The University RecordVolume I APRIL igi5 Number 2THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN INENGLAND IN THE EIGHTEENTHCENTURY1By MYRA REYNOLDS, PH.D.Professor of English Literature"Little girls should learn Latin. It completes their charm," saidCardinal Bembo. This utterance of the great master of learning in thesixteenth century marks one significant characteristic of the ItalianRenaissance. Learning for women was then the mode. The daughtersof noble or learned houses had every possible intellectual advantage.Success in any realm of knowledge was followed by social distinction,and the universities not only conferred upon women the highest studenthonors, but elected them freely to professorial chairs in law, medicine,philosophy, mathematics, and the classical languages.That the position of Italian women in the learned world was notmerely an episode born of the excitement of the Renaissance is attestedby the superior attainments of the women of the eighteenth century inItaly, when learning had become more exactly differentiated, and achievements could be given a closer test. In that century, for example, wasLaura Bassi, whose proficiency in logic, metaphysics, and the languageswas so great that while still comparatively young she was asked to takepart in a public disputation on a philosophical subject with five ofBologna's most distinguished scholars as her opponents. Such evidencedid she give of exceptional mentality and genuine learning that she was1 Delivered on the occasion of the Ninety-fourth Convocation of the Universityheld in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 16, 191 5.596o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDurged to present herself for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and thisdegree was soon after conferred at a sumptuous function in the Communal Palace. She was later invited to become a member of the teaching body of the University of Bologna, and after she had passed thenecessary public examinations, she was appointed to the chair of philosophy. Her first public lecture was made the occasion of a remarkabledemonstration of approval, and the university struck a medal in herhonor. She became a European celebrity, and students flocked to herclassroom from many countries. For twenty-eight years she heldher position in the university and with ever-increasing popularity.In the same university, and contemporaneous with Laura Bassi, wasAnna Morandi Manzolini, a professor of anatomy. Her anatomicalmodels were noted throughout Europe, and she was especially skilful indissection. A third eighteenth-century Italian woman scholar wasMaria Agnesi of Milan, whose chief work was in mathematics. For tenyears she was engaged in writing a treatise on the integral and differentialcalculus. This book, The Analytical Institutions, created a veritablesensation among scholars in all countries. From crowned heads, learnedsocieties, universities, and noted mathematicians, came the chorus ofpraise, and through the action of Pope Benedict she was at once offeredthe chair of higher mathematics in the University of Bologna. Later inthe century, in the same university, the chair of Greek was held byClothilda Tambroni, who was counted one of the best Greek scholarsin Europe.These four women, representing the departments of philosophy,anatomy, mathematics, and Greek, may stand as indicative of the widerange of exact learning, and the high scholastic rank possible to women ofthe upper classes in Italy. There were also women who were powerfulpatronesses of learning. The more brilliant the social position the moreincumbent it was on the lady to establish a literary and scientific coterie.In Urbino, Ferrara, Milan, Bologna, Padua, and other cities such salonsrivaled in splendor and intellectual pre-eminence that of Aspasia in thegreatest days of Greece, and far surpassed the later salons of France.Until recent times England has had but one brief period of intellectual freedom and stimulus for women, and that was in the sixteenthcentury. Catharine of Aragon, daughter of Spain's most intellectuallyaccomplished queen, brought with her into England a taste for scholarship, and she secured as tutors for the Princess Mary the most learnedof English university men, and she even brought from Spain the notedLudovicus Vives. Nicholas Udall, master of Eton, says of this period:EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 6lIt was now no news in England to see young damsels in noble houses and thecourts of princes .... to have continually in their hands either psalms, homilies, orother devout meditation .... and familiarly to read and reason thereof in Greek,Latin, French, or Italian, as in English. It was now a common thing to see youngvirgins willingly set all other vain pursuits at naught for learning's sake. It was nowno news at all to see Queens and ladies of most high estate, with most earnest study,both early and late, apply themselves to the acquiring of knowledge.William Wotton in his Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learningsaid of the sixteenth century in England, "Learning was so very modishthat the Fair Sex seemed to believe that Greek and Latin added to theirCharms; and Plato and Aristotle untranslated were frequent Ornamentsof their Closets.'' Richard Mulcaster, who was master of the schoolfounded by the Merchant Taylor's Company in 1561, was in favor ofthe thorough education of women, urging that they learn Latin andGreek, with some brave additions of logic and rhetoric. And he protestedthat the children of these learned mothers would be "ne'er a whit theworse brought up."No better illustration of the words of Nicholas Udall, William Wotton,and Richard Mulcaster could be cited than the daughters of Sir ThomasMore. Under the tuition of the best masters they pursued studies of anadvanced nature in " Greek and Latin, in Logic, Rhetoric, and Music,in Philosophy, Astronomy, Physics and Arithmetic." The advice of SirThomas to a friend on the choice of a wife was, "May she be learned ifpossible; or, at least, be capable of being made so." His own daughterMargaret was his ideal. In answer to one of her letters he wrote thatshe must never hesitate to ask him for money, for he would gladly bestowtwo crowns of pure gold for every syllable of letters "in so pure a style,so good Latin, so eloquent," from a daughter of such learning and piety,and declared that one such girl was worth three boys.In Queen Elizabeth's day learning was still the fashion. The Queenwas herself a notable linguist. She wrote and spoke Latin with ease,and she was an intelligent student of the Greek classics. Her tastesand ambitions were sufficiently bookish to give a learned tone to hercourt. Among the most distinguished learned ladies of her reign werethe daughters of Sir Anthony Coke. They all took high rank in thesocial and literary world, but Anna, the second daughter, was especiallydistinguished among the literati of the time. She married Sir NicholasBacon and became the mother of the great Lord Bacon. Sir AnthonyCoke believed, as had Sir Thomas More, that women should be educatedalong the same lines as men, and that they were quite as capable ofacquiring knowledge.62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe English Renaissance had not only its learned ladies, but itspatronesses of learning. Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, may betaken as a type of the breadth of training and the general culture of thegreat lady of the Elizabethan days. Not only was she herself by training and temperament genuinely intellectual, but she had the mostenlightened appreciation of scholarship. As the center of a literary andartistic circle at Wilton she was compared not unjustly even with thegreat Duchess of Urbino.For the development of women in things of the mind England hadbut this one golden age. And even to this age were set sharp limitations.In England, as in Italy, education was confined to the daughters of menof high rank or distinguished learning. And in England there was thefurther limitation that there were no organized educational advantagesopen to women, and that their achievements had no public or competitive chance. University freedom as student or professor was not oneof the influences transmitted from Italy to England. In the sixteenthcentury when the great schools, Rugby, Harrow, Westminster, and St.Paul's were founded, they were for boys only. Mulcaster was practicallyalone in his thought that girls might go to grammar schools. An earlyseventeenth-century letter asked, "If girls are of low parts, can theytake learning? If they can take it, will it benefit them? If it willbenefit them, where will they get it ? Shall they go to school with boysand become twice as impudent as before?"With which reductio ad absurdum the subject was dismissed. Inpoint of fact Henry VIII struck a great blow at the education of womenwhen he dissolved the nunneries, since they were the only places wheregirls were even tolerably educated. And he not only designed nothingto take the place of these destroyed schools, but he even turned theirrevenues into schools for men. Thus "the nunnery of St. Radegund,together with its revenues and possessions, was transformed into JeSusCollege, Cambridge. While from suppressed convents in Berkshire andKent funds were secured for the foundation of St. John's College, Cambridge." Women who had any especial education had gained it at homeunder the influence of parents of advanced views such as Sir ThomasMore, Sir Anthony Coke, and the Duke of Somerset. And as long aslearning was fashionable, doubtless many parents looked with favor onaccomplishments highly prized at court.But when education was a matter of personal taste, or court fashion,it could not fail to be subject to violent fluctuations. And consequentlywe are not surprised to find that at the death of Elizabeth there was aEDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 63sharp decline in the respect accorded intellectual women. With theaccession of James I whose attitude toward women was one of aversionand contempt; with the coming on of the troubles of the Civil War;with the general antrscholastic tone of the Protectorate; with theexclusive attention of the Restoration court to the gay and sensuousside of life, all thoughl of the education of women seems to have droppedout of mind.The second half of the seventeenth century is usually considered themost arid period in the education of women. But there were in thattime at least two notable attempts to turn the tide of ignorance thatwas submerging not only the lower but the higher levels of social life.In 1659 there was published in England a remarkable essay entitled,The Learned Maid; or, May a Maid Be a Scholar, It was a translationof a Latin essay by Anna van Schurman, the most gifted and learnedwoman of Holland. She had been called by a competent judge, "thehighest attempt of Nature as yet in the Female Sex," and as such shehad ardent admirers both at home and abroad. Chief among her English devotees was Bathusa Makin, herself a woman of note for her unusualand varied learned attainments. When Anna van Schurman's essay, witha vast array of logically formulated syllogisms, proved that it was "fit,convenient and decent, for a Christian maid, with a fair good wit, and asufficient fortune — for teachers are chargeable — to enter upon the widestknown world of scholarship, and that it was the duty of the Christianworld to provide opportunities for such scholarship, and incitementsthereto," Bathusa Makin took these words to heart and made promptpractical application of them. She started a school at Tottenham HighCross, near London, for the education of Christian gentlewomen. Herprospectus and the accompanying essay make the first formal Englishdocument on what might be called the higher education of women. Sheadverted regretfully to the bright days of Elizabeth when the minds ofwomen were respected, and sadly commented on the changed publicopinion in her own day when women were hardly thought capable of anybut the most rudimentary knowledge. She was, however, in her school,prepared to defy prejudice by offering instruction, not only in theaccepted subjects of pastry, dancing, sewing, and drawing, but also inGreek, Hebrew, Latin, and mathematics. But she forestalled anyactive opposition by making it optional for young gentlewomen to electthe pastry and dancing end of the curriculum, or the Latin and Greekend. Bathusa Makin's school was shrewdly managed and was aninfluence to be reckoned with during her lifetime, but it established nopermanent vogue.64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDA second scholastic attempt at the end of the century was even moreambitious. Mary Astell, a woman of brilliant mind and independentfortune, who spent most of her long life in the upper social set in London,worked up a plan for a sort of college for women. She called it a"Religious Retirement" but said it was to be academical rather thanreligious. In this retreat, she said, the religious could meditate, thelearned could pursue advanced studies and teach, the ignorant couldlearn, heiresses could avoid pursuit, and spinsters could escape dependence and ridicule. Entrance to the retreat was to be for life if so desired,but no vows were taken, for an important subsidiary element of theplan was that the institution might prove a seminary to provide Englandwith pious and learned wives and mothers. The scheme seemed soreasonable that the Princess Anne gave it her approval, and the richand powerful Lady Elizabeth Hastings offered ten thousand pounds forthe necessary buildings. The project so auspiciously begun failedchiefly because of the opposition of Bishop Burnet, who feared the femalecollege would be regarded as a Protestant nunnery and open the way topopish orders. It is interesting to imagine what would have been theoutcome if Mary Astefl's school had been established. At the beginningof the eighteenth century ten thousand pounds was a goodly sum forthe housing of the proposed college. It would have started with royaland social patronage, and it would have been guided in its formativeperiod by a woman of executive and organizing ability, keen wit, strongand independent mind, extremely religious, and with educational ideasmuch ahead of her times. But religious fears blighted the project, andit was buried beyond resuscitation by the coarsest ridicule of DeanSwift.There was, however, no genuine demand for Mary AstelPs collegiateretirement, nor even for Bathusa Makin's high-class boarding-school.The schools actually patronized in the eighteenth century were of themost trifling character. They professed to teach young gentlewomenfrom six to sixteen the things young gentlewomen should know, andaccordingly put all the emphasis on raising paste, making sweetmeats,needle-work, and dancing. Even the advertised accomplishments wereof no artistic significance, for chief among them were painting on glass,japanning tin, cutting paper scenes, making houses out of stained cardboard, flowers out of colored straw, landscapes out of hair, and fruit-pieces out of wax. In such schools learning had no place. But it hadno place in the schools because it had no place in the girl's after-life.Learning was not one of the things that young gentlewomen shouldEDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 65know. From every point of view it was objectionable. Miss HannahMore makes Coelebs in search of a wife say that had he known MissFanny had studied Latin he should certainly have approached her withreluctance and prejudice. Not only did any reputation for learningwarn off possible suitors, but Juvenal and Moliere were quoted and paraphrased to show that learning made conceited and disagreeable wives,and it was counted the death of good housewifery. Lady Mary Montague stands in disconcerting solitude in her plea for a more strenuousintellectual training for women. Even the learned ladies themselveswere averse to higher education. Mrs. Chapone, author of a famousseries of Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, counts dancing, reading,writing, the common rules of arithmetic, and French with a good Englishpronunciation as ample education for most girls. She deprecates thelearned languages because of the danger of pedantry and presumptionin a woman, because of the fear that she might exchange the graces ofthe imagination for the severity and preciseness of a scholar. Dr.Gregory in his Legacy to My Daughters advises against learning. Hewarns his daughters that they should be cautious of displaying evengood sense if they have it, while learning must be kept a profound secret,for if known it is sure to bring the disapprobation of men. Mrs. Barbauldsums up the ladylike attitude toward learning for women. They mustfirst determine what portion