The University RecordVolume II OCTOBER I916 Number 4CONSTRUCTIVE CITIZENSHIP1By SAMUEL CHILES MITCHELL, PH.D.President of Delaware College, Newark, DelawareI can never forget the first time that I saw and heard Dr. WilliamR. Harper. It was in May, 1891, at an education convention in Birmingham, Alabama. He was all aglow with enthusiasm over the creationof this institution and fittingly his theme was, "The Ideal University."The impact of his personality was irresistible, and his enkindling enthusiasm set aflame the minds of that great audience as to the plans andpurposes of a modern university in a democracy like ours. As hesketched the outlines of his novel ideas, he made you feel that youshared in the creative processes that issued in this institution. I maytherefore rightly date my matriculation as a student in this Universityfrom May, 1891. I entered the door before it was opened, or everexisted.One evening the following month in Louisville, Kentucky, Dr.John A. Broadus handed me an advance copy of a leaflet in whichDr. Harper had drawn up the main features for the organization of theUniversity of Chicago. The impression made upon me by this prospectus, so bold in conception, so interpretive of the progressive tendencies of education in America, so statesmanlike in its grasp of thebroadening social purpose of the college, endures vividly to the presentday. You can therefore understand the sense of achievement which Iexperience in beholding the development of what were merely ideas thenin the mind and heart of that remarkable man. A quarter-century isa brief space in the life of an institution. Well do I remember Principal1 Delivered on the occasion of the One-hundredth Convocation of the Universityof Chicago, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, September 1, 1916.201202 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFairbairn of Oxford upon this very platform telling us that it took athousand years to make the lawn of Old Oxford; and yet think of thestructural growth and the solid service which this institution has achievedwithin these twenty-five years, especially during the past decade underthe wise administration of President Judson.The projectile power of Dr. Harper's personality came out in atender incident which took place during my visit to a Virginia home atLexington. On the last day of my stay, when the intimacy of friendshiphad become close, the mother brought out a letter to her son. It wasone which Dr. Harper from his death bed had written to Professor JohnM. Manly. The occasion of his writing was the echo that had reachedhim in his sickroom of the signal address which Dr. Manly had madein welcoming the French Ambassador to the University of Chicago.President Harper began by saying that the physician had forbiddenhim even to dictate, but he could not refrain, even under these circumstances, from writing with his own hand to a member of the Faculty aword of appreciation for such a service as Dr. Manly had rendered.The tenacity of Dr. Harper's will and all the generous impulses of hisgreat heart came out in* those trembling lines of encouragement to acolleague. This letter the mother- valued more highly than any degreethat her gifted son had ever received.In his address at Birmingham, Dr. Harper was followed by hisco-worker and co-builder of this institution, Mr. Frederick T. Gates,whose career as a creative thinker is one of the most significant inAmerican history. I once heard President G. Stanley Hall say ofHelmholtz that every serious thought of his was a contribution to science.It may likewise be said that every serious thought of Mr. Gates hasbeen a contribution to human well-being through the organization ofagencies to achieve the social and educational tasks of our time. Thethought history of Mr. Gates would disclose the springs of action inmany of the most beneficent and far-reaching enterprises that haveextended American influence and reflect glory upon our common country.There is something masterful in his personality that grips your admiration and exalts your life. His insight into deep human need, universaland permanent, his practical sagacity in devising means for accomplishing colossal tasks of a vague and baffling character, are, in my opinion,without a parallel in the record of American social enterprises andphilanthropy.I can almost say that I once watched Mr. Gates's mind as it gatheredup its energies to assault successfully a vast problem. In 1905 a com-CONSTRUCTIVE CITIZENSHIP 203pany of men, interested in the educational work of the South, had goneout from Hampton Institute in Virginia to see a fine modern barn whichhad just been built on the experiment farm at Shellbanks. As we droveaway, various members of the company expressed their admiration ofthe barn, which had cost about $30,000. It was noticed that Mr. Gatesremained silent, and one ventured to ask what he thought of the modelbarn. His reply was, "If that land will support such a barn, it is a goodthing. If not, it is a bad thing. Gentlemen, we have been trying tobuild up the school in the South, but we must get back of the school tothe land that supports it. We have been interested in the home, thechurch, and the community, but we must get back of these to the landthat supports them. The problem of the South is land." That eveningMr. Gates was closeted with the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Mr.W. M. Hays, grappling with a plan to enrich the soil of the South. Outof his thought at that time sprang the connection of the General Education Board with the Demonstration Farm Movement, which has nowbeen taken up by Congress and extended to all parts of the United Stateswith such beneficent results.Through Dr. Wallace Buttrick, Mr. Gates found Seaman A. Knapp,the Benjamin Franklin of American agriculture. At the age of sixty-eight, Knapp had retired from active life, supposing that his work wasdone. Two years later his friend Mr. Wilson, then Secretary of Agriculture, brought Knapp out of his retirement to advise him how to fightthe boll-weevil that was destroying the cotton in the lower South. Asit turned out, Dr. Knapp had prepared seventy years in order to workseven. His future was still before him.After studying the boll-weevil in the cotton field, Dr. Knapp foundthat there was no way to combat the pest save by flanking it throughsuperior cultivation. Therefore he began to show the farmers the bestmethods of tillage, such as deep plowing, selection of seed, rotation ofcrops, etc.Dr. Knapp once gave me a concrete instance of the value of thiswork for the enrichment of rural life. He came upon a farmer in southernGeorgia, who had a place of twenty acres, upon which he grew a cashcrop of about $150 a year. His home was bare and his children wereunschooled. Dr. Knapp persuaded him to adopt the new methods offarming and visited him once a month to give him directions. FromAugust, when the crop was laid by, Dr. Knapp did not return untilDecember. As he approached the humble home the farmer almostworshiped him. The farmer had just sold his cotton crop for $800 and204 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrefitted his home and started his children to school. He carried Dr.Knapp into the front room and showed him upon the center table histwo new possessions — a big Bible and a bank-book, the two best booksfor an American home to own.How romantic and how instructive of what is potential in westerncivilization are the careers of those two young men, Gates and Harper,one a practical idealist in Minneapolis, the other a teacher at Yale,trained unwittingly for great tasks, who providentially were broughtinto co-operation with Mr. John D. Rockefeller, when his wealth wasseeking investment for the common good. Thrilling would be thenarrative that recounts the constructive purposes of those three citizens.The quick response which their plans met on the part of such citizensof Chicago as Martin A. Ryerson, Charles L. Hutchinson, MarshallField, Mrs. Emmons Blaine, Jane Addams, Miss Helen Hull Culver,Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus, Rabbi Hirsch, Graham Taylor, Leon Mandel,La Verne Noyes, Julius Rosenwald, and other like-minded persons,insured the success of the institution from the start. Indeed for the pasttwenty-five years the University and the city have been two lobes ofone brain. In tracing the growth of the University during that timewe must also embrace the cultural factors in the life of this community.Every student in the University has felt the inspiring influence of theArt Institute and is deeply grateful to Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, whofor more than a quarter of a century has given his directive strength tothat great civic enterprise. The same remark applies to the FieldMuseum, to Armour Institute, to the libraries, to the public schools,to Hull House, to McCormick Seminary, and to the noble churches andhomes of Chicago. It was a truly Herculean task to which these pioneerspirits addressed themselves under the leadership of Dr. Harper and theable staff of scholars and scientists that he gathered around him in theUniversity. This spot was the focal point to which population, wealth,enterprise, and power had flowed in ways without precedent. Into thisrapidly expanding community these men breathed the breath of life andthe city became a living soul. My subject springs out of this occasion— "Constructive Citizenship."During these months you and I have had to think much of the constructive statesmen of America, and we have been delighted to note thenumber and solid claims of our statesmen. It is a significant fact thatevery man mentioned seriously for the Presidency has moral worth andmerits prominence. Certainly this country is to be felicitated on havingtwo such leaders as Wilson and Hughes to discuss before the people theCONSTRUCTIVE CITIZENSHIP 205issues in our national life. If " Democracy is government by discussion,"we shall from now until November have in this debate one of the happiestinstances of that truth. But, after all, statesmen are few, whereascitizens are numbered by the hundred millions. It is possible to exaggerate the part of the crest and to forget the onward movement of theground swell of the ocean. Democracy is tidal. Since across the waterthe civilization of cabinets and diplomacy has collapsed, let us turn ourthought to plans for rendering constructive the entire citizenship of ourcountry.On August 1, 19 14, Europe exploded. The fires resulting have sincethat time been devouring all that was inflammable in man's social andpolitical structure. Henceforth the presumption is against the old andin favor of the new. Can we, through the public service of privatecitizens, achieve a more stable and enduring social order than thaterected by the coteries of kings and cabinets ?Across the Atlantic we are witnessing what destructive citizenshipcan do. To the south in Mexico we are pained to see the ruin thatpassive citizenship has brought. In contrast to the divine-right pilotagein the political affairs of Europe and the passivity that marks the peopleof the Orient, let us contemplate the forces that make virile, energetic,and progressive the rank and file of the citizenship in our democraticcountry. A few instances may interpret the whole process — citizeninitiative for the common weal.Some time ago I made a pilgrimage to the birthplace of GeorgePeabody in Salem (now Danvers), Massachusetts. From the humblehome in which he first saw the light, a friend carried me to the publiclibrary which Mr. Peabody had given to the town. There a letter fromQueen Victoria was produced in which she wrote with her own hand thatshe had been trying to find means to express her gratitude for the servicesthat Mr. Peabody had rendered the British Empire. She had thought ofconferring upon him a peerage, but learned that this would not beacceptable to him as an American. She had decided, therefore, to sitespecially for her portrait to be presented to him. Then the steel barsof a great vault were thrown back and this portrait of the Queen wasdisclosed.After his return to this country, Mr. Peabody made a visit to Baltimore where he was entertained at dinner. He remarked in an impressiveway: "I know of only two enduring human needs — the training of youthand the care of the sick." A business man who sat opposite to him atthe table went home that night and said, "One-half of my fortune I shall206 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgive to a university and the other half to a hospital." Such was theorigin of the twin institutions in Baltimore that bear the name of JohnsHopkins and reflect glory upon American science and culture.Public-mindedness is the distinguishing quality of a