The University RecordVolume III JULY 19 I 7 Number 3OUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: SOMETHOUGHTS ON OUR RELATIONS WITH CANADA1By CHARLES ANDREWS HUSTONDean of the Law School, Leland Stanford Junior UniversityIForeign frontiers march with ours the whole breadth of the continent,South as well as North, yet it needs little argument to justify my callingCanada our nearest neighbor. One who spent, as I did, part of one'syouth on the endless prairies of the Canadian West, still called in thosedays the Great Lone Land, and part of it in crowded Chicago knows thatneighborhood has but little to do with proximity. It springs from common interests and common ideals. It may begin in business intercourse,in ties of blood, in shared traditions, but its ultimate foundation lies inethical kinship — in like-mindedness. And Canada should be our neighbor by all these ties.One scarcely realizes, unless one has consulted the figures of America'strade, how extensive is our commercial intercourse with Canada. Ofcourse all trade relations have been distorted by the war, so that to getnormal figures we must go back of 19 14. Before the war, then, whowas our largest customer ? The United Kingdom, of course, buying fromus annually about $600,000,000 worth. Who came next? Not Germany, nor France. Germany bought, in the year 191 2-13, $331,000,000worth of our goods, France $146,000,000, Canada $415,000,000. Canada1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and Third Convocation of theUniversity of Chicago, held in Frank Dickinson Bartlett Gymnasium, June 12, 191 7.185i86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwith her eight million people is a market for us second only to thatafforded by the forty-five million of the United Kingdom, buying fromus under pre-war conditions more than all of South America, CentralAmerica, and Mexico together, more than all Asia, with Africa andOceania thrown in. We have labored painfully to build up a trade withSouth America, but in 191 2-13 we sold to the whole continent less by50 per cent than to the market just at our door. And, too, we buy fromCanada more than from any South American country, more than fromany European country except Great Britain, France, and, under normalconditions, Germany.But we are neighbors not merely by locality and economic dealings.These are less important than the more fundamental harmonies in blood,in speech, in institutions, social, political, and religious, which make thetwo nations so essentially akin that it may seem a waste of effort to insistupon the point. Yet here, too, some considerations are likely to be overlooked.Probably no other two nations are so intermingled in blood as theCanadian and the American. There are parts of the United States wherea majority of the population are Canadian born, and in some communitiesin Western Canada the converse is true. There are about eight millionpeople in Canada and about one million of Canadian birth in this country.There are about three-quarters of a million Americans in Canada. Noris the significance of the exchange fully revealed in the mere citation ofnumbers. No list of the builders of Canada would be complete withoutthe names of Sir William Van Horn and Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, theformer and the present presidents of the Canadian Pacific Railway —both Americans. The representative of the Dominion at the heart ofthe Empire, the High Commissioner of Canada, is Sir George Perley, anAmerican. On the other hand, among the Canadians on this side of theline we have owed much to Simon Newcomb, the great astronomer; toAlexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone; to publicists likeFranklin K. Lane; to educators like President Schurman; to captainsof industry like James J. Hill; and to spiritual leaders like Bishop Brentof the Philippines, and our own Bishop Anderson. Nor should we forgetthat the American stage has been brightened by Julia Arthur andMargaret Anglin, and gladdened by Marie Dressier and May Irwin,while the silent drama has among its most charming exponents MaryPickford — all Canadians. Who's Who in America has often been usedto measure the contributions made by one or another source to thenational life. Of the men and women of foreign birth who have bio-OUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 187graphical mention in that publication France is the birthplace of 69,Germany of $889 England of 426, and Canada heads the list with 464.But the possibilities of friendship between Canada and the UnitedStates are most deeply rooted in their institutions and ideals. Howessentially alike these are need only be hinted at. The countries sharea common speech, a common literary heritage, a common law. Bothare in government federal states organized along similar lines, thoughwith important differences of detail. Both are self-governed by asuffrage practically universal. Women vote in almost all the provincesof Canada, and a national suffrage measure introduced by the government is practically assured of passing at the present session of theDominion Parliament.Economically and socially the countries confront the same problems,and in their attempts at solution each has often sought to learn from theother. The Canadian Railway Commission has profited by the experience of our Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Canadian Industrial Disputes act has been under the closest scrutiny during the past fewyears in this country. Our educational institutions and organizationsare closely similar, and the upper reaches of the two systems are relatedin personnel as well as in ideals. The same things are true of the churchesof the two nations. No state church exists in either country, and inreligion, as in education, social institutions, and politics, the same essential democracy prevails.Still another evidence of the possibilities of an enduring amitybetween the two countries is so well known as to need only mention.Along four thousand miles of contiguous territory, the major part of theboundary unmarked by any natural division line, there is neither fortnor battle-fleet, nor has there been for now over a hundred years.IIThe presence on this continent of two such communities, apparentlypredestined for friendship, should be an inestimable force for good in theco-operative solution of common problems and in the development ofa Pan-American good fellowship. But as a matter of fact these possibilities of co-operation and friendship are only imperfectly realized. Itis this which has led me to trespass on your patience by the foregoingenumeration of some of the things which might make Canada and theUnited States in a unique sense neighbor nations. A great many of ourpeople have never had their attention directed to these matters, andthey think of Canada, when they think of her at all, only as a picturesquei88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhinterland of the United States, quaintly Old World in the East, andvaguely but creditably American in the West. And on the Canadianside our ignorance or indifference is repaid with a feeling which is butmildly described as a sadly imperfect sympathy with us.It is, I believe, rather a surprising statement to a large number ofour fellow-citizens that a great and, until April of this year, a wideningestrangement threatened these sister-nations. Happily the most immediately patent source of that estrangement disappeared with our alignment with the Allies in the war. It is because, in the revulsion of feelingwhich that great decision brought about in Canada, we can see the propitious moment for establishing a genuine understanding and a genuineamity between the two nations that I have chosen to speak on this topic.IllAs a nation we have given little attention to international politicsof any kind, and the international relations between Canada and theUnited States are doubly masked from view. In the first place, mostAmericans still think of them as purely a phase of Anglo-American relations. Most Americans are quite unaware of the very existence of theInternational Joint Commission — that remarkable device for the promptsolution of a very large part of our possible international differences withCanada by means of the combined powers of adjudication and intermediation of a permanent and continuously operative board, composed ofthree Americans and three Canadians. In fact, many Americans aresurprised to learn that Canada can frame any of her own internationalarrangements, that she has framed her own tariffs for over half a century, and her own commercial treaties for more than a decade, withouteven a representative of Downing Street present at the negotiations.In the second place, not only does this lack of discrimination betweenAnglo-American and Canadian-American dealings mask our relationswith Canada, but the very similarity of language and customs, the veryproximity of Canada, conceals from our habitual thinking the fact ofour political separateness. I crossed the line from Canada southwardonce with a bulky American banker who was returning from his summercamp in Manitoba. I had been helping him pull his trunk from a pilein a swaying baggage car so that the customs officer might see whetherthere were any diamonds concealed in the camp outfit. As the bankermopped his brow he said to me: "I've voted the Republican ticket forthirty-five years, but every time I have to go through this performanceI make up my mind to vote against the G.O.P. next time. My Lord,OUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 189man, it isn't natural! Canada isn't a foreign country. You might bea Canadian yourself and I shouldn't know it."Even here it was the economic rather than the purely political elementthat was uppermost in my friend's thought. Canada is our best foreigncustomer, but we think of her, not as a separate market, but as a part ofour own. A Chicago manufacturer of bunting this last winter sent hiscirculars announcing the higher price of American flags to Canadian aswell as to American buyers of bunting. He did not know that less thanthree years ago the Dominion Parliament had debated for a whole daythe question of prohibiting entirely the flying of the American flag inCanada.It is hard for us to think of Canada as having a mind and a nationalwill of her own. We find it almost unbelievable that she should havehardened her national heart against us. We have for years takenCanadian friendship for granted. In my twenty years' residence in thiscountry I have never -heard or known of any unfriendliness to Canada.So far as she has evoked any feeling, it has been one of slightly amused,but wholly good-humored, approval. We have felt that she had failedfor a long time to make the most of her economic possibilities— a failureprobably due to her British slowness. We have felt that she had, somewhere in a vague and indefinite past, missed the turn of the road thatshould have led from the subject status of colonial dependency to theadulthood of independence. But we have been taking a sort of avuncular pride in her material progress during the last quarter-century — theperiod, we recognize, of American immigration to the Canadian West —and that pride has heightened to a genuine and generous enthusiasm overthe heroic achievements of the Canadians in the Great War at Ypresand Vimy Ridge. Never has the United States been so conscious of theyounger nation to the north, never so friendly, never so generouslyproud.IVAnd yet it must be confessed that even today this new interest andthis heightened friendliness on our part have not met with an equallycordial response in Canada. Of course much of the resentment whichhas characterized Canadian comment on the United States during thelast two years was due to the war — not, let me hasten to say, becauseCanadians felt justified in urging that the United States ought herselfto take part in the war, but because they felt the doubt in the Americanmind as to the righteousness of the Allied cause, and particularly as tothe motives with which Great Britain entered the war. And that doubt190 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthey bitterly resented. Even the fairest of the Canadian papers — paperslike the Montreal Witness — have been ungenerous in their comments,unfair, as English liberal organs were not, to President Wilson's policyof neutrality and even more to his attempt to secure a statement of theterms on which the Allies would make peace. Parliamentary debate,although it is in general conducted in Canada with commendablerestraint, has been similarly ungenerous at times, and the tone of populartalk free from the responsibility of published utterance was, as I heardit last year, really alarming to one who cherishes, as I think we all do,a hope that the two great English-speaking nations of our continent maybe, not only brothers in arms, but brothers in the still more trying daysof readjustment after the war.But we must not deceive ourselves with the notion that it was ourattitude toward the war that was the source of Canadian antipathy.If that were so, we could now be more hopeful for the future. But thewar only deepened a pre-existing feeling; it did not originate it. Theroots of that feeling are buried in Canadian history.The dominant tradition in Canadian political life even today is thatof the United Empire Loyalists. They are the Pilgrim Fathers ofCanada; descent from them gives the "Mayflower" cachet to a Canadafamily. And these people have bequeathed to Canada a legacy of distrust and even hate for the American Republic — a legacy which has beenhanded down with little loss of potency through four generations bypatriotic oratory, by school and popular history, and through the powerful means of family tradition. This United Empire-Loyalist influence isstrongest in the East. In the Maritime Provinces Mr. A. G. Bradley,the English historian, estimates that 50 per cent of the populationare lineal descendants of the Loyalists. And, though the ratio issmaller in Ontario, the children of the Loyalist pioneers of that mostpowerful of the provinces have wealth, social importance, and politicalinfluence quite out of proportion to their numbers.Who were these Loyalists ? They were the people Americans usedto call Tories, men who took the side of the Crown at the time of theAmerican Revolution. They constituted a large part of the well-to-doand conservative classes of the Colonies. Men and women of education,refinement, and wealth, their sufferings were aggravated by their previous prosperity. Many of them were driven from their homes, manywere beaten, tarred and feathered, or thrown into prison. Not a fewLoyalists were hanged as traitors to the newly declared Republic. Somewho had escaped with little persecution during the war were, after itOUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 191had ended in the triumph of the Revolutionists, refused access to thecourts; their property was confiscated, their debtors released, their livesmade a burden by ostracism and petty persecution. The British government, which had failed adequately to protect these people in the Treatyof Versailles, made some tardy amends by giving them grants of land inthe newly opened parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and in theprimeval wilderness of Ontario.Memories of the privations and hardships to which, many of themin middle life or old age, they had been driven from luxurious homes;of the Bad Year when the crops sown among the stumps of the virginforest did not mature, when the dole of powder and shot given them bythe English government had been exhausted, and gaunt men prowledthrough the woods, seeking with poles or axes birds or animals to killfor food for their starving wives and children — these are the storiesCanadian boys read in their school histories and hear in their homes toreinforce the lesson of loyalty to a United Empire. Unfortunately thereis a collateral implication difficult to avoid, and too often not avoided,of hostility to the Republic as the cause of the sufferings and wrongs thefounders of the English-speaking Canada of today endured.To deepen the bitterness with which the Loyalists regarded thecountry which had exiled them, the War of 181 2 called their sons toarms to defend the lands so newly and so hardly won from the wilderness.The war was none of Canada's making, yet most of the land battles ofthree bloody years were fought on Canadian soil defended by Canadianmilitia.VA second root of Canadian bitterness grows in the soil of the historyof trade relations between Canada and the United States. Twice in thehistory of the Dominion has one of its political parties made reciprocityin trade with the United States the principal plank in its platform andtwice has the result been disruption of the party and its disastrousdefeat at the polls. In 1891 the adoption by the Liberal party of unrestricted reciprocity as its platform alienated Edward Blake, its longtime leader, from its ranks and enabled the aged Conservative chieftain,Sir John Macdonald, to sweep the country with his ringing declaration,"A British subject was I born, a British subject will I die," and hisfollowers' war cry, "The Old Man, the Old Flag, and the Old Policy"—the policy of a tariff wall against the Americans. Just twenty yearslater the Laurier ministry, popular, successful, apparently firmly192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDintrenched in power, went to the country on the platform of a new reciprocity arrangement. Sir Clifford Sif ton, one of the ablest of its youngerleaders, went into opposition, and in the ensuing election Sir WilfridLaurier's large majority was swept away and the Conservatives returnedto power. Facts of this sort challenge attention and require explanation. Here, too, the explanation lies in history.After Upper and Lower Canada, now the provinces of Ontario andQuebec, had been united into the one province of Canada, and responsible self-government had been conferred on the colony, there began aperiod of active trade between Canada and her great southern neighbor,and a desire for closer relations grew with the emancipation of bothEnglish and American thought from the early arguments for high tariffs.Synchronously with the repeal of the Corn Laws the British Parliament allowed Canada to repeal by her own legislation any of the dutieswhich the British government had previously imposed on foreign goodsimported into Canada. In 1847 Canada availed herself of this rightand erased from her laws the tariff of 1842, the last British-framed tarifffor Canada. Free trade for Canada meant naturally trade with hernearest neighbor, and in 1854 the first reciprocity treaty was negotiatedbetween the United States and Great Britain acting for Canada. Underits operation trade between the two countries more than doubled inthirteen years. New trade lines were established, and friendly relationswere rapidly developing when the Civil War broke out. In this warCanadian sympathy was almost entirely on the side of the North, over10,000 Canadians enlisting as volunteers in the northern armies. Butunfortunately official Toryism in England sympathized with the South,and the United States did not distinguish the governing class of Englandfrom the people of Canada. As a consequence, despite anxious requestsand embassies from Canada to Washington in 1865 and 1866, the UnitedStates abrogated the treaty in the latter year. Mingled with the ill-willcaused by the war, another motive openly avowed was to " starve Canadainto annexation."The repeal did seriously affect Canadian trade, and a long businessdepression followed. But the confederation of the British provinces intothe Dominion of Canada was the solution devised for the problem.Barred from her southern market, Canada reached east and west andby rail and waterway linked together the straggling provinces, Ontario,Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, by the Intercolonial andGrand Trunk railways, and then Manitoba, British Columbia, and thevast west by the Canadian Pacific. The task was herculean; it madeOUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 193and wrecked, not merely private fortunes, but governments as well.Geography had to be defied; nature itself had set barriers of wildernessand mountain range against the enterprise. A prominent Canadianpublic man prophesied that the Canadian Pacific would not earn enoughto buy grease for its car-axles. But difficulties were overcome, newmarkets developed, new currents of trade induced, and out of the strugglea united Canada emerged.At first the Dominion government did not retaliate against the hightariff of the United States. A revenue duty of 15 and later of 17 J percent was imposed on all imports, whether from the United States, theUnited Kingdom, or elsewhere. And in 1869 and 1873 renewed attemptswere made to secure reciprocity with the United States, but withoutsuccess. Not until 1878 did