The University RecordVolume III OCTOBER igi7 Number 4DEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OFNATIONS1By JESSE SIDDALL REEVES, Ph.D.Professor of Political Science, University of MichiganIn the seventeenth century blunt old Thomas Hobbes, of Malmes-bury, complained that a distinguishing feature of the universities ofhis day was a certain frequency of insignificant speech. More than ahundred years afterward the censorious doctor, Samuel Johnson, averredthat the lecture as a means of imparting information had about run itscourse. What would either of these worthies say, could he visit anAmerican university in the year of grace, 191 7! Lectures by the score,day by day, for almost twelve months in the year. We are talked to,lectured to, until it would seem that tongue could give, and the mindhold, no more. Much, we must admit, may be insignificant, but thedemand continues, and, apparently, the supply never fails. At thepresent time, certainly, words might fail to move us. We seek reliefin action, but those of us — apparently a minority — who are not enlistedin some sort of service must point our way as best we can by the spokenor written word.Upon an occasion like this it is perhaps easy to mount the tripodand to attempt the role of prophet. But the line of the Biglow Papersserves as a warning:Don't prophesy onless ye know.The Great War, with its causes, its progress, its aims, and possible results,stands out as the one absorbing topic of interest. From it our minds1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Fourth Convocation of theUniversity of Chicago, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, August 31, 191 7.249250 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcannot long stray, nor ought they if they could. To one phase of it Ishould like to direct your attention. Not that it is dramatic, or that ithas had popular interest, but because, unless there is clear thinking inreference to it, the reconstruction of international society which thiswar must effect will lose something of its deeper and abiding significance.I refer to the subject of international law and its relation to democracy.IIt is true that what may be called the prevailing and traditionalopinion among English and American lawyers is that internationallaw never has been and never can be law. It would be useless to enterupon the discussion of this question, which is, after all, one of logomachy,turning wholly upon the meaning of the word "law." In our speech law,fortunately in some respects, very unfortunately in others, is muchnarrower in meaning than the corresponding term in Latin or in anymodern European language or, as I am informed, even in Japanese. Inall modern tongues, save English, the term for law has a subjectiveand ethical element, and it is no mere coincidence that, with rare exceptions, there has been no denial of the legal character of the law of nationssave by English and American lawyers. They generally delight in limiting their legal ideas to those of the English common law, which isthoroughly positive in character. They delight also, consciously ornot, for better or for worse, in having no legal philosophy, unless, indeed,the Austinian conception of law can be called a philosophy. Even amongthose whose special interest is in Anglo-American law and yet are willingto admit the legal nature of international law, there is observable atendency to carry over into the field of international law the conceptionsof our municipal law. Such a tendency is, no doubt, natural. But if itbe remembered that but two of the fifty members of the family of nationsbase their legal systems upon the English common law and that nearlyall the rest derive theirs from the law of Rome, it is obvious that intellectual sympathy and legal kinship with other nations, so necessary tothe acquisition of the international mind, are not fostered by the wholesale importation into international law, or by the analogical use therein,of the conceptions of our municipal law.Many of those, however, who would admit the legal character of international law as it was before August, 1914, now say that the whole fabricof the science has been destroyed even to its foundation. The phraseinter arma leges silent sets forth the common opinion as to the situationof international law at the present time. It is no longer existent, saysDEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 251one. It is a mere phrase, says another. A newspaper thus ridiculedit some time after the war opened: Two seedy individuals, strangersto each other, were sitting at a cafe table in some unnamed Europeancapital. "How is business?7' asked one. "Very bad," said the other." And what is your occupation ? " "A professor of the modern dances,"was the reply. " Mine is bad too, very bad." " So ? And what is yourjob?" "I — well — I am a teacher of international law." A littlethought will surely remove this common misconception. If a man killanother, it does not demonstrate that there is no criminal law; ratherdoes it emphasize the fact that there is a law which calls killing murderand punishes it accordingly. The disorder and riot which recentlyoccurred at East St. Louis we call lawless, not intending thereby toimply the absence of law, but to call attention to the shortcomings of itsadministration. The invasion of Belgium was such an infraction of thelaw of nations that thereafter the whole world seemed lawless. Belgium's self-defense, the sacrifices she made for honor and not for "safetyfirst," the entrance into the war of England, and, one by one, of theother Entente powers, the sacrifices made, and still to be made, by eachand all of them, the sacrifices which we are now called upon to make —all these bear witness to the fact that international law, though violated,still exists; that opposing the reign of force is the reign of law. Theaim of law is the protection of the weak against the strong. "DasGesetz ist der Freund der Schwachen" wrote Schiller. The strong needsno law to gain its mastery over the weak, but by law alone can the weakersurvive against the strong. By law alone can the weaker plan his actions.By it only can the future be discounted, and today and tomorrow bejoined so as to serve each other's needs. "Where there is society thereis law." Without law there can be no society; without society therecan be no law. For society connotes relationships between individualand individual, between group and group within the state, and, finally,between those groups, national or otherwise, which we call states, theunits or persons of international society. Law — true law — we nowthink of, not merely as the command of a determinate sovereign, asJohn Austin in Hobbesian phrase would have had us believe, but as asocial product. Those social relationships which organized society protects are legal relationships, within the state as municipal law, and transcending the state as international law. The expanding social conscienceexpresses itself in terms of law. These are not hard and fixed like thelaws of the Medes and Persians, but they tend, at least, to respond to theshifting conditions and changing ideals of society, as society embraces252 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwider and wider horizons of life in family, clan, tribe, state, the civilizedworld, and in humanity, which, as Goethe said, stands above all thenations. However we may regard war — as a legitimate method for thecarrying out by force of the will of an infallible state, or as the mostirrational method of settling international disputes, the anti-social actpar excellence — there is still a law of war, as there has been a law of warsince the beginning of recorded history. In many respects it doubtlessfalls short of being a true law, for belligerents are already a Voutrancewith each other — war is the last resort. Those acts which are forbiddenin war need no detailed and labored legal exposition. They are, for themost part, acts against which the civilized mind naturally reacts. Thewords "atrocity" and "brutality" need no judicial construction or interpretation. They are the judgments of civilization and humanity uponsavagery and the brutal. As they shock the sensibilities of normallyconstituted natures, that fact is after all the greatest deterrent frominhuman excesses in war. Inhibitions rather than prohibitions and a"decent respect for the opinions of mankind" are the sanctions of thelaw of war, whether that law be unwritten or set forth in a solemndeclaration of The Hague. The following account of a recent incidentwill illustrate my meaning:Liverpool, Aug. 9. — William Snell, a negro of Jacksonville, Fla., the onlyAmerican survivor of the British steamship Belgian Prince, which was sunkJuly 31 by a German submarine, with the loss of thirty-eight lives, today gavedetails of his experiences to The Associated Press. He said:"A torpedo hit the engine room. A submarine then quickly came to thesurface about 200 yards to starboard and fired at our wireless apparatus. Weleft the Belgian Prince in three boats and had got fifty yards from the shipwhen the submarine came alongside and asked for our Captain, who was takenaboard and inside the U-boat."The members of the crew were ordered to hold up their hands, andthe Germans asked if there were any gunners among us. Although therewere two, we said, 'No.' The Germans next asked if we had any pocketarms."We were then ordered to the deck of the submarine, where we were toldby the commander to remove our lifebelts and to lie on the deck. This we did.Then the commander went into the boats, threw the oars into the sea, and hadhis men remove the provisions. After that the plugs were taken out of holesin the boats, which were than cast adrift."The submarine went to the northeast for twelve miles, the commandertaking the lifebelts to the top of the conning tower and throwing them overboard. I hid mine under a raincoat, and as the submarine began to submergeI tied it around my neck and jumped into the sea.DEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 253"The rest of the crew stayed on deck until they were swept off by thesea as the boat dived. It was a terrible sight. One by one they threw uptheir hands and went down, or, fighting to keep up, they splashed water as theydisappeared. "Of course this story may not be true. Unfortunately, it is not sounique that we are not justified in giving credence to it. To the mindcapable of contriving such fiendish and wanton murder as this, no fear ofreprisals, punishment in kind, will be sufficient restraint. To sucha one the provisions of the Hague conventions are but as tinklingcymbals. The spirit of chivalry would have found such an act impossible, and so would good sportsmanship. A scheme of thought whichwould excuse the invasion of Belgium, justify the deportation of womenand children from northern France, praise the imposition of forced laborin occupied territory as sound economic policy, and condone the sinkingof the Lusitania with the murder of her helpless passengers — men,women, and children — will find a way to decorate the ingenious perpetrator of this latest submarine exploit, if there is followed as a guiding principle the doctrine that there can be no other source of law thanforce. From all of this we unhesitatingly avow ourselves to be separated by an impassable gulf, a gulf which cannot be bridged by anyclaims of intellectual or moral sympathy. Force unregulated by law isbrutality. To delight in brutality is to hearken back to the call of thewild, or else it indicates a perversion of human nature for which thepsycho-pathologists may find a name. To dwell upon these things maybe objected to as an elaboration of the obvious; it is the obvious, however, which we are most prone to overlook. The trite bores us, and weturn away our heads. Not to challenge at all times these assaults uponthe most elemental claims of humanity is to nurse palliation and excuse.Here, as elsewhere, a Laodicean tolerance indicates a dulling of themoral sense, a deterioration of the moral fiber, and a lack of moralcourage.IISo deadened have become our sensibilities, so accustomed are weto each day's disclosures of the horrors of this war, that we are in dangerof forgetting that, after all, peace and not war is the normal condition ofmankind. It is primarily with reference to the peaceful relationshipsof international life that the law of nations has to do. In war, international society ceases to exist in any proper sense. In peace international relationships are developed almost unconsciously. They growmore and more complex and intricate, and, as they become delicately254 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDregulated and perfected, they exist as law. The prime function of international law, then, is not the regulation of those abnormal situationswhich, in their totality, are comprised within the law of war, but in thedevelopment of the normal relationships of international society in thelaw of peace. As the purpose of law is the protection of the weak againstthe strong, the main business of international law is to prevent thatoverrunning of the weak by the strong, which is the very ideal ofstrategy and of war. It is of great moment, then, that we examineclosely the foundation principles of the international law of peace.The system of international law, which properly claims Grotius asits founder, is based upon the doctrine or dogma of that exclusive territorial supremacy of the state called sovereignty. The state which issovereign has no earthly superior; its commands are law to all within;it yields habitual obedience to none without, whether another state or agroup of states. The great work of Grotius appeared during the ThirtyYears' War and gave expression to universal aspirations as a protestagainst the practices and excesses of that era. True, it was in manyrespects a counsel of perfection. But, giving to political communitiesa juristic form to the principle of live and let live, it found expressionin the treaties of Westphalia, wherein the doctrine of exclusive territorial sovereignty was recognized even for the three hundred and moreanomalous members of the Holy Roman Empire. Not content withsetting forth the foundation rights of the territorial state, Grotius calledattention to the duties of states toward each other. Here, as in theelaboration of the primary rights of states, he had a body of law at hishand with which all canonists and civilians were familiar.The Roman law contained the so-called law of nature, a body offixed, immutable principles which we might call the principles of justice,to which law individuals were subject. Grotius applied to states theprinciples which the Roman law of nature had applied to individuals.States were to each other as individuals in a state of nature; thereforethe internationally binding rules of conduct among states were deducedby that law which antedates political society — the law of the state ofnature.IllSo much has been said since the outbreak of the Great War aboutthe German theory of the state, and Nietzsche, Treitschke, and Bern-hardi have been so often called as witnesses, that merely to name themin this connection produces a certain weariness. I do not venture toappraise the influence of Nietzschian philosophy upon political theory orDEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 255upon German policy. We have excellent authority, however, for statingthat Nietzsche's influence upon modern German legal philosophy is notinconsiderable. For Kohler, the most distinguished authority in legalphilosophy in Germany, asserts that one of the first to recognizethe value of the science of comparative law was Nietzsche — "not ajurist, but a philosopher, whose like, since Hegel, the world has notseen."No one interested in the history of law can be unmindful of theenormous contribution of German scholars in this field. The great outburst of enthusiasm for historial investigation which characterized German scholarship in the early decades of the nineteenth century producedthe historical school of jurisprudence whose founder was Savigny. Hisinfluence was felt, not only in the historiography of Roman law, but inthat of German and even of Anglo-American law. It was Savigny'spoint of view which Sir Henry Maine adopted, and, following him, thelate Professor Maitland, incomparably the most distinguished name inthe field of English legal history and, indeed, one of the most brilliant ofEnglish historians. The work of Grimm, Brunner, and Gierke, allGerman scholars of the historical school, must be reckoned with in anyresearch in early English legal history. What has been said about thecontributions of German scholars to legal history holds good in the otherdomains of science, literature, and art. Nothing will be gained and muchis to be lost by the attempt to belittle the claims of German scholarship.The best that is German is universal and is the heritage of the world.The great contributions of the German mind are no longer Germanmerely. They transcend Germany, and, notwithstanding the apparently impassable chasm of the present, they remain as common elementsby which civilization may seek to reunite itself.In the more restricted field of international law, the German writersof the early nineteenth century followed Grotius, clung naturally to theeighteenth-century doctrines of the law of nature, and stressed thefundamental rights of states. The German states being then relativelyweak, it was natural that their publicists should emphasize the fundamental rights of independence and equality. This is to be seen particularly in the work of Kliiber, who gave a most elaborate treatment ofthe fundamental rights of states. Bluntschli, a Swiss, who occupiedthe chair of political science at Heidelberg, adopted the historicalmethod. His colleague, Treitschke, lecturing upon modern history,evolved the doctrine of world-power in a manner which gained so muchpublic applause that he was transferred to the University of Berlin256 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand there exerted an enormous influence. Treitschke never lost anopportunity of pouring ridicule upon what he deemed to be the timidand pacifistic doctrines of Bluntschli. After the unification of Germanyunder the Empire, Treitschke's doctrines, mixed with the philosophyof Hegel, more and more influenced juristic thinking. Given the organictheory of the state, logically the state becomes absolute and infallible.Law as the embodiment of the cultural idea is the voice of the infalliblestate. In foreign policy and even in international law, according to sucha theory, there are not the same standards of morality as are associatedwith municipal law. The militaristic doctrines of Clausewitz alsoinfluenced juristic thinking. According to Clausewitz, war is the continuation by force of the policy of the state. As the standards ofmorality are not to be applied to the state in its external policy, ifthe state be infallible, then war undertaken by the state sanctifies all themeasures selected for its victorious end. The doctrine of necessity, theidea that necessity makes law, not that necessity knows no law, we findelaborated in systematic works on international law appearing within afew years after the close of the Franco-Prussian War. This is thedoctrine of Kriegsraison, for which, I am happy to say, there is noexact English equivalent. It means that the necessities of strategy orof larger state action take precedence over the generally recognizedrules of warfare. The same idea that the state is power permits thestate to interpret its treaty obligations in the light of its own existence,convenience, and policy. Treitschke proclaimed that in every treatythere was to be embodied the principle that circumstances alter cases,and that, if the state's policy so demands, it is not to be hindered by itstreaty obligations.Again the same doctrine of an infallible state, which is power, findsexpression in the principle of frightfulness which runs through the handbook on land warfare prepared by the German general staff. In thisbook we read that in war a state is justified in destroying the entirematerial, moral, and spiritual assets of the enemy. In German texts ofinternational law appearing between 1870 and 19 14 may be found legaljustification for all the acts of Germany during the present war: theinvasion of Belgium, the deportation of women from occupied territory inFrance, forced labor in Belgium, the so-called ruthless submarine warfare, and the plotting of German agents in the United States and Mexico.Nor are these doctrines to be found only in the more learned treatises.We find them in elementary textbooks of law. Sohm's Institutes ofRoman Law, in the twelfth edition, makes this statement:DEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 257The principle which lies at the root of law is the self-maintenance of thepeople. Whatever serves the purpose of preserving the power of a people,that is, humanly speaking, just. Law is the formal expression of the meanswhereby a people organizes itself for the struggle for existence. Accordinglyit is war that generates law. War, it is said, is the father of all things. Underthe stress of the perils of war a people consolidates into an army, into a State.So far from being the power that destroys societies, war is the power thatbuilds them up.This book is a widely used elementary textbook of Roman law,largely read, not only by students of law in Germany, but by those whoare preparing for the civil service. It is noteworthy that the paragraphquoted did not appear in the earlier editions of Sohm's work. About1896 Sohm, then professor of law at the University of Berlin, joinedNaumann in the National Social Union, which had as a central ideathe maxim of "reform within and power without." The influence ofTreitschke's doctrine upon this organization was well recognized. Sohmdeclared to Naumann that whatever is proper for the conduct of war andnecessary for its successful conclusion is not to be judged from the purelyethical standpoint.More consciously influenced by Hegel is Professor Josef Kohler, for along time and now professor of law at the University of Berlin. Kohler'sPhilosophy of Law has been translated into English, and there one maysee the extent to which the doctrines of Hegel and Nietzsche may beapplied to law. Kohler suggests the idea of a superstate with a super-international law, the highest embodiment of world-cultural aims. Atthe outbreak of the war no name stood higher among living jurists thanKohler's; his influence in Germany has been enormous and, outsideGermany, not inconsiderable. The foremost periodical printed inGerman devoted to international law is the Zeitschrift filr Volkerrecht,edited by Kohler. About a year after the war began, he printed in hisjournal an essay entitled " The New Law of Nations " ; in it Kohler paystribute to the vitality of Hegel's influence in law, and undertakes to showthat the development of international law can be undertaken only bythose states which are capable of culture. Characterizing all statesnot in alliance with Germany in this war as incapable of culture and ofscientific constructiveness or as treacherous falsifiers that should havenothing to do with the development of international law, he says:An international law based on international treaties can no longer be.International association can only lead to norms of law, if the peoples areactuated by legal endeavors. Treaties with liars and falsifiers cannot form258 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsources of law; only those peoples can co-operate in the development of law whohave a living conscience. Shall we recognize as brother-nations having kindredconceptions