constructivecitizen. To this must be added disinterestedness, downright sympathywith the common people in all their struggle and aspiration, faith in theaverage man to grow and to achieve, and, above all, independence ofspirit. The embodiment of the publicist appeared in Carl Schurz.He addressed the University of Chicago in a theater downtown in 1898,when the question of the annexation of the Philippine Islands was beforethe American people. Mr. Schurz was bitterly opposed to imperialismand must have divined, in the course of the address, that the audiencewas in the main opposed to his view. I recall how he straightened himself up at length and declared in a passionate way, "It matters littlewhether or not we take over the Philippine Islands, but it is of vastmoment to the whole country whether an American citizen can speak outfreely in public his deepest convictions on national issues." Thenceforward you may be sure the audience, responsive to that appeal, listenedintently to his candid and courageous thought.Among the many tasks that face the constructive citizenship of ourcountry at this time, four may be singled out as peculiarly timely, andtimeliness is the essence of statesmanship.1. To unify our own citizenship in the spirit of sound Americanism.The world-war has thrown a searchlight upon every nook and corner ofmodern life. It has shown abysses where we supposed there was solidground; revealed diversities where we had counted upon finding cooperation. We were stunned when latent loyalties to other lands awokeand stridently asserted themselves in those who had embraced thehospitality of our country. These testing experiences only show howresolutely we must take up the work of Americanization.The two chief agencies thus far in assimilating our vast immigrationhave been the public school and the Catholic church. Without the helpof these powerful influences we should be in a far worse plight today asregards the feeling of unity and like-mindedness of our people. In thiswork of assimilation all must now join with renewed sympathy andpurposefulness.The mental attitude of every citizen counts in accomplishing thistask. It was here that I heard Jane Addams, whose spirit broods likea benediction over this community, say that on one occasion there cameto her at Hull House an Italian who told her with sobs how his landlordCONSTRUCTIVE CITIZENSHIP 207had put him and his family out of doors. When Miss Addams inquiredwhy the landlord had so driven him out, the Italian insisted that he haddone nothing save carve the bare door in his flat after a design that hehad executed on a church door in Naples. Then he put his finger on apage in Baedeker where a star marked his carved door, saying that hefelt that the landlord in visiting Naples would pay a guide to take himto see that door. Well do I remember how Jane Addams dwelt upon ourdisregard of the craft-power which these unnoticed immigrants bringwith them. What romance, what self-sacrifice, what faith, what heroism often lurk in the stories of these poor herded men and women fromthe Old World that seek the freedom and opportunity of this PromisedLand. In the record of many an immigrant family today the story ofthe "Mayflower" is repeated in all of its aspects of hardship and searchafter the Holy Grail.2. The closer union of the American republics.3. The unity of the English-speaking peoples, or the reunited Englishnations, as Darwin P. Kingsley has so happily phrased it in his nobleaddress.4. The establishment of a World-Court that will tend to preventthe recurrence of war.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments of officers of instruction the followingappointments have been made:William H. Spencer, as Instructor in the Department of PoliticalScience, from October i, 1916.Harry D. Kitson, as Instructor in the Department of Psychology,from October 1, 19 16.Nathaniel W. Barnes, as Lecturer in the Department of PoliticalEconomy, from January 1, 19 17.William D. Turner, as Associate in the Department of Chemistry,from October 1, 19 16.Charles C. Colby, of the George Peabody College for Teachers,Nashville, Tennessee, as Instructor in Geography, from October 1, 19 16.Margaret Bell, as Instructor in the Department of Physical Culture,from October 1, 19 16.Herman Oliphant, as Assistant Professor in the Law School, fromOctober 1, 1916.Frederic Campbell Woodward, Dean of the Leland Stanford JuniorUniversity Law School, as Professor in the Law School, from August 1,1916.T. Dale Stewart, as Research Associate in Chemistry, from October 1,1916.Jacob Viner, of Harvard University, as Instructor in the Departmentof Political Economy, from October 1, 19 16.Thomas George Allen, as Secretary of Haskell Oriental Museum,from January 1, 19 17.Einar Joranson, as Associate in the Department of History, fromOctober 1, 1916.Nathaniel Butler, as Dean of University College, from October 1,1916.Harry Alvin Millis, of the University of Kansas, as Associate Professor in the Department of Political Economy, from September 1, 1916.In the University High School the following appointments, fromOctober 1, 19 16, have been made: Wilbur L. Casler, Instructor in208THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 209Manual Training; Thomas Russell Wilkins, Instructor in Science;Howard E. A. Jones, Instructor in Science.In the Department of Physical Education, School of Education, thefollowing appointments, from October 1, 19 16, have been made: ClarenceP. Weiffenbach, Instructor; Lucy Courtenay, Instructor.In the Elementary School, School of Education, the followingappointments of teachers, from October 1, 19 16, have been made: FiloM. Griffin and Bertha Parker.PROMOTIONSAssistant Sophia H. Eckerson, of the Department of Botany, to aninstructorship, from October 1, 19 16.RESIGNATIONSThe resignations of Edwin S. Bishop, who was appointed Head of theDepartment of Physics of Lake Forest College (but who died July 31,1916); of A. G. Waidelich, Instructor in the University High School;of C. F. Phipps, Teacher in Elementary School, School of Education;of Stanley D. Wilson, Instructor in Chemistry, who accepts an appointment in Rice Institute, Houston, Texas; of Otis W. Caldwell as Deanof University College, have been accepted.ATTENDANCEDuring the year which ended June 30, 1916, the attendance uponthe Schools and Colleges of the University reached a total of 8,510students, showing a gain over 19 14-15 of 729. The total attendanceduring the Summer Quarter, 19 16, was 5,424. One year ago the attendance for the Summer Quarter was 4,371, which was less by 1,053 thanthat of the present year.ENOS M. BARTONAt the meeting of the B oar d of Trustees held July 11,1916, the following memorial to Mr. Enos M. Barton, a trustee of the University since1898, was adopted:Whereas, Enos M. Barton, who for eighteen years had been a valuable memberof the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago, departed this life May 3, 1916,be itResolved, By the Board of Trustees, that an expression of its high appreciationof the character and services of Mr. Barton, and sincere sympathy over our mutualloss, be conveyed to Mrs. Barton and family, and that the following memorial bespread upon the records of the Board:Enos Melancthon Barton died at his southern home in Biloxi, Mississippi, May 3,1916. Mr. Barton was one of the founders of the Western Electric Company. Fortwenty-six years, ending in 1908, he served as its president. He was a native of2IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDJefferson County, New York. At the age of twelve he became a telegraph messengerat Watertown and later worked as a telegraph operator. In 1864 he was a nightoperator on the New York Central Railway, attending meanwhile first-year classesat the University of Rochester. He worked as a telegraph operator in New Yorkduring the Civil War, sending night press reports, and afterward became chief operatorof the Western Union office at Rochester. About 1869 Mr. Barton went into partnership with George W. Shawk, a former foreman of the Western Union shop at Cleveland, and helped establish a business which afterward developed into the WesternElectric Company. Mr. Shawk later sold his interest in the firm to Elisha Gray, whohad been the shop's best customer, and the firm name became Gray & Barton. Alittle later General Anson Stager, general superintendent and afterward vice-presidentof the Western Union Telegraph Company, became an equal partner in the firm, andthe business was removed to Chicago. In 1872 the Western Electric ManufacturingCompany was incorporated to continue the business of Gray & Barton and to takeover the Western Union Telegraph Company's instrument shop at Ottawa, Illinois.General Stager was the new company's first president. Mr. Barton was its secretaryand later its vice-president. The Western Electric Manufacturing Company madetelephone equipment for the Western Union Telegraph Company during the fiercewar waged by that company and the American Bell Telephone Company for the controlof the telephone industry. When peace was made in 1879, and the Western UnionCompany retired from the telephone field, the Western Electric Company was organized to absorb the Western Electric Manufacturing Company and certain manufacturing licenses of the American Bell Telephone Company. General Stager wasmade president and Mr. Barton vice-president, continuing in that office until GeneralStager's death in 1887. In 1887 he became its president, and in 1898 Chairman of theBoard of Directors, which position he held until his death.Mr. Barton became a member of the Board of Trustees of the University ofChicago in the year 1898, serving until his death. He was a director of the MerchantsLoan and Trust Co. and member of the Union League, Chicago, Commercial, Quadrangle, and Hinsdale clubs, and of the Memorial Church of Christ.Mr. Barton was pre-eminently a man of affairs. From early manhood he wasidentified with the new and rapidly developing electrical industry and was a largefactor in its advancement, especially in connection with the telegraph and telephone.As Trustee of the University, he was active until prevented by failing health duringthe last few months of his life. He served for many years on the Committee onFinance and Investment, where his judgment was of great value, as it was in all of theaffairs of the Board.GIFTSMrs. Chauncey J. Blair has given to the University eleven piecesof ancient glass and three pieces of early Japanese pottery. These giftshave been on exhibition in the Classics Building.James Vincent Nash, of the Class of 1915, has made a contributionwhich provides, each year for ten years, a sum of money to be used bythe University in the purchase of books for the Reynolds Club. Thesepurchases are to be approved by the Library Committee of the Club.At the end of the ten-year period Mr. Nash proposes to provide anTHE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 211endowment fund of $1,000, the income of which is to be used to continuethe purchase of books for the Club.CIVIL GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIPSEach year, since his graduation, Mr. Harold H. Swift, of the Classof 1907, has contributed prizes to undergraduate students for excellencein scholarship, as shown by examination on the subject of the civil government of the United States. Mr. Swift has now provided an endowmentwhich perpetuates these prizes. The fund, thus generously given,establishes what are to be known as the Civil Govermnent Scholarships.They are limited to Freshmen, the hope being that they will encourageserious study early in the student's career.The gifts, of which those of Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Rosenberger, Mr.James Vincent Nash, and Mr. Harold H. Swift are typical, are mostencouraging evidence of the growing interest of the alumni in the University.CHAIR OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF POLANDBy the liberality of Mr. Wilfrid M. de Voynich, of London, theUniversity will receive an annual contribution for three years for thepurpose of establishing a Chair of Political and Economic History ofPoland. The donor of this fund in his communication to the Trusteeswrites:My object in making this offer is the desire to increase the knowledge in theUnited States of the history of the Polish people, in order that, through a better knowledge of the history and development of Poland, there may be established a betterunderstanding between the several millions of Poles inhabiting the United Statesand Americans. Poland being torn by force between three inimical powers, it isessential that Polish history should be taught impartially from a Polish point of viewand not distorted to suit the political purposes of any of these oppressing powers.MISCELLANEOUSProvision has been made for the appointment of a Professor ofMilitary Science, beginning October 1, 19 16. It is understood thata regular army officer will be detailed for this service by the War Department.A bronze bust of Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, modeled byLorado Taft, is being placed in Julius Rosenwald Hall.The Department of Physiology has been separated from the Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology. Of the Department of Physiology, Professor Anton J. Carlson has been appointedChairman, and of the Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Professor Albert P. Mathews has been appointed Chairman.