of learning sits most gracefully on the fairsex, remembering that the true woman will instinctively confine herselfto subjects of sentiment, morality, and utility. Why, she asks, shouldwomen understand politics, since they are never to govern? Or theology, since only the practice of religion is their concern ? What havethey to do with laboratories, since an all-wise Creator has formed thefeminine mind not to investigate but to remember? Women shouldstudy to adorn the mind, not to train it. No exact knowledge on anysubject is ever required of them. They should merely get such a generaltincture of knowledge as will enable them to ask questions with somepropriety, and to receive information with at least a fair appearance ofenthusiasm. This Mrs. Barbauld calls "culling the flowers of scienceand leaving the roots to man."But learning was not merely useless. It was counted an active evil,a genuine menace to social and domestic peace. In Bathusa Makin'stime a learned woman was described as a fire in the housetops that setsthe city in a blaze, as a dire comet portending disaster wherever itappeared, as a defaced image of God in man. A frequent eighteenth-century figure was that of a ship under full sail but without ballast.66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOne author weightily asks, "If guns were of glass would you load themwith powder and shot?" Any greater freedom in things of the mindwould, it was thought, be especially disastrous to girls whom it wouldbe impossible to keep in the narrow path of goodness and obediencechalked out for them. A song in an eighteenth-century comedy describesgirls as squirrels in cages where they play their pretty tricks and seempleased with captivity, butLet them out, their hands untying,And you'll see the matter plain.Once there's naught their flight to hamper,Presto — whisk — away they scamper,Never to return again.Would you manage lasses rightlyYou must watch them daily, nightly,Shut them close, and hold them tightly,Never loose an inch of chain.Learning had no place in schools for girls because it had no placein the life of women, and it was considered useless and dangerous forwomen because it interfered with the accepted convention as to woman'snature and her place in the social scheme. On this subject there wasduring most of the eighteenth century a deadly uniformity of opinion.Satirists, writers of comedy, ministers, authors of homilies and handbooks for young women, mothers and fathers bequeathing advice todaughters, women of the blue-stocking coteries — all unite in one fundamental principle, and that is the inferiority of woman to man. Therewas an anonymous French book translated and published in Englandin 1676 entitled, The Woman as Good as the Man; or, The Equality ofBoth Sexes. The author gave the following account of the opinionprevailing in his day:Every man will tell you without doubt that women were not made but for Man;that they are fit for nothing but to Nurse and Breed little Children in their Low Age;and to mind the house And that it hath been an effect of Divine Providenceand Wisdom of Men, to have barred them from Sciences, Government and Offices; thatit would be a pleasant thing indeed to see a Lady in the Chair (in quality of Professor)teaching Rhetorick or Medicine; marching along the Streets, followed by Officersand Sergeants; putting into Execution Laws; Playing the Part of a Counsellor; pleading before Judges.The author professes himself to be of a different view and says:I do confess, such practizes would surprise us; but for no other reason but thatof novelty. For, if in modelling of States, and establishing the different Offices thatcompose them, Women had been likewise called to Functions; we should have been asmuch accustomed to have seen them in Dignity, as they are to see us.EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 67For another statement so radical we should have to wait two centuries for John Stuart Mill's Subjection of Women. No one in theseventeenth and eighteenth centuries actually believed in "the equality of both sexes." Anna van Schurman emphasized the modestyof her claims. "I make no pretence," she says, "to equal womenwith those men whose intellects are Eagles in the Clouds," but onlywith that large body of not unfruitful scholars whose "wits are ofthe middling sort." Bathusa Makin said, "I do not plead for femalepre-eminence. God hath made man the Head, and his must always bethe Casting- Voice." Mary Astell said that there need be no fear thatthe ladies in her Religious Retirement would defy St. Paul and speak inchurch. She only asked a degree of intelligence that would enable themto consult their husbands at home.The doctrine of the inferiority and consequent subjection of womenwas given a fatal force by its supposed divine origin. The Marquis ofHalifax reminded his daughter that it was Providence who assigned"Reason to Man and Compliance to Woman." Even the daring andrebellious Lady Mary Wortley Montague said, "God and Nature havethrown us into an inferior rank; we are a lower part of creation, we owesubmission to the superior sex, and any woman who suffers her vanityand folly to deny this rebells against the law of the Creator, and indisputable law of nature." The Ladies Calling, the most popular manualfor women in the eighteenth century, and a similar less-known manual,The Whole Duty of Woman, agree that woman's subjection was determined on in the Garden of Eden as a punishment for Eve. The onlyperson who attempted any rebuttal of this Garden of Eden argumentwas Mary Astell. She declared that the same divine decree ordainedthat man should earn his bread by the sweat of his brow, and she bitterlysuggested some exhausting form of manual labor for the gentlemen whowere so solicitous in perpetuating the curse on Eve.It was the definite acceptance of woman's inferiority that determinedthe course of her education. If subjection were her lot in life she mustbe trained to meet the conditions of subjection. Rousseau put the issuesquarely: "A woman's education," he said in a famous passage, "mustbe planned in relation to man. To be pleasing in his sight, to win hisrespect and love, to train him in childhood, to tend him in manhood, tocounsel and console him, to make his life pleasant and happy, these arethe duties of woman for all time, and this is what she should learn whileshe is young." Though not as clearly stated, this doctrine had beenaccepted and practiced in England long before Rousseau's Emil gave it68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnew currency. The qualities pleasing to man were the qualities to becultivated. And even as parents usually emphasize in their children,not those qualities that are most significant in the development of thechild, but rather those qualities convenient for the parent, so men emphasized in woman those qualities that made her agreeable and serviceable,rather than those that marked her out as a developing individual.Chief among these qualities was dependence in some form. Physically this dependence took the form of an appealing helplessness andtimidity. Dr. Gregory, a famous Edinburgh physician, in his Legacy toMy Daughters, says that men so naturally associate the idea of femaledelicacy and softness with a corresponding delicacy of constitution thatany evidence of physical strength makes a man recoil in a way a girl canbe little conscious of. He considers a hearty appetite as beyond expression indelicate in the fair sex and to be indulged only in private. Andhe advises against dancing with spirit and zest because all attractivefeminine movements are characterized by languid grace and elegance.Dr. Fordyce, whose sermons to young ladies struck the high-water markof pulpit popularity, says, "Let it be remembered that in your sex manlyexercises are never graceful. Men of sensibility desire in every womansoft features and a flowing voice, a form not robust, and a demeanourdelicate and gentle."This gentle, delicate, fragile creature became more alluring if freelyemotional. In feelings she was under no law of restraint. The morefacile she was in sighing and weeping and fainting the more distinctivelyshe belonged to the fair sex and the more certainly she commanded thechivalrous devotion of men."Modesty" is a word of frequent occurrence in any statement of thefeminine ideal. It had various connotations. Every girl knew thatmarriage was the aim and end of her existence, but true modesty madeher blink this fact even in her own mind. As to the choice of a husband-true modesty had no choice. No modest maiden, said the manuals,would love before marriage. And, continue the wise manuals, sinceProvidence had wisely denied girls strong passions, endowing theminstead with flexibility of taste, the choice of a husband could safely beleft to parents, with the comforting assurance that modest and innocenthearts easily follow where the finger of duty points.Both before and after marriage true modesty deprecated any sort ofpublicity. Said Mrs. Barbauld, "Women have but one vocation and allwomen have the same, and that is within the home." Wesley said tohis wife, "You must be satisfied with obscurity. You must rest contentEDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 69with the approbation of God and me." And Mrs. Wesley herself, whencrowds followed her spiritual ministrations, was deeply troubled in herconscience, doubting whether one of her sex had a right to break thebread of life for the people. That woman best met the ideal about whomleast was known for good or ill outside her home.Piety was another unchallenged section of woman's domain. Dr.Gregory, himself a free-thinker, enjoined devotional observances on hisdaughters. "Even an atheist," he said, "likes a devout wife," not onlybecause her religion gives him a satisfying confidence in her virtue, butbecause it adds an indescribable softness to her demeanor. Dr. Fordycecrowns his arguments in favor of female piety by saying that a finewoman never strikes the heart of man so deeply as when seen in the actof communion with her Creator.Supreme among feminine virtues was docility, because that meanttaking on all the other virtues just as they were marked out. Rousseausaid that every woman should be of the same religion as her father orhusband. If she thereby embraced an erroneous belief her error wouldbe discounted because of her sweet docility.These were the virtues that made home pleasant. A dependent,retiring, docile wife would almost certainly have toward her husband aproper attitude of admiration, self-effacement, and service. Habingtongives an early and picturesque expression of the true wife's regard forher husband: "She is inquisitive only of new ways to please him, andher wit sayles by no other compass than that of his direction. She looksupon him as Conjurors upon the Circle, beyond which there is nothingbut Death and Hell, and in him she believes Paradice circumscribed.His virtues are her wonder and imitation; and his errors, her credulitethinkes no more frailtie than makes him descend to the title of Man."The seventeenth century summed the matter up in the aphorism ofpraise, " Shee is Hee." A century later Dr. Fordyce reduced the principleof wifely devotion to a bill of particulars. Domestic bliss, he said, nearlyalways rested in the hands of the wife. It could be secured if she wouldbut treat her husband with respectful observance and uniform tenderness, studying his humors, overlooking his mistakes, submitting to hisopinions, passing by little instances of caprice and passion, returningsoft answers to hasty words, and making it her daily care to summon tohis mind ideas of felicity.It is, of course, unfair even to imply that all the women in anyperiod are alike. Today in the midst of opportunity, independence,progress, there are thousands of parasitic women who, consciously or7° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDunconsciously, resist any change that threatens their ease and pleasure.And so, too, in the eighteenth century there were doubtless domesticviragoes who could never be classed as subject wives; and there werecertainly many women whose character and charm made them genuinelypowerful no matter what laws or customs held them back. But we maynevertheless safely say that the eighteenth-century woman's life seemsto be described chiefly by negations and exclusions. She read little,traveled less, studied not at all. She carried no accomplishmentsbeyond the point of elegant futility. Outside her home there waspractically nothing to do. She had little or no interest in politics.There was no organized charity work. There was no church workbeyond attendance at services. There were no clubs. It is a singularlypeaceful picture. And it is also singularly empty. But it was countedthe feminine ideal, and at no time more definitely the ideal than atthe end of the eighteenth century when four generations of men andwomen had been successively reaffirming it.There had been, it is true, considerable intellectual activity on thepart of women throughout the century. An admirable Anglo-Saxongrammar, a highly successful translation of Epictetus, a very able historyof England, many comedies of average grade, a shoal of novels, some ofthem of high excellence and genuine originality, numerous literarycoteries — all these were indications that a new freedom, a new activity,a new scheme of life, were being initiated. But the prevalent, middle-class, mediaeval view of woman was a fortress impregnable to suchassaults. The new tendencies, however significant, found expressiononly in sporadic, isolated, unrelated products. There was no importanttheoretical justification of the new ideas till the very end of the eighteenthcentury, when there appeared an epoch-making work, Mary Wollstone-craft's Vindication of the Rights of Women.To read her essay after long absorption in eighteenth-centurymanuals is like stepping from the hot, oppressive air and forced bloomsof a greenhouse into the natural splendors of a springtime world. Atonce all about us is normal, inevitable, real. With a remarkable powerof detachment from her own environment she objectifies and condemnsthe prevailing ideas about women. The coveted fragility, timidity,innocence of the maiden she renames physical weakness, cowardice,ignorance. The various arts of wheedling, tricks of the trade countednecessary by adroit wives, she sets aside as destructive of personaldignity. She protests against the emphasis on behavior, decorum,manners. "Make the heart clean, give the head employment," andEDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 71manners will take care of themselves, was her revolutionary doctrine.Her insistence on the vitalizing power of truth dispersed like a mist thepretenses and affectations of feminine social and domestic life.Independence she counted the grand blessing of life, but she askedno untrained, irresponsible freedom. "Duty" was her watchword, andthe keynote of her demands. She asked for "rights" but she put aneven greater emphasis on service. "A right always includes a duty,""Rights and duties are inseparable" — these were her ruling maxims.Mary Astell had claimed learning as a kind of private, personal privilegefor those women who wished to retreat from the world. Mary Woll-stonecraft made a long step in advance when she claimed education forwomen in order that they might be better fitted for domestic, civic, andother public activities. She said that the first duty of women was tothemselves as rational beings, but she gave as her reason that onlythrough self-knowledge, self-government, and self-control could theymake their due contribution to the progress of the world. Half a century before woman's suffrage was brought into Parliament as a questionfor discussion she declared that women must have a voice in making thelaws by which they were governed. But again, it was not merely anabstract matter, but because such power would render women moreefficient citizens. In all these doctrines Mary Wollstonecraft was ahead,far ahead, of her times. But there is still another point in which sheeven more extraordinarily anticipated the present day. She perceivedthat the forced dependence of women on fathers, brothers, or husbandsfor their daily bread was the cause of their subjection, that when itshould become possible and honorable for women to earn their ownlivelihood, then only would they be free, and then only would their realnatures find expression. She foresaw that the economic independenceof women was to be the weapon of the future.In her own day Mary Wollstonecraft was vilified, but recent biographies have vindicated her personal character. And as idea after ideain the new thought about women has been traced to its source in heressay, we have come to a full recognition of her acuteness, her sanity,her foresight, her courage, her ardent, unselfish