of justice those like the French — a nation of bragging tricksters,who drench us with most miserable abuse and outrageous slander — or a perfidious company of peddlers, like the English, who from the first day of thewar have flooded the world with statements which they know to be calumniesand lies — a nation whose government did not hesitate, like bandits followingthe fashion of Caesar Borgia, to undertake sneaking bribery in order to get ridof a Roger Casement ? Or a nation of barbarians, like the Russians, whoseexcesses in East Prussia have suddenly brought before our eyes the whole Muscovite brutality ? Or the Italians, among whom a miserable lottery-playinggroup made up of the immature and half -educated proletariat, and of phrase-drunken demagogues, could bring the government to violate sacred treatiesand to fall upon the flank of their own sworn allies ? No, and thrice No.These ties are forever broken. And as for neutrals, the United States, gloryingin an empty play of moral platitudes, with the blessing of the Vanderbilt-Morgan millions, has done enough injury to us with its munitions policy.Neutral states like Spain, Switzerland, and Sweden will always appear to usdear and worthy. On the other hand, a portion of Holland and of Norwayand Denmark has wounded us sorely by its unjust treatment of us. AndHolland has persuaded herself by putting her trade under English control tofurther England's war of starvation!The rebuilding of international law upon "historical foundations witha rationally constructed plan motivated from the cultural world," willbe the task of Germany, a possible task, because German science aloneis constructive. German science will join with German power andreconstruct the law of nations. Kohler concludes that " Germany will beso vastly fortified by her victorious war that she can undertake the protection of International Law, just as centuries ago the Lombard, Dante,invoked the German Emperor as the protector of law and the shieldof justice."Such a doctrine as that of Kohler really denies the existence of aworld-society unless organized upon the plan of a world-empire. Thefundamental rights of states: existence, independence, sovereignty, andequality are cast aside, and nothing remains.Let us, however, listen to another German voice, that of Wehberg,of Dusseldorf, formerly a collaborator with Kohler in his Zeitschrift.It is the kind of voice which we do not often hear these days. "In thegreat crisis by which all mankind was confronted through the outbreakof the war it became the sacred duty of all learned men, at least within thefield of science, to pay just and impartial tribute even to other nationsand to uphold faith in a better future for humanity."DEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 259IVThe same law of nature upon which Grotius founded the new scienceof international law led into another direction and came forth as apolitical philosophy of the seventeenth century as developed by JohnLocke, the philosophical apologist of revolution in general and of theEnglish Revolution in particular. The state of nature produced naturalrights, those of life, liberty, and property. The Declaration of Independence gave eternal expression to Locke's doctrines. In it are setforth the natural rights of individuals and the fundamental rights ofstates. Akin to the natural rights of life for the individual is the fundamental right of existence for the state. The individual's natural rightsof liberty and property are translated into the state's fundamental rightsof sovereignty and independence. All states having fundamentally therights of existence, independence, and sovereignty are therefore equalin law and before the law. Hence appears the fourth fundamental rightof the state, the right of equality. The Declaration of Independencesignalized the entrance of a new element in international society. Upto that time the family of nations had only a European membership.From 1776 to 1823 the United States was engaged in making valid theclaims which the Declaration of Independence had dared to affirm.That period witnessed an enormous development in international law,in which process it was admitted that the United States played no inconsiderable part. The body of international law of 1776 was fitted foran extremely simple state of international society. Even that as limitedto Europe was checked in its operation by the political ideas of balanceof power. The United States was able in no small measure to developinternational law, because it alone among states was in a position toinsist upon the application of international law without regard to thelimitations of European political conditions.The recognition by the United States of the Latin- American republics and the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine emphasized the vastchange in international society which had taken place since 1776. Thescore of new states claiming to be independent and recognized as such bythe United States, and therefore equal with the states of Europe, gave arenewed emphasis to the fundamental rights of states, the more significant as the Latin- American republics were not to be considered as withinthe range of European balances of power. These new states, remainingrelatively weak and having little contact with the main channels alongwhich international society developed during the nineteenth century,have consistently and logically emphasized the fundamental rights of260 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDindependence, of complete and exclusive territorial sovereignty, andof equality before the world.In 19 1 5 there was founded the American Institute of InternationalLaw, composed of five members from each of the twenty-one republicsof the Western Hemisphere. In this Institute the United States isrepresented by the Secretary of State, Mr. Lansing, and by two of hispredecessors, Messrs. Elihu Root and Robert Bacon. The Institutehas no official connection with the American republics, nevertheless itscharacter is to some extent interpreted as official because of the positionsof its various members. We are justified in giving more than academicvalue to the declaration of the rights and duties of nations which wasproclaimed by the American Institute of International Law at its firstsession, held in January, 191 6, at Washington. In that declarationappears the most complete expression of the fundamental rights of statesin international law ever formally enunciated. The Declaration ofIndependence is authority for what the Institute declares to be theright of every state in the society of nations, "to assume among thepowers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the lawsof nature and of nature's God entitle them." The duties of states asset forth by the same declaration consist in the recognition by eachstate of these fundamental rights of the others.Such a manifesto, set forth in the year 19 16, was no doubt directedagainst the claim, backed by force in 1914 and not yet defeated, thatsmall and weak states have no rights which the powerful state is boundto respect. To that extent it is entitled to commendation. It is, however, not wholly compatible with the conditions of real life before thiswar, and certainly not in harmony with that development of internationalsociety which is to come. Then, it is to be hoped, the solidarity of thehuman race and the common aims of mankind will temper and modifythe atomistic and separatist conception of the family of nations whichthe traditional doctrines of sovereignty and independence have come tolimit. Mankind is still chained to the dogmas of that logical abstractionknown as sovereignty. Indivisible, inalienable, imprescriptible sovereignty — one may multiply the terms until there is an abstraction almostas overpowering as that of the unconditioned absolute. States are notabstractions — they are limited in number, not more than fifty now exist.Each occupies, or at least claims, a very definite portion of the earth'ssurface. Each is made up of human beings. The government of eachis in the hands of the same kind of human beings, weak or strong, butalways fallible like the rest of mankind. Oxenstierne's remark to hisDEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 261son is still true: "With what little wisdom is the world governed!"Human relationships extend beyond the state so that no state is self-contained; no state can live unto itself. Even Austin, who stressedall of the consequences of absolute sovereignty, admitted that everystate yields its will and judgment now and then to other states. Not onlydoes the state do so in treaties, but it does so as it sustains any relationship for itself or for its nationals, not occasionally, as Austin stated, but,under the conditions of modern life, constantly. The area of thisinternational give and take of duties and rights is the sphere of international law. The world has become too small for the state to claim itsright to exist as an end in itself. What touches one, touches all, and,as was long since said, must be approved by all. Even in war we haveseen how world relationships have become so intimate that the humanrace cannot escape the burdens of war, if it would. For no longer canwar be safely localized. This explains the almost complete bankruptcyof the law of neutrality in this present war. President Wilson said:"The condition of neutrality has become intolerable." Rightly so, forits law is, after all, the law of self-interest, and has always representedthe more or less nicely balanced claims of belligerent and non-belligerentpower. When war was localized and the preponderance of power was innon-belligerent hands, the neutral became, in a sense, the trustee andguardian of non-belligerent rights. As the world has become smaller,with time and distance annihilated, with ideas conveyed to all nationsover night, world-relationships include a larger and larger factor ofcommon conceptions of law, justice, fair dealing, and righteousness.Righteousness no longer exalts a nation merely, but joins all nations intocommon aspirations. As within the state recognition of the interdependence of individuals re-creates the social conscience and developsa social will which limits the older free play of the individual in order torealize the public good, so in the world as well the increasing nexus ofrelationships, not only those of state with state, but of human beingsmutually, limits the sphere in which the state in its absolute sovereigntyhas played the principal role, and dares to impose upon it new duties.These are duties not only to other states, but duties to human beings,whether nationals or aliens within its boundaries, or aliens without. Insuch a conception there are no "lesser breeds without the law."The foundation of modern international law is the desire and abilityof a state through its government and people to maintain law and orderwithin. International law is not worthy of the name if it act as a wall orbarrier behind which the state can do as it will with its own. The prime262 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDduty of the state in international law is to set its own house in order,to furnish to all within its boundaries a reign of law. Otherwise international law is but the servant of anarchy and corruption. The statemay, in Rousseau's phrase, "be forced to be free."All this has a very practical application in our own situation. Gradually the United States has developed a sphere of influence in the WesternHemisphere, the limits of which are not easy to define. For some purposes we have claimed that our sphere of influence is coterminous withthe Western Hemisphere. Actually and today the political relationshipsof the United States with Cuba, Panama, Santo Domingo, Haiti, andNicaragua are a denial that international society is organized as thedeclaration of the Institute assumes. While it sets forth the fundamental rights of states, the gradual extension of the American sphere ofinfluence is based upon the conception of the international duties of thestate. He is a superficial observer who sees in this extension of American influence the working out of an imperialistic idea. The "big-stick"policy of President Roosevelt was not one of imperialism, but a policywhich insisted upon the performance of simple international duties.The best construction which is to be placed upon the taking of Panamais that it was done in the exercise of an international eminent domain.Whether it be admitted that such a right exists, it is at least true thatthe United States has used this acquisition, not in a narrowly selfish andnationalistic way, but with a view to the accommodation and benefit ofall the world.The declaration of the Institute so emphasizes the primary rights ofthe states as to leave no room for the intrusion of those newer stateduties which are based upon the solidarity of the human race and of international society. Under it the duties are negative. They consistsolely in the recognition by other states of these fundamental rights. Itgives us a situation of international laissez faire. Modern life makesduties positive. A duty means something to be done, not the merelypassive recognition of a right. The older jurisprudence insisted thatrights and duties are correlative. A newer jurisprudence based uponthe claims of society does not find such a correlation necessary. Dutiescome first, and they are not merely to the individual, but to the group orto society organized as the state. Similarly, that society which subsumes the state claims duties, and the rights which emerge are derivativeand not original — certainly not primordial and fundamental. Toemphasize the fundamental rights of states tends materially to circumscribe the development of international society and thus to depriveDEMOCRACY AND THE LAV/ OF NATIONS 263international law of much of its living force and power of development.With the manifesto of the American Institute of International Law,there is no room for the inclusion of a democratic program. Each stateis a water-tight compartment, so that it is not the business of any otherstate to pass upon what form of government lies within it. Under sucha scheme intervention is impossible and not legally to be justified in anycircumstance, even for humanity.It may be objected that to deny the fundamental rights of states isto deny the right of the state to be, and to forbid the realization ofnationalistic demands. No one, however, would nowadays seriouslyassert that the displacement of the doctrine of natural rights for one ofsocial control entails the juristic destruction of individual personality.Every theory of social progress, whether collectivist or individualistic,rests ultimately upon the idea of human, that is, individual, perfectibility,associated with that of individual moral obligation. The state is but one,although traditionally the highest one, of the means by which thesefoundations are laid. Since the time of Plato it has been recognized thatonly in the state can the individual achieve the realization of himself.The state can act only through government, its concrete political organization. Government, however collectively it may be organized, canwork only by the co-operation of individuals. Within our own memorywe have seen the state undertake to subject groups within it to thestandards of individual morality as expressed in terms of law. Thecorporation is no abstraction, but a real entity operating only by the cooperative exercise of individual wills. Group morality is becomingidentified with individual morality, not because the state as powercommands it, but because society, organized in the state, "demands thatequal standards are necessary for the protection of the individual andhence of itself. So with states. The state as power is the negation ofmoral, as well as of legal, obligations. None within can have rightsagainst it, therefore it lies under no duties. But as states are the concrete realizations of organized society, they owe duties to all within andto each other. These duties of external action are moral only untilthere is a recognition of a status quo, and then they become legal. Thegrowth of law is predicated upon the progress from the dynamic and moralto the static and legal, whence new moral duties emerge, which in turnbecome legal. New relationships create new responsibilities. Thesebeget new moral duties and moral rights. As these, again, becomelegal, new relationships result with greater and greater complexityand sweep.264 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDV"The world must be made safe for democracy," President Wilsonsays. Safe, that is, that nations existing as states shall have the rightto exist in order that they may work out their problems in their own way.It cannot be taken to justify a program of democratic legitimacy. Notyet has international law proclaimed that the state has the right to be,only when the government is democratic in form. As to what constitutesdemocracy, there may not be agreement of opinion. Democracy maybe social or industrial, as well as political. It may be direct or representative, or it may seek to limit itself to the Jeffersonian doctrine thatthat government is best which governs least. ,Some states may have theform of democratic organization without the spirit of democracy, whichalone giveth life. The world must be made safe for democracy in thesense that the democratic state may rule itself, and perfect itself, notthat democracy is to be forced upon all peoples as the universal principleof governmental organization. Before that is undertaken, if ever it beattempted, the world must be made ready for democracy. The Declaration of Independence insists that all governments derive their justpowers from the consent of the governed. This is not a principle ofinternational law, but international law comes to the assistance ofdemocracy by declaring that states have the right to exist because theyhave existed and do exist, and that states, therefore, have the right todetermine their own internal organization, provided that that organization is fit to perform the obligations which international society imposesupon it. In the family of nations there have always been autocraticstates. Since 1776 there have always been states having democraticorganization. International law does not deny the right of a state to anautocratic government, but it does deny the claims of a predatory state,whether autocratic or claiming to be democratic. A democratic statemight conceivably deny the right of another democratic state to exist,and it might direct its power to the termination of that existence. Theaggressive wars of revolutionary France sought to impose democracyupon all Europe. The Holy Alliance sought to instal the principleof monarchical legitimacy. The doctrine of modern international law isone of de facto states and de facto governments, according to which theform of government does not determine the right of the state to be, 'except in so far as that form is an impediment to the performance of thestate's international duties. The predatory state is the state whichviolates the fundamental duties of international law. The state whichDEMOCRACY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS 265is power, which inculcates a theory of infallibility, which sets force beforeright in international dealings, and commits the performance of thatpolicy into the hands of an irresponsible man or group of men, is the antisocial factor in international society. So long as it exists, there is nosafety for democracy or for international law. The existence of bothdemocracy and international law is now at stake. Unless the invasionof Belgium be undone and atoned for, there is an end of both. Whatever may come in the near future, it is certain that the Machiavellianpolicy and "might makes right" are failures. The battle fronts of manylands, the out-pourings of common blood and treasure, have laid thefoundations of a new international society. The extent to which ourAllies and ourselves are willing to contribute to the common cause showshow deep these foundations have been laid. The invasion of Belgiumstands out as the one great crime. It denied the existence of thefamily of nations. Today, in the midst of all the suffering which thiswar entails, the phrase the "brotherhood of nations" means more thanit has ever meant before.The international law of the future is the law of this brotherhoodof nations, from which is to be excluded none which recognizes the dutiesof states to other states, none which recognizes the right of states to existand to work out their own destiny. Only with the victory of the Allies'cause can international society be put upon a foundation sufficientlystable to permit of the unlimited development of international law.International law must be expressive of those vastly complicated relationships of modern international society. This will more and moredemand an organization, national first and then international, so as torealize democracy.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSThe following appointments have been made :Charles Grove Haines, of the University of Texas, Associate Professorin the Department of Political Science, from October i, 1917.Merle C. Coulter, Associate in the Department of Botany, fromOctober 1, 191 7.Lloyd K. Riggs, Instructor in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry, from October 1, 191 7.John Foote Norton, Assistant Professor in the Department ofHygiene and Bacteriology, from October 1, 1917.Benjamin J. Clawson, Instructor in the Department of Hygieneand Bacteriology, from October 1, 1917.Major John S. Grisard, U.S.A., Retired, Professor of MilitaryScience and Tactics, from October 1, 191 7. Major Grisard is detailedby the War Department.The following appointments have been made in the University HighSchool, School of Education, from October 1, 1917:Arthur Fairchild Barnard, Teacher in the Department of History.Howard Copeland Hill, Teacher in the Department of History.George William Friedrich, Teacher in the Department of Science.George Starr Lasher, Teacher in the Department of English.In other departments of the School of Education:Mabel Barbara Trilling, Teacher in the Department of Home Economics, from October 1, 191 7.Allan L. Shank, Teacher in the Department of Woodworking, fromOctober 1, 1917.Anna R. Parks, Teacher in the Department of Physical Education,from October 1, 19 17.Florence Williams, Teacher in the Department of Household Art,Elementary School, from October 1, 19 17.PROMOTIONAssociate Einar Joranson, of the Department of History, has beenpromoted to an ins true torship from October 1, 191 7.266THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 267RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations have been accepted:Ethelwyn Miller, of the Department of Household Art, in the Collegeof Education (to accept the headship of the Department of HouseholdArt in Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa), to take effect September 30, 191 7.Nell Curtis, Teacher in the Elementary School, School of Education(to accept a position on the faculty of the Lincoln School, New YorkCity), to take effect September 30, 191 7.Lucia W. Parker, Assistant to the Principal of the High School, totake effect September 30, 19 17. Miss Parker accepts an appointmentwith the Red Cross.Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson, of the Department ofHistory, to take effect September 30, 1917. He has accepted a positionin connection with the direction of education in the State of Illinois.Associate William DeGarmo Turner, of the Department of Chemistry, to take effect September 30, 1917.Instructor Paul G. Heinemann, of the Department of Bacteriology,to take effect September 30, 191 7.Assistant Professor Frank C. Becht, of the Department of Physiology, to take effect December 31, 191 7. He becomes Professor ofPharmacology in Northwestern University Medical School.STANDING COMMITTEESAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees, held July 10, the followingstanding committees of the Board were appointed:Finance and Investment: Adolphus C. Bartlett, Chairman, Jesse A.Baldwin, Howard G. Grey, Charles L. Hutchinson, Julius Rosenwald.Buildings and Grounds: Charles L. Hutchinson, Chairman, Jesse A.Baldwin,, Thomas E. Donnelley, Howard G. Grey, Harold F. McCormick.Instruction and Equipment: Fred A. Smith, Chairman, Adolphus C.Bartlett, Charles R. Holden, Francis W. Parker, Harold H. Swift.Press and Extension: Thomas E. Donnelley, Chairman, Eli B.Felsenthal, Francis W. Parker, Robert L. Scott, Willard A. Smith.Audit and Securities: Robert L. Scott, Chairman, Eli B. Felsenthal,Charles R. Holden, Fred A. Smith, Willard A. Smith.Expenditures: the President of the University, the President andSecretary of the Board, the Business Manager, the Auditor.The President and Vice-Presidents of the Board of Trustees andthe President of the University are ex officio members of above-namedcommittees.268 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMISCELLANEOUSThe Board of Trustees has accepted portraits of Amos Alonzo Stagg,Director of the Department of Physical Culture, and of Dean Rollin D.Salisbury, Head of the Department of Geography. The portrait ofMr. Stagg has been placed in the Trophy Room of the Frank DickinsonBartlett Gymnasium, and that of Mr. Salisbury in Rosenwald Hall.Walter George Sackett, of the Agricultural Experiment Station,Fort Collins, Colorado, with the recommendation of the Departments ofPathology and Bacteriology, has been appointed to a Mr. and Mrs.Frank G. Logan Fellowship for the academic year 19 17-18. He is thefirst appointee to these fellowships, which are designed for research forthe purpose of discovering new methods and means of preventing andcuring disease.In the annual report of the Auditor, presented to the Board ofTrustees at the meeting held August 14, 191 7, it is stated that the yearhas been successful from the point of view of the University's finances."The assets of the University actually in hand increased over $2,000,000,and in addition those promised during the year amounted to about$5,000,000 more."M. RENE VJVIANI'S ADDRESS1I cannot hope to sustain the reputation given me by the kindness ofthe American people; and you will excuse me for not rising to yourexpectations. But, as the words I am going to say come from my heart,I trust that they will naturally go to yours.I cannot say how deeply moved we were when, in this immense park,our eyes caught sight of this imposing university building whose massivestructure seemed to reveal materially to us the magnitude of the workthat has been accomplished here. Need I say that we do not suddenlydiscover the existence of the University of Chicago, or of the other greatAmerican universities ? We already knew what those universities haveaccomplished, and we had hardly landed in this country when we werereminded of it by our eminent ambassador, M. Jusserand, who is attachedto you by so many bonds of sympathy and who, in the last few years,has worked with a silent activity, worthy of the country he represents,against the strenuous and noisy endeavors of another ambassador, whomyou have sent back to his native land. In connection with his name letme mention that of our consul, M. Barthelemy, who by his constant self-possession and tact has gained, not only for himself, but for the wholeof France, sympathies of which, I may say, he is fully worthy.We knew that the American university was a center of study andhard work, but we also knew that it was a center of patriotism, whichsent most of the volunteers who have enlisted, fought, and died forFrance, the ambulances which took care of our wounded on our battlefields, and the aviators who have risen to the same height as ours andfought under our flag until, after you declared war, they won new fameas the Lafayette Squadron under the American flag. Let me pay atribute to the memory of those valiant aviators who before leaving theirnative shores had given death a rendezvous, and who fell for France;and to that of many others who in the full bloom of youth have sacrificed their dreams and their future to our French motherland and to thecause of liberty. I can hardly find words to express my thanks to the*M. Viviani's address was delivered in Hutchinson Hall, Saturday, May 5, 191 7,on the occasion of the visit of the French Mission. See the University Record, III, 213.The address is reprinted from "Addresses in the United States byM. Rene Viviani andMarshal Joffre" (Doubleday Page & Co., 191 7).269270 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmany men who in the generosity of their souls have enlisted in ourForeign Legion and have faced the enemy on the French front, side byside with the French and English soldiers.I have just learned with deep emotion that you intend to raise amemorial to French science, to science as you conceive it, in the form of abook which you are about to publish, and which contains forty chapterssigned by illustrious University men. But it is not enough that at longintervals, after long silence and by occasional visits, we should exchangeour views and opinions. I am a former Minister of Public Educationand I should be happy to see the sending of American students to Frenchuniversities promoted by the ample fellowships you grant your studentsand by an active propaganda such as the one you are about to start inyour universities. They will enable your students to complete theirscientific education in France after acquiring a solid foundation inAmerica. I look forward to a time when we shall settle an old questionthat should have been settled long ago. I refer to the equivalence ofdiplomas, which, by giving the American degrees the same rights asFrench degrees in our universities, will enable your students to finishtheir education in France without any unnecessary delay. For in whatcountry could they find better instruction ? It is not for me to remindthe professors of this University, who are acquainted with the scienceand literature of the whole world, or its president, Mr. Judson, thedistinguished jurist, whose loftiness of outlook, vast knowledge, andsteadfast purpose are well known to us, of the accomplishments of theFrench nation in the world of science. As Mr. Judson himself said inwords for which I thank him: From a philosophical point of view arethere any teachings comparable to those of French philosophy ? Amongus you would find the ever-burning light of science founded by ClaudeBernard and his foremost pupil, D'Arsonval. As regards mathematics,are not such men as Appell and our Minister of War, Painleve, capableof teaching mathematics? Cannot the science whose monopoly hasso long been held by our learned director of scientific education, the Deanof the Paris Faculty of Science, be diffused today as well ? And when Ithink of such men as Leon Renault in legal science, and Lanson in literature, it seems as if I was beholding an illustrious Areopagus, a gatheringof scientists who are the honor and glory of France and who, let me assureyou, are quite capable of teaching science, literature, or law to such ofyou as look for such instruction. I may say that in France you wouldfind teachings worthy of yours. Undoubtedly there are great mastersin Germany. Ours, unfortunately, are too modest; they do not fillM. RENE VIVIAN!' S ADDRESS 271the world with the clamor of their reputations. But as regards method,clear or brilliant teaching, gift for synthesis, they are true masters.And in France, in Paris, in that illustrious Sorbonne which for fourteenyears I had the honor of representing in the French Parliament, youwould find a class of science and studies such as you would not find inGermany. We know what education and science wrongly conceivedmay lead to. They lead straight to Kultur — that is to say, to the oppression of the people by a small class of men. It was Kultur which gavebirth to that generation of men which has fallen into such a state of follythat it believes it the duty of the whole universe to kneel at its feet.It taught a generation of men that no treaties should be respected, thatthere was neither right nor law, and that the strong should dominate theweak. Could two great free peoples like America and France kneelbefore such samples of German science ?American and French universities are alike. I will tell you whatlinks connect them. The duty of a university is not only to form themind of young men, to diffuse science, to make writers, scientists,physicians, and lawyers, to enable men to teach in their turn or to earnan honorable living in their profession. That is part of its duty, but itwould not be true to its real mission and to its duty toward mankindif at the same time that it forms scientists it did not form men. It wouldnot be true to its duty if at the same time that it elevates the mind itdid not elevate the soul. Professors should gather, not only to dispenseinstruction, but to form men.We, in France, when the hour of fate struck, had ample proof thatour universities and our teachers had brought forth men.I wish I could find fit words to relate the story of those young menof our High Normal School who were to form a scientific and literaryhierarchy and were waiting to be raised to the rank of college teachers.When war was declared, they left for the front; and Marshal Joffre,who had them under his command, could tell you that out of thosestudents of the High Normal School came his best officers. It was awonderful alliance of science and truth, a full proof that universitiesshape, not only minds, but hearts also. Hecatombs of those studentshave fallen in the first line, flag in hand, and I cannot do better thanapply to them those rhymes of our great national poet, Victor Hugo :lis sont tous sur le dos, couches en braves devant Dieu,Et si leurs yeux s'ouvraient, ils verraient le ciel bleu.(They have fallen like heroes, their brow to heaven, in the eyes of God,And if their eyes could open they would see the blue sky above them.)272 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn words that have deeply touched us Mr. Judson said that Americaowed France a debt of gratitude. You have paid it in part already,and, besides, we are too much like brothers to stand, with regard to oneanother, in the position of a debtor and a creditor. We are too closelylinked in a great common task to put forth any such claims. It is notonly to France, heroic and valorous France, which, through its courageous children, is fighting to defend its territory, but to the world, tohumanity, to liberty, and to civilization, that you owe a debt, and it isto them you will pay it. It is in order that they may not perish, it isbecause, as you aptly said, the fall of France would be a disaster to theworld, that you must arise and fight. You have said that you wouldgive your last man and the last heartbeat to the cause. I thank you,Mr. President, for those manly words, carved as it were in bronze,and which we shall repeat to our fellow-citizens in France. When theyfall from the lips of a man of such eminence and authority, who knowsthe weight of words and the value of promises, they cannot fail to find away to our consciences and our hearts. Yes, to the last man, yes, tothe last heartbeat, under the flag of liberty, so that universal democracymay prevail over the world! To the last man, to the last heartbeat, sothat free men may live proud and happy ; to the last man, to the last beating of hearts, so that at last free peoples may look forward to everlastinginternational peace, and that the children of our children may live andwork, free and peaceful, and enjoy the blessings of the sunshine withouthaving to fear the return of such crimes as we have witnessed !I thank you, Mr. President, for those kind words; I thank you,gentlemen, for the support you have given us. When I look in yourfaces, on which everyday work and deep thoughts have left an indeliblemark, I feel that there is a definite promise in those words. I thank youfor your welcome and for your ovations. But it is not to us your welcome goes, for we are nothing; it goes to our heroic France, whom youknow so well, and whom you venerate as she deserves to be venerated.In the name of France, as well as in the name of all the universities ofFrance, which, as Minister of Public Education, I had the honor of representing several times, I drink your health, Mr. President, and I drinkto the honor and greatness of the University of Chicago and to the gloryof all American Universities.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR1By DAVID ALLAN ROBERTSONSecretary of the University of Chicago War ServiceA report of the war activities of the members of the University ofChicago must of necessity be incomplete, for there are some importantenterprises which cannot be publicly discussed at present, and there arebesides many difficulties in assembling facts about the widely scatteredalumni and former students of the institution. The following accountof the University of Chicago participation in the national cause is presented, therefore, only to give preliminary information of the way thewar has come to this University and to enlist co-operation in securingadditional facts regarding Trustees, members of the Faculties, alumni,and former and present students.The President of the University immediately after the outbreak ofthe war was requested to serve on many important committees. Heis a member of the Committee on Labor of the National Council ofDefense and of the Subcommittee on Conciliation and Arbitration, aswell as of the Committee on Education. The service which has requiredthe most constant attention has been that of chairman of the FederalExemption Board, District i. Summoned from his vacation, PresidentJudson immediately organized his board and has since devoted only thetime between eight-thirty and nine-thirty each morning to the administration of the University; all the rest of his time, including evenings andfrequently Sundays, has been given to the consideration of appeals forexemption and cases of discharge on account of occupation. Perhapsthe greatest contribution of the President, however, has been his assistance to clear thinking during a critical period. In response to demandsfrom the press throughout the country, as an expert in international lawhe has clearly and promptly given expression to the rights of nations andthe hopes of democracy. Through these newspaper interviews andthrough his public addresses he has contributed largely to the formationof a right public opinion.Of the members of the Board of Trustees, the first to be called fromhis business into active national service was Mr. Julius Rosenwald, who1 A report presented to the faculties at the annual dinner in Hutchinson Hall,Tuesday, October 2, 191 7.273274 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwas appointed a member of the National Council of Defense. Mr.Harold H. Swift was appointed a member of the Red Cross Mission toRussia. Mr. Francis Warner Parker, on appointment by the Y.M.C.A.,immediately went to France on business connected with the administration of the Y.M.C.A. in that country.Of the members of the Faculties, many have left their wonted occupations, some of them for the period of the war. Dean James RowlandAngell is devoting his expert scientific knowledge of psychology and hisadministrative skill to the work of the Committee on Classification ofPersonnel in the Army under the direction of the Adjutant General.Dr. Frank Billings, Professor of Medicine, went to Russia as chairmanof the Red Cross Mission to that country. Captain Elbert Clark,Assistant Professor of Anatomy, is in charge of Ambulance CompanyNo. 3. Dean Henry Gordon Gale is in the training camp at FortSheridan, as are Dr. A. E. Harvey, Instructor in History, and Dr. HarryD. Kitson, Instructor in Psychology. Dr. B. C. H. Harvey, AssociateProfessor of Anatomy, is commandant at the instruction camp formedical officers, Camp Cody, N.M. Dr. Norman McLeod Harris,Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, is in England. He is a captain inthe British Overseas Military Forces. Professor John M. Manly, headof the Department of English Language and Literature, long a studentof ciphers used in the seventeenth century and earlier, placed his knowledge of codes and ciphers at the disposal of the War Department, andat the beginning of the Autumn Quarter was summoned to Washingtonas a captain in the Intelligence Division of the War College. ProfessorAlbert P. Mathews is a captain in the Quartermaster's Service, Chicago.Professor Robert Andrews Millikan, of the Department of Physics, wascalled to Washington on April 1 to act as chairman of the NationalResearch Council. As executive officer of the National Research Council, Professor Millikan was commissioned major in the Signal Corpsand has directed the Science and Research Division of this corps.Dr. Charles E. Merriam, Professor of Political Science, is captain in theaviation section of the Signal Corps and a member of the Board ofExaminers. Herman E. Oliphant, Assistant Professor of Law, is in theFood Administration. Lieutenant Franck Louis Schoell, French Army,Instructor in French, was wounded and is now in Switzerland. Dr.Pietro Stoppani, Instructor in French, joined the Italian army. MissElizabeth Wallace left Chicago late in October to undertake work inFrance under the direction of the Red Cross and the InternationalHealth Commission of the Rockefeller Foundation. Dr. H. G. Wells,THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 275Professor of Pathology, is a member of the Red Cross Mission to Rou-mania. Frederic C. Woodward, Professor of Law, is aide to Mr. Hooverin the Food Administration. Other cases of members of the Facultiesare mentioned in connection with the departmental activities hereinafterlisted. Some fifty members of the Faculties, including assistants andfellows, are absent from the University on service.I. INTELLIGENCEDavid Allan Robertson, ChairmanIn the collecting of information the Intelligence Committee has beenhampered by the difficulty of securing prompt returns from widelyscattered alumni and students. The committee has, however, filed,classified, and indexed the returns from thousands of alumni who desiredto place themselves where they could be of service. These records havefrequently been of use in making recommendations to various departments in Washington. The committee, moreover, has been endeavoringto secure as much information as possible about active service of studentsand Faculty members. Several hundred names are already in possessionof the committee. This, however, represents only a small portion of thetotal. Every concrete bit of information regarding service is of assistance in completing a record which will be of value to the committee ofwhich Professor Conyers Read is chairman, a committee to which willbe intrusted the record of the University of Chicago's participation in thewar. The most effective means of securing information about men inservice is direct communication with men whose names are alreadyknown. Letters of congratulation on securing commissions or othersuccesses have elicited responses which prove the desirability andimportance of maintaining communication with the University ofChicago men in service. Frequently a correspondent in addition to amodest statement of his own activities includes a budget of news regarding other Chicago men. The assistance of all members of the University is sought in maintaining a natural and steady communication withour men. Members of the University will be glad to notify their friendsin service that the University of Chicago is supporting the AmericanUniversity Union in Europe, and that all alumni, students, and formerstudents are eligible to use the club provided in Paris and othercities. News of achievements and needs of members of the Universityor of men of the National Army trained on Stagg Field will beenthusiastically and gladly received by the Secretary of the War276 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDService. It is planned to print as much of the material as possible sothat those in service may easily be kept in touch with each other andwith their Alma Mater.II. MILITARY TRAININGHenry Gordon Gale, Chairman, April 1 — October 1, 191 7Leon Carroll Marshall, ChairmanTHE RESERVE OFFICERS' TRAINING CORPSIn the Spring Quarter of 19 16 the Faculty of the Colleges approveda plan for the organization of Military Science and Tactics. In Junean act of Congress providing for the organization of the Reserve Officers'Training Corps and for the detail of officers of the army to colleges anduniversities was passed. In September the War Department issued aCircular of Instructions and the Board of Trustees authorized the President of the University to apply for the detail of an army officer. InJanuary, 191 7, the War Department assigned Major Ola W. Bell,United States Cavalry, who was duly appointed by the Board of Trusteesas Professor of Military Science and Tactics.Late in the Winter Quarter, Major Bell arrived at the University,spoke at the Reynolds Club at a mass meeting, and on many otheroccasions. The men of the University became interested, but, becauseof the difficulty of adjusting hours in the almost completed WinterQuarter, only one hundred and fifteen men reported for drill in theclosing weeks of the quarter. In the Spring Quarter, however, workbegan in earnest, not only for the regular members of the Reserve Officers'Training Corps, who pursued five hours of Military Science each week,but for those who took only the drill, for which they received physical-culture credit. Members of the Faculty also formed a company underthe leadership of Dean Henry Gordon Gale (see Edgar J. Goodspeed,"The Life of Adventure," Atlantic Monthly, August, 191 7).About four hundred of the regular members of the Reserve Officers'Training Corps drilled four hours a week and had one hour a week oflecture on Camp Sanitation and Personal Hygiene. Shortly after thework began, a demand for intensification of it arose, and, in responsethereto, students were permitted to drop one major of the usual academicwork and to substitute therefor one major more of Military Science, or,in the case of new men, to drop a course and to begin Military Science.The complicated arrangement of hours was simplified through the assignment of student instructors, who, under the direction of Major Bell,THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 277proved to be very efficient. Fortunately this relieved Major Bell, whowas appointed sole member of an examining board for the Fort SheridanTraining Camp, and was unable therefore to give all of his time to thedirection of the University work.When the regiment of three battalions, each made up of three companies, had fairly mastered close-order drill without arms, ColonelPenn on May 10 officially inspected the Corps. On Stagg Field, inbeautiful weather, the inspection was a great success except for the lackof uniforms, packs, and rifles. The company marched past ColonelPenn, President Judson, and Major Bell. The sight was truly an inspiring one and no one on the field that afternoon will forget the parade,and especially the retreat that night, the University band playing, theregiment at salute, and, against the western sky, the National Colorslowly coming down.At the beginning of the Summer Quarter, Major Bell was detailedto