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER 1, 1892,TO OCTOBER 1, 1893By ALONZO KETCHAM PARKEREveryone knows that the University did not spring into existence,fully armed and equipped, on the memorable first day of October, 1892.The First Year, which opened then, and which this contribution undertakes to describe, is merely the First Year fondly talked of in alumnimeetings, the First Year of registrations and of deans, of lectures andof examinations, of cuts and of flunks, of fellowships, and scholarships and honorable mention, of fraternities and athletics, of collegepolitics and of clubs. It is taken for granted here that much eventful,far-resounding University history was transacted before this First Yearbegan its dizzy course. But for our present purpose the greater partof it may be dismissed from further consideration when we have set downa few conspicuous dates.July, 1886. The University of Chicago, now known as the Old University, graduatedits last class and closed its doors.May, 1889. Mr. John D. Rockefeller made a subscription of $600,000 to the AmericanBaptist Education Society, on condition that the Society secure within twelvemonths additional pledges to the amount of $400,000 toward the endowmentfund of a college to be established in the city of Chicago.June, 1890. Announcement was made that the conditions of Mr. Rockefeller's offerhad been satisfactorily met.September 10, 1890. The University of Chicago was incorporated.September 18, 1890. William Rainey Harper, already a trustee of the University, waselected its president. He asked for six months' time to consider this offer.December 15, 1890. The American Baptist Education Society transferred to theTrustees of the University: (a) the site acquired from Mr. Marshall Field, namely,three blocks extending from Fifty-sixth Street to Fifty-ninth Street along theeast line of Ellis Avenue; (b) the subscriptions and pledges given to the Societyin trust for the University; (c) all funds held by the Society in trust for theUniversity.January 1, 1891. University Bulletin No. 1, containing, with other importantmatters, the Plan of Organization, was issued.February 16, 1891. William Rainey Harper wrote from Yale University to theTrustees of the University of Chicago formally accepting his election as Presidentof the University.April 11, 1 89 1. Articles of agreement between the Baptist Theological Union and theUniversity of Chicago were ratified, by which the Theological Seminary at Morgan212THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, i8g2, TO OCTOBER j, 1893 213Park became the Divinity School of the University, with its home on theUniversity grounds.June 9, 1 89 1. Henry Ives Cobb was appointed University architect, and plans forthree buildings were approved.July 1, 1 89 1. William Rainey Harper entered upon his duties as President of theUniversity.July 9, 1 89 1. The first professorial appointment was made, namely, that of FrankFrost Abbott, Ph.D., tutor in Yale University, to be University Examiner andAssociate Professor of Latin.William Rainey Harper, it will be recalled, was a trustee of theUniversity when he was elected President, and six months intervenedbetween his election and his formal acceptance of the office. It wasnot as President, therefore, but as a member of the Committee on Organization of the Board of Trustees that he drew up the Plan of Organizationwhich, after a very full explanation and discussion, was approved by theBoard on December 24, 1890, and published as Official Bulletin No. 1in January, 1891. This Plan of Organization thus became the constitution under which the University worked in the Autumn Quarter, 1892.Some account of it, therefore, must here be given.The Plan arranges the work of the University under three Divisions:I, The University Proper; II, The University Extension; III, TheUniversity Press.I. The University Proper is a designation large enough to includeAcademies, Colleges, Affiliated Colleges and Academies, and Graduateand Professional Schools.Academies, according to the large conception of a university setforth in the Plan, are not merely desirable adjuncts to a university,but it is incomplete without them. The Morgan Park Academy,accordingly, was precisely contemporaneous in the beginning of thework of instruction with the University. It was financed and controlledby the University Board. It was as truly an organic part of the University as the Academic College or the Divinity School. PresidentHarper sets forth this view of the relation of the Academy to the University in his first Convocation Statement: "The University has noapology to offer for its direct interest in the work of the Academy.Interest in such work and control of it are alike desirable and necessary.The time has come for the universities as such to take in hand the wholequestion of secondary education."The colleges carry on the usual courses of instruction for the undergraduate degrees. Affiliated colleges are described, but with rathervague generalities, in the Official Bulletin No. 2. "Besides its Colleges214 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin Chicago, the University will enter into affiliation with colleges situatedat different points. The character and terms of affiliation will be such asmay mutually be agreed upon. In every case, however, the standardcurriculum and regulations of the affiliated colleges will be the same asthose of the colleges of the University." The affiliation of collegesunder varying conditions and degrees of dependence with a centraldegree-conferring university was common enough at this time inEngland, in Canada, in India. President Harper never dreamed ofclaiming originality for the plan. Nevertheless, no such relation of oneeducational institution to another as that proposed in the Plan wasfamiliar to the American people, and the confident invitation it was popularly understood to give to colleges generally to come and be affiliatedaroused both curiosity and concern. The affiliation scheme offered,it was plain, to small and inadequately endowed colleges in the West andSouth especially many and indisputable advantages, and it won friendsat once. But it called forth hostile criticism also, for indeed its disadvantages were as easily discoverable as its merits. Absurd as thesuspicion now seems, President Harper was seriously charged with selfishand sinister designs in making these proposals, and it was inevitable thatthere should be derisive newspaper talk of the Rockefeller EducationalTrust. But the President was prepared for objections and suspicionsand was unmoved by them. Among the earliest University appointments was that of a Dean of Affiliations. Before the Autumn Quarterhad ended negotiations were well advanced for the affiliation of twoschools in Chicago, the Harvard School on the South Side and theChicago Academy on the West Side, and of Des Moines College,Iowa.II. The University Extension Division, the second division of theUniversity, is an elastic term intended to cover lecture and study coursesand classroom work carried on outside the quadrangles, and correspondence courses as well. Here again the President did not propose to waitupon a slowly developing work. When the University opened, theExtension Division was already equipped with a director, an examiner,a corps of secretaries, and a faculty. Large public meetings had beenheld in Chicago to introduce it, and classes and courses of lectures wereorganized at once. The demand for lecturers was immediate and urgent.During the Autumn Quarter 53 lecturers were at work in 40 widelyscattered "Centers," and an attendance of 12,878 students was reported.In the more exacting courses of the Correspondence-Study Department430 additional students were enrolled.THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER r, 1893 215This scheme of "broadened educational work," inaugurated atCambridge University in 1873, nad gained wide approval and popularityin England; and in the United States it had recently won the enthusiasticsupport of such men as Professor Ely, of the University of Wisconsin,and President Rogers, of Northwestern University.But nowhere, until the appearance of the Plan of Organization, hadan Extension Divi$ion been co-ordinated with instruction given inresidence as an integral part of a university. Just this, however, wasthe claim deliberately made by President Harper, "To provide instructionfor those who, for social or economic reasons, cannot attend in its classrooms is a legitimate and necessary part of the work of every university."It was his contention, further, that the results of work done by thismethod, by correspondence in particular, equaled in value those of thethe classroom and not infrequently surpassed them. He had beenbrought to this conclusion by his own experience as organizer anddirector of an extraordinarily successful Hebrew Correspondence School.To the objection that, however valuable correspondence work might be,it was a distinct impairment of scholarship standards to give it universityrecognition and credit, he was accustomed to reply that the control andtesting of the work by the University itself should guarantee its excellence,"and if equal attainments, why not equal honors?"The carefully framed and explicit regulations under which the University Extension Division worked were set forth in Official BulletinNo. 6. It was there specified that students who have done by correspondence half the amount of undergraduate work required for a degree,in accordance with the conditions laid down for the choice of courses in anundergraduate college, and have passed the entrance examinations, will beconsidered as full matriculants, and will be accorded the privileges ofUniversity students, with the privilege of completing the course for theBachelor's degree at such time or times as they may elect.To not a few conservative thinkers these proposals were not merelynovel — they were revolutionary. The suggestion that under any conceivable safeguards credit toward a college degree might be given for any,even the smallest amount of work done by correspondence was abhorrent.And some of them said so in plain language. Who but a charlatanwould have the effrontery to claim that a weekly letter could be a satisfactory substitute for the "learned presence"? Plainly, the schemewas the sensational claptrap that might be expected to issue from Chicago. It was nothing other than a clever advertising bid on behalf of auniversity yet in its swaddling clothes; it threatened to degrade that2l6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsacrosanct thing, a college degree, below the level even of a Chautauqua"seal." These were hard words, to be sure, but they broke no bones.And critics in general were less hasty in their judgments upon this newdeparture in education, and more reasonable. They admitted, cautiously and with reservations, that there was much to be said for thisbold proposal to give credit toward a degree for work done by correspondence. Carefully guarded against misuse and strengthened at certainweak points, it might be admitted to trial. It contained possibilities ofgood results.It must be said in extenuation of what now appears to have beenhasty and captious criticism that, although upon a careful study ofthe scheme University Extension by correspondence was one thing andUniversity Extension by public lectures plainly quite another thing,the two extension methods were not always clearly distinguished fromeach other, and condemnation and eulogy were lavished without intelligent discrimination upon the new Chicago idea of learning made easy.It was in fact the lecture method, in which there was little thought ofgaining "credit," but chiefly of using the opportunity of studying aparticular subject for three months under university direction by thehelp of recommended books, and a consecutive course of weekly lectures,which excited so much attention and was received with so much popularfavor. For University Extension in this form the press was fairly lyricalin its commendations. Thus