The University RecordVolume III JANUARY IQI7 Number 1THE MEDICAL SCHOOLI. THE PLAN AND CAMPAIGNAn announcement deeply fraught with significance for the Universityof Chicago, and indeed for all that Humanity which it seeks to serve, wasthat quietly issued by President Harry Pratt Judson on November 10,1916, and trumpeted in various tones in the newspapers of the morningof November n:The Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago has adopted a plan for medicaleducation which it is expected will be put into operation in the near future. The planprovides for an undergraduate medical school, a graduate medical school, and medicalresearch.The undergraduate medical school will be on the Midway, in close connection withthe science departments of the University. The standards of admission and of graduation will be as high as those of any medical school in the country. The number ofstudents will be limited to such as can receive the best possible training with the facilities available.A teaching hospital, duly equipped with necessary laboratories and lecture-rooms,will provide for clinical instruction. Suitable endowments will free the hospital fromthe necessity of depending on paying patients, and the faculty from the necessityof practice for a livelihood.The graduate medical school will be on the West Side in connection with the worknow done by the Rush Medical College and the Presbyterian Hospital. It will provide for medical graduates who wish further training and for practitioners who wishto keep in touch with progress in medical science. Research will be carried on in bothplaces under arrangements to be announced later.The plan involves an addition to the resources of the University of the sum offive million three hundred thousand dollars — one million for the hospital on the Midway,three hundred thousand for a laboratory on the West Side, and four millions for endowment.2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDToward the endowment fund the Rockefeller Foundation offers one million dollarsand the General Education Board one million dollars, provided the entire sum of fivemillion three hundred thousand dollars shall be raised. Further pledges of individualshave been made to the amount of seven hundred thousand dollars. Thus two millionseven hundred thousand dollars has already been secured. Two million six hundredthousand dollars remains to be secured, and in the near future a campaign will beinitiated to complete the fund.Immediately a committee of the Board of Trustees comprisingA. C. Bartlett, T. E. Donnelley, Andrew MacLeish, Julius Rosenwald,Martin A. Ryerson, Robert L. Scott, Harold H. Swift, and Dr. FrankBillings, and led by President Judson as chairman, began its conductof a careful, skilful, and enthusiastic campaign. Three times eachweek — Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays — this committee has metto receive reports of progress and to devise ways and means.The demonstration of public confidence in the University wasprompt and enthusiastic. From Maine to California, from Alaska toFlorida, cordial expressions of good-will appeared in the public press.Typical are these editorials from the Baltimore Sun, the BrooklynCitizen, and the Chicago papers :The gift by the Rockefeller Foundation to the Chicago medical school of twomillion dollars raises the endowment of that institution to eleven millions, and tothat extent enlarges its field and capacity for usefulness and distinction. With theequipment and professional talent which its large financial resources can command, itshould certainly take rank with the foremost medical centers in the world, and we sincerely hope that it will do so. We cannot have too many institutions of the highestclass dedicated to the science of life and health, and if the Chicago school can makeitself as famous as the Johns Hopkins, there will be no petty envy on the part of ourBaltimore university.Still, the size of an endowment does not necessarily measure the mental size ofsuch an agency. The Hopkins started with much less than many others and the giftswhich have come to it from time to time have been in recognition of previous achievements as well as in aid of future work. The spirit and high purpose behind an institution of learning are quite as important as money. There is nothing worse, however,for progress than the contentment produced by monopoly. And if the Chicagoschool shall excite a generous emulation in scientific medical work that will stimulatethe Hopkins to still higher standards, we shall participate indirectly in the benefitsof the former's large endowment. — Baltimore Sun, November 14, 1916.The establishment of a great medical school for advanced study and researchwork in Chicago, partly through the gift of $2,000,000 by John D. Rockefeller, is anepochal event in the medical annals of America We have some famous medicalschools here, but they are not well adapted to research work or specializing. Thiswant the new University of Chicago medical school is intended to supply. There couldbe no more beneficent donation, as recent experience with the poliomyelitis epidemichas shown. — Brooklyn Citizen, November 11, 1916.THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 3The superb medical institution planned by the University of Chicago promises tobe a splendid addition to the civilizing resources of this community.The college as planned bids fair to give Chicago that supremacy in the field ofmedical training which Baltimore obtained when the Johns Hopkins Medical Schoolwas first organized. In times not long past this city has had another and an unenviable reputation as a center of medical teaching. Numbers rather than the thoroughness of instruction was said to be the characteristic of some of the medical colleges,so called.The opposite and the better idea is to be emphasized in the institution to be formedof the united resources of Rush Medical College, the Presbyterian Hospital, and theUniversity of Chicago and kindred institutions, together with gifts from the Rockefeller funds and from public-spirited Chicagoans. Research and higher instructionseem to be the dominating ideas. Such an establishment will be an immense stimulantto medical practice in the entire Middle and Far West.The scheme as announced by President Judson seems to focus considerable attention upon proper training for specialists. That is the great need of this entire section.Hitherto to be an expert in one line has practically necessitated years in Europe. Thathas meant inevitably that many men and women of excellent capacity have beendeprived of opportunities which would have enhanced vastly their own value to society.A well-endowed research institution in Chicago will be a step toward eliminatingthis great waste.President Judson, Dr. Frank Billings, and their associates, whose agitation hasmade this statesmanlike advance possible, are entitled to the appreciation of Chicago.The undertaking has been conceived in a large spirit, prophetic of the greater citywhich is in the making. — Chicago Herald, November 13, 1016.That Chicago is to have a $10,000,000 investment in plant and equipment forscientific research work and teaching in medicine and surgery is an evolution ratherthan a sudden decision.For Chicago has been already prolific in great surgeons, in great teachers of preventive medicine, in high priests of sanitary science. We cannot honor these pioneersbetter than by carrying forward on a world-scale the work to which they devoted theirlives.Chicago is fortunate in that it is not handicapped by provincial or local traditions. It is a comparatively virgin field for a new and national medical university withan endowment that cannot fail to give it rank with the most noted similar institutionsin the Old World.The success of Johns Hopkins University, in an eastern state, was from the startattributable to the fact that it taught postgraduates only. We have scores of medicalcolleges that turn out physicians and surgeons, but until recently the facilities forpostgraduate work in this country have been meager. The tide has begun to turn,and such marvelous institutions as the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Researchhave given the United States a new world-standing in preventive medicine.Chicago is the logical point for teaching graduate physicians and surgeons thehigher branches of original research work. Even now this is being done here, but itwill be better done when Chicago realizes the plans now on foot for a great medicaluniversity.There is force also in the suggestion by President Judson of the University ofChicago that humanity's war against disease is more than a mere battle and that the4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnumber of victories over disease will be limited in the future only by the results ofscientific research work in which the expenditure of money is the smallest consideration.Those who are subscribing to the endowment fund for Chicago's new medicaluniversity are public benefactors in the highest sense.Not only this, but future generations will get more out of life in proportion as thedisease fighters are given unlimited means for their research work. — Chicago Examiner,November 15, 1916.In Science, November 17, 1916, Dr. Abraham Flexner, whose reportto the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching {MedicalEducation in the United States and Canada, New York, 19 10) containeda review of the medical situation in Chicago, closing with the sentence"the entire situation presents a rare opportunity for educational statesmanship," printed this statement:This project will be giving the city of Chicago a high-grade medical school andit will also provide for the first time in this country a postgraduate school adequatelyequipped and financed.The school will be erected on the Midway Plaisance, and will thus form a partof the present University of Chicago plant. High-grade modern laboratory buildingswill be provided for instruction in the students' first and second years, and a University hospital under complete control of the University, with laboratories and anout-patient department, will be built on the Midway.The entire teaching staff, clinical as well as laboratory, will be organized on thefull-time basis. That is, all the teachers for clinical as well as laboratory studies willgive their entire time to teaching and research in the University hospital and medicalschool. Professors and their assistants will hold their posts on condition that theybecome salaried University officials and that they accept personally no fees whateverfor any medical or surgical services.The only medical schools in the country today which have embraced the full-timeteaching plan are Johns Hopkins Medical School and the medical department ofWashington University, St. Louis.The full-time scheme is a plan to insure to hospital work and medical teaching theundivided energy of eminent scientists whose efforts might otherwise be distracted bythe conflicting demands of private practice and clinical teaching. The full-timescheme is an appeal to scientific interests and devotion of the clinician, and the resultsso far realized through the plan at Johns Hopkins have been most satisfactory.It should be of increasing consequence to the public that the training of thosestudying to become doctors should be in charge of the most competent men obtainabledevoting their entire time to this work. Greatly increased efficiency and thoroughnessshould result, to the alleviation of suffering and the cure of disease.The new institution thus to be established in Chicago will be equipped with everymodern facility for medical instruction and with ample funds for operation.The confidence of those financially able to participate in the greatplan was likewise prompt in expression, as the notable gift of Mr. andMrs. Rosenwald clearly indicates. On November 13, 1916, they tele-THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 5graphed from New York their contribution of $500,000. In acknowledging their gift the Board of Trustees declared:The promptness with which you seized the opportune moment in which to makeyour generous gift and the magnitude of the sum which you thus provide, combineto insure the triumphant conclusion of the campaign to secure the entire amountnecessary firmly to establish this great enterprise.On November 21 President Judson issued the following statement:A PLAN FOR ESTABLISHING DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINEAND SURGERY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOI. WHAT THE UNIVERSITY IS NOW DOING1. The University of Chicago now offers laboratory instruction comprising thefirst two years of the four years' medical course on a thoroughly modern basis. Thiscovers such Departments as Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Bacteriology, Physiological Chemistry, and the fundamental work in the Departments of Physics andChemistry. It has been possible to organize and conduct these two years on anadequate basis by the admirable facilities afforded in the Hull Biological Laboratories.The income on approximately two million dollars of University endowment is devotedto these two years of medical work.2. Students who have completed the two years above noted may then obtaintheir clinical work at Rush Medical College, under the arrangement of affiliation nowin force between that college and the University of Chicago. Rush Medical Collegeconducts its work in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital, with which it has acontract by which the hospital material is used for the various medical-school clinics.The M.D. degree is given by the Rush Medical College, and not by the University ofChicago.II. WHAT THE UNIVERSITY NOW PROPOSES TO DO1. It is now proposed to complete the Departments of Medicine and Surgery at theUniversity by establishing the last two years — the so-called clinical years — on preciselythe same basis, and with the same scientific methods, as those under which the first twoyears are being conducted. This will provide in the quadrangles of the University acomplete medical school, leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, to be given bythe University of Chicago. To this end a University hospital, of approximately 250beds, with laboratories adapted to teaching and research, will have to be built on theMidway. A clinical staff giving their entire time to hospital work, teaching, andresearch will be organized by the University, in order to complete the medical staffof the new school. There will thus be created on the present site of the University ahigh-grade medical school, with standards of admission and of graduation as exactingas any in the country, and with a hospital devoted wholly to purposes of medicaleducation and research. In order to make this plan possible there must be an endowment provided sufficient to make it unnecessary for the staff of the medical school todivert their time to private practice, and sufficient also to free the hospital from thenecessity of depending on paying patients.6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is not intended or desired that the school should be a large one. It is notbelieved to be the primary function of the University to provide the medical profession annually with a large number of new practitioners. What is desired is to selectby the most rigid tests such number of students from those who apply for admissionas can receive the best possible training with the facilities which will be provided.The number of students contemplated in this plan will be approximately 350.2. In addition to the need which would be met by the institution just described,there is a very strong demand in this country for adequate and efficient graduateinstruction. Physicians in active practice who desire to procure opportunities todevelop along special fines, or to bring their training and experience up to date, havebeen obliged to resort to Europe because none of the great American universities makesproper provision for them. In order to meet this situation it is proposed that theUniversity of Chicago take over the present contract between Rush Medical Collegeand the Presbyterian Hospital, and that the Presbyterian Hospital thereafter be usedfor graduate instruction and research. To this end it will be necessary to provideadequate laboratory space and proper equipment, and a paid laboratory staff, inconnection with the Presybterian Hospital. This involves of course an adequateendowment for these purposes, together with the substitution of a suitable laboratorybuilding for the present inadequate building of Rush Medical College.As preliminary to carrying out this plan, the Board of Trustees of Rush MedicalCollege and the Board of Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital have agreed thatwhen the proper funds are provided the contract between those two bodies will betransferred, so that it will run between the University of Chicago and the PresbyterianHospital. The Trustees of Rush Medical College will then turn over to the Universityof Chicago, so far as compatible with legal obligations, their property. The termsof appointment of the faculty of Rush Medical College will thereby immediatelycease and determine, and the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago will befree to organize the staff of the graduate medical school in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital for its new work.3. Medical research involving scientific study of the causes of disease, the methodsof coping with various forms of disease, and especially the methods of prevention,is becoming increasingly vitally important. Such research will naturally centerin the quadrangles of the University, in connection with the new medical school inthe quadrangles on the Midway. Of course, also, it should be carried on in the graduate school, in connection with its laboratories, and with the Presbyterian Hospital.The University will hope to be provided with funds of its own from time to time forcarrying on such investigations. Meanwhile it is proposed to form contractualrelations with the trustees of funds which have already been devoted to such purposes.The Trustees of the Sprague Memorial Institute have already voted their approvalof the general plan, and their willingness to make a suitable contract with the University in order to carry out the purpose of medical research under the University auspices.III. WHAT THE PLAN MEANS TO CHICAGOWhen this entire project is carried out, Chicago will have what no other city in theUnited States now possesses, namely, both a high-grade university medical school anda properly organized and equipped school for the further training of physicians alreadyin the field. Medical research and medical education will thus exist in Chicago onthe most favorable basis possible. The University will have effectual educationalTHE MEDICAL SCHOOL 7control of all these facilities. At the same time it is noted that the plan contemplatesa sort of federal union with existing organizations. It is made possible by the large-minded and generous action of the Board of Managers of the Presbyterian Hospitaland of the Boards of Trustees of Rush Medical College and of the Sprague MemorialInstitute. It is expected that other such organizations will be effected, as the University welcomes co-operation toward these common ends. At the same time it isnoted that in all such arrangements, as above said, the University will have effectiveeducational direction of all the facilities.It is hardly necessary to dwell on the importance of this undertaking. By creatinga medical school of the highest standard in an important city like Chicago, the resourcesof the medical profession in the fields of education and research will be greatly increased,and a stimulus, it is believed, will be given to progress in the reorganization andimprovement of medical education throughout the country.IV. FINANCESFor initiating the execution of this great plan the following financial estimate ismade:i. Provision already made. — The plant and equipment of the PresbyterianHospital are estimated at $3,000,000. The plant and equipment of Rush MedicalCollege are estimated at $250,000. The endowment of the University of Chicagowhose income is now used for medical instruction is estimated at $2 ,000,000. The landprovided by the University for the hospital may be estimated at $500,000. The endowment of the Sprague Memorial Institute whose income will be used primarily formedical research is estimated now at approximately $1,000,000, and it is expectedwill be increased to approximately $2,000,000. This will total a fund of $7,750,000,which is already provided.2. New funds needed. — In order to initiate these plans adequately there will beneeded in the first place a hospital on the Midway, with its provision of equipment,including laboratories and lecture-rooms, $1,000,000; in the second place, a laboratoryto be used in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital, which with its equipment it isestimated will cost $300,000; and an endowment to start the entire plan properly tothe amount of $4,000,000; making a total of $5,300,000 to be obtained.Of this total sum of $5,300,000, the General Education Board offers $1,000,000,and the Rockefeller Foundation, $1,000,000, These funds of course are conditionedon carrying out the general plan above outlined, and on securing the entire fund of$5,300,000. Contributions have further been made by friends of the cause, whosenames are not yet made public, to the amount of $700,000, and Mr. and Mrs. JuliusRosenwald of Chicago have contributed $500,000. This makes the total amount thusfar contributed $3,200,000, and the fund remaining to be obtained at this time therefore is $2,100,000.November 23 announcement was made of the gift of Mr. F. H.Rawson of Chicago — $300,000 for a laboratory building in connectionwith the Presbyterian Hospital. From that time scarcely a week passedwithout the announcement of an important contribution. Indeed, sofrequent were the gifts that there was some confusion in the public prints.8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThis was dispelled by the statement printed in the papers of themorning of January n, 1917— just two months after the firstannouncement:The total amount subscribed to the medical work of the University of Chicagohas reached the sum of $4,750,000. The total sum has been contributed as follows:General Education Board $1,000,000Rockefeller Foundation 1,000,000Members of the Billings family 1,000,000C. K. G. Billings, New York CityC. H. Ruddock, New York City"A. B. Ruddock, American Legation, BrusselsDr. Frank Billings, ChicagoMr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenwald 500,000F. H Rawson 300,000M. A. Ryerson 250,000J. Ogden Armour 200,000Mrs. G. F. Swift 100,000C. H. Swift 100,000Dr. Norman Bridge 100,000A friend 100,000A friend 50,000A. D. Thompson. 25,000C. F. Grey 20,000Robert L. Scott 5,000Members of the Billings family had contributed to the Endowment Fund the sumof $450,000. This sum the members of the family now transfer to the Hospital Fundand by adding the sum of $550,000 make possible the teaching hospital to be erectedon the Midway Plaisance at a cost of $1,000,000. The hospital will be called theAlbert Merritt Billings Hospital in memory of the father of Mr. C. K. G. Billingsand Mrs. C. H. Ruddock, grandfather of Mr. Albert Billings Ruddock, and uncle ofDr. Frank Billings. Albert Merritt Billings was a prominent citizen of Chicago.The $200,000 gift announced anonymously two weeks ago is that of J. OgdenArmour. In connection with the gifts of Mrs. Gustavus F. Swift and Mr. C. H.Swift, their names are announced for the first time. In connection with the gift ofDr. Norman Bridge, formerly a member of the faculty of Rush Medical College andlong a prominent citizen of Chicago, his name is announced for the first time. Othernewly announced contributions are those of Mr. A. D. Thompson, of Duluth; Mr.Charles F. Grey, of Evanston (the father of Mr. Howard H. Grey, of the UniversityBoard of Trustees) ; and Mr. Robert L. Scott, of the University Board of Trustees.The sum of $5,300,000 announced as the goal in the present financial campaignis the mi'Mmum amount necessary to secure the gift of the Rockefeller Foundation andthe General Education Board, and the minimum amount needed to warrant beginningthe great medical-school enterprise. Of course to develop the school as it should bedeveloped it is highly desirable that gifts exceed the sum of $5,300,000. It is thehope of the trustees that many citizens of Chicago will at an early date join in completing the funds desired.THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 9The following day the President issued, in response to newspaperdemands, this interview:First, I want to express my especial gratification that the Hospital comes from theBillings family. It is a memorial to a very eminent citizen of Chicago in the days whenforceful men were creating the character and prosperity of the city; and also it hascome from a family of which Dr. Billings, who has done so much for the cause ofmedical research and medical teaching is a member.In the next place, I want to point out that the goal we have marked out of $5,300rooo will secure the $2,000,000 pledges of the New York Boards and all other gifts. Atthe same time it is distinctly a minimum, and not merely will gifts beyond that bewelcome and distinctly useful, but the institution is bound to grow in future years,and I am sure that it will gather added funds for additional facilities.In this connection it may be well to notice again what has been said about thefinancial implications of the entire plan. Taking into account the new funds, therewill be for the Billings Memorial Hospital, $1,000,000; for the Rawson Laboratory, inconnection with the Presbyterian Hospital, $300,000; for endowment of the BillingsHospital and of the medical staff, both on the Midway and on the West Side, $4,000,-000; the capitalization of the fund already devoted by the University to the fundamental medical sciences, $2,000,000; the land on the Midway on which the BillingsHospital will be erected, perhaps $500,000; the property turned over to the Universityby the Board of Trustees of the Rush Medical College, perhaps $250,000; the Presbyterian Hospital, approximately $3,000,000; the Sprague Memorial Institute fund, whichwill also hold a contractual relationship with the University medical schools, ultimately $2,000,000. This will make the entire plan, involving the two medical schoolsand the funds devoted to research, amount to $13,050,000.While the University has been greatly favored with large gifts, and hopes to obtainother large gifts, at the same time it is extremely desirable that there should be manyinterested in the plan, and the very significant gift of $5,000 by one of our younger Trustees is typical of other funds which we hope to obtain from those who are not ableto give a larger amount.Public interest and appreciation was again reflected in the editorial ofthe Chicago Herald on January 12, 1917:HOW CHICAGO DOES THINGSThe public spirit of Chicago has been splendidly demonstrated by the rapiditywith which the funds for the new medical school at the University of Chicago have beencontributed.Twenty-seven years ago when the University was being organized the collectionof $5,000,000 would have seemed preposterous. Now within two months from theannouncement of the project by President Harry Pratt Judson less than $600,000remains to be raised. This is an achievement worthy of the size and of the wealthof the second city of the Americas.The new medical enterprise has, however, much more than its size and its energyto commend it. It is a generous contribution to the intellectual life of the city andof the nation. By the terms of its organization it must bring to Chicago thatIO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDopportunity for higher medical education once sought in Berlin, Vienna, and Paris.As a center of research Chicago will assume a new leadership in the nation.The task set is nearly completed. It is to be hoped that the final contributionswill come in with the same celerity and that the medical school on the Midway willarise with expedition.The good-will and speed with which the citizens of Chicago and ofother communities, some related to the University of Chicago and someunrelated in any way to the institution, have responded have made itpossible to surpass all records known to the Rockefeller Foundationand the General Education Board. The magnificence of the enterprisehas stirred the imaginations and opened the hearts of all. Those whohave been able to give have done so handsomely and those who havenot given in gold have given to the whole movement a spirit which hasmeant much for the success of the plan. As the realization of the surpassing importance of the new medical school to all Humanity comes toeach interested person there will stir an even deeper and warmer appreciation than has yet found utterance even in the enthusiastic addresspresented by the faculties to President Judson.II. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGEA history of Rush Medical College, prepared for the UniversityRecord by Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals, includes a very full account of thedevelopment of the college as represented by buildings and income,the requirements for admission and graduation, the changing curriculum,and the personnel of the staff. Space has not permitted the inclusionof this history in the present number of the Record. For present purposes and pending the publication of the full history, the following verybrief historical account of some features of the Rush Medical Collegehas been based upon information given in Dr. IngaPs article.Rush Medical College, named for Dr. Benjamin Rush, an Americanphysician, and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was foundedby Dr. Daniel Brainerd, a practicing physician of Chicago, who before theincorporation of the city itself secured for Rush Medical College in 1837the first charter issued to an educational institution in the state of Illinois.The first session of the new medical school began on December 4, 1843.Hard times had precluded an earlier opening. Twenty-two students,of whom three were ultimately graduates, pursued the sixteen weeks7course conducted by Dr. Brainerd in a room adjoining his office inClark Street near Randolph Street and in a shed at the rear of the lot,THE MEDICAL SCHOOL IIwhich served as a dissecting room. The first course was taught byfour men. Each candidate for the degree of Doctor of Medicine wasrequired to study with a "respectable" physician for three years and topursue two courses of lectures, for one of which he might substitutetwo years of practice.From the date of the admission of the first class in 1843 and fromthe time when dissecting was optional, although students were stronglyrecommended to dissect at least one part during their course, and whenaccording to the same announcement, that of 1845, the college possesseda fine microscope of sufficient power to exhibit the blood globules, untilthe present time with its clinical work based upon two years of collegework, the development of the curriculum of Rush Medical College mustbe considered against the background of American medical educationas traced, for instance, in Dr. Abraham Flexner's report to the CarnegieFoundation for the Advancement of Teaching: Medical Education inthe United States and Canada (New York, 19 10).In the history of American medical schools the curriculum and especially the entrance and graduation requirements have had a very closerelationship to finance. For income most of the American medicalschools have relied upon the fees of students. " Large receipts mean inmost instances low standards. Rush," says Dr. Flexner (p. 136, footnote 2), " is the only exception." The comptroller's estimates of receiptsand expenditures and the record of actual income and disbursementsgives some idea of the loyalty of the faculty and of the financial problemsthey were obliged to meet. Rush Medical College has had no endowment.The material history of the school may be imperfectly noted in itsbuildings. The first one, erected at Indiana Street and Dearborn Avenuein 1844, cost $3,500. In 1855 a new building was provided for byissuing bonds for $15,000. Most of them were bought by members ofthe faculty. In 1866 a new college building was erected. In 1871 theplant was destroyed in the Chicago fire. Classes were held then in anamphitheater of the County Hospital at Eighteenth and Arnold streetsand dissection continued at the Chicago Medical College (later Northwestern Medical School). Then a crude building was erected on thecorner of the County Hospital lot and for four years this served. In 1875,when the County Hospital was moved to Harrison and Wood streets,a clinical building was erected by Rush Medical College on the cornerdiagonally opposite to the hospital. In 1883 the trustees began erectinga hospital, which, as explained below, was transferred to the managers12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the Presbyterian Hospital, for which the Rush Medical Faculty,according to the terms of the agreement, were to be the medical staff.In 1893 a laboratory and recitation building was built just across thestreet from the main building. The cost — $100,000 — was providedby members of the "Executive Faculty," who then constituted theBoard of Trustees. In 1901 the Senn Memorial was erected at a costof $135,000. Dr. Nicholas Senn gave $50,000 for this structure. Therest was provided from the surplus carefully accumulated and bygifts from six professors: Dr. F. Billings, $10,000; $5,000 each fromDrs. Bevan, Coolidge, Brower, Ingals, and Favill.To speak of all the persons who have contributed to the upbuildingof the reputation of Rush Medical College is of course impossible inthis short article. Mention is made of only two leaders. Dr. J. P.Ross, who, in 1868, was appointed Professor of Clinical Medicine andDiseases of the Chest, was largely responsible for the removal of theCook County Hospital to Harrison and Wood streets. In 1875 thehospital was erected and immediately the clinical building of RushMedical College was erected on the diagonally opposite corner. In 1883Dr. Ross was a leader in the movement to erect a hospital just northof the clinical building. Indeed, his name was given to the originalportion of the resultant Presbyterian Hospital.One of the leaders in raising the standard of medical education atRush and throughout the United States is the man who in 1898 becameprofessor of Medicine in Rush Medical College, in 1900 Dean of theFaculty, and in 1905 Professor of Medicine in the University of Chicago,Dr. Frank Billings, who is now a very effective member of the committee to raise funds for the new medical school.III. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE AND THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOAll through the history of Rush Medical College there apparentlyruns a belief that some University connection was desirable. At anearly period negotiations were entered into for union with a projectedCatholic University. In 1874 the college nominally become part ofthe Old University of Chicago. In 1887 it joined Lake Forest University. In 1898 it was affiliated with the University of Chicago,although in 1894 the trustees of the University of Chicago had refusedto receive Rush as the medical school of the University of Chicago.The internal history of this movement from the point of view of RushTHE MEDICAL SCHOOL 13Medical College is given in a long article prepared to accompanyDr. Ingals' historical statement.In A History of the University of Chicago, Dr. T. W. Goodspeedtells of the affiliation of Rush:"Perhaps nothing was nearer President Harper's heart than thedesire to develop a medical school in connection with the University.In many of his Convocation statements he urged the establishment ofa great School of Medicine for instruction and research. He was nevermore urgent than when speaking on this subject. A single quotationonly is made. It is taken from the eighteenth Convocation statement,April 1, 1897:What is the greatest single piece of work which still remains to be done for thecause of education in the city of Chicago and in connection with the University ? ....A School of Medicine in the city of Chicago, with an endowment large enough to makeit independent of the fees received from its students, with an endowment large enoughto provide instruction of as high an order as any that may be found in Europeancities, with an endowment large enough to provide the facilities of investigation andresearch which may be used by those who would devote their time to the study ofmethods of prevention of disease as well as of the cure of disease; an endowment formedicine which would make it unnecessary for men to seek lands beyond the sea forthe sake of doing work which ought to be done here at home; such an endowment,I assert, for medical 'education, is the greatest piece of work which still remains to bedone for the cause of education in the city of Chicago .... [Given in full byDr. Goodspeed, p. 330]."This statement is quoted here to indicate how near to PresidentHarper's heart was the desire to see a medical institution of the highestorder established in connection with the University. It was only oneamong the many pleas he made for such an institution. But it wasperhaps the most extended. It is given thus fully also as a message fromhim to men and women of wealth in our country."By a strange coincidence this great subject was also, at the timethese words were spoken, very much in the thoughts and purposes ofMr. Rockefeller. He was thinking of a great institution for medicalresearch. His plans had not matured and President Harper had noknowledge of them. The latter was anxious that the University shouldhave some connection with medical education. The receiving of RushMedical College as the Medical School of the University had been considered in 1894, but decided negatively. When an affiliation was proposed some years later it was received with favor. President Harperwished to make some sort of a beginning in medicine, and in 1898the proposed affiliation was made. It was at this time that the first14 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDintimation, if it was an intimation, was received of what was beginning totake shape in Mr. Rockefeller's mind as to medical research. This camein a letter from Mr. Gates to Secretary Goodspeed regretting that theUniversity had taken action committing itself prematurely in regardto medical work. Mr. Gates professed to be speaking only for himselfwhen he referred tothat far higher and better conception, which has been one of the dreams of my ownmind at least, of a medical college in this country, conducted by the University ofChicago, magnificently endowed, devoted primarily to investigation, making practiceitself an incident of investigation, and taking as its students only the choicest spirits,quite irrespective of the question of funds. Against that ideal and possibility a tremendous, if not fatal, current has been turned."This meant that he felt it to be a mistake for the University toconnect itself with any existing institution of medicine, and that itshould delay entering the medical field until measures could be maturedfor realizing his ( dream.' At the first meeting of the Trustees afterthe reception of Mr. Gates's letter the secretary was instructed to assureMr. Gates that the affiliation entered intois the ordinary affiliation entered into with other institutions and recorded in theprinted terms of affiliation and that the Trustees have not contemplated that therelation shall go further than the ordinary affiliation."The President, however, was so anxious to make a beginning inmedical education that when, in April, 1901, the Trustees of Rush MedicalCollege requested the Trustees of the University to receive the twolower classes of Rush as students of the University, doing the work ofthese two years in its laboratories, the University Trustees agreed to takethis important step if fifty thousand dollars could be secured 'withwhich to provide for initial expenses necessarily connected with suchwork.' For this sum, needed for equipment for the new medical work,application was made to Mr. Rockefeller, who consented that thesum required should be taken from his 1895 subscription. In writingto John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Mr. MacLeish, the vice-president of theBoard, said that the President estimated that in taking the step proposed the annual expenses would be increased by the sum of forty-fourthousand dollars, and that the attendance of students would be increasedby three hundred, fully providing through their fees for the increase inexpenses. It will be seen from these estimates how great a step inexpansion was taken in assuming the instruction of the classes of thefirst two years of the medical course. The new work began October 1,1 901, and was carried on successfully. The number of students was notTHE MEDICAL SCHOOL ISlarge at the outset. It was five years before it reached three hundred,and it averaged about that number during the following eight years.When one remembers the uninterrupted growth of the University, hewonders why the attendance in the medical department did not showthe same increase. It should be said in explanation that through aseries of years the standard for admission was raised annually, everysuccessive step in the process cutting off an additional number of candidates for entrance."The expenditures of the first year in the new department, in addition to the fifty thousand dollars for the initial equipment, amounted toforty-one thousand dollars, but soon increased to above fifty thousanddollars a year. This was the limit of expansion in medicine during thefirst quarter-century. In President Harper's Decennial Report, 190 1-2,he made a somewhat full statement of the order of procedure he hoped tosee followed in the development of the medical work. It included theerection of new buildings, the establishment of new chairs, the provision of great hospitals for Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Children'sDiseases, and Contagious Diseases, the organization of a School ofDentistry and a Nurses' Training School, and the extension of the workof the Medical School to the three sides of the city. At the end of thefirst quarter-century the great givers who would enable the Universityto take these advanced steps were still hoped for and expected."IV. THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITALIn 1879 the trustees of Rush Medical College determined to organize a hospital in connection with that institution. They purchaseda site and voted to raise the sum of $15,000. Tu thill King gave $10,000toward the building fund. Thus encouraged, the trustees of the collegebegan at once to work on plans; and soon they began the actual construction of the building.In the meantime several Catholic sisterhoods eagerly sought themanagement of the hospital and the responsibility for raising funds.The trustees of the college, however, believed that there should beformed an association of Presbyterian churches like that which developedthe Presbyterian Hospital of New York City. Encouraged by correspondence with philanthropic citizens of Chicago, these gentlemensecured a charter for a hospital and held the first meeting of the organization at the Grand Pacific Hotel on December 13, 1883. To the newcorporation the trustees of Rush Medical College conveyed by deed thei6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbuilding in process of erection. It was agreed that the faculty of RushMedical College should comprise the medical staff of the hospital. Themanagers of the Presbyterian Hospital then undertook to interest thePresbyterian churches of the city in the completion and administrationof the hospital. Through the Presbyterian Social Union interest wasaroused in all churches holding to the Presbyterian polity and doctrine —including the Dutch Reformed, the United Presbyterian, and otherdenominations. The first officers and managers were men prominentin the life of Chicago: Daniel K. Pearsons, president; C.M.Henderson,vice-president; George W. Hale, treasurer; C. H. McCormick, Jr.,corresponding secretary; W. A. Douglass, recording secretary; Tu thillKing, R. C. Hamill, John B. Drake, Henry W. King, Henry M. Lyman,C. H. McCormick, Jr., W. A. Douglass, S. J. McPherson, John H.Barrows, Nathan Corwith, Daniel K. Pearsons, W. H. Wells, JamesM. Horton, Jacob Beidler, A. E. Kittredge, R. T. Crane, William Blair,C. M. Henderson, Samuel M. Moore, Henry Waller, Willis G. Craig,Joseph P. Ross, Herrick Johnson, managers. These men immediatelylaid plans to erect a "modern hospital" containing 300 beds — "the bestprivate hospital in the city, and under the auspices of the Presbyterianchurch."The first building, which bore the name of Dr. Joseph P. Ross, wasfinished in September 1884, contained 45 beds, and cost $32,000. Theerection in 1887 of the Hamill wing in memory of Dr. R. C. Hamillincreased the number of beds to 85. In 1889 the Jones Building wasdedicated — a memorial to Daniel A. Jones who died in 1886. Mr. Jonesin his will bequeathed $10,000 to the hospital and a large amount ofmoney to be disposed of as Mrs. Jones and her daughters consideredwise and desirable. They gave $100,000 for the erection of the mainhospital — the Jones Building. In 1908 a section of the hospital containing 58 rooms for private patients was erected and in 191 5 this part wasincreased so that the present capacity is 94. For this private pavilion,profit from which is used to augment the funds employed in charity,friends of the hospital gave $405,000. At the same time the sum of$40,000 was expended for a new power house and laundry and for theinstallation of new plumbing throughout the Jones Building. Thetrustees of the estate of Thomas Murdock, who died in 1909, erectedon the site of the first building — the Ross-Hamill wing — the JaneMurdock Memorial in memory of the sister of the donor of the fundsfor this building. It was erected and furnished at a cost of $294,687and is designed for the care of women and children. In 191 1 friends ofTHE MEDICAL SCHOOL 17the late O. S. A. Sprague contributed a fund of $105,000 to be used inbuilding in his memory a Nurses' Home for the Presbyterian Hospital.The home, completed in October 1913, cost $311,672. To cancel themortgage on the Nurses' Home, Mrs. A. A. Sprague gave $1 10,000. Thisbuilding then, in memory of Albert Arnold Sprague and Otho SylvesterArnold Sprague, was erected "as a memorial to two lives which wereunusually and beautifully close. Deeply interested in the alleviation ofhuman suffering, these brothers by their generosity greatly strengthenedthe work of the hospital in caring for the sick, investigating the causesof disease and establishing the methods of its prevention." In 191 5new rooms were added to the private pavilions and two floors and asun parlor were added to the Jones Building. These additions, whichcost $298,150, were completed in the spring of 1916. The materialequipment developed during these years of construction and reconstruction is estimated at, including the site, $1,672,166.71.With the exceptions noted in the preceding paragraph, the managershave not used bequests for buildings or administration, but have devotedsuch gifts to the Endowment Fund. The list of donors to this fund is along and honorable one. The bequest of Daniel K. Jones in 1886 withthe consequent benefactions of his family marked the first importantepoch in the development of the endowment. In addition to the sumsalready mentioned, this family gave the sum of $65,000 for endowmentin 1890. The second notable advance in the history of the fund camewhen in 1909 the hospital became one of the residuary legatees of theestate of Thomas Murdock. Of the total sum of $819,978 thus passingto the hospital, $294,687 was used in the erection of the Jane MurdockMemorial and the balance was assigned to endowment. At the presenttime (January 1, 1917) the Endowment Fund amounts to $1,448,998.72.The income thus provided does not yet make unnecessary the yearlyrepetition of the reference in the second annual report to " the difficultyof avoiding a deficit each month of several hundred dollars" and theneed that every friend of the hospital make personal endeavor to securefunds.In the first annual report the aim of the hospital was thus phrased:"It is not intended to make this hospital a merely local charity. Itopens its doors to the sick and suffering of the great West. As Chicagois a great commercial center, so we hope to have our hospital regardedas a Bethesda of healing to which all may come and with God's blessingreceive health and strength." During the first year, when the populationof Chicago, "soon to become a million," was 650,000, there were 1,749i8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhospital beds in the city. Of these, 45 were in the new PresbyterianHospital. Now there are in the city, as nearly as can be estimated,12,000 beds, of which 425 are in the Presbyterian Hospital. From 1883to December 1, 19 16, the hospital has cared for 100,301 persons. Over10,000 persons are now being cared for annually. In the first year thenumber of days' treatment was 12,884; in 1915 the number of days'treatment was 102,698.A training school for nurses was organized in the first year with aterm of service of one year. Of the 18 candidates admitted only 8proved suitable. At the end of the first year the nursing was put incharge of the Illinois Training School. In 1885 the hospital trainingschool was reorganized. On October 1, 1888, the nursing was againassumed by the Illinois Training School. In 1903 the present trainingschool was organized with an enrolment of 20 students. There arenow 161 nurses in training and 28 graduate nurses in residence. "Afeature of the training school is that pupils are on duty eight hours outof the twenty-four — a feature most unusual when instituted and even atthe present time in effect in very few hospitals. All classes and lecturesfor nurses are held in the daytime. The result is that a much largernumber is required to do our nursing and the cost is increased severalthousand dollars per annum. But the effect on the health and happiness of our nurses is very marked; and therefore their ability to carefor our sick is so much increased that we regard the cost as a wise expenditure and a source of beneficial results to our patients."In the last ten years the teaching work of the hospital has steadilyincreased. During the past two years groups of 20-30 Senior studentshave been given personal bedside instruction in the surgical wards, eachquarter of the year. To the medical wards 30 students are admittedat the beginning of each quarter. This work is under the care of thehouse surgeon and house physician and is supervised by the attendingstaff. At the present time there are also 21 internes. Research is conducted in the wards and laboratories by members of the staff, both intreatment of their patients and, since January, 191 1, in co-operationwith the O. S. A. Sprague Institute, as explained elsewhere.The devotion of the officers and managers, the Woman's AuxiliaryBoard, and the medical staff has caused the steady growth of the hospital.Space does not permit an adequate appreciation of the unselfish andsuccessful efforts of the very large number of philanthropic menand women and the skilful services of individual members of themedical staff. To one of these, the devoted president of the hospital,THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 19Mr. Albert M. Day, the University Record is indebted for the informationhere presented. Presbyterian in name and affiliation, it has nevermade any discrimination in its service on account of race or religion.As in its first days its aim was to be not merely a local charity, so up tothis time its doors have always been opened wide to all who were in needof healing.V. THE ORGANIZATION AND WORK OF THEOTHO S. A. SPRAGUE MEMORIALINSTITUTEBy the unanimous vote of the trustees of the O. S. A. SpragueInstitute on November 17, 1916, this foundation for research becomes anelement in the plan for a great medical school at the University of Chicago.Otho S. A. Sprague, for many years prominent in the city of Chicago,was born in East Randolph, Orange County, Vermont, May 13, 1839,and was educated in the district school of his native place and at theKimball Union Academy, Meriden, New Hampshire. On leavingschool he entered the general store of H. Holden. In i860 he bought aninterest in the store, the firm becoming H. Holden & Company. Enlisting, he became orderly sergeant of Company G, of the Eighth VermontVolunteers, and went to New Orleans in the corps of General B. F.Butler. After short service he was compelled to resign because of failinghealth. As soon as his physical condition would permit he went toChicago where he joined his brother, A. A. Sprague, and Ezra Warnerin establishing a firm of wholesale grocers known as Sprague, Warner &Company. Mr. Sprague was a director in the Pullman Company, ElginNational Watch Company, and Southern California Railway Company.As one of the Royal Greek Commissioners to the World's ColumbianExposition, he received from the King of Greece the cross of an officerof the Royal Order of the Savior. As a memorial to his wife, Lucia E.Atwood Sprague, he erected and furnished a hospital at Pasadena,California.Otho S. A. Sprague, who died in Pasadena, California, in February,1909, bequeathed for the purpose of the relief of human sufferinga sum of money which he intrusted to his brother, Mr. Albert A.Sprague. In January, 191 1, Mr. Sprague organized the Otho S. A.Sprague Memorial Institute, which was incorporated in the state ofIllinois with a board of trustees composed as follows: Albert A. Sprague,president; Byron L. Smith, treasurer; Albert A. Sprague, II, secretary;20 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA. C. Bartlett, Frank Billings, Charles L. Hutchinson, Martin A. Ryerson, and John P. Wilson. After some consideration the trustees decidedto utilize the greater part of the income for the promotion of medicalresearch, and on May i, 1911, appointed, as director of medical research,Dr. H. Gideon Wells, of the University of Chicago.In order that the greatest possible use might be made of the availablefunds it was decided to use none of them for the erection of buildings,but to co-operate with existing institutions wherever and whenever itseemed that medical research could be furthered. Work began in theautumn of 191 1, and in the five years of its existence the Institute hassupported research work in the University of Chicago, Rush MedicalCollege, the Presbyterian Hospital, the Children's Memorial Hospital,and the Pathological Laboratories of St. Luke's Hospital and the CookCounty Hospital. At Rush Medical College laboratories for clinicalresearch have been equipped by the Institute and these are under theimmediate direction of Dr. R. T. Woodyatt. In the Agnes WilsonMemorial building of the Children's Memorial Hospital a chemicallaboratory has been equipped by the Institute which is under the direction of Dr. Samuel Amberg, and a bacteriological laboratory, providedlargely by Mr. Thomas D. Jones, is under the direction of Dr. Henry F.Helmholz. In these two laboratories investigations of diseases ofinfancy and childhood are conducted. At the University of Chicagospace and facilities have been provided by the University in the newHoward Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, where, under the supervision ofDrs. Wells and Lydia M. DeWitt, studies of the problems related to thetreatment of tuberculosis have been carried on since the opening of theInstitute. The University has also provided a two-flat building onDrexel Avenue in which Miss Maud Slye has conducted her extensiveexperiments on the influence of heredity upon cancer.In addition to these four centers of activity the Institute has supported work in other hospitals and laboratories from time to timewhen it has seemed that a man with a suitable problem could be profitably helped. By joining forces with other institutions in this way it hasbeen possible to use all available funds directly for the aid of medicalinvestigation, and save the usual expenses of erection and maintenanceof buildings and similar overhead charges.The staff of the Institute consists of about twenty members, exclusiveof special assistants and investigators, and untrained helpers. Half themembers of the staff give their entire time to the work of the Institute,and the others give some time to the practice of medicine. At the presentTHE MEDICAL SCHOOL 21time the staff is composed as follows: H. Gideon Wells (Director), R. T.Woodyatt, Samuel Amberg, Lydia M. DeWitt, Henry F. Helmholz,Maud Slye, Karl K. Koessler, E. J. Witzemann, Harriet F. Holmes,Russell M. Wilder, J. M. Retinger, W. D. Sansum, Julian H. Lewis,S. M. Cadwell, Mary B. Maver, Carol Beeler; Fellows: W. B. McClure,George H. Coleman, V. D. Greer, Benjamin Rappaport, Binzi Suyenaga.There are also ten voluntary investigators and scientific assistantsworking under the auspices of the Institute.While the lines of investigation pursued by the several workers in theInstitute are varied, and problems of widely different character havebeen investigated as the occasion arose, yet in the main the chief emphasis of the work has been upon the chemical side of medical problems.This line of attack has been selected because it represents the aspect ofmedical science that, with the exception of infectious diseases, apparentlyholds forth the greatest opportunities for productive and useful work.The Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases already is activelyengaged in research on the problems of infectious diseases in this community, and hence it was believed best to attack the distinct but relatedfield of chemical research in co-operation with the former Institute,thereby providing for thorough work in all parts of what has been calledthe "growing border" of medicine. Of course many problems of theinfectious diseases require chemical investigation, and in these fields thetwo institutes have at times co-operated.The work of the Sprague Institute on tuberculosis has