Fort Sheridan, and President Judson induced Major E. B. Tolman,Illinois National Guard Reserve, to become Professor of Military Scienceand Tactics for the summer. Major Tolman led the second battalionof Illinois Infantry through the Spanish War and his leadership wasenthusiastically anticipated by the student officers appointed for thesummer — Colonel L. B. Morgan, Lieutenant W. F. Loehring, MajorsParker, Duehring, and Mooney, Captain Ettleson, Lieutenant Carlson,and Lieutenant Piatt. Each of these student officers was given a particular field to cover in theoretical discussion besides the work of drillingon the field. Of the registered men there were three groups, dividedaccording to registration. The group taking three majors of work in thedepartment spent each entire day in drilling, studying, reciting in theclassroom, " hiking," often staying overnight in bivouac. The other companies took work in proportion to the credit sought.Perhaps the greatest contribution of the department to the government has been the plan worked out by President Judson and MajorTolman for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps to drill those mencalled to the National Army and who did not seek exemption. It wasthe belief that there would be great and immediate need for noncommissioned officers in the National Army as soon as the drafted menwere called, and that a great service might be rendered by training suchmen as, previous to their call, would undertake training. Ten thousandcirculars were mailed to registered men; the newspapers gave publicityto the plan; and men soon came to Stagg Field in the evenings to receivefree of charge military instruction. During the summer about one278 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthousand men received training in this way. Every night the searchlights on top of the Gymnasium and the 191 2 Gate have flooded StaggField, and every night these hundreds of men have been earnestly learning military movements. The results of the training are just becomingknown in letters from Rockford. One man, for instance, has written asfollows :In behalf of the selected men of District Eight, I desire to express ourappreciation of the opportunity afforded to us to secure preliminary trainingin the school of the Soldier, Squad, and Company, before answering our summons to the training camp at Rockford.The service rendered by your organization has already shown wonderfulresults and one of my personal friends has advised me that it resulted in hisbeing appointed First Sergeant almost the first day he landed in Rockford, andthere are a number of others who have been appointed to positions as Corporalsbecause of the training they received at the University of Chicago.My only regret is that some members of our district have not realized thegreat benefit to be derived from this training and I also regret that I myselfdid not start in the first day the work was inaugurated. There is certainlynothing that could keep me away from the remaining drill sessions until thetime for my call and I feel that when I land in Rockford I will have preparedmyself, with your most efficient aid, for the work that is ahead of me.I know that if at any time the men of District Eight can be of service tothe University of Chicago, or any of its projects, they can be counted on fortheir full support as an expression of appreciation for the most wonderful workyou have been doing and which I most certainly hope will be continued forthe drafted men to come.I have always had more or less of a close attachment to the University ofChicago, although I have never attended the institution as a student, whichis the case with the majority of the men who have been trained there, but theservice rendered has affiliated us with you more closely than could have beenpossible in any other manner.I believe the methods you have used in training us have been equal to sixmonths training in ordinary army life. I make this statement as one who hashad three years of previous military training.We shall always look back to the University of Chicago as a benefactorbeyond our ability to express in so simple a manner as this.The work is to continue this autumn as long as the men of theNational Army appreciate the opportunity to secure in advance trainingwhich will assist them in camp.Of course, this work has been of value not only to the men of theNational Army but to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, for everystudent officer has been called upon to teach other men what he knew,THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 279and every officer has responded enthusiastically. The spirit of the menwho, after having worked all day, gave up their nightly entertainmentto come to Stagg Field to drill, affected also the student officers. To takecare of those men who lived far from Stagg Field, a lieutenant andthree other officers were sent to Welles Park on the northwest side togive instruction to drafted men in that community.The foregoing letter probably explains why Leon Mandel AssemblyHall was packed to the doors on September n by the men who hadreceived training on Stagg Field and by their friends. That night thesemen presented to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps the NationalColor. Music was furnished by the Illinois Naval Reserve Band;Mr. Frank Comerford presented the Color, Major Tolman received iton behalf of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, and President Judsonaccepted it on behalf of the University of Chicago. Sergeant Smith ofthe British Army then told the audience some things about trench warfare. After the exercises there was a battalion parade on the field withbattalion drill.In the Autumn Quarter the plans will be carried forward under thesupervision of Major John S. Grisard. Major Grisard was retired onaccount of wounds received in the Spanish War. He has alreadyreported for active duty at the University and under his direction it ishoped that the military work will become even more important.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO RIFLE CLUBW. J. G. Land, ChairmanThe University of Chicago Rifle Club has trained over five hundredmen in the use of the service and subcaliber rifle, expending approximately 120,000 rounds of miniature and 12,000 rounds of service ammunition. Outdoor target practice was had at Fort Sheridan every Saturdayuntil the officers found it necessary to close the range. Thereafter,through the courtesy of Captain Moffett, the new range at Great LakesStation was used. One of the greatest handicaps experienced by theclub has been the lack of expert riflemen to serve as instructors. Thishas been overcome through the authorities at the Great LakesStation assigning an instructor to each man shooting under the rules ofthe Navy and Marine Corps and according to the regulations of theNational Rifle Association. Seventy-eight men have qualified with theservice rifle: 55 marksmen, 16 sharpshooters, and 7 expert riflemen.The present indoor range beneath the grand stand on Stagg Field,although small, is exceptionally well equipped. During the coming28o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDyear it is the intention to use service rifles for gallery practice, satisfactoryreduced charges having been worked out for these rifles by Mr. Land.In addition to members of the Rifle Club and members of the ReserveOfficers' Training Corps, a large number of men of the first call receivedinstruction. The range has not been large enough to accommodatethe number of men who come for practice.III. MEDICAL WORK AND TRAININGRobert Russell Bensley, ChairmanTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AMBULANCE COMPANY NO. 3Of the organization of the University of Chicago Ambulance Company No. 3 there is a full account in the University Record, July, 191 7.The company reached Allen town, Pennsylvania, August 21. ThePhiladelphia Public Ledger printed this notice of the arrival of theChicago men:Allentown, Pa. — The bars having been let down because the departureof a good many men has made room for new ones, there arrived at the UnitedStates Grounds today the contingent of the University of Chicago, 180 men.It is not only the largest in the United States but the men as a whole are thebiggest and most powerful. They were recruited nearly three months agoand because the camp here was overcrowded had been compelled to wait atChicago ever since June 6 before getting word from Colonel Persons, the commander of this camp, that there was room for them here.Many of the westerners are six-footers and a large proportion are athletes.Virtually all of them, superb physical specimens, have been under the trainingof the Chicago varsity coach, Alonzo A. Stagg.The officers of the camp gazed at the newest arrivals with undisguisedadmiration. Said one of them:"The Prussian Guard may be famous for its training and notorious for itsterrorism, but I have traveled through Germany, and the Kaiser would havea hard job finding in all his Imperial German Empire a batch of men equal tothese. What is more, they are nearly all football players, whose natural gifthas been added to by Stagg's iron qualities."With Chicago on the grounds there are now in the United States ambulancecamp representatives of forty-eight colleges and universities. For severalmonths Colonel Persons repeatedly has said that the ambulance corps neednever resort to the draft, since he had word that 5,000 volunteers were waitingto come on as soon as there was room in camp, and he always spoke of Chicagoas having one of the finest and largest contingents.The more modest Captain Clark wrote to President Judson, September 12, 191 7, as follows:THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 281You doubtless will be interested to hear something from us. The University of Chicago unit is now securely quartered and has drawn most of itssupplies and is now on the same status as other companies that have beenhere for some weeks. The new organization provides for five companies to abattalion. The Chicago group has been divided into four complete companiesof forty-five men each under the command of a first lieutenant. There willbe one more company assigned to us; five companies thus constitute a battalionunder command of a captain. This is the organization according to theFrench Army plan.There is, I believe, no question but that everyone here will be sent abroadto join the French Army. The Chicago men seem to have given an excellentaccount of themselves. We are the largest ambulance unit that has ever beenorganized in the United States and Colonel Persons took occasion to pay ahigh tribute to the University of Chicago group. In the matter of mechanics,musicians, cooks, and laboratory men we seem to be better equipped andorganized than anyone else. The portable laboratory has attracted a greatdeal of attention among the medical men here. It is now being used as thepost medical laboratory and two of the Chicago boys are doing all the laboratory work for the entire camp. It is probable that this arrangement will continue even after we get to France.SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONA course was organized in First Aid along the lines of the courseoffered by the American Red Cross Society and announced in the Summer Quarter schedule. It afforded one-half major credit, and at the sametime secured to the student completing it the Red Cross Certificate.The course was given by Drs. Benjamin F. Davis and Carl H. Davis,members of the Rush Medical Faculty, assisted by five young womendemonstrators, selected from University women who had taken the FirstAid Course last winter. It was taken by about two hundred womenstudents. It is again offered this Autumn Quarter.A course was arranged to be given by Dr. Wells and assistants forpersons desiring to prepare themselves as pathological laboratorytechnicians. There was little demand for this course, only twentyregistering for it.IV. QUARTERMASTER AND ORDNANCE SERVICE TRAININGLeon Carroll Marshall, ChairmanOne of thirteen or fourteen educational institutions offering seriesof six weeks' training courses in preparation for army supply service,the University of Chicago, through its School of Commerce and Administration, opened its fourth section on October 1, 191 7.282 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe history of such training courses is brief. To meet the government's urgent need for skilled personnel in the supply service, theNational Council of Defense, through its Storage Committee, early inMay requested the School of Commerce and Administration, togetherwith several other schools of commerce, to undertake to prepare youngmen for responsible positions in army supply work. The OrdnanceDepartment and the Quartermaster Corps later confirmed this request.Accordingly, a class of eighty-one was organized and began work May 18.Even then the need for such skilled personnel was great. The demandincreased materially during the following four months, and at the presenttime an effort is being made to admit to the work as large a number ofstudents as is consistent with thorough work, with the expectation ofoffering such courses indefinitely at intervals of every six weeks. Typically, these classes are not undergraduate in character. The personnel ismade up of graduates of colleges and universities, men with less academictraining but years of business experience, together with many of ourown undergraduates and graduates. At the request of the governmentbureaus, preference is consistently given to college Seniors and graduates.The work is characterized by the seriousness and mature purpose of theprofessional, the rigid discipline of thought and action imposed by thenature of the subject-matter, and the unification of the ideal of service.As the work is conducted at the University of Chicago, Dean Marshall is supervisor. He is assisted in his work by members of the regularteaching staff of the School of Commerce and Administration and by agroup of eight or ten " squad" leaders, composed of graduate studentspreviously trained in supply-work. Lectures by outside experts andfield trips to Chicago industrial plants supplement this instruction.Under the supervision of the government bureaus in Washington, withwhose co-operation this work is constantly carried on, a six weeks'training at an arsenal or cantonment in actual government service completes the instruction. In this connection, the following statement isauthorized by the Quartermaster General:It is contemplated that at the completion of the University course studentswill be assigned to duty according to the needs of the service (with pay) forfurther practical instruction. The services concerned will fall within theenlisted grades of the Army — mostly as non-commissioned officers — subject topromotion upon merit.The Chief of Ordnance authorized the following statement:The Ordnance Department will give later training at the arsenals or atthe cantonments. Enlistment will be authorized in the grade of private.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 283Both the college and the arsenal training will have in view the filling of variouspositions which are held ordinarily by non-commissioned officers; hence mostmen should be able to qualify for a non-commissioned grade before beginningactual service.The day — from eight to eight — is given to lectures, laboratory, classroom discussion, study, and drill, with rather more emphasis on detaileddiscussion in "squad" meetings and lectures. Up to the present time,material for study has been available only in mimeographed form or ingovernment publications. The needs for an appropriate text, readilyavailable for the classroom, and numerous requests for syllabi of thecourse have led to the production of a book on Quartermaster andOrdnance Supply, organized and written by the director of the courseand staff of assistants. This was published by the University of ChicagoPress.In the first section (May 18 — June 29), of the 81 men who entered thecourse 76 completed the work and 54 actually enlisted in the OrdnanceDepartment. Of the 73 men in the second course (June 18-25), 57enlisted. The third course (July 26-31), numbering at the beginning 95,actually enlisted 79. The present course (October 1 — November 10)approximates 100. The enlisted men of the first group completed theirtraining at Rock Island and Watervliet arsenals, and are presumablyon their way to France. The second group received orders to presentthemselves at San Antonio Arsenal, Texas, the third week in September —to be followed by the third group the first week in October.Of the non-enlisted men who completed the course, eight, disqualifiedfor enlistment in ordnance or quartermaster work, have since beendrafted into the Ordnance Department. Twelve (some already enlisted)have been reserved or recommended for instructorships in the universities of Chicago, Michigan, Pittsburgh, and Northwestern. One is seeing civil service, and twelve have been recommended for responsiblepositions to the War Industries Board of the Council of NationalDefense.V. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND TRAININGJulius Stieglitz, ChairmanEvery member of the Department of Physics has been actively connected in one form or another with war work. Professor Michelson isthe chairman of a group formed in July by the National Research Councilfor work on submarine detection. He has spent some two weeks atWashington and at New London, Connecticut, in direct contact with284 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthis work and has in addition been directing activities in the RyersonLaboratory upon certain aspects of the problem, which have beenattacked in this laboratory. Further, he has been utilizing the laboratory for the construction of a new naval range-finder of his own design,a problem to which he was assigned by the Bureau of Ordnance of theNavy. He has also devised a new ear-protector, which it is hoped maylessen the injuries arising from shell fire.Professor Millikan has been in Washington since April i acting asVice-Chairman and Director of Research of the National ResearchCouncil which is officially recognized as the Department of Science andResearch of the Council of National Defense and which has also recentlyestablished similar relationships with the Signal Corps of the Army andwith several of the other Bureaus of the War and Navy Departments.The activities of the National Research Council have been of two types.First, it has furnished and is furnishing in increasing amount the scientific personnel of the Bureaus of the Army and Navy, which need men ofhigh technical training, and, secondly, it has a personnel of its own whosefunction it is to keep in intimate touch with the scientific needs of thevarious divisions of the military machine, and to distribute problemswhich need investigation to the research laboratories of the country,governmental, industrial, and university, with which the NationalResearch Council is associated. A large number of such problems inphysics, chemistry, medicine, engineering, geology, and psychology havebeen so distributed, and the progress of the work upon these problemsis being actively followed through the central offices of the ResearchCouncil. Professor Millikan as executive officer of the ResearchCouncil has been appointed by the Secretary of the Navy to membershipupon the special submarine board of the Navy, which is the official bodyconsisting of three naval officers and four civilians, charged with the direction of all anti-submarine activity in the United States. ProfessorMillikan is also chairman of the Optical Glass Committee of the WarIndustries Board and has received a major's commission in the SignalCorps, where he has charge of the science and research division of thiscorps. This division includes the sound-ranging service and the meteorological service of the army, and it also embraces the development andspecification of aeronautical instruments.Professor Gale has been training recruits on Stagg Field throughoutthe summer and has now gone to Fort Sheridan, where he is to be intraining during the coming quarter for a commission in the regulararmy.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 285Associate Professor Kinsley is awaiting call to the Signal Corps?where his large experience in wireless makes him especially valuable.Dr. Lemon has been working with the Gas Warfare Committee ofthe National Research Council, and his work has actually furnished thebasis for some of the newer successes which have been attained by thiscommittee in the development of effective gas masks.Dr. Souder has gone to the Bureau of Standards, where he is one ofthe important links in the work of the Bureau of Ordnance in the development of gauges for testing shells and other munitions.Dr. Dempster and Mr. Watson, along with Dr. Lunn of the Department of Mathematical Physics, and Mr. Hall, have been actively at workupon certain phases of the submarine problem, which are under attackat the Ryerson Laboratory. It is expected that Dr. Dempster and Mr.Watson will both soon go into the army, and it is hoped that they maybe detailed for the further prosecution under the military service of thework in which they are now engaged.All of the members of the Department of Chemistry are contributingin some form or other to the solution of problems connected with warservice. The problem of the removal of the poisonous gas — carbonmonoxide — in the inhalation of air by gunners was undertaken at therequest of the Bureau of Mines and has progressed to the stage of efficientremoval of the gas on a laboratory scale but not as yet on the great scaledemanded for effective gas-mask use. Work on this problem has beencarried on and is being continued under the direction of the chairmanof the Department and Professor Harkins, with the aid at sometime orother of Dr. T. D. Stewart, Mr. Leo Finkelstein, Mr. H. V. Tartar,Mr. L. E. Roberts, and Miss Mary Sherrill. At the request of thegovernment, Professor Schlesinger, with the aid of Messrs. R. D. Mulli-nix, Popoff, and E. N. Bunting, has been working in collaboration withArmour and Company on the problem of improving the yield of potassium permanganate, an important chemical needed for gas masks andother service. The Department has held itself ready to help manufacturers and contractors at a moment's notice if necessary to meet anydifficulties in war problems and has been of such assistance on severaloccasions. The chairman of the Department is chairman of the Committee on Synthetic Drugs, a committee of the National Research Council intended to assist the government, physicians, and manufacturers inthe difficult situation created by the stoppage of the importations ofpatented drugs. Mr. R. Q. Brewster has assisted in this work. Mr. LeoFinkelstein, Instructor in the Department, Mr. W. E. Gouwens, Curator,286 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. R. L. Brown, Fellow, and Mr. L. E. Roberts, Assistant, have takencommissions in war service, and Messrs. L. M. Larson, E. N. Roberts, andD. McLauren, assistants and fellows, are holding themselves in readinessto respond without delay when called.Various members of the Departments of Geology and Geographyhave been in consultation with branches of the Council of NationalDefense pertaining to matters of geology and geography. In addition,Professor Salisbury and Professor Barrows are preparing a report on thegeology and geography of the region about Camp Grant, near Rockford,Illinois, for the use of the soldiers in training there. It is hoped to givethem such fundamental instruction in geology that they may be able toutilize the simpler principles of the subject in any field where they maybe in active service. Messrs. Robert S. Piatt, Harold D. Ward, KennethMcMurry, assistants in Geography, and Paul MacClintock, Assistantin Geology, have left the University and are in training for service.Mr. Piatt, in the Reserve Officers' Training Camp at Fort Sheridan, hasalso taken up duties as an instructor in topography in the camp. Fourmen who would have been fellows or scholars in Geology and Geography have gone into service.In the Department of Zoology, Dr. Heilbrunn has been commissionedin the Aviation Corps and Mr. William Buchanan is in an Officers'Training Camp.In the Department of Anatomy, Professor Herrick, with Dr. EmoryHill and Dr. C. B. Semerak, have been working on the problem of gaspoisoning. This research has been facilitated by a grant of one hundreddollars from The Sprague Memorial Institute and a special fund of threehundred dollars raised by Mr. H. S. Hyman and other friends of theUniversity. The following members of the Staff have entered the service :Professor B. C. H. Harvey, Major, Commandant of the Instruction Campfor Medical Officers at Camp Cody, N.M. Assistant Professor ElbertClark, Captain, University of Chicago Ambulance Company No. 3,Allentown, Pa. Mr. Siegfried Maurer, First Lieutenant, at Camp Grant.Dr. McMicken Hanchett, First Lieutenant, in the Medical Officers'Reserve Corps, attached to Base Hospital Unit No. 13, has been onactive duty at the Rockefeller Institute, New York City.In the Department of Physiology, Professor Carlson has been workingon the question of shock, and is accepting a commission in the SanitaryCorps for work on problems of digestion.In the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Professor A. P.Mathews has entered the Quartermaster's Service as captain.