the Chicago Herald sees in it " the overthrowof the traditions of caste and the breaking down of the barriers whichhave heretofore kept the common people out of the higher pursuits ofculture." "It is not walls and palings," it urges further, "that make auniversity. It is the coming together of human beings, some to teach,others to be taught." In a similar exalted vein the Providence Journalof January i, 1891, hails the University Extension idea, "since it emphasizes the attitude of the university toward laboring men and women, andoffers them opportunity for self-culture which the old system wouldnever present Let us be glad that there is a better dispositionon the part of the universities to seek out men and women of limitedopportunities and arrange for them the privileges of self-improvement,rather than to sit in state, wrapped with traditions and precedents, andwait for these men and women to come to them handicapped by rulesand regulations." Reading these premature congratulations on its disposition to be all things to all men, the Extension Division faculty maywell have prayed to be delivered from its friends. And that this talltalk, for which, of course, the University was in no way responsible,THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER r, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 217wrought mischief in kindling extravagant expectations of the rewardsthat might await the reading of a few books and the writing of a fewletters is plain in the President's correspondence of the first year. Abusiness man, who has no time to attend lectures or "general courses"at the University, asks for "a general course of reading which will permitme to take the degree of Ph.D. upon passing a satisfactory examination."A woman wishes " a non-resident course of work whose successful completion would give me a degree." A minister asks, "Have you yetmapped out the Ph.D. courses and could I do the work here and reportat Chicago occasionally?"It would seem that President Harper must have wished to correctthese immoderately sanguine expectations when he raised a warningvoice in his second Convocation Address. "The work of the UniversityExtension is still in its infancy, and no man today can tell us the shapeor form which it will assume in later years Unless in the futurea larger proportion of those who attend the lectures do the actual workprescribed and take the examinations, there is danger that these lecturestudies will partake more of the nature of entertainment than of instruction." But his confidence in the value and stability of UniversityExtension remained unshaken and serene. "Although we may not beable to foretell in detail the form which it will take in the future," hecontinued, "it is, I make bold to say, a permanent work; one which willgrow in dignity, and which will assume an importance larger than manyof the educators of today conceive possible." Nevertheless, the methodsand achievement of the University Extension Division were closelywatched by instructors jealous of the scholarship standards of the University. There is evidence of this in the acceptance by the Senate, soearly as the Winter Quarter of 1893, of the following resolution: "Resolved, That the Senate take into immediate consideration the relationof the University Extension Department to the University proper, andits published statements and methods as affecting the educational policyof the University." As the outcome of a later discussion upon thisresolution it was ordered "to print on every document published by theUniversity Extension Division in connection with the Lecture-StudyDepartment this statement: 'It is understood that the aim of theLecture-Study Department is not to extend to the general audience thesame instruction as that given in the University classrooms, but ratherstimulate and direct reading and study along the various lines of literature, history, and science.'" A year later the Lecture Study aims andmethods were again under criticism, by its own Faculty this time, and2l8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe conditions under which credit may be gained through it were stillmore narrowly defined.It does not belong to this narrative of the First Year to relate the laterrestrictions and modifications of correspondence credits under the teaching of a widening experience, or to tell of the gradual abandonment of theUniversity Extension Lecture Method, to which, at the beginning, publicinterest was chiefly directed.III. A third division, co-ordinate with the University proper andthe University Extension Division, was the University Press. ThePress, the Plan of Organization insisted, was far more than a printingplant attached to the University for the convenience of official publication; it ranked as an organic part of the University, a "member"necessary to the maintenance of the health and efficiency of the body."For the encouragement of investigation and research, and in order toprovide means for the determination of the results obtained," thesubsidizing of journals was in President Harper's view as legitimate afunction of the university as expenditure upon the instruction of theclassroom. The department journal was held to be no less indispensableto the satisfactory equipment of the department than its library. ThePress was accepted by the public with little comment. It could not be"featured" by the newspapers as a sensational novelty, for other greatuniversities were "disseminating knowledge" by means of journals, butit loomed large in the scheme of organization, larger still in the discussions of the Board of Trustees, and quickly became an important factorin the life of the University. The publication of journals was begunpromptly. When the Spring Quarter of 1893 closed, the University wasalready publishing the Journal of Political Economy, the Journal ofGeology, the Biblical World, Hebraica, and the University ExtensionWorld. The University Press has had an interesting history, but it doesnot fall within the limits of the First Year.But the sensational feature of the Plan, its boldest innovation, itsmost audacious flouting of immemorial academic tradition, makes itsunheralded appearance as No. 1 of General Regulations. "The yearshall be divided into four quarters, beginning respectively on thefirst day of October, January, April, and July, and continuing twelveweeks each, thus leaving a week between the close of one quarter and thebeginning of the next. Each quarter shall be divided into two equalterms of six weeks each." Today the Four-Quarter System is as familiarto all who are or have been members of the University as the alphabetor the multiplication table. We have had long experience of its everyTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 219possible advantage and disadvantage. We have listened to and debatedevery objection that can conceivably be urged against it. We haveamended the calendar in relatively unimportant particulars. This is notsaying that everyone is entirely satisfied with it. There are instructorswho, after considerable experience with the Four-Quarter System and itsmajor and minor credits, still long for the well-beaten paths of the familiarsemester. But it may fairly be said that it receives from the largemajority, both of students and instructors, a cordial acceptance. Todayin the University of Chicago it is taken for granted; it is a part of theestablished order. It could hardly be cast out without a rending anddislocation of the entire fabric.But in the beginning, of course, it was an upsetting novelty andurgently required explanation and justification. In the unpublishedfirst annual report (1890-91) President Harper foresees objection andelaborates the defense. "There seems to be no good reason why duringso large a portion of the year the buildings of the University should beempty, and the advantages it offers should be denied many who desirethem. The small number of hours required of professors makes itpossible for investigation to be carried on all the time, and in the climateof Chicago there is no season which upon the whole is more suitable forwork than the summer." Needless to say the President's expositionwrought conviction at once upon the practical business man the countryover. The proposition might be novel, but it was eminently sensible.No objection could stand for a moment against the running-your-plant-all-the-year-round consideration. There was, of course, much besidesthis to be said for the continuous session. The President enumeratesseven other advantages. For example: "It will permit the admissionof students to the University several times during the year rather thanat one time only." "It will enable students who have lost time becauseof illness to make up the lost work without further injury to their healthor detriment to the subject studied." But why pursue farther this well-beaten track ?The press, Eastland West, had little but applause for the Four-Quarter System. An occasional cry of distress, it is true, was raisedover the ruthless abolition of the college "class," glorified and enshrinedin the affections of every alumnus. And it did seem a pity that theHarper educational innovations, admirable as they were, taken one byone, should come in suddenly as a flood, sweeping away customs sanctioned by immemorial tradition and robbing the student career of itsrowdiest joys. "If I understand your plan," said once an anxious220 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDinquirer to the President, "there will be no clearly marked division of thestudents of the University of Chicago into classes, Freshman, Sophomore,Junior, Senior, as we have them at Yale, for example, or at Amherst?""No." "And in that case," pursued the inquirer with deepeninganxiety, "there will be no opportunity for class scrimmages, noencouragement for the hazing of Freshmen, no college spirit, in short?""I have thought of that," said the President. And it must be said forDr. Harper that he did not love innovations that offended, that inoffering his Four-Quarter Scheme he was not insensible to the real value ofthe class organization in the promotion among undergraduates of "college spirit" and of loyalty to Alma Mater among alumni. He deploredsincerely the necessary sacrifice of something worth preserving to whathe conceived to be a higher good, and he was continually devising means,not always successfully to be sure, to furnish a satisfactory substitutefor the henceforth impossible "class." He had even been heard tosay of hazing, that bete noir of college presidents, that he regarded it as intheory an admirable and wholesome institution, although in practice itappeared always and altogether detestable and vicious.In reading the multifarious contemporary comment upon the Plan,one questions whether the Summer Quarter, which bulked so largely init, was always clearly distinguished by its critics from the summer schooljust then coming into favor the country over. Along with certain superficial points of likeness there were marked and serious differences betweenthe two. To this day, it may be added, members of the University ofChicago do not receive kindly inquiries regarding "your SummerSchool." The mistake is more easily excused, however, when one reflectsthat summer schools are every year approximating more closely to theunique " Summer Quarter " of Chicago. But it must have been the hastyand pardonable assumption in 1891 and 1892 that the one was in factmerely the equivalent, under a pretentious name, of the other thatexplains the malicious jest regarding the "Chautauqua annex" at theUniversity of Chicago, once so popular in educational circles in themore highly cultured East. It cannot be charged against The Nation,however, that it did not take the Summer Quarter seriously. In anarticle upon the University in its issue of October 6, 1892, it offers thesediverting objections to it:This innovation will be serviceable to but two classes of students, the very poorand the very ambitious. Those students who have to work their way through collegeand who can best earn the funds they need by teaching country schools in winter willbe able to teach through the winter and study through the summer. But since pro-THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 221vision is made for non-resident work, the Summer Quarter does not seem necessaryto meet the wants of this class of students These long courses in short terms,the attempt to keep the University under full steam through the moist heat of aChicago summer, the encouragement given to the student to compress four years'work into three years — the whole scheme breathes that nervous, restless haste whichis one of the most deplorable features of American life. And when our