Canada adopt a protective tariff, and noteven then did she give up efforts for freer trade with the republic.But a growing national consciousness, a sense of national pride inthe extraordinary development taking place in the new Canadian West,and the Loyalist tradition, all-powerful in those early days in the Maritime Provinces and Ontario, together with a loyalty to the British Crownin French Canada, differing in origin, but equal in fervor — all these elements combined to make the young Dominion very zealous that bettertrade relations should not be purchased at the price of annexation.Every utterance, whether deliberate or casual, of American public menwhich might seem to indicate an ambition to absorb Canada into theRepublic was, and still is, blazoned abroad throughout the Dominionby those who oppose closer commercial relations on the ground thatthese will lead to annexation. Nor, unhappily, have such utterancesbeen hard to find. In 1888 Senator Sherman declared, "our wholehistory since the conquest of Canada by Great Britain in 1763 has beena continuous warning that we cannot be at peace with each other exceptby political and commercial union." And later utterances are still toofresh in men's minds to require repetition.Still the efforts to obtain free-trade relations persisted up to thenineties, renewed by almost every new ministry until, after an unsuccessful attempt made by Sir Wilfrid Laurier shortly after his accession topower, he announced that an end had come to expeditions to Washington. The next overtures, he said, must come from the United States.They did in 19 10, in the form of the reciprocity movement initiated byPresident Taft.In explaining the crushing defeat which that measure received inCanada, one of its leading advocates, Dr. Macdonald, the editor of the194 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLiberal organ, the Toronto Globe, wrote as follows: "The truth is themost potent factor in the election was .... the vague prejudiceagainst the United States, the distrust of the sincerity of American politicians, and the uneasy fear that freer trade relations might in some waylead to closer political connection."In the meantime Canada had been making vigorous efforts to buildup her trade with the United Kingdom. Conservative ministers hadmore than once broached the idea of an intra-Imperial system of mutualpreferential tariffs, but Great Britain was unwilling to abandon her ownpolicy of free trade. It remained for Sir Wilfrid Laurier to grant apreference to the United Kingdom without waiting for any reciprocalaction on her part.In his study of the subjects indicated by his title, Reciprocity,Preferential Trade and Annexation, Professor Allin, of the University ofMinnesota, thus sums up his conclusions: "The book bears," he says,"the most convincing testimony to the self-sacrificing loyalty of thegreat body of the Canadian people under the most trying circumstancesand to their firm attachment to the polity and free institutions of themother-country."In fine, then, the history of our trade relations discloses, as Dr.Macdonald puts it in the article from which I have already quoted," the fact that there has been in the subconsciousness of Canada a resentment at the open disregard of Canadian interests manifested by theUnited States in every amendment of the American tariff." From thepurely economic point of view this has given us, however, little concern.Even the now considerable preference given Great Britain has nothitherto seriously affected our trade with Canada. But from the pointof view of future friendly relations we must take into account this subconscious resentment of which Dr. Macdonald speaks.To sum up, Canadian- American relations have been and are beingvitally affected by these two distinct but closely related factors: a tradition of loyalty of the British Empire, and a belief that Canada mustfor her national safety remain economically independent of the UnitedStates.VIWith respect to both these elements of Canadian policy the present war has brought consequences of great importance. It has given adeeper meaning to loyalty to a united Empire and it has stressed as theavenue of economic independence of the United States a system ofintra-Imperial preferential tariffs. Each of these points requires someconsideration.OUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 195The effect of the war on the Imperial tradition has never been betterstated than by Sir Robert Borden in 1915. "The Empire," he said,"seems to us something greater than it was a year ago. When mightyarmies from the Dominions and the Dependencies arrayed themselvesin battle-line, a new and impressive epoch in its history was marked.These pregnant events have already given birth to a new order. It isrealized that great policies and questions which concern the issues ofpeace and war cannot in future be assumed by the people of the BritishIsles alone."Nor was this the point of view of the Dominions alone. The mother-country also realized the fact. As Rt. Hon. Herbert Samuels has written :"The question is no longer whether an organic union is desirable in principle; the question is whether it is possible to devise an acceptable andworkable plan."But, even while he was writing, the first lines of the new plan werebeing traced by his fellow-commoner Lloyd George. Immediately uponhis accession to the premiership Mr. George summoned to London representatives of all the over-seas Dominions to constitute, with the BritishWar Cabinet of five, an Imperial War Cabinet, which should deal withall the direct issues of war and peace. The same men were also organizedas an Imperial War Conference, to devise plans for meeting the largerproblems which the war has raised — problems of industry, commerce,and education.During the months just passed the deliberations of these bodieshave been going on, and so impressed were the British members withtheir results that a formal offer has been made to the Dominions bythe Premier on behalf of the British government to make this WarCabinet a permanent Imperial Cabinet which shall meet every year toconsider the problems of the Empire.Just what form the closer organization of the Empire, thus foreshadowed, shall take was by unanimous resolution of the War Conference deferred to be considered by what we should call a constitutionalconvention, which is to be summoned immediately upon the close of thewar. But the principle has already been laid down that in foreignaffairs "the over-seas Dominions shall be consulted before the Empireis committed to any proposal of foreign policy which might involvethe issues of war and peace." Moreover, the Conference unanimouslyresolved it to be their view that any reorganization "while thoroughlypreserving all existing powers of self-government and complete controlof domestic affairs should be based upon a full recognition of theDominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth, and196 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof India as an important portion of the same, should recognize the rightof the Dominions and of India to an adequate voice in foreign policyand in foreign relations, and should provide effective arrangements forcontinuous consultation in all important matters of Imperial concern,and for such necessary concerted action founded on consultation as theseveral governments may determine."In discussing Lloyd George's proposed Imperial Cabinet, Sir RobertBorden, one of Canada's representatives, said last month to the DominionParliament: "It does not sacrifice in the slightest degree the autonomyor power of self-government which is possessed by everyone of theover-seas Dominions The ministers from over seas go there asheads of their own governments. They are responsible to their ownparliaments; the Prime Minister of Great Britain goes there responsibleto his Parliament. There is no sacrifice of any existing power of self-government. There is, on the other hand, the opportunity for consultation, co-operation, and united action, which I think will prove ofgreat advantage to the Empire as a whole."Whatever form, then, the reorganization of the Empire takes, itis clear that it can result only in increased pride on Canada's part overher share in the greatness of the Imperial Commonwealth and in strengthened attachment to it.VIIReverting now to the question of the effect of the war on Canada'strade policies, may we first recall that even prior to the war Canadahad without any quid pro quo from the United Kingdom granted themother-country a tariff preference which began at 12^ per cent in 1898and has twice since been increased, until now it averages $$\ per cent.Similar preferences have since been granted by New Zealand and SouthAfrica in 1903 and by Australia in 1908. The War Conference thisyear adopted a resolution which reads as follows: "The time has arrivedwhen all possible encouragement should be given to the developmentof Imperial resources, and especially to making the Empire independentof other countries in respect of food supplies, raw materials, and essentialindustries. With these objects in view, this Conference expresses itselfin favor of: (1) the principle that each part of the Empire, having dueregard to the interests of our Allies, shall give specially favorable treatment and facilities to the produce and manufactures of other parts ofthe Empire."It is interesting to note, however, that Sir Robert Borden, explainingthe import of the resolution, has said: "It does not involve taxationOUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 197of food; it does not involve taxation of anything. It does not makeany change in the fiscal arrangements of the United Kingdom. Ideclined to invite them to make changes in their fiscal policy. Thesematters are within their control as our fiscal policy is within our control.And I would go farther and say that the people of Canada would notdesire the people of the United Kingdom to change their fiscal policyfor the purpose of giving a preference to the producers of this country,especially if the proposed fiscal changes should involve any injusticethat could be regarded as oppressive by any portion of the people ofthe United Kingdom. What this proposal looks to is this, that wecan, within the Empire, get better and cheaper facilities of communication than we have enjoyed up to the present time."From this and other public discussion we may infer that the question of the ultimate character of the proposed intra-Imperial preferencestill remains open. It may mean the erection of a general high tariffwall around the British Empire to exclude all but intra-Imperial commerce, or it may be a preference the tariff elements of which will beconfined to such duties on particular commodities as are found necessaryto preserve the industries and secure the products essential to nationaldefense. Whether the policy be general and exclusive or limited andliberal will depend in no small degree on the friendly or unfriendlyrelations that the states within the commonwealth bear to neighboringnations outside the British group.VIIIWhat lesson may we draw from this history? Is it only that thepast is the future's deadliest foe ? One sometimes fears so, but it neednot be. Two things seem to me to be suggested. First, we must layaside as sheer folly the hope — if it is still honestly cherished by anyintelligent American — that Canada is destined to become a part of asingle nation stretching from the Rio Grande to the Pole. The destinyof Canada is bound up now beyond all peradventure with that greatfederation of autonomous states somewhat misleadingly called theBritish Empire — a federation already realizing in some measure President Wilson's splendid vision of the establishment among the reallyfree and self-governed people of the world of a concert of purpose andof action directed to insuring the observance of the principles of peaceand justice.We must make up our mind to treat Canada even in our thoughts,not as a possible group of states in the Union, nor yet as a colony of a198 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDforeign power — a dependency whose wish or will aside from that ofGreat Britain is negligible — but as a free nation, jealous of her freedom;sensitive, perhaps oversensitive, to any patronage or condescension;proud of her economic independence even of Great Britain, of herrecognized right to make her own tariffs and her own trade agreementswith foreign powers; but at the same time devotedly loyal to the Britishconsociation of which she is a loved and honored member, and to whichshe is bound, not only by kinship and tradition, but by the free outpouring of her sons' best blood.But, in the second place, if Canada is to play her full part in theconcert of those powers which cherish and maintain the ideals of democracy, we must help her to realize that, if by ties of interest and affectionshe is British, still by equally binding ties she is American and hasduties and privileges arising from her position on this continent.In addressing the latest Pan-American conference at Washington,President Wilson eloquently and justly pointed out that the states ofAmerica have recently "become conscious of a new and more vitalcommunity of interest and moral partnership in affairs. They are,"he went on, "a unit in world-affairs, spiritual partners standing togetherbecause thinking together, quick with common sympathies and commonideals." Is there a word in all this which might not fitly have beenaddressed to Canada? Yet at this Pan-American Scientific CongressCanada was not an invited guest. Looked at from either an economicor a political point of view, Canada is an important part of Pan- America.Is it not rather absurd, not to say unneighborly, to hold a Pan-AmericanScientific Congress and leave her out ? Where the problems to be considered are commercial, educational, and scientific, should not a countrywhich in volume of commerce, in cultural advancement, and in scientificinterests and attainment ranks among the first of American nationsbe a participant? Might it not be a wise and friendly act for theUnited States to suggest that Canada be invited to meet with hersister-states in the coming Pan-American Financial Congress of 191 7and be represented on the high commission which is dealing with suchtopics as the unification of commercial laws on the American continents ?IXThese two suggestions as to our recognition of Canada's place intwo great world-systems, the British Empire and the Pan-Americancommunity, with all that is implied of the possibility, through hertwofold relationship, of mediating friendship between these two greatOUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 199democratic alliances, lead to some further suggestions as to a course ofaction on our part.We must give greater weight than we have hitherto done to twoimportant factors in international relations — the historical and the personal. To understand the peculiar position of Canada as part of theBritish Imperial commonwealth and also of the Pan-American union isgoing to be hard for us — impossible unless we acquaint ourselves morethan we have ever taken the trouble to do with Canada's history, including in that term the promise of her future. Singular, indeed, is ourAmerican indifference to the history of other countries than our own,but most singular is our lack of acquaintance with the history and politicsof that great confederation which is not merely our nearest neighbor,but also the neighbor whose history and political experience are so closelyakin to ours as to furnish a field of the most enlightening comparisonswith our own. The romance of Canadian history does not end withParkman. It is not ended yet. As Mr. J. D. Rogers, the historio-geographer, has finely said: " Saintliness made Quebec, Patriotism madeOntario, and Adventure made Western Canada, so that spiritual forces,like Northern Lights, spanned the whole width of Canada from ocean toocean." And the economic and political teachings to be drawn from theexperience of our sister-federal union need no emphasis before thisaudience.Yet where is the American university with a chair of Canadian history and institutions ? In my own university, I am proud to say, wehave a professor of Latin- American history, another of Japanese historyand institutions, and one of the history of Australia and of colonial possessions in the East. We have not yet a course on Canadian history.In the list of doctoral theses recently published or now in process in thefield of political science — a list published last year by the AmericanPolitical Science Association — one thesis out of a total of one hundredand twenty-five was on a distinctly Canadian topic, and two others,dealing with Anglo-American relations generally, may be reckoned as inpart relating to Canada. In the similar list published in 191 6 by theAmerican Historical Association three Canadian topics were listed outof over two hundred — one being the one already counted in the politicalscience list. There were eight on Latin-American history.But, even when the universities awaken to the opportunity for fruitful investigation that Canadian history and politics afford Americanscholars, the task we contemplate will be only begun. University peopleare but the leaven in the great mass of American folk. The history that200 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe average citizen learns ends with his high-school days and is confinedchiefly to United States history. It is here that work must be done ifour people are to be taught to appreciate the opportunities of friendshipwith our northern neighbor.From our high-school histories of the United States how little can ourchildren learn of the intimate relations between our country and Canada !In two of the most widely used texts the name Canada does not evenappear in the index. In our California state textbook the third andfinal reference deals with the War of 1812. Our city library in PaloAlto is an unusually good one. It contains ten histories of Mexico. Itdoes not have one of Canada.What I wish we might do is this : Let us emulate for an even noblerpurpose that mobilization of the literary forces of the nation which England and France have so successfully conducted since the war began. Whyshould not our historians and our political scientists coin the treasures oftheir university store houses into currency for popular circulation?Article and pamphlet, address and lecture, might acquaint our peoplewith the romance and the lessons of Canadian history, with its intimateconnection with our own, with the story of the development of theprovinces from their status as separate colonies, each subject in all pointsto Downing Street, to their present position; a confederated kingdomwithin the British Empire, bound to the motherland by no tribute owedor military service due, but, in the noble words of the prophet, "by theties of a man, by the cords of love." What the concerted efforts ofjournalists, publicists, and teachers have done in bringing into a durableamity the peoples of England and France— severed as we and Canada arenot by differences of language, institutions, and national psychology —we can surely achieve on this continent.XI have said that we must not neglect the personal factor in international relationships. With the memory of the presence of the honoredguests of our nation from France and the United Kingdom, and nowfrom Italy, still warm in our hearts, it is perhaps unnecessary for me tolabor this point. And yet few nations need more than ours to heedthe admonition of His Excellency Dominicio Da Gama, the ambassadorof Brazil to the United States, that we do not overlook this very important element in the cultivation of international friendships. His Excellency quotes a most significant remark of Lord Bryce to him after thegreat Englishman's South American trip of 191 1. Lord Bryce said thatOUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR: CANADA 201he was reluctant to publish any of his impressions, because in a passingvisit he had not time enough to know the men, and one cannot wellspeak of countries without knowing their men. If we wish to lay thefoundations of our friendship deep in understanding, we must cultivatesuch a knowledge of the Canadian people as cannot be gleaned fromtrade returns or statistical abstracts; such a knowledge as enabled LordBryce to write that wonderful interpretation, The American Commonwealth.Would not one way to disseminate this intimate knowledge be toarrange an interchange of teachers, not only between universities, butbetween secondary and primary schools, and for such periods of timeas would make possible the personal understandings necessary for surefooted friendship ? To this end also the many ingenious and admirablemethods already being utilized for similar purposes by the Pan-AmericanBureau could be here too employed.XIAre the results to be achieved worth the effort ? There can be