devotion to the cause ofwomankind, until today she stands the acknowledged pioneer in muchthat is most important in the modern status of women.The woman against whom Mary Wollstonecraft protested is todayan anomaly. So alien to our thought is the eighteenth-century womanthat were she not authenticated by all kinds of social evidence we couldnot believe that she ever existed. But the portrait is not valueless to72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcontemplate if only for the resultant emphasis on the century-long roadfrom the past to the present. A figure used in the seventeenth centurywas that man was like a field that by careful cultivation had come tofull fruition, while woman was like the neighboring untilled field, itspotentialities untried and so unknown. The eighteenth century condemned the field and left it untilled. The second half of the nineteenthcentury began experiments on the nature of the soil. In the twentiethcentury we are entering upon a period of fruition. The experiment isnot yet at an end, but already the contrasts between the new and theold are unmistakable and striking.The girl of today has large freedom of life and of choice. The confidence reposed in her is our twentieth-century protest against theeighteenth-century squirrel-in-the-cage theory of girlhood. Today inmost modern nations are numerous schools of the highest rank wherewomen study varied, difficult, and abstruse subjects, and receive thehonors appertaining to success — our modern protest against the womanwho culls the flowers of knowledge, leaving the roots to man. We areat this season celebrating the foundation of a magnificent gymnasium forwomen — our registry of protest against eighteenth-century femininefragility. All professions, nearly all businesses, are now open to womenand conspicuous success such as we see on every hand is our answer tothe theory that women have but one vocation and all women have thesame. The superb energy, the executive and organizing ability, thetrained intelligence, the high sense of duty that have gone into social-welfare work, and the positions of supreme responsibility accordedwomen in such work are our answer to Mrs. Wesley's fear that it mightnot be fitting for one of her sex to break the bread of life to the people.In general, today, as against the restraint, inhibited action, subjection, of the eighteenth-century woman, we have freedom, stimulus,opportunity. From the fundamental eighteenth-century doctrine of thedivinely ordained inferiority of women we have come to the fundamental twentieth-century doctrine that woman is a self-sufficing individuality in the same sense that man is, and with a similar God-givenright to the joy that comes from an unhampered development. Forgood or ill, she is at last mistress of her own destinies.During the last twenty-five years the power of women has progressed in nearly all countries with an irresistible sweep and momentum.The doors of life are flung wide. We may walk almost where we will,through the highways or the byways of experience. The tree of theknowledge of good and of evil is no longer forbidden fruit. StubbornlyEDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 73contested rights have one by one come into our hands. The obviousdemands of political equality and economic freedom will inevitably soonpass into the limbo of things attained.But what of the outcome ? The thronging, conflicting duties of theimmediate future — how shall they be met ? External changes are butsymptomatic of the subtler, more powerful changes obscurely stirringin the minds of many women. There can be nothing more critical orimportant for the cause of women than the tone and temper with whichthey meet the public and private duties of the next decades. At first asthey sailed uncharted seas it was with a natural thrill of adventure anddiscovery. Continents seemed theirs for the taking. But the periodof colonization follows that of discovery and annexation. Shall we strivefor new realms ? Yes, but let us occupy ourselves preferably in conserving, administering, ordering realms already won. New rights mustbe followed by new duties; new freedom by new self-mastery; newopportunity by new achievement.Finally it must be recognized that there is no such thing as a woman'scause. What is important for women is important for the nation.And that nation will win in the race that shall most quickly and withthe least friction incorporate into its working force the immense latentpotentialities of its woman citizens.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments of officers of instruction and administration, the following appointments have been made:Martin Sprengling, of Harvard University, Assistant Professorin Arabic and Hebrew, in the Department of Semitics, from October i,1915.Morris M. Wells, of the University of Illinois, Instructor in theDepartment of Zoology, from October 1, 191 5.Walter Fairleigh Dodd, of the University of Illinois, AssociateProfessor in the Department of Political Science, from October 1, 1915.John Maurice Clarke, of Amherst College, Associate Professor ofPolitical Economy, from October 1, 1915.William Scott Gray, Instructor in the Department of Education,College of Education, School of Education, from October 1, 1915.LEAVE OF ABSENCEThe Board of Trustess has granted leave of absence to:Associate Professor Chester W. Wright, of the Department ofPolitical Economy, for one year from October 1, 1915.MISCELLANEOUSThe By-Laws of the Board of Trustees have been so amended thatthe regular meetings of the Board are held on the second Tuesday ofeach month.The Trustees have granted the use of the building at 5836 DrexelAvenue to the Otho S. A. Sprague; Institute.The College of Religious and Social Science has been merged in theCollege of Commerce and Administration."An appropriation has been made for aiding the exhibition of theAmerican Library Association at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. TheUniversity will also be represented in the educational exhibit ofthe state of Illinois in the Illinois Building of the Exposition.74THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 75DEATH OF DAVID G. HAMILTONMr. David G. Hamilton, a trustee of the University for nearlytwenty-two years, died February 16, 1915. The Board of Trustees atthe meeting held March 9, 1915, adopted the following memorial ofMr. Hamilton:In Memory of David Gilbert HamiltonDavid Gilbert Hamilton, a member of this board from June 27, 1893, died athis home in Chicago, February 16, 1915. He was born in Chicago, January 10, 1842.Having received his preparatory training, he entered Asbury University, now knownas De Pauw University, at Greencastle, Indiana, from which he received his degreein 1865. He then took up the study of law in the law department of the old University of Chicago, and, upon graduation from the law school, commenced the practiceof his profession in Chicago. In his law practice Mr. Hamilton confined himselflargely to examination of real estate titles and the management and settlement ofestates and trusts. For this field of professional work his careful preparation in thelaw and his exact business methods fitted him admirably. His judgment and advicein matters pertaining to investments were highly valued by a large clientage. Forsome years he was actively engaged in the management and operation of street railway properties in Chicago and St. Louis. In 1885 he became interested in and adirector and vice-president of the Chicago City Railway Company. In 1899, he waschosen president of that company. While connected with the above company, he wasalso engaged in unifying, rebuilding, and developing the street railways of St. Louis.Mr. Hamilton was for many years resident director of the Union Mutual Life Insurance Company of Maine, a director of the Title and Trust Company of Chicago, and amember of the board of trustees of De Pauw University.In all these relations and positions of trust, he was painstaking and conscientiousin the discharge of his duties and responsibilities. We place on record our deep senseof loss, and extend our sympathy to his family in their great bereavement.THE DEDICATION OF JULIUSROSENWALD HALLJulius Rosenwald Hall was dedicated at ten-thirty, Tuesday morning, March 16. Before an audience which included the donor and hisfamily as well as representatives of the science faculties and studentsof the Departments of Geology and Geography, the following programwas conducted in the lecture-room:The President's AddressHarry Pratt Judson, A.M., LL.D., President of the UniversityThe Dean's AddressRollin D. Salisbury, A.M., LL.D., Professor of Geographic Geology and Headof the Department of Geography; Dean of the Ogden Graduate School ofScienceAddresses by AlumniEliot Blackwelder, A.B., 1901, Ph.D., 1914, Professor of Geology, University ofWisconsinFrank Walbridge DeWolf, S.B., 1903, Director of the State Geological Survey ofIllinoisWilliam Harvey Emmons, Ph.D., 1904, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology,University of Minnesota; Director of the Geological Survey of MinnesotaWallace Walter Atwood, S.B., 1897, Ph.D., 1903, Professor of Physiography,Harvard UniversityEdwin Brayer Branson, Ph.D., 1905, Professor of Geology, University of MissouriErmine Cowles Case, Ph.D., 1896, Professor of Historical Geology and Paleontology, University of MichiganGeorge Frederick Kay, Ph.D., 1914, Professor of Economic Geology and Petrologyand Head of the Department of Geology, State University of Iowa; Director ofthe Geological Survey of IowaAddressThomas Chrowder Chamberlin, Ph.D., LL.D., Sc.D., Professor and Head of theDepartment of GeologyAt the conclusion of these exercises President and Mrs. Harry PrattJudson entertained one hundred guests at luncheon in the council-roomon the top floor of the hall. Owing to President Judson's illness, DeanAngell presented Mr. Rosenwald, Mr. Wallace Heckman, of the Boardof Trustees, and Professor John M. Coulter of the scientific faculties,who made brief speeches. The building was open for inspection, members of the department escorting visitors and exhibiting the interestingfeatures of the hall.76JULIUS ROSENWALDTHE DEDICATION OF ROSENWALD HALL 11THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESSThe address set down for me will be extremely informal and will bemainly in the nature of history bearing on certain facts of which Ihappen to be cognizant. May I in the first place read a brief extractfrom the Annual Report of the President for the year 1905-6, whichcontains a paragraph to this effect:The work of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Geography, and Paleontology is at present ill accommodated in Walker Museum. At the same time thenecessity of housing these departments prevents the University from getting its fulluse from that valuable museum building. Meanwhile great stores of material for themuseum are packed away in cases and cannot be used for the purpose of scientificinvestigation. A suitable building for the Departments named would not merely aidthe efficiency of their work, but would also make it possible to use Walker Museumfor the purpose for which it was built, with the very great advantage of putting inits proper place the valuable store of material now on hand. This building is greatlydesired.This report was published in January, 1907, and the statement whichI have read was not intended merely to amuse the fancy of the Departments concerned. Of course the University has no objection to havingeverybody know what its needs are. At the same time it must not bethought that that statement had back of it any official action of theBoard of Trustees or any action of the faculty. It was merely thePresident's opinion. It reminds me of a statement of Lord Salisburyin speaking of the Monroe Doctrine in 1895. He said that that was amatter which of course had all the weight which the name of that eminentstatesman would give it. So this statement had whatever weight thePresident of the University might have given it; it was his personalopinion and no more. But I may add that within a few months thePresident had strong hopes that his plans would soon reach fruition,when, in the summer of 1907, there came along something which is knownin the business world as a panic — a thing not understood by geologists,but fully comprehended by business men — and the President's hopes,if I may use English appropriate to the occasion, went glimmering.However, successive Annual Reports contained a reference to the needsof the University in the way of a building for these two Departments.Finally it seemed to the President and to the Trustees that somethingspecific must be done, and accordingly at a meeting of the Board ofTrustees, on June 4, 191 2, the following action was taken:The President was authorized to announce at the approaching Convocation theintention of the University to begin within two years:1. The building of a permanent wall around Marshall Field and of permanentgrandstands.78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD2. The erection of a building for Geology and Geography.3. The erection of a Woman's Gymnasium.4. The erection of a building for the Classical Departments.In accordance with this action of the Board, announcement of theintention with regard to these four building plans was made at the Convocation held June n, 1912. Here was an official action of the Boardof Trustees. I am reading now from the President's Annual Report for1912-13:"About midsummer an honored Trustee of the University, Mr.Julius Rosenwald, had a birthday" — perhaps I will not read more ofthat sentence, as it might have too direct a relation to a question of age."This celebration on Mr. Rosenwald's part took the characteristic formof various gifts for purposes which commended themselves to his judgment." Most persons when a birthday comes around expect to receivegifts, but apparently Mr. Rosenwald has reversed this custom. "Amongthese gifts was a conditional one to the University of $250,000 towardthe building fund. This gift was not designated for any particularbuilding, but might at the discertion of the Board of Trustees be appliedon any one of the three buildings or on all of the three, as circumstancesmight warrant."It happened that I was in Colorado that summer and was waited onby a gentleman who brought me a statement of Mr. Rosenwald's intention. He had in mind two things: (1) the importance of making thisgift not isolated, but a conditional gift, with a view to securing theremainder of the fund needed; and (2) the fact that Mr. Rosenwald hadno wish to attach his name to any building for the erection of which hisgift might be applied and that the gift might be split up. That wasextremely kind and extremely wise for the purpose we had in view, whichwas to secure the funds for these much-needed buildings; and as timewent on these funds were secured and the gift of the donor of this building was the means of securing these funds for the several buildings.The Board of Trustees during Mr. Rosenwald's absence and without hisknowledge, but on the recommendation of the President and the facultyof the Departments concerned, voted that the building for Geology andGeography should be named Julius Rosenwald Hall. It is for the dedication of this building that we are here to celebrate today.One thing more. We asked the donor to join in the ceremoniestoday by saying something, which request he promptly declined.Ladies and gentlemen, the world is made up of two kinds of people, thepeople who say things and the people who do things. Of the first thereTHE DEDICATION OF ROSENWALD HALL 79is an unlimited number. The people of the United States are the objectof more lectures and addresses than any other people in the world, andthe fact that the public survives all this talk is perhaps evidence of thestability of the republic. But we have people who do things, and it isin honor of one of these doers in the Republic, to whom this great workis dedicated, that we are gathered here this morning; and it is becausehe is a doer and not a talker that we are able to celebrate this occasion.THE DEAN'S ADDRESSThe Department of Geology began its existence in a cheap apartment building on Fifty-fifth Street. Our numbers then were not large,and by the use of rooms intended for kitchens and pantries and bedrooms,as well as dining-rooms and parlors, we had room enough, such as it was,for all. But facilities for work were next to nothing, and laboratories,in any proper sense of the term, were wanting.During that first year of the University, Walker Museum was built,and the Department welcomed the opportunity of moving from Fifty-fifth Street to the second floor of the new building. Though WalkerMuseum was not intended for departmental use, it had more and betterroom than the apartment building had offered, and