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 287Professor Coulter is chairman of the Committee on Botany of theNational Research Council, the fundamental purpose of which is tostimulate and co-ordinate the botanical research of the country. Thewar has brought to this committee a host of emergency problems, whichare being cared for as rapidly as possible. At present this emergencywork has been organized under three divisions:1. Raw products. — The various departments of the government andindustrial establishments are continually seeking information concerningnew sources of plant products, such as gums, oils, resins, fibers, dyes,drugs, etc. Almost daily requests are being received for such information, and these must be referred to those who know best.2. Forestry. — This division of work has to do chiefly with the suitability of timbers for various uses in war service. It involves a largeamount of work in testing. In this work the Forestry Service of thegovernment is in co-operation with the Committee on Botany.3. Crop production. — In co-operation with the Department of Agriculture and the Experiment Stations, the Committee on Botany, isundertaking to solve certain fundamental problems in crop production,involving not only larger and more desirable production, but also theprevention of destructive diseases. Provision for these phases of work,requiring the co-operation of botanists throughout the country, is providing the Department with full employment, all of the staff assistingas their special training is needed.1In the Department of Pathology, Professor H. G. Wells, Directorof the Sprague Memorial Institute, is in service in Russia as an officerin one of the government commissions sent to Russia. Dr. E. F. Hirschis in the medical service. The department has been engaged on problems of emergency foods.Five members of the staff of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology are in active military service. A number of graduates andadvanced students are in charge of medical or sanitary work at variouscantonments. There is at present urgent need for bacteriologists in Red1 To illustrate the incompleteness of these departmental reports the case of amember of the Department of Botany will suffice. In addition to the departmentalwork here indicated, which in his case was especially a study of the suitability ofAmerican peat mosses for dressing wounds, he has been the executive officer of theUniversity of Chicago Rifle Club and for two years has given most of the time hecould spare from University duties, to instruction in the use of the rifle; he foundand reported on a new and abundant source of supplies for military explosives in aplant which has hitherto been a great nuisance — a report on which it is said thegovernment has acted.288 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCross and Army work and the Department is taking special measuresfor the speedy training of suitable candidates. Professor Jordan isserving on a committee of three appointed by the Red Cross War Councilto organize sanitary units to be sent to one of the allied countries and isalso assisting in the selection of men for public health work at some ofthe cantonments.VI. GENERAL RESEARCH AND TRAININGAndrew C. McLaughlin, ChairmanThis committee was organized for the purpose of affording to members of the Faculties of Arts and Literature such opportunities fornational service as might be possible to men and women whose work waschiefly in the humanities. A committee on training in modern languages was made up of E. H. Wilkins, chairman, A. Coleman, and G. W.Sherburn. The chief work of the committee has been the provision ofinstruction in spoken French for men and women in military or RedCross service. Nine sets of courses have been organized for variousunits at the University in the City of Chicago, at Fort Sheridan, and inthe camp of the First Illinois Field Artillery at Highwood. Each set ofcourses in general has comprised several sections of elementary Frenchand one or more sections of intermediate and advanced French. Thecourses downtown for nurses were organized by Miss Wallace; those atFort Sheridan and at Highwood were organized in co-operation with theY.M.C.A. Mr. Gilkey brought about the introduction of the first setof courses at Fort Sheridan. About forty men and women have participated in the teaching of these courses; among them, from the staff of theRomance Department, Messrs. Altrocchi, Coleman, Dargan, David,La Meslee, Neff , Northrup, Schinz, Wilkins, and Abbott; and from otherDepartments of the University Messrs. W. E. Clark, Cross, Knott, A. E.Harvey, and Off ner. The other instructors are for the most part presentor former graduate students of the Romance Department or men fromother institutions in or near Chicago, among them Professor Baillot ofNorthwestern University, who is now in service as a Y.M.C.A. secretarywith the French Army. About nine hundred men and women haveattended these courses. Professor Coleman also co-operated in theorganization of courses at the Great Lakes Training Station, where sevenor eight instructors and about one hundred and fifty men are engagedin the work.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 289In the endeavor to stimulate the provision of such courses elsewhere,the committee, with the help of Professor Nitze, has carried on a considerable correspondence with the War Department and with teachersof French throughout the country. The chairman of the committee isserving as Adviser on French to the Committee on Education, associatedwith the Commission on Training Camp Activities.The chairman and Professor Coleman, with the help of collaborators,have prepared three books for use in courses on Military Spoken French:"First Lessons in Spoken French for Men in Military Service," preparedwith the help of Professor Huse of Sophie Newcomb College; " FirstLessons in Spoken French for Doctors and Nurses," prepared with thehelp of Miss Preston of the University High School; and "Le SoldatAmericain en France," prepared by Professor Coleman and ProfessorLa Meslee. These books have been published by the University ofChicago Press.The committee has offered to furnish translators to the Citizens'War Board of Chicago and the State Council of Defense. Requests fortranslation have been received from the branch of the Naval ConsultingBoard which is associated with the State Council of Defense. In accordance with these requests translation from Italian has been done by Professor Altrocchi and translation from French by Professor Huse ofSophie Newcomb College.Codes and ciphers have long been a favorite study of the Head ofthe Department of English, Professor John M. Manly, who has frequently been consulted concerning problems of seventeenth-centuryciphers. At the outbreak of the war Professor Manly placed at the disposal of the government this expert knowledge and volunteered toorganize in the University of Chicago a course in codes and ciphers forthe use of the army officers. At the beginning of October he was summoned to Washington as a captain in the Intelligence Division of theWar College.Food conservation has been encouraged in several ways. To theFood Administration in Washington the University has contributedProfessors Frederic Woodward and H. E. Oliphant of the Law School,now acting as aides to Mr. Hoover. A very heavy and important enterprise is that which was announced in August and September in lettersaddressed by President Wilson, Mr. Hoover, the Head of the Food Administration, and Mr. P. P. Claxton, Commissioner of Education. President Wilson has urged all teachers and other school officers to increase290 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmaterially the time and attention devoted to instruction bearing directlyon the problems of community and national life. In the concludingparagraph of his letter, President Wilson says :In order that there may be definite material at hand with which the schoolsmay at once expand their teaching I have asked Mr. Hoover and CommissionerClaxton to organize the proper agencies for the preparation and distributionof suitable lessons for the elementary grades and for the high-school classes.Lessons thus suggested will serve the double purpose of illustrating in a concrete way what can be undertaken in the schools and of stimulating teachersin all parts of the country to formulate new and appropriate materials drawndirectly from the communities in which they live.The preparation of these lessons in community and national life has beenundertaken by the Director of the School of Education, Charles HubbardJudd, and the Dean of the School of Commerce and Administration,Professor Leon C. Marshall. Lectures on Food Conservation havebeen provided especially during the Summer Quarter, when the followinglectures were given:LECTURES ON THRIFT"Thrift as a Means of Industrial Mobilization," Professor Moulton."Thrift in the Utilization of Natural Resources," Professor Barrows."The Relation of Thrift to the Demand for Labor," Professor Deibler."Provision for the Future," Professor Hamilton."Thrift versus Exploitation in Relation to Public Welfare," ProfessorBrown."Thrift in the Choice of Farm Crops," Professor Nourse."The Coming of Thrift in Farm Operation," Professor Nourse."Economical Marketing of Farm Products in Chicago," Professor Nourse.LECTURES ON FOOD"Recent Investigations in Food Requirements," Miss Blunt."Efficient Household Expenditures for Food/' Miss Hanna."Increasing the Food Production in the United States," Mr. Crocker."Scientific Nutrition and the War," Mr. McCollum.LECTURES ON CLOTHING"War and the Textile Industry," Miss Van Hoesen."War and Clothing Design," Miss Miller.The garden movement was assisted by the assignment of one hundredand sixty-seven plots to individuals. The ground was prepared at theexpense of the University and advice was given by the Department ofBotany to the many gardeners.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 291In the training of public speakers for Bond Campaigns and otherpropaganda Professor S. H. Clark has been very active, not only at theUniversity of Chicago, but also at Chautauqua, New York. ProfessorClark himself has given a great deal of time to the delivery of speechesall over the country. Perhaps his most notable appearance was atSt. Louis, when the newspapers trumpeted his proposed substitute forthe imported slogan "Do your bit," the American one, "Do yourdamnedest."Members of the Faculties other than the Science Faculties have beencontributing to many other movements. In addition to serving onexemption boards and committees, there should be mentioned here theaddresses in support of the war. In the Divinity School it has beenfound that men might be of national assistance within the limitations oftheir usual work. Professor Shirley J. Case, for instance, has been devoting a great deal of his time to combating the doctrine — surprisinglypowerful at the present time largely because of rich subsidies — that it isnot only hopeless but wicked to try to make the world safe for democracy,because the worse the world gets, the closer it comes to the millennium!The delivery of public addresses, however, is chiefly supervised by thePublicity Committee.VII. PUBLICITYShailer Mathews, ChairmanThe Committee on Publicity may be said to have begun its workwith the course of lectures on "Why We Are at War," which were givenin Leon Mandel Assembly Hall by President Judson, ProfessorsMcLaughlin, Shorey, Mathews, Bramhall, and Scott. These lectureswere repeated by invitation at the City Club and again during theSummer Quarter. The Committee on Public Information has issued50,000 copies of Professor McLaughlin's address.In addition, upon its more complete organization the committeeproceeded to discover and tabulate the various services which men ofthe philosophical and social groups in the University would undertake.Notwithstanding the coming of the vacation season, the committee wasable to bring about considerable publicity. The committee was organized into subcommittees on Speakers and Publications. Plans havebeen made for the publication of the war lectures given in Leon MandelAssembly Hall already referred to. In addition, arrangements have beenmade for publications by the Faculty in the Chicago Tribune, Herald, andNews, and in some cases with news syndicates. Thus far, articles have292 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDappeared by Professors McLaughlin, Mead, Reed, Mathews, and Scott.Public lectures have been given at Leon Mandel Assembly Hall under theauspices of the committee by Private Peet and other speakers. Speakershave been furnished also for service outside of the quadrangles : a largenumber of "four-minute men" in the Liberty Loan Campaign; lecturerson issues and problems of the war at the central Y.M.C.A.; high-schoolcommencement speakers and speakers before clubs and the Associationof Commerce.VIII. RELIEF AND SOCIAL WORKAlbion Woodbury Small, ChairmanSince the reorganization of the War Service the Committee on Reliefand Social Work has continued such leadership as was involved in thefinancial campaign for the support of the prison-camp work of theY.M.C.A., the provision of funds for the American ambulance in France,and the Red Cross campaign. At present the committee is assisting inthe Second Liberty Loan campaign. The committee has sent to allmembers of the University the following statement of a plan for cooperation in the Second Liberty Loan:SECOND LIBERTY LOAN BONDSRepresentatives of the Faculties and employees of the University ofChicago have made many inquiries as to the willingness of the University toassist its members in paying subscriptions for "Second Liberty Loan" Bonds.The Trustees of the University have considered the question, and have authorized the following statement:The Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago will purchase "SecondLiberty Loan" Bonds for the members of the Faculties and employees of theUniversity and members of their families, to an amount for which they subscribe, not exceeding $1,000 for any one subscriber, on the following terms ofpayment to the University, on the basis of each $50 bond, the amounts, ifdesired, to be deducted from payments for salary.TERMS OF PAYMENTOn November 1, 191 7, $5.50, and the same amount on the first day ofeach month thereafter to and including June 1, 19 18, and on July 1, 1918,$5.75. The University will allow interest at 3 per cent per annum on eachinstalment to July 1, 191 8. Upon the completion of the payments, the University will on or after July 1, 19 18, deliver to the subscriber a $50 UnitedStates Government 4 per cent "Second Liberty Loan" Bond with accruedinterest from May 15, 1918, to July 1, 1918, which amounts to 25 cents. Thisis equivalent to the total of instalments paid in with interest at 3 per centthereon.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 293In case a subscriber fails to complete his payments on or before July 1, 1918,the total amount paid by him will be returned. Subscriptions may be madefor multiples of $50 on the same basis of payment as that for each $50 bond.Should anyone desire to make the payments in fewer than the nine instalmentsmentioned, he may make arrangements with the Auditor therefor.In cases of employees receiving weekly wages, instalments may be madeon a weekly plan, details of which will be given on application to the Auditor.Subscriptions may be made on the accompanying blanks and sent to theAuditor of the University on or before October 24, 191 7.Of individual endeavor some conception may be secured from theactivities of Dean Sophonisba P. Breckinridge. Miss Breckinridge, inaddition to being a member of the subcommittee on women of the Committee on Labor (Samuel Gompers, chairman), National Council ofDefense, chairman of the subcommittee on Negro Women in Industry,a member of the Chicago Red Cross Committee on training volunteers,is director of the Chicago Institute in Civilian Relief Service, the district which includes Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Kansas, aposition to which she was appointed by the Director General of the CivilRelief Division of the American Red Cross. She is also conductingcourses on Civil Relief in the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropyand in the University of Chicago. .The following lectures on phases of war-time social work weredelivered during the summer:"The Civilian Functions of the Red Cross," Mr. O'Connor."The Responsibility of the Community for the Soldier's Family,"Mr. Hunter."Protection of Working Women and Children," Mrs. Kelley."The Protection of Infant Life," Mr. Reynolds."Canada's Care for the Soldier's Family," Miss Bird."Medical Agencies in Relation to Social Service," Dr. Emerson."Re-education of the Handicapped Soldier," Miss Thompson."Lessons from Mexican Mobilization," Miss Van Nostrand."Emergency Relief in Disasters Other than War," Mr. Mullenbach."Woman's Work in War Time," Mrs. Robins.IX. WOMAN'S WAR AIDMrs. Harry Pratt Judson, ChairmanThe Woman's War Aid of the University of Chicago was organizedMay 7. Since that time the several component groups have beenactive in making supplies for the American Fund for French Woundedand the American Red Cross. Articles have included sweaters, pajamas,294 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDshirts,, helmets, bed pads, surgical pillows, comfort bags, etc. Thesearticles have been furnished as follows:Ida Noyes Hall Group 865Ida Noyes Red Cross Group 1,160The Needle Work Guild Group 2,260The Hyde Park Baptist Church Group 1,177The University Congregational Church Group 1^870Total 7,332The Ida Noyes Hall Group, in addition to working for the AmericanFund for French Wounded and the Red Cross, made 725 kits for theUniversity of Chicago Ambulance Company. The total number ofthose sewing in the several groups is not accurately known. In the IdaNoyes Hall Group in which work was done by members of Facultyfamilies, alumnae, the University Dames Club, employees of the University Press, students and their friends, the estimated number of thosesewing, some regularly, others occasionally, was two thousand.The treasurer of the Woman's War Aid shows that for the fourmonths from May 29 to October 3, the total receipts have been $5,310 . 04.Of this amount $2,367.98 was expended for supplies. Cash on handOctober 3 was $2,942.06.X. WOMEN STUDENTS' ACTIVITIESElizabeth Wallace, Chairman^ July 1 — October 1Edith Foster Flint, ChairmanThe war activities of women students are to be directed through twocommittees — a faculty committee and a central student committee.The former consists of: Mrs. George Goodspeed, Miss Gertrude VanHoesen, Mr. E. W. Burgess, Miss Anne Elizabeth Taylor, Mrs. EdithFoster Flint. The latter will consist of one representative from eachof the following organized groups: Women's Administrative Council,Young Women's Christian League, Women's Athletic Association,Graduate Women's Club, Home Economics Association, KindergartenAssociation, Neighborhood Clubs, International Club, Medical Women'sClub, Inter-Club Council, Women's Halls. It is plain that, once thefield of operations is marked off and divided, the faculty committeeshall chiefly become advisory and the work be in the hands of the centralstudent committee and such subordinate committees as it shall create.The field of operations has been so far only roughly surveyed. Butit will consist of at least three parts, having to do respectively with publicTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 295exercises, practical activities within the University, and connection withactivities outside. Under the first head will come, among other things,lectures, chapel exercises, patriotic sings, perhaps added "war courses"in the curriculum. Under the second will come Red Cross work andvarious sorts of sewing, knitting, magazine and book collecting andforwarding, gardening, food conservation — these among other practicalcampus activities to be determined upon later. The third group ofoperations has yet to be outlined even tentatively. The hope is that,even with the main part of a student's day pre-empted by classes andpreparation therefor, regular periods may be arranged wherein she mayaid in the social work at settlements, infant-welfare sections, and thelike, now in special need of help because of the war.The chairman has been in communication with other colleges undertaking to make place for similar work for women students and hopesthat in spirit, if not in actual scheme, co-operation may develop.ADDRESS AT THE COMMEMORATIVECHAPEL SERVICE, OCTOBER, 1917By PRESIDENT HARRY PRATT JUDSONOn the first day of October, 1892, the University of Chicago openedits doors for instruction the first time. The only formal recognition ofthe fact was the regular chapel service which was held at noon in theroom then reserved for chapel services in Cobb Hall. There was asimple religious service with no addresses.It has been customary at the opening of the Autumn Quarter sinceto have similar service at which, besides the religious exercises, a briefstatement is made showing the condition of the University as compared with the opening days.I have data at hand which show the gradual growth of the institution. The total number of students who have matriculated, thus having had courses at some time in the University, is 65,602. The totalnumber of students enrolled during the year closing June 30, 191 7, was10,448, against 742 for the first year. Various other significant factsare recorded. However, I shall refrain from dwelling on these points andturn to another more vital.In 1892 our country was at peace with all of the world and there wasno thought that at any time peace would be broken. We did not thinkin terms of international ideas. The principal matters which interestedus were those relating to the home life of the republic. At that time theGerman Emperor had only been four years on the throne. He was ayoung man untested