butone answer. We are, and must remain, neighbors in territory. We arenow facing, and will in the future continue to face, common problems,which can be solved only through cordial co-operation, which will remaininsoluble if we should become mutually suspicious, distrustful, or apprehensive of each other. There is the problem of Asiatic immigration confronting us today, and tomorrow perhaps a new problem of Europeanimmigration. There are our common waterways, our common fishing-grounds to be dealt with, our competing railroads, our complicatedtrade relations, our shared labor and investment problems increasing withthe internationalizing of our organizations of labor and capital. Is notthe spirit in which we address ourselves to these ineluctable tasks of thefirst importance ?But beyond all these matters in importance are the possibilities ofour making a common contribution to the world-polity of tomorrow.It may be true — some of us have been driven by the history of the lastthree years to believe that it is true — that a world-organization is not yetachievable. Civilization may have been disregarding that maxim,sound in politics as it usually is in biology, Nihil per saltern. We willnot surrender the vision of the World-State; but we may recognize thatmuch painful pathway lies between the Delectable Mountain where weforeglimpsed it and the Celestial City yet to be builded among men. Ourinstant task, however, is to take the next step forward. Some nations202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDare, we believe, already safe for democracy. In a league of the like-minded we may now be able to knit together only a relatively few ofthe peoples of the world, but, even so, we should raise a standard towhich the wise and the just may repair and leave the event in the handsof God.One of Canada's contributions to this larger entente is her ability tounderstand both England and America. The Canadian occupies in thisrespect a unique position. He is by birth and environment equippedwith a rare aptitude. He has been fitted to appreciate the humor ofboth Life and Punch. And in general Canada is capable of a sympathetic appreciation of the points of view of two nations unfortunatelyprone to exasperate each other. Nor can we afford to overlook thevalue of her possible mediation in a world where we can no longer livefar enough apart to be indifferent to such matters. Today demands,tomorrow will demand, a co-operation so intimate, so exhausting, thatit cannot endure unless it is at once cordial and sympathetic.Not for our own sake alone, nor for ours and Canada's, do I urge onus all an active devotion to the development of friendship with Canada.The twentieth century is the century of America. But America may bea co-operant partnership of generous associates or another Europe, thescene of a fratricidal rivalry engendered by apprehension on the part ofthe weak or arrogance on the part of the strong.But America is still today another name for opportunity. Neverbefore has there been such possibility of brotherhood as now, when agenerous admiration of Canada's bravery and sacrifice animates America's heart, and when a welcome which recognizes the magnanimity andthe disinterestedness of America's entrance into the war has effaced, letus hope forever, the apprehension and distrust Canada has too long felttoward us. May we not hope that the quietly eloquent words spokenby Sir Robert Borden of Great Britain and Canada may also be trueof Canada and our beloved country ? "We shall indeed tread the pathside by side, in full realization that the sacrifice, however great, is for acause transcending even the interests and destinies of our Empire, andin the supreme confidence that this path alone can lead to the ultimatetriumph of democracy, liberty, and civilization."If in that spirit these two neighbors tread the path of common sacrifice, not merely they themselves, but with them the world, shall findthat path emerging from the darkness of these hours and shining moreand more unto the perfect day.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTATTENDANCEThe attendance during the Spring Quarter has shown a marked gainover that of the spring of 1916. The total number in the Quadrangles is3,477, as against 3,086, being a gain of 391. The attendance in University College is 853, as against 651, being a gain of 202. The totalattendance, therefore, at the University is 4,330, as against 3,751, showing a total gain of 579.The University Library has been enriched by some exceptionallyvaluable gifts. Among these Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus has presented afifteenth-century manuscript of Petrarch's Sonnets and a fine copy incontemporary binding of Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terr arum, 1603.Mrs. Emma B. Hodge has given, in commemoration of the four-hundredth Anniversary Celebration of the Reformation, and supplementing many previous gifts of manuscripts, letters, and books of theReformers and Reformation period, 17 volumes of contemporaryimprints, mainly by Erasmus and Luther and published between theyears 151 7 and 1539, and a letter from Philip Melancthon to Johna Lasky, the Polish reformer, written on the eighteenth of August, probably in 1556, an unusually fine specimen, inlaid and bound in brownmorocco.Mr. and Mrs. Jesse L. Rosenberger have given a number of valuablebooks, notably a copy of Hendley's Asian Carpets of the Sixteenth andSeventeenth Centuries.A number of the alumni have presented to the University a portraitof Amos Alonzo Stagg, Director of Physical Culture and Athletics, whichwill be placed in the trophy-room in the Bartlett Gymnasium.THE MEDICAL PLANS OF THE UNIVERSITYThe year just closing will be memorable in the history of the University for the successful completion of the great medical plans whichhave so long been under discussion. In the latter part of October, 1916,the General Education Board and the Rockefeller Foundation eachvoted willingness to contribute one million dollars to the endowmentof medical work in the University of Chicago on the basis of a general203204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDplan on which agreement had been reached. This plan contemplatedtwo medical schools and provision for medical research. One medicalschool on the Midway, on essentially the same basis as that of theJohns Hopkins University, was to provide training for candidates forthe M.D. degree. The other medical school, in connection with thePresbyterian Hospital, was intended for the benefit of those who hadreceived that degree, and who should be in actual practice. The plansfor research contemplated the forming of contractual relations with theOtho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute and the McCormick MemorialInstitute for Infectious Diseases. In addition to the two millions offeredby the Boards in New York, it became necessary for the University toobtain pledges to the amount of $3,300,000. On November 9, 191 6, theBoard of Trustees of the University approved the general plan andappointed a committee to undertake the raising of the very large fundsnecessary. Shortly after that time the plan was approved by the Boardof Trustees of the Rush Medical College, by the Board of Trustees ofthe Presbyterian Hospital, by the Board of Trustees of the SpragueMemorial Institute, and later by the Board of Trustees of the McCormickMemorial Institute.It then became necessary to undertake the campaign to raise$3,300,000. The first gift toward that amount was that of Mr. JuliusRosenwald, $500,000. Other gifts came in rapidly thereafter, and on theninth day of May, 191 7, six months from the date of the action of theBoard of Trustees approving the plan and authorizing the campaign,subscriptions were made which passed the $3,300,000 sum. In fact,when a report was rendered at the meeting of the General EducationBoard, May 25, 191 7, the total pledges, aside from the two millionsoffered in the East, amounted to $3,461,500. The pledges were approvedby the General Education Board, and the two millions which the twoBoards had promised were formally voted. Thus the fund is secured,amounting to a total of $5,461,500. A list of the donors is as follows:The Rockefeller Foundation. .$1,000,000The General Education Board 1,000,000The Billings Family 1,000,000Mr. C. K. G. Billings $400,000Mr. Charles H.Ruddock and hisson, Mr. AlbertBillings Ruddock 500,000Dr. Frank Billings. . 100,000Mr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenwald 500,000 Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H.Rawson $300,000Mr. Martin A. Ryerson 250,000Mr. J. Ogden Armour 200,000Dr. Norman Bridge 130,000Mr. R. T. Crane, Jr 125,000Mr. Charles R. Crane 125,000Mrs. G. F. Swift 100,000Mr. Harold H. Swift 100,000Mr. Charles H. Swift 100,000Mr. and Mrs. Max Epstein. . . 100,000THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 205Hts. Edward Morris . $50,000 Mr. E. B. Butler $5,000Mr. N. M. Kaufman 50,00050,000 Mr. Edward Hines 5,0005,oooMr. A. D. Thomson Mr. Morton D. Hull Mr. David B. Jones 50,000 Mrs. R. R. Donnelley andMr. Thomas D. Jones 50,000 Mr. T. E. Donnelley 5,000Mr. F. G. Logan 47,500 Mr. A. G. Becker 2,500Mr. J. G. Shedd 25,000 Miss Shirley Farr 2,500Mr. Frederick Haskell 25,000 Mr. W. S.Mason 1,000Mr. C. F. Grey Mr. F.A.Hardy 20 000 Mr. Howard Grey 1,00010,000 Mr. F. W. Parker 1,000Mrs. George M. Pullman 10,000 Mr. B. V. Becker andMr. A. J. Lichtstera; 5,000 Mr. S. 0. Levinson 500Mr. Robert L. Scott 5,000 Mr. F. Baackes 500Judge F. A. Smith 5,000The fund having been completed, the several Boards concerned arenow engaged in the process of drafting the various contracts which willbe involved in the entire plan. It may be estimated that the entireamount of money involved in the combination, including all the corporations which unite for this great work, will amount to approximatelyfifteen million dollars. At the same time it is understood that theUniversity values the plan which it is now able to put into operation,not at all for its magnitude in terms of plant or endowment. It isbelieved that the function of the University is not to turn into themedical profession a large number of new practitioners. The Universitymedical school on the Midway is intended to provide for not more thanapproximately 350 students. The best training of select young men,and their inspiration with the high ideals of service to mankind whichscientific medicine involves, devoid, as far as possible, of commercialism,and the training in proper methods of research and preventive medicineare the standards which the University has in mind. To these standardsof science and service it devotes its energies for the decades to come.We shall have in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital a University school for medical practitioners. It is in order to carry on thiswork that the new laboratory, for which $300,000 has been given byMr. and Mrs. Frederick H. Rawson, will be erected in immediate connection with the Presbyterian Hospital. This splendid laboratory willmake possible the use of the Hospital for teaching purposes on a scalewhich never heretofore could be attempted.No adequate work of this character exists as yet anywhere in theUnited States. We feel, therefore, that we are rendering a service to theprofession which heretofore in most cases has been afforded only bymedical institutions in Europe.206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOn the south side of the Midway there will be erected the AlbertMerritt Billings Hospital. This structure, for which the Billings familyhas provided $1,000,000, will be, we trust, the embodiment of the verybest thought in medical science for a teaching hospital. It will containabout 250 beds for patients, together with suitable laboratories andlecture-rooms for teaching and research. It will be maintained by themedical endowment of the University, so that it will in no sense bedependent on payment from patients. Indeed, the beds will be free,excepting in so far as the individuals may choose to render some compensation for the service they receive. Such compensation will go intothe treasury of the University for the medical school, and not to individual members of the staff. The medical faculty and the clinicaldepartments will give their entire time to teaching and practice in thehospital, but will receive no compensation from practice. The hospitalwill be controlled wholly by the medical staff, the medical faculty beingthe hospital staff. All patients received in the hospital will be receivedon condition of being used for teaching purposes. In other words, themedical school on the Midway will be established strictly on the scientific basis, and any element of commercial medical practice will beabsolutely non-existent in its organization.Adjacent to the hospital will be erected the Max Epstein Dispensary.This structure, for which Mr. and Mrs. Max Epstein have given $100,000,will perform the essential function of a dispensary, which is a vital element in the training of medical students, and at the same time willafford a social center, which the last developments of medical scienceinvolve as essential to the best work of the hospital itself.The contracts with the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute andwith the McCormick Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases willmake the beginning of medical research in connection with the University medical work. The discovery of the causes of disease and ofthe methods of prevention is the crucial point in the modern scientificdevelopment of medicine. Preventive medicine is really the heart of thewhole thing, and medical science owes it to the community to discovermeans of prevention and to make the knowledge of those means the common property of all the people. The very interesting work in medicalinvestigation which has been already put on foot by the two institutionsmentioned above, and the further interesting medical investigation whichhas already begun to bear fruit in the Quadrangles of the University, Iam sure are but the precursors of future benefits to humanity from theresearch work to be developed. The University confidently expectsTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 207that in the years to come there will be material additions to its resourcesfrom those who are interested in this most important branch of the applications of science.SERVICE TO THE NATIONThe Spring Quarter has coincided with the beginning of the waragainst Germany. The University has tried to do its part toward thegreat national cause. Members of the Board of Trustees and of theFaculty are engaged actively in various branches of the war organizationsat Washington. A unit of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps wasorganized during the winter and carried on throughout the SpringQuarter under the command of Major Ola W. Bell, United States Army.In the various training camps about 175 members of the alumni andstudent body are already enrolled, most of them being at Fort Sheridan.Others have received commissions in the United States Marine Corps,and still others have entered the United States Aviation Corps, haveenlisted in National Guard regiments of the state of Illinois, or have goneto France engaged in the Ambulance Service. Hospital Unit 13 hasbeen organized, comprising members of the Faculty and students ofRush Medical College and of the University. Ambulance CompanyNo. 3 has been recruited from the University. The officers are as follows :Captain, Elbert H. Clark, of the Department of Anatomy; Lieutenants,Albert G. Bower, W. C. Sweet, E. F. Hirsch, F. A. Chapman, and J. S.Fox. The Company has received the gift of a laboratory car from "afriend of the University," Professor and Mrs. F. R. Lillie, and theFaculty and students of the medical courses. Meanwhile the Women'sWar Aid of the University has undertaken to provide a considerablenumber of supplies which are necessary to the comfort and health ofmembers of the Company.The foregoing statement does not include precise numbers of thoseengaged in the various services. These lists are in process of preparation, but at this time they would be entirely inadequate.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments of officers of instruction the followingappointments have been made:Clarence Edwin Ayres, Instructor in the Department of Philosophy,from October i, 1917.George E. Frazer, Professorial Lecturer, School of Commerce andAdministration, from October 1, 191 7.Leverett S. Lyon, Instructor, School of Commerce and Administration, from October 1, 191 7.Fred T. Rogers (Baylor University, Waco, Texas), Instructor in theDepartment of Physiology, from July 1, 1917.Clark Owen Melick, Instructor in the Department of PreventiveMedicine, from April 1, 191 7.Gerald L. Wendt, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry,from October 1, 1917.Leo Finkelstein, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry, fromOctober 1, 191 7.Frank H. Knight, Instructor in the Department of PoliticalEconomy, from July 1, 191 7.Clara B. Knapp, Instructor in the Department of Household Art,School of Education, from October 1, 191 7.Susannah B. Usher, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics, School of Education, from July 1, 1917.Evelyn G. Halliday, Instructor in the Department of Home Economics, School of Education, from October 1, 191 7.Katherine M. Slaught, Teacher in the Department of French,University High School, from October 1, 191 7.Olive Paine, Teacher in the Kindergarten, School of Education,from October 1, 191 7.Rosa Biery, Teacher in Cooking, School of Education, fromOctober 1, 191 7.Frederick Stephen Breed, of the University of Michigan, AssistantProfessor in the Department of Education, School of Education, fromOctober 1, 1917.208THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 209Clarence L. Clarke, Instructor in the Department of Education,School of Education, from October 1, 1917.Arthur J. Dempster, Instructor in the Department of Physics,from October 1, 19 17.Wilmer H. Souder, Instructor in the Department of Physics, fromOctober 1, 1917.Thomas Dale Stewart, Instructor in the Department of Chemistry,from July 1, 1917.Frederick F. Blicke, Research Associate in the Department ofChemistry, from October 1, 191 7.Helen C. James, Instructor in the Department of Physical Education in the University High School, from October 1, 191 7.George Latham Harris, Instructor in Mathematics in the UniversityHigh School, from October 1, 1917.Katherine L. Cronin, Instructor in the Department of PhysicalInstruction, from October 1, 19 17.H. Maurice Rees, Associate in the Department of Physiology, fromOctober 1, 191 7.R. C. Thomson, Associate in the Department of Pharmacology,from October 1, 191 7.PROMOTIONSAssociate Professor Basil C. H. Harvey, of the Department ofAnatomy, to a professorship, from October 1, 1917.Assistant Professor Herman E. Oliphant, of the Law School, to anassociate professorship, from October 1, 191 7.Associate Professor Horatio H. Newman, of the Department ofZoology, to a professorship, from October 1, 19 17.Assistant Professor Arthur C. Lunn, of the Department of Mathematics, to an associate prof essorship, from October 1, 19 17.Associate Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography,to a professorship, from July 1, 1917.Associate Professor Walter Sheldon Tower, of the Department ofGeography, to a professorship, from July 1, 191 7.Associate Professor Clyde W. Votaw, of the Department of BiblicalGreek, to a professorship, from July 1, 1917.LEAVES OF ABSENCETo Professor Addison W. Moore, of the Department of Philosophy,for the Spring Quarter, 1918, in order to give instruction in HarvardUniversity.2IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTo Associate Professor Gertrude Dudley, of the Department ofPhysical Culture, for one year from October i, 1917, in order to organizethe Department of Physical Culture in Barnard College, ColumbiaUniversity.To Professor Robert A. Millikan, of the Department of Physics,for the Spring Quarter, 191 7, to act as Director of Research of theNational Research Council.To Professor Basil C. H. Harvey, of the Department of Anatomy,for one year from July 1, 191 7. Professor Harvey has been appointedto the Medical Department of the United States Army with rank ofcaptain.To Professor Frank Billings, of the Department of Medicine, toserve as head of the United States Military Commission to Russia onbehalf of the American Red Cross, from July 1, 19 17.RESIGNATIONSThe following resignations have been accepted:Associate Professor C. R. Mann, of the Department of Physics(to accept the directorship of educational research in the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology), to take effect September 30, 1917.Dr. Josephine E. Young, Medical Adviser for Women, to take effectSeptember 30, 191 7.Instructor Mary J. Lanier, of the Department of Geography, inorder to accept a position