it was adapted, bymeans of sundry temporary partitions, to the needs of geologic work.For the moment the Department was envied by others less fortunate,and for a time our quarters seemed adequate, even if not well adaptedto the work in hand.But as the University grew the Department grew, and but a fewyears passed before the walls of Walker seemed to close in upon us. Ido not know that it is an established fact that buildings shrink withyears, but Walker Museum seemed to.Then the Department of Geography came. Being kin to Geology,both in subject-matter and in personnel, it took up its abode in the building which was already full, and it grew with the years as Geology hadgrown before it, until it came about that two large departments occupiedthe space which had seemed small for one.This condition of things led to all sorts of devices and inconveniences.The hall of the second floor in the building was requisitioned for use aspart of the working-space of the Departments. Tables and chairs andmap cases cumbered the space which was meant as a free passage way.Tables were placed among the museum cases on the first floor which,from the beginning, was reserved for museum purposes. A corner in8o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe basement was partitioned off for certain laboratory purposes, andthere students have worked for years in the musty dimness of an ill-ventilated basement room. For years the schedule of work has beendetermined by the limits of classroom space. Classes met, not at thehours most advantageous to students and instructors, but at hours whenspace could be found where they might meet.With few exceptions members of the staff have done their work inquarters where there was no door between them and anyone who mightchoose to invade. Students had to do their studying in a room which,from its very position, could not be quiet; and yet the Departments grew.I recite these facts to make it clear to the donor of this building thatit was sorely needed.During the current quarter there are between 500 and 600 registrations in the two Departments, and what we should have done if Mr.Rosenwald had not come to the rescue, none of us knows. We shouldprobably have had to say to some of the applicants for work in Geologyand Geography: We cannot receive you, because there is not a seat foryou either in the library or in the classrooms. The help, therefore,came none too soon, and I am sure the donor of this building will appreciate how grateful we are for his good deed. In place of one reasonablygood classroom and one poor one, and one or two bits of inconvenientspace which had to be used for classroom purposes, we have now sixgood classrooms. In place of limited space adapted to laboratory purposes as it might be, we have now half a dozen laboratories adapted tothe various needs of the work. Instead of inconvenient and uninclosedoffices and workrooms for members of the staff, and no quarters at allfor advanced students, we have workrooms both for members of thestaff and for research students, where their work may be left from hourto hour, or if need be, from day to day, undisturbed; and it is not onlywe who are here who are grateful to Mr. Rosenwald, but generationsafter us will rise up to bless him.And I want also to make another point. We who are here should liketo have Mr. Rosenwald and all the University and all friends of theUniversity feel that the work which is to be done in this building is workwhich is of value. We hope it may be such that any man might beproud that he has furnished a home for it. What has been done in theyears which are past is perhaps an earnest of that which may be donein the future. Even with the trying conditions under which work hasbeen done, I think it is true that no other department of geology has hadso much attention focused upon it as this during the last twenty years.THE DEDICATION OF ROSENWALD HALL 8lThis is due first and foremost to the commanding work of the man whohas been the Head of the Department since the beginning of the University. The large problems on which he has been working, and the largemeasure of success which has crowned his work and that of those whohave collaborated with him, have commanded the attention of thegeologic world. Few pieces of scientific research since this Universitywas founded have attracted wider attention or commanded greateradmiration, not only because of their fundamental importance, butbecause of the spirit in which they have been carried out and the modestway in which they have been published. It has been said by others,and I think truly, that this work forms the basis for a new science ofGeology. How true this is perhaps only geologists can appreciate.Important studies in the way of applying the new conceptions ofthe origin of the earth to its history are now in progress, and who shall saybut that the work of the future along these lines will not be as importantas that which has been done already ?In other lines, too, there are on the staff of the Department seriousstudents who are advancing their several lines of study in ways whichare sure to produce worthy results even though they be less revolutionarythan those I have referred to.As to the Department of Geography, it may be said that its subject-matter is just coming to be recognized in this country, as appropriate foruniversity consideration, and this is one of the few American universitiesin which geographic work is prosecuted seriously. Though but a fewyears old, the Department already is one of the larger of the ScienceDepartments of the institution. By common consent, Geography (asdistinct from physical geography) is the science which deals with therelations of physical environment to life and its activities. In this sense,geography is a connecting link between geology, physiography, andclimatology, on the one hand, and zoology, botany, sociology, economics,and history on the other. Its subject-matter is in process of formulation,and the Department has been developed with the idea that the correlation and systematization of existing knowledge in this field is the firststep in real progress. Something has been done here in this direction,and work in progress will do much more. The Department will not besatisfied until existing knowledge in many fields now scattered andundefined is brought together, digested, and put into form available forgeneral use.Members of the staff are at work on problems of fundamental importance and large significance. One of these is the influence of physical82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgeography on history. In this large field of historical geography, advanced work here has been undertaken only with reference to the UnitedStates. The importance of such work in the interpretation of history,and in the light it may shed on the course of future events will be graspedat once by those familiar with historical problems.Such problems as the conservation of natural resources also fallwithin the field of the Department, and studies in this line are in progresswhich, it is hoped, may in time contribute to a mode of dealing with thisproblem saner than that which was adopted precipitately by many ofthose who dealt with the matter in a public way when its importancefirst was realized.The whole field of world commerce likewise falls within the scope ofgeography, jointly with that of economics. In these days of keen commercial rivalry between nations, this is a subject which cannot be understood too well, and a firm grasp of the facts and principles involved is ofmuch more vital importance to people of this age and generation than aknowledge of ancient events unrelated to the conditions and problemsof the present. Since we live in the present and are to live in the future,knowledge of present resources and conditions, and of their bearing onthe life and activities of the future, is vital to the welfare of mankind.And this makes it important to know as well as we may the wholeearth, for more and more its parts are to be dependent on one another.The Department will not be content until it has on its staff men whohave first-hand and detailed knowledge of all lands. Today we havespecial students of the Americas, and of Europe, but not of other continents.These are but hints of the work which is in progress under this newroof. We hope it may appeal to our friends as work worthy of thebuilding which has been provided for it.PROFESSOR CHAMBERLIN'S ADDRESSI am sure that I give utterance to the wish of all my colleagues ofthe staffs of the earth sciences and especially the wish of my long-timeassociate Dean Salisbury, as well as my own feelings, when I expressour deep gratification for the kindly greetings of the hour. We rejoicethat you join with us so heartily in the congratulations of this occasion.The event is one that is near and dear to us, and it makes it the moreprecious that you unite in it. The very flattering things that have beenTHE DEDICATION OF ROSENWALD HALL 83said are very grateful and we are thankful for them. Right here, wherewe are so well known, I do not think they will do much harm.It is perhaps fitting that, at the close of these ceremonies, which areto us historical, I should endeavor to give the occasion its place in thehistory of the earth. There may be a suggestion of immodesty in supposing that this occasion has a place in the history of the earth, but ifthe earth sciences have taught any one thing more emphatically thananother, perhaps it is that great things are but the sum of little things. Itis the multitude of the sands on the seashore that makes up the sandstoneformation, and it is the multitude of sandstone and other formationsthat makes up the earth, but each grain of sand has its place and itsmeaning. No one thing perhaps in the history of the earth is reallygreat compared with the total value of the sum of other things. It isthe multitude of little things — little things that last — that makes up thegreat history. And so this ceremony may be, as the world views it, alittle event, but it has its place and meaning, and it is proper that Ishould endeavor to put it in its place. If I were to try to evaluate it,no doubt the law of perspective would lead me into a monstrous exaggeration. The law of perspective is too strong to be easily overcome. Theevent is so near to us and so dear to us that we could not help exaggerating its importance.You will recall that there was a long eon at the beginning of the history of the earth when things inorganic ruled. The earth was formingitself, was gathering itself together, was taking shape, was coming tomaturity, was preparing for the great things that were to take place onits surface. This was the great formative eon. Before this was complete— long before perhaps — there crept in the beginnings of life — the initiation of the biologic eon — coming into close association with the inorganicevolution, working hand in hand with it, growing as the earth grew,developing more and more toward the dominance of the organic and filling out the history of life, a history not yet ended. In the course of thishistory of life there crept in the beginnings of thought, and at length thehistory of the mental came to dominate the history of the merely physiological. Thus the psychological eon crept in. Our race is wont to thinkthat we are now well along in the psychological eon. Some of us thinkthat we are but barely entered upon it, that it has a long, long historyyet to come, with greater and greater things succeeding one another.The events that are now passing, and that seem to have some large value,may in time come to be little things in the estimate of those greaterintellects and those loftier souls that shall come after. But to us, it is84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDnot only pleasant, but it is well to do the thing that lies at our hands asthough it were worth while, and to place ourselves, and to place thisevent where it belongs.Now we seem to be at the dawning of a special epoch in this psychological eon. This epoch seems to have three marked features. Tothese some incidental allusion has already been made in the addressesof these seven sons, who represent our seventy and seven sons andmore, whose careers we have delighted to watch and whose voices weare glad to hear on this occasion.The first feature of the new epoch we wish to emphasize is masterlyutilization. The event of this hour has a significant relationship to this,as has also the background of this event, the initiation of the Universityitself. A few decades ago there was discovered, though it had lain forcenturies half known, a great resource. For a time wild dreams of itsendurance were entertained and it was wasted recklessly. But therearose a genius for administration, a genius for utilization, and out of theutilities brought into service there sprang, appropriately and justly,great wealth, and out of that great wealth sprang the financial foundation of this University. This stands as an example, pertinent to thisoccasion, of masterly utilization associated with the discovery anddevelopment of a neglected resource. It is no doubt the type of muchthat lies still unnoted in the earth, yet to be utilized.But perhaps the illustration will take on a sharper significance if weset aside all discovery and choose an example from a field which is oldand familiar, save in the masterly handling. We easily recall that fromthe earliest days barter was a common avocation of all mankind. Itlater became the special vocation of certain men. As time went on thevocation developed on larger and larger lines, reached greater and greaterefficiency, until its appointments attained luxurious allurements totrade. But there lay across the path of its evolution a geographicobstacle which restrained the fullest development of exchange. At firstman and man had come together by the wayside or at the home or inthe hamlet for barter; later men crowded to the emporium, or the peddlerwith his pack went out to seek the buyer in his home. The geographicfactor, however, still stood in the way. It is needless, in this presence,to say that this barrier has now been overcome in an exchange withouttravel. The basis is good faith and accurate description, a moral victory. Thousands here and there over the land pen their wants at theirfiresides, and the emporium and the common carrier supply their wantsas made known. The scattered multitude thus participate in most ofTHE DEDICATION OF ROSENWALD HALL 85the many products of the world's industries, with profit to themselvesand at minimum time and expense. Out of this profit to the multitude,there arises a multitude of small profits to the distributing organization.Out of that multitude of small profits there has arisen, as a just compensation, great wealth, and out of that wealth has sprung the building wededicate today.These are two types of masterly utilization. They fittingly characterize the epoch which is just dawning upon us. I leave it to you to saywhether, independent of the circumstances of this hour, I could haveselected two better types to illustrate this phase of the evolution of man'sactivities.The second feature of the new epoch seems to have no brief termfor its adequate expression. I suppose it is too new to have developeda language of its own. And so you will pardon me if I have recourseto the ponderous phrase the intellectualization of philanthropy. Philanthropy is not a new thing in the history of the earth; but it has usuallybeen sporadic; it has usually been sentimental; it has usually beencalled into play by the cry of distress or some pressing need. But amarked evolution is in progress; and here again, we have striking illustrations in the foundation of this University, and in the immediate occasion for these ceremonies. Philanthropy has become a subject of seriousdeliberation, of protracted investigation, an intensive study. From thisUniversity there have twice gone forth commissions to the other side ofthe earth to inquire into the problems that condition a possible enterprise in philanthropy. Neither of these commissions went to drop thetear of sympathy, though they may have done so; neither was sent tocarry a gift; they went merely to see what were the problems of philanthropy in the particular fields to which they were sent. After years ofdeliberation over the results of such investigation, after organization andincorporation had been secured for steadily and wisely carrying intoeffect whatever might be determined, after administration had been putin the hands of men of masterly powers, of lofty sentiment, and of largeexperience, this particular enterprise in philanthropy seems just aboutto start on its perfected way with every prospect that it will followstrategic lines. These protracted studies, these mature deliberations,illustrate what I would emphasize as the