especially thecharacter of a chemical investigation of an infectious disease, for thestudies in this subject have to do chiefly with the search for chemicalsubstances that may be able to destroy or check the tubercle bacilluswithout harming the subject of the disease as efficiently as quininedestroys the malaria parasite with almost no effect on the patient inwhose blood it lives. This sort of study, called chemotherapy by Ehrlich,whose work in this field yielded such valuable results, involves the studyof the chemistry of the tubercle bacillus, of the diseased tissues of tuberculous men and animals, and of many compounds that may be devised toovercome the bacilli. As tuberculosis is a disease that has a very slowcourse, investigation of its treatment in experimental animals canprogress but slowly, and requires much care and patience. So far thework has been largely concerned with establishing fundamental factsregarding the chemistry of the bacilli and the soil they inhabit, on whichto base subsequent studies of treatment, but work is now under wayinvolving the testing of the action of various compounds for which there22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmay be reason to hope for some favorable results. When favorableresults are obtained, however slight, we may analyze them and determinewhat properties of the compound tried are responsible for these results,and with this knowledge devise new compounds with still more favorableeffects.One of the members of the staff of the Sprague Institute, Dr. Harry J.Corper, was made director of the Laboratories of the Municipal Tuberculosis Hospital when that institution was first opened, and is there continuing investigations of tuberculosis.At Rush Medical College two lines of work have been particularlyfollowed. Dr. Frank Billings, aided by Fellows of the Institute, hasbeen investigating certain types of diseases with reference to theirtreatment. To aid in this work the Institute maintains two four-bedwards in which patients suffering from the diseases under investigationmay be cared for. Several hundred cases of chronic articular rheumatismhave been studied with great care and thoroughness, and given theadvantage of the most recent discoveries and methods in medicine, inorder that the true value of these advances may be determined andfurther improvements instituted. Other less common diseases havealso been studied in considerable numbers, with the purpose of determining the most useful methods of treatment. Dr. Woodyatt and hisassociates are studying especially diabetes and related disorders and thechemical problems that arise in connection with these diseases. Methodshave been devised permitting continuous injection of suitable fluidsdirectly into the veins of patients or animals with great accuracy forlong periods of time, and by this means it is possible to treat certainconditions, to study or diagnose others, and even to feed patients whocannot take needed materials so effectively in any other way, duringcritical periods; also many facts of importance in general physiology maybe learned by these methods.Especial interest is taken in children's diseases, and the Children'sMemorial Hospital furnishes exceptional opportunities for work in thisfield. In addition to its research staff of five investigators, the Institutealso provides the hospital with two resident physicians, who divide theirtime between the wards and the laboratories. The general principleof the work in the Children's Hospital is that of testing the applicabilityof new devices and discoveries in general medicine to the diagnosis,management, and treatment of children's diseases. No particularclass of disease has been selected for exclusive investigation. TheInstitute has also contributed funds to the general work of the Children'sTHE MEDICAL SCHOOL 23Memorial Hospital and to the Infant's Welfare Association, the medicaldirector of which, Dr. Helmholz, is one of the Institute's staff.A particularly interesting and important undertaking has been theinvestigation of the influence of heredity on the occurrence of cancer inmice, by Miss Maud Slye. Miss Slye was a graduate student in theDepartment of Zoology, studying problems in genetics under the lateProfessor Charles O. Whitman at the time of his death. Among thelarge stock of mice bred by her in pursuing her studies on certainproblems of heredity, numerous cases of spontaneous development ofcancer were observed, and hence an excellent opportunity for the studyof hereditary influences on the occurrence of cancer was offered. Thisproblem has been studied in Miss Slye's stock of mice of known pedigreefor upward of twenty generations in many strains, there having been forsome time about 10,000 to 12,000 mice in the mouse community underobservation. The mice are maintained under the most hygienic conditions possible, in order to prevent epidemics, so that as far as possibleeach mouse may live out its full natural life, and no influence otherthan heredity is introduced either to favor or to prevent the occurrenceof cancer. Over 15,000 mice thus dying natural deaths have beenexamined post mortem, and their diseases investigated. The tumors,of which over two thousand have been studied, resemble in nearly allrespects those that occur in man. It has been conclusively shown by manyexperiments of different kinds that there is no contagion of cancer fromone mouse to another, no matter how intimate the contact, a result inharmony with the findings of many other experiments on a smaller scale.Also it has been found possible to breed strains of mice in which canceris extremely common — in fact, the most usual cause of death — in adults, aswell as strains in which cancer never occurs. The laws determining theseinherited tendencies are being worked out, but they seem to be the samelaws that regulate inherited characteristics generally. The mice arenot born with cancer, but evidently there is a much greater tendencyfor mice of certain definite ancestry to develop cancer in adult lifethan for mice of different ancestry. Many features of this hereditarytendency to cancer are being studied by Miss Slye with particularreference to its modification by diet, hygiene, and other factors, and itsapplicability to human cancer.The Institute has also supported many other special investigationsin medical problems. Dr. Emery R. Hayhurst held for three years afellowship in industrial diseases, studying especially brass-founders'ague and the health of painters. He was then put in charge of the24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSurvey of the Industrial Health Hazards and Occupational Diseases ofthe state of Ohio, where he made and published an exhaustive investigation of this important subject. Dr. Peter Bassoe also made a study ofthe influence of working under high air pressure upon the subsequenthealth of the workers. Dr. Evarts Graham has conducted extensivestudies on the harmful effects that sometimes are produced by chloroform, and has discovered that certain rare types of infantile diseasesmay at times, if not usually, be the result of chloroform given the mother.In co-operation with the Infant Welfare stations studies have beenmade on the influence of high temperature on infant health, and especially exact investigations of the effect various amounts of clothingplay in the infant mortality and illnesses of summer, have beenconducted at the Children's Memorial Hospital. Studies on thechemistry of gout, intestinal ulceration in infancy, defenses of thebody against infection, physical chemistry, new chemical methods, andnumerous other topics have been carried out and published in scientificjournals.The Illinois State Board of Administration has, with the purpose offurthering work that may help in the prevention of mental disease,offered the Sprague Institute facilities for the study of dementia precoxat the State Hospital at Dunning. This disease is of the greatest importance, for its victims constitute about one-half the population of thehospitals for the insane throughout the country, and it is estimated thatin the United States every year about 15,000 young persons are afflictedby this appalling and practically incurable mental disorder. Often,too, these young persons are among the brightest and most promisingof our youth. As soon as possible the Institute will co-operate with theState Board in its progressive efforts to prevent insanity as well as to carefor the insane. To guide in this work an advisory council has beenformed, consisting of Professor L. F. Barker of Johns Hopkins University,Professor W. T. Councilman of the Harvard Medical School, andDr. August Hoch, director of the New York Psychopathic Hospital atWard's Island.The Sprague Institute will also co-operate with the Chicago Lying-inHospital when its new hospital building is completed, maintainingthere a Fellow in obstetrics, who will conduct investigations on thediseases and disorders of pregnancy and childbirth, under the joint direction of the staffs of the Hospital and the Institute.The scientific work of the Institute is under the supervision of anadvisory council, consisting of Drs. James B. Herrick, Frank Billings,THE MEDICAL SCHOOL 25Ludvig Hektoen, Joseph L. Miller, E. R. LeCount, and Prof essors JuliusStieglitz and E. O. Jordan.Since its organization the Board of Trustees has lost two membersby death : Mr. Byron L. Smith, whose place as treasurer and as a memberof the Board was filled by his son, Mr. Bruce D. Smith; and Mr. A. A.Sprague, whose place as a member of the Board was filled by Mr. John T.Pirie, while Dr. Frank Billings succeeded to the presidency.The results of the investigative work of the Institute are publishedin various scientific journals appropriate to the subjects under discussion.Reprints of these articles are bound together annually and issued asvolumes entitled Studies from the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute.So far three volumes have been issued, containing in all eighty separatepublications, and a fourth volume will appear early in 191 7. These arefurnished to scientific libraries and to research institutions in relatedfields of work.HONOR TO PRESIDENT JUDSONEnthusiasm of members of the faculties for their colleague and leader,President Harry Pratt Judson, and especially profound admiration for theadministrative and diplomatic skill, the foresight, persistent energy, andpatient labor which have resulted in the plans for a medical school, foundexpression on December 19, 191 6, in Ida Noyes Hall, when three hundredmembers of the faculties and their wives gave a dinner in honor of thePresident. The committees in charge were: the Committee on theDinner, Professors Edwin Oakes Jordan, Ernest DeWitt Burton, AntonJulius Carlson, Floyd Russell Mechem, and Julius Stieglitz; and theCommittee on the Memorial, Professors Robert Russell Bensley, JamesHayden Tufts, and Associate Professor Preston Kyes. The toast-master was Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin. ProfessorJames Hayden Tufts' subject was "Medicine and Man." Dr. FrankBillings, Professor of Medicine, spoke of "Medicine in Chicago."Dean James Rowland Angell had for his topic "Medicine and the University." Professor Robert Russell Bensley, on behalf of the membersof the faculties, then read the following address to the President andpresented to him the beautifully illuminated and bound manuscript towhich were appended the signatures of the members of the faculties :To Harry Pratt Judson, A.M., LL.D., President, from the Faculties of the University ofChicago:The recent announcement by you, Mr. President, of matured plans for the organization of medical research and education under the auspices of the University hascalled out among your colleagues, the members of the faculties, lively and generalexpressions of gratification. It has excited high anticipations of what these plans mustmean for the future of our University and for its service to mankind. We are promptedto bring to you our greetings and felicitations in recognition of this significant accomplishment, and to make the event an occasion, not only for enjoying with you thehappy outcome of the thought and labor of many years, but especially for transmittingto you formally but intimately our appreciation of the important part which youyourself have had in making this outcome possible.To appreciate the significance of this further development of the University'sresources and activities it is not necessary to recall the intimate relations which in thepast medicine has sustained to science and philosophy, or to refer to the leading roleof medicine in the origins of the mediaeval university to which all modern universitiestrace their lineage. Enough to remind ourselves that with the recent discoveries,and especially with the recent developments of methods of investigation, medicine isnow drawing from every department of science the resources for its great task and is26HONOR TO PRESIDENT JUDSON 27in turn beginning to conceive that task itself in such larger scope as to kindle theimagination and suggest new possibilities for human life.Your appreciation of the breadth of this development and of the opportunitiesfor fundamental contributions by the academic institution we feel is evidenced on theone hand by your activities in connection with extramural endowments operating topromote medical advance at distant points, and on the other hand by the developmentfor our own institution of a program at once comprehensive and idealistic.As members of the faculties we can but feel highly gratified and honored that ourUniversity is to have the opportunity of doing so great a service. We realize that thisis possible because the plans for medical development in general have been conceivedalong broad and sound lines, and no less because your administration of the affairs ofthe University has been such as to command the confidence of those who desire tocontribute the means for carrying on such an enterprise.Your colleagues know you well enough to feel that it would be distasteful to you touse language of compliment or to say all that might easily be said concerning thedifficulty and delicacy of the task which you have performed. Instead we assure youof our hearty congratulations and of our satisfaction in the thought of a great workwell done.THE PRESIDENT'S REPLYIt is difficult for me to put in words adequately the appreciationwhich I feel for the expression, rendered here tonight by my colleagues, of interest in the great medical plans we have on foot, andof their kind personal feeling toward myself. Essentially, of course, Iinterpret it as relating to an idea, not to a person, and it is very gratifying to find that we are all alike in the ideals of which the new medicalschools will be the concrete expression. Of course I knew quite well whatwas the point of view of my colleagues in the faculty, and that I wastrying to work in accord with their standards. Still, the time has beenlong. It is now ten years that I have been engaged in trying to work outthis matter. There have been many obstacles in the way, most of whichI cannot discuss. It seemed to me essential that we should have thesympathy and aid of the boards in the East as a beginning. From that Iwas sure that we could move on to success. Through all these yearsI have kept in mind steadily certain fundamental things which I believedought to be realized, and which I was determined should be realizedsooner or later. These were especially a hospital on the Midway fullycontrolled by the medical staff, so well endowed as to be independentof paying patients, with a medical staff imbued with the same idealsas those which actuate the science departments in the University now,devoting their entire time to teaching and research, and thereforeadequately paid, so as to be free from the necessity of commercial practice. It is not the function of the University to pour into the medical28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDprofession annually a large number of practitioners. It is the functionof the University to train a small number of selected students in thebest and most thorough way — training them to be practitioners, nodoubt, but imbuing them with the spirit of science, the spirit of research,the spirit of service to humanity. The scientific physician who canmost effectively prevent disease is the one who should win the brightestrenown. This is the exact antithesis of commerical medicine. TheseI have long believed to be indispensable in any medical school withwhich the University should be connected, and numerous suggestionsthat we undertake something of a different, and in my opinion inferior,grade have been uniformly rejected. While of course the time has beenlong, and while I do not wonder that many have been discouraged, Ihave never in fact been discouraged myself; I have never given up, notthe hope only, but the confident expectation, that our ambitions would berealized, and that we should be able in an adequate way to render thisgreat service to medical science. It would have been easy at one time oranother to have made a beginning which did not seem suitable; and Iconfess that at one time when it became necessary to face the alternativeof beginning something which I did not believe adequate or of virtuallydeclining a large sum of money, it was not very easy to do the latter.We have now a plan sound in its foundation, large in its scope, andpromising in its future usefulness. The very generous gifts which haveinitiated our undertaking have made a beginning which must lead tosuccess. Of course much remains to be done. A large sum of money is yetto be obtained. I feel entire confidence, however, that this will be forthcoming. This organization is not for the University alone; it is not forChicago alone ; it is for the medical profession ; it is for humanity. This isthe kind of thing which appeals to many generous-minded men and women,and it cannot be long before we shall see our vision realized in Chicago.The Toastmaster is quite right in speaking of the unity and mutualgood-will which prevail in our faculty. Such a gathering as we havetonight, and the spirit shown here, are sufficient evidence. I know manyfaculties, and I am confident that there is none where there are so fewtrifling causes of difference as in this faculty. The truth is, I thinkthat we are all too busily engaged in the large things of life to troubleourselves with trifles. I know that the spirit of our faculty is a unit;and I know that the common purposes which we have in mind are solarge and are so generous that we can all work together happily towardthese common ends. It is a privilege to me to work with and for my colleagues in trying to realize the great ideals of the University.CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES1By HIS EXCELLENCY V. K. WELLINGTON KOOMinister of the Chinese Republic to the United States of AmericaMr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Trustees and the Faculty, Ladiesand Gentlemen:In inviting me to be the Convocation orator today, the Universityof Chicago has done me a great honor of which I am peculiarly sensible.Being a citizen of a country where learning is fostered as a religion andhaving spent many years, too, as a student in an American university, Ifully realize the meaning and significance of an occasion like this, andwish, therefore, Mr. President, to express my grateful appreciation ofyour cordial invitation.It is, however, only with trepidation and diffidence that I undertakethe role assigned to me. Speaking of the program for the ConvocationDay in this University, the author of Great American Universities, who isone of your eminent alumni, has said that on such an occasion "therewas always an address by somebody worth listening to and talking aboutafterward." Conscious of this uninterrupted series of great Convocationorators in the past years, I must crave your indulgence if my remarksthis afternoon should turn out to be devoid of both of these qualifications.I have selected for my subject today. "China and the United States,"not because I personally have the honor to represent my country in theUnited States, but for the much weightier reason that the relationsbetween these two countries constitute a brilliant and, in many respects,unique chapter in the history of international intercourse. The peopleof China and the people of America came into contact with each otherat a much later date than with those of other maritime powers of theWest. They have known each other only for one hundred and thirty-three years. Yet during this comparatively brief period of mutualintercourse they have already developed a friendship which has becometruly traditional.What has enabled us to maintain this friendship ? What has madethis friendship endure ? Different minds may suggest different answers;1 Delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred and First Convocation of theUniversity of Chicago, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 19, 1916.29So THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbut in my mind there is no doubt that we have been able to maintain thisfriendship and make it endure because it has been based, not upon sordidinterests or sinister designs, not upon a common fear of a commonenemy, not upon a common hope to attain a common ambition, butmainly upon the purifying, ennobling principles of peace and good-will,of justice and mutual respect. While hopes and fears may vanish assuddenly as they arise, these principles live through all times; and,therefore, that which takes them for a foundation cannot but have acharacter of permanence.These principles of peace and good-will, of justice and mutual respect,are illustrated, indeed, in all phases of the Sino-American intercourse.It was through trade that the Chinese and Americans made theirfirst acquaintance, and, as history shows, their meeting was a strikingcase of love at first sight. Samuel Shaw, the supercargo of the Americanship, "The Empress of China," which bore the flag of the United Statesfor the first time into a Chinese port, on August 30, 1784, tells us in hisJournal that on its arrival at Macao and Canton the vessel was welcomedby salutes from the ships of all nations in those ports and — this is anoteworthy point — that the Chinese were "very indulgent" toward hisparty and were "highly pleased" at their presence.There was indeed, as there still is, every reason for the Chinese to likethe American merchant. He was honest and clean-cut in his businessrelations. Unlike those from other countries, he was not anxious tohave his own country first seize some territory as point d'appui and thendevelop trade. He was free from the odium which attached to hisfellow-merchants from other countries of having made a forcible entryinto peaceful Asia. He was interested in trade for trade's sake ; and —what was more praiseworthy in the eyes of the Chinese — when otherswere tempted by the profitableness of the prohibited opium traffic andclandestinely busied themselves with smuggling this "foreign poison"into China, he confined himself, to use the words of the imperial commissioner then stationed at Canton, "to legitimate and honorabletrade."The Chinese authorities, on their side, did not fail to express theirappreciation of the purity of motive and the honesty of purpose on thepart of the American merchant; they always wanted to do him a goodturn when their time came. Thus, for example, in 1842 when Commodore Kearny of the American Naval Squadron in the Far East, onlearning that the British and Chinese authorities were about to negotiate a tariff and a set of new trade regulations, requested of the governorCHINA AND THE UNITED STATES 31of Canton that citizens of the United States be "placed upon the samefooting as the merchants of the nation most favored," the governor statedin his reply that "the august Emperor has clearly recognized the factthat American merchants have been respectfully observant of the laws"and that therefore their interests should certainly be attended to. Hispromise was fully carried out. For when the imperial commissionerpromulgated the new tariff , which he had concluded with the British,averaging the low rate of about 5 per cent, he also announced that itshould apply to the commerce with China of all nations as well as ofEngland. The Honorable John W. Foster in his American Diplomacyin the Orient makes a gracious acknowledgement of this striking act.He says: "It is due to the Chinese Government to say that this grantof trade to all nations upon equal terms was an inspiration of its ownsense of justice, as neither the Emperor nor his Commissioner had anyknowledge of the rule of international law — 'the most favored nation' —at that day, even imperfectly observed by the Christian governments."The success of the American merchants in the early days of theirtrade with China was astonishing. American shipping in Chinese watersgrew by leaps and bounds. With only one merchant ship entered inChinese ports to its credit in 1784, the United States sent five in 1786,fifteen in 1789, twenty in 1800, and thirty-four in 1801. For the fouryears ended 1807 there was an average clearing of thirty-six Americanships for each year. American trade with China grew so fast that in afew years from its start it became a formidable rival of the British trade.In fact for many decades the United States was a close second to GreatBritain in its share of the China trade. This progress went on until thetime of the Civil War in this country, when it was abruptly checked.There can be little doubt that this success of American tradersin China in the early years was due largely to their disposition to belaw-abiding and their efforts to refrain from interfering in the affairsof the Chinese people. These were desirable traits in a foreign merchantof the early days, because the Chinese officials considered them as evidence of good- will and peaceful intention toward China. When they sawthese traits exhibited in the conduct and demeanor of American merchants, they were not slow in expressing their appreciation and in according most friendly treatment to those "new people," as Americans werethen known and called in China.Though, since the Civil War, American commerce in China hasreceded from its former position of second to Great Britian, which hasalways enjoyed the greatest percentage of the China trade, it is gratifying32 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto say that the decline has been due to causes quite different from thepoints we are discussing. The sentiments and principles which guidedthe American merchant of early days in his dealing with the Chinese, sofar as I can see, remain influential with the American merchant of today.And so long as these sentiments and principles remain the guidinginfluences with the American merchant in China there can be no doubtthat the Chinese people will always prefer to do business with him. Infact I am happy to observe that the business men of China and those ofthe United States seem to know each other and understand each othertoday better than ever before; and both cherishing the same sentimentsand principles, they have in recent years drawn still closer to each otherin their business relations.Notwithstanding all the specious arguments advanced lately in favorof investing American capital in China through the intermediary of thirdparties, I am firmly of the opinion that there can be no better combinationfor utilizing the rich resources of China and for developing sound businessrelations between our two countries than the combination of Americancapital and Chinese labor, of American skill and Chinese resources.But even more significant than the trade relations between our twocountries has been the work of American missionaries in China, thanwhom no class of foreigners are more friendly, sympathetic, and unselfishin their attitude toward the Chinese people. The spirit which has underlain and still underlies the relations between China and the UnitedStates is nowhere better illustrated than in the devotion of this comparatively small group of Americans to their useful services in Chinaand in their readiness to uphold the cause of justice and fairness.Dr. E. C. Bridgeman was the first American missionary to reach China,arriving at Canton in 1830. His work was typical of that which hasbeen and is still being carried on in China by other American missionaries.His interest was not confined to the propagation of the gospel, butextended to the work of education and writing. He founded the Chineserepository in order to make China better known to the outside world, andalso undertook to translate the Bible into the Chinese language. Fromhis time down to the present less than ninety years have elapsed, andyet, during this brief period, American missionaries who followed Dr.Bridgeman have achieved, in the interest of China, a record of servicewhich properly deserves the gratitude of China and the admiration of theworld. Like their pioneer, they did not confine their activity to the workof evangelization, but interested themselves as well in other equallyimportant fields of service.CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES 33As religious teachers they have made the Christian faith knownto the