and little known. The vast Prussian schemes toconquer the world were hardly formulated; at least no one outside ofGermany for many years learned that there were such schemes.In 191 7 the University of Chicago opens with the United Statesplunged into the greatest war the world has ever known. We knowabsolutely that while the University has been quietly growing andlaboriously extending, the Pan-German plot has been industriouslymaturing. We know that the Prussian military machine is deliberatelytrying to put every nation under its heel.We are in the war to save freedom for all the world.We are in the war to save our own freedom — to save our republicfrom being a vassal of Prussia.296ADDRESS AT THE COMMEMORATIVE CHAPEL SERVICE 297We must echo the cry of our forefathers, "Millions for defense; notone cent for tribute."The University of Chicago will do its part.The members of the Board of Trustees, members of the Faculty,our alumni, and our students are in the national service. Many are invarious branches of the army or the navy. Others are engaged incivilian activities in which they can be used to the advantage of thenation.Our duties as members of the University are plain.In the first place we should all maintain constant loyalty to ourcountry in the war, loyalty in word, and loyalty in deed.We must remember that we are at war, not with a people, but with asystem. We should then hate no men. We may hate their crimes andtheir principles. We must remember that there are many thousandsof loyal Americans who have German blood in their veins, and whoseposition is distressing, but who are just as faithful to their duties asothers.Finally we should all attend strictly to our University duties, fittingourselves for our part when the time comes. Let us have no slackersin the University of Chicago. The keynote should be loyalty — loyaltyto the University and loyalty to our country.THE UNIVERSITY A PARABLE OFTHE CHURCH1By FRANCIS A. CHRISTIE, A.B., D.D.Professor of Church History, Meadville Theological SchoolThose who explore the physical world have wonderful things to tellus, wonders that fascinate and amaze. We envy them their knowledge.But often, perhaps, we find that their universe is not complete. It contains only what is physical, only what has quantity and can be measuredby units of extension and degree.You and I should not be here, we should not be what we are, if wewere not acutely aware and incurably convinced of reality which is notquantitative but spiritual. The University of Chicago is very real tome, but it is essentially an unseen spiritual reality. I see the halls andlaboratories. I delight in the ivied walls and stately towers. Theybelong to the University — they are a beautiful body — but they are notthe University. I see the men who teach and the men who study.They come and go, but the University is constant and abiding. I knowthat there are trustees, but they, too, are impermanent. They are menwho for their time are intrusted with the University. They guardwealth and titles to wealth for the use of the University. What is theUniversity then ? It is a purpose. It is a purpose to win and conveyand extend the sum of knowledge. It is a spiritual thing.In that spiritual purpose we all find our unity, whether we arechemists, or biologists, or historians, or jurists, or theologians. In ourvaried diversity we are all working for a unity of purpose which is spiritualreality. You and I have the delightful privilege of executing thatpurpose, of intensifying that purpose, of making it more powerful andmore effective, and the acts by which we thus increase and augmentthe spiritual reality of the University are ultimately the hidden, unseenacts of attention and resolve and loyal devotedness which are silent andmotionless and imponderable, unmeasurable acts of the spiritual beingin us, deeds of our personal selfhood enacting and perpetuating in thequiet of our inner being the spiritual purpose of the University.1 An address delivered at the final Chapel Assembly of the Divinity School inHaskell Assembly Room, August 29, 19 17.298THE UNIVERSITY A PARABLE OF THE CHURCH 299And this is not the full statement of the spiritual reality acting here.There is something more, something that we do not think of as added tothe purpose, but, since it is spiritual and not quantitative, interpenetrating it. The purpose is always identical with itself — this other forevergrows.The state incorporates the University — i.e., it recognizes and establishes that purpose and protects the wealth required for its execution.But speedily the University becomes a richer spirituality than the lawtakes cognizance of. It becomes rich with personal memories. Whatdelicate and yet what powerful elements are thus added to it! Whocan live here today, for example, without feeling that he lives andbreathes in an atmosphere shaped, directed, ennobled, by the enormouspersonal energy and supreme devotion of men like Harper and Henderson! It is not only a purpose that lays hold of us and unifies us. It isalso a great memory. And, as the generations pass, what splendidwealth and intensity of this purposiveness and this memory will cometo pass! It gives us a nobility to know that we are for the momentchannels and custodians and responsible servants of the spiritual realityof a great institution founded for the elevation of the human race and forthe special purification of our nation.Brethren, these things are a parable. I believe in the Holy CatholicChurch — -we all say it in spite of diversities of name and politics andrituals. These associated groups, these instituted politics, these variedusages of the solemn meeting, these differences of doctrinal statement— these are all efforts to express and to connect with the routine oflife that great supernal spiritual reality which is the mother of us all — •something inclusive of Roman and Anglican and Lutheran and Cal-vinist. The University, I say, is a parable of it, for the Holy Churchhas its being in a great purpose and a great memory that lives andthrobs in that purpose. It is a great divine purpose laying hold ofmen to shape them for the life of the perfect Kingdom of God. However we may differ in choice of means, we have one port and one goal.It is the blessed privilege of such a group of men as is here met todiscern this common spiritual destiny and to win a stronger sense ofthe unity of all, however diverse our functions and our choice of methods. Never before was there such need of this spirit of federated unityin order that the world may be recast and reshaped in nearer image ofthe perfect life to which we are appointed.Nor need I dwell on the rich treasury of memory in which we allshare as we participate in the spiritual reality of the church. Augustine3°° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand Columbanus and Boniface, Bernard and Francis and Luther — whocan overtell the wealth and the beauty and the hallowing of these memories, and of all the long roll of names that are blazoned in our history, andof all the forgotten hidden saints who are but tender thoughts to us nowwithout names as we realize the momentum they, too, in their unfamedfidelity have given to the life of the church through the long ages!Above all, our reverence and awe find their way to Him in whose lifethe church has its foundation. More and more we are taught today toknow that the past may not be abstracted from the present, that itforever lives in the present and is the momentum of that continuity whichis reaching forward to what shall be. In the house of worship and insuch a house of devout studies we are daily aware of the supreme momentum of life which lays hold upon us from the Man of Galilee. Wheretwo or three are gathered in his name, there he is still in the midst of themand still will be vital in our lives until the end of the world.It behooves us, brethren, to take heed afresh of our responsibility.We are the channels and instruments, the agents and the trustees, whichthis great spiritual reality of absolute purpose and ineffable memory haselected for the permeation of the world. When we say that, we havemade the most solemn appeal that can be made to any child of man.It exalts us, it humbles us. It stings us with repentance. It breathes agreat hope and a great resolve. May we indeed become worthy of oursacred calling.A PRAYER OF DR. MARTINEAUO God, before whose face the generations rise and pass away, ageafter age the living seek thee and find that of thy faithfulness there is noend. Our fathers in their pilgrimage walked by thy guidance and restedon thy compassion; still to their children be thou the cloud by day, thefire by night. Where but in thee have we a covert from the storm orshadow from the heat of life. In our manifold temptations thou aloneknowest and art ever nigh; in sorrow thy pity revives the fainting soul;in our prosperity and ease it is thy spirit only that can wean us from ourpride and keep us low. O thou soul source of peace and righteousness,take now the veil from every heart, and join us in one communion withthy prophets and saints who have trusted in thee and were not ashamed.Not of our worthiness, but of thy tender mercy, hear our prayer.And may the spirit that was in Jesus be in us also, enabling us toknow the will of God and to do it and to live in his peace. Amen.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER 1, 1892,TO OCTOBER 1, 1893— ConcludedBy ALONZO KETCHAM PARKERAn account of the First Year would be quite incomplete if it did not,descending to small particulars, make it plain that academic dress, nowaltogether familiar and well understood, and on the proper occasion amatter of course, was then the subject of serious discussion and sometimes of naive joy.The Board of Trustees, by an action taken September 8, 1892,requested that the academic cap and gown should be worn by membersof the University on these specified occasions:1. On all occasions at which degrees are conferred or honors bestowed by professors and students participating in the exercises.2. At all final examinations for higher degrees by students and professors present.3. At the regular chapel service by those who conduct the service or sit on theplatform.4. At all formal meetings of the Faculties, the University Council, and theUniversity Senate.5. At all public lectures delivered by instructors of the University, if they deemit best.6. By students in all public exhibitions.7. At all official University receptions.On motion of the University Council rule No. 4 was laterrescinded.This request of the Board, warmly supported as it was by the President, was of course complied with even by the men who wished with alltheir hearts that it had not been made. But, although academic dressseemed to a few dissenters merely a meaningless mediaeval survival, andits formal adoption by a twentieth-century university quite inconsistentwith the democratic spirit it professed to exalt, the matter neverthelessdid not appear upon reflection important enough to justify the openprotest of refusal. It was simpler and easier to be courteous and conform. It was first displayed to the Chicago public at the First Convocation, in Central Music Hall, January, 1893. A contemporary accountof that occasion shows that the surprising sight of the cap and gowncalled for the very best language the reporter could command. His301302 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDkindled imagination skipped lightly from America to England, to Athens,to Egypt:When the Faculty, clad in professional robes, filed solemnly down the centeraisle the mind of the spectator was possessed instinctively with imaginings of similarscenes as they occurred in the halls of some storied university in old Europe. Andwhen the learned processionists took their seats on the stage one almost wished thatthe surrounding decorations, to be in harmony with scholastic associations, were suchas might be borrowed from ancient Athens or Thebes.Undergraduate opinion was divided on the question. By some thedress was scoffed at as snobbish and un-American. It was furtherobjected to as involving an entirely needless expense, and as bringingupon the wearer the ridicule of the hoi polloi. When the Freshman classvoted in all seriousness that the cap and gown should be worn at allclass meetings, it was derisively suggested that the upper classes shouldgo them one better and adopt the cap and bells. But a considerablebody of students were even enthusiastic in its favor. They were anxious,not only to wear it dutifully on all required occasions, but on occasionswhen it was not required. They were cheerfully ready to accept whatever inconvenience or even opprobrium might be involved for the privilege of showing that they were really and truly members of a Universityentitled to hold up its head in any scholastic company. At the close ofthe first quarter "it is reported/' to quote the Weekly of December 17,1892, "that after Christmas the students as a body will wear the capand gown constantly in all college work." It was proposed to encourageits general use by requiring academic dress at the meetings of the Undergraduate Literary Society. A divinity student writes to the News(March 14, 1893) to protest that Divinity School has no distinctivegown. "I know," he says, "that many of the divinity students willnot wear any gown until special provision is made for them." Therewere rumors that young women had been seen proudly displaying theirmortar boards on State Street. In an editorial note of February 4 theNews thus exhorts the indifferent and the laggards:Within a short time there will be three public occasions on which it will be properto wear gowns, the meeting of the Union, February eleventh, Washington's Birthday,and the Convocation early in April. There will doubtless be during this time otheroccasions for wearing the cap and gown. The majority of the students and instructorsalready have them, but it is desirable that all should wear them on these occasions.We understand that there will be no gowns here for renting in the future; so it isessential that they be ordered at once to be here in time. All of us who have seen awhole university wearing the cap and gown will appreciate how the effect is marredby a few students not wearing them. Order your gowns at once!THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 303A member of the Faculty, then and now, offers this pleasing personal reminiscence of the self-conscious youthful days when the unsophisticated University was getting used to the cap and gown.President Harper was rather anxious to have University officers wear academicdress on all appropriate occasions. A few of us were invited to a reception downtownat the Press Club. In our zeal to carry out the President's wishes some of us woreour gowns when we left the street car at Clark Street. We were hailed by some ofthe sons of Belial who frequent that thoroughfare as "freaks from de Midway," andas we entered the Press Club reception wearing our gowns the attendants asked uspolitely if we did not wish to remove our overcoats.Of all places in the world for cap and gown, a Press Club reception!Who will question hereafter that the University was taking itself seriouslyin the memorable First Year ?But cap and gown legislation and the semi-official encouragementgiven to its general use on social occasions must not be regarded asmerely a pretentious mimicking of the manners and customs of old-world universities. It would be doing President Harper a grave injusticethus to accuse him. He wished, of course, and in this he had the heartyapproval of his colleagues, to dignify formal University functions by thewearing of the recognized University uniform. He abhorred slovenliness, whether it were shown in the translation of a Hebrew text or in theordering of a convocation procession. None the less he would have theUniversity of Chicago democratic in its life and spirit. He conceivedthat academic dress, if commonly worn at social affairs, would go farto promote a feeling of entire social equality and freedom. Expenseand trouble would be lessened by the provision of the dress always athand and generally accepted as proper for any formal occasion.But to return to the early social affairs. It was in the AutumnQuarter that the Baptist Social Union extended hospitality to the University at a banquet at the Grand Pacific Hotel, with abundant andvaried speech-making by the President, Dean Hulbert, Professor Cham-berlin, Assistant Professor Martha Foote Crowe, Professor von Hoist,Dean Burgess of the Morgan Park Academy, Director Stagg, ProfessorHale, the stately and venerable Ezekiel Gilman Robinson, and ProfessorLawrence of the University Extension Division. The Gentlemen'sSocial Union of the Hyde Park Presbyterian Church entertained theFaculty at dinner at the Hyde Park Hotel on October n, claimingthus " the distinction of bringing together in a social way the Facultyof the University." To this feast ladies were not invited. "Thebanquet/' says a reporter in his finest language, "was not coeducational.It would have been as difficult for a fair 'coed' to have entered the3°4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDoaken portals of the banquet board as to have braved the defendingangels at the gate of the Mohammedan's heaven," which was certainlygoing it strong. The students were not forgotten in these neighborlyamenities. Proffers of friendship were made to them early in theAutumn Quarter by the Young People's Union of the Englewood BaptistChurch and by the South Park Congregational Church.The center of the University's social life during the first quarter wasthe "Beatrice," an apartment building on Fifty-seventh Street. It wasrented by the University for the use of women students until it shouldbe needed for World's Fair visitors. A dining-room was improvised onthe second floor, and to its table men were admitted. Mr. R. G. Moul-ton, Mr. Laughlin, Mr. Judson, Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Miss Talbot,Mr. Howland, were among the Beatrice boarders. Weird stories aretold of the Beatrice, its scanty furniture, its small and crowded rooms.Miss Wallace, then a Fellow, and her roommate, "a little Freshman girl,the first of that kind in the University," occupied the kitchen of one ofthe Beatrice's many apartments, and a small servant's room adjoining,and the new and clean kitchen sink served for a time as a bed.With the cordial approval of Mrs. Palmer and Miss Talbot theBeatrice proposed to give a dance, a decorous cotillion. But to makeassurance of its propriety doubly sure it was decided to invite onlyinstructors, graduate men, and divinity students. Dr. Hulbert, the Deanof the Divinity School, ruled that his men should have permission todance if they knew how. A few of them, it appeared, did know how,and the threatened scarcity of men was supplied. The dance was verysuccessful, owing in no small part to the cheerful comments of undergraduates who, present, if not participating, hung over the railing towatch the fun. The first formal student ball was held on the eve ofWashington's Birthday in the Del Prado, then known as the RaymondWhitcomb Grand Hotel. It had been preceded by a number of smallerdances at Rosalie Hall. Late in the Winter Quarter Snell Hall was completed and the occupants of the Beatrice were transferred to it. Theconfusion in which this flitting was accomplished is still held in livelyremembrance by the survivors. " Go about your regular duties with aneasy mind, or go to the Fair if you like," said the paternal Universityofficials, "we will see that your things are carried over." Some of the"things" were carried over, to be sought and claimed by their ownersfrom the accumulations discharged from the wagons. Other "things"were carried away by the south wind and loitered and rustled for manydays in the vacant lots north of Fifty-seventh Street, giving the light-THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER r, 1893 305minded occasion to comment upon the unexpected applications of theUniversity extension policy. There was no dining-room in Snell. Thewomen were obliged to get their food at the Commons, or board themselves. They did this in some cases by the help of baskets hung out ofthe windows. The President thought this an unseemly spectacle, but inview of the urgency of the situation agreed to a compromise by the termsof which the baskets might be hung out after dark. No objection wasmade to the rows of milk bottles along the corridors. One rememberedthe bottles with satisfaction when invaded by fear of burglars.Perhaps no topic was discussed more frequently or with deeper feeling by the students during the first year than the boarding table in thebasement of Cobb Hall and the Halls adjoining known as the Commons.The use of these low dark basements for this purpose was not intendedby the architect. It was confessedly a makeshift. But early plans fora dining-room could not be carried out, and close upon the opening daythe Board decided with not a little reluctance that these rooms shouldbe prepared for this purpose. What could be done was done to makethem clean, dry, and attractive. Seven dining-rooms with four tablesin each was provided. There was whitewash in abundance, there wereelectric lights, and even electric fans. Every one, stewards and students, accepted with cheerfulness what the Commons had to offer. Itsoffering was not, to be sure, altogether satisfactory, but it was admittedto be the best that could be done under the circumstances. The University Weekly in the second week of the Quarter reports that "somecomplaints have been heard concerning the quality of both food andservice but the constant tendency toward improvement inspires hope."A constant tendency toward improvement is, to be sure, about all thatever can be expected in any human endeavor; and even a sporadic tendency in this direction enables one to withstand despair. The menu ofthe first Thanksgiving dinner has fortunately been preserved. Onewould say, on reading it, that on that testing day the Commons certainlydid itself proud. Here are the really important offerings of its sevencourses in the original language or languages. " Cutlets of Lake SuperiorTrout, with Sauce Madeira," "Turkey Roti with Oyster Dressing andCranberry Sauce," "Ragout of Rabbit a la Financiere," "LobsterSalade au Mayonnaise." But of course appearances are sometimesdeceiving. A menu is one thing and a dinner is another. And thedistressing fact was by and by conferred by all, that the Commons wasnot climbing "constantly" from a good dinner yesterday to a better onetoday. Complaints multiplied. There were clamors for something to306 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbe done about it that no "under the circumstances" pleas availed tosoothe. A students' mass meeting at last appointed a committee to dosomething. Late in the Quarter this committee reported a scheme for adining association, which was approved. The constitution of this association was a wonder. It boasted a president, a board of directorsimpartially distributed among the several colleges of the University, andan auditor, a storekeeper, and a steward. The duties of these officerswere carefully defined. And to make all safe, to turn the key in the lockas it were, a generous grant of privileges of interference at its discretionwas given to the Board of Trustees. With the opening of the WinterQuarter the Student's Dining Association began operations. Certainlywhatever could be done by organization to insure better conditions hadbeen done. Barely three weeks pass before the Weekly is demandingthat "immediate action" should be taken to improve the present management of the Commons. Its grievance, however, is obscurely formulated. "The plan very probably is a feasible one as far as the boardersare concerned, but when it is applied to transients taking meals atirregular intervals, much dissatisfaction and discomfort is the result."But discontent deepens as the Winter Quarter goes on, as this wail of"A Victim," in the Weekly, March 4, will testify.A Holiday FeastOn Washington's birthdayWhen all the good folks sayWe ought to have something to eat:We went to the Commons,Led there by the summonsWhich came from a hungry physique.But Oh! when we got thereAnd found out what bad fareThey served on this great holiday,Our hunger staid with us,For the most that they gave usWas kraut served with sausage that day.The attack is renewed in the Spring Quarter when the News speaksits exasperated mind in a long article. "The butter substitute is uneatable, the fish is spoiled, the eggs are stale, the bread is sour and soggy,warmed over griddle cakes are served, there is quite too frequent anappearance of pork. The quality of the pork and the combinations ofit that have appeared recently are such as to indicate one of two things :either a malicious disregard of all hygienic culinary principles, or anTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER r, 1893 307ignorance of those principles which is quite as bad as the disregard ofthem." The next issue of the News contains a contribution from "ASufferer" from which one infers that conditions were nothing short ofdesperate. "If $3.00 a week will not furnish good, wholesome, nourishing food, in Heaven's name," cries this outraged young gentleman,"raise the price. Most of the members of the Commons have been inchronic state of anaemia for the past three months and have almost forgotten what the sensation of being well fed is like." These violentobjurgations will appear less unreasonable or childish when one remembers that in the matter of food, at least for those who lived upon theCampus, it was frequently and quite literally the Commons or nothing.The restaurants a few blocks from Cobb Hall which now lure the epicureexisted then only in the ardent hopes of hungry men. Remonstrancewas, in the end, fairly effectual. At the annual meeting of the DiningAssociation held in April, new regulations in the interests of reform wereadopted, and with the consent of the Board of Trustees the price ofboard was raised from $3 . 