated at some 5,000,000,000 tons, would pass under her control. Asit is, rather more than half the deposit is supposed to lie on the French side of the borderand 'rather less than half in German Lorraine and Luxemburg. That being so, it maybe asked why Germany, when she had the chance in 1870, did not annex the entireore-yielding area instead of allowing it to be divided between France and herself. Theanswer is that she would undoubtedly have done so had she realized the value of hertreasure-trove. But forty-seven years ago metallurgists generally regarded phosphoricores, which formed the greater part of the Lorraine strata, as worthless and unworkable.The Germans seized everything that in the then state of science was known to beprofitable and relinquished the rest to the French. But less than five years later themining industry was revolutionized by the discovery of a process for dephosphorizingores. Instantly the value of the ferruginous districts annexed by the Germans wasindefinitely multiplied. But at the same time the portions of the basin they hadcontemptuously allowed to remain in the possession of the French were redeemed at astroke from comparative worthlessness to a rich productivity.There are reckoned to be 2,800 million tons of iron ore in all Germany. Of theseLorraine alone is responsible for some 2,000 millions or five-sevenths of the Empire'stotal supply. When Germany hypothecated the Lorraine beds they were yieldingabout 500,000 tons of ore a year. In 1875 tney still yielded less than three-quartersof a million. Then came Thomas's discovery of the dephosphorizing process and thefigures shot up like a rocket until in the year before the war the Germans were extracting from Lorraine over 21,000,000 tons of ore, more than three-fifths of which wasproduced by the Thomas method. Up to 1903 Germany had no need to import fromabroad a single ton of ore. Lorraine alone enabled her to maintain for thirty years anunprecedented industrial expansion. But whether the pace abnormally quickenedsome ten years before the war, or whether she had commenced to prepare for its outbreak, or whether the Lorraine ores began to deteriorate, Germany between 1903 and1913 was buying ore abroad in increasing quantities. About one- third of her totalconsumption was imported from foreign countries in the year preceding the war. ThatTHE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 29supply has, of course, for the most part been cut off, and for the past three yearsGermany has depended almost entirely on the Lorraine mines for the iron and steelwhich are the basis of all modern warfare. She has got some from the occupied districtsof France and Belgium and Luxemburg, but from three-fifths to four-fifths of heroutput during the war has come from Lorraine. Without the production of theprovinces she snatched from France forty-seven years ago Germany would long sincehave exhausted her capacity for turning out the material of war. Liberate thoseprovinces from her clutch — with their 21,000,000 tons of iron ore a year, their 19,000,-000 tons of iron smeltings, their 19,000,000 tons of steel smeltings, and the useful coalfields of the Sarre valley — and a long step has been taken towards binding her down topeace The general outline of the issue that the war is shaping and will determine thusbecomes clear. Suppose Germany were to win and were to annex the greater half ofthe ferruginous basin that lies on French soil. Territorially, it would be a very smallacquisition. Economically, its value would be inestimable. It would mean that afterthe war Germany would be able to raise some 46,000,000 tons of iron ore a year whilethe French output would be reduced to a bare 4,000,000 tons. Suppose, on the otherhand, that the Allied victory is as complete as we all intend it shall be and that Alsace-Lorraine is restored to France. The situation in that case would be almost preciselyreversed. France would be in a position to extract about 43,000,000 tons of ore ayear, and Germany would have to remain satisfied with a maximum yield of some8,000,000 tons. No blow could more effectually cripple German industrialism, andwith it Germany's capacity to organize another war, than the loss of the Lorraine orebeds; and nothing could so certainly and so speedily re-establish the economic equilibrium of France as to regain possession of them. In the fate of Alsace-Lorraine there isinvolved nothing less than the industrial primacy of Europe.1GERMAN CENTRAL EUROPEThe aims of the Pan-German policy are based on the control of agreat Central-European dominion by Germany itself. This Central-European dominion comprises in the first place the Germanization ofAustria-Hungary, first by a customs union and then by such close bondsas in the case of the North-German Zollverein, forming an intermediatestep to actual Prussian political domination.The Austro-Hungarian monarchy is a curious aggregation of territories and races united under the Hapsburg emperor. The historyof this empire in the main consists of the gradual accession of theHouse of Hapsburg to the sovereignty over one after the other ofthe various elements, as duke, count, king, or what not. The union,therefore, is essentially personal in the emperor. The title of theemperor of Austria as such dates only from 1806, when the mediaevalRoman Empire was dissolved, and the head of the House of Hapsburg1 Sydney Brooks, "The Real Problem of Alsace-Lorraine," North AmericanReview, No. 744 (November, 191 7), pp. 696, 697, and 699.30 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDassumed the new title of "Emperor of Austria." Since 1867 themonarchy has been dual in character, and the head of the House ofHapsburg reigns as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. Each ofthese two portions of the joint monarchy has its own parliament and itsown ministry, and there is a common ministry for war, finance, andforeign affairs. The democratic basis of the two parliaments is not substantial, and the emperor and king is able to rule without parliamentor in spite of parliament whenever it seems best.The race elements in the dual monarchy are numerous. In Austriathere is a total population of approximately 28 millions; 10 millions ofthese are Germans, the remaining 18 millions being Slavs and Italians.In Hungary the population is approximately 20 millions. Perhaps 10millions are Magyars, 2 millions Germans, and 8 millions Slavs andLatins. And further, in the dual monarchy the imperial provinces ofBosnia and Herzegovina have a population of almost 2 millions, nearlyall Serbian-Slavs.Thus it will be seen that both in Austria and in Hungary the rulingclass is a minority which imposes its will on the majority by force andby legal subtleties.1 Of the total population in the dual monarchy ofabout 50 millions there are approximately 12 millions of Germans and10 millions of Magyars, or 22 millions of the ruling classes. The remaining 28 millions include Slavs and Latins. The Slavs comprise theCeko-Slovaks in Bohemia, Moravia, and eastern Silesia, the Poles incentral and western Galicia, and the South-Slavs, including Croats,Serbs, and Slovenes. The Latins include Italians in the South Tyroland in Trieste and vicinity and Roumanians in Transylvania andBukowina. The Ceks, or Bohemians, are a highly cultivated people,with a history rich in literature, the arts, and free government. Thefreedom of the Bohemian kingdom historically is as old as that ofHungary, and the desire of the Ceks has long been that the emperor ofAustria should be crowned as "King of Bohemia," the ancient kingdomthus forming a third element in the monarchy, on a par with Austriaand Hungary. The Galician Poles are a fragment of the ancientPolish kingdom, and represent a part of the plunder of that kingdomtaken by the House of Hapsburg late in the eighteenth century. ThexThe Austrian 'parliament is cunningly juggled in the membership of its lowerhouse. At the sitting in May, 191 7 — the first meeting since the war broke out — arabid Pan-German was elected to the presidency by a vote of 215 to 195 — 215 Germansto 195 non-Germans in a nation in which Germans are in a minority by a ratio of10 to 18. The election law puts about an average of 42,889 Germans in a parliamentary district, while it takes about 65,479 Slavs to elect one deputy.THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 31Roumanians and the South-Slavs are a remnant forced across theAustrian line from the old independent Serbian and Roumanian kingdoms, which were destroyed by the Turks in the late Middle Ages.GERMAN AIMS IN THE BALKAN PENINSULA AND IN TURKEYThe next element in this Central-European dominion to be controlledby Germany lies in the Balkan Peninsula. It is quite essential thatthrough Austria-Hungary Germany should be dominant from Austria tothe Aegean Sea. This involves control of Serbia and such alliances withthe other Balkan states as might easily be effected through the Germanprincelings on their thrones, or by German intermarriage, as in the caseof Greece.The next step involves the Germanization of Turkey. In the guiseof an alliance there would be a real political and economic control of thatempire, which might then be exploited by German capital. ThusGermany, if this plan for a Central-European state should be carriedout, would be dominant from the Baltic Sea to the Persian Gulf.1GERMAN ATMS OUTSIDE CENTRAL EUROPECentral Europe as thus organized is the essential basis of the Pan-German plan for the domination of the rest of Europe. It was believed bythe Pan-Germanists that it would be easy for Germany to crush Russiaand annex Poland and the Baltic provinces, and very likely the largewheat section of the southeast, thus greatly extending German economicinfluence and putting an end for all time to the power of Russia in Europe.Again, in the west, if there should be objection to the German domination in Central Europe, Germany could easily crush France, annex thevaluable mining and industrial region of the north, annex the Channelports, seize Belgium, and ultimately intimidate Holland into absorption in the German Empire. This would secure for Germany the valuable ports of the North Sea, which could be made the base of her futurenaval supremacy, and at the same time would annex to the GermanEmpire the large colonies of Holland and of Belgium, great areas inAfrica and Asia and the Asiatic islands which Germany has long coveted.It is obvious that if this plan is carried out the next step will be thedestruction of the British Empire. A base of operations in the Channelports would make it not very difficult a few years later to throw a greatarmy into the Island, and either seize it outright or reduce it to impotenceby the exaction of an enormous indemnity.21 Cheradame, chap. v. 2 See Appendix A.32 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGERMAN AIMS IN ASIA AND AFRICAMeanwhile, subsequent plans for the overthrow of the British Empire in India and for dominance on the China coast are all carefullyworked out and on record. The seizure of Egypt would readily followthe control of Turkey, and thus in the long run Africa would becomeGerman almost as a whole. The maps found by the Boer conquerorsof German Southwest Africa indicated Africa as German from thenorthern boundaries of the Belgian Congo colonies clear to the Cape,leaving only the little Boer republic as a German suzerainty.1GERMAN AIMS IN AMERICAThe plans for Pan-German domination in the Americas are just aswell known and just as obvious in their intent. The German colony insouthern Brazil was expected to be a base, if need be, of military operations, and through naval and military force and through alliances it wasbelieved that by the middle of the twentieth century at the latest Germany would control practically all the valuable parts of South America.The result as to the Panama Canal and Central America needs no comment, and the Zimmermann note makes very plain the intent of Germany, hoping to combine with Mexico and Japan to dismember theUnited States, and to extort from it so enormous an indemnity as tomake it simply a vassal state of the world-wide German Empire.These are not the dreams of visionaries. They are actual plans,worked out in great detail, on record, and proved beyond the possibilityof doubt as the ultimate aims of the controlling forces in Germanyagainst which the United States is now at war.2III. GERMAN METHODSThe methods which are to be used and which actually have been usedto secure these ends are planned with a total disregard of all the bindingrules of law. The violation of treaties in the attack on Belgium and inthe German policy with regard to the United States is perfectly wellknown. The treaty of guaranty signed by Prussia and by Austria wasintended to secure Belgium from attack. Regardless of that treatyBelgium was promptly invaded when Germany went to war withFrance in 1914.3 Treaties between Prussia and the United States madein 1787 and 1799 and in 1828, repeatedly held to be still binding bythe governments of both countries, explicitly recognize the validity of1 See Appendix C. 2 See Appendix A. 3 See Appendix E.THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 33commercial dealings between a neutral power and a belligerent in all matters of commerce, including contraband. And yet in violation of thattreaty Germany proposes to destroy that commerce without warning andwithout regard to the innocent persons on the ship to be sunk.1 The lawless bombardment of crowded cities which are not besieged, whereby civilians, men, women, and children, lose their lives, is another method whichis contrary to all the aims and hopes of the nations parties to the HagueConventions.Moreover, we find the world covered by a network of Germanintrigue. When immigrants come to the United States, make theirhomes here, and become naturalized citizens, we expect them to givetheir absolute and unquestioned loyalty to the country of their choice.They take an oath of allegiance distinctly forswearing allegiance to thecountry of origin. This principle of a transfer of allegiance has beenrecognized, not merely in the legislation of the United States, but intreaties between the United States and other countries, with the North-German Union, the predecessor of the German Empire, for instance, in1868. In 1913 the German parliament, however, passed an act providing that Germans who become naturalized in another country need notlose their German national character.2 They may file their desire toretain that national character with the proper German officers, and withthe consent of the German consul they may be regarded as still remaining in all respects Germans. After that they may then go through theprocess of naturalization, and in so doing distinctly perjure themselves.It was believed that by that method there would be in other countriesa body of Germans ostensibly of those countries who yet would beprimarily loyal to the country of origin, and could be counted on toinfluence the country of their home politically in favor of Germany, andin case of war could be counted on actually to join the German armies.Indeed, it was believed confidently that in case of war between Germanyand the United States there would be a German insurrection in thecentral western states. These beliefs I think are entirely erroneous.Very few naturalized Germans in my opinion are not primarily loyal tothe country to which they have sworn allegiance. Germany totallymisunderstands the psychology of almost every other nation. But inthis act of 1913, which was to take effect January 1, 1914, we cansee plainly the intent, not of the Pan-German Union alone, but ofthe German government, to implant a source of treachery in othercountries.1 See Appendix D. 2 See Appendix F.34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI need not dwell on the elaborate conspiracies carried on in thiscountry under the direction of the imperial ambassadors both fromAustria and from Germany in violation of the courtesy of a guest and inviolation of the laws of the United States.CONCLUSIONWe are dealing, therefore, with a vast, world-wide conspiracy whichhas for its end the subversion in the long run of the liberty of practicallyevery free nation, and which means, if the conspiracy succeeds, the overthrow of the independence of the United States. In other words, weare engaged in a great battle for the liberty of all free countries.Anything short of a complete victory over the Teutonic powers willresult in a mere truce, to be followed by a renewal of war within a fewyears. Every nation would have to arm and to keep armed. International relations would be on the one hand a series of German intriguesto divide the present Allies so as to renew the attack under more favorable auspices, and on the other hand endless attempts to frustratesuch conspiracies. The whole world would be full of plots and counterplots, suspicion and fear, with the inevitable result of another bloodystruggle. Assurance of a peace relatively permanent cannot dependon treaties; no treaty obligation would bind Germany or Austria-Hungary under their present ruling forces. The only safety for theworld can be found in a complete victory over the Teutonic empiresand in establishing as a guaranty a state of things which would makeit exceedingly difficult for them to make another assault on civilizationwith reasonable hope of success.APPENDIX AWHAT GERMANY EXPECTS TO GET BY CONQUESTErnst Haeckel in Das monistische Jahrhundert, No. 31-32 (November 16, 1914),P. 657:In my view the following fruits of victory are highly desirable for the futureof Germany, and at the same time for the future of federated ContinentalEurope: (1) Liberation from the tyranny of England. (2) As a necessarymeans to this end, invasion of the British pirate state by the German navy andarmy, occupation of London. (3) Division of Belgium: the largest part, asfar west as Antwerp and Ostend, a state in the German Empire; the northernpart to Holland; the eastern part to Luxemburg — also, thus enlarged, a statein the German Empire. (4) Germany obtains a great part of the Britishcolonies as well as the Congo state. (5) France must cede a portion of herTHE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 35neighboring northeastern provinces. (6) Russia is to be made powerless byrestoring the kingdom of Poland and connecting this with Austria-Hungary.