universitiescome to forget that "school" means leisure, and that high thinking cannot be hurried,one of the last safeguards against the national vice of overpressure will be lost.Official Bulletin No. 1 which presented the Plan of Organizationcontained also the Charter of the University, which enumerates amongthe objects for which "said corporation" is formed, this: "To establishand maintain a university in which may be taught all branches of higherlearning." Unhappily, it has always been assumed in the United Statesthat a university charter does not necessarily create a university in thetrue sense of that word, but only an institution which is permitted toteach all branches of higher learning, and will do so, perhaps, when itsequipment, financial and otherwise, warrants the undertaking, but whichcontents itself meanwhile with the grade of instruction which allows without complete loss of self-respect the conferring of the Bachelor's degreeat the end of four years of residence.To many sincere friends of higher education the immediate establishment of a true university in Chicago, however favorable the auspices,appeared a hazardous and doubtful experiment. A college then ? Byall means. Chicago needed nothing so much as a generously endowedcollege. But was it conceivable that a university on a large scale, such asDr. Harper was planning, could find a constituency in the West ? Was itto be supposed that a city which boasted to the world of its stockyardswould sympathize at all with the research professor ?Dr. Harper was warned by his more experienced elders that he mustnot allow himself to be ruled by Chicago's bumptiousness. With tiresomeiteration he was bidden to make haste slowly, to cut his garment according to his cloth, to remember that certain things are essential tothe making of a university that money, however lavishly expended,cannot buy. Establish your college and let it expand under judiciousand conservative control. Universities are not knocked together in ashort twelve months. If, in the course of another generation, yourcollege expands into a university, well and good. By that time, perhaps, crude Chicago will have gained in wisdom as in years, and thewest will know what to think of a university.But none of these things, not grave remonstrance or flippant ridicule,moved William Rainey Harper. He accepted the offer of the presidency222 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDonly after he had arrived at the distinctest possible understanding withthe Trustees that he was expected to organize and direct an institutionprepared to do graduate work at the outset, and this settled purpose wasreinforced by Mr. Rockefeller's second gift in 189 1 of $1,000,000 accompanied by the stipulation that the income of $800,000 was to be used fornon-professional graduate instruction and fellowships. And it presentlycame to be widely understood, chiefly through the acceptance by agroup of eminent scholars of an invitation to come to Chicago, that theUniversity's chiefest concern was its graduate school. It was plain thatmen of established reputation and secure position would not forsakegraduate chairs at Freiberg and Wisconsin and Cornell, at Cambridgeand Yale and Clark on any less urgent inducement than was offered in alarger opportunity to direct the research work of advanced students.It was this line that proved strong enough to draw these adventurousscholars against the very serious, if unavoidable, handicap of the absenceat Chicago of all well-settled academic precedents and hoary traditions;against President Harper's avowed purpose to proceed by untried educational methods; and at the risk, as it seemed to not a few in that day,of the gradual abandonment of ambitious but hastily conceived schemes,if not of the eventual collapse of the entire inflated enterprise.Nor can there be any question that the promise of university instruction at Chicago was taken immediately at its face value by scores ofyoung men and women. If the University owes much — and it hasalways gratefully acknowledged this indebtedness — to the instructorswho by faith embraced the prospect from afar of things not seen as yetand rejoiced in the assurance of libraries, laboratories, and lecture hallsone day to rise out of a swamp on the outskirts of a rude and unkemptwestern city, equally must it hold in honor the earliest members of itsgraduate school who, at a crisis hour in their preparation for a life career,committed themselves unhesitatingly and loyally to its untried guidance.The President's letter-books for 1891 and 1892 are filled with inquiriesfrom persons already holding a college degree, and many of them collegeteachers, as to the new University's requirements for its Ph.D. degreein this or the other department. To the amazement of everyone but itsPresident, in the University's first enrolment its graduate students considerably outnumbered its undergraduates. The figures read 348 to276. At this time this was the largest number of graduate students inattendance at any American university. The first Annual Registercontains the names of 61 fellows, all presumably candidates for a higherTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER j, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 223degree; and at the third Convocation, June 26, 1893, closing the firstacademic year, 15 undergraduate and 24 graduate degrees were conferred.Further, it may be noted that it was Dr. Harper's insistence upon theuniversity conception in all that he said of the new institution and theannouncement of the specific designation of Mr. Rockefeller's second giftof $1,000,000 to graduate work that brought to the University theunsolicited and unexpected gift of $500,000 for the endowment of theOgden Graduate School of Science; and the formal acceptance of thisgift by the President on behalf of the Trustees, July 1, 1891, fell felicitously upon his first official day.But in the pride of its early renown, its large resources, and its largerexpectations, the University was not unmindful of its obligations to itsill-fated predecessor. It was not merely generous, but just, that thisobligation should be formally recognized. The Old University, too,though its losses were heavy and irretrievable, possessed still considerableand valuable assets of alumni loyalty which must, if possible, be transferred to its successor. It was a keenly relished jest with our conservative eastern critics that the University of Chicago had sprung full-fledgedfrom the head of Minerva, equipped not only with Graduate and Divinityschools, but with a body of alumni, the orphans of the Old University,and a professor emeritus. James Robinson Boise, Ph.D., LL.D., S.T.D.,upon whom this honor was bestowed, then in his year, was adistinguished Greek scholar who had given laborious years of instruction to the Old University and to the Baptist Theological Seminary atMorgan Park. Never were academic honors more worthily bestowed!As early as February 2, 1891, the secretary of the Board of Trusteeshad addressed the following letter to the alumni of the Old University:It is made my duty, as it is also a pleasure, to communicate to you the followingaction of the Board of Trustees of the new University which was taken February 2,189 1. Resolved, that in view of the relation of the new University of Chicago to theinstitution that formerly bore that name, we hereby confirm and re-enact the degreesof B.A. and B.S. conferred by the former University of Chicago, and we invite thegraduates to consider themselves alumni of this University and to co-operate with us inbuilding it into greatness.The Old University graduated, in its 25 classes, 311 men and women.At the time this letter was written there were 282 living alumni. Dr.Galusha Anderson, President o£ the Old University (1878-85), becameHead Professor of Homiletics in the Divinity School of the University ofChicago. Nathaniel Butler, Professor of English in the Old University(1884-86), was Director of the University Extension Division in the new224 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDUniversity. The alumni of the Old University were represented on thefaculty of the new by Charles Richmond Henderson, class of '70; RobertFrancis Harper, class of '83; Elizabeth C. Cooley, class of '83; DavidJudson Lingle, class of '85. Theodore Morelle Hammond, class of '85,was the University Steward in the First Year. Three members of theBoard of Trustees were alumni of the Old University — Frederick A.Smith, class of '65; Ferdinand W. Peck, class of '68; and Eli B. Felsen-thal, class of '78.That this adoption of the alumni of the Old University was takenseriously by both parties is shown by the action of the University Weekly,which began at once the publication of "Alumni Notes." In the lastissue of the academic year, June 19, 1893, the Weekly publishes thiseditorial note:All the visible connecting link between the old and the new Universities of Chicagois the old alumni. We thought it therefore fitting in this, our goodby number, to giveattention to this part of the University Fortunately, we are able to present toour readers engravings of the last class of the old, and the first class of the new, University, and we trust that these classes may clasp hands across the intervening six yearsand so make continuous the history and interest of the old institution. We trust,moreover, that the alumni will appreciate that the Weekly is their organ as well as thestudents', and that it has, ever since the first number, given a considerable attentionto their interests. It is the only student publication of the University, it has madearrangements to appear again next year, and will continue to be the official organof the alumni.The importance attached by the students themselves to the Graduate School is shown in the attention given it by the University News.In the first month of the first quarter the News publishes a classificationof the graduate students' by departments, by which it appears thatPolitical Economy leads with 22, English, Classics, and History 15 each,and Semitics n, and a table showing the colleges and universities (62 inall) from which these students have received degrees. Later appears aneditorial beginning, "The University has definitely announced that itspolicy is to emphasize the work of the Graduate School." In November the News publishes in full an address by Professor Hale beforethe Baptist Social Union on "The Graduate School. Its Place in theUniversity and the Problems Presented by It," and comments editorially and with approval upon these words: "We must make it evident that the undergraduate body, with its problems of fraternities, oforganizations, of debating societies, of athletic victories and defeats, interesting as these things are, is not the heart of the University. Wemust magnify the name of the Graduate School."THE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892 , TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 225In a review of the University's first quarter, December 23, the Newsreturns to this topic: "The undergraduate element may not find hereexactly the life which prevails in a distinctly academic college. Thepredominant element is the graduate, and the undergraduate element isbeginning to accept the fact, and adapt itself accordingly."It is open to conjecture that these editorials were "inspired." Buthowever that may have been, they leave no doubt that already in theautumn of 1892 it was commonly recognized by everyone that theGraduate School of the University held the first place in its affections andhopes. In all departments graduate courses and seminars were offered,and the conditions upon which graduate degrees would be conferredare set forth in detail. "No honorary degrees are conferred by theUniversity," say the statutes of 1892 succinctly and austerely. But fromthis counsel of perfection the University, as everyone knows, laterlapsed cheerfully and with scant apology for its defection. As if to mockand deride the disappointed seeker for easy alphabetic honors, these samestatutes of 1892 inform him how he must proceed if he wishes to attain aChicago LL.D. Here are the steep successive steps by which he mayclimb to the royal purple:For the degree of Doctor of Laws candidates will be required: (1) to have receivedthe degree of Ph.D.; (2) to spend three years of resident study at the University inpursuance of an accepted course of study; (3) to present a printed thesis upon a subjectwhich has been approved by the head of the Department in which the principal partof the candidate's work has been done; (4) to pass a satisfactory final examination uponthe work of the three years.There is no record of a single candidate who has offered himself forthis "Great