00 a week to $3 . 50, whereupon the placatedWeekly promptly declares a truce. "The effect on the quality and thequantity of the food is very noticeable. Everything is better and morenearly what most of us are accustomed to."To a picture of University life during the first year, the ColumbianExposition must always form the background. Too often, indeed, itstepped boldly forward into the center of the stage, and fairly elbowedthe University into a corner. By no possible discipline and concentration of his thoughts could the most conscientious student attain complete indifference to the White City and its inhabitants. Not, of course,that anyone ever in his heart desired this attainment. It was pure joyin the drudgery of getting lessons or in the confinement of the classroom,just to think of Jackson Park and the Midway with their swarming multitudes of architects, engineers, artists, contractors, builders, artisans,gardeners, concessionaires, and the picturesque advance guard of therepresentatives of all the nations that on the earth do dwell. The mostdelightful distractions sought us out insistently. Eyes and ears wereassailed every hour of the day with some new marvel. We walkedhabitually on the tiptoe of expectation. Our hearts burned within usat the promise of surpassing wonders, not seen as yet.The formal dedication of the Exposition, with two shining days ofcivic and military parades and monster meetings in Jackson Park, overtook us before matriculations were fairly over. Inevitably, for thesetwo days, the University made holiday. It was impossible, of course,308 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"to keep school while all Chicago beside was at play. It would havebeen ridiculous to call for recitations while brilliant vari-colored processions went swinging down the Midway with flaunting banners andthrobbing drums. We were tremendously excited over the show, butwe took it all very seriously nevertheless. We assured ourselves thatwe had souls above the childish delight in a gay spectacle. But these wereepoch-making days. Participatation in this event was a high duty, evenif it took the entire week." The elation of the time is reflected in aneditorial of the University News, October 19. "Thursday and Fridayare not days to pore over volumes of ancient history or to dig amongthe roots of old languages. In these days, history is making at ourdoors." It was most desirable, since history is not made at our doorsevery day, that we should have a part in this particular transaction. Apetition was addressed to President Higginbothem of the World's Columbian Exposition requesting that "we, the students of our great University, the twin sister of our great Fair, may be admitted to the dedicatoryexercises in a body." It does not appear that this petition was granted,even though "we do hereby pledge ourselves not to take seats if ourdoing so will keep the same from other invited guests." But it was ahard heart surely that refused to a sister just arrived the modest boonof standing-room within the gates. If the News is to be trusted, theUniversity displayed a regrettable apathy in the matter of decoration onthis memorable occasion. It remonstrates, that although the processionwill pass through Washington Park and down the Midway in sight ofthe University buildings, "Cobb Hall is probably the only building ofits size in Chicago undecorated," a bad pre-eminence, surely. It refusesto suffer this reproach without at least a protest. It proposes that weshall have a mass meeting and do something about it. But discouragingas the situation is, the gloom is at least lightened by the assurance thatthe "young ladies of the Beatrice" will display the University colors.These particular festival days passed, and the University recalled heryouth, sated for the time with the intoxicating spectacle of history in themaking, to academic studies. But the Fair waxed continually bigger,noisier, more important. No one any longer dreamed of resisting itsenchantments. Whatever one's particular study, history, ethnology,science, architecture, art, the Fair at his elbow cried, "Leave your booksand come out and study Me." And indeed, the complete curriculummight almost have been found in Jackson Park. "We had not beenfed up on architecture as we are now, and took a naive pleasure in everypalace that arose, and discussed its inspirations."THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER r, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 309But our interest in the Fair was by no means exclusively cultural,as witness this announcement in the News, "There will be a meeting of all those interested in the Columbian Exposition Wheel ChairScheme in the chapel at five this afternoon. Mr. John R. Adams will bepresent to explain the scheme in detail." Mr. Adams' proposition wasno doubt most alluring. Here is your opportunity, young gentlemen, tosee the Fair thoroughly and in the most refined society without oncepaying an admission fee, and to make, beside, a tidy little sum of moneytoward next year's expenses! Whenever young men met there was ananimated discussion of the wheel-chair job. Where can you find moreattractive employment for the vacation! But, it was objected, this isnothing less than offering manual service. You must wear a uniform.You will be expected to accept tips. The democratic News, speaking,it is probable, the prevailing sentiment of the student body, briefly dismissed the menial-service objection as "snobbish."But, however it is accomplished, the requisite time and money mustbe found for visits to the Fair. It was business as usual at the University on May 1, when the gates of the Exposition were formally openedto visitors, although there was grumbling enough that another holidaycould not have been granted. But if the University was inexorable inthe matter of holidays, there was always Saturday, and by foresight andprudence other days might be redeemed from toil for nobler uses, asthese clever verses from the University Weekly witness:CutletsShe, most studious of lasses, never seemed to cut her classesEvery day the one who taught her saw her waiting in her place,"She's," they said, "a student steady, with an answer always ready,And we're certain that we'll never from the classroom miss her face."But alas for man's delusion, can you fancy the confusionOf a good professor when he heard her talking on the stair:"I," she said (this maiden clever), "cut my recitations never,For I'm saving all my cuts until the coming of the Fair."— M. L. R.And even the dullest days of routine were not altogether dark.While we waited through the tedious leaden-footed week for the coming of Saturday, there it unmistakably was, that dream made real, thatincredible wonder world, that realm of enchantment, just on the otherside of the fence. The shrill dissonances of the Chinese orchestras, whichceased not day or night, had power to stir the blood. There was lurein the meaningless uproar and hubbub which rose continually from3!° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthat thronged thoroughfare where all peoples of the earth were meeting and mingling. The man who addressed his letter to the "ChicagoUniversity near the Ferris Wheel" was surely well informed. Whodoes not remember how undistinguished, how incidental a feature in thelandscape appeared far below, as one swung heavenward in the FerrisWheel, the University's single tiny row of gray stone buildings ? Universities might come and go. But surely the Ferris Wheel must endure.We learned too that at any hour the Midway might spill over into theCampus and bring unlooked-for joys to patient slaves grinding undertheir taskmasters at the mill. In the undergraduate journals we getglimpses of delightful incidents. Here at chapel, much stared at whilehe makes his devotions, is an inquiring and picturesque "Egyptiangentleman," a welcome harbinger of good things still to come. Here,casually encountered on the Campus, is a "Japanese Baron," if we areto accept his own account of himself, whose affable conversation is "donein French and German." This oriental nobleman has promised, in hiscondescension, to contribute to the Weekly by and by an unmistakablethriller, an account, namely, of his perilous adventures among the cannibals. Might not even drudgery become exhilarating when exposed tointerruptions like these ?Attention is elsewhere called to the necessity laid upon the University by the presence of the Fair at its doors to strike from its calendarthe Summer Quarter of 1893. There were other, although less important, disturbances. Why are the young ladies of the Beatrice drivenout in these April days from their happy home to seek shelter within thebare walls of Snell Hall, hardly yet deserted by the carpenters andplumbers ? Because the visitors from the North and the South, andthe East and the West, for whose accommodations the Beatrice wasbuilt, are coming to town. Why are the young gentlemen of theDrexel drawing lots with tumult and shouting for whatever roomsare vacant on the upper floors of the Divinity Halls? Because thebetter-paying tenants, for whom the Drexel was built, are comingto town.But no one, surely, grudged the trifling inconveniences occasionedby the proximity of the Fair. The unforgettable joys of that SpringQuarter, 1893, repaid us a thousand fold. These joys were keener, morepoignant, because we knew that they were fleeting. And although thestately walls of the city gray are rising still before our eyes, with battle-mented towers that shall endure, and our pride in it and our affectionfor it deepen as the years fleet by, neither shall the city white that hasTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 311fled the earth, the dream city, the city of enchantments, lose its holdupon our hearts. How dull and silent was the Campus in the lateAutumn of 1893! How inconsolable for many, many weeks this loss!What compensation for the absence of our cheerful neighbors could thefuture possibly offer! The undergraduate anguish over this bereavement finds expression in these words quoted from an anonymous poemin the first issue of the Cap and Gown:Across the road, where once aroseA hundred domes and steeples,Where all the air was full of noiseFrom bands and drums and peoples:No sound goes up, the air is still,The place, how changed today!A barren waste, a strip of sand,We miss the old Midway!In fancy, sometimes, as we poreO'er Latin, French, or Greek,We hear again the "call to prayer,"We hear some Arab speak.Again in dreams among the crowdsWe wander night and day,Alas! Tis fled — we wake again,We miss the old Midway!Sometimes we dream of "College night"And all the hours of pleasure,When Old Vienna blazed with light,And measure followed measure.The lively tune, the merry rout,The cheer and loud "hooray,"Oh, good old days, we love you yet,We miss the old Midway!Already, before the University had matriculated its first student,more than one Greek-letter college fraternity was planning the establishment at Chicago of a new chapter, or the re-establishment of a chapter inactive since the Old University closed its doors. President Harperdeprecated the entrance of fraternities. He had had no personal knowledge of their inner life. His residence at Yale had made him acquaintedwith the working of the unique Yale plan only and had given him in consequence a quite erroneous conception of the normal secret society. Hehad been advised by men whose judgment he respected to discourage,if not to prohibit outright, these organizations. This advice appearedto him judicious, and he was disposed to act upon it. Certainly it was312 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDimpossible to ignore the question. He anticipated embarrassments tothe administration of the college resulting from the intimate relationsestablished by fraternities between its students and the undergraduatesof other institutions. He feared that the literary societies of the University, for whose success he was greatly concerned, would languish incompetition with these enticing rivals, and even that loyalty to thefraternity would seriously conflict with the allegiance due to Alma Mater.But why not wait upon the lessons of experience ? These dreaded evilsmight never appear. Why not postpone legislation until it was plainlynecessary? No. The matter was urgent. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, theentire Greek alphabet, in short, were already at the door, and confidentof unchallenged admission. It would not be easy even now to dismissthem; but to dislodge them when once they had crossed the thresh-hold was a task before which the stoutest-hearted executive mightquail. "If 'twere done when it is done, 'twere well that it be donequickly."At the first meeting of the Faculty of Arts, Literature, and Science,Saturday afternoon, October i, a communication from the Board ofTrustees was presented requesting the Faculty to take this grave matterinto consideration, and a motion was promptly offered that "under therestrictions already named by the President" (just what these restrictions were does not appear upon the minutes), "secret societies be permitted." This motion did not prevail, and the question was referredwith little or no discussion to a committee. Two weeks later this committee reported certain ingenious, not to say ingenuous, recommendations, to the following effect. On the whole, it would be better if thefraternities did not organize chapters here, provided that the social andother needs these fraternities undertake to meet can be otherwise filled.But, it would not be wise to forbid the students to organize. Discouragement by "moral means" (particulars not given) might be possible.Stripped of verbiage it came to this: the fraternities must not be, indirect legislation, prohibited, but by no means must they be authorized.This inconclusive report, as might be expected, met with little favor, andit was "referred back" to an enlarged committee. But first, Facultyopinion on this vexing question was tested by an informal ballot, withthis result:For entire prohibition 21For non-interference 13For non-interference or -regulation 25For permission with regulation 7For moral discouragement, with liberty of action .... 30THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER r, 1892, TO OCTOBER r, 1893 313Plainly there is some mistake in these figures, or some members ofthe Faculty were guilty of shameless repeating, for 96 votes were cast by52 persons.Ten days later the committee again submitted to the Faculty certainrecommendations in reply to "the Honorable, the Board of Trustees ofthe University of Chicago." The Faculty deems the establishment ofsecret societies undesirable. By reason of their secrecy and their exclu-siveness they are undemocratic. They make against "a broadly fraternal spirit and a primary concern with intellectual aims." But theseobjections, after all, are not serious enough to warrant absolute prohibition. They may even be authorized, on condition that they comply withspecified regulations. This report was accepted by the Faculty, and itstransmission to "the Honorable, the Board" ordered. On November nthe President reported that the Board had accepted the recommendations of the Faculty, and that in consequence the organization of secretsocieties should be officially sanctioned by the University with theseprovisos :1. Each chapter asking recognition must submit its House rules to the Facultyfor approval.2. Each chapter shall appoint a representative with whom the Faculty may conferat such times as may seem advisable.3. Membership in these societies shall be restricted to students of the secondyear Academic Colleges, and students of the University Colleges.4. The University reserves the right to withdraw from chapters permission toexist in the University.The Faculty is authorized (by the Board) to add any regulationswhich it thinks wise in consistency with the ones given above.In the evening of the day on which this action was taken thePresident addressed a student mass meeting on several topics alreadymuch discussed. His address, stenographically reported for theUniversity News, contained, with much other matter, the anxiouslyexpected pronouncement on the fraternity question. It was in thesewords:The Faculty deems the establishment of secret societies in the University ofChicago to be undesirable. In its judgment the end sought by these societies, so faras they are laudable, may be secured by other means, which shall be free from theobjection of secrecy, of rigid exclusiveness, and of antagonism to the democratic spiritwhich is inherent in the highest scholarship and manhood and the most exalted citizenship, and it would be deeply gratified if the high purposes and lofty feeling of the bodyof students should lead them to co-operate with it by voluntarily excluding everythingthat makes against a broadly fraternal spirit and a primary concern with the intellectual aims for which the University was founded.314 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBut to the disapproval conveyed in this language was joined permission — rather grudgingly given, but permission nevertheless. ThePresident continued, addressing himself especially to the undergraduates:If you would do what in the opinion of your Faculty is the wisest thing, you wouldnot organize secret societies We are beginning the life of a new institution.The spirit which pervades this body of students this quarter and this year is the spiritwhich in a large measure is to be perpetuated. Does the Faculty say you shall notorganize societies ? No. The Faculty will not prohibit. It is for you to decide, asindividuals, whether or not you will proceed to the organization of societies. Nevertheless, it is necessary if societies must be organized that they shall be regulated andauthorized by the Board of Trustees and by the Faculty.Here followed the regulations already cited.But from the beginning there were differences of opinion on thismatter elsewhere than in the Faculty. It must not be overlooked thatstudent sentiment was by no means unanimous in its approval of thefraternity system. An article in the University News of October 22states the objections to it in vigorous language:It is undemocratic, it establishes a caste, it is inimical to high ideals of scholarship, it is even essentially unfraternal. The truth is, the system belongs to the past,not to the future. It belongs to the days of hazing, of locking up proctors and tyingcows to bell-ropes; to the days of the old college, in short, not of the new college, andstill less of the university.A few days later "Something from the Other Side" appeared on thefront page of the News in which a prediction is hazarded which conditionsat the end of a quarter of a century amply justify:Far from being on the decline, the American college fraternity system is growingstronger every day, and long after the quadrangles of Chicago are completed and areivy-grown the fraternities will be busy in their work of encouraging the student in hiscollege life, giving him the comforts of home, restraining him when he stops to wander ,helping him if perchance he fall.Editorially the News supported the Faculty in its judgment that theintroduction of fraternities was undesirable, and it urged its readers toaccept the advice of the Faculty. "Under the present state of things,the introduction of fraternities is the first step toward the establishmentof rules and the breaking down of the feeling of fellowship which nowexists between the students and the Faculty." It is probable that theNews represented a strong public opinion. Perhaps if a poll of the undergraduate men had been taken on this question in the First Quarter itwould have resulted in a majority for disapproval of fraternities.The discussion, as might be expected, so keen was public interest ineverything pertaining to the new University, soon overflowed the boun-THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER r, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 315daries of the Quandrangles. The Chicago dailies, of course, were keenon the scent of conflict. They would have it that "the students aregreatly excited," that trouble is brewing, that the Athletic Department"is working against fraternities on the ground that they tend to destroyathletics by inciting factions among the boys." Newspapers the countryover promptly and gladly took up the matter. The University wassolemnly warned that its action in allowing fraternities under anyrestriction was an encouragement to riotous living. On the other handit was ridiculed for bothering its head over these childish affairs, andcautioned against interference with personal liberty. To quote a typicalutterance (Chicago Post, November 12, 1892):It is beneath the dignity of a great University to interfere in so small a matteras Greek Letter Fraternities among its students. The Senate of the University ofChicago have disappointed their more judicious friends by the petty enactment forbidding these fraternities to their freshmen and suffering them under restrictions tothe upper classmen. With all respect to President Harper and his friends, they mightbetter have left the matter alone.An influential Eastern daily (Boston Herald, quoted in UniversityNews, January 16, 1893) commended President Harper's position in aneditorial which condemned sweepingly and severely the secret societies,"which