intellectualization of philanthropy. They seem to me to typify the dawn of a great epoch in theloftier lines of man's endeavor.The happy choice of birthday gifts has already been called to mind,and the event itself is too fresh to need to be recited in detail. The86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgifts that were announced on that birthday morning I think must haveimpressed every discerning mind with the conviction that in their selection there was much more than sentiment: there was careful thought,there was keen discernment, there was deliberate acumen, there was ahigh product of intellectualization. It is because of that we are heretoday. This occasion is the direct outcome of the intellectualization ofa desire to promote the good of mankind.The third feature that we fondly hope will characterize the comingepoch is dominant research — not research in any narrow sense or in anynarrow field, but serious inquiry for the exact and absolute truth in allfields. It has already had its beginnings, but it is not yet dominant,any more than masterly utilization or intellectualized philanthropy isyet dominant. The beginnings of all three are, we trust, the signs ofcoming things. In these we read the forecast of a human era that hasno parallel in the past. These three features are eminently suited tobe co-operative, and it is a pleasant thought that, in some little way atleast, they will co-operate within the halls we dedicate today.PRESIDENT JUDSON'S DEDICATORYSTATEMENTSome of us had the privilege, some twenty-three years ago, of beingconcerned in the opening and organization of this institution. Some ofour good newspaper friends took occasion to say, "You are trying tomake something out of nothing." Something is here. During thatprocess I was interested in many of the cartoons which our skilful menof the press took occasion to use. One of these took my fancy. It wasat the time when the new faculty was being formed. It was entitled"President Harper Landing a New Professor Every Day." It represented a fisherman in cap and gown, President Harper, beside a streamwith a rod in his hand. He was just lifting out of the water a professor,not struggling very hard, clad in cap and gown. That struck my fancyvery much, and any fellow-angler will understand why. Of course youknow the difference between an angler and a fisherman. An angler isone whose "fish-stories" are true, and that fish-story was extremely true,because President Harper performed the extraordinary feat of landingtwo fish on the same cast. He landed at one cast the President of theUniversity of Wisconsin, and his leading Professor of Geology, and, if Imay change the figure abruptly, they have been a tower of strength tous ever since. Thank God, they are with us yet.THE DEDICATION OF ROSENWALD HALL 87It was said in the old days that President Garfield's idea of a collegewas a log, with himself seated on one end and President Mark Hopkinson the other. Times have changed, and research in the sciences needsgreat resources. A log is not enough, even with Professor Chamberlinseated on it. There is all the difference between a college of the day ofMark Hopkins and a great university today that there is between thecountry store at the crossroads which I remember in my boyhood andthe institution of Sears, Roebuck & Co. The generosity of Mr. Rosenwald has made possible this great reinforcement to the power of theDepartments of Geology and Geography.And now ladies and gentlemen, as President of the University, andrepresenting the Board of Trustees, I declare this building duly dedicatedfor all time to sound learning and to the advancement of knowledge,and its name shall be known throughout the years to come as the JuliusRosenwald Hall. And in the name of the University I again extendcongratulations to the heads and other members of the Departmentswho have so well deserved what is coming to them and to the entireUniversity.DECORATIVE DETAILS OF JULIUSROSENWALD HALLThe character and uses of Julius Rosenwald Hall have been clearlyexpressed in the carvings designed by the architects, Holabird & Roche,and the sculptor, Michael Thomas Murphy. From them and fromProfessor T. C. Chamberlin have been gathered these notes regardingthe significance of the symbols and portraits.NORTH ELEVATIONAbove the main entrance in a large panel is the seal of the University,surmounted by a scroll bearing the name of the building. The supportersof the shield are students, capped and gowned, the one carrying in hishand a hammer and the other a theodolite. Immediately below is afrieze of roses in panels and shields, an allusion to the name of the donor.On the right is a relief portrait of Lyell, the foremost English exponentof the principles of geology; on the left is one of Dana, the most reveredof American expositors. On the spandrils of the doorway are the sealsof the state of Illinois (left), and of the city of Chicago (right). To theleft of the doorway an aged man is represented as casting away an oldworld shrunken by time and scarred by volcanic devastation; to theright is the figure of a child spinning a chaotic mass into the form of aworld and sending it forth to find its destiny among celestial spheres.Other pendants at this level around the building are shields onwhich are carved the floral emblems of America, England, France,Germany, Scotland, Ireland, Switzerland, Spain, Japan, Mexico, Wales,Egypt, Persia, and Greece.Reliefs of the Eastern and Western hemispheres are set to the rightand left of the central panel.The cornice is given declared relief by portraits of eminent menchosen to represent various aspects of the earth sciences, so selected asalso to represent national progress in these sciences and the special contributions of American universities. On the north elevation, Hallrepresents the early development of American stratigraphy and paleontology; Logan, the primitive geology of Canada; Cuvier, the initiationof vertebrate paleontology; von Buch, a notable stage of generalgeologic philosophy; Ritter, the evolution of modern geography.88DECORATIVE DETAILS OF ROSENWALD HALL 89With these portraits are associated fossils and other symbols of thefields represented, among which types of the life of the past are givenprecedence: (east to west) sea-urchin, coral, crinoid, crinoid, gastropod,sea-urchin, trilobite, gastropod, gastropod, bryozoan, pelecypod,gastropod.The gargoyle at each corner is a restoration of Limnoscelis.WEST ELEVATIONOn the west cornice, Da Vinci symbolizes the first clear recognitionof the meaning of fossils; Werner, the early science of petrology; Bar-rande, the orderly evolution of Paleozoic life; Reclus, exact cartography;Guyot, the educational development of physical geography.At the same level are: (north to south) crinoid, coral, crinoid, coral,brachiopod.SOUTH ELEVATIONOn the south cornice, Newbury, Dawson, and Alexander Winchell,each in his own way, represent effective diffusion of geologic thought inAmerica at a critical stage when prejudice seriously barred scientificprogress; Irving stands for the newer phases of Archeozoic investigation,and Williams for the new petrology.Associated symbols are: (west to east) gastropod, brachiopod,crinoid, brachiopod, gastropod, crinoid, brachiopod.EAST ELEVATIONOn the east cornice, Marco Polo represents the early disseminationof geographic knowledge in the face of disbelief; and Emmons standsfor modern economic geology.On the east cornice of the wing are: medusa, brachiopod, gastropod,coral, cephalopod, crinoid, gastropod. On the east side of the mainbuilding are: coral, pelecypod, cephalopod.SQUARE TOWEROn the square tower to the east are winged gargoyles, a buffalo, abull, an elephant, and a lion, to represent America, Europe, Asia, andAfrica.OCTAGONAL TOWEROn the octagonal tower, to be devoted to meteorology, are eightgargoyles, four of which represent the winds (Boreas, Notus, Euros,and Zephyrus), and four of which are birds emblematic of the aerialrealm: the duck, the eagle, the albatross, the condor. The gargoyle90 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDat the corner beneath the bronze celestial globe is a restoration of aPermian reptile, Lepidosaurus. Near the tower entrance is a panelbearing a shield on which are carved a geologist's collecting bag andhammers, together with a scroll with the legend: "Dig and Discover."Adjacent are carvings of a candle, a book, and a mural crown.INTERIORWithin the building, bas-reliefs of Humboldt, Richtofen, Le Conte,Powell, Shaler, and Sir John Murray represent other well-known aspectsof the earth sciences. The portraits are not selected as personal memo-rializations, but as emblems of progress in the earth sciences.CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSONCHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSONGreater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his lifefor his friends. Chicago newspapers with one voice attributed to overwork on behalf of the unemployed the death of Charles RichmondHenderson. Tired by his vigorous and unceasing efforts, especiallyon the Industrial Commission, Dr. Henderson was unable to finishthe work of the Winter Quarter and with Mrs. Henderson left for Charleston, South Carolina, March 9, expecting to find rest. He did not recoverhis strength and on March 23 he had a stroke of apoplexy. From thattime he was in a state of coma until his death on the morning of Monday,March 29.The funeral was held at half-past two o'clock, Thursday, April 1,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. The honorary pallbearers were:Mr. Julius Rosenwald, trustee of the University and member of theboard of directors of the United Charities; Mr. Harry A. Wheeler,member of the board of directors of the United Charities; JudgeFrederick A. Smith, trustee of the University and alumnus of the OldUniversity; Professor Charles E. Merriam, alderman of the SeventhWard; Dr. Willis O. Nance, alderman of the Sixth Ward; Rev. MyronAdams, pastor of the First Baptist Church; Mr. Harold Swift, trusteeand alumnus of the University; Professor Floyd R. Mechem; DeanJames Parker Hall; Associate Professor Allan Hoben; ProfessorWilliam I. Thomas; Professor John M. Coulter. The active pallbearers were Cowan D. Stephenson, of the Undergraduate Council;Stephen R. Curtis, of the Law School Council; James Milton Hess, ofthe Divinity Council; B. W. Brown, Jesse F. Steiner, and Martin H.Bickham, secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association. In theprocession were a very large number of the trustees and members ofthe faculties; Mayor C. H. Harrison and a special committee of the Common Council: Aldermen Block, Kimball, Krause, Littler, Long, Merriam,and Nance; members of the Board of Directors of the United Charities,including Miss Jane Addams, Father P. J. O'Callaghan, Father Seden-berg, Mr. Sherman C. Kinglsey, Mr. Howard Shaw, Mr. Julius Rosenwald, Mr. C. A. Paltzer, Mr. L. W. Messer, Mr. A. L. Farwell; PresidentGeorge E. Vincent of the University of Minnesota; members of the9192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBaptist Ministers' Conference; officers of the Civic Federation andsimilar organizations.The order of service was as follows:President Judson, presidingProcessional Hymn 323: "For All the Saints" . . . BarnbyInvocation . . Rev. C. W. Gilkey, Hyde Park Baptist ChurchHymn 258: "Peace, Perfect Peace" CaldbeckScripture Reading Dean Shailer MathewsAddress Professor Albion W. SmallPrayer and Benediction Rev. C. W. GilkeyRecessional Hymn 330: "Ten Thousand Times Ten Thousand"The addresses of President Judson and Dean Small are printedbelow.At the chapel in Oakwoods Cemetery, President Judson presidedand Professor Ernest DeWitt Burton delivered the address printedbelow. Dean Small led in prayer and Rev. C. W. Gilkey pronouncedthe benediction.THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS AT DR.HENDERSON'S FUNERALWe are assembled as a University today to render a last tribute toone of our most honored and loved colleagues. Charles RichmondHenderson, Professor of Sociology, Head of the Department of PracticalSociology, and University Chaplain, was a member of the faculty fromthe beginning, in 1892. Scholar, teacher, chaplain — in all these fieldshe rendered devoted service to the University, service inspired not merelyby a strong sense of duty but far more by his burning enthusiasm forhumanity. He was a citizen first of all, a scholar and a universityprofessor as a means to realize his high ideals of citizenship. Hissympathies lay always first with those who were in need; it was to theirhelp that he devoted his tireless energies, his splendid intellect, histender affection. His courage was dauntless; he never shrank from thepenalties of a minority; he never spared the truth when his consciencedemanded that it be spoken. His special grief when the last illness overtook him was that he could not give his efforts to aiding certain humanelegislation pending at the capital of his state. He was in the best sensea friend of humanity. His most fitting monument should be, not marbleor bronze, but the triumph of the causes to which and for which his lifewas given.CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON 93A few years since the late Dr. S. Weir Mitchell was a guest of theUniversity in the President's house. With his name in the guest bookhe left a few lines of verse which with your consent I will read:EveningI know the night is near at hand;The mist lies low on hill and bay,The autumn leaves are drifting by,But I have had the day.Yes, I have had, dear Lord, the day;When at thy call I have the night,Brief be the twilight as I passFrom light to dark — from dark to light.DEAN SMALL'S ADDRESSAt this hour, in this presence, it seems incredible that anyone inChicago can harbor a doubt about the sovereign conclusiveness of thegospel of Jesus Christ. Here it has been in vital evidence before usfor more than twenty-two years and never more convincingly than inthe gallant defeat of the last few months. No one in Chicago who canread is now uninformed about this evidence. This vindication of thegospel of Jesus Christ is the more convincing because it is not the vindication of a sect, or of a creed, or of a system of thinking, any more than therays which light temple or chapel in which we try to worship are proofof a sectarian sun. This Christianity is appropriation of a quality of life,which may reveal itself to Jew or Greek, to Barbarian, Scythian, bond orfree, wherever candid men are earnestly seeking clews to the meaningand purpose of life as they rest in the infinite mind.Men like Doctor Henderson are prophecies of the coming day whenall men of good-will are to conquer the certain divisiveness of mereopinion, while retaining diversities of opinion, and to emerge into avalid unity of spirit for the triumphs of righteousness.If at any time within the last fifty years a genuine seeker after truthhad asked Doctor Henderson, What is your plan of life ? his reply wouldhave been some version of the answer: My plan of life is to do a Christian man's day's work each day, wherever the day's assignment appointsmy duty, as many days as I shall live. If he had been pressed for anexpansion of that answer he would have said virtually, as he did say inso many forms, so many scores of times in this place: The larger, deeper,94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtruer Christianity is not a system of doctrines; the doctrines are simplyguideposts. These guides are more or less reliable — more or less mistaken; they more or less intelligently point the way. The genuine lifemay be more or less dependent upon the doctrines, just as the wayfaringmay be more or less directed by the signs. Christianity in its essentialelements is will, and wit, and force to grow into the temper and the practice of a spirit of life, never so compendiously epitomized, never soessentially set forth as in Jesus of Nazareth.While our friends are with us we do not as a rule analyze them verymuch; we simply accept them. We count on them for better or forworse. If for better, we depend upon them — often to bear more thantheir share of the common burden. When they are gone, we are sometimes surprised by the appraisal of them which our reflective memoryregisters. When we attempt to give an account to ourselves of thevalues in Doctor Henderson, we are not surprised, because they werealways so evident. We are baffled, however, when we attempt to givethem appropriate expression. At a later time our thoughts will befixed more directly on what Doctor Henderson did, as a professional manand as a citizen. Today the personal note is our guide. We are thinking of the kind of man he was, and the spirit in which he did all his work,from the many obscure drudgeries to the many conspicuous publicservices.The retrospect of more than twenty-two