at Wellesley College, to take effect July 1, 1917.Associate Professor William L. Tower, of the Department of Embryology, to take effect December 31, 191 7.Reuben K. Strong, Associate in Chemistry, to take effect September 30, 191 7.Raleigh Schorling, of the University High School, to take effectOctober 1, 191 7.Ethel G. Webb, of the Department of Household Art, School ofEducation, to take effect September 30, 1917.ANNUAL MEETING, BOARD OF TRUSTEESAt the annual meeting of the Board the following officers werechosen:President, Martin A. Ryerson; First Vice-President, AndrewMacLeish; Second Vice-President, Frederick A. Smith; Treasurer,Charles L.Hutchinson; Secretary, J. Spencer Dickerson; CorrespondingTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 211Secretary, Thomas W. Goodspeed; Auditor, Trevor Arnett; Counseland Business Manager, Wallace Heckman.At the same meeting the following Trustees were re-elected:Trevor Arnett, Jesse A. Baldwin, J. Spencer Dickerson, Thomas E.Donnelley, Charles E. Hughes, Andrew MacLeish, and Robert L. Scott.CHANGES IN FEESThe rates of tuition in the Correspondence-Study Department arenot affected by the action taken to increase tuition fees in the Colleges.The fee charged for a fourth course in the Colleges is kept at $15.The fee charged for a single major in the Colleges is $25.Breakage deposit tickets have been substituted for the laboratoryfees in physics and chemistry in the University High School.THE ROSENBERGER PRIZEMr. and Mrs. Jesse L. Rosenberger have contributed an endowmentfund the income from which is to be used to provide either an honormedal or a cash prize, to be known as "The Rosenberger Medal:Founded by Mr. and Mrs. Jesse L. Rosenberger. Awarded by theUniversity of Chicago," or the Rosenberger prize. The medal, or prize,is to be awarded "in recognition of achievement through research, inauthorship, in invention, for discovery, for unusual public service, or foranything deemed of great benefit to humanity."FOR WAR PURPOSESThe Board of Trustees has tendered to the United States Government the use of the University's scientific laboratories for war purposes.The Council of National Defense has expressed its deep appreciationof the offer and referred the matter to the National Research Council.In accordance with this action work has already begun for the government by Professor A. A. Michelson in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory;by Dr. Robert A. Millikan, at present on leave of absence in Washington.Work is under preparation in the Department of Chemistry under thedirection of Professor Julius Stieglitz, Dr. J. W. E. Glattfeld, andDr. Jean Piccard.The President of the University has been appointed on the Committeeon Labor of the National Defense Council and on the Subcommittee onConciliation and Arbitration; also on the Committee on Education.He was appointed by Mr. Elihu Root, president of the American International Law Society, as delegate from that Society to a conferenceon proper presentation of the foreign policy of the United States.212 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMISCELLANEOUSIn accordance with the wishes of the unnamed donor of the fundgiven for public lectures and accepted by the Board of Trustees, January 9, 1 91 7^ these lectures, upon the recommendation of the committeeappointed to administer the plan, are to be known as the William VaughnMoody Lectures.A special appropriation has been made to provide for a volume containing a general report of the Quarter Centennial Celebration of 1916,the report to be prepared by Associate Professor David A. Robertson.An appropriation has been made for planting hedges at streetfrontages of the main group of quadrangles at present unoccupied bybuildings. Cement posts also are to be placed at points where roadwaysand sidewalks enter the quadrangles.Mr. Trevor Arnett, Auditor of the University, returned to Chicagoon June 1, after five months spent in Europe. Leave of absence forfrom three to six months was granted to Mr. Arnett by the Board ofTrustees to enable him to serve the Rockefeller Foundation in its workon behalf of prisoners of war of the several belligerent nations.An additional appropriation has been made to continue at WilliamsBay the experiments on the rigidity of the earth.Permission was granted to various persons, including members ofthe University Faculties and those in administrative offices, to useland owned by the University for gardening purposes. Portions ofsome eight or more city blocks have thus been utilized, and nearly twohundred gardens have been cultivated.Appropriation has been made to cover the cost of adapting thebuilding at the southwest corner of Fifty-seventh Street and EllisAvenue to use as a special laboratory for research work under the direction of Professor Preston Kyes.THE FRENCH MISSION VISITS THEUNIVERSITYBy ELIZABETH WALLACEAssociate Professor of French LiteratureThe French Mission to the United States of America visited theUniversity of Chicago Saturday, May 5, 191 7. The distinguishedFrenchmen and their staff of associates, attaches, secretaries, interpreters,and secret-service men had arrived in the city the day before. They hadbeen received on the afternoon of their arrival by representatives of allthe organizations that had been working for France and her Allies.They had been given an ovation of tremendous proportions at theAuditorium in the evening; they were to appear before a huge democratic audience at the Stockyards amphitheater on the afternoon ofSaturday; so that the visit to the University at midday must haveseemed to them like a pleasant island of academic welcome between twosurging seas of popular acclaim. The spontaneity of this welcome wasaccelerated by the exigencies of safety, which prevented the announcement long in advance of the plans for entertainment. The entertainment was to be a luncheon given by the President and Trustees of theUniversity in Hutchinson Commons. One hundred and forty-sevenmembers of the Faculty received on Friday morning invitations to thisluncheon. By ten o'clock the same morning one hundred and forty-seven acceptances had been received at the President's Office. Thisspirit of joyous alacrity animated the whole happy occasion. Mrs.Judson had invited a group of friends, including the wives of Trusteesand of members of the Faculty, to assemble on the veranda at thePresident's house. Long before the hour they were there, and groupsof eager students and people of the neighborhood had gathered aboutthe house and well out into the Midway. One small child was heardto say to her infant brother whom she was dragging along, "Hurry up!This is a historic occasion — mother said so." Promptly at one o'clockthe automobiles drove up and President Judson and Mr. Ryerson wentout to meet the distinguished guests. Monsieur Viviani and MarshalJoffre like gallant Frenchmen insisted upon leaving the cars and comingup to greet Mrs. Judson and the other ladies. The little two-year oldboy of a member of the Faculty received a hearty kiss on each rosy cheek2132I4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfrom the great General, and everyone felt the smiling appreciation of thewelcome that was given.From the President's house the party walked to Hutchinson Commons. The procession was led by President Judson and Ex-PremierViviani, followed by Mr. Martin A. Ryerson and Marshal Joffre, Mr.Cyrus H. McCormick and Vice-Admiral Chocheprat. The line of marchled past Foster Hall to Harper Memorial Library, north to Hull Court,then east through Hutchinson Court to the Reynolds Club, and on eitherside were ranged the members of the Reserve Officers' Training Corpsand of the Ambulance Corps. Behind these ranks stood an enthusiasticcrowd of students and friends of the University, who filled the air withcries of " Vive la France ! " " Vive Joffre and Chicago ! " The membersof the party went into the Reynolds Club to refresh themselves, whilethe other luncheon guests gathered in Hutchinson Hall. The noblearchitecture of the room needs little decoration. Against the dark panelsof the west end were draped two large flags, one of France, the other ofAmerica, and between them, holding them together, was the coat ofarms of the University. The speakers' table was on the platformbeneath. Down the north and south walls were two rows of tables, andin front of each fireplace another table was placed, at one of which Mrs.Judson presided and at the other of which the members of the RomanceDepartment were seated. Graceful bouquets of red, white, and blueflowers were on every table. The faculty guests and the ladies at Mrs.Judson's table were all assembled and standing at their places whenPresident Judson and Ex-Premier Viviani walked up the broad aislebetween the tables. Mr. Ryerson and Marshal Joffre followed with theother guests amid the spontaneous cheers of all.Those at the speakers' table were, to the right of President Judson:M. Viviani, Vice-President of the Council of Ministers; Mr. Martin A.Ryerson; Vice-Admiral Chocheprat; Professor A. A. Michelson; M.Hovelaque, Inspector- General of Public Institutions; Professor WilliamGardner Hale; Viscount Dejean, Counselor of the French Embassy;Lieutenant Commander Simon, French Navy; Lieutenant ColonelSpencer Crosby, United States Army, attached to the French Mission;Warren D. Robbins, Secretary of Embassy, attached to the FrenchMission; to the President's left: General Joffre, Marshal of France;Mr. Cyrus H. McCormick; Marquis de Chambrun, Deputy; ProfessorJames Rowland Angell; Mr. Breckinridge Long, Third AssistantSecretary of State; Mr. Richard T. Crane, Jr.; Lieutenant ColonelFabry, of the General Staff, French Army; Lieutenant de Tessan, AideTHE FRENCH MISSION VISITS THE UNIVERSITY 21$to Marshal Joffre; Lieutenant Commander Buchanan, United StatesNavy, attached to the French Mission. At another table were theTrustees of the University; and members of the Chicago ReceptionCommittee were seated together. Bishop Samuel Fallows invoked ablessing, and during luncheon there were occasional outbursts of patrioticmusic from the University of Chicago Military Band, stationed in thebalcony. During the luncheon a little book was put into MarshalJoffre's hands. It was a collection of letters from some of the fatherlesschildren of France to their American godmothers, translated into English.Someone had written on the flyleaf in French the following inscription:You see, dear Papa Joffre, we have already learned the language of our Americangodmothers !We have come over here ahead of you in order that your welcome here should beall the heartier, and we want to salute on both cheeks him who led our fathers to aglorious death in defense of our homes and of our lives.It was pleasant to see the face of the old warrier light up with pleasureas he read this message from those who have been his special care., After luncheon President Judson welcomed the French Mission asfollows:Every American knows the imperishable debt of the United States of Americato France. As long as there is American history the story will be told to succeedinggenerations of American youth. Nothing which we can do for France will repay thatdebt. We do not wish to repay it. Between those bound by ties of affection there isno account current. Whatever we do for France, we do freely and gladly — and therewill be no limit to what we try to do but the limit of French need until we have reachedour last dollar, our last man, our last heartbeat.But as members of a university faculty we deeply appreciate what France hasmeant and still means in the world of science and art and letters. The French mind,brilliant and facile in thought, pre-eminently lucid in expression, is a permanent partof the higher life of humanity. The intellectual achievements of France are a preciousheritage of all mankind; they are the generous gift of France to the nations of meneverywhere. We feel in the depths of our being that, whatever befalls, France mustnot perish.Today the old allies of 1778 are allied in this later century in a cause as just andbeneficent. Each time we have joined our forces in a war, not against a people, butagainst a system; not for aggrandizement, but for freedom. Today it is the safetyof free governments throughout the world for which French blood and American bloodare freely shed. We of the Universities pledge our loyal devotion to that great andperilous task. We will see it through to the end.As the President finished he raised his glass. Spontaneously, as oneman, everyone rose, right hands held high. For an instant there was asilence. A vision of mail-clad warriors in a dusky feudal hall taking the2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsolemn vow of going forth to right wrongs came into one's mind. Andthe vision did not pass.M. Viviani replied in a deeply impressive speech, the text of whichit is hoped may be printed in the Record as soon as M. Viviani hasrevised it. The importance of his address is reflected in the followingdispatch from Paris to the Washington (D.C.) Times:France to Encourage Students from U. S.VIVIANl'S DREAM OF GREATER COOPERATION MATERIALIZINGParis, June 17. — The hope expressed by Rene Viviani, the former French Premier,in his speech at the University of Chicago, that the intellectual relations betweenuniversity circles in America and France might be further developed has given afresh start to a movement intended to encourage American students in France. Theuniversities of Nancy, Grenoble, and Montpellier, as well as the University of Paris,have been examining ways of facilitating the work of Americans and of attractinggreater numbers of them.There were insistent calls for General Joffre, to which the Marshalat length replied by proposing a brief toast. It was drunk with fervor.The guests passed out first, amid cheers, and drove off to their nextfunction. Those left behind felt that they had partaken in a sacred riterather than in a social function. The University had been honored bythe visit of a great statesman and a great general. It had received anew inspiration; it had felt the high impulse of a divine obligation.V,cuWuy.<a:C<uwuc>\-w>V.pwwPRESENTATION OF COLORS TO THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOAMBULANCE COMPANYTo the University of Chicago Ambulance Company the nationalcolors were presented in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall on June 7. Theoccasion, of which notice had only briefly been given, caused the crowdingof the Hall. Boxes were occupied by Mrs. Judson, Mr. Marquis Eaton,of the American Red Cross, donors of cars, and members of facultyfamilies represented in the Ambulance Company. On the stage wereseated President Harry Pratt Judson, Captain Elbert Clark, ProfessorHerbert L. Willett, Professor Frank J. Miller, and Professor R. R. Bens-ley. When the audience was seated, the Ambulance Company marchedsmartly to places reserved on the platform. After prayer by ProfessorHerbert L. Willett, one of whose sons is in the Company, ProfessorFrank J. Miller, father of another member of the Company, spokeimpressively of the significance of the meeting in the history of theUniversity of Chicago. The development of the Ambulance Company,and especially the services of Captain Clark in organizing the same, weretouched upon by Professor R. R. Bensley. President Judson thendelivered a brief and stirring address to the men of the Company. Thesilk flag presented by the women of the University of Chicago wasdelivered to President Judson by Miss Elizabeth Walker who thenpresented the flag to Captain Clark. In receiving it Captain Clarkspoke with a depth of feeling that was profoundly moving. Indeed, theentire exercises were marked by a unanimity of deep emotion. Themeeting was one of the most significant and most impressive ever heldin the University.Early in February, two months prior to the official break withGermany, a small group of instructors in the biological departmentsinformally discussed the organization of a Red Cross company at theUniversity of Chicago. That discussion has resulted in the mobilizationof one of the largest and best-equipped ambulance companies noworganized. Officially this company is designated as Red Cross Ambulance Company Number Three, but more frequently it is referred to asthe University of Chicago Ambulance Company.2172l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAs the first formal step in organization Dr. Elbert Clark, of theDepartment of Anatomy, and Dr. A. G. Bower, of the Department ofBacteriology and Hygiene, were appointed captain and first lieutenant,respectively. Under the direction of Major Patterson, U.S.A., detailedto the American Red Cross these officers enlisted a full company quota ofninety-one men from the University student body, strictly imposing thephysical requirements designated for admission to the United StatesReserve. This enlistment was completed May 25.The efficiency with which the company was thus mobilized engagedthe attention of General Headquarters, with the result that on June 5an official order was issued to the effect that the organization be expandedto that of a double company with a roster of one hundred and eighty-sixmen. Pursuant of this order, the full quota was enlisted and equippedby June 25.As now organized the double company is commanded by CaptainClark and consists of five sections of thirty-six enlisted men, eachheaded by a first lieutenant, making a complement of six commissionedofficers, each of which is a graduate physician. The enlisted personnelof each company-section is as follows: one sergeant, first class; onesergeant; one corporal; two clerks; twenty-six ambulance drivers;one chief mechanic; two assistant mechanics; one chief cook; and oneassistant cook.The physical equipment of the Company thus far assembled hasbeen provided by the Chicago Chapter of the American Red Cross, bythe University of Chicago, and by individual private gifts. Thisequipment consists of two complete service uniforms per man, five fieldambulances, five portable kitchens, and a laboratory car. Furtherequipment, including a full complement of field ambulances, will beprovided by the United States Government as the company is formallymustered into active service.The laboratory car is a somewhat special item of equipment. Inasmuch as Company No. 3 is unique in containing a large number of menexpert in laboratory methods of medical diagnosis, it seemed advisableto make unusual provision for this line of work on the part of the Company. To this end funds were solicited for a supply of laboratoryapparatus and reagents requisite for such work, and for a vehicle suitablefor their housing and transportation.Through the interest and generosity of a member of the Board ofTrustees and of a member of the Faculty, three thousand dollars weresecured for the purpose and this sum represents the approximate costof the laboratory car as now commissioned.AMBULANCE CARLABORATORY CARTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AMBULANCE COMPANYPRESENTATION OF COLORS TO AMBULANCE COMPANY 219The car itself is in no sense an ambulance. It is a three-quarter tontruck with a body of special construction, designed primarily for laboratory purposes. The body itself consists of a rigid oak frame with wallsof fiber board and a roof of matched boards covered with canvas.Screened windows are provided in all four walls and entrances at eitherend. The laboratory room proper is approximately ten feet long, fivefeet wide and six and one-half feet high. It is electrically lighted, isfly proof, and may be isolated from the remainder of the car by locks atboth front and rear entrances.The technical equipment contained in the car is fundamentally thatfound in the so-called "clinical laboratories," of modern dvil hospitals.To this equipment are added a few special features indicated for fieldservice. Provision is made for the isolation, cultivation, and identification of bacteria, such as might be present in infected wounds, clothing,water and food supply, or in individuals stricken with an epidemicdisease. To this end are included: a gasoline stove and such kitchenutensils as are employed in preparing the materials upon which bacteriaare cultivated; a constant- temperature oven, in which the organismsmay be grown; stains and other reagents used in the preparation ofbacteria for microscopic study; a complete microscope equipment;and sterilizers for the destruction of bacteria. In addition to thesupplies employed more particularly in bacteriological diagnosis, theequipment includes, also, chemical reagents for urinary and bloodanalyses and for the detection of the commoner poisons, including gases.Additional miscellaneous equipment includes: an emergency surgicaloperating kit, a laboratory table, electric and oil lanterns, a storagebattery, a sink, a carpenter's kit, and a portable stove designed to burnwood, peat, or coal. Three large detachable tanks are provided forwater, kerosene, and gasoline.In the arrangement of the equipment within the car attention hasbeen given to compactness, to convenience in operation, and to securityin transportation. The larger pieces of apparatus are permanently fixedto the floor and to the oak frame of the walls; the smaller pieces and thegeneral supplies are stored in banks of lockers and drawers, so packedas to be easily accessible, but at the same time not subject to damagewhen the car is in motion.The strictly laboratory equipment is supplemented by a library offifty volumes embracing standard treatises upon such medical subjectsas anatomy, physiology, pathology, internal medicine, surgery, hygiene,and preventive medicine.220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe exact service which the laboratory car may perform, like thatof the equipment of the company in general, must be largely determinedby the scene of action and other uncontrollable conditions which cannotbe predicted. It constitutes, however, an item of equipment which, inthe hands of the personnel of this company, brings the resources ofmodern medical diagnosis closer to the trenches than does any otherprovision thus far made. In the prompt determination of the causes ofepidemics at the very front, in the routine medical examination of themembers of the company, in the determination of fit water and foodsupplies, in the provision for ready reference to standard medical literature, may be seen some of the opportunities for service afforded by theportable laboratory which justify its addition to the physical equipmentof the Ambulance Company.