Adventure."To this early emphasis upon the University proper may be ascribedno doubt the tradition current in every student generation that the Trustees are proposing, as soon as a decent pretext can be found or manufactured, to shuffle off entirely the undergraduate colleges. A shadowyjustification for the rumor is discernible perhaps in the language of thePresident to the Arts Faculty at its first meeting, in which he expresseshis hope that "the time would come when the work of the AcademicColleges might be done elsewhere than on this campus, leaving the facultyfree to devote its undivided time and strength to the higher work."It will be of interest to quote on this topic from the President's firstannual report, left unfinished and never published:It is now expected by all who are interested that the University idea is to beemphasized. It is proposed to establish not a College but a University, and it was226 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwith this thought in mind that the selection of the Faculty has been made. A largenumber of the professors have been selected with the understanding that their workis to be exclusively in the Graduate School. The organization, as it has been perfected,would be, from the college point of view, entirely a mistake. It has been the desire toestablish an institution which should not be a rival of the many colleges already inexistence, but which should help these colleges. The cry which is frequently heardthat there are too many colleges has no foundation. We have not too many colleges.There is ground for complaint, however, that the colleges which we have are notbetter provided with means for doing the work which they profess to do. To assistthese numerous colleges, to furnish them instructors who shall be able to do work ofthe highest order — to accomplish this purpose the main energies of the institution havebeen directed toward graduate work. By the terms of Mr. Rockefeller's gifts thelarger portion of the University's income must be devoted to non-professional graduate work. The gift of Mr. William B. Ogden is especially set apart for graduate workin pure science. The lecture hall of the University has been arranged solely with aview to the highest efficiency in the Graduate Department, and to this end eachDepartment is assigned a suite of rooms, the central room of which is a departmentallibrary. The setting apart of a sum of money sufficient to sustain forty fellowships isanother indication of the plan and purpose of the work. It is understood, therefore,from the beginning that college work is to occupy a secondary place in the organizationof the institution.With what inward satisfaction Dr. Harper must have spoken thesewords in his Convocation Statement of July i, 1893:The demand for graduate work was greater than could have been expected.There have been enrolled in the Graduate School of the University 210 students, andthis notwithstanding the fact that our laboratories are not yet built, and that many ofthe departments are entirely without equipment to do advanced work. The historyof the Graduate School for the year shows also that eastern men will not hesitate tocome west; that antiquity, after all, means little. Students soon learn where goodwork is done. In undergraduate work it may be the institution which draws students?in graduate work it is not the institution but the man.In the "General Regulations of the University" as published inOfficial Bulletin No. 1 stands this ordinance:Every undergraduate student shall be required, and every graduate studentrequested, to attend the daily Chapel service. This service shall be held upon weekdays at 12:30 p.m. and upon Sunday at 9:30 a.m.Long before the opening day, however, it became plain that therequired undergraduate attendance was impracticable until a largerassembly room could be provided, and this particular provision was suspended. Nor was it found desirable to continue the Saturday andSunday chapels later than the first quarter. The daily chapel servicestipulated for in the Regulations was duly held at 12:30 on October 1.The assembly room at the north end of Cobb Hall, seating nearly fiveTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER r, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 227hundred, was filled, with a fringe of men standing against the wall onthree sides. A group of Trustees, seventeen in number, sat at the leftof the platform, and on the right members of the University faculties.Promptly upon the hour the din of hammer and saw with which thebuilding was ringing ceased, and a little procession in academic dressentered, consisting of William Rainey Harper, President of the University and Head Professor of the Semitic Languages and Literatures;Harry Pratt Judson, Professor of Political Science and Head Dean ofthe Colleges; Eri Baker Hulbert, Head Professor of Church History andDean of the Divinity School; Galusha Anderson, Head Professor ofHomiletics; and Alice Freeman Palmer, Dean of Women in the GraduateSchool and the Colleges. The simple and impressive religious servicefollowed this order: The doxology, "Praise God from whom all blessingsflow," was sung. The President led the congregation in the Lord'sPrayer. A hymn followed, "Nearer my God to Thee." A responsivereading, Ps. 95 : 1-7, was led by the President. After a second hymn,"Oh, could I speak the matchless worth," Dean Judson read the Scripture lesson, Gen., chap. 1; John, chap. 1; Phil 4:8, 9. Professor Anderson offered prayer, and the service closed with the singing of the hymn,"Hail to the Lord's Anointed," and with the benediction spoken byDean Hulbert. The temptation to "improve the occasion" with anecdotes and exhortations was great, but it was resisted, and no "announcements" were thrust upon the congregation. An anniversary chapelservice has been held ever since at the opening of the Autumn Quarter.For many years the original order of service was followed at this assembly,with, as far as possible, the original participants.Here, then, in the midsummer of 1891, is the University fairlylaunched, with a Charter, a Board of Trustees, an endowment, a Planof Organization, a President, two or three members of a faculty, a site,and a long list of inquiring students. To this enumeration of assets mightbe added a reputation. The fame of the University has gone abroad.Newspapers the country over are occupied with it, exclaiming, explaining, criticizing, commending. One wonders that, with the Columbian Exposition on their minds, they could have given so much space tothe "Rockefeller School on the Midway." There was, to be sure,very much more commendation than criticism. The Chicago press,in particular, was most generous in space and in adjectives. It wasan exceptionally ill-natured New England newspaper (the New HavenNews, September 7, 1890) that regarded as shocking the suggestionthat a university could live "in the midst of the pork factories and vulgar228 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsplendor of Chicago." "Schools of learning, it can be proved from history," it continues, "flourish in retired and quiet places," like New Havenand Cambridge, it may be supposed. But when another eastern journalcommented on the Plan of Organization in these words: "To sum up thenew project, it proposes to treat education simply as a commodity kept onsale at the University," it appears to have intended high praise for the"new project," which it regarded as one "perfectly squared with thedemands of the age."The urgent concern of Dr. Harper from 1890 to 1892 was the verydifficult and responsible task of the selection of a faculty. The necessary correspondence involved in the choice and engagement of men andwomen was enormous, and it was made infinitely more laborious by theobligation to give courteous attention to the many self -advertising menand women for whose intellectual wares the incredibly rich "ChicagoUniversity" — pretty nearly everybody said "Chicago University" inthose days — seemed likely to offer a market. Here, in illustration,are two modest propositions taken at random from the President'scorrespondence. "I am prepared," says a supposedly learned but asyet obscure scholar, " to teach all the Latin that will probably be requiredin your University, and, with some reviewing, all the mathematics orGreek." "I hereby make application," says another, not ignorant of hisown worth, "for the position of Instructor in Mathematics in the Preparatory Department of the new Baptist University. My work in this, as inother lines, has been extraordinarily successful. I can do excellent workin other lines if desirable. Among my most successful branches arecivil government, political economy, and history." But these impossibleoffers, often made, nevertheless, with a disarming ingenuousness, werefar more easily declined than the many hardly less preposterous proposals which had the serious, even urgent, support of men who, it wasimperative, should not be lightly displeased and alienated. "I ambeginning," wrote Dr. Harper to a friend in March, 1891, "to becomeworried on account of the immense number of applications that arecoming in, backed by leading men, applications which I am in the bottomof my soul confident are in most cases absolutely worthless. The assurance which characterizes some of the applicants is amazing, and also theground urged by those who present the claims."The progress of this unique search for a faculty, marked by alternations of grievous disappointment and signal success, was daily recordedin the newspapers with admonitory, sarcastic, congratulatory comments.The man who received, or supposed that he had received, a flatteringTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER 1, 1893 229offer and had declined it could hardly resist the temptation to impart it,always under injunctions of secrecy, to a few confidential friends.Acceptances, of course, must have publication as speedily as possible."The Chicago University," says an astute eastern editor (the NewHaven Palladium, March 19, 1891), "is thus far on paper, and it mustbe difficult to persuade the leading instructors of the country — andProfessor Harper wishes no other — to share in the uncertain possibilitiesof the enterprise even by the most tempting inducements. Theseerudite men are not mercenary. They have no use for a great income."But the Chicago papers bubbled over daily with joyful announcementsof another "capture" and with laudatory biographies, accompaniedby disheartening woodcuts, of world-famed and distinguished scholarswhom the University delighted to honor. Sometimes, to be sure, thesecaptives escaped and left us wondering by what malign perversion of thetruth their confidence in us could have been shaken.When it was discovered in the summer of 1891 that Dr. Harper wasproposing a brief visit to Europe, the newspapers promptly discovereda mare's nest. It went without saying that to the penetrating mind ofthe purveyor of public intelligence his true errand, whatever his ostensiblepurpose, was clearly nothing other than to "pick up" notabilities for hisUniversity. "But what about the Alien Contract Labor Law?" thePresident was asked by a reporter on the eve of his departure. And thecandid and unsophisticated President, a contemporary account relates,was obliging enough instantly to confide to the citizens of the UnitedStates his ingenious scheme for sneaking around this embarrassing law.What could be simpler than to advise a promising candidate to arrivein Chicago in the course of desultory world wanderings and there happento fall in with the Trustees of the University ? How gratifying to allparties concerned if it should be then and there discovered that thisincidental tourist was precisely the man for whom they were looking?An absurd hullabaloo was raised over the question of would-be Universityprofessors and the Alien Contract Labor Law. In simple justice toone sensitive conscience we must record the righteous protest of asouthern editor at this "slick scheme." "This Chicago University,"he cries, "is a religious institution. Nice example, that, for a layman tofollow!"The net result of the President's arduous labors in correspondence,interviews, and journeys was the engagement, before the first day ofOctober, 1892, of in instructors, and these men and women, with fewexceptions, were in residence when the University opened. At the close230 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the First Year the faculty numbered 143, "a corps of instructors,"said the President in the Convocation Statement of October 1,1893, "larger in proportion to the number of students than in any institution in the country."But it must not be forgotten in the most cursory survey of the President's labors