years of close associationwith Doctor Henderson resolves itself into the conclusion that the truestestimate of his character may be made in terms of magnanimity. Ifhis princeliness as a man were to be certified to coming generations aspolitical princes are designated, we could not more accurately commendhim to our successors than as Henderson the Magnanimous. Thisabundance of his mind and heart was not the comparatively easy attitude of a Prince Bountiful toward inferiors. It was rather a large-mindedness and a largeheartedness which took a large survey of the scopeof things, and arranged himself and other people in reciprocally dignifying positions within the whole circuit.Doctor Henderson's magnanimity was creative. Long before he hadfound a word for it, he had reached that outlook which is referred to inour academic jargon as "the functional view of life." He thought ofeverything, large or small, material or spiritual, as having its place in avalid scale of values because of whatever it does to carry forward theessential scheme of life. He did not profess to have the completedimensions, nor the final specifications of that scheme — though howhe used to plead that it is necessary to the integrity of our thinking toCHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON 95assume that mortal life is somehow to find its interpretations and itscompletions in some sort of immortal life! He was sure, however,that a working conception of the right life would not be seriouslyat fault if it took, as the main business of a Christian man, steadfastendeavor to find out how the world may be made to yield the bestassorted values to the largest number of people, and how the largestnumber of people may co-operate so that they may more equitablyshare the world's common achievements.If I could trust myself to limit the illustrations, I should venture torecall a long list of the different aspects of Doctor Henderson's magnanimity. How confident he was! His even disposition and hisserene bearing excluded everything resembling bluster; yet his cheerymanner reminded one of the master of a good ship in a storm, hearteninghis passengers with assurance that it is better to be at sea than on shorein a gale. The sea of life had no terrors for Doctor Henderson. Heknew his course; he knew the laws of life; he was observant of them; hewas undisturbed by fears about results.Doctor Henderson's magnanimity was patient and tolerant andgenerous. The darling sin of idealists is impatience. The better thingwhich ought to be seems so all-important that many men of benevolentaims are in effect more obstructive than constructive. Unless they canhave what they want at once, unless other people will consent to subordinate their particular aims to the particular aim of this type ofreformer, he sulks, and he frets, and he very likely arrests more timelysteps in progress than those he wants to take. Doctor Henderson'sbroad survey of life taught him that readjustments of individual or socialhabits, which might seem to be matters of course, in reality depend uponother readjustments in widening circles of relations, and that therewould be less visible rationality than there is, either in the physical orthe moral world, if reconstructions were not necessarily slow. His idealism therefore was an imperative to labor, but not license to demandinstant fruits of his labor. He was never petulant. He was an optimistwho could wait. Even when other men pushed themselves toward resultswhich might prejudice his own plans, he refused to be contentious. Hewould loyally plead his own cause, and then calmly and kindly bide histime. He always recognized that other men, although their immediateinterests might conflict with his, also had their rights, even if he did notbelieve they duly recognized his rights.Doctor Henderson's magnanimity was just. He was intenselyambitious, yet neither self-depreciation nor self-effacement on the onehand, nor self-assertion on the other was a feature of his magnanimous96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhumility. He was rather a man of noble and reticent self-respect. Hisambition was not that of vanity weakly scheming for undeserved recognition. It was that of a workman conscious of the worth of his work andhis workmanship, and jealous of the prestige of both. But his prideof work and workmanship made him equally respectful toward the workand the workmanship of others. Nor was this judicial regard for his ownand others' merits merely passive. He had a reserve of withering indignation which no one wise enough to understand its temperance wouldwillingly provoke. Nor were his patience, and his tolerance, and hisgenerosity so compromising that they would sneak behind silence ratherthan give offense. His magnanimity was as rugged as the frankness ofthe prophet Nathan declaring to David, "Thou art the man!"Yesterday afternoon, as I sat in the train trying to select from themany things which would be appropriate for this hour the few that thetime would permit, we passed many teams of three or four horses abreastdragging the plow. The bits of the horses in one of the teams werefastened to a cross-bar to keep the animals from biting each other. Hisyoke-fellows never needed such protection against Doctor Henderson.He would not sacrifice his opinions for the sake of peace, but he heldthem so courteously that no one could quarrel with him without puttinghimself in the wrong.Doctor Henderson's magnanimity was sacrificial. Not in an exceptional dramatic situation; not in a rare moment of self-abnegatingimpulse; genuine life and sacrificial life were to his mind identical. InOctober last he received a warning about his health which would havedischarged most men from all obligation to further avoidable service.At the same time, the problem of unemployment had begun to presentitself in more appalling scope than ever before in Chicago. Withoutcounting the cost, he allowed himself to be impressed for the mostresponsible part of the work of devising means of relief. Supportedby only four or five public-spirited citizens, he toiled through the winterin the attempt to organize private co-operation adequate to cope withthe distress. The only visible result of these labors was the unanimousconviction of those who had done the work that the idea of controllingthe conditions by private organization is Utopian; that the state mustassume the responsibility. This conclusion was incorporated in a bill tobe introduced during the present session of the Illinois legislature.Only a few days before the apoplectic stroke, after which henever recovered consciousness, Doctor Henderson sent to the printerhis account of the experience that culminated in the bill. He had liter-CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON 97ally fallen in a campaign to conquer standing ground on the earth formen and women out of a job. A moment ago I used the word defeat.For a man of Doctor Henderson's character, however, there is no defeat.When he dies with his face toward the enemy he dies blazing the pathto final victory.In his death, as in his life, Doctor Henderson was consistently publishing the secret which has been open to everyone with eyes to see sincethe career of Jesus. The constructive process of the visible world is aneconomy of sacrifice. In wealth economy we have known practicallyas long as there has been human industry, and we have known theoretically for a century and a half, the reality called productive consumption. Today's wheat must be consumed that we may havetomorrow's flour. We have hardly followed this elementary economicperception into its most obvious moral duplications. Today's leisureand comfort must be consumed that we may have tomorrow's supplies.Today's men must be consumed in order that tomorrow's men may bemore capable and complete. We have heard that "except a corn ofwheat fall into the ground and die it abideth alone," but we have treatedthe moral parallel of this commonplace as sentimental pietism. We arefamiliar with the dictum, "He that saveth his life shall lose it," but werelegate it to the category of extravagant religious mysticism. We knowthe story of the crucifixion, yet those who do not regard that sacrificeas a divine device to substitute a miracle for the visible moral processtreat it as merely one among many proofs of the futility of unselfishness.Doctor Henderson believed, and his life professed, that the sacrificiallife is the life that normal men will lead when humanity finds itself.This occasion should not be allowed to pass without two practicalsuggestions; first, it is a popular superstition that neither the church northe university cares for the laboring man. Speaking now of the church inthe sense which includes Jewish and Christian congregations, and notof a particular university, but of universities in general, Doctor Henderson represented both, and he did care for the laboring man. Whileneither church nor university can specialize as Doctor Henderson didupon those members of the community who are least successful, bothchurch and university are committed in principle to the same democraticpurposes for which he was eminent.Second: We men and women of Chicago and Illinois who haveunited in tributes of respect to Doctor Henderson will confess judgmentagainst ourselves if we do not unite to secure the passage of the bill whichembodies the results of his most heroic labors. The bill may not be98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDperfect. It represents at all events the most intelligent judgment uponthe causes and necessary means of preventing unemployment that hasyet been formed, and it deserves the support of all men of good-will.I make no apology for applying words consecrated to the Masterwhom he served to Doctor Henderson himself. I use them deliberately,first, to imply the interpretation which the larger church is graduallylearning to make, both of the words themselves and of the person towhom they primarily apply; second, as a literal appreciation of DoctorHenderson's life; third, as a prophecy of the larger Christianity whichis one day to possess the earth: He came not to be ministered unto, but tominister, and to give his life a ransom for many.PROFESSOR BURTON'S ADDRESSTruly a prince and a great man hath fallen in Israel this day! Yes,more than a prince, a very king among his fellows. Tall, and till verylately erect of stature, yet even more conspicuous for his moral staturethan for his physical. If we should speak in truth and soberness thewords that seem to us necessary to describe him as he was, these wordsmight easily seem to any who did not know him fulsome flattery, andyet to us fall short of saying all we feel. No common loss is this thatwe, his friends, the University, the city, and the nation suffer today.Yet the words that we utter shall not be words of overwhelminggrief, but of victory, of triumph, even of joy for what he did and whathe was. For by his life he has demonstrated to us and to thousandsmore throughout the land, as perhaps no one else known to us or to themhas done it, that it is possible for a man in the midst of the busiest lifeand under the burden of the most onerous toil to be a Christian hero —a modern, virile, red-blooded saint of God.We might praise him for his scholarship. We might tell how, coming to the University in middle life from the pressing burdens of a largecity parish, he threw himself into the task of acquiring the data and thetools of the science in which he was to be an investigator and a teacher.We might recall how, even amid his threefold duties of University Chaplain, professor, and for a time Recorder, and in spite of the many demandsthat were made upon him from outside, he yet so wrought that in a fewyears he became known, not only among us, but outside the Universityand on both sides of two oceans, for his scholarly contributions to theliterature of his subject.CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON 99We might praise him for his success in practical affairs. It is proverbial that scholarship and affairs do not mingle well. The man ofbusiness and the man of thought may admire and appreciate each other,but scholarship does not, as a rule, make for success in practical affairs,nor business mix well with scholarship. Yet in the very years in whichDr. Henderson was burning the midnight oil in the prosecution of hisscholarly tastes, he was grappling also with the practical problems ofprison reform, of industrial insurance, and the relief of poverty andunemployment; and so successful was he in these affairs that he cameto be recognized as a leader in such matters, and no man was more soughtfor than he as a leader in practical philanthropy in city and in state andby international organizations.We love to recall him today as an orator. With what passion, withwhat sweet persuasiveness he was wont to speak on the platform of theUniversity, and before larger audiences throughout the country and inother lands! The common people heard him gladly, and the studentsof America and India and China and Japan delighted to listen to hiswords. He had no tricks of speech, none of the arts of an orator. Whathe had was strong convictions on great subjects, deep sympathy with hisfellow-men, downright sincerity, and a voice singularly expressive of hisgreat soul. It was these that made men throng to hear him.But it is not as scholar or teacher, not as man of affairs or as orator,that we think of him chiefly in this hour. Nor was it as any of thesethat he made his deepest impression on his fellows. The greatest factabout Dr. Henderson was his character, and it was by this that he rendered his greatest service to his world.Because he lived among us for two decades, as he lived, we find iteasier to believe that in the first century Jesus lived as the Gospels tellus he lived. That miracle of perfect living, which at times in the midstof a selfish, warring world seems an impossibility, is for us no longer such;for we have ourselves seen such a life in this twentieth century. He hasput new meaning into those words of Jesus, "The Son of man came notto be ministered unto but to minister and to give his life a ransom formany." For we have ourselves seen another son of man who sought notto be ministered unto, but to minister, and in very truth giving his lifea ransom for many.And how beautiful was that life! Tender as a woman in his sympathy, yet no man among us more masculine and vigorous. Tolerant ofthe views of others, yet wholly without taint of cowardice or weakness.Deeply devout, yet with nothing of the religious recluse about him. A100 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfriend of God, yet with such a capacity for friendship with men, and sotireless in his service of his fellows, that it might truly be said of himthat in his death not only every member of the University, but everycitizen of Chicago, has lost a friend.One of his colleagues said of him, "No other man ever made me feel,as he did, the reality of religion." So might hundreds, even thousands,say. For in very truth he was an incarnation in this twentieth centuryof the spirit of religion.And this is the greatest service that Dr. Henderson rendered to theworld. He might have been all that he was as a scholar, a man of affairs,an orator, and yet have been far less than he really was for the worldbut for the fact that he was also a saint — militant, vigorous, a man ofthe world, but in it all and above all, a saint. By this he demonstratedanew the noble possibilities of human nature and the noble possibilitiesof the religion of Jesus Christ. For the fundamental fact about ourfriend, accounting for his scholarship, his oratory, and his success as aman of affairs, was that he was a devout follower of Jesus of Nazareth.Against such a life the arrows of death fall harmless and shattered.O world of sin and sorrow, thou art defeated! O death, thou art vanquished! O Galilean, thou hast conquered! O son of man, our friendand brother, thou art victor. And in thy victory and in thy joy we aresharers!ECONOMY OF TIME IN EDUCATIONIn the January issue of the University Record were printed excerptsfrom a report by the Dean of the Faculties to the President of the University (pp. 26-45). In tne President's Report for the year endingJune 30, 1914, the following comment interesting in connection with theforegoing article is to be found on pages 7-9:ECONOMY OF TIME IN EDUCATION— SHORTENING SCHOOL ANDCOLLEGE CURRICULA"In the Reports of 1909-10, 1910-n, and 1911-12 this subject wasdiscussed in detail. It was pointed out that in the eight grades ofthe elementary school more or less time was wasted by a lack ofproper co-ordination of work, and by needless repetitions. It wasalso pointed out that the work of the first two college years was verylargely of secondary-school grade, and that with proper