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOWAR SERVICEIn the weeks immediately succeeding the declaration of war, manycommittees official and unofficial immediately began enthusiastic andefficient work in mobilization. Inevitably the work of some committeesoverlapped that of others, and very quickly it became apparent thatan official reorganization of all committees was desirable. At the sametime it was felt by all concerned that it was highly important to retainthe momentum already gained by some of the active committees. Tomake the most of the energies of those persons working on existingorganizations and to make possible the contribution of service by allmembers of the University, a committee comprising members of existinggroups recommended to the President of the University the followingscheme. This was adopted by the President, who at the same timeappointed chairmen of committees.Chairman, President Harry Pratt JudsonVice-Chairman, James Rowland AngellSecretary, David Allan RobertsonChairman of Committee on Intelligence, David Allan RobertsonChairman of Committee on Military Training, Henry Gordon GaleChairman of Committee on Medical Work and Training, Robert Russell BensleyChairman of Committee on Quartermaster and Ordnance Service Training, LeonCarroll MarshallChairman of Committee on Scientific Research and Training, Julius StieglitzChairman of Committee on General Research and Training, Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlinChairman of Committee on Publicity, Shailer MatthewsChairman of Committee on Relief and Social Service, Albion Woodbury SmallChairman of Committee on Woman's War Aid, Mrs. Harry Pratt JudsonChairman of Committee on Women Students' Activities, Elizabeth WallaceI. IntelligenceDavid Allan Robertson, Chairmana) Collection of information (formulation, distribution, and collection ofquestionnaires; records of enlistments; individual cases), Fred Merrifield,Chairmanb) Classification (card files, indexes, etc.)c) History (record of University of Chicago participation in the war), CpnyersRead, Chairman221222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDd) Informationi. For individuals and the press (advice to individuals, etc.), Dudley B.Reed, Chairman2. Intercollegiate Intelligence Bureau (provision of information to Bureauregarding individuals), Frank J. Miller, Chairmane) Communication with men in service (maintenance of correspondence withmen in service with regard to needs, news, etc.)II. Military TrainingHenry Gordon Gale, Chairmana) Reserve Officers* Training Corps, Henry Gordon Gale, Chairmani. Faculty2. Alumni3. Studentsb) Rifle Club, W. J. G. Land, ChairmanIII. Medical Work and TrainingRobert Russell Bensley, Chairmana) University of Chicago Ambulance Company No. 3, Elbert Clark, Chairmanb) Base Hospital No. 13, John M. Dodson, Chairmanc) Medical students, H. Gideon Wells, Chairmand) Medical staff, A. P. Mathews, Chairmane) Special instructionIV. Quartermaster and Ordnance Service TrainingLeon Carroll Marshall, ChairmanV. Scientific Research and TrainingJulius Stieglitz, Chairmana) Research, Albert Abraham Michelson, Chairman; Anton Julius Carlson;Eliakim Hastings Mooreb) Training, John Merle Coulter, Chairman; Rollin D. SalisburyVI. General Research and TrainingAndrew Cunningham McLaughlin, Chairmana) Research, William Gardner Hale, Chairmanb) Training1. Modern languages, Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Chairman2. Codes and ciphers, John Matthews Manly, Chairman3. Food conservation4. Legislation, James Parker Hall, Chairman5. Public speaking, Solomon Henry Clark, ChairmanVII. PublicityShailer Mathews, ChairmanHarold Glenn Moulton, SecretaryAndrew Cunningham McLaughlinWilliam Edward DoddJames Hayden TuftsJames Rowland AngellJames Parker HallTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO WAR SERVICEAlbion Woodbury SmallHenri Charles Edouard DavidWilliam Gardner HaleNathaniel ButlerEdgar Johnson GoodspeedJames Alfred FieldJohn Paul GoodeErnest Hatch WilkinsJohn Matthews ManlyMrs. Edith Foster Flinta) Lectures, Nathaniel Butler, Chairman; John Paul Goode; James RowlandAngellb) Publications, James Hayden Tufts, Chairman; Edgar Johnson Goodspeed;William Edward Dodd; Newman MillerVIII. Relief and Social WorkAlbion Woodbury Small, Chairmana) Y.M.C.A. (financial, etc.)b) Red Cross (financial, etc.)IX. Woman's War AddMrs. Harry Pratt Judson, ChairmanX. Women Students' ActivitiesElizabeth Wallace, ChairmanAll members of the University are invited to ally themselves withone or more of the committees named above. The Secretary of theWar Service will receive all suggestions and applications and willpromptly report to the chairmen of the committees mentioned.PRESENTATION OF THE STAGGPORTRAITA portrait of Amos Alonzo Stagg, A.B., Professor and Director ofthe Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, was presented to theUniversity at the annual meeting of the alumni in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, Saturday evening, June 9, 191 7. On behalf of the donors Mr.William Scott Bond presented the picture to the University of Chicago,represented by President Harry Pratt Judson. Mr. Bond spoke asfollows:Mr. President: The idea of presenting a portrait of Mr. Stagg to the Universityhas been discussed for some time, but it did not take definite shape until a committeewas appointed by the Chicago Alumni Club last winter to ask for subscriptions andto select an artist. This Committee was sure of an enthusiastic response and decidedto limit the amount of individual subscriptions so that a great many of the Alumnimight show their interest and have a part in the plan. This course was justified, asthere have been two hundred and eighty-four individual subscriptions to the fund.They have come from twenty-seven different states — from Washington, D.C., fromthe Hawaiian Islands, from Mexico, and from China.The Committee also felt very strongly that the portrait should show Mr. Stagg ina characteristic costume and environment, and Mr. Oskar Gross, the artist, has donethat very happily we believe. Mr. Stagg stands in bright sunshine on the Field thatbears his name, in the costume and attitude we all know so well.In the minds of the Alumni, the completion of twenty-five years of distinguishedservice at the head of our Athletic Department is a most fitting time for the presentation of this portrait. Few of us, I think, realize how effective and how distinguishedthis service has been. The great accomplishment is not the coaching of winning teams,but the "Old Man's" teaching and example. These lay the foundation stones ofgood citizenship — concentration of effort, physical development and poise, the fairfighting spirit — these are things that count in men's lives, and now when the fire thatthreatens to consume civilization has reached us, our country must rely on just thesequalities in her soldiers.So, Mr. President, the Alumni take this twenty-fifth anniversary as an appropriate occasion for an expression of our appreciation of the distinguished service ofAmos Alonzo Stagg to our University, and desire to emphasize that appreciation andour affection for him by presenting to the University this portrait.224Portrait by Oskar GrossAMOS ALONZO STAGGTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER 1, 1892,TO OCTOBER 1, 1893— ContinuedBy ALONZO KETCHAM PARKERWhen the first exuberance of amazement had spent itself, the question arose as to the site of the observatory. It was a grave and difficultdecision. It required that many and complicated considerations betaken into account. But the University Trustees were not left to theirown unaided wisdom. Suggestions with regard to the conditions whichmust be met in the choice of an altogether satisfactory location, andproffers of sites in every instance possessing unique advantages poured inupon them. It was variously proposed that the observatory be placedin the exact center of Washington Park, on an island built out into LakeMichigan, on the Midway to take the place of the Ferris Wheel, in themountains of Southern California, on the desert plains of Arizona. Itmust be "handy" to the students. It must dwell in serene remotenessfrom the dust and din of academic life. Chicago was repeatedly andseriously warned by the newspapers of distant and entirely disinterestedcommunities that local pride must not imperil the usefulness of theobservatory by placing it in its own horrid smoke-polluted atmosphere.With this far-echoing debate were the minds of Faculty and studentsindifferent to nothing that concerned Alma Mater and keenly sympathetic with all that heightened her fame, much occupied in these heart-stirring autumn days.The Division of Physical Culture, like the Library, was unprovidedwith a home when the University opened. According to the earliestpublished Regulations, it was a curriculum requirement that every student, upon matriculation, must be examined by the college physician,and must exercise in the gymnasium at designated hours and under thedirection of the Physical Culture Staff. All that could be done to carryout this ambitious program was undertaken promptly, but the indispensable Gymnasium was not provided until the Autumn Quarter waswell advanced. Notice was posted that class exercises for undergraduatemen would begin in the new Gymnasium on Tuesday, November 29. Aschedule of hours and classes was published, and a few days later therequired physical examinations were begun. Physical Culture for undergraduate women was organized about the same time. In his first225226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDConvocation Report Dr. Harper states that "temporary buildings of amost convenient character have been erected for the Library and for theworkof Physical Culture." This "most convenient" Library-Gymnasiumwas 250 feet long by 100 wide. A space at the north end, 100 by 50 feet,opening upon Fifty-seventh Street, contained the cloakroom and gymnasium for women. The baths, dressing-rooms, and gymnasium formen, 200 by 100 feet, fronted west. The running-track encircling themen's gymnasium and elevated 10 feet from the floor was thought atthe time to be one of the largest, if not the largest, indoor track in thecountry. The apparatus, when installed, was judged to be modern andsufficient. But nothing better could conceivably be said for this long,low, rectangular construction of rough brick than that it was convenient, and as time went on even that adjective was somewhat hesitatingly applied to it. "Ugly, to be sure, but merely temporary," we werein the habit of explaining to astonished and commiserating visitors, aswe hurried them past. But to the chagrin of the University this "mostconvenient" prolonged its execrated existence for more than ten years.The competitive sports, commonly called athletics, have never atChicago been left to student initiative, but from the beginning have beenunder the direct and increasingly rigid control of the University authorities. The shining athletic career of the University began on its openingday. Attendants upon the first chapel service found this announcementupon the bulletin board as they came out of Cobb Hall: "A meeting ofthe students of the University will be held at 3 : 30 this afternoon in thechapel to decide upon a college yell. All are asked to contribute one ormore [presumably yells] written out with accent marks." The choice ofa yell, of course, was a matter vital to the reputation and prosperity ofthe University. It was inconceivable that there could be athletics without "organized cheering." Dreary indeed would a football game appeardeprived of its running accompaniment of systematized and symatheticyells. The young women, equal sharers in all University labors andhonors, were, of course, invited to participate in the responsible function.The method followed in "trying out" was this: Six men with lungs ofleather were seated in a row facing a blackboard. Sample yells, writtenout on slips of paper by anyone who thought he knew how an exhilaratingand full-bodied shriek could be effectively produced, were copied uponthe blackboard, and tested by the aforesaid six vocal acrobats. Akeenly critical audience listened and declared approval or disapproval.But the matter was quite too momentous for hasty decision, and aftermuch futile but enjoyable voice exercise four proposals were held underTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 227consideration for further trial. If the report of this meeting in theChicago Herald is correct, these approved yells competed in the Finals:Varsity Rah! Varsity Rah!U of Chicago!Zip! Boom! Rah!Varsity Rah! Wo-hu! Wo-hu!Varisty Rah! C. U.! C. U.!Varisty Rah! Chicago!Chi-ca-go! Chi-ca-go!Go it Chicago! Go it Chicago!Go it Chica-go!Varsity Rah! Zip! Boom! Rah!A la Chicago!Rah! Rah! Rah!Whether the result of the try-out was the adoption of the yell withwhich the bleachers now echo and resound in the Autumn Quarter isnot clear. But whatever the choice, it appears not to have woninstant acceptance. It did not quicken the flow of red blood as a yellshould, or put new heart into flagging combatants. At the close of theAcademic Year the University Weekly speaks of the yell then in use withdisrespectful flippancy. It is called "blood-curdling," truly a puzzlingadjective. Is it required in a yell that it should be soothing? It isstigmatized further and in more injurious language as "moth-eaten,""worn out," and "fit only to accompany the din which the heathenChinese is raising on the other side of the eight-foot fence of the MidwayPlaisance." Condemnation could hardly have been heavier. But theyell, once chosen, persisted. With modifications, perhaps, in deliveryand emphasis it outlived this opprobrium and came to be universallyregarded as the completest possible expression of Chicago undergraduatespirit.A second bulletin-board notice of the opening day read: "Preliminary practice in football will be held this afternoon in WashingtonPark at 3:30." Thirteen men reported in response to this invitationand practice was continued daily although under rather unsatisfactoryconditions. " On account of the interference of class exercises," says theUniversity Weekly plaintively, " there has not been as large a number outas hoped for." Thus early did an unsympathetic faculty begin that ill-judged interference with undergraduate athletic activities which has frequently since been the source of heart-breaking disappointments andchagrin to aspirants for the highest collegiate honors. Nevertheless a228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfootball squad was organized and began promptly to play ball, primarily,of course, for the greater glory of the University, incidently for clean andwholesome sport. In the month of October seven competitive gameswere played, three with the Hyde Park High School, two with the YoungMen's Christian Association, and one with the Englewood High Schoolin all of which the University was easily the winner; and one with theNorthwestern University in which neither side scored. But when theVarsity took the field in November, no longer against high-school boys,but in strife with seasoned and disciplined college men, it was plainly ata disadvantage and generally met defeat. The game with Lake Forestwas tied, and in one of the two games with Illinois the score stood 10to 4 in favor of Chicago. In the seven college games of this first football season the total score of the University was 54; of its opponents, 112.Interest in athletics during the University's first quarter, if we maytrust the comments of the student journals, was feeble. At the thirdfootball game, Varsity v. Hyde Park High School, lamentably few college men were present, and as a consequence there was little cheeringfor the University. At a practice game with the city Young Men'sChristian Association on the Washington Park grounds only seven members of the opposing team appeared, and in order that a game might beplayed four Varsity men went over on the other side. Later we learnwith regret from the University News that "several members of the football team have been 'sojering,' that the attendance upon the games issmall, that faculty men are indifferent." There are, it is true, occasionalgleams of sunshine. Once it is admitted that " the attendance was good,and the cheering was especially lively at times." But when the Varsitywon its first college game, defeating Illinois at the South Side Ball Parkby a score of 10 to 4, " there were few Chicago men present." Nevertheless the team stood by its job manfully and received its well-earned duesin the congratulations of the University. And although the closing gameof the season, played at Champaign on Thanksgiving Day with Illinois,ended in disaster with a score of 28 to 12, the Chicago men sat downcheerfully and with good appetites along with their friendly opponentsto ~" a superb turkey dinner."It must not be forgotten that the difficulties with which the firstfootball team contended were very serious. Indeed, they could hardlyhave appeared as serious in 1892 as now, in 19 16. There was no gymnasium and no athletic field, there were no athletic traditions and nocheering alumni. The team organized late. It numbered few veteranplayers. Practice was carried on usually without the help of a secondTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 229team. The body of students from which the players must be furnishedwas small. " It is worthy of note," says the News, " that every man thatweighed 140 pounds and who came out regularly to practice secured aplace on the team either as regular player or substitute."The new gymnasium was in service when the Winter Quarter of 1893opened and offered opportunity for handball, for the "new game" ofbasket-ball, and for baseball practice, for which twenty-seven men volunteered. The News, nevertheless, still lifts up its voice in lament andreproach:Perhaps the most striking difference to a student who has been in an EasternCollege between this University and Eastern institutions is the general apathy toathletic interests. When the football team was making a heroic fight last fall to givethe University athletic standing, its appearance aroused scarcely any enthusiasm orappreciation. There has just been played a tennis tournament which has excited nointerest outside of the men engaged in it and a few of their friends.The athletic occupation of the Spring Quarter was, of course, baseball. Fifteen practice and college games were played during May andJune, and in eleven the score was in favor of the University. The firstgame was played with Denison University on May 8 with the scoreDenison n, Varsity 7. There was enthusiasm on this occasion, to besure, but not a little of it appears to have been misdirected. "Therewere traitors in the camp," for a group of Chicago men who had not yetforgotten that they had once been students at Denison, waved itsobnoxious red banner and cheered its team on to victory.In the absence of an adequate playground at home these earliestgames were played on whatever field might be found convenient. Chicago played with Michigan at Toledo, with Purdue at LaFayette,Indiana, with Illinois at Champaign. Washington Park and adjacentvacant lots served as University playgrounds until the Spring Quarter,1893, when Mr. Marshall Field made a loan to the University of theunoccupied block of ground bounded by Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventhstreets, and Ellis and Greenwood avenues, to be used as an athletic field.But the Spring Quarter, 1893, was nearly at an end before it could beso employed. The first game on "Marshall Field" (for the pun wasinstant and inevitable) was played June 24, 1893, in examination week,between the Varsity baseball team and that of the University of Virginia with an auspicious score of 8 to 3 in favor of Chicago.The athletic record of the First Year was, if not brilliant, certainly in every way creditable and encouraging. In October, 1892, theDirector of Physical Culture was the only athletic asset the University230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpossessed, an asset, however, as was suspected then and has since beenproved, of quite inestimable value. When the final game of the seasonhad been played on Marshall Field, we could boast a gymnasium built,an athletic field secured, teams organized, victories won. But a vaguesomething called, for lack of a better name, "enthusiasm" was wanting.At the close of the season the University Weekly breaks out into thislamentable cry:The boom, if there ever was a boom, has dropped out of athletics. If in futureyears athletic sports are to be accorded the same treatment, we might as well giveup all pretensions and calmly get down and watch our sister colleges win laurels onthe diamond field and track while our brothers, earnest athletic enthusiasts, yellthemselves hoarse cheering their favorites on.A color is, of course, no less indispensable to the equipment of aself-respecting American university than a yell. The Board of Trustees,solicitous that the University should not suffer the reproach of immaturity, took early action in this matter and decreed upon due deliberation that the University color should be just plain orange with no qualifying adjective. President Harper contended seriously for red, white,and blue, and was unaffectedly disappointed when his proposition metno support. The official orange was conspicuously displayed on theopening day as the University color, and knots of orange ribbon wereworn on the first official reception. But if we were to credit the Chicagonewspapers, the University color was "old gold," a milliner's term whichsounded prettier than the prosaic "orange." College journalism by andby improved upon this improvement and, so to speak, gilded the refinedgold. The University Weekly, November 19, 1892, as gravely as thoughit were telling the whole truth and nothing but the truth, says:For the benefit of the few students who are still ignorant of the real shade of the"Varsity color," and are disputing among themselves as to whether it is orange,yellow, or gold, it might be well to explain that the Varsity color in the first placewas chosen by the Trustees and Faculty from the color of the goldenrod flower, whichblossomed in great abundance about the campus at the time of the opening of CobbHall, and is thus necessarily the color of gold, or golden yellow. The goldenrod isthe Varsity flower, and is destined to become very popular throughout the West.It appears probable that the editor of the University Weekly acceptedseriously the ingenious romancing of a reporter of a Chicago daily, who,in September, 1892, relates this pretty tale:The University has adopted a color. When the officers moved their headquartersin the new Cobb Hall, they found the goldenrod growing up to the very doors of thebuilding. Each day they would decorate their bare rooms with sheaves of the brightflowers. From this first decoration came the suggestion that they had found theproper color for the coming Varsity. So it will be old gold.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 231But to the philosophic mind this explanation was shallow andaltogether inadequate. A deeper and more satisfying significance in theUniversity color must be discoverable. It is set forth by a contributorto the University News:Much discussion has been caused in aesthetic circles about the name of the colorthat has been chosen to symbolize the University. Yellow it certainly is, but whatspecial shade of yellow ? It has been called orange, but the poetical object to thatas quite too tame. We may suppose the design in choice of color, and a most admirable choice it was, has been to express the effulgence of vivid, far-darting light, symbolof the influence of a great educational flame-center. The nearest we can come to thisin decorative ribbons and draperies is the color of gold Shall it be called [thewriter goes on to inquire] "Roman Gold"? There is something to be said for thatdesignation. But if scholarship wishes to press farther back towards the sources ofthings, and if the aesthetic like a still more antique flower, Etruscan will perhaps bethe choice.A month later a hard-headed lover of things as they are writes tothe News, December 7, to remind its readers that the color chosen by acommittee of the Board of Trustees is "decidedly an orange," a factwhich the romancers and philosophers might have ascertained long agofor themselves. It must not be inferred that this blunt, unwelcomestatement was sufficient to end the controversy. The goldenrod legendsurvives to this day. But discussion of the question died out when therecommendation of a student mass meeting that the University colorshould be maroon was accepted by the Board of Trustees. It was nota happy choice. It must be fixed by an arbitrary standard. No onehas ever claimed that maroon has any poetical or philosophic significance.But it was pretty nearly the only color left unappointed, and a changewas imperative. For to these prosaic and practical young persons itmattered not that orange was "the symbol of the influence of a greateducational flame-center," while it was incontestibly the abhorrent colorof the flag of a quarantine station. Further, to answer for all claims oforange, it was indisputably not a color that showed up well on theathletic field.Before the close of the first quarter nearly every department hadorganized its club, in whose fortnightly or monthly meetings graduate students and instructors were brought together for informal conference anddiscussion. The first in the field was the Semitic Club, organized in thePresident's Study, October 13. It is true, the Biological Club claimedprecedence on the ground that when it was two years old it was broughtfrom Clark University by Professor Whitman and Professor Donaldsonand was installed as one of the scientific clubs of the University of232 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDChicago. But priority of organization is not an important matter.The clubs in those busy weeks trod closely upon one another's heels-Political Economy, Political Science and History, Physics, Classical,Mathematical, Exegetical, Social Science, English, Geology. There wereclubs also with a purpose less severe. The Dilettanti Club was composedof instructors and graduate students in the Department of English, butit claimed the privilege of ranging widely over the fields of literature andart. The strictly scientific treatment of a subject required in a thesisit abhorred, but rather sought instruction and delight in discussing thepoetry of George Meredith and "The Democratic Tendencies of theEarlier Poems of William Morris." The Divinity School LiterarySociety listened to three-minute extemporaneous speeches from menselected suddenly and arbitrarily from the audience, and debated suchpurely theological and literary questions as "Resolved, That the President of the United States Should Be Elected by Popular Vote." TheDenison and the Bucknell alumni clubs were concerned, not only inrenewing and strengthening old friendships and affirming a steadfastloyalty to their respective Alma Maters, but in recommending theGraduate School of the University to young men and women seekinglarger opportunities of study than the colleges offered.But the crown and consummation of the clubs was the "semiofficial" University Union, a federation of clubs with a governingcouncil composed of representatives of every approved literary andscientific organization in the University. Its quarterly meetings wereintended to be, to quote President Harper, " the public expression of thelife of the University." The University thus expressed itself publiclyfor the first time on February n, 1893, assembling for that purpose inthe Gymnasium, which had been transformed by the aid of flags, evergreens, and rugs into "a hall of light and beauty." The program, presented to a very large audience, assumed that its hearers thirsted forinformation and would condemn and sternly put from them proffers ofentertainment. A student reporter, who plainly has struggled to besympathetic, admits that the program was long, but adds that it was"interesting from a scientific point of view." It depends certainly uponone's predisposition and prejudices whether or not one is interested ina discussion of "The Rocky Mountain Locust and Its Ravages in theNorthwest," of "The City of Chicago as a Sociological Laboratory," orof "The Physical Basis of Heredity." But of such material as this areDoctor's theses made; and the University Union may at least be congratulated that at its first meeting it recognized so clearly its high calling.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 233Nevertheless it cannot but be cheering to humbler minds to learn thatthere was an adjournment from this rigidly scientific program to CobbHall, which underwent an immediate transformation into "a scene ofgaiety." Here, midst the allurements of "pretty dresses, refreshments,conversation, and music" the dreaded "Ravages of the Rocky MountainLocust" were presumably quite forgotten.It is very surprising to recall that the life of the University Unionwas short, for we were immensely impressed by its brilliant debut andwell assured that it had a great future. "What an auspicious inauguration!" we wer£ all saying the next day. "Could anything have beenmore satisfactory than the judicious tempering of very high thinking withenlivening ice cream and agreeably light but not too light conversation ? ""It was something," said the University News in prophetic felicitation," to have been present at the first of a series of meetings that will perhapsbe held for hundreds of years to come!" But how quickly over thisroseate dawn the clouds gathered! A few days pass and a contributorto the impartial News is complaining that the committee of graduatestudents who arranged the uncompromisingly scientific program quiteforgot that a majority of the students would wish to dance. And in factsome of them 'did dance on that first evening, furtively, to be sure, andunder considerable disadvantages, for the musicians were on the firstfloor of Cobb Hall and the dancers on the second. There may be heard,and not uncertainly, in this frank protest of the News correspondent thedoom of the University Union. When the majority wish to dance, whylonger strive to keep alive an interest in the ravages of the Rocky Mountain locust? A house divided against itself cannot stand. When theUnion was about to assemble for the second time the News announcedunblushingly that " the meetings of the Union are now regarded as thesocial event of the quarter." And of the meeting itself it said, "Thestrictly social part was preceded by a literary program in the LectureHall.'?' One fears that it may even have been a popular program, framedto please rather than to instruct. We hear little more of an organization which its framers fondly hoped might withstand the shock of centuries. But what would you have? Must not affronted science havewithdrawn, when the University Union forgot its high calling and offereda "literary program" as a mere curtain raiser to "the social event of thequarter"?Close upon this successful mingling of learning with levity in the firstpublic appearance of the University Union came the University celebration of Washington's Birthday. A large audience listened to an address234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin the Gymnasium at n:oo a.m. by Dr. Gunsaulus on "The Americanism of Washington"; and in the evening Dean Judson presided at abanquet at which 175 guests were present. The enjoyment with whichthe students listened to Dr. Gunsaulus was heightened, no doubt, by theanticipation of their own "celebration" yet to come.For the presentation of the "Washington Seminar," a parody on theseminars of the Graduate School, the President's permission was asked.Upon inspection of the program, he graciously admitted that "the planhad its good points." But he pointed out also that an affair of that sortwould be either a great failure or a great success. That it was a greatsuccess we have the testimony of participants in it who are still membersof the University. The "show" was held in what is now Room 12A ofCobb Lecture Hall. "Dean" Amos Alonzo Stagg presided with formality and dignity, assisted by a gorgeous crimson gown. A generationwhich knows him best as "Coach Stagg" will be interested in his "academic record," published for this occasion only in the program of the"Washington Seminar":A. Alonzo Stagg, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D., Dean of the Seminar, and Head Professorof Athletic Extension. Ph.D., Morgan Park, 1853; D.D., Lake Geneva, 1858;LL.D., Boston Latin School, 1862; Senior Wrestler and Reader of McCuffey's First,ibid.; S.T.D., Wellesley, 1880; Stroke Senior Crew, ibid.; Washington Fellow atVassar (open to honor men of all American schools), 1886; Lecturer Extraordinariusto Home for Incurables, 1887-88.The theme discussed was " Washington: Was He a Man or a Myth ?"Jesse D. Burks, B.L., Docent in Egyptology; B.L., University of Paris(Missouri), 1882; Student at Naples Aquarium, July-August, 1890;Student at Coney Island Sociological Laboratory, Summer of 1891,presented, with affluent learning, evidence that led logically and irresistibly to the conclusion that no such person as George Washington everexisted. Myra Reynolds, O.N.T., Ph.D., Neurasthenia (Americanitis) ;O.N.T., Clark University, 1890; Ph.D., Chautauqua College of LiberalArts, Summer of 1890; Lecturer of University Extension Association forEducation of Men, 1891-92; Fellow by courtesy (chiefly in MorganPark) Summer of 1892, offered an argument establishing according tothe best-known German methods that Washington was a Sun Myth.This learned and abstruse discourse may be summarized:I. We are often led astray by corrupt pronunciation and syllabification. Forinstance, Washington should rightly be divided Was hing ton, and pronounced accordingly.Was — the third person, singular, imperative of the verb to be; means let there be.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 235Hing — originally had an s preceding it, but this letter was lost because of the 5on the end of was; shing, by philological processes, came to be seine, throughthe Teutonic influence; means a shining.Ton — modern form of tun or down.Was-hing-ton therefore means Let There Be a Shining Down, which proves thatWas-hing-ton was a Sun-God.II. You pick up a book. What is its name ?The Life of Was-Scine-Dun, by Ja-red Sparks.Ja=Yah; Yah = very.Ja Red = Very Red, and we have —The Life of Was-Scine-Dun, by Very Red Sparks. What could be moreconclusive ?III. You read the book; what do you find in it ?"Was-Scine-Dun was unable to fight in the Fall on account of the miststhat settled down; Was-Scine-Dun was unable to carry on the campaignin the winter because of the ice and the mist."IV. All legends connected with Washington tend to prove that he was a Sun-God; we have the legend of the cherry tree:Cherry tree — shadow.Hatchet — shining light.And we have Light cutting away Shadow.Just here in the seminar comes the inevitable interruption in the shape of aquestion from a very young member of the class, Frances Williston:"Why did they call Was-Scine-Dun George?""This is a very difficult point, and I had hoped it would not be raised; since ithas been raised, I can make the general statement that by tracing George back to itssource we find it to mean diurnal, so that we have Let there be a daily shining down.And as a final point, let me add that George is not much used in England, becausethere never was a ' daily shining down' in England."A third contribution to the discussion was made by TheodoreGeraldo Soares, F.R.S., Advisory Director University Union; F.R.S.,Business College, Cairo (Illinois), 1889; Reader in Pastoral Duties insame, 1890-92; Electrical Engineer and Regulator of Ventilating Fan,U. of C. (in absentia), 1892-94. Mr. Soares protested vehementlyagainst this destructive German scholarship, and undertook with muchlearning to rehabilitate the discredited Father of his Country. Beginning in the spirit of the parodies already given, he passed into eloquenteulogy and sent his audience home in a fine glow of patriotism.There is much beside to show that the University community of theFirst Year was fairly successful in driving dull care away. The firstformal reception occurred on Saturday evening, November 19, when thePresident and Trustees were "at home" to the Faculty and a host offriends and patrons of the University. To reach the campus by carriage236 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDon a dark night over unfamiliar and muddy roads, coaxed on by glimmering gas lamps at infrequent intervals, was an adventure only to be enteredupon from the most compelling motives. But an invitation to this firstreception was like a summons to court. No one so fortunate as to bebidden took seriously such difficulties as mud and darkness and distance.A trustworthy contemporary account says there were more than fourhundred guests present. Out of a seemingly uninhabited wildernessCobb Hall loomed up, streaming light and welcome from every window.Miss Wallace, a member of the committee charged with the task oftransforming Cobb Chapel into a drawing-room, recalls the generousco-operation of the head of the rug department at Marshall Field's, whobecame instantly enthusiastic on behalf of Chicago's big University andfreely lent his most valuable and beautiful rugs to hang upon the barewalls and cover the bare floors. Guests were greeted at the entranceby the unaccustomed sight of student marshals in cap and gown. Academic dress was worn on this occasion for the first time, not only by themarshals, but by members of the Faculty, to the qualified admiration, itmust be added, of many laymen. A flippant student reporter describesthem as "puzzled to know whether they had struck a funeral, or a calledmeeting of the Mafia."