in this preparatory period that his mail brought him day byday extraordinary letters, containing sometimes impertinent advice andremonstrance, sometimes grotesquely impossible requests, which, nevertheless, could not be always ignored. There was the persistent andvoluminous correspondent in an eastern city, who, by wide scientificresearch, had satisfied himself that the French are descended from thatcompany of Jews deported by Nebuchadnezzar. Resting confidently inthis conclusion, he challenged "one of the most foremost Bible scholarsof the day" to refute his argument. There was the platform oratorwho was composing a lecture entitled "The Birth of Intellect," basedupon the interesting assumption that "there is a period in the lives of allgreat thinkers when the mind by a leap, as it were, springs into the regionof higher thought." Will President Harper kindly aid in the establishment of this hypothesis ? "May I ask if there was a period in your lifewhen intellect seemed to take a leap, when the mind seemed to lay holdwith firm grasp upon all knowledge?" There was the pastor whoardently wished $1,000 with which to purchase a "vocalion" for hischurch. His unctuous Scriptural appeal deserves to be rescued fromoblivion.I have had the audacity and, I almost tremble to think of it, brazen cheek toconceive of Mr. Rockefeller as coming to our assistance. The more I think of his helpthe more the magnificence of the idea looms up before my imagination. I think of theprecious ointment upon the head that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard,that went down to the skirts of his garments. I am profane enough to liken the storageof Mr. Rockefeller's wells and tanks and pipe lines to the precious ointment upon thehead, oiling my hair and my clothes and the troubled waters in which I am at presentdriven with the winds and tossed. Is there any one who can mediate for me likeyourself ? Be good as well as great and you will surely obtain a reward.There was the super-serviceable clergyman in New Zealand who wroteto furnish the names of several locally eminent men upon whom theUniversity might with credit to itself bestow its honorary degrees.Innumerable authors sent the President their productions for candidcriticism. He was asked to read and give his opinion upon articles on"Woman's Status in God's Word," "Did Joseph Write the Book ofJob?" "Is the Higher Education Topheavy?" "A Reply to Huxley'sTHE FIRST YEAR: OCTOBER i, 1892, TO OCTOBER j, 1893 231Views on Noah's Flood." He was challenged to defend his view ofGenesis. He was entreated to discontinue his assaults upon the Faith.It was the President's habit to acknowledge every letter thatappeared to have been written in good faith, although the unfailingcourtesy which marked these replies too often encouraged the continuation of annoying inquiry and controversy. Nevertheless, it was a dutydevolving upon him by the position in which he was placed, a part of theday's inevitable drudgery to be cheerfully and patiently accepted. Tosuffer fools gladly according to the apostolic admonition is a mysteriousdiscipline which men of wide reputation and large affairs can hardlyexpect to escape.[To be continued]SOME NEW APPOINTEESErnest W. Burgess, Associate Professor of Sociology, was born inTilbury, Ontario, 1886, and received his baccalaureate degree atKingfisher College, Oklahoma, in 1908. From 1909 to 191 2 he was agraduate student in sociology in the University of Chicago, being aFellow of the department from 1910 to 191 2. The degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy was conferred on him by the University of Chicago in 1913.In Toledo University he was an instructor from 1912 to 1913; in 1913he became assistant professor of sociology in the University of Kansas,and in 191 5 he was appointed assistant professor of sociology in OhioState University. In 1916 he published: The Function of Socializationin Social Evolution.Harry Alvin Millis, Associate Professor of Political Economy, afterhis graduation from Indiana University in 1895, became a graduatestudent and Fellow of the Department of Political Economy in theUniversity of Chicago (1896-99). He received his Doctor's degree in1899. From 1899 to 1902 he was reference librarian of the John CrerarLibrary. In 1902 he became professor of economics and sociology inthe University of Arkansas. In 1903 he was appointed assistant professorand later associate professor in Leland Stanford Junior University.During his leave of absence from Stanford, 1908-10, he served as expertin charge of) the western investigations of the United States Immigration Commission. Since 191 2 he has been professor and head of thedepartment of economics in the University of Kansas. Mr. Millis,taught at the University of Chicago during the summer quarters of191 2, 1913, and 1916. In addition to many articles in his special fieldsof taxation and labor problems, he has published Vols. XXIII, XXIV,and XXV of the Report of the United States Immigration Commission andThe Japanese Problems in the United States, 1915. Professor Millis ismarried and has three children.The vacancy caused by the resignation of Professor Moore of theLaw School has been filled by the appointment of Herman EnzlaOliphant as Assistant Professor of Law. Professor Oliphant was bornin 1884, took his Bachelor's degree at Indiana University in 1908,and, after a few years of normal-school teaching, came to the Universityof Chicago Law School, where he received the degree of J.D. in 1914,232SOME NEW APPOINTEES 233cum laude, the first man in his class. The following year he was an instructor in the College of Commerce and Administration, principally engaged in organizing the courses in Business Law, and in 191 5-16 he waspromoted to an assistant professorship. During both years he was givingnearly half his time to the Law School, where he reorganized and extended the course in Brief Making and Argumentation most effectively.In Business Law he collected and arranged material suitable for thestudy of the subject of the case method, producing the first satisfactorymedium for the adequate teaching of this subject that has appeared.His work in the Law School will be chiefly in commercial topics. In1904 he married Jewell Sims, of Forest, Indiana, and has two children.Professor Oliphant is the first graduate of the Law School to be appointed a member of the Law Faculty.Dr. Jean Felix Piccard, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, was born inJanuary, 1884, at Basle, Switzerland. After graduating from the Ober-reals chule in Basle he attended the University of Basle for one year, andthen took the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (D.Sc.Nat.) in theSwiss Polytechnic in Zurich under Professor Willstaetter in 1909.Dr. Piccard then spent five years at the University of Munich, two yearsas research associate of Professor Baeyer and three years in independentwork, taking the privatdocentship examination in 1914. In the autumnof that year he went to the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, wherehe lectured on organic chemistry, especially on the aromatic series. Hehas published the results of his investigations in the field of organicdyes, on inorganic problems, and on catalysis in the Berichte derdeutschen chemischen Gesellschaft and in LiebigJs Annalen. His principalfields of work include the study of aniline dyes, enzyme problems, andproblems of velocities of reaction.Frederic Campbell Woodward has been appointed Professor of Lawin place of Professor Cook, whose resignation was announced last spring.Professor Woodward was born in Middle town, New York, in 1874, andreceived his legal education at Cornell University, where he took thedegree of Bachelor of Laws (1894) and Master of Laws (1895), writingthe prize thesis of his year. After graduation he practiced law in NewYork City until 1898, when he became professor of law at DickinsonCollege. In 1902 he was called to a similar position in the reorganizedlaw school of Northwestern University, and was the first editor-in-chiefof the Illinois Law Review at its establishment in 1906. A year later hewent to Stanford University, where he has been the executive head ofthe law department from 1909 to 1916. He received an honorary234 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMaster's degree from Dickinson in 1902, and was elected an honorarymember of Phi Beta Kappa at Northwestern in 1906. ProfessorWoodward is the author of a treatise on Quasi-Contracts and a casebookon Sales, both of which are widely and favorably known, and he hascontributed to the legal magazines a number of important articles,chiefly upon topics in the law of contracts and quasi-contracts and uponlegal education. In the latter field he has been active in bar and law-school association work, for three years being chairman of the sectionon legal education of the California Bar Association. He is also chairmanof the Committee on Qualifications for Membership of the AmericanAssociation of University Professors. In 1904 he married ElizabethRaymond of Evanston, Illinois. Professor Woodward's principal workin the Law School will be in the fields of Equity (including quasi-contracts) and Criminal Law.TUITION FEES IN THE COLLEGESIn the Colleges of the University attendance has notably increasedin recent years: 1907-8,2,408; 1908-9,2,574; 1909-10,2,686; 1910-11,2,610; 1911-12,2,794; 1912-13,2,881; 1913-14,2,892; 1914-15,3,187;1915-16, 3,367. Consequently there has been a corresponding increasein the cost of instruction. The increased income from tuition fees isinadequate for the required expenditure for instruction, because only38 . 9 per cent of the cost of tuition is derived from these fees. To meetthe remainder of the charge there has been no permanent increase inendowment. To pay the cost of instruction in the Colleges the Trusteeshave therefore been obliged to use income desirable for graduate instruction and research. Of course, such a diverting of funds from the primaryfunctions of a university must be only temporary.As remedies for the situation several plans were considered. Anincrease in the size of classes so that the present instructional staff mighthandle the greatly increased number of students was rejected, becauseincrease in the size of the classes would reduce the efficiency of instruction. Limitation of the number of students admitted to the Collegeswas considered, but for the present, at least, has been postponed.The income on one million dollars at 6 per cent would provide thefunds needed for the immediate future. Nobody has as yet, however,provided the million dollars of endowment. To secure approximately$60,000 a year what increase in fees would be necessary ? On the basisof the registration of students in the Colleges in the Spring Quarter, 1916,it was estimated that an increase of $10 a quarter would provide theneeded income. For the normal college year (three quarters) this wouldmake tuition in the University of Chicago $150. It is interesting tonote that at Harvard tuition in the colleges is $200; at Yale, $160; atColumbia, $185; and at Pennsylvania, $150. This last plan, recommended by the University Senate, was adopted by the Board of Trusteesat a meeting on May 9, 1916, and announced in June, 1916. Beginningwith the Summer Quarter, 1917, the tuition fee in the Colleges will bechanged from $40 to $50 per quarter. The new rule will not apply tostudents already registered.23s236 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMCOO VO 0 t* . HJ5 ^^ Tf 0> WOO Ov co OO O M « CO OO • 0 W H **<+ «4 O OVC* "3 " O O CS H H H H Ci H CO O vo vn5 co CO H w 0 CO co co O O0 H M(O" 00 VO "<t rl ¦ «t « «t «t • CO H 0 « vr > 00 O 00 H Tf « H O H Ol^ox to 0 CO lOOO 00 «o co 00 • M t^. CO Ci Ci O M xt *>>• rj- vo « vc 5 *-»vo 0^0 VO to ci vr > CJ^ 00 w co H H H OO^ to H CO« H M M cf *H t* •$ ¦<ts?^: 00 « C» HI O 00 t^. 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CO H VOO Op* o> 0 \ CO CO M *> CI H «t M W CI 00 00 O H txU9J\[ H CI M rj- H VO VO00 0 \ t- CO « C > CO VO VO « M CO coo t^o ci x*. 0 vo t* 3 Cl OCO co c 5 O0 0 \ O MOV > t>. t>» O 0> M O O CO H CM H H •<}¦ 5 00wH1 I^OX t-n 0» CO « Tj O CO M c* M H H VO H VO H COH t-T cT H CO CO<* H O *- • 00 « H/-N O* • CO O « H O CO • '• H it OIONC * 00U3UIOAV W00CO w 0> « Orj- H M <s h co *— 'rv h • CO VO O CO"t to TtH CIi-TM CI co ci c*vo O CO H CO H• vo rf vo t^H vo t^ xj-voo CO H O vo ci 00 t<» COO ¦<? r «w t» H CO 00 CO tJ CO vo CO H H H H xt vC H«ONM VOC/3 U9J^ rt^J CO H H CM Ifl <t HH 0» H H H^OOI- ChHCI 0) ¦^- t^ rt" C 5 Tf CO H O vo « NHlflC >X CI CS H VO CI 0 O "t CI It "> &<¦O O O VN 0» C ) VO vo t^ 00 H t-» O "* t- co co h rf O O VO H T h Or^ox *^vo 00^ *t «0 CO M H W H H H M N O H *¦»H H H CO H H rf xt00 a ^ t>. O00 w O CO M<"-* H H t>- VO CO H a H ^. . . f O tJ-VO O C >* OH O «N CO « tJ-i/ 5 <N vo s-' dN5 *- t VO^ CO ¦%¦ ¦ O xt O Ouanio^ VO H t^. VN M C OO^iO voHCO M W-O *»& : : i-T cT cf"* c > t» HO H 00 VO O VO xt vo «00 xt c ^ co t^ h vo h ¦<t O00 covC tx&4 0** . \o 0 -too C< O* VO O M co O co »- W C4 M Tt 00 0 0 O c< •i 0U9J\[ VOT] O^ «H« OO^ H c* H H H H *¦» rt f «t-T « cT cTS : bPi W [ 3 •..2 :g an1 i.3.sxn<L>1-2 pi : :.2 • "e«j § rt"2 •3 i<uI a. __^5 3 ;§i£ 0 S3 o"^ ° ?