(7) The German Baltic provinces revert to the German Empire. (8) Finlandbecomes an independent Kingdom and is to be connected with Sweden Petition to the Imperial Chancellor, voted June 20, 1915, at a meeting of professors, diplomatists, and higher officials in active service, held in the Kunstlerhaus atBerlin. It was handed in with the signatures of 352 professors of universities and ofspecial schools of the same rank, 158 school teachers and clergymen, 145 superioradministrative officers, mayors, and city councilmen, 148 judges and advocates, 40members of the Reichstag, 182 representatives of industry, commerce, and banking,52 landed proprietors, and 252 artists, writers, and publishers. It was circulated onlyas a "strictly confidential manuscript." The full text is given in Grumbach, Dasannexionistische Deutschlajid, 191 7, pp. 132-40..... The military results already gained in this war at the cost of sogreat sacrifices should be utilized to the extreme attainable limit. This is thefixed determination of the German people.1. France. — We must ruthlessly weaken this country politically and economically for the sake of our own existence, and we must improve against herour strategical position. For this purpose, according to our conviction, athorough improvement of our whole west front from Beifort to the coast is necessary.We must conquer as great a part as possible of the North-French Channel coast, inorder to obtain greater strategical security against England and a better outletto the ocean To avoid such conditions as exist in Alsace-Lorraine the enterprises andpossessions that give economic power are to be transferred from hostile to Germanhands, the previous owners being taken over and compensated by France. To thepart of the population that we take over no influence whatever in the Empire is tobe conceded.We must also remember that this country has disproportionately largecolonial possessions and that England can indemnify herself in these possessionsif we do not anticipate her.2. Belgium. — We must keep Belgium firmly in our hands as regards politicaland military matters and as regards economic interests. In no matter is theGerman nation more united in its opinion: to it the retention of Belgium is anindubitable matter of honor..... Belgium will bring us an immense increase of economic power.As regards population, she also give us an important increase, particularly ifthe Flemish element, which in its culture is so closely related to us, can incourse of time be freed from the artificial Latinizing influences that surround itand be brought back to its Teutonic character.. ... To the inhabitants of Belgium no political influence in the Empire isto be conceded; and, as in the districts to be ceded by France, the most importantenterprises and landed estates are to be transferred from hostile to German hands.36 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD3. Russia. — On our eastern frontier the population of the Russian Empireis increasing at a monstrous rate — at a rate of something like two and one-halfmillions a year. Within a generation the population will amount to 250,000,-000. Against this overwhelming preponderance on our eastern flank ....Germany can assert herself only if she sets up a strong barrier .... and ifon the other hand the healthy growth of our own population is furthered byall possible means. Such a barrier and also a basis for safeguarding the growthof our own population are to be found in the territory that Russia must cede to us.This must be agricultural land adapted to settlement. Land that gives us ahealthy peasantry, this fresh fountain of all national and political power. Landthat can take over a part of our increase of population and offer to returningGermans who desire to turn their backs upon the hostile foreign world a newhome in the old home Such land, required for our physical, moral, andspiritual health, is to be found first of all in the East This land will also serve to defray the Russian war indemnity Russia is over-rich in land, and the land of which she is to cede us political controlwe shall demand .... freed for the most part from private titles TheRussian population is not so strongly rooted in the land as is that of Westernand Central Europe. Russia itself has repeatedly transplanted large partsof its population to remote districts 4. England, the East, colonies, and the world across the seas. — We admit thatthe blockade by which England has transformed Germany during the periodof the war into a closed commercial state has taught us something. It hastaught us above all that, as has been explained in the earlier sections of thismemorial, we must make ourselves as independent as possible in all political,military, and economic matters, on the basis of an expanded and better-securedhome territory in Europe. Similarly we must organize upon the Continent,in immediate connection with our land frontiers .... the broadest possibleContinental economic domain For this purpose it is important permanently to secure Austria-Hungary, the Balkans, Turkey, and Asia Minor to thePersian Gulf against Russian and English ambitions In the next place it is important to secure, in spite of England, ourre-entry into the economic world beyond the seas In Africa we mustrebuild our Colonial Empire more solidly and more strongly than before. . . .Here again the importance of a permanent connection with the world of Islammakes itself felt, and also the necessity of secure passage over the seas independent of the good or ill will of England It has already been pointed out that we must keep Belgium firmly underour control and must also obtain as much as possible of the North FrenchChannel coast. It is important, besides, to break up the chain of maritime baseswhich England has thrown about the world or to enfeeble it by a correspondingacquisition of German bases. Egypt, which connects English Africa withEnglish Asia, and, with Australia as a further barrier, converts the IndianOcean into an English lake — Egypt, which maintains the connection betweenTHE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 37the mother-country and all its oriental colonies, is, as Bismarck expressed it,the neck of the English world-empire There England may be struckin its most vital nerve 5. War indemnity. — It is probably France that comes into consideration,primarily if not exclusively, as regards any financial indemnification for thecosts of the war. We should not hesitate, from any false humanity, to burdenFrance as heavily as possible. To ease the burden imposed upon her she maycall upon her ally across the Channel. If the latter refuses to fulfil her dutiesas an ally financially, a secondary political result might be attained with whichwe could well be content 6. No policy of culture without a policy of power. — If the undersigned, andparticularly the men of science, or art, and of the church among them, shouldbe reproached for setting up only political, economic, and perhaps socialdemands and forgetting the purely spiritual problems of the German future,our answer is a threefold one.The care of the German spirit is not one of the aims of war nor one of theconditions of peace.If, however, we are to say anything concerning the German spirit ....first of all, Germany must be able to live in political and economic securitybefore it can pursue its spiritual vocation in freedom.Finally .... we do not desire a German spirit that is in danger of sufferingdecomposition and of working also as a decomposing agency — a national spiritthat, lacking root, is forced to seek a home in all countries, and to seek it invain; that must everywhere adapt itself and falsify its own nature as well as thenature of the nations that grant it hospitality In our demands we areseeking to gain for the German spirit a healthy body We are conscious of setting up goals that can be reached only through aresolute spirit of sacrifice and through most energetic diplomacy. But weinvoke a saying of Bismarck's: "More than in any other domain it is true inpolitics that faith tangibly removes mountains, that courage and victory arenot causally connected but identical."Otto Richard von Tannenberg, Grossdeutschland: Die Aufgabe des zwanzigstenJahrhunderts, 1911, pp. 219, 220, 230, 231:It would be the beginning of a world-empire, our first empire of the sort,if to East Africa, Cameroon, and Southeast Africa we should add Angola andthe Belgian and French Congo In the way of this first world-empirestand Portugal, France, and England. Portugal and France will be themourners. England will not be able to hinder it. This will not be accomplished today nor tomorrow; but a day will come when Europe will settle heraccounts. On that day the reservists of Nimes will go on strike, if the sons ofthe German heroes of Metz and of Sedan attack them in rainy weather. Onthat day the English Channel will be paved with French submarines of the38 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsuccessful Pluviose type, if the German dreadnoughts bombard the Frenchports of the North Sea..... Our fathers have left us much to do. In compensation, the Germannation holds a position among the European Powers that permits it at once toreach its goal by a single rapid rush. At the present time the German nationfinds itself in a position similar to that of Prussia at the beginning of the reignof Frederick the Great. He raised his country to the rank of a great EuropeanPower. It is Germany' 's task today to pass from the position of a EuropeanPower to that of a World-Power.The German people must take possession of Central Africa from themouth of the Orange River to Lake Tchad and from the Cameroon Mountainsto the mouth of the river Rovuna. They must take possession of Asia Minor,of the Malayan Archipelago in Southeastern Asia, and finally of the southernhalf of South America. Only then will Germany possess a colonial empire thatwill correspond to her actual power.A policy of sentiment is folly. Enthusiasm for humanity is idiocy. Charityshould begin among oneJs compatriots. Politics is business. Right and wrongare notions needed in civil life only.The German people is always right, because it is the German people and becauseit numbers 87,000,000. Our fathers have left us much to do.A. Oelzelt-Newin, Welche Strafe soil die treffen, die Schuld am Weltkrieg iragen,i9iS» PP- 12-16:Russia is by far the most dangerous enemy, not only of Middle Europe,but of all Europe and of the whole civilized world The object of anytreaty of peace must therefore be to preserve Russia's Asiatic character and,so far as possible, to weaken her position as a European Great Power. Thiscan be done only by taking from her those western territories which are mostvaluable from the cultural and the economic points of view and by keepingher away at the same time from all European seas (except the White Sea)..... The boundary that should be drawn would .... run from Kronstadtby way of Brest-Litovsk and Taganrog to Baku, Finland, of course, beingincluded. Besides the razing of all Russia's western fortresses, especially thefortresses on the sea, it would be necessary to take from her Finland, Esthonia,Livonia, Kurland, Poland, Volhynia, Podolia, Bessarabia, portions of LittleRussia and of South Russia, Taurida (Krim) and the Caucasus In theBalkans, if these are freed from Russian assistance and intrigues, two kingdoms,Servia and Montenegro, should be wiped completely off the map There can be no united and powerful Middle Europe so long as Franceretains her present size and power. To deprive her of these must be the objectof any treaty of peace. Of course it is not a question solely of acquisition ofterritory, for nations can be ruined by war indemnities or by commercialtreaties, but of these we are not talking at present. We are asking only,THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 39What cessions of territory are necessary in order to lessen by two the number ofGreat Powers in Europe ? What is necessary for this purpose ?Whether the cession of northern seaports will come into question is a matterthat had better not be discussed at present. Possibly the Middle States mayeven need a port on the Mediterranean like Toulon, which would necessarilyinvolve the annexation of Nice That France must lose all the northcoast of Africa that belongs to her is the more certain because she would notbe sufficiently crippled by war indemnities alone. Nor would it be enough toinsist on the transfer of her fleet, but among her fortresses those that protectharbors must first be razed; and one of the most important conditions of peacethat we should strive to obtain would be that she should maintain only a commercial fleet. France should be forced into a position similar to that now held bySpain .... The punishment that England would find most severe would perhapsbe her complete exclusion from the Mediterranean She would be shut offfrom Malta and the other islands if Gibraltar were taken from her and ifTangiers ceased to be neutral If any part of these protecting walls isdefectively constructed our culture will be permanently injured or perhapsannihilated before another generation. Then the great sacrifice of life wouldhave been made, not for life, but only for death.Albert Ritter, Der organische Aufbau Europas, 1916, pp. 27-28:Middle Europe must consider strategic necessities in fixing her easternboundaries East Prussia needs stronger protection on the North and onthe East In the west military considerations demand a greater extension of the geographic boundary If the military object of gaining permanent security against France and also the freedom of the seas is to be reallyattained, the northeastern part of France, as a number of leading statesmen havealready indicated, must be brought within the German northwestern frontier, as faras the mouth of the Somme, somewhere along the line Vignacourt-Bapaume-Verdun-St. Mihiel-Pont a Mousson The establishment of this frontier,together with the taking of Belfort and its environs, which are necessary forthe protection of South Germany, seems thoroughly justified Asregards the annexation of Belgium to Middle Europe, to which the majority ofits inhabitants belong as regards language, no further words need be wasted;it is a matter of course.In the southwest the geographical frontier must in like manner be pushedforward, in order that Triest, one of the most important points for MiddleEurope, may be removed from hostile attack The northern part ofVenetia, the districts of Friuli and Treviso, up to a line running from the southend of Lake Garda to the mouth of the Piave, must be taken as a glacis at thefoot of the Alps in order to ward off from Austria's Adriatic coast all future40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmenace. On national grounds, however, this necessary line of security mayand will be pushed forward a few kilometers Albert Ritter ("Konrad von Winterstetten"), Nordkap-Bagdad, 1915, pp. 33, 34:.... In general, the problem of making England .... innocuous andher overthrow as useful as possible for us may best be solved if we make ourselves masters (from a military point of view) of the European center of the _British Empire. The road from Gravelotte and Verdun to Dunkirk andBoulogne might be continued by the occupation of a bridgehead at Dover — acastle on English soil. This proposal may seem fantastic, but it is quite aseasy to carry it through as a landing on British soil, and without this the warmust last for years. Only the taking of London, which we shall live to see, willmake peace possible, and after the taking of London one treaty provision mayjust as well be exacted as another "Wann wird der Krieg beendigt sein?" by "Diplomaticus," October, 1914, p. 16:[Our enemies] must also pay, and must pay a very high price, for the injuriesthey have inflicted upon our interests and upon our good name by the lies theyhave spread over the whole world. Germany must insist that, in the treaty ofpeace to be signed by our enemies, they themselves shall confess that they forcedthe war upon us and that they have lied to the whole civilized world. So