countless millions of Chinese who had not heard of its truthsbefore, and thereby gave them a new hope and a new source of inspiration. It is impossible to estimate how much happiness and comfortthey have brought to those who found life miserable because of its lackof spiritual vision.For the introduction of modern education, too, China owes a greatdeal to American missionaries. It is a general conviction on the partof the Chinese people that through their translation into Chinese ofbooks on religious and scientific subjects, through their untiring effortsin establishing schools and colleges in China, and through their work asteachers and professors, American missionaries, in co-operation withthose from other countries, have awakened the interest of the Chinesemasses in the value and importance of the new learning. To a greatextent the present widespread educational movement in China is traceable in its origin to the humble efforts begun a few decades ago by theChristian evangelists from the West. I am reliably informed that thereare today as many as 4,650 schools and colleges in China established orsupported by American missionaries. Several of these schools and colleges are among the largest and best-managed educational institutionsin the country.In the field of medicine in China American missionaries have renderedan equally important service. Their hospitals and dispensaries, nearlyfour hundred in all, not only give shelter, comfort, and peace to hundredsof thousands of the sick and suffering, but also serve as centers from whichradiates with increasing luminosity the light of modern medical science.Closely allied with, and yet distinctly different from, their work asmessengers of the gospel is the influence of the missionaries as a factorin the social regeneration of China. Many of the epoch-making reforms,such as the suppression of opium and the abolition of foot-binding, havebeen brought about with no little encouragement and help from them.Two semireligious organizations, the Y.M.C.A. and the InternationalReform Bureau, both of them almost exclusively American enterprises,deserve special mention for their co-operation with the Chinese peoplein battling against social evils and in working for the moral uplift of thedowncast. As an evidence of the fact that their useful work is appreciated by the Chinese people I may point out that both of these organizations are heartily supported in China by many gifts in money and land.I have outlined the work of American missionaries at some length inorder to show the broad scope of their activities and the utter unselfishness34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof their purposes. Some of them devote five or ten years to China,while others spend their whole lives there; but whether for a longeror a shorter period, they all do it with a desire to do good, and withouthope of gain to themselves — beyond the gain of satisfaction in servicerendered and duty done. These men penetrate the inland parts of thecountry, mingle with the people, and live as members of the local community. Neither hardships nor difficulties deter them. In the lasthalf-century troubles sometimes arose between them and the local people,but they were always peaceably settled — settled without the dispatchingof a naval or a military expedition on the part of the United States andwithout the loss of political or territorial rights on the part of China. Soby contrast and comparison the people of China have long come to recognize the difference between the missionaries from the United States andthose from certain other countries, and for this reason they have manifested all the more readiness to receive and welcome them with openarms. Nothing which individual Americans have done in China hasmore strongly impressed Chinese minds with the sincerity, the genuineness, the altruism of American friendship for China than this spirit ofservice and sacrifice so beautifully demonstrated by American missionaries.In recent years a new form of missionary work has been introducedinto China with the help of American generosity. Of this new kind ofservice I can give you no better example than the medical work which isnow being carried on in China by the Rockefeller Foundation as a resultof the investigations and recommendations of the China medical commission which was organized and dispatched by the Foundation, and ofwhich the distinguished President of this University was chairman.Unlike the ordinary missionary work, it is non-sectarian, but like it, itis prompted by a Christian spirit of service. As many of you are probably already familiar with the nature and scope of the plans which havebeen formulated and which are now in the course of execution, it is notnecessary for me to say more than this: that their plans, when fullycarried out, are, in my humble opinion, bound to produce results farbeyond those now contemplated by the benevolent promoters. Thiswork will not only assist China to have the best that modern medicinecan give, but, what is of especial interest to me, it will serve to emphasize,more clearly than ever before, the American spirit of helpfulness towardthe Chinese people.Turning from the relations arising from trade and Christian missionwork, let us now take up the political intercourse between China and theCHINA AND THE UNITED STATES 35United States. Here, as elsewhere, the spirit which has predominatedfrom its very beginning has been that of peace and good-will, of justiceand friendship. I have advisedly said "from the beginning" of ourpolitical relations, because if anyone is in doubt as to the character of theearly intercourse between the government of China and the governmentof the United States, let him turn to the letter written by PresidentJohn Tyler, July 12, 1843, to Emperor Taokuang, asking to negotiatea treaty of peace, amity, and commerce; to the written instructionsof Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, given to Caleb Cushing, theAmerican Commissioner to China; and to the treaty of Wang Hsia,which was concluded in 1844, in compliance with the President's wishes.In this presidential letter, which was really a note of introduction becauseit was the very first official document addressed to the Chinese government by the United States government, there was this characteristicpassage: "Our Minister, Caleb Cushing, is authorized to make a treaty.Let it be just. Let there be no unfair advantage on either side." AndWebster's instructions, too, pointed out emphatically that the aims of theUnited States government in seeking a treaty were free from territorialaggrandizement and aggression, and neither he nor his government wouldencourage or protect its citizens in violating the laws of China as to trade.That this spirit of friendship and justice was fully appreciated andreadily responded to by the Chinese authorities was a fact clearly attestedby the successful completion of the treaty of Wang Hsia — the firsttreaty between our two countries. This treaty was all the more remarkable because, negotiated under entirely peaceable circumstances, itgranted Americans in China substantially more privileges than did theAnglo-Chinese treaty of 1842 to British subjects, which, as history tellsus, was extracted from China at the cannon's mouth as a closing chapterof the sanguinary Opium War.From that time down to the present this spirit of friendship andjustice has remained the dominant characteristic of the Sino-Americanintercourse. It has not only been woven into all the treaties which havebeen negotiated and concluded between our two countries since 1844, butit has also been recognized as the basic principle of our daily intercoursewith each other. It is only by recognizing this fact that one can accountfor the many acts of friendship and justice which the United States hasperformed for China — acts so rarely seen in the history of internationalrelations and so gratefully appreciated by the government and people ofmy country. It is not my purpose to recount here all that has beendone for my country, for it would take too much of your time to do it.36 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSuffice it to mention, by way of illustration, the declaration of the open-door policy by John Hay, whose memory is so dear to us all; the promptrecognition of the Chinese Republic by President Wilson; and the remission of part of the Boxer indemnity by President Roosevelt in 1907.In speaking of the remission of part of the Boxer indemnity to China,I am reminded of another phase of the relations between China and theUnited States, which, because of its far-reaching influence on the courseof events in China, deserves our attention. I refer to the spirit of willingco-operation which American educational institutions have uniformlymanifested toward Chinese students. This is not only a clear indication of international friendship, but also the basis of the intellectualalliance between the Occident and the Orient.It is a noteworthy fact that the first Chinese student educatedabroad was educated in this country. This was the late Dr. Yung Wing,who was graduated in the class of 1854 from Yale College, and through hisinfluence the first batches of Chinese government students were sentover to America between 1872 and 1875.Since the early nineties, Chinese students have followed in theirfootsteps in increasing numbers, until today American is looked uponby many Chinese youths as the Mecca for those who are in search oftruth and knowledge abroad. Many of these students have graduatedfrom universities or colleges here and have returned to China with newideas and ideals. They serve as torch bearers of the light of Westerncivilization, as reformers of old institutions, as leaders in thought, and asapostles of progress. Scores of them have attained to positions of greatprominence by their meritorious services. In short, modern China isunder a profound obligation to all American universities and collegeswhich have taken part in training Chinese young men for service in theirown country.This training of Chinese students is, in my mind, destined to have asignificant bearing, not only on the future relations between China andthe United States, but possibly also on the relations between Chinaand the world. In a democracy, where public opinion is the controllingfactor in determining national and international policies, leaders inaction must follow leaders in*thought, unless they themselves are leadersin thought as well. The friendly policy of China and the United Statestoward each other is nothing but the natural outcome of the friendly attitude of the intellectual classes toward each other. As we are broughttogether more closely in thought, so shall we be brought closer togetherin other phases of our intercourse. When the intellectual currents of theCHINA AND THE UNITED STATES 37Far East and the Far West meet in sympathy and friendship, the Eastand West themselves will also meet, united in spirit and bound in goodwill.In dwelling upon the various phases of the Sino-American relations,I am not unaware of the fact that once or twice these relations weresomewhat marred by unpleasant incidents. But, without detailingthem, I must say in all candidness that these were only exceptions to therule of unbroken friendship, and were few and far between. Moreover,however they arose, they were always settled by both parties in a spiritof fairness and friendship. There is, as far as I can recall, only one question which has not been entirely settled; but personally I have not theslightest doubt that the same spirit of fairness and friendship which hasmade it possible to solve other problems which arose between us in thepast will ultimately bring about a settlement satisfactory to both parties.You may have noticed by this time that in outlining the variousphases of the Sino-American intercourse I have tried to emphasize theincidents particularly illustrative of the spirit of fairness and friendshipon the part of the government and the people of the United States. Ihave pursued this course, not because I have had any difficulty in findingevidences of this same spirit on the part of China in her dealing with theUnited States, but rather because I have thought it would be morefitting for me to refrain from singing the praise of my own country. Ihope, however, I may be pardoned if I remark to you that, howeverdifferently people may interpret her acts, no one will gainsay the factthat China has been fully sensible of the many acts of friendshipand justice on the part of the government and the people of theUnited States, and that, in grateful appreciation of the spirit whichprompted these acts, she has always tried her best to respond in thesame spirit.We thus see that between China and the United States one hundredand thirty-three years of trade intercourse, eighty-seven years of missionary work, seventy-three years of diplomatic relations, and nearly halfa century of educational co-operation have all been distinguished by asustained feeling of friendliness on the part of both countries, and thatthis feeling has been engendered by a mutual desire to foster good-willand do justice in their dealings with each other.In these days of international strife, when half the world is drenchedin blood and rent in bitterness and hatred, it is well for us to callattention to the relations of two countries which have had a varied intercourse with each other for many decades, but which have always been38 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDable to maintain peace and friendship in their relations. It shows thatthere is a mode of international living which leads to continued peace andfriendship between nations, just as there is a mode of international livingwhich leads to bitter international hatred and war. The only foundationfor permanent international peace and friendship lies, in my opinion, inmutual respect for each other's rights and a reciprocal desire to do whatis just.It is true that to lead such a virtuous life in international intercoursemay not comport with the schemes of ambitious nations for territorialaggrandizement and political aggression. But why should there beschemes of territorial aggrandizement and political aggression? Suchschemes only lead to suspicion, and suspicion leads to distrust, distrustleads to hatred, hatred leads to preparation for war, and preparation forwar leads to actual war. We cannot have international aggressions andstill enjoy the blessings of uninterrupted international peace.But in looking to the future of international relations I am decidedlyan optimist. It was not very long ago when families took pride in theirbloody feuds, and gentlemen were not ashamed of fighting deadly duels.But with the development of organized national life these remnants ofmediaeval practices have long been done away with. It is no longer possible for any man in a well-organized state to take the law into his ownhands without being punished for it. Is there any reason to believe, then,that what has been accomplished between individuals cannot be broughtabout in international relations ? All that is necessary, in my opinion, isto cultivate and develop a public opinion so strong that, if it is not possible to prevent international wrongdoing altogether, it will at least deternations from frequently and flagrantly committing it. It was throughthis process that such vicious international practices as the slave traffic,privateering, and maltreatment of fthe wounded on the battlefield wereabolished; and why cannot international aggressions be done away withthrough the same process, however gradual it may be ?What I have tried to emphasize is perhaps only a vague ideal, a mistyvision, a remote possibility; but however we may describe it, it is onlyby constantly holding this thought before us that we can hope to hastenits realization. And for this purpose no two nations are better qualifiedto co-operate with each other than China and the United States, whosemutual intercourse, as we have seen, is practically an untainted andunbroken record of peace and friendship based upon justice and good-will.Shall we not all, then, strive to preserve this tradition of peace andfriendship ? For every day of international right living brings us nearerCHINA AND THE UNITED STATES 39to the fulfilment of our hope to build up a higher standard of internationalconduct and a higher ideal of international life, to the end that those ofthe nations of the world who have not as yet abandoned their schemesof aggression and aggrandizement will soon come to see the folly of suchschemes and the wisdom of leading a life that will promote internationalpeace and not jeopardize it. In pursuing this mission of hope I realizethat the efforts of two nations are necessarily limited and may not beable to accomplish much. But let us remember, ladies and gentlemen,that a grain of mustard seed is the least of all seeds; but when it has beensown and has grown to its maturity, it is the largest among the herbsand it becomes a tree.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTCHINA AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOThe University of Chicago has been especially interested for yearspast in the prosperity and development of China. Twice a commissionunder the direction of members of the Faculty of the University ofChicago has made studies of Chinese educational questions. In theyear 1909 Professor Burton and Professor Chamberlin made a carefulstudy of educational conditions in China and submitted a report whichis in the archives of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 19 14 the sameFoundation sent out to China a Medical Commission, of which thePresident of the University of Chicago was chairman, the purpose beingto make a study of the situation with regard to medical education andhospitals. On the basis of the report of that Commission the Foundation determined to organize medical schools in Peking and Shanghai,and to aid in various subsidiary matters of medical training. To carryout these plans the China Medical Board was formed, and it is todayactively engaged in the important work in question. Chinese studentsare in attendance now in University classes, and have been for yearspast. They are welcome, and we rejoice to do our part in the veryinteresting and wonderful development of the ancient civilization acrossthe Pacific. The University has been honored today by the addressgiven by His Excellency the Chinese Minister. We thank him cordially,and ask him to convey to his government the very sincere best wishesof the University.ATTENDANCE IN THE AUTUMN QUARTERThe total number of students registered in the Quadrangles during thequarter which is now closing is 3,758, which is a gain of 404 over the samequarter a year ago. The total number of different students registeredin the University College during the current quarter is 1,160, a gain of130 over the same quarter a year ago. The total number of differentstudents in attendance at the University at the present time, therefore,is 4,918, as against 4,384 in 191 5 — a total gain of 534. The steady andrather uniform gain of 10 per cent in attendance for years past is increas-40THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 41ing very rapidly the pressure on the facilities of instruction in classroomsarid laboratories. The gain in the last Summer Quarter was over 1,000,and the total registration for the current year, ending June 30, 1917, willtherefore pass 10,000. Those intrusted with the administration of theUniversity are obliged to give serious attention to the future in the lightof this increasing throng of students who are coming to us.GIFTS TO THE UNIVERSITYThe current quarter has been signalized by a number of gifts forinteresting purposes — gifts, I may add, in every case entirely spontaneous.Mr. James Vincent Nash, of the College Class of 1915, has made apledge of $50 a year for ten years, commencing December 1, 1916. "Thesaid sum is to be used by the University in the purchase of books forthe Reynolds Club." In addition to the foregoing Mr. Nash promisesthat at the expiration of the ten-year period he will contribute to theUniversity the sum of $1,000 as an endowment fund to be used in makingpermanent this very interesting purpose of the purchase of books forthe Reynolds Club.Mr. Harold H. Swift, of the College Class of 1907, has given theUniversity $4,500 for the permanent endowment of scholarships incivil government, for which Mr. Swift has provided during several yearspast.A donor who does not wish his name to be given at present has giventhe University the sum of $1,500 a year for five years, to provide forannual lectures on general subjects. "The fund is to be used to bringmen and women, leaders in their lines, before the University studentsin order to give such inspiration as students receive from coming incontact with great minds."Mr. Wilfrid M. Voynich, of London, has given the University thesum of $3,000 a year for three years to establish "a chair of the politicaland economic history of Poland." Arrangements are pending for thedesignation of the incumbent of this chair.Mr. John Elmer Thomas, of Tulsa, Oklahoma, a graduate of theUniversity in the College Class of 1912 gives $150 for a special scholarship in the Department of Geology.Mr. Day McBirney, of Chicago, gives the University $5,000 to endowa scholarship in memory of Hugh McBirney III, the son of Day McBirney, a student in the University High School, who died on August 17,19x6.42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMEDICINEThe Autumn Quarter, 1916, has been signalized by one of the mostinteresting and important undertakings in the history of the University.A definite plan has been adopted for the establishment of medical schoolsand medical research, and the initial work of obtaining funds has beenbegun. I need not dwell on the plan, with which all are familiar. Ibelieve it to be a very sound one. The additional new funds requiredamount to over $5,000,000. Rapid progress has been made in obtainingsubscriptions to this fund. At the same time much remains to be done.More than a million dollars is yet to be secured. A million dollars is alarge sum, and while, of course, we look forward with hope and confidenceto the future, it should not be supposed that as yet the work is complete.We are asking gifts, not from friends of the University merely. Thisundertaking we believe to be of significant interest to the whole city ofChicago, to the whole Northwest, and to the medical profession throughout the entire country. We trust that many other citizens of Chicagoand citizens of the United States outside of Chicago will see their way tojoin in making possible this inspiring work.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments of officers of instruction, the followingappointments have been made :Glenn G. Munn, Instructor in Accounting, from October i, 1916.George Davis Bivin, of Fargo College, Instructor, Department ofEducation, from October 1, 191 6.John Allan Child, of Amherst College, Instructor, Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, from October 1, 191 6.Laura Lucas, Teacher in the Elementary School, School of Education, from October 1,1916. ^Martin A. Rosanoff, of the University of Pittsburgh, ProfessorialLecturer in the Department of Chemistry, for the Spring Quarter, 1917.Carl R. Moore, Associate in the Department of Zoology, fromOctober 1, 1916.George Emanuel Burget, Associate in the Department of Physiology, from October 1, 1916.Herbert O. Lussky, Associate in the Department of Physiology,from October 1, 1916.RESIGNATIONSResignations of the following officers of instruction have beenaccepted:Jay Dunne, Instructor, School of Commerce and Administration.Cordelia Kingman, Teacher in the Elementary School, School ofEducation.William B. Sharp, Instructor in the Department of Bacteriology.He has accepted a position with the Red Cross Hospital, Shanghai,China.LEAVE OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to Associate Professor Starr forone year from January 1, 19 17.MILITARY TRAININGThe President of the University has been authorized to submit to theWar Department an application for the establishment of one or more4344 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDunits of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. It is understood as apart of this application that the University agrees to establish andmaintain a two years' elective course of military training, which coursewhen entered upon by any student shall, as regards such student, bea prerequisite for graduation; that there shall be allotted a minimumof an average of three hours per week per academic year for militarytraining and instruction during the first two academic years, and fivehours per week during the balance of such student's course; and thatreasonable efforts shall be used to promote and further the objects forwhich the training course is organized; also, that the University agreesto conform to the regulations of the Secretary of War relating to theissue, care, use, safe-keeping, and accounting of such governmentproperty as may be issued to the institution.DEATH OE ERANKLIN JOHNSONFranklin Johnson, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History andHomiletics, retired, died in Brookline, Massachusetts, October 9, 1916.He was born November 30, 1836. He was appointed Assistant Professor in 1892 ; Associate Professor in 1895 ; and was retired in 1909.ATTENDANCEThe attendance of students during the Autumn Quarter in theSchools and Colleges of the University reached a total of 3,718, showinga gain of 415 over the Autumn Quarter of 191 5. The attendance inUniversity College was 1,165, a &am °^ *45 over I9I5- ^ne totalattendance was 4,883, a gain of 560.GIFTSJ. Elmer Thomas, of Tulsa, Oklahoma, of the Class of 191 2, has provided funds for a special scholarship in the Department of Geology forone year.The gift of Mr. Wilfrid M. Voynich, of London, which establishesfor a period of three years a Chair of the Political and Economic Historyof Poland has been formally accepted. Steps have already been takento secure the lecturer for the Chair, who is to be appointed in concurrence with the Polish Academy of Science in Cracow or with the University of Cracow.Mr. Day McBirney, of Chicago, has made a gift for the endowmentof the Hugh McBirney III Scholarship, in memory of his son, a formerstudent of the University High School, who died August 17, 191 6, in hisTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 45seventeenth year. The scholarship provides for the tuition and feesof a boy who shall be designated by the Principal. In transmitting hisgift Mr. McBirney wrote:I want again to express my high appreciation of the University High School inevery way and of its fine Principal, Mr. Franklin W. Johnson. I feel that I havecome to know him well and I like and admire him greatly. You have the best schoolthat I ever saw or heard of. And I want my son, who loved it devotedly, to havehis name perpetuated in connection with it.MISCELLANEOUSAn additional appropriation has been made to continue the experiments of Professor A. A. Michelson at Williams Bay, Wisconsin, concerned with the rigidity of the earth.A full report concerning the proposed Medical School and the actionof the Board of Trustees relating to it appear elsewhere in the Record.The committee, the members of which are undertaking the task ofraising the $5,300,000 necessary to establish the medical work of theUniversity, consists of the following: President Judson, A. C. Bartlett,Julius Rosenwald, Andrew MacLeish, Dr. Frank Billings, Thomas E.Donnelley, Robert L. Scott, Harold H. Swift, Martin A. Ryerson.The Board of Trustees has reappointed Franck Schoell as Instructorin the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures. Mr.Schoell has been released from the military prison in which he was heldfor upward of a year as prisoner of war, and is now interned at Neuchatel,Switzerland, until peace shall be declared.The title of Shirley J. Case has been changed to Professor of EarlyChurch History and New Testament Interpretation.An appropriation has been made for the erection of an ornamentalsteel tower on Rosenwald Hall for the purposes of the United StatesWeather Bureau. The staff of the Bureau is already in its offices inRosenwald Tower.