everyone knows to be nests of iniquity and dangerous to themanhood of the men who belong to them." The Harvard Crimsonapproved of the University's disapproval of fraternities on quite othergrounds (University News, November 29, 1892):We who have passed through the stage of secrecy in societies and with one exception have given up that characteristic to them can realize more fully that it is an absurdand nonsensical characteristic fitted rather for the school boy than for the collegeman. It is observable, moreover, that where there are secret fraternities in collegesthe undergraduates are generally young and immature, and lack broad and soberviews of college life which bring among other things an antipathy for secret societies.But the students who were directly interested concerned themselvesonly with the fact that permission had been given. Yes was yes, howeverhesitatingly it was spoken. Organization followed with suspiciouspromptness, for on the very evening of this important announcementfrom the President the Chicago chapter of a Greek letter fraternity wasentertained at the home of one of its members. There was some grumbling, of course, at the reasonable conditions upon which official recognition depended. There were gloomy predictions that under theseharassing restrictions only "cheap and poor societies" would succeed inobtaining charters. But the dissent was insignificant and quickly forgotten. Even the prohibition of Freshman initiations was cheerfully316 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDaccepted. An editorial note in the University Weekly of November 19approves it outright with the sage remark, "The college fraternity canmake or unmake a man in four years, and it is only right that he spendone of these years in obtaining a mature judgment as to where he shallspend the other three."This cordial acceptance, at the beginning, by a body of loyal students of the principle of faculty supervision of fraternities has becomean undergraduate tradition. Although the early regulations have, byamendment, been made somewhat more stringent, and new regulationshave been framed to meet unforeseen conditions, this keener officialscrutiny of fraternity life and methods is met with the rarest exceptionsby an ungrudging consent. Not warfare, but co-operation, is the normalrelation at the University of Chicago between the two parties which havebeen regarded, in other times and places, as irreconcilable foes. In thisstatement plainly appears the distinction, too often quite overlooked,between college and high-school fraternities. The college fraternitylives above board, sanctioned by the university and pledged to surrenderits charter if the university should require it to do so.It is not to be denied that there have been in the history of thefraternities and the University brief interruptions of this halcyon peace,irritating misunderstandings, and even open transgressions. But atthe worst there has been no formal repudiation of University control orof the principle of co-operation. Once upon a time, under what extremeand doubtless justifiable exasperation it is not possible at this distance oftime to say, a committee on "The Relations of Secret Societies to theSocial Life of Men in the University" reported to the Faculty the drasticrecommendation that "all secret societies should be disbanded." Thatthe recommendation was made without careful consideration of itsimplications appears probable from the fact that it was promptly laidupon the table. And there it lies today. The chairman of the indignantcommittee confesses to the writer that he has entirely forgotten whatwas the outrageous thing against which his wrath was momentarilykindled. The offending fraternities, it may be assumed, trembled whenthis innocuous thunder rolled over their heads, and straightway mendedtheir disorderly ways. This brief recital of events that loomed large introublous times may well conclude with the words used by PresidentHarper in his Decennial Report (p. cxxxi) :The history of the Fraternity System in the University is one of more than usualinterest. Much anxiety existed in the minds of a majority of the members of theFaculty lest the introduction of Fraternities might bring disturbance of many kinds.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 317The facts show that their presence in- the University has been a source of great advantage rather than of disadvantage. In almost every case the Fraternities have contributed each its share not only to the social life of the institution but to its generalwelfare.The story of the sororities may be related in as few words as wererequired for the famous chapter on snakes in the history of Ireland.There are no sororities in the University of Chicago. And consequentlythere has never been a sorority question. The secret women's clubs,which in a measure take the place of sororities, are without exceptionlocal organizations, and none of these clubs made their appearance inthe First Year.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTHCONVOCATIONAt the One Hundred and Fourth Convocation, held on August 31, the Convocation speaker was Jesse SiddallReeves, Ph.D., Professor of PoliticalScience at the University of Michigan. ^Professor Reeves, who received hisDoctor's degree from Johns HopkinsUniversity, was a lecturer on diplomatichistory in that institution in 1905-6.For the next three years he was assistantprofessor of political science at Dartmouth College, and for the last sevenyears has been professor of politicalscience at the University of Michigan.Dr. Reeves is the author of a numberof authoritative works, including International Beginnings of the Congo FreeState, Napoleonic Exiles in America, andAmerican Diplomacy under Tyler andPolk.The Convocation Preacher on August26 was Dr. Alexander R. Gordon, Professor of Old Testament Literature andExegesis in the Presbyterian College ofMontreal, Canada.GENERAL ITEMSBefore the Renaissance Society of theUniversity of Chicago the evening ofJuly 17, an illustrated address in theClassics Building on "The Post-Impressionists" was delivered by Alfred VanceChurchill, Professor of the History andInterpretation of Art, Smith College. Inconnection with the lecture there was aloan exhibition of paintings belonging toMr. Martin A. Ryerson, which includesremarkable examples of nineteenth-century French painters, and also a loancollection of Professor Churchill's ownpaintings.The University Orchestral Associationhas made arrangements for the seasonof 191 7-18. The Chicago SymphonyOrchestra, under the leadership ofFrederick Stock, will give a series ofeight concerts in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, the dates being as follows: October 16, November 6, December 4, January 15,January 29, February 5, February 26,and March 12. There will also be twoartist's recitals: October 30, MissFlorence Macbeth, soprano; April 16,Eddy Brown, violinist.The first appointment to one of the newLogan Fellowships has been made toProfessor Walter George Sackett, of theAgricultural Experimental Station, FortCollins, Colorado, for the academic year191 7-18. These fellowships of the University were recently endowed by Mr. andMrs. Frank G. Logan, of Chicago, forresearch in experimental medicine for thepurpose of discovering new methods andmeans of preventing and curing disease.The Ellen H. Richards MemorialFellowship offered jointly by the Trusteesof the Memorial Fund and the Universityof Chicago has been awarded to MinnaG. Denton, S.B. and A.M., University ofMichigan. Miss Denton's teaching experience at Milwaukee-Downer College,Lewis Institute, and Ohio State University has been supplemented with researchwork as Fellow in Physiology at theUniversity of Chicago and in the preparation of various scientific papers. She isat present at work on a problem in foodconservation, viz., "Alterations in Nutritive Value of Vegetable Foods Due toBoiling and Canning." The fellowshipcarries a stipend of $500 and tuition feesfor the year 191 7-18.To make possible the carrying out ofplans for the creation and care of arboreta, wild gardens, and refuges for birdsand other wild life on the Island of MountDesert off the coast of Maine,_ a corporation has been formed, consisting in partof private citizens and in part of universities and scientific societies. The University of Chicago has just become amember of this corporation, known as"The Wild Gardens of Acadia," thepurposes of which are educational andscientific.The gardens and refuges are to be nearthe national park which has already been3i8EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 319created on Mount Desert under the nameof a National Monument.Among the directors and officers of theAmerican Judicature Society, an organization to promote the efficient administration of justice, are James Parker Hall,Dean of the Law School, and Edward W.Hinton, Professor of Law. Two formermembers of the Faculty are also membersof the board of directors of the society —Roscoe Pound, dean of the Harvard LawSchool, and Horace Kent Tenny, formerpresident of the Illinois State Bar Association. The first number of the Journalof the American Judicature Society hasjust been issued.Professor Robert A. Millikan's volumeon The Electron has been published bythe University of Chicago Press as thelatest addition to "The University ofChicago Science Series."The Spiritual Interpretation of Historyis the title of a new volume containing theWilliam Belden Noble Lectures deliveredat Harvard University in 19 16 by Dr.Shailer Mathews, Professor of Historicaland Comparative Theology and Dean ofthe Divinity School.Among the books published in July bythe University of Chicago Press is a new,revised edition of a work by ProfessorJohn Merle Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany, and Professor CharlesJoseph Chamberlain, The Morphology ofGymnosperms.Wide interest has been shown byeducators in the results of teachingmathematics by the methods of correlation illustrated in the series of textbooksbased on many years of classroomexperience in the University High School.A third volume in the series has beenpublished by the University of ChicagoPress under the title of Third-YearMathematics for Secondary Schools, theauthor being Mr. Ernst R. Breslich, Headof the Department of Mathematics inthe University High School.The University of Chicago Press isabout to publish The Anatomy of WoodyPlants, by Edward Charles Jeffrey,Harvard University.The University of Chicago Press hasissued two publications of interest toteachers and special students of educa tion — one on Types of Reading Abilityas Exhibited through Tests and LaboratoryExperiments, by Dr. Clarence TrumanGray, of the University of Texas; andone on The Kindergartens of Richmond,Indiana, by Assistant Professor AliceTemple, of the College of Education atthe University of Chicago.Among the appointments recentlymade in the state department of education and registration by the Governorof Illinois are those of Professor ThomasC. Chamberlin, Head of the Departmentof Geology, and Professor John MerleCoulter, Head of the Department ofBotany, to the Board of Natural Resources and Conservation.The Board of Natural Resources andConservation is part of the state department of education and registration, at thehead of which is Francis Wayland Shep-ardson, formerly Associate Professor ofAmerican History.The University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter are as follows:For the month of October the firstspeaker will be Dr. James AlexanderMacdonald, editor of the Toronto Globe,Toronto, Canada, who speaks on October7. October 14 will be Settlement Sunday, when the work and interests of theUniversity of Chicago Settlement in theStockyards district will be presented.On October 21 and 28 Dr. Francis G.Peabody, of the Harvard Divinity School,will be the speaker.For the month of November the firstspeaker (November 4) will be Rev. Malcolm L. MacPhail, of the First Presbyterian Church, North Side, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. Rev. William C. Bitting,of the Second Baptist Church, of St.Louis, Missouri, will be the preacher onNovember n; and Bishop Charles D.Williams, of St. Paul's Cathedral, Detroit,Michigan, will speak on November 18and 25.For the month of December BishopFrancis J. McConnell, of Denver, Colorado, will speak on the first two Sundays(December 2 and 9), and December 16will be Convocation Sunday.The University of Chicago is one of theAmerican universities which have formedthe American University Union inEurope. This organization, the headquarters of which will be in Paris withbranch agencies in London and in such320 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDother cities of the Allies as may seemdesirable, has for its general object themeeting of the needs of American University and college men who are in Europefor military or other service in the causeof the Allies. Among its specific objectswill be the following:i. To provide at moderate cost a homewith the privileges of a simple club forAmerican college men and their friendspassing through Paris on furlough, theprivileges to include information bureau,writing and newspaper room, library,dining-room, bedrooms, baths, social features, opportunities for physical recreation, entertainments, medical advice, etc.2. To provide a headquarters for thevarious bureaus already established orto be established in France by representative American Universities, colleges, andtechnical schools.3. To co-operate with these bureaus,when established, and in their absenceto aid institutions, parents, or friends insecuring information about college menin all forms of war service, reporting oncasualties, visiting the sick and wounded,giving advice, serving as a means ofcommunication with them, etc.All graduate students, non-graduatestudents, and prospective students of theUniversity of Chicago are entitled togeneral privileges of the Union, subjectto the rules and conditions laid down bythe Executive Committee.The Board of Trustees is as follows:Anson Phelps Stokes, secretary of YaleUniversity, chairman of the Board; H. B.Hutchins, president of the University ofMichigan, vice-chairman; Henry B. Thompson, Princeton University, treasurer; Roger Pierce, secretary of HarvardUniversity, secretary; President Good-no w, Johns Hopkins University; President Finley, University of the State ofNew York; President Graham, University of North Carolina; John ShermanHoyt, Columbia University.In Paris the union has rented as headquarters The Royal Palace Hotel, Placedu Theatre Francais, and in London theaddress is 16 Pall Mall East, S.W. 1.The French Scientific Mission, composed of leading physicists, astronomers,and mathematicians, visited the University on July 30. The members of theMission included Major Ch. Fabry, whois Professor of Physics in the Faculte deScience at Marseilles; Major HenriAbraham, Professor of Physics at theSorbonne, Paris, who is also an expert inwireless telegraphy; Captain de Gramontde Guiche, and Captain Robert DuPouey,secretary of the Mission; and LieutenantGiorgio Abetti, of the Italian MilitaryCommission, the last mentioned beingAssistant Professor at the CollegioRomano in Rome, formerly VolunteerResearch Assistant at the YerkesObservatory, and now member of theflying corps in the Trentino.The University gave a luncheon for thedistinguished guests at the QuadrangleClub, attended by members of thescientific departments; and later theMission inspected the Ryerson PhysicalLaboratory and the laboratory car of theUniversity of Chicago Ambulance Company.INDEXAmbulance Company, Presentation ofColors to the University of Chicago,217.American University Union, 319.Appointments, 43, 108, 208, 266.Attendance: autumn, 40, 44, 86, 88;winter, 178; spring, 203; for the year1915-16, 82.Atwood, Wallace Walter, address atpresentation of Professor Salisbury'sportrait, 129.Auditor's report, 268.Bell, Major O. W., Professor of MilitaryScience and Tactics, 87, 114.Board of Trustees: annual meeting, 210;Alumni Council, two representativesof, to be appointed as members ofBoard of Student Organizations, Publications, and Exhibitions, in;appointments, 43, 108, 208, 266;Arnett, Trevor, leave of absence toserve Rockefeller Foundation, 212;attendance at the University, 44 (seealso 82, 86, 88, 178, 203); Auditor'sreport, 268; Case, Shirley J., changeof title, 45; Doctors of Philosophy,109; fees, changes in, 211; FranklinJohnson, death of, 44 (see also 78);gardening, permission to use Universityland for purposes of, 212; gifts to theUniversity, 44, no (see also 41, 176);leaves of absence, 43, 109, 209; Logan,Mr. and Mrs. Frank G., Fellowship,268 (see also 318); Medical School,committee on, 45; Michelson, Professor A. A., additional appropriationto continue experiments of, 45; military training, 43; Moody, WilliamVaughn, Lectures, 109, 212 (see also87, 109); Norwegian Baptist DivinityHouse and the Chicago TheologicalSeminary, no; Plimpton, Nathan C,appointment of as Assistant Auditor,in; promotions, 108, 209, 266;Quarter- Centennial report to be prepared by Associate Professor DavidA. Robertson, 212; resignations, 43,210, 267; Rosenberger Prize, 211;Rosenwald Tower, appropriation for,45, 1 11; Schoell, Frank, reappointed as Instructor in Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures,45; standing committees, 267; warpurposes, 211.Chamberlin, Thomas C, address atpresentation of Professor Salisbury'sportrait, 124.Chicago Theological Seminary and theNorwegian Baptist Divinity House, no.China and the United States (V. K.Wellington Koo), 29.Christie, Francis A., The University aParable of the Church, 298.Commemorative Chapel Service, Addressat the, President Harry Pratt Judson,296.Convocation Addresses:— One Hundred and First Convocation:V. K. Wellington Koo, China and theUnited States, 29.— One Hundred and Second Convocation: R. G. Moulton, The Study ofLiterature and the Integration ofKnowledge, 89.— One Hundred and Third Convocation: Charles Andrews Huston, OurNearest Neighbor: Some Thoughts onOur Relations with Canada, 185.— One Hundred and Fourth Convocation: Jesse Siddall Reeves, Democracy and the Law of Nations, 249.Democracy and the Law of Nations(Jesse Siddall Reeves), 249.Doctors of Philosophy, 109.Events, Past and Future: AmericanUniversity Union, 319; attendance inWinter Quarter, 191 7, 178; in SpringQuarter, 191 7, 248; award of fellowships, 179; general items, 82, 173, 244,318; Modern Language Association, 82; One Hundred and FirstConvocation, 80 (see also 29); OneHundred and Second Convocation,81, 173 (see also 89) ; One Hundred andThird Convocation, 242 (see also 185);One Hundred and Fourth Convocation,318 (see also 249); Renaissance321322 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSociety, 244 (see also 55); scientificmeetings, 81; University OrchestralAssociation, 243 ; University Preachersfor Winter Quarter, 87; for SpringQuarter, 177; for Summer Quarter,245-Fees, changes in, 211.Fellowships, The Award of, 191 7-18, 179.Field, James Alfred, address at RobertFranklin Hoxie Memorial Meeting, 69.First Year, The: October 1, 1892, toOctober 1, 1893 (continued) (AlonzoKetcham Parker), 46, 152, 225;(concluded), 301.French Mission, The, Visits the University (Elizabeth Wallace), 213.Gifts to the University, 41, 44, no, 176.Hoxie, Robert Franklin, Memorial Meeting, 69.Illustrations: President Harry PrattJudson, facing p. 1; Robert FranklinHoxie, facing p. 69; Franklin Johnson,facing p. 78; William Vaughn Moody,facing p. 89; Major Ola W. Bell, facingp. 113; Rollin D. Salisbury, facing p.124; The French Mission at thePresident's House, facing p. 185; TheFrench Mission Passing Nancy FosterHall, facing p. 213; The Universityof Chicago Ambulance Company,facing p. 217, 219; Amos AlonzoStagg, facing p. 224; The FrenchMission at the University, facing p. 237.Johnson, Franklin (John W. Moncrief),78; death of, 44.Judd, Charles H., address at presentationof the Francis Wayland Parker Memorial, 64.Judson, President Harry Pratt, addressat presentation of the Francis WaylandParker Memorial, 68; speech ofacceptance at presentation of Professor Salisbury's portrait, 136; addressat Commemorative Chapel Service,296.Koo, V. K. Wellington, China and theUnited States, 290.Leaves of absence, 43, 109, 209.Linn, James Weber, address at RobertFranklin Hoxie Memorial Meeting, 74.Logan, Mr. and Mrs. Frank G., Fellowship, 268, 318. McLaughlin, David Blair, Prize, 142;Prize Essay, 191 6 (Mary EmmaQuayle), 144.Mason, Arthur J., address at presentation of the Francis Wayland ParkerMemorial, 58.Medical plans of the University, 203.Medical School, The, 1, 112, 203.Meteorological Observatory, equipmentof, 175-Military Resources of the University ofChicago, Committee on Plans andOrganization of, 118.Military training, 43.Modern Language Association, 82.Moody, William Vaughn, Lectures, 87,109, 139, 212.Moulton, R. G., The Study of Literatureand the Integration of Knowledge, 89.Nation, service to the, 207, 211.National Research Council, 84, 117, 175;appointment of Professors Hale, Coulter, Michelson, and Millikan to, 84.Norwegian Baptist Divinity House andthe Chicago Theological Seminary, no.One Hundred and First Convocation, 80(see also 29).One Hundred and Second Convocation,81, 173 (see also 89).One Hundred and Third Convocation,242 (see also 185).One Hundred and Fourth Convocation,318 (see also 249).Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute,The Organization and Work of, 19.Our Nearest Neighbor: Some Thoughtson Our Relations with Canada (CharlesAndrews Huston), 185.Parker, Alonzo Ketcham, The FirstYear: October 1, 1892, to October 1,1893 (continued), 46, 152, 225; (concluded), 301.Parker, Francis Wayland, Memorial, 56.Presbyterian Hospital, The, 15.President Judson, Honor to, 26.President's Annual Report, 120.President's Convocation Statement, The:at the One Hundred and First Convocation, 40; at the One Hundred andSecond Convocation, 105; at the OneHundred and Third Convocation, 203.Promotions, 108, 209, 266.INDEX 323Quayle, Mary Emma, David BlairMcLaughlin Prize Essay, 1916, 144.Reeves, Jesse Siddall, Democracy andthe Law of Nations, 249.Renaissance Society, The, 55, 244.Resignations, 43, 210, 266.Ricketts, Howard Taylor, Prize, awardof, 245.Robertson, David Allan, The Universityand the War, 273.Rosenberger, Mr. and Mrs. Jesse L.,Prize, 211.Rush Medical College, 10; and theUniversity, 12.Salisbury, Rollin D., Presentation ofPortrait of, Julius Rosenwald Hall,February 8, 191 7, 124; address, 137.Scientific meetings, 81.Shepardson, Francis Wayland, appointment as director of the Department ofEducation and Registration of Illinois,245-Stagg Portrait, Presentation of the, 224,268.Standing committees, 267.Stilwell Katharine, address at presentation of the Francis Wayland ParkerMemorial, 59. Study of Literature and the Integrationof Knowledge, The (R. G. Moulton),89.Taft, Lorado, address at presentation ofthe Francis Wayland Parker Memorial,56.University of Chicago Rifle Club, 116.University Orchestral, Association, 86,243, 318.University Preachers: for Winter Quarter, 87; for Spring Quarter, 177; forSummer Quarter, 245.University Prepares, The, 113.University, The, a Parable of the Church(Francis A. Christie), 298.Viviani, M. Rene, address of, 269.Wallace, Elizabeth, The French MissionVisits the University, 213.War service, 221.War, The University and the, 237;(David Allan Robertson), 273.Wireless telegraph apparatus, in RyersonPhysical Laboratory, 174.Woman's War Aid, 238, 293.The Spirit ofGothic Architecture Alma MaterThe Contestants in Olympic Games The Dancers of a Persian Romance The Spirit Knowledgeof Worship The CityTHE MASQUE OF YOUTHMural Paintings ii Ida Noyes Hall Vt^\9I Bwt ' iL wM [I^BBlThe HarvestersThe Cycle of Youth