only canwe stand justified before the tribunal of history.A memorial, dated May 20, 1915, was addressed to the imperial Chancellorby six of the most important agricultural and industrial associations of Germany:"Bund der Landwirte," "Deutscher Bauernbund," "Vorort der christlichendeutschen Bauernvereine," " Centralverband deutscher Industriellen," "Bund derIndustriellen,,, and "Reichsdeutscher Mittelstandsverband." It was transmitted tothe governments of the several German states and was extensively circulated in printas a "confidential" communication. Its publication in German newspapers was notpermitted. The entire text was first published in the Paris HumaniU, August 11,1 91 5. The complete German text is given in Grumbach, Das annexionistischeDeutschland, pp. 123-32..... In addition to the demand for a colonial empire that shall fullysatisfy the many-sided economic interests of Germany, in addition to securingour future in the matter of customs and trade policy and the attainment of asufficient .... war indemnity, [the undersigned associations] find the chiefaim of the conflict that has been forced upon us in the securing and improvement of the German Empire's basis of existence in Europe and particularlyin the following directions:Belgium .... as regards military and customs policy, and also as regardsmonetary, banking, and postal systems, must be subjected to German imperiallegislation. Railroads and canals are to be made portions of our transportationTHE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 41system. For the rest, after separating the country into a Walloon districtand a preponderantly Flemish district, and after transferring to Germanseconomic undertakings and possessions that are important for the domination ofthe country, its government and administration must be so conducted that theinhabitants shall obtain no influence upon the political destinies of the GermanEmpire.As regards France . ... the possession of the coast beyond the Belgianfrontier, perhaps to the Somme, and therewith an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean,must be regarded as vital to our future importance on the sea. The hinterlandthat is to be acquired with this coast strip must be sufficient to secure completestrategic control and economic exploitation of the ports that we acquire on theChannel. Apart from the necessary acquisition of the ore fields of Briey, anyfurther annexation of French territory is to be made exclusively on considerations of military strategy. It may be assumed as self-evident after the experiences of this war, that we ... . cannot leave in the hands of the enemy thefortified positions which threaten us, particularly Verdun and Belfort, nor thewestern slope of the Vosges that lies between them. The acquisition of the lineof the Meuse and the French coast on the Channel involves, in addition to theabove-mentioned ore fields of Briey, also the possession of the coal fields in theDepartments of the North and of Pas-de-Calais. After our experiences in Alsace-Lorraine, it is probably self-evident that in these acquisitions also the peopleof the annexed districts are not to be put in a position to obtain any politicalinfluence upon the destinies of the German Empire, and that the economic resourcesto be found in these districts, including medium and large land holdings, are to beput into German hands, with an arrangement that France shall indemnify andtake care of the former proprietors. ....The need for strengthening also the sound agricultural basis of our nationaleconomy .... demands a considerable extension of the imperial and Prussian frontiers toward the East, by annexing parts at least of the Baltic provincesand the districts lying south of the same, taking into consideration at the sametime the object of making our East-German frontier defensible from a militarypoint of view As regards the extension of political rights to the inhabitants of these newterritories and the safeguarding of the German economic influence therein, what hasbeen said as regards France is valid here also. The war indemnity to be paid byRussia must consist largely in the transfer of private titles to land APPENDIX BGERMAN INTRIGUES AGAINST AMERICA IN TIME OF PEACEBY THE U.S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION, JUNE, 1917Evidence of the bad faith of the Imperial German government soon piledup on every hand. Honest efforts on our part to establish a firm basis of goodneighborliness with the German people were met by their government with42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDquibbles, misrepresentations, and counteraccusations against their enemiesabroad. And meanwhile in this country official agents of the Central Powers —protected from criminal prosecution by diplomatic immunity — conspiredagainst our internal peace, placed spies and agents provocateurs throughout thelength and breadth of our land, and even in high positions of trust in departments of our government. While expressing a cordial friendship for the peopleof the United States, the government of Germany had its agents at work bothin Latin America and in Japan. They bought or subsidized papers and supported speakers there to rouse feelings of bitterness and distrust against us inthose friendly nations, in order to embroil us in war. They were incitingto insurrection in Cuba, in Haiti, and in Santo Domingo; their hostile handwas stretched out to take the Danish Islands; and everywhere in SouthAmerica they were abroad sowing the seeds of dissension, trying to stir up onenation against another and all against the United States. In their sum thesevarious operations amounted to direct assault upon the Monroe Doctrine.And even if we had given up our right to travel on the sea, even if we hadsurrendered to German threats and abandoned our legitimate trade in munitions, the German offensive in the New World, in our own land and among ourneighbors, was becoming too serious to be ignored.So long as it was possible, the government of the United States tried tobelieve that such activities, the evidence of which was already in a largemeasure at hand, were the work of irresponsible and misguided individuals.It was only reluctantly, in the face of overwhelming proof, that the recall of theAustro-Hungarian ambassador and of the German military and naval attacheswas demanded. Proof of their criminal violations of our hospitality was presented to their governments. But these governments, in reply, offered noapologies nor did they issue reprimands. It became clear that such intriguewas their settled policy.1On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral theUnited States of America.If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the followingbasis with Mexico:That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shallgive general financial support and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquerthe lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left toyou for settlement.You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in thegreatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of warwith the United States, and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own2 "War Information Series": How the War Came to America.THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 43initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to thisplan; at the same time offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to makepeace in a few months.1 (Signed) ZimmermannAPPENDIX CGERMAN DOMINATION IN SOUTH AMERICAThe German colonies in southern Brazil and Uruguay are the one brightspot in this gloomy picture of South American civilization. Here dwell somehalf -million Germans; and it is to be hoped that by the reorganization ofSouth America, when the half-breed population — a cross between the Indiansand the Latin races — has disappeared, the vast basin of the La Plata willbecome German territory. The Germans in southern Brazil — like the Boersin South Africa — -have, on the average, twelve to fifteen children; so that, bythis natural increase alone, the country is assured to us. In these circumstancesis it not wonderful that the German people has not long since decided to takepossession of this territory? For the people of the republics which haveinherited the former domains of Spain and Portugal it would be altogether ablessing to become subject to German power. They would soon be reconciledto our rule and be proud of their part in the world-wide glory of the Germanname.2APPENDIX DTREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND PRUSSIA— 1785Article XII. — If one of the contracting parties should be engaged in warwith any other Power, the free intercourse and commerce of the subjects orcitizens of the party remaining neuter with the belligerent Powers shall notbe interrupted. On the contrary, in that case, as in full peace, the vessels ofthe neutral party may navigate freely to and from the ports and on the coastsof the belligerent parties, free vessels making free goods, insomuch that allthings shall be adjudged free which shall be on board any vessel belonging tothe neutral party, although such things belong to an enemy of the other; andthe same freedom shall be extended to persons who shall be on board a freevessel, although they should be enemies to the other party, unless they besoldiers in actual service of such enemy.TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND PRUSSIA— 1799Article XIII. — And in the same case of one of the contracting partiesbeing engaged in war with any other Power, to prevent all the difficulties and1 Intercepted dispatch of the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs tothe German Minister in Mexico.2 Tannenberg, Grossdeutschland, p. 295.44 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmisunderstandings that usually arise respecting merchandise of contraband,such as arms, ammunition, and military stores of every kind, no such articlescarried in the vessels, or by the subjects or citizens of either party, to theenemies of the other, shall be deemed contraband, so as to induce confiscationor condemnation and a loss of property to individuals. Nevertheless, it shallbe lawful to stop such vessels and articles, and to detain them for such lengthof time as the captors may think necessary to prevent the inconvenience ordamage that might ensue from their proceeding, paying, however, a reasonablecompensation for the loss such arrest shall occasion to the proprietors; andit shall further be allowed to use in the service of the captors the whole or anypart of the military stores so detained, paying the owners the full value of thesame to be ascertained by the current price at the place of its destination. Butin the case supposed of a vessel stopped for articles of contraband, if the master of the vessel stopped will deliver out the goods supposed to be of contrabandnature, he shall be admitted to do it, and the vessel shall not in that case becarried into any port, nor further detained, but shall be allowed to proceed onher voyage.All cannons, mortars, firearms, pistols, bombs, grenades, bullets, balls,muskets, flints, matches, powder, saltpeter, sulphur, cuirasses, pikes, swords,belts, cartouch boxes, saddles, and bridles, beyond the quantity necessary forthe use of the ship, or beyond that which every man serving on board thevessel, or passenger, ought to have; and in general whatever is comprisedunder the denomination of arms and military stores, of what description soever,shall be deemed objects of contraband.Article XXIII. — If war should arise between the two contracting parties,the merchants of either country then residing in the other shall be allowedto remain nine months to collect their debts and settle their affairs, and maydepart freely, carrying off all their effects without molestation or hindrance;and all women and children, scholars of every faculty, cultivators of the earth,artisans, manufacturers, and fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting unfortifiedtowns, villages, or places, and, in general, all others whose occupations are forthe common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continuetheir respective employments, and shall not be molested in their persons, norshall their houses or goods be burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their fieldswasted by the armed force of the enemy, into whose power by the events ofwar they may happen to fall; but if anything is necessary to be taken from themfor the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for at a reasonable price.TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND PRUSSIA— 1828Article XII. — The twelfth article of the treaty of amity and commerce,concluded between the parties in 1785, and the articles from the thirteenthto the twenty-fourth, inclusive, of that which was concluded at Berlin in 1799,with the exception of the last paragraph in the nineteenth article, relating toTHE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 45treaties with Great Britain, are hereby revived with the same force and virtueas if they made part of the context of the present treaty, it being, however,understood that the stipulations contained in the articles thus revived shallbe always considered as in no manner affecting the treaties or conventionsconcluded by either party with other Powers, during the interval between theexpiration of the said treaty of 1799, and the commencement of the operationof the present treaty.The parties being still desirous, in conformity with their intention declaredin the twelfth article of the said treaty of 1799, to establish between themselves,or in concert with other maritime Powers, further provisions to insure justprotection and freedom to neutral navigation and commerce, and which mayat the same time advance the cause of civilization of humanity, engage againto treat on this subject at some future and convenient period.APPENDIX ETREATY OF LONDON, NOVEMBER 15, 1831Article VII. — Belgium, within the limits indicated in Articles I and II,Sec. 4, will form an independent and perpetually neutral State. It will berequired to observe this same neutrality toward all other States.Article XXV. — The Courts of Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia,and Russia guarantee to his Majesty, the King of the Belgians, the executionof all the preceding articles.[The engagements contained in this treaty were renewed by that of 1839,which definitely established the status of Belgium and recognized that all thearticles of the treaty of 183 1 were placed under the guaranty of the five Powers.]TREATY OF LONDON, MAY 11, 1867Article II. — The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, within the limits determined by the act annexed to the treaty of April 19, 1839, under the guaranty ofthe courts of France, Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia, will henceforth form a perpetually neutral State. It will be required to observe thissame neutrality toward all other States. The high contracting parties bindthemselves to respect the principle of neutrality stipulated by the presentarticle. The latter is and continues to be placed under the sanction of thecollective guaranty of the Powers who are signatories to the present treaty,with the exception of Belgium, which is itself a neutral State.APPENDIX FSTATUTE ENACTED BY THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT, JULY 22,1913. TO GO INTO EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1914A German who is neither domiciled nor permanently resident in thiscountry loses his German nationality by the acquisition of a foreign nationality, if this acquisition is at his request or at the request of the husband or46 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the guardian, and if, in the case of a wife or a ward, the conditions existunder which, according to articles 18 and 19, a petition is admissible to bedismissed from German allegiance. The German nationality is not lost byone who prior to acquiring the foreign nationality has upon his petitionobtained the written authority of the competent official of his native stateto retain his German nationality. Before this authority is granted theGerman consul must be heard. The Chancellor with the consent of theFederal Council may ordain that the authority provided for in this paragraphshall not be granted to persons who desire to acquire the nationality ofdesignated foreign states.A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHYThere are innumerable books and pamphlets dealing with war questionsfrom the point of view of all the belligerents. A few only are mentioned below,which it is believed are especially significant. In some of these further bibliographies will be found.Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War (191 1). London: Longmans, 1914.This is the well-known expression of the views of a Prussian generalofficer, clearly outlining the theories and purposes at the basis of thepresent aggressive war by Germany.Cheradame, Andre, The Pan-German Plot Unmasked. New York: Scribner,1917.This contains an important presentation of the whole Pan-Germanscheme, especially as based on the plan for Central-Europe dominationfrom Hamburg to Bagdad, and thereafter for the conquest of the world.Dampierre, German Imperialism and International Law. London: Constable,1917.Dickinson, The Choice before Us. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 191 7.Gerard, My Four Years in Germany. New York: Doran, 191 7.An authoritative discussion by the American Ambassador at Berlin.Gibbons, The New Map of Europe (1911-1914). New York: Century, 1914., Out of Their Own Mouths. New York: Appleton, 191 7.A very. striking collection of various presentations of the German caseby Germans themselves, clearly revealing their purposes and the underlying doctrines on which the extraordinary German disregard of law andhumanity is based. Citations in Appendix A are from this valuable book.Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland. Lausanne: Payot & Co., 1917.A collection of numerous texts illustrating German aims of plunder.The English of many of these will be found in the preceding title.Lewin, The German Road to the East. New York: Doran, 191 7.Naumann, Mitteleuropa. Berlin: Reimer, 191 5. (English Edition) CentralEurope. London: King & Son, 19 16.Important as showing German political purposes.THE THREAT OF GERMAN WORLD-POLITICS 47Sarolea, The Anglo-German Problem. New York: Nelson, 191 2.Besides an intelligent discussion of the issues will be found a considerable bibliography bearing on the various topics.Tannenberg, Grossdeutschland, die Arbeit des 20sten Jahrhundert. Leipzig-Gohlis: Bruno Volger, 191 1.This is a full presentation of the Pan-German program outlined beforethe great war began.Usher, Pan-Germanism. New York: Century, 191 5.One of the innumerable Pan-German pamphlets which are significant isthat issued by the Pan-German Union in 1895, Grossdeutschland und MittelEuropa um das Jahr 1950. A brief discussion of the contents of this pamphlet,especially as concerned with Tannenberg's book, will be found in Cheradame.The National Security League is publishing many useful pamphlets andbooks on the war from the American point of view. One of the most usefulof these is Hart and Love joy, Handbook of the War, New York, 191 7. ThisHandbook contains in brief form many interesting documents and also a veryconsiderable bibliography.The Committee on Public Information at Washington, consisting of theSecretaries of State, War, and Navy, and Mr. Creel as chairman, is publishinga series of authoritative documents, the "War Information Series." Of course,being official in character, they may be regarded as entirely reliable. Noteespecially:How the War Came to America: No. 1. The War Message and the Factsbehind It; No. 3. Hazen, The Government of Germany,- No. 4. McLaughlin,The Great War, from Spectator to Participant; No. 6. American Loyalty, byCitizens of German Descent.QUARTER-CENTENNIALPUBLICATIONSThe "Quarter-Centennial Publications" recently issued includePublications of the Members of the University of Chicago iqo2-iqi6 and TheQuarter-Centennial Celebration of the University of Chicago. The first-named volume is a continuation of the decennial bibliography of the University of Chicago and contains the published work of members of theinstitution from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1916. After each individual'sname is given his position in the University and the most notable itemsin his academic record. A conspectus of editorial activities and of affiliations with commissions, surveys, etc., precedes the bibliographical list,which includes books, articles, and reviews arranged chronologically.This volume of 518 pages was compiled by a Committee of the Faculty:Julius Stieglitz, Chairman, Gordon J. Laing, Secretary and Editor,Charles R. Baskervill, Robert R. Bensley, Rollin T. Chamberlin, JamesA. Field, Ernst Freund, Edgar J. Goodspeed, Edwin O. Jordan, CharlesH. Judd, Frank R. Lillie, Andrew C. McLaughlin, Robert A. Millikan,Addison W. Moore, Eliakim H. Moore, Forest Ray Moulton, William A.Nitze, Paul Shorey, Albion W. Small, Frank B. Tarbell, and Francis A.Wood. The volume was published in November, 1917.The Quarter -Centennial Celebration of the University of Chicago, arecord by David Allan Robertson, was published in January, 1918.This is a volume of 230 pages. The frontispiece is the coat-of-armsof the University of Chicago lithographed in color and there are also 45photogravure illustrations. In addition to photographs of the Alumniprocession, the Masque, the Convocation, and other events there arephotographs of Ida Noyes Hall, the dedication of which was so notablea feature of the Quarter-Centennial, and portraits of the Convocationspeakers and recipients of honorary degrees. The volume begins witha general account of academic festivals and a history of the quinquennial, the decennial, and the sesquidecennial celebrations of theUniversity of Chicago. There are reports of several of the committeesand descriptions of the alumni and student activities, the departmentalconferences, the Divinity School celebration, and the Convocation.The volume contains also the addresses delivered before the generalmeetings.48THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WARThe present article is a miscellany containing various items of interest in connection with the University of Chicago War Service. For a list of members of thefaculties now in service see the President's Convocation statement on page 7.Howard Buck, son of Professor Carl D.Buck, and Donald Jordan, son of Professor Edwin O. Jordan, both graduatesof the University High School, are subjects of the following order:Au Q.G. le 6 Octobre 191 720 corps d'armee4° division d'lnfanterieetat-majorCitationA l'Ordre de la DivisionLe General Remond, Commandant provt.la 4e Division, cite a Fordre de la Division,lesconducteurs kVCK> H°WARD 1^.1 Jl!I Jordan, Donald | ^62pour le motif suivant:" Automobilistes volontaires americains dela S.S.U. 62. De service dans un posteavance du G.B.D. 4. se sont fait remarquerpar leur belle attitude et leur courage. Le 7Septembre 19 17, alors qu'un obus venait defaire de nombreuses victimes, se sont resolu-ment portes, avec des brancardiers, ausecours des blesses qu'ils ont ramene au postede secours, sous le violent bombardement quicontinuait."Le General Remond, Cdt. provt. la 4eDivision dTnfanterie,(Signed) RemondExtrait de l'Ordre de la Division No. 88du 6 Octobre 1917.Robert Redfield, Jr., and WilliamGemmill were members of the companymentioned in the following general orderissued by the French commander:Ordre general 176Le S.S. Auto U. No. 65Pendant la periode du 10 Juilliet au HereAout et en particulier les journees des 14, 23,31 et Here Aout, ses voluntaires, quoiquevoyant le feu pour la premiere fois, ont avecun sang-froid parfait et un courage qui ontfait F admiration de tous, assure le transportdes blesses sur une route continuellementbombardee et soumise a, des tirs de barrage extremement violents. Ont honore leurpatrie et merite la reconnaissance de leurscamerades de combat francais.MILITARY TRAININGMajor John S. Grisard, of the UnitedStates Army, Professor of MilitaryScience and Tactics, reports that therearenow enrolled in the Reserve Officers'Training Corps one hundred and seventy-one students, organized as a battalionof three companies. They are drilling-three times a week, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, from 3:30 to 5:00.The students are also receiving someinstruction in gallery practice, preparatory to actual range work, and somelittle instruction in semaphore andsignaling.^ The older students are at the presenttime completing the study of InfantryDrill Regulations and most of them aretaking a special course in Quartermasterand Ordnance Supply work in the Schoolof Commerce and Administration at thisinstitution.Students • of the Reserve Officers'Training Corps are also drilling, five timesa week, the class in Quartermaster andOrdnance Supply who were under Director Leon Carroll Marshall until he wascalled to Washington. They are alsodrilling and instructing from 7:30 to9 : 30 each night a class of some two hundred or more men, composed of draftedmen or those who expect to be shortlydrafted, for the purpose of giving thesemen some little preliminary instructionprior to their being called into government service.Major John S. Grisard, U.S.A., Retired,Examining Officer, Third Training Camp,the University of Chicago, designated thefollowing eighteen persons to fill thequota of the University of Chicago forthe Third Training Camp to be openedJanuary 5, 19 18: Leland B. Morgan,495o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDregimental sergeant Major, DivisionTrains, 86th Division, Camp Grant,Illinois; Paul Mooney, Corporal, Company D, 54th Infantry, ChickamaugaPark, Georgia; Eugene C. Mason,battalion sergeant major, 311th Ammunition Trains, 86th Division, Camp Grant,Illinois; Eugene E. Horton, battalionsergeant major, 311th AmmunitionTrains, Camp Grant, Illinois; Morris D.Tunniclifl, Company B, Military Police,Division Trains, Camp Grant, Illinois;Kent A. Buchanan, Company B, 308thField Signal Battalion, Camp Sherman,Ohio; Walter F. Loehwing, 5610 SouthAshland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois;George Anton Novak, 4002 West Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, Illinois; Joseph L.Adler, 5710 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago,Illinois; Dan Hedges Brown, 5639 University Avenue, Chicago, Illinois; Rol-land Barr Bradley, 28 Snell Hall, University of Chicago; Stanley M. Crowe,5659 Drexel Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.Major Grisard also designated sevenalternates as follows: Fred EugeneRankin, 201 South Ward Street, Ottum-wa, Iowa; Franklin M. Hartzell, 302North Madison Street, Carthage, Illinois;Walter Lawrence, 5633 Drexel Avenue,Chicago, Illinois; James B. Fleugel,5527 Kenwood Avenue, Chicago, Illinois;John H. Hougen, Fisher, Minnesota;James E. Willcockson, Sigourney, Iowa;Marshall Williams, Winimac, Indiana.It is a source of much pride and gratification at the University of Chicago thatamong the commissions announcedat the Second Reserve Officers' Training Camp at Fort Sheridan aboutfifty were given to alumni and membersof the University. Dean Henry GordonGale, of the Department of Physics,was commissioned a captain of infantryin the National Army. Dean Gale waschairman of the committee on MilitaryTraining at the University of Chicagountil he entered the training camp atFort Sheridan about October 1. He is agraduate of the University, havingreceived both his Bachelor's and Doctor'sdegrees from that institution. He hasbeen connected with the Department ofPhysics for eighteen years. Charles F.Glore, ex-' 10, also received a captaincy.Dr. Andrew Edward Harvey, of theDepartment of History, has been made afirst lieutenant of infantry. During theSummer Quarter Dr. Harvey was engaged in drilling candidates on Stagg Field fornon-commissioned officers at Camp Grant.Dr. Harry D. Kitson, of the Departmentof Psychology, has been commissioned asecond lieutenant of artillery. Dr. Kit-son received his Doctor's degree fromthe University of Chicago in 191 5. Theyare both in France.Among the graduates of the Universityof Chicago who received commissions atFort Sheridan is Paul Vincent Harper,who has been made a first lieutenant ofartillery. Lieutenant Harper, who is ason of the first president of the Universityof Chicago, graduated from that institution in 1908 and from the Law School in1 9 13. The following also were made firstlieutenants:William C. Bickle, '13; John B. Boyle,'13, J. D. '14; John W. Breathed, '15;Paul R. Desjardien, '15; Alanson Fol-lansbee; Paul E. Gardner,' 13; LaurestonW. Gray, '15; Edward B. Hall, Jr., '12;Victor H. Hailing; Harvey L. Harris,'14; Robert S. Harris, '09; William S.Hefferan, Jr., '13, J. D. '16; MatsonB. Hill; William M. Hunt, ex-'o6;Robert E. Hunter, ex-' 10; Earle Knight,ex-' 16; Robert McConnell, '16; DonaldS. McWilliams, '01; Roy F. Munger;James O. Murdoch, '16; Cola G. Parker,'n, J. D. '12; Francis F. Patton; William R. Peacock, '09, J. D. 'n; RobertS. Piatt; George J. Read, '12; Clark G.Sauer, '13; Donald S. Stophlet, '12;David Wiedemann, Jr.Commissions as second lieutenantswere also given to the following University of Chicago men:Frank R. Adams, ex-'o4; Douglas P.Ball, '15; Daniel W. Ferguson, '09;C. L. Gilruth; Thomas A. Goodwin, '16;H. N. Ingwerson, ex-'i7; James D.Lightbody, '12; Warren A. McCracken;John W. MacNeish, 'n; Rudy D.Matthews, '14; Robert V. Merrill,ex-'i4; Lewis A. Smith, 'n; CarlStickler; Alfred E. Stokes, ex-'n; RalphW. Stansbury, '14.Alumni and former students who areserving their country in its armies or itsnavy were sent a message of holidaygreeting and deep appreciation of theirloyalty and devotion by the President ofthe University. With this message wasalso sent the report on "The Universityand the War," prepared by David AllanRobertson, Secretary of the University ofChicago War Service, and reprinted fromthe last issue of the University Record.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 51The Chicago Alumni Club has appointed a committee on military training,which is engaged in forming a unit of theIllinois Volunteer Training Corps. Theunit meets regularly on Saturday eveningof each week, from 7:30 to 9:30, in thetheater of the Reynolds Club. MajorJohn S. Grisard, of the Department ofMilitary Science and Tactics, has assignedCaptain Eugene Carlson, of the ReserveOfficers' Training Corps, and Dr. A. C.von Noe, of the Department of German,to act as drill masters. Dr. W. J. G.Land, of the Department of Botany, whois the executive officer of the ChicagoRifle Club and of the University of ChicagoRifle Club, is offering to the members ofthis unit a special course in rifle andrange practice on Thursday evenings.Dr. Dudley B. Reed, of the Departmentof Physical Culture and Athletics, hasoffered to see that the unit receivesphysical training and specially devisedsetting-up exercises.This unit, while organized under theauspices of the Chicago Alumni Club,invites all members of the Universitycommunity and neighborhood to join itsranks. Within a few weeks it will besworn into the regular established serviceknown as the Illinois Volunteer TrainingCorps, which is under the jurisdictionof the State Council of Defense by virtueof legislative enactment.MEDICAL WORK AND TRAININGDuring the month of November, 191 7,some thirty surgeons from the MedicalReserve Corps, U.S.A., completed a coursein surgery in the Departments of Anatomyand Physiology of the University. Theclasses met five days a week. The forenoons were spent in the neurologicallaboratory of Dr. C. Judson Herrick.The afternoons were devoted to lectures,laboratory work, and laboratory demonstrations in nervous physiology. Theadjutant of the Neurological School,Major S. C. Plummer, has written thefollowing letter to the Secretary of theBoard of Trustees:As you are well aware, a class of surgeonsmade up from the Medical Reserve Corps,U.S. Army, has just finished a course on BrainSurgery in the Departments of Anatomy andPhysiology of the University of Chicago.The course began November 1 and was toend November 15, but the members of theclass found the instruction so profitable thatby unanimous request the course was extended to inclupie November 23. On behalf of the class, who are unanimousin their opinion as to the course, we wish tothank the University of Chicago for thesplendid opportunities extended to us. Webear testimony to the ability and earnestnessof the heads of the departments of Anatomy,Physiology, and Neurology, as well as that oftheir assistants. All of these men have givenevidence of thorough knowledge of theirsubjects and a disposition to make every effortto impart this knowledge to us. We arealso greatly impressed with the excellentteam work, not only in each department, butbetween the different departments, by reasonof which the courses are made to supplementone another. We also noted with pleasurethe excellence of the laboratory equipmentand supplies so that all time spent in thelaboratories was used to the greatest advantage, nothing being lost on account of lack of,or poor quality of, material or equipment.On the whole, the course was so satisfactorythat we would gladly have extended it stillfurther, but the requirement of the coursedemanded that we now proceed to the clinicalpart of our instruction.We wish to extend to the Trustees of theUniversity of Chicago and to all of the instructors with whom we came in contact,our most sincere thanks for the splendid effortsmade to render the course a most valuableone.Yours truly,{Signed) S. C. PlummerMajor, Medical Reserve Corps, U.S. ArmyAdjutant, Neurological SchoolQUARTERMASTER AND ORDNANCESERVICE TRAININGThe work of the Army Supply Servicetraining courses at the University ofChicago is progressing favorably. Aboutone hundred men have been enrolledin the class which closed its work onNovember 10. In this section aboutthree-fifths of the class are going into theOrdnance Department of the newNational Army, while the remainder areenlisting in the Quartermaster Corps.At the close of the recent session it wasdecided that the work hereafter will begiven for the Ordnance Departmentonly. Training for the QuartermasterDepartment will be centralized in thenew school at Jacksonville, Florida.Present indications are that the work atthe University of Chicago will be continued throughout the year for the Ordnance Department, and plans are alreadydefinitely made for the Winter Quarter.The new session began November 12,with an enrolment of 133 men, and thefollowing session will open January 2.52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOf the other groups that have finishedthe course, it is interesting to know thatthe first group, which finished here inJune, 191 7, was then sent to the RockIsland Arsenal, later to Water vliet, NewYork, and is now in France, with theexception of a few who have been retainedin this country for service here. Thesecond and third groups, which took thework in the Summer Quarter, have beensent to the arsenal at San Antonio, Texas.It is rumored that fifty of these have beensent to France.To meet the many requests for anoutline of the subject-matter in theArmy Supply work given by the staffof the School of Commerce and Administration at the University of Chicago, animportant and practical book has recentlybeen issued by the University of ChicagoPress under the title of Quartermasterand Ordnance Supply, which is a guideto the principles of the supply serviceof the United States Army. Althoughthe work of only two army bureaus isconsidered in extended form, the principles developed are applicable to thesupply work of other departments. Thebook is already widely used for coursesin educational institutions and for specialgroup instruction.The sixth section in the training coursefor Army Supply Service began on January 2 and will last till February 13. Theseventh section begins on February 14and will continue to March 29. Thesesix weeks' training courses are being givenat the request of the Ordnance Department of the United States Army, andthere is assurance that the governmentwill take promptly for active duty all whosuccessfully complete the prescribedcourse. The subjects include armyorganization in general and the organization of the Ordnance Department; thesupply service of a modern army, withemphasis upon the supply work of theOrdnance Department; money and property accountability, including practice inthe use of paper forms; company administration; stores and stowing; government purchasing methods; and militarycorrespondence and orders. The coursesare under the direction of LieutenantW. H. Spencer, of the School of Commerce and Administration, in the absenceof Dean Leon Carroll Marshall, who isnow on the War Industries Board atWashington. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ANDTRAININGMechanicians of the Department ofChemistry and the mechanician of theDepartment of Psychology made rangequadrants according to the design ofCaptain Heppel of the 12 2d Regiment ofField Artillery and formerly mechanicianin this University. They are intendedprimarily for the instruction of artilleryofficers in the use of range-finders. FromColonel Milton J. Foreman, 12 2d Regiment, Field Artillery, 58th ' ArtilleryBrigade, 33d Division, U.S.A., CampLogan, Texas, the following letter hasbeen received:The panoramic sights and quadrants whichyou had made for us arrived yesterday, andare already in use. They are an enormoushelp, especially in class work, and will go along way towards training the men. I amvery grateful to you for your courtesy, andI hope that our record will justify your kindness.Faithfully,{Signed) Milton J. Foreman,ColonelDr. R. F. Bacon, Ph.D. in Chemistry,1904, director of the Mellon Institute ofIndustrial Research, University of Pittsburgh, has been appointed lieutenant-colonel and will have charge of theexperimental work on gases in France.Dr. Bacon has taken with him as members of his staff First Lieutenant LeoFinkelstein, instructor in the Department of Chemistry, L. E. Roberts,assistant in the same Department, FirstLieutenant James K. Senior, Ph.D. inChemistry, 191 7, and C. R. Olson, B.S.in Chemistry, 1 9 1 5 . Major William Mcpherson, Ph.D. in Chemistry, 1899, ischemical adviser to the French WarfareSection, Engineering Bureau, OrdnanceDepartment, Washington. Dr. WilliamLloyd Evans, Ph.D. in Chemistry, 1905,is a captain in the Ordnance Departmentand has been appointed to establish a newfactory in the east for ordnance work.Dr. R. E. Hall, Ph.D. in Chemistry, 1916,is a captain in the Ordnance Departmentand will co-operate with Dr. Evans inthis undertaking. Dr. Hall has beenactive under Dr. A. L. Day, of the Carnegie Institution, in the preparation ofoptical glass for the government, one ofthe most successful operations in chemistry. William Henry Kuh, M.S. inTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 53Chemistry, December, 1913, formerlyassistant in the Department, is a chemistin the sanitary service in a cantonmentin Georgia. Dr. W. A. Roberts, Ph.D. inChemistry, 191 6, is in the service of theInspectors Department of the Aviation Corps stationed in Chicago. Dr.Schlesinger and his assistants, Messrs.Popoff and Mullinix, have completed theinvestigation for the improvement of theyield of permanganate, working in collaboration with Armour & Company.Dr. Julius Stieglitz is continuing his workon synthetic drugs with the aid of MissMary Rising and Mr. W. J. Suer. He isalso working on the utilization of a bi-product for the preparation of an explosive. In this he is assisted by Mr. A. T.McPherson. Mr. C. A. Nash and Mr.F. Blicke are continuing work on theproblem of the absorption of carbonmonoxide. Other work is in the stage ofbeing organized.Oliver J. Lee, instructor in Astronomy,is director of the Government Free Navigation School of the United States Shipping Board at 120 West Adams Street,Chicago. He began work on July 16 andhas conducted the work since that time.The purpose of the school is to gatherin men who in the past have had seaexperience, as well as pilots and mastersfrom the Great Lakes, to train them intensively for a period of six weeks in thetheory and practice of navigation and toassist them in getting placed as deckofficers on the boats of the MerchantMarine. All the men recommended byDr. Lee for licenses have passed theexamination under the Steamboat Inspection Service of the Department of Commerce. Seventy-five officers have beenplaced up to January 30,1918. The sixthsession begins February 15.GENERAL RESEARCH ANDTRAININGProfessor Charles Edward Merriam, ofthe Department of Political Science, wasappointed, on the recommendation of theNational Research Council, chairman ofthe Federal Examining Board of theAviation Corps. There are three members of the Examining Board, whichconsiders applications for commissionsin the Aviation Service. The requirements are high, and many applicantsare rejected. Dr. Merriam has the rank of captain in the aviation section of theSignal Corps.Among the war courses offered for theWinter Quarter is one on "The Background of the Great War" which dealswith the internal problems and internalconditions, political, social, economic,religious, and racial, of the belligerentcountries before the war; the same problems and conditions of the more important European neutrals (Scandinavia,Switzerland, Holland, and Spain), asthrowing light upon their attitudetoward the war; the diplomatic background of the war; the American attitude, with particular emphasis on thetraditional attitude of the United Statestoward European affairs, the UnitedStates as a neutral in the earlier phase ofthe war, and the United States as abelligerent; the South American attitude;and the problems of peace.This course is given by Dr. ConyersRead, Associate Professor of History,with the collaboration of Dr. A. P. Scottand occasional lectures by ProfessorAndrew C. McLaughlin, Head of theDepartment of History, Dr. FlorianZnaniecki, Lecturer on Polish Historyand Institutions, Mr. Frederick D.Bramhall, of the Department of PoliticalScience, and others.Other war courses offered for theWinter Quarter include those on "TheCare of Needy Families in Their Homes,""House Sanitation," "Use and Conservation of Food," "Military Spoken French"(in connection with each of the six-weeksOrdnance courses), and four courses in"Military Science," including a coursein "First Aid." In Home Economicsthere will be courses on "Food for theFamily," "Food Production," and "War-Time Problems in Practical Marketing."Since the opening of the Great Warmany inquiries have come to the membersof the Divinity School faculty at theUniversity of Chicago, from both laymenand ministers, regarding books on thesecond coming of Christ, the end of theworld, the meaning of the Book ofRevelation, etc., and there seems to be aremarkable revival of interest in the typeof religious thinking commonly known asthe hope of a millennium. As there is nobook that is suitable for the general readerwho wants to know what modern scholarsthink about the subject, Professor ShirleyJackson Case has sketched the history of54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis type of thinking among Gentiles,Jews, and Christians, pointing out thestimuli which have prompted or shapedthe varying hopes of a coming golden ageand showing how these hopes are to betreated today from the point of view ofcritical historical scholarship.The book, which presents the subjectin popular form under the title of TheMillennial Hope, as a phase of war-timethinking, is announced for publicationby the University of Chicago Press inJanuary.A new series of Lessons in Communityand National Life, which are being prepared under the supervision of DirectorCharles Hubbard Judd, of the School ofEducation, and Dean Leon Carroll Marshall, of the School of Commerce andAdministration, is to be issued on November i by the National Bureau of Education in co-operation with the UnitedStates Food Administration. Thesecommunity leaflets are being issued eachmonth at the suggestion of PresidentWilson, who desires to have the schoolsof the country brought into a closerrealization of the new emphasis which thewar has given to the ideals of democracy.They are expected also to stimulateteachers in all parts of the country toformulate new and appropriate materialsdrawn directly from the communities inwhich they live.The November leaflets will deal withproduction and wise consumption, taking up the problems of conservation ofnatural resources and conservation ofpeople. Such problems as irrigationand crop rotation are used as the instancesof conservation of natural resources.Vocational guidance, the developmentof efficiency among workers, and othersimilar topics illustrate what is meant bypromotion of efficiency, or conservationof people.Dean Marshall and Mr. Leverett S.Lyon, of the School of Commerce andAdministration, are making major contributions to these lessons. To thesecond series Dr. Robert E. Park, Professorial Lecturer in Sociology, and Dr.Ernest W. Burgess, Assistant Professorof Sociology, are contributors; and Professor William I. Thomas, of the samedepartment, is to contribute to the thirdseries (December), which will deal withmachine industry and its effect onmodern life. It is of special interest to know thatthe schools of the country are rapidlytaking up the use of this material, thedistribution of which is helping forwardthe movement for the teaching of community civics, which in the past has beensomewhat formal, dealing chiefly withgovernment and with governing agencies.It is the aim to include in these lessons agreat deal of material that does not haveto do with the formal side of government,but rather with the general social life ofthe community.Section four will deal with problems ofexchange and money as a medium of exchange; section five, with the wage-earner and the problems connected withwage-earning, especially such problemsas public hygiene; and section six, withthe problems that grow out of concentration in city life and the organization ofindustry through co-operation of variousclasses of people. Questions of governmental and informal social control willbe illustrated in the closing numbers ofthe series.Among the contributors to the December and January numbers are Professor John M. Gillette, a Doctor ofPhilosophy from the University ofChicago, now head of the departmentof sociology at the University of NorthDakota, a well-known authority onagricultural matters, who will write onthe relation of machinery to farm life;Dr. J. Russell Smith, of the University ofPennsylvania, who will write on theiron and steel industries of the UnitedStates; Mr. George A. Mirick, formerlyconnected with the State Departmentof Education in New Jersey, who willprepare a lesson on the patent office; andMr. E. A. Kirkpatrick, of the StateNormal School at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, who will furnish two lessons forthe fourth number on teaching childrenthe importance of the use of money.PUBLICITYAt the University of Chicago during theAutumn Quarter the following war lectures have been given under the auspicesof the Lecture Committee of the GeneralPublicity Committee: November 8:T. P. O'Connor, "Ireland's Relations tothe Great War"; November 22: Dr.Frank Billings, "Russia as Seen by theAmerican Red Cross Mission"; December 8 : Ralph Adams Cram, "RheimsTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 55Cathedral"; December 13: Albion W.Small, "Why Americans Must Fight";December 20: George R. Parkin, organizing secretary of the Rhodes ScholarshipTrust, "The Relations of the Democracies of America and Britain to theWorld-War"; January 10: Ernest D.Burton, "Is the Golden Rule Workablebetween Nations?" In addition warlectures have been given by men of theUniversity of Chicago at many pointsremote from the quadrangles. ProfessorJ. Paul Goode, for instance, has given hislecture on the "Geographic and Economic Foundations of the Great War"seventy-eight times.RELIEF AND SOCIAL WORKOf the total subscriptions to theSecond Liberty Loan made through theUniversity of Chicago, nine were for$1,000 bonds, nine for $500, 217 for $100,and 332 for $50. Out of the total subscriptions of 351, single subscriptions forthe fifty-dollar bond were 198. Thesesubscriptions from the members of theFaculty and the employees amounted to$51,800. The subscriptions from thestudents, as reported in the Daily Maroon,were $13,150; and the Board of Trustees of the University subscribed $200,000to the loan, making a grand total of$264,950.The majority of the purchasers of thebonds are paying for them on monthlyinstalments taken out of their salaries,while many of the student purchasers arepaying for their bonds in weekly instalments through the city banks.Among the speakers in behalf of theSecond Liberty Loan have been AssociateProfessor S. H. Clark, of the Departmentof Public Speaking at the University ofChicago, who spoke at the recent meetingin the Coliseum held under^ theauspices of the Greeks of Chicago;Associate Professor Percy Holmes Boyn-ton, of the Department of English; andProfessor Nathaniel Butler, of theDepartment of Education. AssistantProfessor Bertram Griffith Nelson, of theDepartment of Public Speaking, has hadthe responsibility of gathering facts andarguments that would be of specialhelp to speakers supplied by the LibertyLoan Bureau. Professor Nelson was oneof the speakers at the great "LibertyDay" meeting on October 24 in the First Regiment Armory, Chicago, whenUnited States Senator J. HamiltonLewis and former Secretary of WarJacob M. Dickinson made addresses.The Y.M.C.A. Students' War Fund onJanuary 25, 19 18, reported a total subscription of $15,777-43 as follows:pledges unpaid, $2,623 . 91 : Faculty andemployees, $1,190.91; women, $715.50;men, $568.50; Trustees, $100.00; RushMedical College, $49 . 00. Cash received,$13,153.52: Trustees, $1,350.00; RushMedical College, $2,055.00; all others,$9,748.52.THE MAKING OF AN OFFICERThe Adjutant General of the UnitedStates has sent to college presidents thefollowing comments based on observationof men in the first training camp :"Believing it might be interesting andhelpful to schools and colleges in thepresent emergency, your attention isinvited to the following observations ofa candidate at one of the Reserve Officers'Training Camps, as to the probablecauses of the considerable number ofrejections of candidates for reserveofficers at the training camps." 