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER 1, 1892,TO OCTOBER 1, 1893— ContinuedBy ALONZO KETCHAM PARKERIf President Harper had really been, as he was sometimes painted inthose days, merely the flamboyant manager of an enterprise dependingfor its existence upon the stimulus of frequently recurring sensations,there would certainly have been in the autumn of 1891 a "cornerstonelaying, " or at least a " breaking-ground " celebration, conducted with theblatant brass-band pomp and display required to advertise an approaching university to the ends of the earth. And indeed there were not a fewconservative and sober-minded men who were of the opinion that itwould be well to do the regular thing and thus give the University anearly and happy send-off. But far more important and serious mattersthan a ceremonious inaugural claimed just then the attention of thePresident and his advisers. When the plans of the first buildings hadbeen approved the contracts were let, and when the contractors wereready they began work, and went on working in as unostentatious afashion as though they were laying the foundations of a grocery.Ground was broken for the buildings on Wednesday, November 25,near the corner, to be exact, of Ellis Avenue and the Midway Plaisance.There were no invited guests present and no privileged handling of acommemorating spade. But the event lives in history, nevertheless,through the picturesque "story" which the Chicago Daily News published the next day.Today marked quite an era in the educational history of Chicago, and of thecountry for that matter, for at seven o'clock this morning ground was broken forChicago's $5,000,000 university. There was no blast of trumpets, no clash of soundingbrass and tinkling cymbals. There were no benevolent looking bondholders presentto shiver in the north wind and make speeches and catch colds in their heads. Theexercises were very simple and very much to the point. It was seven o'clock or thereabouts when the show opened. The place did not present the appearance of havingbeen chosen for a gala occasion. There was a rusty, barbed-wire fence, half brokendown, considerable grass, brown and sere, several trees, a few cottages in the middledistance, and half a dozen teams with their drivers. That was all. But apparentlyit was enough.A man with a pair of buckskin gloves and a Waterbury watch appeared to be theforeman of the gang. He swore with greater freedom and appeared to have more46THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 47chewing tobacco than his less fortunate comrades; so when he told them it was timeto go to work, they went. A plow was lifted out of a wagon, a team of horses washitched on one end and a driver on the other. The driver was Mr. Edward Collins,who, attired in a great woolly coat and a slouch hat, apparently did not appreciate theposition he occupied. He had the distinction of being the first man to remind MotherEarth that she is to receive a $5,000,000 university to her bosom. But Mr. Collinsdidn't mind it. It is true he made a speech at the time, but it was somewhat brief.It was as follows: "Git up!" In response to his eloquence the impatient horsesstarted forward, there was a scraping sound, as if, for a few feet, the plow skated alongon top of the grass, then a rasping plunge of the plow into the earth, and the deed wasdone. The great Chicago University was under way, so far as material growth wasconcerned.It was "under way" certainly, but for many weeks the prospect wasnot alluring. "I saw the University first," says Professor Burton, "inJanuary, 1891, when Cobb Hall was in the early stages of erection. Idrove out to Fifty-seventh Street in a buggy through mud into whichthe wheels sank, I should think, half-way to the hubs. There were then,so far as I remember, no houses in the district between Fifty-sixth Streetand the Midway and Woodlawn Avenue and Washington Park, andnone on the east side of Woodlawn Avenue, south of Fifty-sixth Street.Nor were there any paved or macadamized streets in this region, andfew, if any, south of Fifty-fifth Street and east of the Illinois CentralRailroad. When I came back in September, Cobb Hall was nearingcompletion, as were also the Divinity dormitories. Upon none of theother buildings had any work at all been done." "When I came downfrom Minneapolis in the winter of 1891-92," to quote President Judson,"to look over the plant, I found a wilderness adjoining the projected siteof the World's Fair. In that wilderness there was the foundation of arecitation hall and a series of dormitories. Still, the possibilities seemedgreat, and these possibilities were made to appear much like probabilities by Dr. Harper's enthusiasm." Dr. J. E. Raycroft, one of thefirst men to register for the first Freshman class, gives this picture of thecampus as he saw it just before opening day: "I have seen few mesas inthe western country that looked more desolate than that sandy, dusty,burr-infested sweep of territory from Woodlawn Avenue to CottageGrove Avenue. The new building that was to be Cobb loomed upincongruously in the sandy waste. The combination of a new Gothicbuilding, board sidewalks, scrub oaks, and frog ponds was never to beforgotten."As the summer of 1892 drew to a close, appearances were againstthe men who were confident that it would be entirely possible to occupy48 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe new buildings on October i. Cobb Lecture Hall, which should havebeen ready September i, was almost ready, as everyone told everyoneelse cheerfully, in the last week of September. Entrance examinationshad been held at many centers in April and in June under the directionof Frank Frost Abbott, Associate Professor of Latin and UniversityExaminer. The President and other administrative officers contrived toestablish themselves in Cobb Hall early in September, and sat at theirdesks through crowded and noisy days, entertaining curious and congratulatory visitors, giving instructions to instructors, and matriculatingstudents, professing the while not to be in the least annoyed by therattle and bang of steamfitters, plumbers, and carpenters. A newspaper man gives this account of a visit to the University in the middleof September: "As Dr. Harper sat at his desk, a mechanic smoking ashort pipe climbed around on the scaffolding overhead and droppedshavings and shingle nails down on his desk. Out in the hallways thecarpenters were rasping around with jack planes, sawing planks in two,and naiUng on the oak wainscoting. The halls of learning resembleda planing mill." Late in August Dr. Harper wrote to Mr. Gates: "Weare working day and night. Judson and I are almost crushed to theground with work." A month later the President writes: "The most ofus have worked sixteen to eighteen hours daily this past month; yetmuch important work has been left undone." An early University poetcelebrated these memorable autumn days in lines inspired by the characteristically sanguine words of the President, "The University will takepossession of its offices September first."Sidewalks yet unbuilded,Stairways only planned,Entrance to the buildingAnkle deep in sand.Now we reach the doorway,Climb a wobbly plank,Now we're in, in safety,Lucky stars to thank.Mortar beds and brickbats,Lumber, lath, and lime,Carpenters and plumbersPounding all the time.Of uninviting placesThis is, sure, the worst,But we've kept the promise,Moved in on the first.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 49Never mind confusion,Never mind the dirt;Dirt, they say, is healthful,Noise can do no hurt.Now we're in the office,Very pleasant room;"Isn't it delightful?Hammond, get a broom."Good people all, keep coming,We've got here now to stay;This very noisy newnessGets older every day.In different kinds of noisesWe're getting quite well versed,Congratulations? Thank you!We moved in on the first!It was in these days that Professor Myra Reynolds, seeking registration in the Graduate School, came across a scrub woman in CobbHall, and asked where Miss Talbot could be found. She didn't know."Mrs. Palmer?" "No, Miss." "President Harper?" "Miss, I don'tknow nothing about this University, only scrubbing." PresidentHarper rejoiced greatly on hearing of this saying, and hailed it as a foretokening of success. " Specialization has already set in," he said.But there were other and much more serious embarrassments to befaced than the annoyances incidental to an unfinished building. Professor Chamberlin, then on duty as Dean, writes: "Adequate physicalappointments for the new work were quite out of the question. It waseven more impossible to anticipate who would present themselves asstudents, what would be their numbers, what their choices of work, whatthe requirements for their work. The new students wanted to know themost unexpected things. There were no old students to post them onthe multitude of practical details that vex a strange student in a strangeplace. Naturally there were those who wanted information about thisdepartment and that of which I had no knowledge. We had no trainedstaff of messengers. We took the chance of anyone who would carry amessage." Four days still remained in which to set the house in order,when the President wrote to Mr. Gates:Nearly all the professors have now reached the grounds The administrative officers have been at work since September first We have lost seriouslyby not having the administrative work begun much earlier People are beginning to realize that we are aiming to establish a high grade institution. Certainly overSo THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtwo hundred men have been turned away because we would not receive their certificates The number of undergraduate students might have been easily tripled.We are all more than satisfied. We shall certainly have a magnificent set of men andwomen. There has been a great temptation, of course, to admit students unpreparedaccording to our standards, but we have constantly held ourselves in restraint You have no idea of the pressure brought to bear to admit the sons of certain men,but I have determined that we shall be as impartial, or as heartless, if you will, asHarvard or Yale.So through that strenuous September, confusions, uncertainties, misunderstandings, postponements, disappointments, surprises, questionsthat could not be answered, promises even that could not be kept,thronged the doorways and clamored in the offices. But the Presidentand his associates met these assailants with a cheerful steadfastness, andwhen October i arrived the University kept its appointment promptlyand set about its proper duties. Long before this date the President hadsaid to an inquiring reporter that he would prefer that the first session ofthe University should begin "as if they had been going on for fifty years."The reporter begged leave to differ. The public must not be disappointed in its reasonable expectation of a stupendous function. "ThePresident is likely to be overruled," he said confidently, "and it is probable that the opening will be attended with all the ceremony proper tosuch an event." The disappointment was, of course, the reporter's."We were anxious," says President Judson, recalling that month ofanxiety and labor, "to have the opening day so planned in advance thateverything would move as though the University had been in session forten years. That is what actually occurred. At half-past eight the bellssounded, the professors were in their classrooms, notices of the classeshad been posted on the bulletin boards, the classes were in their places,and the exercises proceeded smoothly throughout the morning." In asimilar strain Secretary Goodspeed wrote on October 2 to Mr. Gates:"You should have been here to witness the scenes on the campus and inthe buildings. What with workmen, professors, students, and visitors,there have been a thousand people there every day. It looked like chaoscome again, pandemonium broke loose; yet every man knew just whathe had to do and was doing it as though he were the only man on thegrounds. And so, slowly but surely, order was evolved and everythingwas at last ready for the opening day." "On the day the Universityopened," says Professor Schevill, "the carpenters were still on the firstfloor of Cobb Hall, making office partitions, I think, and the prospectiveFreshmen waded up to the desks where sat a group of rhadamanthinescribes and examiners through waist-high shavings. For the first fewTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 51days the lectures were hurriedly interpolated between successive hammerbeats. The popular professor was he who could get in the greatest number of intelligible words in the intervals of quiet. When the row wasover, we all adjourned, students and professors, in beautiful harmonyto the cellar of Cobb, whdre we ate among the water pipes, and practicedourselves in saying brother to the roaches."The Founder of the University recognized the great event in thischeering telegram:Forest Hill, Cleveland, O. October 1, 1892President W. R. Harper, University of Chicago:I have much pleasure in congratulating you and your associates on the auspiciousopening of the University of Chicago. I greatly appreciate all that you and our manyfriends have done, and I hope and believe that the highest ideals of usefulness for theUniversity will be realized. I regret not to do myself the pleasure of being presenton this occasion.John D. RockefellerAnother very interesting contemporary account of the opening mustfind a place here. On Sunday, October 2, the President wrote to Mr.Gates:The University has at last opened. Recitations began at 8 : 30 Saturday morning.On account of the number of students it was necessary to continue matriculation untilSaturday at five o'clock. At 12:30 the first chapel service was held The hallwas more than crowded. The professors sat in a portion of the room set apart forthem and made a magnificent showing. A large number of the Board of Trustees werepresent. At the close of the exercises the Trustees lunched in the University Commonsand held a Board meeting in the afternoon of two hours. At 4:30 the first meeting ofthe University faculty was held, present about seventy members, not including theAcademy professors, Divinity professors, or the University Extension professors. Atthis meeting we outlined the general policy and several matters of minor importancewere discussed. Today the first public lecture was given in the University chapel bymyself on the Book of Job, and tonight we have opened the University Extension workby beginning a course on the Literary Study of the Bible, by Moulton Theregular grind begins tomorrow. The days of dreaming are passed, and now realaction begins.The University of Chicago had been well and widely advertised.Mr. Rockefeller's letter, offering $600,000 toward "an endowment fundfor a college to be established at Chicago," the subscription to be bindingwhen an additional $400,000 had been secured, is dated May 15, 1889.The largest possible publicity was at once given to this offer, and advertisement of it was continued through public meetings and appeals, andreports of progress in the press. When a year later announcement wasmade that the first million dollars had been subscribed, a University52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcharter obtained, and the Board of Trustees organized, the newspapersthe country over began to take notice in articles carrying headlines suchas "Munificent Rockefeller," "The New Baptist University," "Dr.Harper of Yale," "Another Million." Late in 1890 the "Partial Reportof the Board of Trustees, containing the innovating scheme of Universityorganization, embodied later in the famous Official Bulletin NumberOne" was given to the public. Comment and criticism of this sensational document, in general favorable, sometimes indiscriminatingly andextravagantly eulogistic, set eager youth from the Atlantic to the Pacificasking, What shall we do to obtain the privileges of membership in this" typical university of the future," this " Harvard of the West " ? Lettersof inquiry began to pour into the offices of the University. Early in1891 the Secretary reported that he had a list of 250 "intending students." A year later more than 1,500 applications had been receivedfrom 39 states of the Union and, in addition, from England, China,Japan, and India. It was noticed that applications increased at onceupon the publication of the name and history of some distinguished addition to the Faculties. When the University opened, correspondence hadbeen held with 3,000 men and women who "would like to know" everything that could conceivably be ascertained as to conditions, requirements, expenses, degrees, and opportunities of self-support. A citynewspaper of May 21, 1892, offered this somewhat too-confident forecast: "When the University opens its doors next fall, and bids youngmanhood and young womanhood from all parts of the country enter,two thousand names will be on the rolls eager for admission." The verybest rhetoric the reporter of those days could command was not too goodfor a University write-up. As the fateful day drew near, a rumor,unauthenticated but hospitably entertained nevertheless, ran throughCobb Hall that a round thousand students at least would seek matriculation. The men who might have been supposed to know all about itprofessed the completest ignorance. The President went so far as tosay that he was not without hope of students enough to begin with."The night before the opening," says President Judson, "I spent working with Dr. Harper at his home on Washington Avenue on the detailsof the opening until about midnight. When we had finished, he threwhimself back on the sofa and said, 'I wonder if there will be a singlestudent there tomorrow?' Of course, we had been having interviewswith students for weeks. Still he did not feel sure that anybody wouldappear." Little could be learned, in the failure of experience or precedent, from the statistics of admission examinations. Who could sayTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 53how many of the hundreds examined would meet the test or, meeting it,would actually matriculate ? But when the Faculty of Arts, Literature,and Science met on Saturday afternoon, October 1, the Examiner wasable to present cheering official returns to this effect:The Graduate School 126The Divinity School 153The Undergraduate Colleges 170Special students 61Total 510The total enrolment for the quarter was 594. Of this numbernearly one-half were men and women who had already received aBachelor's degree, and these students came from 90 institutions, the listincluding some of the oldest and most influential colleges of the land.Five per cent came from foreign countries, and of the total enrolment23 . 5 per cent were women. Regarding the enrolment, Secretary Good-speed wrote to Mr. Gates: "The numbers in the upper classes wouldhave been multiplied by two or three or four had not such hard terms ofadmission been insisted upon. Had the slight concession finally madein July been made thirty days earlier, before the college vacations began,we should have had three hundred Sophomores, Juniors, and Seniors."In anticipation of a small enrolment the President wrote to Mr.Gates on September 26: "We shall have many small classes and undoubtedly some of the courses offered will not be taken. This will givethe professors opportunity to do original work, and nothing could bemore auspicious for the opening of the first year at the University thanto have a large amount of original work come from the University."It was assumed by everyone from the inception of the enterprise thatthe proposed University would be coeducational, and subscriptions werereceived in the earliest canvass upon this condition. The charterrequirement that the University should offer its privileges "to personsof both sexes on equal terms" had been everywhere anticipated. Itexcited little comment and provoked no dissent. A single city newspaper signified approval and offered congratulations in this rhetoricaloutburst: "The University is coeducational in the broadest sense ofthe term. No narrow confines of an annex will confine womanhood inthis new field; she will have the same opportunities hitherto accordedto her brother. Now, for a verity, she can count the star dust andtrack the comet to its fiery lair." To this stipulation of its charter theUniversity has been scrupulously loyal. Women, once matriculated,54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhave enjoyed all the rights and privileges which can properly be claimedby students. They have been affronted neither by tolerance nor bycondescension. In the quadrangles the attitude of the men toward thewomen has been that of an entirely courteous and kindly student companionship. In early issues of the University Weekly there are references, to be sure, in the stilted language of conventional gallantry, to"Freshman young ladies," "University ladies," "the young ladies of theBeatrice," but this was merely a matter of good taste and good English.In all University social affairs men and women have met on a basis ofunquestioned social equality. It is further a matter of just pride thatthe coeducational University of Chicago has never numbered "coeds"among its students. From the beginning the employment of the odiousword has been regarded as bad form, "as worse than wicked, as vulgar."Witness this editorial note from the University News, November i, 1892:It is consoling to think that "coed" has not yet received a place at the Universityin the everyday student parlance. But that the good sense and good breeding of thestudents have so far combined to exclude it is no criterion that this detestable expression may not yet find entrance. In this great and glorious and comparatively freerepublic a young man has the privilege to say and do a variety of objectionable thingsif he wants to, but the whole weight of the best public opinion of the University shouldbe unfalteringly arrayed against any attempt at introducing this relic of the mediaevalway of looking at the position of woman into the conversation and writing of thestudents.That this timely editorial warning and protest were quite promptlyeffective appears from a communication to the News of March 16, 1893,signed "A Woman Student":To whatever motive the courtesy is due [the ban upon "coed"] — whether it is anacknowledgment of woman's equal right with man to a higher education, or whetherit is the consideration shown by the strong to the weak — the kindly courtesy of theFaculty and men students of the University of Chicago is gratefully appreciated by theyoung women.[To be continued]THE RENAISSANCE SOCIETYThe Renaissance Society of the University of Chicago has announceda program for the Winter and Spring quarters in furtherance of the aimsof this new organization. The aim of the Society is to provide at theUniversity such material means and personal influences as will contribute to the cultivation of the arts and the enrichment of the life of thecommunity. For the promotion of these ends the Society will (a) holdexhibitions of such objects of art as the University possesses, (b) arrangefor loan exhibitions of paintings, sculpture, prints, manuscripts, books,and other objects of beauty or historical interest, (c) encourage gifts to theUniversity of such objects or of funds for the purchase of them, (d) securethe delivery of lectures on the arts, (e) issue publications, and adopt suchother means in furtherance of the aims of the Society as may seem desirable.Mr. Frederick W. Gookin will lecture in Harper Assembly Room,January 23, 1917, at 8 : 15 p.m., on " Essential Qualities in Works of Art."Mr. Gookin will illustrate his address by exhibiting some of his own rareand valuable examples of Japanese painting and wood-block printing.In February there will be one or two lectures. In March, at theprivate view of an exhibition of modern art, a lecture will be delivered byProfessor Walter Sargent. The exhibition thereafter will be open tothe public. In April, at the opening of an exhibition of manuscripts andincunabula, addresses will be delivered by Professor Edgar JohnsonGoodspeed and Professor Ernest Hatch Wilkins. In May the collectionsof the Haskell Oriental Museum will be exhibited. A lecture on the collections will be delivered by the Director of the Museum, ProfessorJames Henry Breasted. Other features of the program are under consideration and will be announced promptly.All members and friends of the University are eligible to membershipin the Society. The life membership fee is $100, the sustaining membership fee is $10 a year, and the annual membership fee is $3, but in thecase of resident students of the University, $1. Although the Societyhas just been organized, it already has two life members, eighteen sustaining members, and forty-one annual members. The officers are JamesR. Angell, President; Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer; David A.Robertson, Secretary; Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson, Mrs. Lillian CushmanBrown, Ernest D. Burton, A. A. Michelson, and F. B. Tarbell, Vice-Presidents.55FRANCIS WAYLAND PARKERMEMORIALFriends and admirers of Colonel Francis Wayland Parker, firstdirector of the School of Education of the University of Chicago, assembled at the University on Saturday, December 9, 19 16, to honor hismemory. The Francis W. Parker Club of Chicago, an organizationof teachers in the schools of the city, met at luncheon in Ida Noyes Hallat twelve-thirty. In the assembly room of the same building at twoo'clock an address was delivered by the Honorable Charles S. Cutting,who was president of the Board of Education of the city of Chicago atthe time when Colonel Parker was at the head of the Normal School.Addresses were delivered also by Miss Katharine M. Stilwell, Ph.B., ofthe University Elementary School, and Professor Charles Hubbard Judd,Ph.D., LL.D., Director of the School of Education.After the addresses in Ida Noyes Hall the company reassembled inthe central corridor of Emmons Blaine Hall, where President Judsonintroduced Mr. Lorado Taft, N.A., Professorial Lecturer on the Historyof Art, who spoke on behalf of the artist, the late Charles J. Mulligan.The bust was then unveiled and presented on behalf of the donors byMr. Arthur J. Mason. President Harry Pratt Judson accepted the gifton behalf of the University of Chicago.ADDRESS ON BEHALF OF THE ARTIST, THE LATECHARLES J. MULLIGANBy LORADO TAFTHenceforth will Daniel French's group "The Angel of Death andthe Young Sculptor" have for me a new significance. We have allappreciated it as a triumphant work of art, but through the death ofCharles Mulligan it has gained a new and poignant meaning. Thegreat winged, figure, the Mysterious One, advances with outstretchedarm. Never was compelling power more adequately expressed thanin the reserve of that quiet gesture. A touch — and his life-work isended. A moment's look of inquiry from perplexed eyes, and the chiselfalls. Yes, we shall think of our friend and his frustrate dreams whenever we pass that group.56^^^^ •:,,S#MVW r*% *II u 1..FRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER: BUST BY C. J. MULLIGANFRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER MEMORIAL 57I have a memory of a little vocational school attempted by two of usin Pullman soon after I came to Chicago — evening classes in drawingand modeling. The response was slight, the experiment brief, but wefound Charlie Mulligan.Soon after this he came to my studio for work and study. Thestrong boy of twenty was already a skilful stonecutter and he came tohelp me in the carving of a bust. We often recalled his breezy arrivalwith his tool chest and his little "family grindstone." The studiorang with his hearty laugh; his enthusiasm was contagious. A strangething happened to me; he gave me a courage and a confidence that I hadlacked before. He seemed to supply all that I had missed so painfullyin my own art equipment — the practical side of it. My Beaux Artseducation coupled with his shop-training made a hopeful partnership.But more precious even than the strength and cunning of his hands wasthe unfailing good nature and optimism which henceforth became astudio habit and in time a veritable tradition of the place.I never knew anyone who loved work so much for its own sake.He seemed to find endless physical joy in the use of his muscles. Frommorning till night his hammer strokes rang clear and joyous. His heartwas in it all and the reward was in the doing. We knew, however, thathis imagination was no less active. Every now and then we would beoverwhelmed by a cloudburst of eloquence as he told of some of thethings that he had been "thinking up."He made me acquainted, too, with the lives and the thoughts of theworking people as no one else has ever done. I heard of their longhours and their pitiful pay; of their amusements and their aspirations,and was taught a great sympathy which has tinged my life.At the same time Charlie found the Art Institute evening school andbegan there — a habit which continued to the end. We know at whatsacrifice many weary artisans frequent those evening classes. With himit never seemed a hardship. It was the very breath of his nostrils.As pupil and teacher he must have a record there of three nights aweek for at least twenty-eight years. He was peculiarly fitted for thiswork. The young carvers and designers felt instinctively that hewas one of them. Such loyalty and diligence as they used toshow! And with what frank pride did he exhibit them and theirachievements! It was a memorable experience to visit those crowdedclasses of his where a score or more of eager men and women wereliterally banked up against the motionless model and all working fordear life!58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPerhaps this was Charlie's greatest service to the community, as itcertainly was his greatest privilege. To be permitted to pass on thelighted torch, to open the door and brighten the way for those who seek,is the crowning favor of the gods. It gives one a place in the eternalsequence. It is immortality itself.Never shall I forget the great days of the exposition's