efficiency inthe secondary school it ought not to be necessary, as a prerequisiteto work of university character, that so much should be required ofa secondary nature. It was also said in the Report of 1910-n thatthe Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science had beenrequested to make a study of the problem and present a detailed report."In accordance with the foregoing suggestions certain definitesteps of progess have been made."The University Elementary School has eliminated the eighthgrade. By suitable rearrangements and adjustments the work of theSchool is finished satisfactorily in seven years. The first class to beadmitted to the University High School on this basis entered the HighSchool in the autumn of 1913, and finished the first year of high-schoolwork with the close of the Spring Quarter, 1914. The report of thePrincipal of the High School (p. 59) makes the following comment:Judged by the results of the year's work, the elimination of the eighth grade inour Elementary School has proved a complete success. The pupils promoted to theHigh School at the end of the seventh grade made a distinctly better record in eachsubject during the year than the larger number of pupils coming from schools requiring eight years."As the conditions attending this class were in every respect normal,it seems clear that this one step has been successful. It is proved thatthe work of the elementary school does not need eight years for itsproper completion. Indeed, it need not be occasion for surprise if subsequent experience may prove the possibility of still further adjustment."The Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science submitted an exhaustive report in December, 191 2, covering the entiresubject. Parts of this report, bearing more immediately upon theIOI102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDquestion under discussion, were printed in the University Record ofJanuary, 191 5. The study of the Dean showed very clearly that thework of a considerable part of the first two college years is essentiallysecondary in character, and that it is not necessary for the successof real college work that so much high-school work should be madea condition precedent."Basing its report on that of the Dean, the Curriculum Committeeof the Faculty of the Colleges submitted a report which was approvedby that Faculty June 3, 19 14, and which later received the approvalof the University Senate. The policy of the Faculty contemplatesthe recognition of quality of work done in the secondary school asa sufficient reason for the elimination of a certain amount of the quantityof secondary work required in the Colleges. A student whose standingin his secondary-school course is sufficiently high may eliminate theequivalent of one full year of Junior College secondary-school work.On the other hand, students not qualified for this elimination will receivefull credit toward a degree for such work only if it is done in the firstcollege year. If such work is postponed until after the first college yearit is progressively reduced in credit value, so that if done in the fourthcollege year it has no credit value at all."As has been said, this legislation is intended to place emphasisupon quality of work rather than upon quantity, and to make it possiblefor the best students to shorten the requirements for the college degree,it being believed that that can be done without injury to their collegetraining or to the success with which they carry advanced college work.This legislation also is a suitable corollary of the policy which has beennow some years in force, whereby students from secondary schoolswhose work in such schools is of a low grade are refused admissionaltogether."The movement for extending the range of the best secondaryschools, so as to cover substantially the work of the junior colleges, isgaining momentum in many parts of the country. This is in the rightdirection, and the day cannot be far distant when the work whichbelongs to the secondary school will be done so completely and soefficiently that the colleges, at least those which are connected withuniversities, may be free from the necessity of doing such work, andmay devote their time to higher education in a real sense. This willconstitute, to be sure, a revolution in the colleges, but it is believed bythose who favor it that it will be a revolution which will add greatly tothe efficiency of education and to a saving of time, without educationalloss, for students in every grade of institutions of learning."EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE NINETY-FOURTH CONVOCATIONMyra Reynolds, Ph.D., Professor ofEnglish Literature, was the ConvocationOrator, March 16, 1915. The Awardsof Honors included the election of fourteen students to membership in SigmaXi, and two students to membership inthe Beta of Illinois Chapter of PhiBeta Kappa.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: the Title ofAssociate, 60; the Two Years' Certificate of the College of Education, 2;the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 2; thedegree of Bachelor of Philosophy, 39;the degree of Bachelor of Science, 16.The Divinity School: the degree ofMaster of Arts, 9; the degree of Bachelorof Divinity, 1; the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, 1. The Law School: thedegree of Doctor of Law, 7. The Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, andScience: the degree of Master of Arts, 3;the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 7.The total number of degrees conferred(not including titles and certificates)was 85.The Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening ofMarch 15. In the receiving line wereMrs. Harry Pratt Judson, Professor MyraReynolds, and Mr. and Mrs. JuliusRosenwald. President Judson,^ on account of an attack of pleurisy, wasunable to be present.At the Convocation Religious Servicein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Sundaymorning, March 14, the sermon wasdelivered by Professor Gerald BirneySmith.DEATH OF DAVID G. HAMILTONDavid G. Hamilton, a trustee of theUniversity since 1893, died February 16.The funeral was held from his late residence, 999 Lake Shore Drive, February18. Resolutions adopted by the Boardof Trustees are printed on p. 75 of thisissue. IN MEMORY OF DR. HENDERSONSunday afternoon, April 4, a service inmemory of Charles Richmond Henderson was held in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, under the joint auspices of studentsand members of the faculties. PresidentHarry Pratt Judson presided. The orderof service was as follows:Organ Prelude:"MyHeart Ever Faithful" . . BachProcessional, Hymn 112:"A Mighty Fortress is Our God" . LutherInvocation:Herbert Lockwood WillettResponsive Reading:Ruth Allen, President of theUndergraduate CouncilAnthem: "The Silent Sea" . NeidlingerAddresses on Behalf of Students:James Milton HessPaul Snowdon RussellWilliam Henricks WeiserHymn 62: "O Master, Let Me Walk withThee"Addresses on Behalf of the Faculties:John Merle CoulterJames Parker HallErnest DeWitt BurtonPrayer and Benediction:Herbert Lockwood WillettRecessional, Hymn 323 "For All theSaints Who from Their LaborsRest" BarnbyPostlude:"Adoration," from "The Holy City" GaulSunday afternoon, April n, a Community Memorial Service was held inthe Auditorium. The program was asfollows:Organ Prelude:Arthur Constant Lunn, Organist, University Congregational Church."America":A Capella Choir of Northwestern University — Dean Peter C. Lutkin, Director,and Audience.Presentation of Presiding Officer, His Excellency Edward F. Dunne, Governor ofIllinois, By Nathan William MacChesney,Chairman Citizens' Committee.Invocation:"The Significance of the Occasion"Very Rev. Peter J. O'Callaghan, C.S.P.,Superior, Paulist Fathers.104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD"Dr. Henderson as Scholar and Teacher"George E. Vincent, Ph.D., LL.D., PresidentUniversity of Minnesota.SelectionA Capella Choir."Dr. Henderson as a Social Worker"Jane Addams, Hull House."The Religious Motive in the Life of Dr.tlenderson"Dean Shailer Mathews, President, FederalCouncil of the Churches of Christ inAmerica.SelectionA Capella Choir."Dr. Henderson and the Community Life"Graham Taylor, Warden, Chicago Commons."The Man"Dr. Emil G. Hirsch, Pastor, Sinai Temple.Memorial Resolutions:Nathan William MacChesney.BenedictionResponseA Capella Choir.IDA NOYES HALLThe cornerstone of Ida Noyes Hallwill be laid Saturday morning, April 17.Students and members of the facultywill gather in Harper Assembly Room andjoin the procession to the new building.A large number of women students andalumnae will also take part in the procession. After an introductory statementby President Harry Pratt Judson, theSecretary of the Board of Trustees, Mr.J. Spencer Dickerson, will read the contents of the cornerstone. The cornerstone will be laid by Mr. La Verne Noyes,assisted by Mrs. Harry Pratt Judson.The address will be delivered by MissMarion Talbot, Dean of Women. Afterthe formal exercises at the building, aluncheon will be served in the Gymnasium, Lexington Hall, for trustees andfaculty members (and their wives),alumnae, and women students. Ticketsmay be secured on application toBox 145, Faculty Exchange, or the Gymnasium Office, Lexington Hall.THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL REPORTThe President's Report, a document oftwo hundred and thirty-seven pages,has been issued and may be secured bymembers of the faculty on application tothe President's Office.THE TWENTY-SEVENTH EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCEThe Twenty-seventh Educational Conference of the Academies and High Schools in Relations with the Universityof Chicago will be held at the University,Friday, April 16, 191 5. The generalsubject of the conference will be "TheRelation of the Organized Library to theSchool." At the general session inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall, the librarian of the St. Louis Public Library,Mr. Arthur E. Bostwick, will speak on"School Libraries and Mental Training,"and the secretary of the Wisconsin FreeLibrary Commission, Mr. Matthew S.Dudgeon, will speak on "Getting theMost Out of Books." There will bedepartmental conferences, and each topicwill be considered in a very large numberof special papers and discussions. Theusual prize scholarship exercises and theseventeenth annual contest in PublicSpeaking will be held the same afternoon.At six o'clock, at a conference of administrative officers in Hutchinson Cafe, willbe discussed "Methods of Co-operatingwith Principals of Accredited Schoolswith the View to Granting College Creditat the University of Chicago for StudiesCompleted in These Schools in Excessof the Fifteen Units Required for Entrance to College," and "Excess Creditfor College Entrance for High-SchoolWork Done at a High Level of Excellence."THE SUMMER QUARTER FACULTIESAmong the members of the faculties ofother institutions who will offer coursesat the University of Chicago during theSummer Quarter are: Carter Alexander,Ph.D., Professor of School Administration, George Peabody College forTeachers; Merrett Wallace Charters,Ph.D., Dean, School of Education, University of Missouri; George E. Coghill,Ph.D., Professor of Anatomy, Universityof Kansas; John Forsyth Crawford,Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy, BeloitCollege; George Oliver Curme, A.M.,Professor of German, NorthwesternUniversity; Hugo Diemer, A.B., M.E.,Professor of Industrial Engineering,Pennsylvania State College; JamesFleming Hosic, Ph.M., Professor ofEnglish, Chicago Normal College; HarleyLeist Lutz, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, Oberlin College; Charles CarrollMarden, Ph.D., Professor of Spanish,Johns Hopkins University; Harry AllenOverstreet, A.B., B.Sc, Professor ofPhilosophy, College of the City of NewEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 105York; Robert Park, Ph.D., ProfessorialLecturer in Sociology; Frank ChapmanSharp, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy,University of Wisconsin; Albert Augustus Trever, Ph.D., Professor of Greek,Lawrence University; Arthur CarltonTrowbridge, Ph.D., Professor of Geology,University of Iowa; Berthold Louis Ull-man, Ph.D., Professor of Latin, University of Pittsburgh; Leroy Waterman,Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languagesand Literatures, University of Michigan;Guy Fred Wells, A.M., Head of the Department of Education, Rhode IslandState Normal School; Albert BenedictWolfe, Ph.D., Professor of Economicsand Sociology, University of Texas;Edith Abbott, Ph.D., Associate Directorof Social Investigation, Chicago Schoolof Civics' and Philanthropy; RobertDaniel Carmichael, Ph.D., AssociateProfessor of Mathematics, Indiana University; John Maurice Clark, Ph.D.,Associate Professor of Economics, Amherst College; Oliver Charles Clifford,Ph.D., Associate Professor of ElectricalEngineering, Armour Institute of Technology; Edward James Moore, Ph.D.,Associate Professor of Physics, OberlinCollege; Karl F. Munzinger, A.B.,Adjunct-Professor of German, Universityof Texas; James Eustace Shaw, Ph.D.,Associate Professor of Italian, JohnsHopkins University; Walter W. Stewart,A.B., Associate Professor of Economics,University of Missouri; David SimonBlondheim, Ph.D., Assistant Professor ofRomance, University of Illinois; ArnoldDresden, Ph.D., Assistant Professor ofMathematics, University of Wisconsin;Ernest Edward Irons, Ph.D., AssistantProfessor of Medicine, Rush MedicalCollege; Arestes W. Nolan, A.B., S.M.,Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, University of Illinois; HowardBrown Woolston, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science, College of theCity of New York; Thomas HenryBillings, A.M., Lecturer in Greek, University of Manitoba; George MillerCalhoun, Ph.D., Instructor in Greek,University of Texas; Wilbert LesterCarr, A.M., Instructor in Latin, University High School; Robert WoodKeeton, S.M., Instructor in Physiology,Northwestern University; Maurice Goldsmith Mehl, Ph.D., Instructor in Paleontology, University of Wisconsin; KeithPreston, Ph.D., Instructor in Latin,Northwestern University; William Gard ner Reed, A.M., Instructor in Geography,University of California; TheophilusHenry Schroedel, A.B., Instructor in German, University of Minnesota; Guy Edward Snider, Ph.D., Instructor in Economics, College of the City of New York;Willis E. Tower, A.M., Instructor inPhysics, Englewood High School; Richard Wischkamper, A.M., Instructor inGerman, University of Minnesota.THE CHINA MEDICAL COMMISSIONThe China Medical Commission, ofwhich President Harry Pratt Judson isChairman, has published through theUniversity Press the report of the Commission in a volume of one hundred andtwenty pages with thirteen plates and amap of China. Six sections of the reportinclude discussion of "Health Conditionsin China," "Chinese Native Medicineand Surgery," "Western Medicine inChina," "Standards of Medical Education under Missionary Auspices, Teachingin Chinese or in English," "Dissectionand Autopsies," and " The Attitude of theChinese toward Modern Medicine."The final section gives the recommendations of the Commission, chief of whichare that the Rockefeller Foundationshould undertake medical work in China,for which there is the most urgent needand a great opportunity; that the Foundation should co-operate with missionary institutions already existing; and that themedical instruction in which the Foundation is concerned should be of the highestpracticable standard. Various specificrecommendations are also made, such asprovision for medical schools, hospitals,fellowships, scholarships, training ofnurses, and expert lecturers from othercountries.GENERAL ITEMSThe Ricketts Laboratory and Rosenwald Hall were opened for the use ofclasses January 4, 1915. The ClassicsBuilding was first used March 29, 1915.M. Eugene Brieux was the guest ofhonor at a luncheon at the QuadrangleClub, Tuesday, January 19.At the Quarterly Dinner of Sigma Xiat the Quadrangle Club, January 21,Professor J. C. Bose, of Calcutta, delivered an address: "Plant Autographsand Their Revelations."io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe eighteenth series of Haskell Lectures at the University of Chicago wasgiven on January 29 and February 2, 3,and 5 by Masaharu Anesaki, professorof the philosophy of religion in the Imperial University of Tokyo, who, duringthe last year, has been exchange professorin Harvard University. Professor Anesaki, who is himself a liberal Buddhistdelivered four lectures on the generalsubject of "Buddhism and Its Influenceon Japanese Thought and Life":I, "Buddhism: Its FundamentalTenets"; II, "Buddhism: Its Development"; III, "Buddhist Influence uponthe Japanese"; IV, "Buddhism inModern Japan, Especially in Relation toChristianity." Professor Anesaki alsodelivered an illustrated