[To be continued]THE UNIVERSITY AND THE WARAt a meeting of members of theFaculties and the Officers of Administration of the University of Chicago, calledby some of these members, to considerpracticable measures of military andscientific preparation in the present crisisof the country, the following memorialwas passed, and signed by its supporters,ordered transmitted to the President ofthe United States, the Secretary of Warand the senators and representatives ofthe state of Illinois:"We express our conviction that, in thepresent state of the world, the securityand defense of the country would be bestassured by an adequate system of universal military training, combined withuniversal preparation for citizenship andfor military, industrial, or scientificservice in case of war."We also express our conviction thatthe United States of America can bestfurther the cause of world-peace, international justice, and free developmentof peoples, if it speaks as a country in astate of complete preparedness fordefense."This memorial was signed by one hundred and fifty-five members and administrative officers of the University.Under the auspices of the Cosmopolitan Club a mass meeting was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall on April nto extend felicitations and congratulations on the part of the faculty and students to the new republic of Russia.President Harry Pratt Judson spoke onthe subject of "Sunrise in Russia";Assistant Professor Samuel NorthrupHarper, of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, spoke of"Miliukov, the Political Organizer";Associate Professor Francis WaylandShepardson, of the Department of History, discussed "The Meaning of theRussian Revolution to America"; andother addresses were made by studentsof the University. Dr. Miliukov, whowas the minister of foreign affairs for thenew Russian republic, was a member ofthe University of Chicago faculty somefifteen years ago. The following resolutions were passedat the meeting and have been cabledby President Judson to Dr. Miliukov atPetrograd to congratulate him for Russiaon the successful establishment of thenew democratic government.WHEREAS, Professor Paul Miliukov,on the occasion of his residence in theUnited States, was a colleague andteacher at the University of Chicago,and hence our interest in the new Russiais made more personal:Resolved, (i) That we request thePresident of the University to transmitto Professor Miliukov, on our behalf,the congratulations of the Universityon the recent triumph of the real democratic Russia.Resolved, (2) That we congratulate Professor Miliukov personally on being soinstrumental in the achievement of theideals which he presented to us so attractively fifteen years ago. The unity andthe moderation that characterize the neworder which has been established willguarantee its permanent success, and weconfidently expect that the nation willsupport the new order in the spirit ofunion, patience, and mutual good-will.Resolved, (3) That we congratulate ourselves, as citizens of an older republic,that we, having entered in the great war,can now give material as well as moralsupport to the common cause of democ^racy in whose ultimate triumph throughout the entire world we profoundlybelieve.President Harry Pratt Judson has beenappointed a member of the Labor Committee of the Advisory Board of theCouncil of National Defense. SamuelGompers, president of the AmericanFederation of Labor, is chairman of theCommittee, which is officially known asthe Committee on Labor, Conservationof Health, and the Welfare of Workers.Dr. Frank Billings, Professor of Medicine and Dean of the Rush MedicalFaculty, has been appointed by thegovernment at Washington as presidentof the commission of sanitary, social,237238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmedical, and food distribution expertswho will go to Russia under the auspicesof the Red Cross to make as complete asurvey as possible of the social needs ofthe peoples in Russian territory, with aview to co-operation in the improvementof social conditions.Mr. Harold H. Swift, who was graduated from the University ten years agoand is now a trustee, will accompany Dr.Billings as a member of the commission.Mr. Swift, who is a member of the firmof Swift & Company, Chicago, will goas the food expert of the commission — asan authority on the mobilization anddistribution of foodstuffs.Professor Robert A. Millikan, of theDepartment of Physics, was made chairman of the Physics Committee of theNational Academy of Sciences and alsoDirector of Research of the NationalResearch Council. He is now in Washington, D.C., having been granted leaveof absence during the Spring Quarter bythe Board of Trustees."Why the United States Is in theWar" was the subject of a series oflectures by members of the Universityfaculties. The first lecture, on "TheThreat of German World Politics," wasgiven by President Harry Pratt Judson,Professor of International Law andDiplomacy and Head of the Departmentof Political Science; and the second,"From Spectator to Participant," wasgiven by Professor Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlin, Head of the Departmentof History. Dr. Arthur P. Scott, of theDepartment of History, spoke on "ThePassing of Splendid Isolation," and Mr.Frederick D. Bramhall, of the Department of Political Science, on "Democracy the Basis of a World Order."The next lecture in the series was byDean Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool, who spoke Wednesday, May 2,on "American Democracy and WorldPolitics"; and the closing lecture, Thursday, May 3, was by Professor PaulShorey, Head of the Department ofGreek, whose subject is "Civilization'sStake in the War."An infantry unit of the senior divisionof the Reserve Officers Training Corpsis now established at the University ofChicago. This is a training unit for theOfficers Reserve Corps, to which the stu dent is eligible for commission withoutexamination upon completion of hiscourse of military instruction in the training unit. The Reserve Officers TrainingCorps is divided into senior and juniordivisions. The senior division is authorized at those institutions requiring fouryears of collegiate study for a degree, aswell as in certain institutions of a strictlymilitary nature. The junior division isauthorized at all other institutions.During the Spring Quarter about 500students enrolled. About fifty membersof the faculty are also taking the fullcourse of drills and lectures. Some fiftyto sixty alumni members are taking thesame course.Under Dean Leon C. Marshall, of theSchool of Commerce and Administration,eighty-five students have been enrolledin the new Training Course for StoresService, a course designed as a specialpreparation for men in the OrdnanceDepartment of the United States government. Although this course has notbeen provided by act of Congress it isgiven under the auspices and at therequest of the Council of National Defense and has received the unofficialindorsement of General Crozier, Chief ofOrdnance.The work in this course, which requiresthe full time of men taking it, is given bythe School of Commerce and Administration with the assistance of outsideexperts. Various phases of the workinclude the following subjects: Governmental Control Systems, Statistics as anInstrument of Control, Accounting asan Instrument of Control, Modern Business Organization, Army Organizationand Regulations, Transportation, StoresKeeping, Summary on Forms and Blanks,Field Work throughout the course withpossibility of intensification at the end,and Military Drill.The class is divided into squads ofnine men, each group with a corporaland a foreman, the duties of the latterbeing to secure suggestions and information from the squad, to guide discussion,to serve as leaders of their squads infield trips and laboratory work, and tomake weekly reports on individualefficiency.The Women's War Aid of the University of Chicago, has just been formedthrough the efforts of Mrs. Harry PrattTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 239Judson and others. The purpose of theorganization is to co-ordinate the variousactivities which may be carried on by thewomen of the University faculty, in theUniversity families, among the students,and among neighbors and friends of theUniversity, in the interest of helping invarious ways toward the war, either inaid of our own Army or Navy, or in aidof our Allies.The officers are as follows: President,Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson; First Vice-President, Mrs. Frank H. Montgomery;Second Vice-President, Miss ElizabethWallace; Treasurer, Mrs. Eliakim H.Moore; Recording Secretary, Mrs. JamesR. Angell; Corresponding Secretary,Mrs. Richard G. Moulton.Groups already incorporated in theorganization include the NeedleworkGuild, the University branch of the"Fatherless Children of France," theHyde Park Baptist Church of Chicago,a branch of the American Red Cross, theUniversity of Chicago Settlement League,"The Ida Noyes Group" which Mr.LaVerne Noyes is giving special support,and the Alumnae Group. Within threedays over two thousand dollars was raisedfor the purposes of the new organization,which is expected to be of very greatservice in promoting unity and effectiveness of effort.Plans by which the women of the University of Chicago may aid in the defenseand preservation of the nation, whichwere outlined at a meeting of womenstudents in Leon Mandel Assembly Hallby Dean Marion Talbot, are alreadybeing realized, one hundred and thirtywomen of the University having registered for work in First Aid, ninety forSocial Service in War Time, twenty-fivefor Food Conservation and Production,and twenty-five for voluntary InfantWelfare work. Several other groups ofwomen have already enrolled and arebeing organized.Among the proposals presented to thewomen students at the preparednessmeeting was a pledge which reads asfollows: "Realizing that my countryneeds the loyal service of all its women,both now and in times of peace, I pledgemyself to the tasks I have indicated andI will undertake to perform these dutiesas conscientiously as if I were formallyenlisted for military service." Some ofthe tasks indicated are an effort to increase one's own physical strength andvigor, and to help some young personto do the same; an agreement to weara costume adapted to one's occupation,avoiding waste and display; the promoting of economy in food supplies, andthe learning of the proper preparationof foods; and aid in increasing the foodsupply by personally cultivating a plotof ground or organizing groups of childrento plant gardens in unoccupied lots.Other tasks proposed include an activepart in some organized movement for theprevention of infant mortality and in achild- welfare agency; help in providingfor the children and dependent membersof the family of a man or woman "atthe front" in war or industry; spreadingthe doctrine of marriage for those onlywho are free from disease that may betransmitted to future generations; andthe promotion of a new social order basedon confidence and good-will and thespirit of co-operation.In response to many inquiries from allparts of the country as to the possibilities of work in Military Training atthe University of Chicago during theSummer Quarter, the University issued aspecial announcement with reference toWar Service.Under the direction of Major Edgar B.Tolman courses will be offered duringeach term of the Summer Quarter inMilitary Science, including both drill andlectures. This unusual opportunity provided for instruction in military drill andfor lectures dealing with the more important aspects of military affairs, will makeit possible for school officers and teachersto prepare themselves for the initiatingof drill work in their own communities.Lectures will comprise Army Organization, Duties and Responsibilities ofOfficers, Map Reading, Minor Tactics,Camp Sanitation, and Personal Hygiene.More detailed work will be given in thesesubjects, with Manual of Arms Drill andSignaling, for the benefit of men registering for more than one major (a coursecontinuing through the quarter). In addition, there will be opportunities fortactical walks and for longer walks onSaturday at the option of the students.Each student will be assigned a varietyof duties connected with the service, andevery effort will be made to developin him the qualities requisite for anofficer or instructor.240 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFor women students also there will begiven each term of the Summer Quartera course in First Aid to the Sick andInjured, the course consisting of lectures, demonstrations, and^ actual practiceof First Aid methods. Those completing the course will receive the certificate given by the American RedCross Society. This course will beunder the general direction of DeanJohn M. Dodson, M.D., and a corps ofassisting physicians.Another timely and practical featureof the summer work at the University ofChicago will be the series of lectures onthe general subject, "Phases of War-Time Social Work," given under theauspices of the School of Commerce andAdministration, the purpose of the lectures being to give an insight into therelations of the different types of philanthropic service to the social problemsof war time. The subjects of the individual lectures include the followingsuggestive topics: "The Civilian Functions of the Red Cross," "The Responsibility of the Community for the Soldier'sFamily," "The Protection of InfantLife," "Lessons from Mexican Mobilization," "Canada's Care for the Soldier'sFamily," "Medical Agencies in Relationto Social Service," "Re-education of theHandicapped Soldier," "Protection ofWorking Children," "Emergency Reliefin Disasters Other than War," and"Woman's Work in War Time."Under the auspices of a committee ofthe National Education Association therewill be given, beginning July 13, a seriesof lectures on thrift, the first lecture beingon the subject of "Thrift as a Means ofIndustrial Mobilization" and the speaker,Assistant Professor Harold G. Moulton,of the Department of Political Economyat the University of Chicago . On July 1 8Professor Harlan H. Barrows, of theDepartment of Geography, will speak on"Thrift in the Utilization of NationalResources"; on July 19 ProfessorFrederick Shipp Deibler, of NorthwesternUniversity, will discuss "The Relation ofThrift to the Demand for Labor"; onJuly 23 Professor Walton Hale Hamilton,of Amherst College, will speak on "Provision for the Future"; and on July 27Associate Professor Harry GunnisonBrown, of the University of Missouri, on"Thrift versus Exploitation in Relationto Public Welfare." The three lectures in August on farmthrift will be given by Professor Edwin G.Nourse, of the University of Arkansas,whose book on Agricultural Economicswas recently published by the Universityof Chicago Press.Nearly three hundred members of thefaculties of the University and the administrative departments applied forgarden space on the vacant land belonging to the University, and two hundredof the applicants were supplied. Thepermits for the season obligate thelicensees to cultivate the plots assigned,keep them free from weeds, and, ondemand, deliver up possession.The Department of Botany at the University has taken the trouble to go overthe pieces of ground available and todesignate, according to the characterof the soil, the vegetables to which eachpiece is best adapted. About twentyacres in all are under cultivation.In the recent campaign of the YoungMen's Christian Association of the country to raise three million dollars for thesupport of its work in the army and navycamps, Chicago undertook to raise$150,000. The University of Chicagobranch of the Y.M.C.A. assisted in theChicago campaign and has succeededin raising nearly $9,000 for the purposesof the fund.Thirty-five of the Association's members in the University of Chicago havevolunteered to serve as secretaries in thecamps, and of this number four arealready stationed in the Great LakesNaval Station at Great Lakes, Illinois,under the leadership of Mr, M. H.Bickham, who has for five years beenacting as the executive secretary forthe University of Chicago branch of theY.M.C.A.The Association has organized at theUniversity a war-service council, onepurpose of which is to help students infinding their special war-time serviceeither as enlisted men or in effectivehome service. Another purpose is thearrangement of special lectures, one seriesof which has already been given under thegeneral subject of "War Problems,"among the speakers being Miss Mary E.McDowell, Head Resident of the University of Chicago Settlement, ProfessorGraham Taylor, Head of the ChicagoTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE WAR 241School of Civics and Philanthropy, andProfessor George Burman Foster, of theDepartment of Comparative Religion atthe University.A fund for a University of Chicagoambulance for service in France has beencompleted. With the report of DeanJames W. Linn that he had secured fourhundred dollars in cash from thirty ofthe alumni, the full amount necessary isassured. For providing and equippingthe ambulance $1,000 is necessary, andfor maintaining it a year $600 more isrequired. About one-half of the totalamount, $1,600, has been given by thestudents, and one-half by the facultiesand alumni.What the students of the University ofChicago High School have contributedfor the purposes of war relief is shownin the statement of the Principal of thatSchool, Franklin Winslow Johnson. Thesum of $2,200 has been raised for theAmerican Ambulance Field Service inFrance to provide an ambulance and themaintenance of its driver for one year.This money was given by students of theschool in amounts from ten cents to fiftydollars. Rowland Campbell, of the Classof 1916, who is already in France, is tobe the driver of the University , HighSchool Ambulance. In the service ofthe American Ambulance there are atpresent in France five boys who havegraduated from the School in the pastfour years and several others are to sail inthe near future.Twenty-four boys, eight of whom received their diplomas on June 14, havebeen for six weeks employed on farmsin Pendleton, Indiana, under the super-.vision of one of the High-School teachers,Mr. Emery Filbey. Under the terms oftheir contracts, the wages received, afterdeducting expense of travel, have beenturned over to the School for the purposeof war relief. In addition to these, twoother students, one a member of thegraduating class, have been employed onfarms in Wisconsin on the same terms.Two hundred dollars is the net cashreturn from this enterprise. Of perhapsgreater value has been the patrioticservice which these boys have rendered,with satisfaction to themselves and theiremployers, in this arduous labor under conditions to which they were quiteunaccustomed.The girls of the School through theGirls' Club have made and contributedto the Red Cross fifty-three dozen articleswhich have met the exacting standardsimposed.In addition to the First Lessons inSpoken French for Men in MilitaryService, which the University of ChicagoPress announces for immediate publication, a companion volume is being prepared by Professor Ernest Hatch Wilkins,of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, assisted by Assistant Professor Algernon Coleman andMiss Ethel Preston, to be issued underthe title of First Lessons in Spoken Frenchfor Doctors and Nurses. By the help ofthese compact and convenient lessonsAmerican doctors and nurses will beenabled to understand what may besaid to them in French and to makethemselves understood in the same language. They are also intended as a helpin reading French. The facts and wordsof French are presented consistently interms of sound, just as they will chieflypresent themselves in France, and thewords chosen for the word-lists havebeen selected with reference to the particular needs of doctors and nurses.Royalties will be devoted to the work ofthe Red Cross.Soon after the appearance of these twobooks a third volume by Professors Coleman and Wilkins will be ready, Le soldatamerican en France, which is intended asa handbook and guide for conversationfor men who already have some knowledge of French. It will contain a practical discussion of French pronunciationand give a working vocabulary accompanied by a simple phonetic transcription of the difficult words. Some of thefeatures will be : useful information aboutgeography and political organization andthe organization of the French army; itwill contain French equivalents of American military terms for life in the quartersand in the trenches for infantry, artillery,and aviation; the necessary vocabularyof the field hospital; words and phrasesused in ordinary contact with Frenchpeople; current phrases of polite society;lists of common idioms with Englishequivalents; and lists of colloquialexpressions.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND THIRDCONVOCATIONCharles Andrews Huston, A.B., 1902,J.D., 1908, S.J.D., Dean of the LawSchool, Leland Stanford Junior University, was the Convocation orator atthe One Hundred and Third Convocationheld in the Frank Dickinson BartlettGymnasium on June 12, 191 7. His address is printed in this issue of the University Record.Dean Huston is the first alumnus of theColleges of the University of Chicago tobe invited to give the Convocation address, although others with graduatedegrees from the University have beenConvocation orators.Professor Huston, who received hisBachelor's degree at the University in1902 with Phi Beta Kappa honors, was afellow in political economy the followingyear, and in 1906 was graduated from theLaw School with the degree of Doctor ofLaw ( J.D .) . After serving for three yearsas an Assistant and Associate in English,with highly successful work as a debatingcoach, he was called to an instructorshipin law at Stanford University, where hewas rapidly promoted to a full professorship. A year ago he was made Dean ofthe Law School at that institution tosucceed Frederic Campbell Woodward.Dr. Huston received from Harvard University the degree of S.J.D. in 1913.Mrs. Huston is also a graduate of theUniversity of Chicago and a member ofthe Phi Beta Kappa, and at one time wasa fellow in English. The Phi Beta Kappadinner in the Quadrangle Club on June nwas given in honor of the Convocationorator and Mrs. Huston.The Award of Honors included theelection of 7 students to associate membership in Sigma Xi, 20 students tomembership in Sigma Xi, and 27 studentsto membership in the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa.A new and significant section of theConvocation program was the following:The enrolment in national service. — Thefollowing candidates for degrees at this Convocation are in the service of thenation or its allies. The list is incomplete.Paul Richard Anderson, Ph.B., R.O.T.C.,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Donald Sidney Lorenz Bradford, Ph.B.,R.O.T.C., Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Josiah Bridge, S.M.Don Bruce Cameron, S.B., The Universityof Chicago Ambulance Company No. 3.Newton Carson, J.D., R.O.T.C., FortRiley, Kansas.m Clarence Calvert Collier, Ph.B., Base Hospital Unit No. 12, in France.Howard Robert Copley, Ph.B., R.O.T.C.,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Clyde Munson Cummins, A.M., R.O.T.C.,Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana.William Doig Dalgetty, Ph.B., The University of Chicago Ambulance CompanyNo. 