building.Particularly vivid is the memory of being put in charge of one of thestudios with its motley army of sculptors and modelers gathered fromall four corners of the earth. Many of them were far more clever artiststhan the diffident man who was presented to them as their "boss," and hehappened to know it. My first official act was to make Charlie Mulliganforeman of the shop. Instantly all was peace and good fellowship; Idid not need to know any more than a cabinet officer does about his job.Oh, the many good things that that ardent soul brought into ourlives! He it was who made us acquainted with the country, renewingan almost forgotten love. He led a party of artist friends to Bass Lake,Indiana, and the little group afterward developed into our Eagle's Nestcolony of Oregon, Illinois. Its happy associations form the hit motif,the continuous and joyous background of those fleeting years.Whatever he undertook was done with an outpouring of enthusiasmwhich was incomprehensible to less vibrant natures. His brain wasalive in no fragmentary way. His appreciation when once enlisted wasboundless. What he loved must be shared with others. I remember hisdiscovery of the great marble resources of the south. Somewhere I havea letter which he wrote me from Tate, Georgia, telling of "mountainsof beautiful, snowy marble," of "colossal statues and groups, just beggingto be released from their fetters." Many of you will recall his recentvisit to Colorado where his eloquence kindled such a blaze of localpride. His convincing picture of the artistic potentialities of the RockyMountains made people believe that the days of Phidias and Praxiteleswere about to be repeated in Denver and Cripple Creek.And to think that we shall not hear that rich voice again, nor feelthe hearty grip of those strong hands — the thought is incredible.ADDRESS ON BEHALF OF DONORS OF THE BUSTBy ARTHUR J. MASONMr. President, I have been delegated by a group of the associates,students, and parents of students of Francis Wayland Parker to presentthis memorial to the University.FRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER MEMORIAL 59Colonel Parker devoted his life to the purpose of bettering the publicschools of this country. Through the generosity of the donor whosename this hall bears, his work may here be carried forward.The sculptor has placed the bust slightly turned to the entrance asthough viewing, encouraging, welcoming the streams of earnest youngpeople coming from all over the country, to acquire here the ideasand the ideals he strove so vigorously to establish.Mr. President, many of us who pass this building feel that nothingin this great University is of greater importance than the work of spreading, through issuing young trained teachers, the Colonel's great news.In this way may the child in sun-baked Texas know that school work maybe joyous and interesting — not dry as dust and irksome. Francis Parkerwas always known as the Colonel, the soldier — his forcible character,his powerful physique, contributed to this feeling; but he had what weall love to associate with a gallant soldier, consideration, gentleness, anda pathetic and intense sympathy for all children. These qualities generated affection, even in those who differed from him, and among hisassociates and students an enthusiasm, a loyalty, which has culminatedin this great school. Colonel Parker's sympathy carried far beyondour group of fortunate children of fortunate parents. He would makehere a great market place for ideas in all that is to make the public-school system better and better.Mr. President, we like to hope that like Francis Parker many otherearnest men in the University may in their day leave behind, not onlytheir ideas, but by some equally good likeness and dignified setting, alittle of their very presence.COLONEL PARKER AS I KNEW HIMBy KATHARINE STILWELLWas it riot the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table who gave us thepicture of the three Johns ? He might well have gone a step farther andsubdivided the John as others knew him into a different John for eachobserver, for when the rays of light have done their share, it is the personal interpretation back of them that makes the John each one sees.So I am not at all sure that the Colonel Parker I knew was the same manyou knew and loved.His very vividness, his force, the constant growth that made hima new man each day, gave rise to many and various opinions. Washe a great man, a superman, or was he a charlatan ? No man was more6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwidely misunderstood or misrepresented. But there was one point onwhich all his critics agreed. He was a virile force, not to be ignored.His school was a center from which emanated ideas that troubled thewaters of the educational pool and made the defenders of the currentmethods pause and question.He did not formulate his educational creed, but he believed in certain fundamental principles to which he held fast. " Seek ye first thekingdom of God and his righteousness and all these things shall be addedunto you." He changed his methods, he sought more knowledge, hemade new definitions, he experimented, but through it all he never lostsight of the one underlying ideal.The dominant force in his life was a desire for freedom, freedom forothers as for himself. It was this passion which drew the young teacherfrom Carrollton, Illinois, back to his native New Hampshire to enlistin the service of his country. It was this ideal that took him when thewar was over back into the public schools, there to do what he couldtoward the building up of a democracy founded upon the principles ofself-government and personal freedom. For he saw clearly that theCivil War had not won the battle, that no true democracy could existunless the people were free, that the higher life of the people demandedspiritual freedom.He chose to work for this end through the public school because ofhis great love for the child and his abiding faith in the possibilities ofchildhood. He said, "The ideal school is the ideal community." Andhe attempted to make of his school a community whose life should beshared by all; for "social duties and social responsibilities alone developthe habits and character essential to citizenship." His scheme ofdevelopment included the whole child. The physical and moral trainingwere no longer relegated to the home and the Sunday school. Theschool was a place to work, where the child should learn by doing. Inother words, the impulse to do a thing made of the child a seeker afterknowledge — the knowledge he required in order to do the work. Allknowledge should be used for the good of the community — which ineffect broadened the curriculum, for the highest development of societydemands all the knowledge of the past and all the opportunities forresearch that the present affords.Nothing went into his school that did not enter under his ideal oftraining a free citizenry for a free land, and everything that could contribute to this end was eagerly welcomed. Libraries and museums andlaboratories were opened. Gymnastics and dancing and manual train-FRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER MEMORIAL 61ing (the first manual training in any elementary school in this country)and cooking and sewing and drawing and painting and modeling — all thearts and sciences were given the boys and girls of this school.In this environment and under this stimulus the child was to growin righteousness and strength. He was to give in such measure as hehad received, and be judged only by this standard. For to differentchildren are given diverse powers, and who are you to stunt a child'sgrowth by demanding what he has not, by rejecting the thing he haspower to do ?The whole thing was on an absolutely democratic basis, principal,teachers, and pupils working together for a common end.Such, in brief, was the general scheme. How much of it was originalI do not know and Colonel Parker did not care. It all belonged tohumanity and was to him who could use it. But this I do know. Ittook courage of the highest order to overthrow existing school conditions, and that courage Colonel Parker possessed. With the might ofa Samson he leveled the dead structure of formalism — he threw out ofthe school the technical grammar, the arithmetical fetish, the old spelling-book — and then on the ruins he proceeded to build anew a fairer education.Like most reformers, Colonel Parker saw only the big thing. Hedid not know just how the details were to be worked out, but with hissplendid optimism he never doubted the result. And it was this faithand devotion to his ideal that carried the school through the dark periodof groping. His faculty— ordinary men and women, not gifted abovethe average— faced the problem. Their days were filled with labor andtheir nights with study.Colonel Parker had the qualities of genuine leadership. A tirelessworker, he knew no relation between time and work, and under hisdirection courses of study were prepared, work was laid out, lessons wereplanned — only to be rejected for something better almost before theywere done; for he was as honest in the acknowledgment of his mistakesas he was aggressive in his advance.His relations with his faculty were ideal. The atmosphere of freedom which was necessary for his best effort was the atmosphere in whichhis teachers worked. They were limited only by their ideals — whichhe strove constantly to uplift. There was never dictation, but therewas contact with the work of every teacher. With rare insight he sawwhatever was good, and the teacher who did a bit of genuine work, crudethough it might be, or who made even a slight original contribution62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDreceived instant and generous recognition. There was no rank, noaristocracy, even of intellect, in the faculty.The Colonel had faith in his teachers, and this belief inspired themto accomplishment. It created in them a power which had not previously existed.As he was ready to approve, so he was swift to criticize, not thedoer, but the deed. His criticism, while merciless, was always impersonal and constructive. He was absolutely intolerant of sham — helived in an atmosphere of truth — and nothing could so arouse his ire,or cause a more explosive outburst, than a lack of genuineness in workor expression.His sense of humor and ready wit never failed to enliven our meetings — often, indeed, oiled the machinery. Social meetings were frequent, for he believed with all his might in play and recreation.His generosity was without limit. Improvident, like a child inmoney matters, he spent his last dollar like a king. That same generosity marked all his dealings with his fellows. It was, one might say,a spiritual generosity.Sympathetic toward all weakness, tender in his feelings as a littlechild, he inspired love and loyalty, not only among the children, butamong all who came close to him. The brusqueness, the absent-mindedness, that he of ttimes turned his back when one went to consulthim — it was disconcerting to a young teacher — the harsh voice, sometimesrepellant to those who did not know that it was due to a desperate woundin the throat received in the battle of Petersburg — those things wereexternals, only mannerisms which in no way expressed the real man.He was not perfect, he blundered, he was human; but he nevercompromised with his conscience. He was not always tactful; but tactis not a masculine trait. It is rather a feminine virtue. It certainlydid not go with the force and strength of Colonel Parker.Withal, he was intensely religious. Who that ever heard him ina morning exercise read and interpret the Prophecies or the Beatitudeswas not impressed with this spirit in the man? With deep humilityhe walked unshod before the higher things of life. "Keep back thyservant also from presumptuous sins."He could not keep this school within the confines of the school building. It extended to the entire community. An example of this was theParents' Association organized in 1884, early in his work in Englewood,probably the first organization of its kind. He took the greatest painsto make the ideals of the school entirely clear to the parents. That heFRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER MEMORIAL 63succeeded was evidenced by the fact that whenever crises occurred inthe affairs of the school, and a crisis came annually, they went down toboard rooms en masse to "save the Normal School." And the significant thing was that these people were intent on saving the schooland not the Colonel. So thoroughly had he impressed them withthe importance of his work that they lost sight of the personalitybehind it.He believed in propaganda. Other teachers must know about hisschool and help to work out better things for the children of the nation.He made welcome visitors from all lands. He gave them of his best,and poorest — nothing good was held back, nothing poor was hidden.The results of our crude efforts were offered for their inspection andcriticism. No important educational meeting was held without thepresence of Colonel Parker and his teachers. He went before the educational leaders of this country and with dramatic instinct often gaveutterance to a partial truth that he might challenge attention and securetheir assistance in working out some half-realized truth.Opposition? Lots of it. That did not hamper the Colonel. Butyou know the story — it is recent history and there is not time to repeatthe details. You know how his great opportunity came. And youknow how, suddenly and tragically, in the supreme moment his work washalted.Only once did I hear him give voice, not to the natural shrinkingfrom death, but to the strong man's desire to carry out his plans. Itwas a prayer for time — two years, only two years, in which to establishthe work started here in the University. Other than that he gave noutterance. He faced his Gethsemane alone."Where there is no vision, the people perish." Colonel Parker cameupon the educational world when the people were perishing. He sawthe vision. It was not his to realize it. It was his mission to hold itbefore the eyes of the people; to arouse and inspire others and thus makeits realization possible. He knew, even when he turned the sod andspoke the first words on the School of Education grounds, that he wouldnever enter the land of his hope and desire. But he knew, too, that hisdisciples — his graduates, his faculty, his colaborers — would carry on thework; that whatever of truth there was in it would remain; and he askedno more.To that great soul it did not matter who wrote the poem or sang thesong or did the work. The essential thing was that the work should bedone. He knew that his vision would take form — was taking form.64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAnd so for him "the light never went out of the sky." He faced thewest with the same high hope and courage with which he had greeted thedawn.THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONEL PARKER'SIDEASBy CHARLES H. JUDDIt is my part on the program to represent the generation in the Schoolof Education which came too late to have any personal acquaintancewith Colonel Parker. I remember hearing him take part in a discussionat one of the meetings of the National Education Association, but I neverhad the opportunity to cultivate a personal acquaintance with him.Other members of our faculty, who, like myself, have come to the Schoolin recent years, must depend in part on the traditions that are handeddown by those who knew Colonel Parker personally and in part on hiswritings for an impression of the principles of education which he represented. He did not write voluminously, but there are in addition to hispublished works certain collections of materials used in practice teaching, all of which bear the impress of his influence. The comments whichI have to make on this occasion will take the form of an interpretationof these writings and of the statements that come from the members ofthe faculty who were associated with him, in the light of the presentmovements which are going on in the School itself.Our generation finds the definition of its task in an extension ratherthan a mere continuation of the program that Colonel Parker laid down.He had educational insights which have developed into broad, scientificlines of work. To trace the relation between his views and the work ofthe present is to recognize the vitality and the strength of the views whichhe represented.The first of his insights which has developed into a large scientificstudy is his interest in the nature of children and in their possibilities ofintellectual and moral development. The story is told of him that whenhe first went to Quincy, Massachusetts, he addressed the children in theelementary schools and told them that he had come to make them free.The meaning of this statement is perfectly clear to anyone who has beenin contact with his writings or with the work which he planned for thefaculty. He saw that the formal methods of instruction which werecommon in the schools were not suited to the needs of child life. He realized that any course of instruction that is to be productive must takeFRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER MEMORIAL 65into account the experience which children bring to their classes and thepowers of reasoning and organization which they possess. When hebroke away from formalism, he made the first logical step in the directionof the psychological study of the child's nature. Our educational psychology of this generation is a systematic study of the problem which hesaw with clearness. It is not possible for everyone who works in theeducational field to solve problems of reorganization by insights. Mostof us must work on the basis of carefully formulated principles of education that are discovered by scientific methods and are made definiteand explicit so that they can be transmitted from teacher to student.The study of children has developed into a great body of scientificmaterial and our courses in educational psychology and experimentaleducation carry on the movement which was inaugurated by ColonelParker's emphasis on the rights of children to have school work organized in a way suited to their natures.I have been told that the children were always very much interestedin Colonel Parker, that he went into the classes and taught them in allof the grades. This seems to me to give evidence of his insight intohuman nature; and in his writings one finds again and again commentsthat show how thoroughly he was absorbed in trying to find out the bestmethods of approach in all of the subjects that are presented in theschools. The best method of approach for him was the method that issuited to the child's experience and maturity. So it must be also forour generation. We must define these methods with fulness and clearness.In the second place, Colonel Parker saw the necessity of enlargingthe course of study. The course of study which he encountered in hisearly days as a teacher was very meager. Indeed, it is one of the impressive facts of the history of American education that the broader socialexperiences that came to our nation after the Civil War reflected themselves in a great enlargement of the social life of our people and of theintellectual demands made in the schools. After 1865 there was a gradual tendency to enlarge the work of the elementary curriculum. ColonelParker evidently felt the impulse of this movement. He had theinitiative to go abroad at a time when relatively few American studentswere adopting (that course. During his studies in Germany he came incontact with the new types of study, especially in history and geography.History was changing from a study of dates and formal facts to a studyof the industrial life and social development of the common people.Colonel Parker saw the importance of this new type of history, and when66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhe came back he advocated with great enthusiasm the enlargement of thescope of historical study.A part of this enlargement of history was also to be found in thechanged point of view from which the Germans were approachinggeography. Geography is not to be a mere matter of definitions andstudy of the map. Geography is a study of the earth as the habitationof man. What we sometimes call anthropological geography interestedColonel Parker and he saw the beginnings of all of the modern socialstudies in this new type of geography.Colonel Parker's influence in this country is in no small measure dueto the fact that he brought back these enlargements of the elementarycourse. One can trace the influences of his new conception of the elementary course in the work of his students. The educational movement in the Middle West which spread in ever- widening circles from theCook County Normal School is characterized very largely by the spiritof social science and of study of commonplace doings of all the people.We see, for example, that the lower grades are filled with studies of farmlife and of primitive peoples. We find the upper grades developingcommunity civics and other studies that will bring the pupils in contactwith city and national life. All this relates itself very intimately to theenthusiasm of Colonel Parker for a new type of elementary course.Not only so, but the emphasis which he laid upon science has bornefruit in the addition of nature-study and much concrete material to theelementary course. Colonel Parker was interested in the Oswego movement and was one of its heartiest supporters. The initiative which heshowed as a student in going abroad for the sake of getting new ideaswas the kind of initiative that he transmitted to all who came in contactwith him.The third insight which I feel sure we have a right to attribute toColonel Parker does not express itself so clearly in his writings as in hisown choice of a personal career. When he left Quincy to come to theNormal School he must have realized the fundamental fact which hasalways appealed to the leaders in American education, namely, thefact that the training of teachers is the most essential problem in thedevelopment of education. The work which he had done at Quincy hadbrought him a national reputation. Visitors from all over the countrycame to see the schools which he had organized in that city. It was notenough for him that the influence of that system should spread graduallythrough contact with his work on the part of experienced teachers; herealized the necessity of multiplying his influence and the influence ofFRANCIS WAYLAND PARKER MEMORIAL 67the principles which he defended by sending out into the educationalworld a whole new generation of teachers equipped to realize the ideaswhich he had developed. The enthusiasm with which he carried on normalwork is attested by all of the accounts which come from the Cook CountyNormal School and from the Chicago Institute, which he later founded.Needless to say, he encountered in his work of reorganizing andenlarging elementary education opposition from many who were notwilling to move as rapidly as he would have them. His acceptance of theendowment which made possible the Chicago Institute shows how keenlyhe realized the necessity of freedom in the training of teachers. It wasnot enough for him that teachers should be trained under his care; hesaw that he must be free to organize the training of these teachers withoutany of the restrictions imposed by conventional school systems upon hiswork. The Chicago Institute was a realization in his mind of one of themost important types of organization that a school system can have —an institution free to train teachers without the embarrassments oftradition and the handicaps of a conventionalized scheme.One may imagine, without knowing from personal contact withColonel Parker, something of the motives which prompted him to acceptan amalgamation with the University for his newly organized Institute.It is hardly conceivable that he could foresee, even with his vivid imagination, the possibilties of this new type of organization. A generationago colleges and universities took little or no share in the work of preparing teachers. The normal school was an institution apart from thecollege and university scheme of education. Within a decade the movement gained such momentum that all of the great universities and mostof the colleges of the country began to participate eagerly in the trainingof teachers. The fundamental problem of keeping the teachers of aschool system in contact with the best and most progressive educationalideas is recognized as one in the solution of which many institutions mustparticipate. There is no larger and more important work for any educational institution than tfre perpetuation of itself through the trainingof teachers who are to take up the tasks of organizing courses of studyand administering the schools of the next generation.The crowning work of Colonel Parker's life was his influence onteachers. The fact that the University of Chicago today has a department for the training of teachers is in very large measure due to hisinsight and the insight of those who co-operated with him in the earlydays of the School of Education to unite the interests of a universityand a training school for teachers.68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThese three phases of Colonel Parker's work we may accept astypical. Doubtless there are other influences which he exercised overthe work that we are doing today, but it is certain that in our interestin children's development, in our interest in the elaboration of the courseof study, and in our work of training teachers we are carrying forwardthe activities in which he was interested and to which he made in his dayand generation a large contribution.ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE UNIVERSITYBy PRESIDENT HARRY PRATT JUDSONMr. Mason and Friends: The University is profoundly gratified toreceive at your hands the memorial of Colonel Francis W. Parker. It ishighly appropriate that such memorial should be placed here in the heartof Emmons Blaine Hall, and in the midst of the busy work of which hewas the founder. Colonel Parker was one whose life-work by no meansdisappeared when he passed from earth. A teacher's work, it is true, isnot in its results embodied in material form. An architect rears astately building; an engineer constructs a bridge of steel; and eithermay stand through the ages as the visible embodiment of its creator'spower. The teacher's work seems to vanish away, to be dissipated inthe silent forces which move society. In fact, however, it lives, andalways will live, in the characters of many, and passes on from themin a continually widening sphere.Colonel Parker as a teacher was a spirit; he was not a system. Hemeant primarily love for children, and not the construction of machineryfor teaching children. He was a prophet, and not an organizer. His lifewas the incarnation, then, of all his ideas and ideals. It is, therefore,as I have said, peculiarly fitting that this memorial, placed where it is,should be here in enduring bronze, so that all the coming generationsmay learn to know and revere the memory of the man.Photo by J. E. WatersROBERT FRANKLIN HOXIEROBERT FRANKLIN HOXIEMEMORIAL MEETINGIn memory of Robert Franklin Hoxie a meeting was held in LeonMandel Assembly Hall, Monday, December n, 1916, at 4:30 p.m.Addresses were delivered by Associate Professor James Alfred Field,Professor George Herbert Mead (whose address is printed in the Januarynumber of the University of Chicago Magazine) and Associate ProfessorJames Weber Linn. President Harry Pratt Judson in closing the meeting requested all to rise and " stand for a moment in silence in memoryof the friend, colleague, scholar, and teacher, whose personality hasgone but whose spirit will be with us forever."ADDRESS BY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR JAMES ALFRED FIELDTwenty-five years ago, when our doors were first opened to enteringstudents, Robert Hoxie came out of the East and cast in his lot with theUniversity of Chicago. He took here, at the end of that year, his Bachelor's degree. He stayed on, and became one of the group of earlygraduate students in political economy whose work has since done somuch for the honor of the department and the University. Then hewent out to teach. He passed his Wanderjahre at three or four otherAmerican universities. At length, after taking our Doctor's degree, hecame back to us ten years ago as an instructor in this same departmentin which his training was won. Last June, when the University celebrated the rounding out of its first twenty-five years, and when ProfessorLaughlin withdrew from the headship of the department, Hoxie was leftas its senior member, both in age and in length of service. But presently,when the tumult and the shouting of our Quarter-Centennial had hardlydied down; when Hoxie was just entering upon the fresh quarter-century that held out such promise before him; when he had scarcelymet his incoming students of the Summer Quarter, there came to us thetragic news that his active and visible work here in the University wasended.We who had been in daily and yearly association with him, and whohad felt for him that unformulated honor and admiration that one feelsfor one's fellow-worker, were summoned by this sudden event to change697o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe perspective in which we had looked upon his career, and to try tosee more completely what it was that he had done and signified among us.It is, I suppose, in the same desire to see his career more completely thatwe have come here this afternoon. But we cannot hope to see such acareer in any final perspective, because when one's work is such asHoxie's was that work goes on.One who tried to estimate Hoxie as an economist would probablysay without hesitation that he was original and versatile through verynearly the whole field of economic thinking. Yet in strictness the rangeof his thought reveals, not mere versatility, but growth. His work wasnot scattered here and there over economics: it was progressive, througheconomics in general, toward that special part of economics that he wasfinally to make his own. Hence, rightly, we judge his main achievementby the work of his later years. Recognizing the breadth and the depthof his economic background, we nevertheless think of him as primarilya student of the conditions of labor. In that branch of inquiry he hadalready won for himself outstanding distinction. By very common consent he would have been ranked among the first three or four Americaninvestigators of labor problems. But he did not pretend to be a specialist in the whole field of labor, if such were possible: his own workwas in that smaller but still immense field of the problems of organizedlabor and the trade unions. In this field he stood virtually alone amongAmerican economists. In fact, he was perhaps the only person whohad really grasped certain problems of American trade unionism whichhe has taught us to think of as central and essential.The significance of Hoxie's study of trade unionism is largely dueto the particular way in which he approached his subject, and to theparticular interpretation he gave it. We used to say of him, with asort of affectionate amusement, that no subject could be discussed in hispresence for more than a few minutes before Hoxie would insist uponthe necessity of some definite point of view from which that subjectshould be approached. Throughout his writings recurs always thatphrase — point of view. And it was his characteristic point of view thatmade his study of unions significant.We have had in this country many historical studies of unionism;many descriptive accounts; many monographs on the policies of thisor that union, its membership, its methods, its conflicts, and its aspirations — details; facts, if you please. They lacked, as Hoxie thought,interpretation. And so he set out to interpret trade unionism byapproaching his problem from the point of view of the human beingsROBERT FRANKLIN HOXIE MEMORIAL MEETING 71who were in the unions — perhaps rather from the collective point of viewof the class-conscious group of human beings that was the union; becausefor him a union was a group of workmen led by common motives toactivities which probably its members themselves did not fully recognizeor comprehend, though their organization took on the general form of atrade union and though the world outside also was content to call it atrade union without much further scrutiny.One might attempt to review Hoxie's economic work at length andyet advance very little in the discussion. This is not the occasion foran appraisal of his work as a specialist. Some of those who workedwith him, as students or as colleagues, have lately published their estimates of his work; -and we may with confidence leave it to themto tell.But Hoxie was not merely an impersonal scholar. He was aboveall else a personality; and if one wishes to understand him and the workthat he did, one must think in terms of personality. Hoxie was thepersonality of our department. He was our great teacher. He was, Ithink, of all the teachers who have been in the department the one whomost completely commanded the affection and admiration of those whocame closely into touch with him. Hoxie's influence as a teacher hasmarked a turning-point in life for not a few of his students. He itwas, moreover, to whom students in the department were wont toturn for guidance when they were puzzled — by themselves, perhaps, orby problems of their individual work, or by some collision between theiroutlook on things and the more or less routine character of the administration of their courses of instruction. They found him always ready tosympathize. That was a keynote of his character.The same personal touch characterized his approach to the specialproblems of his scientific work. Hoxie was by nature an enthusiast.But he did not stop at that. He tested the significance of learning andscholarship by their service to the world. He believed that learningand scholarship should render a noble service: that the future of humanity was pliant to what we thought and did in endeavors like his. Buthe had early convinced himself that enthusiasm without science held nopromise. So by conviction he became a scientist — a rigorous andcritical scientist. And in both his science and his enthusiasm, as ineverything else, he was in spirit an idealist.Thus in his very make-up were combined elements which mightseem contradictory and antagonistic; which were in a sense in antagonism; which made his whole nature and his life intense; and which72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgave him a certain richness of experience within himself, through thecontrary leadings and the reconciliations of aims that the different elements of his character urged upon him. So we found him eager toadvance knowledge of the subject in which he worked, yet at the sametime stern in repressing even himself, for fear lest, in attempting to addto knowledge, he might in some slight degree err from the strict standardsof scientific truth, in which alone he placed his faith.It was doubtless because of this attempt to maintain a balance between the different promptings of his nature that Hoxie was not alwaysunderstood and appreciated even by those who might be regarded as theprincipal beneficiaries of his work. In his last years probably only asmall minority of the union leaders who knew him could comprehend hisposition or realize the significance to themselves of the investigations hewas pursuing. They felt, humanly enough, that they had decided uponthe one course of action that could best solve their special economicproblem; that right and justice were on their side, and that it was impertinent for scientific judgment to mediate between the right side and theother. No doubt the leaders on this other side — the opponents of unionism — were partisans of much the same mold, equally self-assured,equally uncomprehending. But between the opposing ranks Hoxiewent his resolute, systematic way, examining everything, challengingeverything, accepting only that which for the time seemed to him tohave met those strict tests that his scientific standards imposed.Now, out of such a struggle of motives and restraints was bound tocome work of an unusual and special type. The work that Hoxie didand the work he did not do are both in a measure explained by the conflict between his sympathy and enthusiasm on the one hand, and, onthe other, the dispassionate, restrictive ideal of his critical scientific work.It is comparatively easy for mere enthusiasm and industry to pile upstructures that pass for achievement. The man who sees his work plainlymarked out for him in the morning; who works on all day, and neverdoubts his materials or his foundations, will ordinarily raise showyedifices that may stand for a brief time after him. But Hoxie couldnever build in that way. His half-reared structures were unsparinglytested in the light of new experience, and the beginnings he had madehad endlessly to be revised. Past this self -critical test came comparatively little of what we call product in proportion to the learning anddevotion that went into the work.But it was as a teacher that Hoxie reached the highest levels of hisachievement; and we wonder if in teaching, at least, he was not freerROBERT FRANKLIN HOXIE MEMORIAL MEETING 73from the inhibitory influence of his critical standards. I suspect thathis teaching, to which he gave his best enthusiasm, was of all his workthe most difficult, precisely because of this same self-criticism, at oncerepressive and uplifting. Indeed he said, during the last year of hislife, that he was now convinced that his teaching had been his mostexhausting work. Almost anything to which he might have turned hishand newly would have been easier. But to teach year after year thestudents who confided in him; with that intense sense of responsibilityto traverse again and again the same general ground, realizing each timeanew the limitations of his knowledge and of his presentation, and sensitively aware that he must constantly safeguard his simplified statementsof bafiiingly complex facts — all this bore heavily upon him. It was inspite of such difficulties that he threw his whole soul into his teaching.Perhaps it was because of the spiritual ordeal which it involved thatHoxie's teaching carried to his students a message they are not likelyto forget.To some of us, as we think over this career, there comes a feeling ofregret more than personal — of doubt whether the identified work thatHoxie had done fulfilled his great promise. Will those who have onlyhis published work by which to judge him realize the full measure ofwhat he might have given if he had but lived longer ? This a is naturalquestion. It expresses a regret that one might always feel in covetingfor one's scholar-friend what Southey's scholar coveted for himself —a name that will not perish in the dust. And yet it is a mistaken regretfor Hoxie.His work could never have led to a final result: that was not in thenature of the man or of what he did. He would of course have renderedimportant services to the science in which he labored. He would, wehoped, within ten or a dozen years, have completed a master-study ofAmerican trade unionism. His later years would surely have broughtsome returns for the laborious beginnings he had made. And yet, afterall, Hoxie was not a person of results so much as he was a person ofdevelopment. His thinking was a process, not a matter of conclusions.His chief contribution to the study of the problems and aspirations ofthe people who labor was the idea of a method of investigation and interpretation. Had he lived to twice the length of his life he would perhapshave done not very much more than he did do to indicate to those whocame close to him what manner of scholar he was, or to define the wayin which he believed that the work in which he was engaged should becarried through. He was not, then, a man who in ripe age would produce74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDa final fruit. It was his growth from beginning to end that gave the keyto the character of his scholarship.But again one may feel regret that the record which Hoxie has leftshould be so largely only a grateful memory on the part of those wholearned from him, and so little the record that stands, as we pretend,alone, in the more enduring substance of the printed page. He was ateacher — but is not a teacher one whose name is writ in water ?Here too, we mistake. The highest names in human history — thenames for which honor gives way to worship — have been names ofteachers. The man who takes issue with our modern cant which puts" productive scholarship" on one side and the work of the teacher on theother has always the example of Socrates before him for his consolation.The printed page lives only as it also teaches. Otherwise the sort ofmonument that one achieves in this supposedly lasting form is boughtat a price too high for one who sets his standard in terms of service.Works from which the label of authorship is never brushed off are likelyto be those that go away to the archives and are little disturbed by menwho come after. The thoughts of Southey's scholar were with the dead;his hope of immortality rested with those among posterity whose eyeswere fixed upon the past. Hoxie worked for the forward-looking spiritswhose faces are toward the future. His standard of success was muchmore nearly that which he realized: not doing things which must beidentified as his, but doing things which should be taken over into thecommon stock of human accomplishment, built upon, and carried on.Such work outgrows any name and proprietorship. It is diffused,assimilated, put to use. If the teacher shows the way toward somethingnew and something better it matters less whose name endures in thatparticular connection. Indeed, we could hardly praise a scholar morefinely than by saying that his work was such that it led his disciplesto outdo him. For that means that his thought had life and the powerto grow.Judged, then, by his own test of service, Hoxie's message is not cutshort. The true teacher — the man who kindles the spirits of other menand women to new understanding — shall not perish. He lives on im-perishably in the work he has begun.ADDRESS BY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR JAMES WEBER LINNI have been asked to speak this afternoon upon the relation of Professor Hoxie to his students, not as myself a former student of his, eitheras undergraduate or graduate, nor simply because I knew him, as soROBERT FRANKLIN HOXIE MEMORIAL MEETING 75many others knew him, as a figure in the foreground, a scholar, anidealist individualized by aims and accomplishments as well as bypersonality. But, engaged in the course of the last seven or eightyears in the business of registering students for their various courses,and in the other business of teaching English composition — a businesswhich gives so admirable an opportunity for the discovery of the student's interests and moods and hopes — I have come to know what a goodmany young men thought of this fiery soul; something of what he taughtthem; a little of what he meant in their intellectual and spiritual andsocial life; and on the basis of this knowledge I speak.The few words I shall add to what has already been said will beinsufficient, of course, from this point of view, and they may even be, orseem to some of his old pupils who are here, misleading. For individuality is like chemical substances — each must react differently to the sameelement. But the elements are unchanging, and the quality of ProfessorHoxie was eminently unchanging too.He was by no means what is called a popular instructor. Whethermen liked him or not was not a matter of indifference to him — for he wasa man of heart — but the admiration of students was not a determiningfactor in his work. It never influenced him at all, so far as I could judge,either in the form of his lectures or in his estimation of the students'powers. In some phases of his life I do not believe he always divorcedhis intelligence from his feelings; but in the preparation and presentationof Jris material in class, and particularly in his judgment of those whosework he directed, he always did.Some of the undergraduates whom he influenced most would seemto have been quite uninterested in his personality. They felt him aloof.I knew one eager, keen-minded boy whose heart smoldered as he broodedover Hoxie's facts, and he complained to me: "How can he have carriedon those investigations for so long without knowing what they mustmean, and yet if he knew what they meant how could he be so cold tothat knowledge?" I suggested to the boy that he talk to Hoxie himself about it, outside of class, and he said impatiently: "I have triedagain and again, but he won't talk to me; he only gives me things toread." So I wrote Hoxie, asking him about this young man, and Hoxie'sanswer was in substance: "It seems to me he doesn't need encouragement so much as he needs training."There was another undergraduate who worked with Professor Hoxiefor a year, in three courses, one after another. I said to him: "Whatdo you get out of the classes? Is he a good lecturer?" The boy76 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDanswered: "I should hardly say that; the hour certainly isn't whatyou would call lively." And I persisted: "Do you get particularlydefinite information ? " " It is definite enough " ; he said, "all that stuffin political economy is definite, only with Hoxie you seem to know whereyou are going — one thing leads on to another." And still another confessed to me: "I do not always understand the discussion— -1 have sometimes gone to sleep in his class. But I do like his work. Most of thetime you have a kind of feeling that something big is going on close toyou."Of course, to others his personality did appeal, sometimes with analmost painful intensity. They cherished him defiantly, as one mightimagine an early Christian worshipping in the arena. They found himan inspiration, but they had a feeling which they could hardly explain,and which I think had no foundation in fact, that he was not appreciated^ — that he was an explorer abandoned by his party, but going on.They were altogether too passionate in their point of view, I am sure,ever to communicate it to the man himself, and probably no one wouldhave been more surprised to know about it than he, but they burst outwith it now and then to me.There were. still others — but curiously few in my experience — whofound him frankly friendly; curiously few, for in most cases the emotionhis personality aroused seemed to be strong, or else not to be noticeableat all. There must have been some who were not affected by him eitheras a man or as a thinker — there always are such — but nobody ever complained to me of emptiness in any of Professor Hoxie's courses.I have indeed made too much of the business of this so-called "popularity." Hoxie's work, of course, was in a sense of a peculiar nature.Upon that old trenched battle ground of labor and capital — and whatever it may be today, the mildest economic pacifist will not deny thatit has been a battle ground — there has been great difficulty in maintaining neutrality, even by the spectator. And what suspicion must fallon the trained observer, who can fail to understand ? Professor Hoxie'sstudents knew very well where his natural sympathies lay, but theyknew quite as well that in the classroom he was the scientist, the accumulator of evidence. His very sense of responsibility to truth sometimesmade his presentation monotonous. The role of Garibaldi is an easyone; not so Cavour's. But history in the long run does rough justice,and the letters upon letters which have come from former students sinceProfessor Hoxie's death show that he seemed to many none the lessnoble a figure because his hand held the portfolio, not the sword.ROBERT FRANKLIN HOXIE MEMORIAL MEETING 77What was his own conception of the relation of teacher to student ?Fortunately, he has left it on record. In December, 1915, just under ayear ago, he stood here on this spot and spoke to the students then takingthe title of Associate at the Junior College finals. He said:What we really need is ... . more and freer interaction between student andteachers. Our problem is to end the varied interests, to discover the springs of action,to meet the complex needs of all. We can do this only if there is the closest personaland the freest intellectual exchange between the teacher and his students What is college for ? I say again without hesitation that it is primarily to inspire thestudents with a crusading spirit and to fit them to go out as leaders in the effort tosolve on the highest plane, measured in terms of welfare and efficiency, the problemswhich they will face in after-years. How can it live up to this ideal ? Only by universalizing the kind of teaching which I have tried to describe The teachermust throw his whole life and soul into the undertaking. He must formulate theproblem and organize the raw material himself to meet the needs of the students.He cannot work out the course once for all, and give it this way year after year, he musthimself grow in insight constantly and must base it anew, each time, on the latest vitaldiscoveries and ongoing events He cannot sit above the students and doleout the results of his thought and reading merely, but must call them into closeco-operative action with him. He cannot deal with the students as a mass, but musttry to study and meet their needs as individuals.Such was Professor Hoxie's creed. Do you say it is not novel?The test of belief is not its originality, but its significance; the test of areligion is not in theory, but in results. And the results of Hoxie's pedagogical religion as he practiced it may be found among the young explorerswhom he led over the wide waters of effort, and persuaded to the gloryof going on: persuaded, not by exhortation — his whole temperament wasalien to exhortation — but by the directive influence of a sincere intelligence; led, not as subjects by a temporary loyalty, but as fellow-marinerswhom he had taught to steer their courses by the everlasting stars.DR. FRANKLIN JOHNSONBy JOHN W. MONCRIEFDr. Franklin Johnson was a man of diversified gifts and large attainments. He/was born at Frankfort, Ohio, November 2, 1836. Hisfather, Hezekiah Johnson, was a Baptist minister, who, while living inOhio, was influential in founding Denison University. In 1846 thefather moved to Oregon, where he organized the first Baptist church onthe Pacific Coast. While living at Oregon City he was one of thefounders of Oregon City College, which was the predecessor of McMinn-ville College.In 1861 Dr. Johnson was graduated from Colgate Theological Seminary. He continued his education by studying at Heidelberg, Jena, andLeipzig, and by traveling in Palestine and Syria. In 1869 he receivedthe degree of D.D. from Jena. In 1898 he received the degree of LL.D.from Ottawa university.Dr. Johnson had several pastorates. The first was at Bay City,Michigan, 1861-63 ; following that, at Lambertville and at Passaic, NewJersey, 1864-72; next in 1872 at Clinton Avenue Baptist ChurchnnNewark, New Jersey. Succeeding this was his pastorate of the OldCambridge Baptist Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This pastorate lasted from 1874 to 1888. As a preacher Dr. Johnson rankedamong the first. He was genial, winsome, scholarly, practical, brilliantlyand correctly imaginative. His whole presence and manner were imposing in the highest degree.In 1889 he became president of Ottawa University in Kansas. Thisposition he held until in 1892, at which time the young University ofChicago selected him to be one of the comparatively small group of menchosen to institute and develop its important functions. Until the timeof his retirement in 1908 he was Professor of Church History and Homi-letics. He was a scholarly and inspiring teacher. His students alwaysknew that he was perfectly familiar with the latest views of the subjectin hand, and that he was entirely competent to sit in judgment on newaspects of questions that might arise. He made sure that the new wastrue before he allowed it to displace the old. While devoted to researchand thorough scholarship, his faith never grew dim.Dr. Johnson's literary activity was constant through all his life. In1873 he published The Gospel of Matthew with Notes; in 1875, Heroes and78FRANKLIN JOHNSONDR. FRANKLIN JOHNSON 79Judges from the Law-Givers to the Kings; in 1874, Moses and Israel; in1884, True Womanhood — Hints on the Formation of Womanly Characterand A Romance in Song — Heine1 s Lyrical Interlude; in 1886, The NewPsychic Studies in Their Relation to Christian Thought; in 1896, Quotations of the New Testament from the Old Considered in the Light of GeneralLiterature; in 1899, The Home Missionaries; in 1901, Have We the Likeness of Christ ? in 1904, The Christian's Relation to Evolution. He wasalso a translator of Latin and Anabaptist hymns, a writer for encyclopedias, and an extensive book-reviewer. His scholarship was broad as wellas minute, as is evidenced by his publications. He was also a masterof fine English, and all that he wrote, whether in art, science, or theology,possessed the essential features of literature. He was a constant andextensive traveler. He visited Europe many times; and in 1888-89 nemade an extended tour in Greece; in 190 1-2 he traveled in Egypt; andin 191 2-14 he made a tour of the world, visiting Japan, China, IndiaPalestine, and the Balkan States. It is an interesting fact also that hewas a member of the Republican National Convention in i860 whichnominated Lincoln. He was delegated to represent the state of Oregontogether with Horace Greeley and the father of Anson Burlingame.Dr. Johnson was married in Buffalo, New York, September 28, 1863,to Mary Alma Barton, who lived until 1882. On June 29, 1886, he wasmarried to Persis Isabel Swett, of Boston, who survives him. His deathoccurred at Brookline, Massachusetts, October 9, 19 16.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED AND FIRSTCONVOCATIONHis Excellency, Vi Kyuin WellingtonKoo, Chinese Minister to the UnitedStates, was the Convocation orator onDecember 19, 1916. His subject was:"China and the United States."Dr. Koo has, in addition to other distinctions, that of being the youngestminister ever accredited to our government. He is not yet thirty years of age.Dr. Koo who was one of the first studentssent by the Chinese government to thiscountry for an education, was graduatedfrom Columbia University in 1909, wherehe also received his Master's degree thefollowing year. He later was given hisDoctor's degree for work in administrative law with Professors John BassettMoore and Frank J. Goodnow, the latterbecoming in 19 13 legal adviser to the newChinese Republic and being now president of Johns Hopkins University.Dr. Koo is the author of a notable and *authoritative book published in the seriesof "Studies in History, Economics, andPublic Law" by Columbia University under the title of The Status of Aliens inChina. He recently contributed also aleading article to School and Society on"Chinese Education," which was an outline of an address before the last meetingof the National Education Association inNew York City.Dr. Koo has been English secretary tothe president of China, and has had diplomatic experience abroad and in the homeoffice. His most recent appointment before becoming Chinese minister to theUnited States was that of minister toPeru, Mexico, and Cuba, a position thatwas especially created for him.In presenting the orator President Judson said:"Somewhat more than two years agoit was my privilege to be in the city ofPeking, the capital of China, and on thefirst or second day of my arrival there Ireceived a call from two young men,Chinese, who five years before had beenstudents in the Law School of the University of Chicago. I said to them: "Gentlemen, what are you doing now?"They said: "We are ashamed to tellyou — we are so young — but we are judgesof the Supreme Court of China." I metanother young man there, one of the secretaries to the president of the Republic,a graduate of Cornell University in theclass of 1 90 1. He is now Chinese Ambassador at the Court of Great Britain,in London. I met another young man,secretary of the Foreign Office of thepresident of the Republic, a graduate ofColumbia University in the class of 1908,who received his degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Political Scienceof Columbia University in 1907; and himI have the honor to present this afternoonas the orator of the day: His Excellency,The Minister of the Chinese Republic tothe United States; Dr. Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo."The Award of Honors included the election of fifty-two students to membershipin Sigma Xi, and four students to membership in the Beta of Illinois Chapter ofPhi Beta Kappa.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the title of Associate, 91; the certificate of the College ofEducation, 5; the degree of Bachelor ofArts, 2 ; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 37; the degree of Bachelor of Science, 10. The Divinity School: the degreeof Master of Arts, 6; the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 1. The Graduate Schoolsof Arts, Literature, and Science: the degree of Master of Arts, 8; the degree ofMaster of Science, 2; the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy, 8. The totalnumber of degrees conferred (not including titles and certificates) was 74.The Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening ofDecember 18. In the receiving line werePresident and Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson,His Excellency V. K. Wellington Koo,Mr. Andrew MacLeish, the Vice-Presidentof the Board of Trustees, and Dean andMrs. James Rowland Angell.