'Perhaps the most glaring fault notedin aspirants to the Officers' Reserve Corpsand one that might be corrected byproper attention in our high schools,preparatory schools, and colleges, mightbe characterized by the general word" slouchiness." I refer to what might betermed a mental and physical indifference.I have observed at camp many otherwiseexcellent men who have failed becausein our school system sufficient emphasisis not placed upon the avoidance of thismental and physical handicap. In thework of the better government militaryschools of the world this slackness inthought, presentation, and bearing is nottolerated because the aim of all militarytraining is accuracy. At military campsthroughout the country mental alertness,accuracy in thinking and acting, clearnessin enunciation, sureness and ease ofcarriage and bearing, must be insistedupon, for two reasons: that success maybe assured as nearly as human effort canguarantee it with the material and meansat hand, and that priceless human livesmay not be criminally sacrificed. Onlyby the possession of the qualities referredto does one become a natural leader.56 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD" 'A great number of men have failed atcamp because of inability to articulateclearly. A man who cannot imparthisidea to his command in clear distinctlanguage, and with sufficient volume ofvoice to be heard reasonably far, is notqualified to give commands upon whichhuman life will depend. Many mendisqualified by this handicap might havebecome officers under their country'sflag had they been properly trained inschool and college. It is to be hopedtherefore that more emphasis will beplaced upon the basic principles ofelocution in the training of our youth,Even without prescribed training in elocution a great improvement could bewrought by the instructors in our schoolsand colleges, regardless of the subject,insisting that all answers be given in aloud, clear, well-rounded voice; which,of course, necessitates the opening of themouth and free movement of the lips.It is remarkable how many excellent mensuffer from this handicap, and how almostimpossible it is to correct this after theformative years of life." 'In addition to this physical disabilityand slouchiness is what might be termedthe slouchiness of mental attitude.Many men fail to measure up to therequirements set for our Officers' Reservebecause they have not been trained toappreciate the importance of accuracy inthinking. Too many schools are satisfiedwith an approximate answer to a question.Little or no incentive is given increasedmental effort to co-ordinate one's ideasand present them clearly and unequivocally. Insistence upon decision in thoughtand expression must never be lost sightof. This requires eternal vigilance on thepart of every teacher. It is next toimpossible for military instructors to domuch to counteract the negligence ofschools in this regard. This again hascost many men their commissions^ atcamp. Three months is too short a timein which to teach an incorrigible "beater- about-the-bush" that there is but oneway to answer a question oral or written,and that is positively clearly and accurately. The form of the oral answer inour schools should be made an importantconsideration of instruction."'I have further noted at camp thateven some of our better military schoolshave turned out products that, whilemany of them may have the bearing of asoldier in ranks, yet have a totally different carriage as soon as they "fall out;"Schools, military and non-military,should place more insistence upon thebearing of pupils all the time. It shouldbecome second nature with them towalk and carry themselves with thebearing of an officer and a gentleman.This again* is a characteristic that cannotbe acquired in a short time and whencoupled with other disqualifying elementshas militated against the success of menin training camps."'As a last important element that,it seems to me, has been lacking in themoral and mental make-up of some ofour students here is the characteristicof grit. Not that they would haveproven cowardly in battle, necessarily,but some have exhibited a tendency tothrow up the sponge upon the administration of a severe rebuke or criticism.Their "feelings have been hurt" andthey resign. They have never beentaught the true spirit of subordination.They are not ready for the rough edgesof life. The true training school shouldendeavor to inculcate that indomitablespirit that enables one to get out ofself, to keep one's eyes fixed upon thegoal rather than upon the roughness ofthe path, to realize that one unable torise above the hard knocks of discipline cannot hope to face with equanimity the tremendous responsibilitiesof the officer under modern conditionsof warfare. This ideal of grit belongsin the school room as well as upon thecampus.' "EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE. THE ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTHCONVOCATIONThe One Hundred and Fifth Convocation was held in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on Tuesday, December 18, 191 7, atfour o'clock. On account of war conditions the usual Convocation orationwas omitted, as were the social featuresof the Convocation season. The simpleprogram consisted of a prayer by theConvocation chaplain, the ReverendTheodore Gerald Soares, the President'sConvocation statement, and the conferring of degrees.The award of honors included the election of three students to the Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the title of Associate, 87; the certificate of the College ofEducation, 3; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy, 45; the Degree of Bachelorof Science, 9. The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 8; the degree ofBachelor of Divinity, 2; the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy, 2. The LawSchool: the degree of Bachelor of Laws,1; the degree of Doctor of Law, 2. TheGraduate School of Arts, Literature, andScience: the degree of Master of Arts, 7;the degree of Master of Science, 4; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 7. Thetotal number of degrees conferred (notincluding titles and certificates) was 88.At the Convocation Religious Servicein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 16, 191 7, the sermon was deliveredby the Reverend George Craig Stewart,D.D., L.H.D., rector of St. Luke'sChurch, Evanston, Illinois.GENERAL ITEMSThe President of the University hasappointed an Advisory Committee on theHaskell Lectures: Messrs. E. D. Burton,J. M. Coulter, D. A. Robertson, A. W.Small, G. B. Smith, and J. H. Tufts.At the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America held in December,191 7, Professor Henry C. Cowles, of the Department of Botany, was electedpresident.The Helen Culver gold medal forscientific research was awarded to Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, Head of theDepartment of Geography, at a dinner ofthe Geographic Society of Chicago in theHotel Sherman, January 26, 1918.So great has been the success of themilitary French books published by theUniversity of Chicago Press that a newand important volume has just beenadded to the series under the title ofArmy French. It is the result of sixmonths' experience in teaching militaryFrench on the part of the authors and ofreports from many other teachers who areusing First Lessons in Spoken French forMen in Military Service. Since the publication of this book new impressionshave been under way continually, inorder to meet the demand from thousandsof men in classes in the various militaryand naval posts and in the ReserveOfficers' Training Corps.The remarkable popularity and usefulness of the books in this "MilitaryFrench" series published by the University of Chicago Press are illustratedby the fact that the first volume inspoken French has gone to a sixth impression, the volume for doctors and nursesto a third impression, and Le SoldatAmericain en France to a second.Seventeen hundred volumes havebeen purchased during the past year forthe new William Vaughn Moody Libraryof American Literature, and representative accessions to the library were placedon exhibition in the Director's office ofthe Harper Memorial Library on January28. These purchases have been madepossible through the gift of $5,000, whichwas presented to the University by Mrs.Francis Neilson.The selection and purchase of the bookshave been in charge of Associate Professor Percy Holmes Boynton, of theDepartment of English, who has workedalong several lines: completion of the5758 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprinted works of sixty or seventy^ representative authors, as far as possible inrare or first editions; anthologies, collections, or special histories; importantcurrent books, especially in poetry,drama, and criticism; periodical files;and privately printed monographs oxunique copies with reference to specialauthors. Dealers and auctioneersthroughout the United States havebeen consulted, and local booksellers andcollectors have assisted in making thecollection.One of the rare purchases is a two-volume de luxe edition of the CroakerPapers, by Halleck and Drake. Thesepapers, which are really satirical poems,were very popular in New York about1819-21. In the pages are insertedletters, manuscripts, prints, etc., withspecial reference to the papers themselves.Some of the books contain the authors'inscriptions, one of Joaquin Miller's,the California poet, being especiallyhumorous. Of the 700 printed Americanplays, the collection contains 213. Withthis collection added to the presentaccessions of the libraries in similar and related fields, students in American literaturewill have over five thousand volumes onthe subject.Copies of the Russian translation of theHistory of Egypt by James HenryBreasted, Professor of Egyptology andOriental History and chairman of theDepartment of Oriental Languages andLiteratures, have recently reached America. The translation, in two volumes,was printed in Moscow by the publishing house of M. & S. Sabaschinoff. Itis interesting to know that despitethe disturbed conditions in Russia thepublishers report good sales, and thatthe translator of the volumes, M. Vi-kentieff, Assistant Keeper of the Imperial Museum of History at Moscow,has asked on behalf of the publishers forpermission to translate also ProfessorBreasted's Ancient Times, recently issuedin this country. This latter book is alsoto be translated into one of the Malaydialects. The French translation of theHistory of Egypt was nearing completionin Brussels for publication by the well-known oriental publishers, Vromant etCompanie, when the city was capturedby the Germans. M. Vromant, whoselarge establishment has been closed, is a¦penniless refugee in England. At the recent annual meeting in Washington of the American Public HealthAssociation, Professor Marion Talbot,of the Department of Household Administration, presented as chairman ofthe committee on Retail Distributionand Marketing a report to the Food andDrugs section and also read a paper on"Housekeeping and the Public Health"before the Sociological section.Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, Assistant Professor of Social Economy, has beenappointed director of the Home ServiceInstitute of the American Red Crosswith its headquarters at the School ofCivics and Philanthropy, Chicago. MissBreckinridge is also a member of theSubcommittee on Women of the Committee on Labor (chairman, SamuelGompers) of the National Council ofDefense; chairman of the Subcommittee(national, state, and local) on NegroWomen in Industry, appointed throughthe Illinois State Council of Defense; anda member of the Committee on TrainingVolunteers, appointed by the ChicagoChapter of the Red Cross."Literature in the Light of the War"was the subject of an address givenby Associate Professor Percy HolmesBoynton, of the Department of English,at the seventh annual meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English,at the Congress Hotel, Chicago, fromNovember 29 to December 1 inclusive. In the college section of the samemeeting Professor Robert Morss Lovett,of the Department of English, discussedthe subject of "The UndergraduateCourse in English as a Preparation forGraduate Study." In the conferenceon the professional training of high-schoolteachers of English Rollo La Verne Lyman, Associate Professor of the Teachingof English in the College of Education,was one of the leaders of discussion; andat the annual dinner Francis WaylandShepardson, formerly Associate Professor of American History, but now Director of Registration and Education forthe State of Illinois, was one of thespeakers.Professor James Henry Breasted?chairman of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, gave two addresses at the Cleveland Museum of Arton the McBride Foundation. The firstEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 59address was given November 14, on thesubject "Pre-Classic Architecture," andthe second address, November 21, on"Life in Prehistoric Times." On November 16 Professor Breasted spokebefore the Missouri State Teachers'Association, his subject being "ModernDiscovery and the Teaching of Historyin American High Schools"; and onDecember 1 he lectured in the UniversityMuseum, Philadelphia, on "The Storyof the Pyramids."Dr. Breasted has recently accepted aninvitation to give in March, 1918, theEarle Lectures, as a part of the semicentennial celebration of the foundationof the University of California.An announcement of peculiar militaryinterest at the present time is that of thepublication of a volume on a Lieutenant General of the United StatesArmy by a Major General of the samearmy. The University of Chicago Presspublished "on December 15 The Life ofLieutenant General Chaffee, of the UnitedStates Army, by William Harding Carter,Major General, now in command of theCentral Department, Chicago."Shakspere from a New Angle" wasthe subject of a lecture on December 6,given by an authority on the Elizabethan drama, Mr. W. J. Lawrence, theauthor of The Elizabethan Playhouse andOther Studies.Professor George Sarton, Lecturer onPhilosophy at Harvard University andeditor of im, gave an illustrated lectureon December 7, his subject being " Scienceand Civilization at the Time of Leonardoda Vinci."The portrait of Professor Thomas C.Chamberlin, Head of the Departmentof Geology and Paleontology, attractedmuch attention at the exhibition ofAmerican paintings and sculpture at theArt Institute, Chicago. The artist isRalph Clarkson, who a year ago paintedthe portrait of Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, Head of the Department of Geography and Dean of the Ogden GraduateSchool of Science at the University.Both paintings are regarded as unusuallysuccessful pieces of portraiture.A publishing- enterprise of peculiarinterest and importance at this time is announced by the University of Chicago Press, which is to issue a seriesof five volumes under the general titleof The Polish Peasant in Europe andAmerica: Monographs of an ImmigrantGroup, the first two volumes to appear inJanuary. The authors are ProfessorWilliam I. Thomas, of the Department ofSociology at the University of Chicago,and Mr. Florian Znaniecki, Lecturer onPolish History and Institutions at thesame institution. The present work isone of the results of Professor Thomas'investigations in Poland, and is an analysis of a society based largely on documentary evidence.The series of volumes is to include onlythose materials that are of the greatestinterest to students of the problem ofimmigration, taking into considerationthe fact that this problem cannot beunderstood adequately without a knowledge of the conditions under which theimmigrant groups live in Europe. Thework is made of special sociologicalinterest by the introduction of a methodof studying problems through cases, thismethod having already been applied tothe cases relating to Poles who have beenhandled in the courts of Chicago and bycharitable and other organizations.Vols. I and II consider the organizationof Polish peasant society, and a strikingfeature is the large amount of documentary material in the form of someseven hundred letters of Polish peasants.These letters show better than anythingelse the actual motives, sympathies, andgeneral attitudes of Polish peasants bothat home and as recently arrived immigrants in this country. The very fullintroduction is a highly interesting andimportant analysis of the family andreligious life of the Poles which will havea wide appeal and use.The three remaining volumes will dealwith the disintegration of the old Polishpeasant family under the influence of thenew industrial system, and the reorganization of peasant life under the influenceof educational activity.At the fourteenth annual meeting ofthe American Political Science Association, held in Philadelphia from December27 to 29, Professor Charles EdwardMerriam, of the Department of PoliticalScience, took part in the discussion of"The Juristic Conception of Sovereignty," at the session devoted to political6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtheory. Dr. William E. Dodd, Professorof American History, discussed the subject of "Political Science in Relation toActual Government."Among others taking part in the program of the Association were three Doctorsfrom the University of Chicago: Dr.Augustus R. Hatton, '07, now of WesternReserve University; Dr. Arnold B. Hall,'07, of the University of Wisconsin;and Dr. Oliver D. Skelton, '08, of Queen'sUniversity, Canada.At the thirty-fifth annual meeting ofthe Modern Language Association ofAmerica, held under the auspices of YaleUniversity at New Haven, Conn., fromDecember 27 to 29, Professor ErnestHatch Wilkins, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures,presented a paper on "The Study ofItalian in the American College."At the thirty-third annual meeting ofthe American Historical Association,held in Philadelphia from December 27to 29, Professor Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlin gave an address at thegeneral session on American history.His subject was "The Background ofAmerican Federalism."At the same meeting the chairman ofthe joint session on ancient history withthe American Archaeological Instituteand the American Philological Societywas Professor James Henry Breasted,Head of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures.At the session on recent Russian historySamuel Northrup Harper, AssistantProfessor of Russian Language andInstitutions, spoke on "Factors in theMarch Revolution of 191 7."The University preachers for theWinter Quarter are as follows:For the month of January the firstpreacher will be Professor Lynn HaroldHough, of the Garrett Biblical Institute,Evanston, Illinois, who speaks on January 6. On January 13 Dr. Gerald BirneySmith, Professor of Christian Theology,University of Chicago, will speak; onJanuary 20 Professor George A. JohnstonRoss, of Union Theological Seminary,New York City; and on January 27Assistant Professor Edward ScribnerAmes, of the Department of Philosophy.The first preacher in February will beProfessor Edward Caldwell Moore, of the Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge,Massachusetts, who speaks on February 3.On February 10 Dr. Robert Elliott Speer,of New York City, will be the speaker;on February 17 President Edgar YoungMullins, of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky:and on February 24 Professor Hugh Black,of Union Theological Seminary, NewYork City.The first Sunday in March ProfessorBlack will also be the speaker, and thesecond Sunday President J. Ross Stevenson, of Princeton Theological Seminary,Princeton, New Jersey. March 17 willbe Convocation Sunday.Professor Robert Herrick, of theDepartment of English, who has beenabsent in France and Italy, has writtenan introduction to a new book in French,Poemes des Poilus, which is being published for the benefit of the New Englandbranch of the American Fund for FrenchWounded. Mr. Herrick is the author oftwo books published during the war,The World Decision and The ConscriptMother. Professor Herrick resumed hiswork with the opening of the WinterQuarter.Professor Frederick Starr of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology, who has been in the Orient forthe past year, resumed his work withthe Winter Quarter, giving courses inprehistoric archaeology and generalanthropology. Professor Starr has beenconducting special anthropological investigations in Korea and has published abook of some five hundred pages inJapanese. He has also published apaper on "Korean Coin Charms," whichis issued by the Korean branch of theRoyal Asiatic Society. Before leavingJapan Professor Starr gave two publicaddresses, one before the Tokyo Anthropological Society and one before theAsiatic Society of Japan.Our Democracy: Its Origins and ItsTasks is the title of a new book justannounced by the publishers. Theauthor is Professor James Hayden Tufts,Head of the Department of Philosophy.While it gives the citizen and prospectivecitizen a notion of the machinery ofgovernment, its main concern is withthose ideas and principles the machineryis meant to serve. The book aims to helpEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 61readers to understand the business andcivic life of America today and aid themto meet the problems of their work andcitizenship.At the seventieth meeting of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Pittsburgh fromDecember 28 to January 2, among thevice-presidential addresses given werethree by members of the scientificfaculties of the University of Chicago.Professor Julius Stieglitz, Chairman ofthe Department of Chemistry at theUniversity, as the retiring vice-presidentfor the Section of Chemistry, spoke on"The Electron Theory of Valence andIts Application to Problems of Inorganicand Organic Chemistry"; ProfessorRollin D. Salisbury, Head of the Department of Geography, as the retiring vice-president for the Section of Geology andGeography, discussed "The EducationalValue of Geology"; and ProfessorEdwin O. Jordan, Chairman of theDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology,as the retiring vice-president for theSection of Physiology and ExperimentalMedicine, presented the subject of"Food-borne Infections."Among the officers of the Associationfor the Pittsburgh meeting was Dr.Walter Van Dyke Bingham, Professor ofPsychology in the Carnegie TechnicalInstitute, who is secretary of the Council.Dr. Bingham received his Doctor's degreeat the University of Chicago in 1908.The secretary of the Section of Mathematics and Astronomy in the Associationis Professor Forest R. Moulton, of theDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University; and the secretary of the Section of Geology andGeography is Assistant Professor RollinT. Chamberlin, of the Department ofGeology and Anthropology.Among the members of the Council forthe same meeting were past-presidentsof the Association, Professor T. C.Chamberlin, Head of the Departmentof Geology, and Professor A. A. Michel-son, Head of the Department of Physics.Other representatives in the Council fromthe University of Chicago were ProfessorJohn M. Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany, and Professor Henry C.Cowles, of the same department. Amongthe affiliated societies holding meetingsat the same time with the Associationwere the American Physical Society, of which Professor Robert A. Millikan is thepresident; the American Chemical Society, of which Professor Julius Stieglitz isthe president; and the Society of theSigma Xi, of which Dr. Stieglitz is alsothe head. Professor John M. Coulterwas elected president of the Association.The fourth annual meeting of theAmerican Association of University Professors was held at the University ofChicago on December 28 and 29. Theheadquarters of the Association was at theReynolds Club and the sessions wereheld in the Reynolds Club Theater.Among the reports considered were thoseon "Co-operation with Latin- AmericanUniversities and Recommendations ofthe Second Pan-American ScientificCongress," the report on "AcademicFreedom and Academic Tenure," and thereport on "Honorary Degrees." Professor John M. Coulter, Head of theDepartment of Botany, was elected president. At the dinner on December 29speeches were made by the retiring president, Professor Frank Thilly, of CornellUniversity; the first president, ProfessorJohn Dewey, of Columbia, and the newpresident.Professor Henry W. Prescott, of theDepartments of Greek and Latin, waschairman of the local committee, whichalso included A. A. Michelson, Head ofthe Department of Physics, Eliakim H.Moore, Head of the Department ofMathematics, and James H. Tufts, Headof the Department of Philosophy.The Ryder (Universalist) DivinityHouse has completed its plans for a groupof four buildings on the corner of Dorchester Avenue and the Midway Plai-sance, and the foundations of all thebuildings have been laid. The group willinclude a church auditorium where theunited parishes of St. Paul's and Wood-lawn will worship and where Ryder divinity students will be trained in actualchurch and parish administration. Therewill also be a well-equipped parish-house,with gymnasium and all needed working-rooms for community Christian service.This building is now practically completed and will be used temporarily as aplace for worship and for such schoolpurposes as are possible.A library and office building and adean's residence, with dormitories forstudents, are also included in the plans.62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOfficial announcement is just made atthe University of Chicago of the registrations for the Autumn Quarter, whichbegan October i and closed December 21. Despite the present war conditions, which have naturally affectedattendance at all educational institutions,the showing is considered good.In the Graduate School of Arts andLiterature there are 172 men and 154women enrolled, a total of 326; and inthe Ogden Graduate School of Science,169 men and 72 women, a total of 241,making the whole number registeredin the Graduate Schools 567.In the Senior and Junior Colleges ofArts, Literature, and Science, includingthe Unclassified students, there are 1,005men and 904 women, a total of 1,909 forthe Colleges.In the Professional Schools there are163 Divinity students, 197 Medicalstudents, 153 Law students, 309 studentsof Education, and 226 students of Commerce and Administration, a total of1,048 in the Professional Schools.The total attendance for the University, exclusive of duplications, is 1,742men and 1,535 women, making a grandtotal of 3,277, a loss of between 10 andn per cent as compared with the corresponding quarter a year ago.Dr. Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge,Assistant Professor of Sociah Economyin the University of Chicago, gave anaddress at the twelfth annual meetingof the American Sociological Society,which met in Philadelphia from December 27 to 29. The subject of heraddress, "Social Direction of Child Welfare," was a phase of the general topic,"Agencies and Fields of Social Control."Dr. Breckinridge is one of the authors ofa recent volume on Truancy and Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools whichhas attracted wide attention from sociologists and school officials.Teachers and students of geology andpaleontology will be especially interestedto know that the first volume ofContributions from Walker Museumhas recently been published by theUniversity of Chicago Press under theeditorship of Samuel Wendell Williston,Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology inthe University of Chicago, and StuartWeller, Professor of Paleontologic Geology in the same institution. The contributors of the ten numbers in the present volume include men widelyknown in their special field of work:Ermine C. Case, professor of paleontologyin the University of Michigan; JamesPerrin Smith, professor of paleontologyin Leland Stanford Junior University;Edwin Bayer Branson, professor ofgeology in the University of Missouri;and the editors, Professors Williston andWeller. The usefulness of the volumeis greatly increased by the inclusion ofnineteen plates and over eighty figures inthe text.The first number of the second volume,on "The Structure and Relationships ofDiplocaulus," by Assistant ProfessorHerman Douthitt, of the University ofKansas, has just appeared; and twonew numbers by Professor Williston,"Labidosaurus Cope: A Lower PermianCotylosaur Reptile from Texas" and"The Philogeny and Classification ofReptiles," are in process of publication.Dr. Williston is also at work on a uniquecontribution to the "University ofChicago Science Series," which is toappear under the title of The Evolutionof Reptiles.The discovery and translation of aremarkable mediaeval Latin poem writtenby a French student of the thirteenthcentury have just been made by JamesWestfall Thompson, Professor of Mediaeval History in the University of Chicago. Professor Thompson found theparchment manuscript in the archives ofthe Bishop of Montpelier, Herault,.France. It contains 240 hexameter linescovering eight pages, and is probably inthe original handwriting of the author.It is the only known copy in existence.Dr. Thompson made a transcript of thepoem and has translated it into themetrical form of Fizgerald's translationof the Rubaiyat. It is called The LastPagan and gives "the history of a clear,brave thinker of the Middle Ages,hitherto not merely forgotten but utterlyunknown." The author was evidentlya young cleric attending the Sorbonne inParis, and in the poem he expressesanonymously thoughts which the mediaeval church forbade him to utter.One of the closing stanzas reads:Our years axe but an interval of longOr shorter time, which some men spend in wrong,And some in listlessness, and some for wealth;The wise alone seek truth and art and song.The first presentation of this metricaltranslation was given by ProfessorEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 63Thompson in his presidential addressbefore the Chicago Literary Club, andthe poem in this form has been publishedin a special edition for the society.The Third and Fourth Generation is thestriking title of a book on heredity thatis soon to be issued by the University ofChicago Press. Its author is ElliotRowland Downing, who is AssociateProfessor of Natural Science in the College of Education at the University ofChicago. Professor Downing, who received his Doctor's degree from the University in 1 90 1, is editor of Nature StudyReview, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, andsecretary of the American Nature StudySociety.The book recognizes that in all lines ofanimal and plant production heredity ispeculiarly important. To quote from theauthor: "The probable performance of arace horse, milch cow, hen, or a bushel ofseed oats is predicable on the basis of itsancestors. So well established is thisthat the breeder or farmer insists on pedigreed stock." There is good evidencealso that ability and disability in humanfamilies are similarly heritable; and thisvolume presents some of the evidence.Heredity has come to be regarded as asubject of vital importance to everyparent, actual or prospective, and is nowconsidered a fundamental factor in thepossible improvement of human society.The book discusses some of the lawsof heredity that are now fairly establishedin so far as animals and plants are concerned, and points out their probablehuman application. It presents the factswith regard to the physical basis ofheredity in simple terms so that thereader who is not already familiar withbiology may still have an adequateknowledge of sex phenomena.^ While dealing with familiar things anddiscussing the subject in simple languageintelligible to those of high-school age, thebook covers most of what is reasonablywell established with regard to the phenomena of heredity, and will give acomprehensive idea of the subject even tothe mature reader.THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITYUNION IN EUROPEThe American University Union in Europeissued a revised pamphlet in December, 1917.The following passages describe the purposeand work of the Union: GENERAL STATEMENT OF ORGANIZATION ANDPURPOSEThe American University Union in Europeis the result of two movements — one in Parisand the other in this country — which haveunited to accomplish the same object, namely,"to meet the needs of American universityand college men and their friends who are inEurope for military or other service in thecause of the Allies." The more specificpurposes of the Union are thus stated in theconstitution:"1. To provide at moderate cost a homewith the privileges of a simple club for American college men and their friends passingthrough Paris or on furlough: the privilegesto include information bureau, writing andnewspaper room, library, dining-room, bedrooms, baths, social features, opportunitiesfor physical recreation, entertainments, medical advice, etc."2. To provide a headquarters for thevarious bureaus alrfeady established or to beestablished in France by representativeAmerican universities, colleges, and technicalschools."3. To co-operate with these bureaus whenestablished, and in their absence to aid institutions, parents, or friends in securing information about college men in all forms of warservice, reporting on casualties, visiting thesick and wounded, giving advice, serving asa means of communication with them* etc."One of the movements which led to theestablishment of the Union was begun byAmerican college men abroad who met inParis, June 17, 191 7, and formed the AmericanUniversity Alumni Association in France.The meeting was attended by representativesof the ten following American institutions:Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard,Michigan, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Williams,and Yale. The objects of this Associationas originally stated were "to co-operate in allproper ways with University authorities^ inthe United States for the general well-beingof American university and college men whocome to France." The controlling body of thisAssociation was a Board of Governors ofwhich Mr. James Hazen Hyde, President ofthe Harvard Club of Paris, was the first president. On being elected a member of theExecutive Committee of the American University Union in Europe he resigned thisposition, and the Board was reorganized asan Advisory Council, now consisting of 24members. Of this Council Mr. EdwardTuck, a graduate of Dartmouth College, isChairman.A second factor leading to the establishmentof the Union was the Yale Bureau in Paris,which was formally authorized in May, 1917*"to supply a headquarters in France for Yalegraduates, students and prospective students,and their friends." The number of inquiriesregarding the Bureau and the offers from othercolleges to co-operate soon led its founders to64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsee that the plan should be broadened so asto include all representative American institutions of learning.Out of these two movements has developedthe American University Union in Europe.Although organized to meet war needs it isthe hope of its founders that the Union mayprove a permanent institution helping, inco-operation with other organizations, toattract more American college men to Francefor graduate study, and to serve as an agencyfor cultivating a better understanding of theUnited States in England, France, Italy, andother European countries.After many conferences with officials of theRed Cross, the International Committee ofthe Young Men's Christian Association, andthe War Department, a meeting was calledat the University Club, New York City, onJuly 15, 191 7 > for the purpose of establishingthe American University Union in Europe,adopting a constitution, and electing officers.The plan of organization agreed upon includeda representative Board of Trustees in America,a small Executive Committee in Paris, appointed by the Board, and an Advisory Council composed of representative Americancollege and university men living in France.It was decided that the Union should be aco-operative enterprise enlisting the generalsupport of American colleges and universities.The following institutions were representedat the organization meeting: College of theCity of New York, Columbia University,Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University,New York University, Northwestern University, Princeton University, Tulane University, University of Michigan, Universityof Pennsylvania, University of Washington,Vanderbilt University, and Yale University.Of these, six — namely, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale, Princeton, Harvard,Michigan, and the University of Virginia —have already sent over their special representatives, who have offices in the headquarters of the Union, while a total of aboutninety American institutions have becomemembers of the Union. Amherst, Bowdom,Brown, Dartmouth, and Williams unite withHarvard in supporting a bureau. The interests of men coming from colleges which donot support special bureaus are looked afterby the Staff Secretaries of the Union.Professor Nettleton, of Yale, Professor PaulVan Dyke, of Princeton, and Mr. Evert Wendell,1 of Harvard, sailed for Paris on August3 to serve with Mr. Van Rensselaer Lan-singh, of the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, as the nucleus of the ExecutiveCommittee. Mr. Lansingh had gone to Parisseveral weeks earlier after Consultation with those planning the union movement, andestablished a Technology Club, the facilitiesof which were generously placed at the disposal of the Executive Committee.