> !>.+2 S H'gi c a 5 i01« a,•3S ) _c "3*35 2.fc«33^O 0 • * Y,HOggJHwhC Ssisi 1! O O nJ • ,• g O c3 « h3«2^- 1 0 0 0 ¦?¦1 55^J8l |3 5 ^2 J 3 2 != >1 >) WHO ^O ) HC > «»Ut ) f"1 £ ,W * * •Hh3 M «J Hh * «o 4h-i HEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE-HUNDREDTH CONVOCATIONSamuel Chiles Mitchell, Ph.D., president of Delaware College, Newark,Delaware, was the Convocation oratoron September i.The Award of Honors included theelection of eleven students to membership in the Beta of Illinois Chapter ofPhi Beta Kappa.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the title of Associate, 28; the certificate of the Collegeof Education, 14; the degree of Bachelorof Arts, 4; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy, 101; the degree of Bachelorof Science, 26. The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 1 1 ; the degreeof Bachelor of Divinity, 4; the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy, 2. The LawSchool: the degree of Bachelor of Laws,3; the degree of Doctor of Law, 12.The Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,and Science: the degree of Master ofArts, 50; the degree of Master of Science,27; the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,31. The total number of degrees conferred (not including titles and certificates) was 271.GENERAL ITEMSThe Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening ofAugust 31.Mr. V. K. Wellington Koo, Chineseminister to the United States, will beConvocation orator in December.At the one hundred and twenty-secondcommencement of Williams College,held on June 21, Professor Albert HarrisTolman received the honorary degree ofDoctor of Humane Letters.UNIVERSITY PREACHERSAutumn Quarter 191 6October 8 Bishop Charles Henry Brent,of the Philippine Islands" 15 Settlement Sunday October 22 Rev. Francis Greenwood Peabody, Harvard DivinitySchool, Cambridge, Massachusetts" 29 Rev. Francis Greenwood PeabodyNovember 5 Bishop Charles David Williams, Detroit, Michigan" 12 Bishop Charles David Williams" 19 President James Gore KingMcClure, McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago,Illinois" 26 Dean Charles Reynolds Brown,Yale School of Religion,New Haven, ConnecticutDecember 3 Dean Charles Reynolds Brown" 10 Rev. Luther Rice Christie,First Baptist Church, Columbus, Georgia" 17 Convocation Sunday. To beannouncedWinter Quarter 191 7January 7 President Albert Parker Fitch,Andover Theological Semi-inary, Cambridge, Massachusetts" 14 President Albert Parker Fitch" 21 Bishop William Fraser McDowell, Evanston, Illinois" 28 Bishop William FraserMcDowellFebruary 4 Rev. Cornelius Woelfkin, FifthAvenue Baptist ChurchNew York, N.Y." n Rev. Cornelius Woelfkin" 18 President William HerbertPerry Faunce, Brown University, Providence, RhodeIsland" 25 Dr. Robert Elliott Speer, NewYork, N.Y.March 4 Bishop Francis John Mc-Connell, Denver, Colorado" 11 Bishop Francis John Mc-Connell" 18 Convocation Sunday. ProfessorHugh Black, Union Theological Seminary, New York,N.Y.Spring Quarter 191 7April 8 Rev. Burris Atkins Jenkins,Linwood Boulevard Christian Church, Kansas City,Missouri237238 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDApril is Professor Edward Caldwell MayMoore, Harvard Divinity "School, Cambridge, Massachusetts "", 22 Professor Edward Caldwell JuneMoore" 29 Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick,Union Theological Seminary,New York, N.Y. "May 6 To be announced 13 To be announced20 Rev. James Freeman, Minneapolis, Minnesota27 To be announced3 Rev. George Alexander Johnston Ross, Union Theological Seminary, New York,N.Y.10 Convocation Sunday. To beannouncedINDEXINDEXAlumni, The, 135.Anatomy Building, equipment for, 159.Appointments, 49, 76, 156, 208, 232.Attendance: Autumn (19 15), 108; spring(1916), 157; total for 1915-16, 134;winter (1916), 73, 108; summer (1916),236; for year ending June 30, 1916,209.Barton, Enos M., death of, 158; memorial to, 209.Belgium, correspondence by DeanAngell, Professor Leon Van der Essen,etc., regarding sympathy of Universityfor, 56.Board of Trustees: appointments, 49,76, 156, 208; attendance at University,209; Barton, Enos M., memorial to,209 (see also 158); chair of politicaland economic history of Poland, 211;Chamberlin, Professor Thomas C,bust of, 211; Chandler, ProfessorCharles, retirement of, 49; Chapel,location of proposed, 158; civil government scholarships, 211; coins, collection of Chinese, presented by Rev.Jacob Speicher, 50; gifts to the University, 80, 210 (see also 74, 136);honorary degrees, change in statutesregarding, 159 (see also 141); Laughlin,Professor J. Laurence, retirement of,157; leave of absence, 157; MilitaryScience, instruction in, 157, 211;Physiology, Department of, erectedfrom Department of PhysiologicalChemistry and Pharmacology, 211;promotions, 76, 156, 209; Quarter-Centennial Celebration, the, 50, 77(see also 53, 74, 91, 168); resignations,49, !57, 209; Rosenberger, Mr. andMrs. Jesse L., gifts of, for Fellowshipand Scholarship, 79 (see also 74, 136);Sanskrit and Indo-European Comparative Philology, change of name ofDepartment of, 158; TheologicalSchools, building for, 77 (see also 75,137); tuition fees, increase in rate,158; U.S. Weather Bureau, meteorological observatory of, established inJulius Rosenwald Hall, 79.Bond, William Scott: address of, atNinety-ninth Convocation, in. Burgess, Ernest W., appointment of, asAssociate Professor of Sociology, 232.Carlson, Anton J., appointment of, asChairman of Department of Physiology, 211.Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder: addressof, at Ninety-ninth Convocation, 117;bust of, 211.Chandler, Professor Charles, retirementof, 49.Civil government, endowment of scholarships in, 211.Class-of-1916 gift, 138.Coins, collection of Chinese, presentedto University by Rev. Jacob Speicher,50.Colver-Rosenberger Fellowship andScholarship, gifts for endowment of,74, 79, !36.Constructive Citizenship (Samuel ChilesMitchell), 201.Convocation: Ninety-seventh, 1, 55;Ninety-eighth, 55, 57, 107; Ninety-ninth, 109; One-hundredth, 201, 237.Convocation Addresses:— Ninety-seventh Convocation: WalterL. Fisher, Preparations for Peace, 1.— Ninety-eighth Convocation: J. Laurence Laughlin, Economic Liberty, 57.— Ninety-ninth Convocation: JamesOliver Murdock, on behalf of studentsin residence, 109; William ScottBond, on behalf of the alumni of theColleges, in; Edwin Herbert Lewis,on behalf of the alumni of the Graduateand Professional Schools, 114; ThomasChrowder Chamberlin, on behalf ofthe Faculties of the University, 117;Martin A. Ryerson, on behalf of theBoard of Trustees, 121; Harry A.Wheeler, on behalf of the citizens ofChicago, 125; John D. Rockefeller,Jr., on behalf of the Founder, 129.— One-hundredth Convocation: SamuelChiles Mitchell, Constructive Citizenship, 201.Convocation Ode (Howard MumfordJones), 145.241242 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDConvocation Sermon:— Ninety-ninth Convocation: AlbertParker Fitch, 174.Departmental Conferences, 154.Divinity School, Semi-Centennial Celebration of the, 197.Eckels, Mrs. George Morris, gift by, of"The George Morris Eckels Collection," 75, 136.Economic Liberty (J. Laurence Laughlin), 57.Elizabethan Jig, presentation of, 56.Events, Past and Future: attendance(Autumn Quarter, 1915), 108; (SpringQuarter, 1916), 157; (Summer Quarter,19 16), 236; Belgium, attitude ofUniversity toward professors from, 55;general items, 107, 199, 237; militaryservice by members of Faculties,alumni, and students, 199 (see also 73);Ninety-seventh Convocation, 55 (seealso 1); Ninety-eighth Convocation,55, 107 (see also 57); Ninety-ninthConvocation, 199 (see also 109, 199);One-hundredth Convocation, 200, 237(see also 201); plays, mediaeval andRenaissance, presented under auspicesof Department of English, 56, 200;University preachers (19 16-17), 237;Van der Essen, Leon, correspondenceof, regarding sympathy of Universityfor "Belgian Cause," 56.Faculties, The University, historicalretrospect, 132.Fellowships, award of (1916-17), 101.Finley, John Huston, Mobilization, 184.First Year, The: October 1, 1892, toOctober 1, 1893 (Alonzo KetchamParker), 212.Fisher, Walter L., Preparations for Peace,1.Fitch, Albert Parker, The ConvocationSermon, 174.Geography, Department of, gift to, 136.Gifts to the University, 74, 80, 136, 210.Gunsaulus, Frank Wakeley, gifts by, ofincunabula, 74, 136.Henderson, Mrs. Charles R., gift by, oflibrary of the late Professor Henderson,136.History of the University, 132. Honorary degrees: addition of Doctor ofHumane Letters and Doctor of Scienceto those conferred by University, 159;conferred at the Quarter-CentennialCelebration of the University, 141.Ida Noyes Hall: administration of, 90;illustration of, facing p. 109; gift of,137; dedication of, 160.Illustration: Ida Noyes Hall, facingp. 109.Jones, Howard Mumford, ConvocationOde, 145.Judson, President, honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws conferred upon, 200.Laughlin, J. Laurence: on EconomicLiberty, 57; retirement of, 157.Lewis, Edwin Herbert, address of, atNinety-ninth Convocation, 114.Lowy, Haiman, gift by, to establishscholarship, 136.Mathews, Albert P., appointment of, aschairman of Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology,211.Military Obligations of Citizenship(Major-General Leonard Wood), 81.Military science, instruction in, 134, 157,211.Military service, members of Faculties,alumni, and students who have entered,73, 199-Millis, Harry Alvin, appointment of,as Associate Professor of PoliticalEconomy, 232.Mitchell, Samuel Chiles, ConstructiveCitizenship, 201.Mobilization (John Huston Finley), 184.Murdock, James Oliver, address of, atNinety-ninth Convocation, 109.Nice Wanton, presentation of, 56, 200.Ninety-seventh Convocation, 1, 55.Ninety-eighth Convocation, 55, 57, 107.Ninety-ninth Convocation, 109, 199.Noyes, La Verne, gift by, of Ida NoyesHall 137.Oliphant, Herman Enzla, appointmentof, as Assistant Professor of Law, 232.One-hundredth Convocation, 200, 201,237.INDEX 243Parker, Alonzo Ketcham, The FirstYear: October 1, 1892, to October 1,1893, 212.Physiology: Department of, erected, 211;equipment of building for, 159.Piccard, Jean Felix, appointment of, asAssistant Professor of Chemistry, 233.Pike, Charles Burrall, gift by, of engravings, 140.Poland, establishment of chair of politicaland economic history of, 211.Portraits, University, 95.Preparations for Peace (Walter L.Fisher), 1.President's Quarterly Statement, The:at the Ninety-eighth Convocation, 73;at the Ninety-ninth Convocation, 132.Promotions, 76, 156, 209.Quarter-Centennial, The, 53, 74; committees of, 52, 53, 78; exhibits, 168;expenses of, provision for, 78; honorarydegrees conferred at, 141; motion-picture record of, 200;, plans for, byBoard of Trustees, 50; program of, 91.Renaissance Society, The, 193.Resignations, 49, 157, 209.Rockefeller, John D., Jr., address of, atthe Ninety-ninth Convocation, 129.Rosenberger, Mr. and Mrs. Jesse L.,gifts by, for Fellowship and Scholarship, 74, 79, 136.Ryerson, Martin A., address of atNinety-ninth Convocation, 121.Sanskrit and Indo-European Comparative Philology, change of name ofdepartment of, 158.Second Shepherd's Play, presentation of,56, 200. Speicher, Rev. Jacob, collection ofChinese coins presented by, 50.Sponsus, presentation of, 56, 200.Stieglitz, Professor Julius, honorarydegree of Doctor of Chemistry conferred upon, 200.Swift, Harold H., Endowment by, ofscholarships in civil government, 211.Theology Building, gift for, 75, 77, *37.Thomas, Mrs. H. W., gift by, of property, 74, 137.Tuition fees, increase in rate, 158, 235.University Dinner, The, 172.University, First Year of (AlonzoKetcham Parker), 212.University Portraits, 95.University Preachers for Summer Quarter, 19 16, 200; for Autumn Quarter,19 16, Winter and Spring Quarters,1917, 237.U.S. Weather Bureau, meteorologicalobservatory of, established in JuliusRosenwald Hall, 79.Voynich, Wilfrid M. de, gift of, for chairof political and economic history ofPoland, 211.Walker Museum, equipment for, 159.Wheeler, Harry A., address of, at Ninety-ninth Convocation, 125.Williams, Hobart W., gift by,, of realestate, 138.Wood, Leonard (Major-General), Military Obligations of Citizenship, 81.Woodward, Frederic Campbell, appointment of, as Professor of Law, 233.Wooing of Nan, presentation of, 200.