3-Andrew John Dallstream, Ph.B. and J.D.,R.O.T.C., Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Alfred Kenneth Eddy, Ph.B., R.O.T.C.,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Floyd Hamilton Fuller, LL.B., R.O.T.C.,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Robert Franklin Goodyear, Ph.B.,R.O.T.C., Fort Logan H. Roots, Arkansas.John Wesley Grimes, Ph.B., The University of Chicago Ambulance Company No. 3.Ellsworth Lin Guy, Ph.B., R.O.T.C., FortLogan H. Roots, Arkansas.Alvin Lawrence Hansen, J.D., R.O.T.C.,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Edwin Powell Hubble, Ph.D., R.O.T.C,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Fred Bertrain Huebenthal, Ph.B., TheUniversity of Chicago Ambulance CompanyNo. 3.Harold Phillips Huls, Ph.B., R.O.T.C,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Philbrick Wylie Jackson, Ph.B., U.S.Marine Corps.Richard Hall Jeschke, U.S. Marine Corps.William Brownlow Johnson, Ph.B.,R.O.T.C, Fort McPherson, Georgia.John Ard Jones, Ph.B. in Education,R.O.T.C, Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Clay Judson, J.D., R.O.T.C, Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Howard David Lightbody, S.M., TheUniversity of Chicago Ambulance CompanyNo. 3.Ralph Thompson Lowry, Ph.B., Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana.Frank Clark Lusk, Ph.B., U.S. MarineCorps.242EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 243Donald Durland Mapes, J.D., R.O.T.C,Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Paul Chandler Matthews, Ph.B., Base Hospital Unit No. 13.Leslie Cleveland McNemar, J.D., JudgeAdvocate General's Office, Washington, D.CEdward Orr, Ph.B., R.O.T.C, Fort Sheridan, Illinois.Truman Plantz, Jr., J.D., R.O.T.C, FortSnelling, Minnesota.Samuel Greene Arnold Rogers, A.M.,American Ambulance in France.Roy Franklin Preston, A.M., Base Hospital Unit No. 13.James McBrayer Sellers, A.B., U.S. MarineCorps.Edwin Emanuel Shauer, LL.B., GreatLakes Naval Training Camp.Will Hamilton Walter, S.B., U.S. MarineCorps.Alan Francisco Wherritt, Ph.B., The University of Chicago Ambulance CompanyNo. 3.George Gale Willard, Ph.B., AmericanAmbulance in France.Some of these men were able to attendthe Convocation to receive their degrees.The appearance of the candidates inkhaki deeply stirred the assemblage whichimpressively applauded each soldier.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the title of Associate, 217; the certificate of the Collegeof Education, 36; the degree of Bachelorof Arts, 12; the re-enacted degree ofBachelor of Arts, 2; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 238; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 86. The DivinitySchool: the degree of Master of Arts, 27;the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 9.The Law School: the degree of Bachelorof Laws, n; the degree of Doctor ofLaw, 36. The Graduate Schools of Arts,Literature, and Science: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 37; the degree of Masterof Science, 20; the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, 22. The total number ofdegrees conferred (not including titlesand certificates) was 500.During the academic year 19 16-17the following titles, certificates, and degrees have been conferred by the University:The Title of Associate 407The Certificate of the Two Years' Coursein the College of Education 59The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science 496The Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science in Education 90The Degree of Bachelor of Laws 16The Degree of Master of Arts in theDivinity School 47 The Degree of Master of Arts or Sciencein the Graduate Schools 151The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity .... 14The Degree of Doctor of Law 55The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy inthe Divinity School 2The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy inthe Graduate Schools 65The Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening ofJune n. In the receiving line werePresident and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson,Dean and Mrs. Charles Andrews Huston,Mr. Harold H. Swift, Major and Mrs.Ola W. Bell, Dean Marion Talbot.At the Convocation Religious Servicein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall Sunday,June 10, the sermon was delivered by theRight Reverend Charles PalmerstonAnderson,D. D., Bishop of Chicago.THE UNIVERSITY ORCHESTRALASSOCIATIONThe annual meeting of the UniversityOrchestral Association was held in HarperAssembly Room, April 24, 191 7, the president, Mr. Percy Holmes Boynton, beingin the chair. The secretary-treasurer,Mr. David Allan Robertson, presentedhis report. The Association offered during the season 19 16-17 seven concertsby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra andthree recitals — one by the FlonzaleyQuartet, another by Mr. Pablo Casals,'cellist, and Mrs. Casals, soprano, andone by Mile Jennie Dufau. For theseason all of the seats in Leon MandelAssembly Hall were sold; at each symphony concert many were turned away;for the recitals extra seats were placedon the stage. The secretary called attention to the impossibility of other thanseason-ticket holders attending the concerts unless subscribers returned theirtickets to be resold for the benefit of theassociation. Although this year twiceas many tickets were disposed of in thisway as last year, the officers noted evenat the most popular concerts a large number of unoccupied seats. A plea wasmade for a further extension of the planof returning tickets to be resold to thosedesiring to attend the concerts. Threehundred and sixty-five students purchased season tickets at reduced rate.The following officers were elected:President, Walter A. Payne; Vice-president, Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson;Secretary-treasurer, David A. Robertson;244 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDirectors, Arthur J. Mason, Mrs. Newman Miller, Ferdinand Schevill, GeraldBirney Smith. An amendment to theconstitution changing the basis of membership in the association was regularlyadopted. Hereafter membership in theassociation for any year shall consist ofthose who have purchased season ticketsfor the year. For the season of 191 7-18arrangements have already been madewith the Chicago Symphony Orchestrafor eight concerts on Tuesday afternoonsas follows: October 16, November 6,December 4, January 15, January 29,February 5, February 26 and March 12.Mrs. Zeisler will give a piano recital onJanuary 22.THE RENAISSANCE SOCIETYThe annual meeting of the RenaissanceSociety was held in the Assembly Roomof Haskell Oriental Museum, Monday,May 28. At the request of the presidentof the society, Mr. James Rowland Angell,the secretary, Mr. David Allan Robertson, presented his annual report includinga review of the history of the organization,and the minutes of the meeting of theExecutive Committee and of the generalmeetings of the society. He called attention to the exhibition of paintingsconducted jointly by the RenaissanceSociety and the Department of Historyof Art during the Quarter-Centennial celebration of the University; the lecture byMr. Frederick W. Gookin, of Chicago,January 23, 19 17, on "Essential Qualitiesin Works of Art," illustrated by Mr.Gookin's collection of Japanese prints andpaintings; the visit to the MidwayStudios, February 27, 191 7, when Mr.Lorado Taft explained his conception ofthe Fountain of Time and other sculptural projects; and the final meeting atwhich the Director of Haskell OrientalMuseum, Mr. James Henry Breasted,delivered a lecture, "The Architects andSculptors of Egypt." On account of warconditions the plans for the months ofMarch and April were abandoned. Thesecretary reported finally that the membership of the society on May 28, 1917,was as follows: life members, 2; sustaining members, 21; annual members, 54;student members, 5. The report of thetreasurer, Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson,showed receipts from membership feesamounting to $577; expenditures on account of printing, mailing, and expensesof the exhibition of paintings, $337.63,and 3 per cent bank certificates, $200,leaving a balance of $239 . 37. The totalassets of the society at the present timeare $439.37. After a discussion of theeffect of the war on the program andmembership, the society elected the following officers for the ensuing year:President, Ernest H. Wilkins; Treasurer,Charles L. Hutchinson; Secretary, DavidA. Robertson; Vice-presidents, Mrs.Martin A. Ryerson, Mrs. Lillian Cush-man Brown, Mr. J. Spencer Dickerson,Mr. James H. Breasted, Mr. Edgar J.Goodspeed; Executive Committee, Mr.James R. Angell, Mr. Walter Sargent,Mr. H. A. Bigelow, Mr. Richard Offner,Miss Elizabeth E. Langley.GENERAL ITEMSProfessor Ludwig Hektoen has recentlybeen elected Cutter Lecturer on Preventive Medicine and Hygiene at HarvardUniversity.Charles Riborg Mann, Associate Professor of Physics, who has been for twoyears on leave of absence from the University in connection with research workfor the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, has been invitedby the president of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology to act as chairman of a newly organized committee, thepurpose of which is to inquire into themethods of instruction used in the Institute and to suggest any possible changesfor betterment. In view of the importance of this work Dr. Mann has resignedhis position in the Department of Physicsat the University of Chicago, and hisresignation will take effect on September30, 191 7. His new position will be thatof director of educational research in theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.William Draper Harkins, AssociateProfessor of Chemistry, gave a graduatecourse of lectures on thermochemistry atthe Mellon Institute and Graduate Schoolof the University of Pittsburgh duringApril and May, while Professor M. A.Rosanoff, of the Institute, delivered atthe University of Chicago during thesame time a full university course oflectures on stereochemistry and a brieferone on his theory of chemical reactions.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 245Ferdinand Schevill, Professor of Modern History, has just completed a biography and appreciation of Karl Bitter,the famous American sculptor. Thebook, which is issued under the auspicesof the National Sculpture Society, is justpublished in an especially artistic formby the University of Chicago Press underthe title, Karl Bitter: A Biography.The University of Chicago Press hasissued Household Manufactures in theUnited States, 1640-1860. The author isRolla Milton Tryon, Assistant Professorof the Teaching of History.Two new volumes are announced forpublication in the "University of ChicagoScience Series," one on Food Poisoning,by Edwin Oakes Jordan, Chairman of theDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology,and one on Finite Collineation Groups, byHans F. Blichfeldt, Professor of Mathematics in Leland Stanford Junior University.Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, the Englishpoet, who lectured in February at theUniversity of Chicago, appeared againat the University on the afternoon ofThursday, May 17, in readings from hispoems. This appearance was on theWilliam Vaughn Moody Lecture Foundation, which has already provided threeother distinguished lecturers during thisquarter — Alfred Noyes, the English poet;Stephen Leacock, the Canadian criticand humorist; and Paul Elmer More,the literary critic and essayist.Mr. Gibson's program of readingsincluded the following:The prelude and "Flannan Isle" fromFires; "In the Orchestra" and "ThePlough" from Livelihood; "Holiday"from Daily Bread; "Ragamuffins," "Onthe Embankment," "Sight," and "Geraniums" from Borderlands and Thoroughfares; and "Daffodil" from Livelihood.The University Preachers for the Summer Quarter are as follows:On June 24, Dr. Harry Emerson Fos-dick, of Union Theological Seminary,New York City; July 1, Professor ArthurS. Hoyt, of Auburn Theological Seminary,Auburn, New York; July 8, ProfessorGeorge Burman Foster, of the Department of Comparative Religion at theUniversity of Chicago; July 15, Dean Shailer Mathews, of the Divinity School;July 22, Professor Theodore GeraldSoares, head of the Department of Practical Theology; and July 29, Rev. John A.Rice, D.D., of St. John's MethodistEpiscopal Church South, St. Louis, Missouri.For the first Sunday of August, thespeaker will be Professor Alexander . R.Gordon, Litt.D., Professor of Old Testament Literature and Exegesis, Presbyterian College, Montreal, Canada. OnAugust 12 Rev. William P. Merrill, D.D.,of the Brick Presbyterian Church, NewYork City, will speak; on August 19President Edwin M. Poteat, D.D., ofFurman University, Greenville, SouthCarolina; and August 26 will be Convocation Sunday.At the recent meeting of the NationalAcademy of Sciences at Washington,D.C., Professor A. A. Michelson, Headof the Department of Physics, waselected Secretary of the Academy, tosucceed Dr. Charles D. Wolcott, of theSmithsonian Institution, who was electedpresident.The Howard Taylor Ricketts prize forresearch by students in the Departmentsof Pathology and of Hygiene and Bacteriology has been awarded this year toMr. Enrique E. Ecker, for his workentitled, "The Pathogenic Effect andNature of a Toxin Produced by BacillusParatyphosus B." The prize wasawarded on May 3, the anniversary ofthe death of Dr. Howard Taylor Ricketts.Francis Wayland Shepardson, Associate Professor of American History, hasbeen appointed by Governor Frank O.Lowden, of Illinois, to be Director of theDepartment of Registration and Education, one of the nine departments underwhich the administrative work of thestate has been grouped. This new administrative organization is to go intoeffect under the new civic code of Illinoison July 1.The registration phase of DirectorShepardson's department will includethe work now covered by a number ofseparate boards of examiners, such asthose for medicine, pharmacy, etc.On the education side the departmentcovers the general work of the five normalschools of the state, that of the state246 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgeological survey, the state museum ofnatural history, and the work in botany,zoology, entomology, bacteriology, etc.,some of which is now being carried on inconnection with the State University atChampaign.Dr. Shepardson, who is a graduate ofDenison and Brown universities andreceived his Doctor's degree from Yale,began his work of instruction at theUniversity of Chicago in the year it wasfounded, 1892. For two years he was Secretary of the Lecture-Study Departmentof the University Extension Division,for seven years secretary to PresidentWilliam Rainey Harper, and for threeyears Dean of the Senior Colleges. Formany years also he has been secretaryof the Phi Beta Kappa chapter at theUniversity and is one of the senatorsof the national organization. He hasalso been especially active in patrioticorganizations, having been president forfive years of the Illinois Society of theSons of the Revolution. He receivedthe honorary degree of Doctor of Lawsfrom his Alma Mater, Denison University, in 1906.In connection with the courses on artand the history of art to be given duringthe Summer Quarter and in co-operationwith the Renaissance Society there willbe a loan exhibition of paintings in theClassics Building. One collection, thatof Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, president ofthe University Board of Trustees, includes remarkable examples of nineteenth-century French painters, and theother collection includes paintings byProfessor Alfred Vance Churchill, ofSmith College.An alumnus of the University of Chicago, Dr. Melvin A. Brannon, whoreceived his Doctor's degree for work inthe Department of Botany at the University in 191 2, has just been elected tothe presidency of Beloit College byunanimous action of the board of trusteesconcurred in by unanimous vote of thefaculty. Dr. Brannon has been presidentof the University of Idaho, having beencalled to that position from the presidencyof the University of North Dakota.In addition to the honorary degree ofDoctor of Science recently conferred byColumbia University on Professor Robert A. Millikan, of the Department of Physicsat the University of Chicago, AmherstCollege conferred the same degree onDr. Millikan at its recent commencement.Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, president ofthe Board of Trustees, received fromYale University at its recent commencement the honorary degree of Master ofArts. Mr. Ryerson, who received thedegree of Bachelor of Laws from HarvardUniversity in 1878, is vice-president ofthe Art Institute of Chicago and of theField Museum of Natural History, atrustee of the Carnegie Institution ofWashington and the Otho S. A. SpragueMemorial Institute of Chicago, and amember of the Rockefeller Foundation.Much interest is being manifested byreaders of the School Review and the Elementary School Journal in the publishedcourses of study which have been workedout experimentally in the Elementaryand High Schools of the School of Education. In a number of cases these coursesof study have been embodied in textbookswhich are at the present time widely used.Perhaps the most far-reaching of theseexperiments is the organization of algebra,geometry, and trigonometry into a combination high-school course in mathematics, which is published in the seriesof "Correlated Mathematics" under thetitles of First-Year Mathematics, andSecond-Year Mathematics for SecondarySchools, the volume for the third year toappear in June.During the last two years the facilitiesfor productive research in the School ofEducation at Chicago have been greatlyincreased. The material equipment ofthe experimental laboratories has beenimproved and enlarged, thus making itpossible to carry on extensive investigations in connection with a wider variety ofproblems; and provision has also beenmade for a series of Supplementary Educational Monographs to be edited in conjunction with the School Review and theElementary School Journal. These monographs make it possible to give widepublicity from time to time to the resultsof many of the investigations which theSchool of Education has under its direction, and so far two of the series havebeen issued, one on Studies of Elementary-School Reading through StandardizedTests, by William Scott Gray, and AnEVENTS: PASTExperimental Study in the Psychology ofReading, by William A. Schmidt. Threemore are announced as in press — TheAdministration of Secondary-School Units tby Leonard V. Koos, ExperimentalStudies in Arithmetic, by George S.Counts, and Types of Reading Ability asExhibited through Tests and LaboratoryExperiments, by Clarence Truman Gray.The address at the One Hundred andFourth Convocation, to be held Friday,August 31, will be delivered by ProfessorJesse Siddall Reeves, Ph.D., Professor ofPolitical Science at the University ofMichigan.A patriotic celebration was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall on Wednesday, July 4, 1917, at 10: 10 a.m. Theprogram was as follows: AND FUTURE 247Organ Prelude:Robert Waterman Stevens, OrganistIntroductory Address:Dean James Rowland Angell"America"Prayer:Rev. Arthur S. Hoyt, D.D., Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, N.Y.Reading of the Declaration of Independence:Professor Frederic Mason Blanchard"Present Opportunities for Service":Professor Ralph Barton Perry, Ph.D.,Harvard University"Through the Submarine Zone":Professor Alexander R. Gordon, McGillUniversity, Montreal, Canada"The University and the Nation":Rev. Charles Whitney Gilkey, A.M., B.D.,Chaplain at Fort Sheridan"The Star-Spangled Banner"Benediction:Rev. Arthur S. Hoyt, D.D.248 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN SPRING QUARTER, 191 7Men Women Total1917 Total1916 Gain LossI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 190238 17361 3^3299 291283 7216Science Total 42846466929 23440645564 6628701,12493 5747161,02181 88154103122. The Colleges —Senior Junior Unclassified Total * 1,1621,590126(4 dup.)14 925i,i59126 2,0872,74913820 1,8182,39213610 269357210Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. The Professional Schools:1. The Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified English Theological Chicago Theological Seminary. . . 35 35 40 5Total 17563104123 1897 19372111123 18658118171 7*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior Junior Unclassified Medical Total 182122535i2 169121 19813154533 19411437474 4171763. The Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidate for LL.B Unclassified 1Total 228346192,209239 133i83651,52417 2413529843,733256 2023459273,3^9233 397574144. The College of Education Total Professional Total University *Deduct for Duplication Net totals 1,970 i,507 3,477 3,o86 39iV,oMHowPhzcuv.<mH>.HUc>BJiwwP4