^ This club,which was made possible by the gifts of Mrs.Edith Perkins Cunningham, of Boston, hasceased to exist in its original quarters and hasbecome a part of the American UniversityUnion.In establishing the Union its officers havereceived the heartiest support from the American Embassy, the officers of the AmericanExpeditionary Force, the Red Cross, and theY. M. C. A.The Union has also been much helped bythe Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau. Itsoffice in Washington has been placed at theservice of the Union, while the Union'sExecutive Committee in Paris aids the workof the Bureau in every way in its power. Itis believed that at the close of the war thisfriendly relationship will be of great advantage to American college men seeking opportunities for employment by the governmentand in business or professional life.DESCRIPTION OF PARIS HEADQUARTERSLOCATIONThe members of the Executive Committeefirst planned to secure a hotel in the residentialsection of Paris between the Champs Elyseesand the Bois, and made tentative arrangements for such a hotel, when the increasingdifficulties connected with the problem oftransportation made it seem essential thatheadquarters nearer the center of Paris besecured. Consequently, acting on the adviceof the Advisory Council in Paris, the Executive Committee unanimously recommendedto the trustees to rent for the period of thewar the Royal Palace Hotel2 on the Place duTheatre Francais. This hotel is at the headof the Avenue de l'Opera and near the Louvreand the Tuileries Gardens. It is within ablock of the Palais Royal station of the "Met-ropolitain" — the Paris subway — and accessibleby all Avenue de l'Opera and Rue de Rivoliomnibuses.GENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe Royal Palace Hotel, built in 191 1, hasan excellent reputation and is under well-established management. It faces south onan open square and has 80 outside bedroomsaccommodating over one hundred men, inaddition to attractive public rooms for reading and social purposes, and 42 modern bathrooms. There is an elevator and every otherconvenience. Each bedroom has runningwater, and through the co-operation of the1 Mr. Wendell died in Paris on August 27.2 To meet the demands for increased accommodations, special arrangements havebeen made with the Hotel Montana and with other hotels in the immediate neighborhood to take members of the Union at reduced rates.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 65municipal authorities the Union is allowedto supply hot water daily, instead of onlytwice a week, the usual war allowance. Atthe entrance, 8 rue de Richelieu, an attractivesign, " American University Union," replacesthat of the Royal Palace Hotel. At the deskare kept a Members' Register and a Visitors'Book. In the former are registered allAmerican College men, with their college andclass, degree (if any) or department, militaryrank or form of service, home address, andEuropean address. In the latter are registered all guests with the names of the collegemen who introduced them. Bulletin boardscarry the rules and regulations of the Union,information as to barber, laundry, suit-pressing, mending, theatre tickets, French lessons,notices of college reunions, Union entertainments, and similar matters of interest. Acanteen or small shop has been opened in thelobby of the Union. It is open from noon to9:30 p.m. The canteen carries books, toiletarticles, flash lights, stationery, tennis balls,chocolate, tobacco, etc. Tennis rackets canalso be rented.TARIFF OF CHARGESThe restaurant has a high reputation andprovides luncheon for 4% francs, and dinnerfor 5 1 francs, in addition to a very moderatepriced petit dejeuner. The pension for threemeals is fixed at 10 francs. Members whoare on furlough in Paris for several days cansecure pension at from 15 francs a day upward,everything included. A room for a singlenight costs from 6 francs up, a room withbath 10 francs. These charges are in accordance with the schedule adopted in October,1917, and are subject to slight modification ifthe Executive Committee finds this necessary.In view of the high cost of supplies in Paris,where anthracite coal sells at from $60 to $70a ton, the tariff will, it is believed, seemmoderate, especially as the franc is now theequivalent of only 17! cents, and as no feesare expected or allowed. To prevent the"tipping" nuisance a fixed charge of 10 percent is made on every bill for the first week,and 7 per cent thereafter, this amount beingdistributed among the servants.READING ROOMThe first floor and the entresol are used forthe general purposes of the Union, the separate college Bureaus being on the upper floors,visitors being assigned as far as possible tobedrooms on the same floor as the CollegeBureau with which they are affiliated. Writing tables and tables for chess and other gameshave been placed in the petits salons on eachfloor opposite the elevator.A special feature is made of the Reading-Room and Library. In addition to the mostrepresentative English and French periodicals,and the leading college papers, the Americannewspapers and magazines are regularly onfile. The nucleus of the Library was a gift offifty books from Chapter IV of the ColonialDames of America, supplemented by a similarnumber presented by Mr. Lane, of the University of Virginia. Several French men ofletters, much impressed by the Union as asign of the "rapprochement" between Franceand the United States, have interested themselves in the Library and have presentedFrench books. Other suitable gifts to theLibrary are solicited, for the Union wishes togive its members every kind of wholesomeintellectual and social refreshment.OPENING OF HEADQUARTERSThe Union was opened October 20, 1917.Representatives of thirty different Americancolleges took rooms the first night, while twoweeks thereafter the Executive Committeecabled that the accommodations were "overflowing." By the close of the third week menhad^ registered from eighty-three differentinstitutions, as far separated as the Universities of Alabama, California, Maine, Minnesota, and Texas.The opening exercises were simple. General Pershing was officially represented byGeneral Allaire, Provost Marshal of theAmerican Expeditionary Force, while Ambassador Sharp, who was ill, sent a cordialmessage of greeting referring to the purposeof the Union as " in every way most commendable," and adding, "I am certain that thehigh personnel of the men who are associatedwith this enterprise will ensure its unqualifiedsuccess."On Tuesday afternoon, November sixth,the Union held its first reception for membersand guests, from four to six o'clock. Thegeneral arrangements were in charge of theEntertainment Committee, whose chairmanis Mr. Hyde. The patronesses who receivedwere the wives of the officers of the Union,including Mrs. Sharp, the wife of the Ambassador, whose husband is an honorary Patron.About one hundred and fifty persons werepresent, including many prominent Americanand French officers and officials. Tea wasserved at individual tables in the restaurant.Through receptions of this character anopportunity is afforded members of the Unionto meet representative Americans residentin Paris.^ Informal "smokers" are held from time totime, and afternoon tea is served daily.Entertainments and lectures are arranged asoccasion offers.LONDON BRANCHAfter consultation with members of theExecutive Committee the following announcement of the establishment of a London Branchof the Union has been authorized:"The anticipated presence in London of anunusual number of American University men,either passing through or on leave from thefront, has suggested the need of some common66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrendezvous where notification of their presence in London can be registered and meetingscan be arranged with friends who may bethere at the same time."Arrangements have therefore been madeby members resident in London of the alumniof various colleges to establish a general meeting place for College men when in England."These headquarters will be known as the* American University Union in Europe —London Branch,' and will be for the use ofAlumni of all Universities and Colleges in theUnited States."Through the courtesy of the London officeof the Farmers Loan & Trust Co. of New York,rooms in their building at 16 Pall Mall East,S. W. i, have been given over for this purposeand are being adequately furnished. Thebuilding is near Cockspur Street and Hay-market. The telephone is Gerrard 9200."American papers and periodicals willbe found there, and proper facilities affordedfor registration, forwarding mail, letter writing, etc."The Union is especially indebted to Mr.Lewis P. Sheldon, an attache of the AmericanEmbassy, for his co-operation in arrangingto have the office separately established inLondon made a branch of the AmericanUniversity Union in Europe. It is probablethat if conditions warrant it a small hotel willbe taken later as headquarters.FINANCIAL SUPPORTTo secure the Royal Palace Hotel a. guarantee of about $30,000 receipts from roomrentals for the first year has had to be assumedby the trustees, in addition to a budget forcables, moderate salaries, clerical^ assistance, stationery, newspapers, entertainments,traveling expenses, etc., of $40,000. It isbelieved that the full rentals can be countedon, but as the work of the Union is constantlyexpanding, and includes a London office andmay soon demand a branch in Bordeaux anda place for recuperation in the French Alpsor on the Riviera, it is necessary that anannual budget of at least $50,000 be provided. The trustees believe this to be a smallsum in comparison with the importance ofgiving American college men who will furnishso large and important a part of the Americanarmy with attractive furlough headquartersin Paris under wholesome influences, and providing them, and their friends and parents,with the manifold help which the officers ofthe Union can give.It is proposed to meet the budget in twoways:1. College and club memberships as outlined on page 20. This should provide annually about $18,0002. Individual subscriptions aggregating. . 32,000$50,000 Subscriptions of nearly $20,000 towards the$32,000 required in the way of individual giftshave been received up to December 1, mostlyin sums of $100 and over — necessary to constitute# "sustaining memberships." Additional gifts for the general fund or for specificneeds are earnestly desired.Checks should be made payable to Mr.Henry B. Thompson, Treasurer, 320 Broadway, New York City.The Trustees1 are:John H. Finley, President of the Universityof the State of New York (appointed by thePresident of the New York University Club).Frank J. Goodnow, President of JohnsHopkins University.Edward H. Graham, President of the University of North Carolina.Samuel F. Houston, Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania.John Sherman Hoyt, Columbia University(appointed by the Chairman of the Army andNavy Work of the International Committeeof theY. M. C. A.).H. B. Hutchins, President of the Universityof Michigan.Dwight W. Morrow, Amherst College(appointed by the Chairman of the Red CrossWar Council).Roger Pierce, Secretary of the HarvardCorporation.Anson Phelps Stokes, Secretary of YaleUniversity.Harold H. Swift, Trustee of the Universityof Chicago.Henry B. Thompson, Trustee of PrincetonUniversity.The gift of Egyptian antiquities recently presented to the Haskell OrientalMuseum of the University of Chicago bythe Art Institute of Chicago is a verymiscellaneous collection of great valueto a museum like Haskell, which usesits collections chiefly for instruction.Among the most notable items in the giftare.- an alabaster vase of the FirstDynasty (begun 3400 B.C.), four stonetomb tablets, a number of woodenmortuary figures, an offering table, gildedmummy masks, miscellaneous pottery,statuettes, amulets, and a small modelsledge of wood from the foundationdeposit of the Deir el Bahari temple,fifteenth century B.C.Many years ago the late Dr. HenryAbbott, of New York City, put together aconsiderable collection of Egyptian antiquities which were afterward acquired bythe New York Historical Society, inwhose fine new building the collectionnow is. A part of the Abbott collection,zThe Chairman, Mr. Stokes; the Secretary, Mr. Pierce; and the Treasurer,Mr. Thompson, constitute an Administrative Board to act for the Trustees betweenregular meetings.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 67however, reached the hands of Mr.Thomas L. Learning, of Philadelphia, before the Civil War. There they wererecently accidentally found by theDirector of Haskell Museum, ProfessorJames Henry Breasted, as part of thepersonal property of an estate aboutto be sold, and they were acquired by theUniversity of Chicago. Besides a number of amulets, the collection containschiefly a series of Egyptian scarabs, 124in number, which furnishes the OrientalMuseum of the University with a veryuseful working collection. The collectioncomprises 184 objects in all.Dean Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool at the University of Chicago, andProfessor Gerald Birney Smith, of the Department of Systematic Theologyat the same institution, are engaged aseditors in the preparation of a Dictionaryof Ethics and Religion. Dean Mathews,who is the present editor of the BiblicalWorld and one of the editors of the " Constructive Studies in Religious Education"published by the University of ChicagoPress, is the author of many volumes onreligious and ethical subjects, includingThe Church and the Changing Order, TheGospel and the Modern Man, and TheSpiritual Interpretation of History. Professor Smith, who is one of the managingeditors of the American Journal of Theology, was also editor of a recent volumeentitled A Guide to the Study of the Christian Religion, published by the Universityof Chicago Press.ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1918Men Women Total1917 Total1916 Gain LossI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 162162 *S363 3^5225 358391 4376Science Total 3243*35*364 2163^343046 540676943no 6598391,220IOI 9 1191632772. The Colleges-Senior Junior : Unclassified ;..........Total 8901,21494(1 dup.)15 839i,°55123 1,7292,26910618 2,1602,81914815 431550Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. The Professional Schools:1. The Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified English Theological Chicago Theological Seminary. . . 25 2 27 39Total 13481116193 171281 15193124203 20273132102 51*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior Junior Unclassified Total 219433i272 21934 24052343i2 21714560631 233. The Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidate for LL.B Unclassified Total 10391255901,804251 16274633911,44624 1192831889813,250275 2693591,0473,866280 188 150764. The College of Education 5. The School of Commerce andAdministration Total Professional 66Total University 616*Deduct for Duplication •-¦Net totals i?5S3 1,422 2,975 3,586 61168THE RIGHT HONORABLE AND MOST REVEREND COSMO GORDONLANG, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D., ARCHBISHOP OF YORK, PRIMATEOF ENGLAND AND METROPOLITAN '