lecture on Japanese art February 1 in Leon MandelAssembly Hall.Dr. Horatio Parker, of Yale University,on February 2, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, lectured on his opera, Fairyland.A dinner for all members of thefaculties was given by students of theUniversity, February 16, in HutchinsonHall. Speeches were made by PresidentHarry Pratt Judson, Professor H. C.Cowles, and Miss Ruth Allen, Presidentof the Undergraduate Council.Professor Kuno Meyer lectured in CobbHall, February 26, on "Ancient IrishPoetry."February 17 a meeting to commemorate the signing of the Treaty of Ghentwas held in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall. An address was made by PresidentHarry Pratt Judson.For the Social Science group of departments a library of books and pamphletson the war is being collected. It ishoped that the collection may be a complete one and of great value to futurehistorians.A. A. Michelson has succeeded, afterfifteen years of experimentation, inproducing a nine-inch diffraction gratingfor the resolution of light.J. P. Goode has published a mapof Africa in two forms, physical andpolitical, as the fourth pair in the seriesof wall maps from new and originalsources for colleges and schools.At the International Exhibition forthe Book Industry and the Graphic Arts, held in Leipzig, Germany, the StatePrize was awarded to the University ofChicago for its exhibit of publicationsmade through the University Press.Among the hundred volumes submittedto the Leipzig Exhibition by the Presswere many books by members of theFaculties of the University, covering various fields of scientific research, andeducational, religious, and economicsubjects, besides twenty-eight volumesfrom the First and Second Series of theDecennial Publications and the sixteenjournals published by the UniversityPress.Henry W. Prescott, acting as SatherProfessor of Classical Literature at theUniversity of California, is giving therethe Sather lectures, on the general subject of "The Classical Epic," the purpose of the course being to show howthe folk-epic of Greece grew into thejiterary epic of Rome.Carl D. Buck was elected vice-presidentof the American Philological Associationat its meeting at Haverford College,Pennsylvania.James Rowland Angell has been appointed Non-Resident Lecturer in Psychology at Columbia University.James Parker Hall is secretary of thenew "Universities Committee on StateConstitution," which was appointed bythe presidents of the universities ofChicago and Illinois and of NorthwesternUniversity to consider some of the topicsin regard to which constitutional changesin Illinois are being currently advocated.Ernst Freund is also a member of thecommittee.At the first annual convention of theVocational Education Association of theMiddle West held in Chicago, FrankM. Leavitt was elected president of theassociation for 1915.Charles E. Merriam was on April 6re-elected alderman from the SeventhWard.Edward Scribner Ames is the authorof The Higher Individualism. The bookis intended as a contribution to modernreligious ideals.On John Ulric Nef the honorarydegree of Doctor of Laws was conferredby the University of Pittsburgh inconnection with the recent celebrationEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 107ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1915Men Women Total1015 Total1914 Gain LossI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science —1. The Graduate Schools:Arts and Literature Science 174218+1 15161 325279+1 275231 5048+ITotal 392+135o59338-1 21228941652 604+16391,00990—1 50667498192 98+1'28'"2. The Colleges:Senior 35Junior Unclassified 2+1Total 981 -1i,373117(3 <*up.)11 75796913(2 dup.)1 1,738-12,34213012 i,7472,253108148 89 9+iTotal Arts, Literature,and Science II. The Professional Schools —1. The Divinity School:*Graduate Unclassified Dano-Norwegian English Theological Total 1286194133 141531 1427697134 1307i104158 12*2. The Courses in Medicine:Graduate Senior Junior Unclassified Medical Total 17113039381 1952 19013539401 19812150401 83. The Law School:Graduate *Senior Candidate for LL.B Unclassified Total 208205271,900213 72472871,25621 2152678143,156234 2122628023,o55255 35121014. The College of Education . .Total Professional Total University *Deduct for duplication Net totals 1,687 1,235 2,922 2,800 122io8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the 128th anniversary of Charter Day,and the dedication of the new MellonInstitute of Industrial Chemical Research.The University of Chicago Press willpublish shortly The Modem Study ofLiterature by Richard Green Moulton.The volume is intended as an introduction to literary theory and interpretation, and the general purpose of thework is to discuss the study of literatureand what it must become if it is to maintain its place in the foremost ranks ofmodern studies.Charles Manning Child will shortlyissue through the University of ChicagoPress Senescence and Rejuvenescence.John Merle Coulter was elected vice-president of the American Associationof University Professors recently organized in New York City. ProfessorJohn Dewey, of Columbia University,formerly of the University of Chicago, ispresident of the organization.Two members of the University ofChicago faculty were in the WinterQuarter appointed to important commissions in Chicago by the mayor of the city:Emil G. Hirsch, to the Morals Commission, and Charles R. Henderson, to theIndustrial Commission.The University Preachers for the SpringQuarter will be as follows :April 4 — Professor Shailer Mathews.April 11 — Associate Professor AllanHoben.April 18 — Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick,Montclair, N.J.April 25 — Bishop Charles P. Anderson,Chicago.May 2, 9 — President Albert Parker Fitch,Andover Theological Seminary, Cambridge, Mass.May 16, 23 — Rev. J. Herman Randall,Mt. Morris BaptistChurch, New York.May 30, June 6 — Professor G. A. Johnston Ross, Union Theological Seminary, NewYork.At the Ninety-fifth Convocation,June 15, the address will be deliveredby Mr. Theodore Marburg, A.M., LL.D.,of Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Marburgwas educated at Johns Hopkins Uni versity, Oxford, The ficole Libre de laScience Politique, and the University ofHeidelberg. In 191 2-13 he was UnitedUnited States Minister to Belgium. Heis a trustee of Johns Hopkins University,president of the Municipal Art Society,chairman of the Executive Committeeof the American Peace Congress. Hehas been vice-president of the AmericanEconomic Association, and secretary ofthe Society for the Judicial Settlement ofInternational Disputes. Among his publications are: In the Hills; World1 sMoney Problem; The War with Spain;Expansion; The Peace Movement Practical; Salient Thoughts on Judical Settlement; Philosophy of the Third AmericanPeace Congress.Mrs. Emma B. Hodge, has presentedto the University a famous copy ofMelancthon's Annotations on the Bible.This particular copy, printed by Froben,whose device is carved in many places onHarper Memorial Library, was partlyburned in Basle in 1580. It has been inthe possession of many succeedingauthorities on Melancthon. Mrs. Hodge,feeling that a book of such character andinterest ought to be placed in a university where comment on the Scriptures hasbeen so free and inspiring, secured it forthe Harper Memorial Library. She hasplaced with it an autograph letter ofMelanchton and an autograph letter byhis friend, Erasmus, together with contemporary engravings of the two friends.The Ricketts Laboratory will beformally opened by a reception in honorof Mrs. Howard Taylor Ricketts to beheld in the laboratory from four-thirtyuntil six, Thursday afternoon, April 22A copy of a volume in memory ofFlorence James Adams (Mrs. MilwardAdams), in honor of whom the FlorenceJames Adams Prize for Artistic Readingwas established, has been placed in thelibrary of each of the women's halls andin that of the Reynolds Club, throughthe courtesy of Mr. Milward Adams. Thecontest for the Florence James AdamsPrize will be held in connection with theexercises of the Ninety-fifth Convocation.Sir Walter Raleigh, Professor of English Literature. Oxford University, willlecture on "The Origins of Romance"in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, at 4:30p.m. April 22, 191 5.THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS1915-16Ada Hart ArlittA.B., Tulane University, 1913Lester AronbergS.B., University of Chicago, 1914John Herbert BachmanA.B., University of Kansas, 1909A.M., Northwestern University, 19 10Herman Carey BeyleA.B., Central College, 1912Harry BretzA.B., William Jewell College, 1904A.B., University of Chicago, 191 1Donald Melrose BrodieA.B., Oberlin College, 191 1A.M., Columbia University, 1913D.B., Oberlin Seminary, 1914Reginald Saxon CastlemanPh.B., University of Chicago, 1914Catharine Lines ChapinA.B., Smith College, 19 13John Scott ClelandA.B., Muskingum College, 1908A.M., Princeton University, 1909Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1914George Sylvester CountsA.B., Baker University, 191 1Esther CraneA.B., Smith College, 1910A.M., ibid., 1914Pearl Margaret DanielsPh.B., University of Chicago, 1911Rajani Kanta DasS.B., Ohio State University, 19 10S.M., University of Missouri, 191 1A.M., University of Wisconsin, 191 2Arthur Cumming DennisA.B., University of Minnesota, 19 12Frank Earl DennyA.B., University of Nebraska, 1906Edward Adelbert DoisyA.B., University of Illinois, 19 14QUAESITA CORNWELL DRAKEA.B., Vassar College, 1910A.M., ibid., 191 1 PsychologyChemistryGermanPolitical ScienceRomanceNew Testament and EarlyChristian LiteratureHistoryZoologySociologyEducationPhilosophyPhilosophyPolitical EconomyGeologyBotanyPhysiological ChemistryChemistry109no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWinfield DudgeonS.B., Iowa State College, 1907Alphaeus William DuplerA.B., Juniata College, 191 1S.M., University of Chicago, 1914Clayton Harold EatonA.B., University of Nebraska, 1910Emmanuel Bernard FinkS.B., University of Chicago, 1914Leo FinkelsteinS.B. in Chemical Engineering,Armour Institute, 1914Joseph K. FolsomS.B., Rutgers College, 19 13Ralph Evans FreemanA.B., McMaster University, 19 14Joseph Roy GeigerA.B., Furman University, 1909A.M., Stetson University, 191 2Marshall Allen GrangerA.B., University of Kansas, 1914Homer Ewart GregoryA.B., Washington State College, 19 14Dudley David GriffithA.B., Simpson College, 1903Ralph Edwin HallS.B., Ohio Wesleyan University, 1907S.M., ibid., 1909A.M., Ohio State University, 1911Charles Walter HamiltonA.B., University of Oklahoma, 191 2Milton Theodore HankeS.B., University of Chicago, 19 14Arthur McCracken HardingA.B., University of Arkansas, 1904A.M., University of Chicago, 1914Ertle Leslie HarringtonS.B. in Ed., University of Missouri, 1910A.B., ibid., 191 1William LeRoy HartS.B., University of Chicago, 1913S.M., ibid., 1914Milford Everett HindsS.B., Northwestern University, 1912S.M., University of Illinois, 1914Henry Clyde HubbartA.B., University of Chicago, 1904Edwin Powell HubbleS.B., University of Chicago, 1910A.B., Oxford University, 1912 BotanyBotanyPaleontologyPathologyChemistrySociologyPolitical EconomyPhilosophyPolitical EconomyPolitical EconomyEnglishChemistryGeologyChemistryMathematicsPhysicsAstronomyBacteriologyHistoryAstronomyTHE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS IIIHelen Sard Hughes EnglishPh.B., University of Chicago, 1909Ed.B., ibid., 19 10A.M., ibid., 191 1John Moller Janson PhysiologyA.B., University of Illinois, 1914S.M., ibid., 1915Mary Bernice Jenkins BotanyS.B., University of Chicago, 191 2Edward Safford Jones PsychologyA.B., Oberlin College, 1910Jacob Robert Kantor PhilosophyPh.B., University of Chicago, 1914George Brockwell King SemiticsA.B., University of Toronto, 1907D.B., Victoria College, 1909Conrad Lun Kjerstad PsychologyA.B., University of South Dakota, 191 1John Knox Knox GeologyA.B., University of Toronto, 1914Leonard Vincent Koos EducationA.B., Oberlin College, 1907A.M., University of Chicago, 19 15Otto Koppius PhysicsS.B., University of Chicago, 19 13Kenneth W. Lamson MathematicsA.B., Harvard University, 1906Gillie Aldah Larew MathematicsA.B., Randolph-Macon Woman's College, 1903A.M., University of Chicago, 191 1Ernest Lauer Church HistoryD.B., Garrett Biblical Institute, 1913A.M., Northwestern University, 1914Ferris Finley Laune Political EconomyA.B., University of Nebraska, 19 14George Konrad Karl Link BotanyS.B., University of Chicago, 1910John Thomas Lister RomancePh.B., University of Chicago, 1913Laura Dorothy Lister RomanceA.B., Swarthmore College, 1915Blanche M. Lyman HistoryA.B., University of Nebraska, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913Lander MacClintock RomancePh.B., University of Chicago, 191 1A.M., ibid., 1913Paul MacClintock GeologyS.B., University of Chicago, 191 2Donald McFayden HistoryA.B., University College, Toronto, 1896Josephine Harriet MacLatchy EducationA.B., Acadia College, 1909A.M., ibid., 1913112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAngus McLeodA.B., University of Toronto, 1914Colin Allen McPheetersA.B., Westminster College, 1890Joseph Simeon MagnusonA.B., Bethany College, 1906A.M., University of Kansas, 1914Herschel Thurman ManuelA.B., DePauw University, 1909A.M., University of Chicago, 1914Archie Shephard MerrillA.B., Colgate University, 191 1James Ernest MoffattA.B., McMaster University, 19 14Frederick Breading OxtobyA.B., University of Michigan, 1905D.B., McCormick Theological Seminary, 1908Norman Sallee ParkerA.B., University of Chicago, 1910A.M., Harvard University, 191 2Louis Augustus PechsteinS.B., University of Missouri, 1913Benjamin Floyd PittingerA.B., Michigan State Normal College, 1908A.M., University of Texas, 191 2Edward Byron ReuterA.B. in Education, University of Missouri, 1910A.M., ibid., 191 1Lloyd Kendrick RiggsS.B., Leander Clark College, 191 1Willard Allen RobertsS.B., Earlham College, 191 1Hartley Grant RobertsonA.B., University of Toronto, 19 14Sidney Archie RowlandA.B., Ouachita College, 1907Beardsley RumlS.B., Dartmouth College, 1915Carola Schroeder RustPh.B., University of Chicago, 1912Ernest Ernshel SaylesA.B., McMaster University, 191 2Th.B., ibid., 1914John Edward SchottS.B., University of Nebraska, 1914Ovid Rogers SellersA.B., University of Chicago, 1904D.B., McCormick Theological Seminary, 1915Benjamin Estill ShackelfordA.B., University of Missouri, 1912A.M., ibid., 1913Elizabeth ShererPh.B., University of Chicago, 19 14 GeologyPhilosophyLatinEducationMathematicsPolitical EconomySemiticsHistoryPsychologyEducationSociologyPhysiological ChemistryChemistryGreekPhysicsPsychologyGermanSystematic TheologyChemistrySemiticsPhysicsHistory of ArtTHE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS H3Arthur Wakefield SlatenA.B., William Jewell College, 1908D.B., Rochester Theological Seminary, 191 2Fred SmithA.B., University of Chicago, 1909Lewis Carlyle SorrellA.B., Colgate University, 191 1Pauline SperryA.B., Smith College, 1906A.M., ibid., 1908S.M., University of Chicago, 1914Claud Carl SpikerA.B., West Virginia University, 19 12John Marcellus Steadman, Jr.A.B., Wofford College, 1909A.M., ibid., 191 2Raleigh W. StoneS.B., Valparaiso University, 1910S.M., ibid., 19 13George Fred SutherlandA.B., University of Illinois, 19 13A.M., ibid., 19 14Alice Post TaborL.B., Swarthmore College, 1902A.M., University of Chicago, 1913Vivian Ouray TanseyS.B., University of Chicago, 1913Bonno TapperUniversity of GottingenIowa Teachers CollegeThomas Rothwell TaylorA.B., Swarthmore College, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913Abram Owen ThomasPh.B., State University of Iowa, 1904S.M., ibid., 1909Charley Coombs TiddA.B., University of Missouri, 1910S.B., ibid., 1910William Albert TilleyA.B., McMaster University, 1910Th.B., ibid., 191 2Charles Weldon TomlinsonA.B., University of Wisconsin, 19 13A.M., ibid., 1914William Wallace VisscherA.B., Hope College, 1912Richard Watkin WatkinsS.B., Denison University, 1913Dorrance Stinchfield WhiteA.B., Bates College, 1907A.M., University of Missouri, 1914Laura Amanda WhiteA.B., University of Nebraska, 1904 New Testament and EarlyChristian LiteratureGreekPolitical EconomyMathematicsRomanceEnglishSociologyPhysiologyGermanGeologyGermanGeographyGeologyHousehold AdministrationChurch HistoryGeologyRomanceAnatomyLatinHistory114 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLois WhitneyS.B., University of Chicago, 1914Walter Tichnor WhitneyS.B., Pomona College, 1910S.M., ibid., 1912Derwent Stainthorpe WhittleseyPh.B., University of Chicago, 1913Eliza Gregory WilkinsA.B., Wellesley College, 1900A.M., ibid., 1904Elizabeth WillsonPh.B., University of Chicago, 19 10A.M., ibid., 1914Walter Byron WilsonA.B., University of Missouri, 1913A.M., ibid., 1914Elmer Harry ZauggA.B., Heidelberg University, 1903 EnglishPhysicsHistory-GreekEnglishGeologyNew Testament and EarlyChristian Literature¦3yPpqIT.uu