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m. in the Reynolds ClubTheater on Sunday, December 17, andthe Convocation Religious Service at80EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 8111:00 a.m. in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall. The Convocation sermon wasdelivered by Rev. Henry ChurchillKing, D.D., President of Oberlin College,Oberlin, Ohio.THE ONE HUNDRED AND SECONDCONVOCATIONProfessor Richard Green Moulton,Ph.D., Professor of Literary Theory andInterpretation and Head of the Department of General Literature, will be theorator at the One Hundred and SecondConvocation, to be held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall on March 20. ProfessorMoulton was appointed to the Universityof Chicago faculties at the meeting of theBoard of Trustees held on January 4,1892. Dr. Moulton came to the UnitedStates on a temporary visit in 1890 forthe purpose of enlisting interest in theuniversity extension movement withwhich he had been connected for sixteenyears. Some tempting invitations toundertake permanent work in the UnitedStates he refused on the ground that hecould not entertain the idea of leavingEngland. When he met Dr. Harperin Washington in the Christmas week of1890 he promised to give one year ofwork to the new University. Dr.Moulton's many friends will regard hisappearance as Convocation orator as aQuarter-Centennial celebration.THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OFCHRISTMAS WEEK INNEW YORKDuring the Christmas holidays theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science and a large number ofaffiliated societies held a first quadrennial convocation meeting in New YorkCity. Several thousand scientistsgathered there for the almost innumerable features of the program and for theopportunity for personal meetings andexchanges of ideas with fellow-scientists,which to many is the most valuable partof such great gatherings.The University was well representedat the meetings, both in respect toaddresses given and papers read and inregard to a share in the responsibility forthe organization of the meetings and fortheir successful issue. Thus, three of thetwelve sections of the American Associa tion for the Advancement of Science werein charge of members of our staff as vice-presidents of the Association, ProfessorSalisbury presiding in the Section onGeology and Geography, Professor Jordanin the Section on Physiology and Experimental Medicine, and Professor Steiglitzin the Section on Chemistry. ProfessorMoulton was active as secretary of theSection on Mathematics and Astronomy.Professor Millikan attended the meetingsas president of the American PhysicalSociety and gave a brilliant openingaddress in a symposium of the Chemistryand Physics sections on "The Structureof Matter." As retiring president of theBotanical Society of America ProfessorCoulter gave an address on "Botany as aNational Asset," which was the featureat the most general meeting of the manyspecies of botanists. Other facultymembers who gave addresses or presented papers included Professors Lillie,Mathews, Carlson, Goode, Carr, Hayes,Kitson, and Drs. Bartelmez, Barrow, andBretz. Professor Harkins was one of thechemistry speakers in the symposium onthe structure of matter. Professor Her-rick and Dr. Swift attended the meetings of anatomists. Former members ofour faculty who took a conspicuous partin the programs and whom it was a specialpleasure to meet again included Dr.Jacques Loeb, of the Rockefeller Institute, Dr. H. H. Donaldson, director ofthe Wistar Institute, and Dr. Davenport,director of the Station on ExperimentalEvolution.Perhaps the most impressive feature inthe minds of attending members of ourfaculty in regard to the relation of theUniversity of Chicago to these greatmeetings of scientists consisted in notingthe large part taken in many instancesin the scientific programs by Ph.D.alumni of the University. We have suchsignificant facts as these: Of the entireprogram of the Section on Psychology,consisting of some forty-six papers,eleven papers were presented by tengraduates of our department of psychology. Eight of the seventy-one papersread before the American Society ofZoologists were by our graduates orstudents. About one-third of the papersbefore the Section of Geology and Geography were presented by our departmentor its former students, and in the Association of American Geographers about one-fourth were given by members of our82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDdepartment or its former students. University of Chicago men gave thirty ofsome three hundred papers which thebotanists had on their programs. Factsof this kind make indeed a most gratifying showing, giving direct evidence of thevigor and productive strength of thatspirit of the search for truth in the interest of humanity, which the Universitybelieves to be perhaps its greatest missionto foster. It is not surprising to findhonors coming to this offspring of theUniversity in the individual branches ofscience. Thus, Professor William Mc-Pherson, Ph.D. 1899, of the Ohio StateUniversity, as the retiring vice-presidentof the Chemistry Section of the Association, gave the main address of one of itsmeetings on "Asymmetric Synthesis andVital Force"; Professor George H. Shull,of Princeton University, Ph.D., 1904,was elected president of the AmericanSociety of Naturalists, and ProfessorBurton E. Livingston, of Johns HopkinsUniversity, Ph.D. 1901, was electedvice-president (presiding officer) of theBotany Section of the Association. Dr.R. E. Buchanan, Ph.D. 1908, was electedvice-president of the Society of AmericanBacteriologists.The next quadrennial convocation willbe held in Chicago in 1920, at which timethe University of Chicago will be a prominent host of the scientists, who will bewelcomed by our city.MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATIONThe twenty-first annual meeting of thecentral division of the Modern LanguageAssociation of America was held in Chicago during the holidays, under the jointauspices of Northwestern University andthe University of Chicago. This divisioncovers the Middle West and South, theEastern section meeting this year atPrinceton.The meeting broke all records for attendance, the thirty-five papers presentedwere of unusual variety and interest, andthe discussions as a rule were stimulating.The address of the chairman, ProfessorW. H. Hulme, of Western Reserve University, dealt with "Scholarship as aBond of International Union," deploringthe lack of fairness and balance on thepart of many European scholars duringthe present war.Members of the Faculty who presentedpapers were: S. W. Cutting, on the Ger man physician Wesselhoeft, who visitedAmerica in 1840; C. R. Baskervill, on twoEnglish ballads of the sixteenth century;A. Coleman, on "Voltaire and Optimism."A paper which aroused much interest wasthat of J. F. Ro3^ster, University of Texas(Ph.D. 1907) on "The Value of the Old-English Written Record as LinguisticEvidence." H. R. Brush, University ofNorth Dakota (Ph.D. 191 1) called attention to collections of French poetry dealing with the Hundred Years' War whichare still in manuscript. A. L. Owen,graduate student in Romance Languagesdiscussed the sources of a Spanish playof the Romantic period. Among thetwenty-five papers read by title only werethose by T. A. Jenkins, Henri David, andW. F. Scheifley.At the teachers' conferences Thursdayafternoon J. W. Linn took part in thediscussion of "Freshman English," andA. Coleman presented the subject of"Practical Phonetics in ElementaryFrench."The Association" adopted an importantreport of a committee on the training ofmodern foreign languages, A. R. Hohl-feld, University of Wisconsin, chairman.This report, which has been in preparation for two years will be published in thenear future; it deals with the whole problem of modern-language^ teaching in athorough and comprehensive way.Professor Thomas E. Oliver, of theUniversity of Illinois, was elected chairman for next year's meeting at Madison,Wisconsin. Local committee: T. A.Jenkins, P. H. Boynton, C. Goettsch.GENERAL ITEMSAmong the significant features of thelatest Annual Register are the summariesof attendance for the year 191 5-16 whichshow a marked increase in the number ofstudents over that of the preceding year.In the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science there were enrolled during the year 1,320 men and 868 women, atotal of 2,188.In the Senior Colleges there were 539men and 470 women, a total of 1,009; inthe Junior Colleges, 794 men and 609women, a total of 1,403; of the Unclassified students, 308 were men and 412 werewomen, a total of 720; in the School ofCommerce and Administration there wereEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 83173 men and 62 women, a total of 235;and in the University College, 270 menand 1,099 women, a total of 1,369. Thetotal for the Colleges was 4,736.Of the students in the ProfessionalSchools 441 men and 52 women wereregistered in the Divinity School, a totalof 493; 267 men and 20 women in theMedical Courses, a total of 287; 338 menand 13 women in the Law School, a totalof 351; and 198 men and 1,196 women inthe College of Education, a total of 1,394.The total for the Professional Schools was2,525-The whole number of different studentsenrolled during the year 19 15-16, excluding duplications, was 4,055 men and 4,455women, a grand total for the Universityof 8,510. The total for the precedingyear was 7,781.The paleontological expedition tonorthern Texas the past season, whichwas in charge of Mr. Paul Miller, of theDepartment of Geology and Paleontology, secured some very valuable material, which is now being prepared forexhibition in Walker Museum. Mr.Miller was accompanied by Messrs. Jillsonand Bridge, fellows in geology. The mostimportant of the specimens are severalnearly complete skeletons of Labidosau-rus, a reptile about three feet in lengthwhich previously had been only imperfectly known. Several good skulls of alarge amphibian and parts of skeletons ofone or two small reptiles new to sciencewere also discovered.In northern New Mexico ProfessorWilliston and his son spent several weeksexploring the Permian deposits along thePuerco River. He brought back theskull and a large part of the skeleton of alarge carniverous reptile, Sphenacodon,permitting for the first time a restorationof the creature. Dr. Williston alsosecured most of the skeleton of a smallerreptile, perhaps five feet in length, whichis new to science.Thomas George Allen, Ph.D., Secretaryof the Haskell Oriental Museum, of whichProfessor James Henry Breasted, chairman of the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures, is the Director, isa Beloit College graduate, received hisDoctor's degree from the University ofChicago for work in the special field ofEgyptology and Oriental History, andhas been assistant in Haskell Museum since 1909. He is now engaged in cataloguing the Egyptian collections in theArt Institute of Chicago, and, with theco-operation of Professor Breasted, is preparing a guide to the collections.President Harry Pratt Judson gave thededicatory address at the formal openingof the Pullman Free School of ManualTraining at Pullman, Illinois, on September 30. Among the other speakers werePresident Frank W. Gunsaulus, of theArmour Institute of Technology, Professorial Lecturer on Practical Theology,and Colonel Frank O. Lowden, who wasfor a number of years a trustee of the University of Chicago.In the St. Louis school survey whichhas just been completed under the generalsupervision of Director Charles HubbardJudd, a number of other members of theUniversity were engaged.The elementary schools were tested inpenmanship by Assistant Professor FrankN. Freeman; in reading, by Dr. WilliamS. Gray; and in music, by John B.Cragun. Associate Professor J. Franklin Bobbitt, made a report on the courseof study in the elementary schools, andDr. Harold O. Rugg reported on thefinances.The eleventh conference of the WesternEconomic Society was held at the University on November 10 and n. At thefirst morning session the general subjectfor discussion was: "UndergraduateCourses in Economics," presented byProfessor Walton H. Hamilton, of Amherst College, formerly of the Departmentof Political Economy at the University ofChicago.At the first afternoon session AssociateProfessor James A. Field presented apaper on "The Place of Economic Theoryin Graduate Work." At the banquet inthe Quadrangle Club on the evening ofNovember 10 Dean James Parker Hallled in the discussion of "The Relation ofLaw and Economics."At the morning session of November 1 1 ,held at the Reynolds Club, ProfessorLeon Carroll Marshall spoke on "Commerce Work and Economics."The president of the Society is DeanShailer Mathews; one of the vice-presidents is Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson,of the Board of Trustees; and the secretary is Assistant Professor Harold G.84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMoulton, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy.At the recent organization of theNational Research Council in New YorkCity Director George E. Hale, of theMount Wilson Solar Observatory, formerly of the Yerkes Observatory at theUniversity of Chicago, was made chairman and member of the executive committee, and Professor John M. Coulter,Professor Albert A. Michelson, and Professor Robert A. Millikan, were mademembers. This new organization wasestablished by the National Academy ofSciences at the request of the president ofthe United States, and the members ofthe council were appointed by the president of the Academy after consultationwith the presidents of leading nationalscientific bodies.Director Charles Hubbard Judd andProfessor George H. Mead have been cooperating with the committee on schoolsfrom the Chicago City Council in theeffort to discover the present needs of theschool system of Chicago and the bestways of meeting them. As the result ofthis co-operation expert testimony regarding other school systems in the country isnow being given before the committee,and among the prominent educators invited to speak before the committee areCharles W. Eliot, president emeritus ofHarvard University; William H. Maxwell, superintendent of the New YorkCity schools; Professor E. P. Cubberley,of Leland Stanford Junior University;and the school superintendents of St.Louis, Detroit, and Minneapolis.Professor Shailer Mathews gave aseries of six lectures at Wake Forest College, Wake Forest, North Carolina, fromNovember 4 to November 6 inclusive.The subjects of the individual lectures areas follows: " Christianity and Imperialism," "Christianity and Feudalism,"" Christianity and Nationalism," " Christianity and Internationalism," "Japan ofToday," and "The Call of Tomorrow."At the recent annual meeting in Chicago of the Illinois Committee on SocialLegislation Professor James HaydenTufts discussed the subject of "HealthInsurance Legislation." Professor Tuftsis the chairman of the committee, whichconsists of representatives of thirty-two agencies interested in social bettermentthroughout Illinois. Professor ErnstFreund is also a member of the committee, whose discussions and investigations frequently result in the formulationof bills to be recommended to the statelegislature.Professor James Henry Breasted andAssistant Professor Carl F. Huth, Jr., arethe authors of an important new seriesof ancient-history maps recently announced by the publishers. The seriesof sixteen maps, which are on a largescale, include those on the ancient Orientand Palestine, Egypt and early Babylonia, the Oriental empires, and the EasternMediterranean; Greek and Phoeniciancolonization, Boeotia and Attica, Athens,a sequence map of Greece, and Alexander's empire; ancient Italy, and thegrowth of Roman power in Italy, Rome,the conquest of the Mediterranean,Caesar's Gaul, and the Roman Empire.Professor Breasted has just had published a new volume entitled AncientTimes, an illustrated history of the earlyworld for high-school and academystudents.Announcement was made at theQuarter-Centennial that the alumni ofthe Department of Geology and the Department of Geography would present tothe University a portrait of ProfessorRollin D. Salisbury in recognition of hislong and very valuable service. The portrait, recently finished by Ralph Clarkson, the Chicago painter, was hung in theexhibition of American painters at theArt Institute and is now in the CorcoranArt Gallery in Washington. Later it willhave a permanent place in the new JuliusRosenwald Hall at the University ofChicago.Professor Paul Shorey gave a series ofevening lectures at the University ofCalifornia on the general subject"Athenian Life and Literature." Professor Shorey spent the Autumn Quarterat the University of California as Satherprofessor of classical literature. Besidesgiving the Sather lectures, ProfessorShorey conducted a seminar on Plato inthe philosophical department and also acourse in Greek literature. Before leaving for Berkeley, during the summerDr. Shorey gave a series of lectures atColumbia University.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 85Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin willgive the final address in a series before theUnion League Club of Chicago on thegeneral subject of the relations of theUnited States to foreign countries. Professor McLaughlin's address will be givenearly in January, the other addresseshaving been given in November andDecember by Professor John H. Latane,of Johns Hopkins University, andProfessor Albert Bushnell Hart, ofHarvard.Under the auspices of the CollegeSenior class a lecture-recital was given byVachell Lindsay, author of "GeneralWilliam Booth Enters Heaven" and"The Congo," in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on Tuesday evening, November 28.The program included, in addition toMr. Lindsay's reading and chanting of hisown works, a poem game invented by theauthor, and an interpretation of his poemsby Miss Eleanor Dougherty, '16.To secure funds for the humanitarianwork in the prisoner-of-war camps inEurope two hundred students, both menand women solicited contributions at theMinnesota-Chicago football game. Thisspecial collection amounted to over$1,300; approximately $1,200 had already been raised among the student bodyand Faculty, making the total subscriptions to date about $2,500.The raising of the funds was in chargeof the student Christian Associations ofthe University — the Young Men's Christian Association and the Young Women'sChristian League — and they workedthrough a general University committeeheaded by Professor Edgar JohnsonGoodspeed.In addition to making financial contributions to the general fund for the prisoners of war, the men of the University ofChicago have responded in a very unusualway to the appeal for actual serviceamong the prisoners. Four Universitymen are now serving in this war work —Mr. E. T. Hiller, who is at the prisoncamp in Nova Scotia; Mr. William E.Bartz, who is now in Austria; Mr. T. H.Clark, in Mesopotamia; and Mr. RalphC. Ostergren, in Egypt. Seven otherUniversity men have applied for opportunity to work in the prison camps, andtheir fitness for the service is now beingconsidered by the general committee inNew York City. Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the distinguished actor-manager, gave an address before a large audience in LeonMandel Assembly Hall on November 28,his subject being "Life, Humor, andShakspere."At the second annual convention of theNational Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking, held at the HotelAstor, New York City, on December 1and 2, Associate Professor S. H. Clarkmade a report as chairman of the Committee on Interpretation versus Impersonation. The convention was held atthe same time as the annual meeting ofthe National Council of Teachers ofEnglish.Under the auspices of the Alumni Clubof the University of Chicago a movementhas already been started to present to theUniversity a portrait of Professor AmosAlonzo Stagg, Director of the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics.An alumni committee of over thirty members has been appointed to have charge ofsubscriptions and the selection of thepainter.Among the incorporators of theNational Dune Park Association, the purpose of which is to influence the government to set aside a remarkable tract ofdune territory along the shores of LakeMichigan in northern Indiana as a perpetual preserve, is Professor HenryChandler Cowles.At the hearing regarding the project,in the Federal Building, Chicago, beforerepresentatives of the Interior Department, Professor Cowles was one of thespeakers, among whom were also Mr.Julius Rosenwald, a Trustee of the University of Chicago, and Professors T. C.Chamberlin, Rollin D. Salisbury, Otis W.Caldwell, /Zonia Baber, and Elliot R.Downing.Aside from the desirability of a greatnatural park near a great center of population, the speakers laid stress on the educational value of the dunes, which formany years have served as the best regionabout Chicago for university and schoolfield classes in botany, zoology, geology,geography, and nature-study. They alsoemphasized the unique value of the dunesfor their scientific interest, as the LakeMichigan dunes are regarded as the finestin the world, the flora being remarkably86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDvaried, comprising many species that arerare elsewhere, or found only in remoteregions.Compared with the registrations of theAutumn Quarter a year ago the one justclosed at the University of Chicago showsa gain of over four hundred students, thetotal of students on the quadrangles being3,758. The total number of studentsregistered during the past quarter in University College down town is 1,160, whichis a gain of 130 over the number a yearago. The total number of different students in attendance at the University,therefore, during the Autumn Quarterwas 4,918, as against 4,384 in 1915 — atotal gain of 534.Professor Robert Andrews Millikan hasbeen appointed to the Hitchcock Lectureship at the University of California andwill leave Chicago about February 1 tofill the appointment. Professor Millikanwill give at Berkeley a series of six lectureson the general subject of "The Structureof Matter." Among the recent appointees to this important scientific lectureship have been Henry Fairfield Osborn,research professor of zoology in ColumbiaUniversity and president of the AmericanMuseum of Natural History; Dr. A. D.Waller, director of the physical laboratoryof the University of London; and Professor Julius Stieglitz, chairman of the Department of Chemistry at the Universityof Chicago.Associate Professor Walter FarleighDodd presided on December 29 at a conference of the American Political ScienceAssociation at its meeting in Cincinnati.The subject discussed at the conferencewas the teaching of constitutional law,with reference especially to the needs oflaw students, academic students, andmixed classes. Professor Ernst Freundtook part in the discussion of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in politicalscience, in relation especially to history,economics, and law.Associate Professor Frederick Starr,after giving addresses in Seattle beforethe Chamber of Commerce and the StateUniversity of Washington, will sail forYokohama, arriving there about January 22. After some days at Tokyo heplans to revisit the island of Yezo, tostudy certain features of Ainu culture, and will spend the remainder of the winter on two other islands off the coast ofJapan. Among the special subjects thatProfessor Starr expects to investigate inJapan are shrines of a peculiar type,Buddhist and Shinto ceremonials, tattooing, etc.; and he will then spend threemonths in Korea, where he will continuehis work on the Handbook of Korean Ethnography. In that country also he willcomplete for publication his material onKorean riddles and proverbs. Duringthe coming summer Dr. Starr will makethe ascent of Mount Fuji, and later plansto complete his book on Japanese symbolism which has been long in preparation.In the autumn of 191 7 he will make an expedition to Siam and Cambodia. In theformer country southern Buddhism willbe studied in comparison with the northern Buddhism of Japan and China; and inCambodia the famous ruins of Brahmin-Buddhist temples will be visited. Thephotographic results of Professor Starr'sexpedition are expected to be important,as several cameras will be used, and Mr.Hambel Maebashi, of Tokyo, will be theofficial photographer throughout the trip.Professor Starr will be gone a full year,returning for his regular work at the opening of the Winter Quarter in 19 18.The eighth season of concerts under theauspices of the University OrchestralAssociation includes seven concerts by theChicago Symphony Orchestra, and threerecitals.The first recital, by the FlonzaleyQuartet, was given on November 21; thesecond, by Pablo Casals, violoncellist,and Madame Susan Metcalfe-Casals,soprano, on January 16; and the last, byMile Jenny Dufau, soprano, will be presented on March 13. The dates for theSymphony Orchestra are October 17,November 7, December 14, January 23,February 6 and 20, and April 3. Allseats have been sold for the season.Leonard Charles van Noppen, A.M.,will deliver a course of lectures on theliterature of the Netherlands at 4:35 p.m.in Classics 10 as follows: January 24,"The Dutch Renaissance: Holland, theCountry of Origins; Its Great Men inArt, Science, and Literature"; January25, "Vondel, The Poet of the Sublimeand the Dutch Shakespeare"; January29, "Vondel's Lucifer and Its Influenceon Milton's Paradise Lost"; January 30,EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 87"Van Eeden, The Dutch Tolstoi, andthe Poets of Today"; January 31, "TheInfluence of the Netherlands on thePolitical Institutions of America." Professor von Noppen is the Queen Wilhel-mina Lecturer at Columbia University.At the One Hundred and First Convocation President Judson announced thereceipt of a gift of fifteen hundred dollarsper year for five years from a recentgraduate of the University. This fund,according to the wishes of the donor, isto be used for public lectures at the University by men and women who areleaders in their particular fields of work.The President has appointed as a committee to manage the lectureship Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin, Head of theDepartment of History, Professor PaulShorey, Head of the Department ofGreek, and Associate Professor DavidA. Robertson, of the English Department.This committee, at the suggestion of thedonor, has already recommended to thePresident and Board of Trustees that thefoundation be called "The WilliamVaughn Moody Lectures," as an appropriate recognition of the late poet's literaryfame, and his connection with the University of Chicago. The lectures will bedelivered from year to year both singlyand in groups and on subjects of everykind. It is hoped that the lecturers willalways be, according to the terms of thegift, "leaders."Major O. W. Bell, of the United StatesArmy, has been detailed to the Universityof Chicago in order to organize there aReserve Officers Training Corps, towhich will be admitted all male studentswho are physically qualified. Participation will be optional, not compulsory. Members of the training corps will receiveat least five hours a week of theoreticaland practical training in military scienceand tactics. The theoretical part of thetraining will embrace military art, mapreading, military law, organization, andother subjects of a military character.The practical training will consist ofinfantry drills and minor field maneuvers.The government will issue uniforms, rifles,and accouterments to the training corps.Major Bell will reach Chicago in February, and courses in military science andtactics will be offered with the opening ofthe Spring Quarter at the University.UNIVERSITY PREACHERSThe University Preachers for the Winter Quarter are as follows :January 7 — President Albert Parker Fitch,Andover Theological Seminary, Cambridge, Massachusetts" 14 — President Albert Parker Fitch" 21 — Bishop William Fraser McDowell, Evanston, Illinois" 28 — Bishop William Fraser McDowellFebruary 4 — Rev. Cornelius Woelfkin, FifthAvenue Baptist Church,New York, N.Y." 11 — Rev. Cornelius Woelfkin" 18 — President William HerbertPerry Faunce, Brown University, Providence, RhodeIsland" 25— Dr. Robert Elliott Speer, NewYork, N.Y.March 4— Bishop Francis John McCon-nell, Denver, Colorado" 11 — Bishop Francis John McCon-nell." 18 — (Convocation Sunday.) Professor Hugh Black, UnionTheological Seminary, NewYork, N.Y.88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 1916Men Women Totaliqi6 Total1915 TotalGain LossI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 190260 17661 366321 339282 2739Science Total 45<>43984146 23733756i66 6877761,402112 6216621,247108 6611415542. The Colleges-Senior Junior Unclassified Total 1,3261,776124(2 dup.)19 9641,201n7 2,2902,97713526 2,0172,63812513 2733391013Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. The Professional Schools:1. The Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified English TheologicalChicago Theological Seminary. . . 38 38 37 1Total 18167no205 18791 19974119215 17556127144 241871*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior 8Junior. Unclassified Medical Total 20213464691 17811 21914265692 201135465o3 18719193. The Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidate for LL.B Unclassified 1Total 268406912,467268 1033*31^i,57718 27837i1,0674,o44286 234356"9663,604250 4415IOI4404. The College of Education Total Professional Total University *Deduct for duplicationNet totals 2,199223 i,559937 3,7581,160 3,3541,030 4041305 . University College x ... 4 1•3^^L\ *#t| !4<WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY