Volume XIII Number 1THEUniversity RecordJuly, 1908THE UNIVERSITY ¦'OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO AND NEW YORKTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOISSUED IN THE MONTHS OF JANUARY, APRIL, JULY, AND OCTOBERVolume XIII JULY IQ08 Number iCONTENTSPAGEFrontispiece: George Herbert Palmer, Convocation OratorConvocation Address: Specialization, by George Herbert Palmer, A.M., LL.D., Litt.D., Professor ofMoral Philosophy in Harvard University - - - 1Alice Freeman Palmer (portrait), facing page - - - -- - - - - - - 9Dedication of the Alice Freeman Palmer Chimes :Bells and Bell Ringing, by George Edgar Vincent, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, andScience --------------- . gView of Hutchinson Court and the Mitchell Tower (full-page illustration), facing page - - 11Alice Freeman Palmer, by James Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Department of Political Economy 1 1Acceptance of the Chimes on Behalf of the University of Chicago, by Harry Pratt Judson, President of the University 16The Bells (full-page illustration), facing page - - - - - - - - - -17Letter from the President of Wellesley College - -17Inscriptions on the Bells --------------17The Tempest, a Hymn by Alice Freeman Palmer 17Investigation of Educational Conditions in the Orient 18Exercises Connected with the Sixty-Seventh Convocation 19Degrees Conferred at the Sixty-Seventh Convocation - - - - - - - - - -19The Spring Quarter, 1908 (Appointments, Promotions, Gifts, and Attendance) 20The Annual Meeting of the Alumni Association 21The Convocation Luncheon of the Doctors of Philosophy --------- 22The President's Report for the Year 1906-7 -----------23" The Study of Stellar Evolution " : 24The First Publication and Translation of an Ethiopic Text - - - - - - - --25Instructors for the Summer Quarter, 1908 ------------26A Banquet to Retiring Professors 27The American School for Study and Research in Palestine 28Recent Improvements on the University Campus -----------28Memorial Window in the Frank Dickinson Bartlett Gymnasium (full-page illustration), facing page - 30The Faculties 30The Association of Doctors of Philosophy - - - - - - - - - - -- 37The Librarian's Accession Report for the Spring Quarter, 1908 38The University Record is published quarterly. TfThe subscription price is $1.00 per year; the price of single copiesis 25 cents, ^f Postage is prepaid by the publishers on all orders from the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, PanamaCanal Zone, Republic of Panama, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands, Guam, Tutuila (Samoa), Shanghai, ^f Postage ischarged extra as follows : For Canada, 8 cents on annual subscriptions (total $1.08), on single copies, 2 cents (total 27 cents) ;for all other countries in the Postal Union, 16 cents on annual subscriptions (total $1.16), on single copies, 4 cents (total 29cents). Tf Remittances should be made payable to The University of Chicago Press, and should be in Chicago or NewYork exchange, postal or express money order. If local check is used, 10 cents must be added for collection.Claims for missing numbers should be made within the month following the regular month of publication. Thepublishers expect to supply missing numbers free only when they have been lost in transit.Business correspondence should be addressed to The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111.Communications for the editor should be addressed to the Recorder of The University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.Entered as second-class matter, August 1, 1905, at the Post-Office at Chicago, 111., under the Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.GEORGE HERBERT PALMERProfessor of Moral Philosophy in Harvard UniversityConvocation Orator, June 9, 1908VOLUME XIII NUMBER 1THEUniversity RecordJULY, 1908SPECIALIZATION1BY GEORGE HERBERT PALMER, A.M., LL.D., LITT.D.Professor of Moral Philosophy in Harvard UniversityLadies and gentlemen, and particularly youmembers of the graduating class, it is to you Iwould speak. This afternoon is yours. In themoving exercises of the morning you had buta slender share. Probably not half a dozen ofyou ever saw her who, once seen, was lovedwith romantic ardor, though many of you areundoubtedly different from what you wouldhave been had she not lived, and lived here;for her enobling influence so passed into thestructure* of this University that she will shapesuccessive generations of you for a long time tocome. But enough of her. Let us dismiss herfrom our thoughts. Too much praise we havealready lavished on one who was ever simpleand self-forgetting. She would chide our pro-'fusion. If we would think as she would wishus to think, let us turn rather to the commonmatters of the day, reflecting on those joys andperplexities which have attended you throughout these formative years. One especially ofthese perplexities, perhaps the greatest of all,I would invite you to consider now. Let meset it clearly before you.This morning, I sat down to breakfast withabout a hundred of you who had entered on the1 Delivered on the occasion of the Sixty-seventh Convocation of the University, held in the Frank DickinsonBartlett Gymnasium, June 9, 1908. attainment of the highest degree which thisUniversity offers. You were advanced specialists. You had each chosen some single line ofendeavor. But, as I sat there, I recalled thatyou were not the only specialists of this University. Before me this afternoon I see candidates in medicine, men and women who* havetaken for their specialty the warfare "with painand disease. They have said, "All that I can everknow, I will bring to bear on this urgent problem." Here also- are the lawyers, impassionedfor justice, for the quelling of human strife.That is their specialty. They too restrict themselves to a single point of view. Beside themsit the scientific men, who looking over the vastexpanse of nature say, "The physical aspectsof this marvelous machine it will be my duty totrace." And why should I stop here ? Throughout your undergraduate department, as we allknow, run dominant interests. I should beashamed of a young man who had not foundhere some such compulsive interest; for it isonly when an interest compels that we can saythat our education has begun. So long as weare simply learning that which is set before us,taking the routine mass of subjects, we may be"students, but we are not scholars. No, it iswhen with a free heart we give ourselves to asubject and say, "Take of me all you demand —2 UNIVERSITY RECORDrather this I would do than anything else, forthis expresses my personal desires" — then it isthat a quickening education begins. But this isspecialization. We might think of the University of Chicago, then, as a great specializingmachine.But why have you set yourself this task ofspecialization? Because the world needs leaders and you have chosen yourself to be one ofthose leaders. Are you aware how exceptionalis your condition? The last census shows thatonly a little over one per cent, of our populationis in our colleges. You are of that one per cent.,and you are here in order that you may enlighten the other ninety-nine per cent. Ifthrough ignorance you fail, you will cause othersto fail and you had better never have come tothis University. To some sort of leadership you have dedicated yourself, and tothis aim you should be true. But do notat times doubts cross your mind? Haveyou not occasionally asked yourself whetheryou can attain such leadership and make themost of your life — the only one that will beintrusted to you — by shutting yourself up to aspecialty? Multitudes of interesting things arecalling; shall you turn away from them andfollow a single line? It will be worth whiletoday to consider these fundamental questionsand inquire how far we are justified in specializing, what dangers there are in it, and in whatdegree those dangers can be avoided.Let me say, then, at the start, that I regardspecialization as absolutely essential to* scholarship. There is no scholarship without itf for itis involved in the very process of knowing.When I look at this desk I am specializing;that is, I am detaching this piece of furniturefrom all else in the room. I am limiting myself, and I cannot see without it. I can gazewithout specialization, but I cannot see without specialization. If I am to know anythingby sight, that knowledge must come through the limitation of sight. I seize this object andcast away all others, and thus I fix my attention. Or if I am really carefully to observe,I even put my eye on a single point of the desk.There is no other way. Clear knowledge becomes possible only through precise observation. Now specialization is nothing but thisnecessary limitation of attention; and you,, asspecialists, are merely carrying out on a largescale what every one of us must practice insome degree whenever we know. You employthe process persistently, and for the sake ofscience are willing to hold yourselves steadilyto a single line of observation. And you cannot do otherwise. The principles involved inthe specialization of the senses run throughout the sciences. If we would know, we musthold the attention long on a given subject.But there is an unfortunate side to specialization. It obliges us to discard other important interests. To discard merely miimportantones is easy. But every evening when I sitdown to' devote myself to my ethics I am awarethat there are persons starving in Boston whomight be saved if I should drop my work andgo to them. Yet I sit calmly there and say,"Let them starve ; I am going to study ethics."I don't see how I could be a suitable professorof ethics unless I were willing thus to> limitmyself. That is the hard part, 3$ I understandit, of specialization — the cutting off of thingsthat are worth while. I am sure you havealready found it out. Many of you have comeup here from places of narrow opportunity andyou perceire the abundance that is here. Remembering how you have longed to obtain theopportunities here offered, you will be temptedto scatter yourself over a big field, and to pickup a little here and a little there. At the endof the year you will have nothing, if you dothat. The only possibility of gain is to chooseyour field and say, "I devote serious time tothis field ; I am a specialist and I propose to liveUNIVERSITY RECORD 3like one." The great Goethe admirably announces the principle : "Wer grosses will musssich beschranken konnen." You must acceptlimitations if you will go on to* greatness ; for,as we have seen, in limitation the very processof knowledge is rooted.Furthermore, not only is specialization forcedupon us by the nature of knowledge, but without it our powers cannot receive appropriatediscipline. It is difficult business to fashion asound observer. Each province of science hasits special modes of observation, its own modesof reasoning even. So< long as we are unfamiliar with these and obliged to' hold ourselves steadily to them by conscious control,our work is poor. It is slow, inaccurate, andexhausting. Only when we have trained ourselves to such aptitudes that within that fieldour observations and reasonings are instinctivedo we become swift, sure, and unfatigued inresearch. To train your powers, then, you mustbegin to specialize early and hold yourselvessteadily within your chosen field. I am sureas you look over the names of those who> haveaccomplished much, you have been surprised atthe number who became early specialists. Takemy own department : Berkeley writes his greatwork when he is twenty-five; Hume publisheshis masterpiece at twenty-seven. Or again,Keats had brought all his wonderful results toaccomplishment and died at twenty- four, Shelley at thirty; Marlowe, the greatest lossEnglish letters ever met, at twenty-seven. Itis just the same in other fields; Alexander diedat thirty-six, Jesus at thirty-three. Yes, let uslook nearer home; the most forcible leaderAmerican education has ever had became president of Harvard University at thirty-five;President Hyde of Bowdoin took his positionat twenty-seven; my own wife, Alice Freeman,was president of Wellesley at twenty-six. Theseare early specialists; and because they specialized early they acquired an aptitude, a smooth ness of work, a precision of insight, and widthof power that could not have been theirs hadthey begun later. I would not deny that therehave been geniuses who seemed to begin late:Kant was such; Locke was such. You willrecall many within your own fields. , But Ithink when you search the career of those whocome to power in comparatively late years, youwill find that after all there has been a longtrain of covert specialization running throughtheir lives. They may not have definitelynamed their field to themselves, or producedwork within that field in early years, but everything had been converging toward that issue.I believe, therefore, you ought to' respect yourspecialty because only through it can yourpowers be brought to their highest accuracyand service.One more justification of specialization I willbriefly mention, that it is necessary for theorganization of society. No motive is goodfor much until it is socialized. If specializationonly developed our individual selves, we couldhardly justify it; but it is the means of progressfor society. The field of knowledge is vast, noman can master it, and its immensity was neverso fully understood as today. The only waythe whole province can be conquered andbrought under subjection to human needs isby parting it out, one man being content to tillhis little corner while his neighbor is engagedon something widely different. We must partout the field of knowledge and specialize onour allotted work in order that there may beentirety in science. If we seek to have entiretyin ourselves, science will be fragmentary andfeeble. That division of labor which has provedefficient everywhere else is no less needful inscience.But I suppose it is hardly necessary tojustify specialization to this audience. Youhave staked heavily on it ; most of you have putyourselves to serious inconvenience, many of4 UNIVERSITY RECORDyou have heavily mortgaged your future, inorder to come here and devote yourselves tosome single interest. I might confidently gothrough this room asking each one of you whatis your subject? And you would proudly reply,My subject is this, My subject is this, My subject is this. I think you would feel ashamed ifyou had not thus specialized. I see no- occasion, therefore, to elaborate what I have said.As I understand it, the three roots of specialization are these: it is grounded in the verynature of the knowing process; it is groundedin the needs of ourselves as individuals, in orderthat we may attain our maximum efficiency;it is grounded in the needs of society, becauseonly so can society reach that fulness ofknowledge from which it is richly fed.But after all, the beliefs which are acceptedas matters of course in this room are largelydenounced outside it. We must acknowledgethat our confidence in specialization encountersmany doubts in the community. Would it notbe well, then, for us to try to place ourselveswhere that community stands and ask the general public to tell us why it doubts us, whatthere is in our specialized attitude which itthinks defective, what are the complaints whichit is disposed to bring against us? I will tryto take the position of devil's advocate andplead the cause of the objector to specialization.Specialization, it is said, leads to ignorance;indeed it rather aims at ignorance than knowledge. When I attend to this desk, it is trueI secure a bit of knowledge, but how small isthat bit in comparison to all the things in thisroom which I might know about. It is but afraction. Yet I have condemned all otherthings in the room to ignorance, reserving onlythis one little object for knowledge. Nowthat is what we are all of us doing on a greatscale ; by specializing, by limiting our attention,we cut off what we do not attend to. It is oftenassutned that attention is mainly a positive affair and occupied with what we are to- know.But that is a very small portion of it; really itsimportant part is the negative, the removal ofwhat we do not wish to observe. We cut ourselves off from the great mass of knowledgewhich is offered. Is it not then true that everyspecialist has disciplined himself to be an ignoramus? He has drawn a fence around a littleportion of the universe and said, "Within thatfence I know something." "Yes," the publicreplies, "but you don't know anything outside."And isn't the public right? When we step forward and claim to be learned men, isn't thepublic justified in saying, "I know a great dealmore than you do; I know a thousand thingsand you know only one. You say you knowthat one through and through, and of courseI don't know my thousand things through andthrough. But it is not necessary. I perceivetheir relations; I can handle them; I can usethem in practice; can you"? "Well, no," wehave to say, "we specialists are a little fumbling when we try to' take hold of the world.We are not altogether - skilful in action, justbecause we are such specialists." You havebeen devoting yourselves to some one point —I am afraid many of you are going to have sadexperience of it — you have been learning toknow something nobody else on earth doesknow, and then you go forth to seek a position.But the world may have no< use for you ; thereare only two or three positions of that sort inthe country, and those may happen to be filled.Just because you are such an elaborate scholaryou cannot earn your daily bread. You havecut yourself off from everything but that onesort of learning, and that doesn't happen to bewanted. Therefore you are not wanted. Suchis the too frequent condition of the specialist.The thousand things he doesn't know; it isonly the one thing he does know. And becausehe is so ignorant, he is helpless.Turning then to our second justification ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 5specialization, the case seems equally bad. Isaid that specialization was needed for thetraining of our powers. The training of themall? No, not that; but the training of only certain ones among them. The others hang slack.In those regions of ourselves we count forlittle. We are men of weight only within therange of those powers that we have trained;and what a large slice of us lies outside these!Accordingly the general public declares thatthere is nothing so bad as the bad judgment ofa specialist. Few practical situations exactlycoincide with his specialty, and^ outside hisspecialty his judgment is worse than that ofthe novice. He has been training himself inreference to something precise, and themoment he ventures beyond that, the veryexactitude of his discipline limits his worth.The man who has not been a specialist, whohas dabbled in all things and has acquired arough and ready common-sense, that man'sjudgment is worth something in a good Jnanydifferent fields, but the judgment of the specialist is painfully poor beyond his own field. Youremember how, in the comic opera, the practice is satirized of appointing a person who hasnever been at sea to take charge of the navyof a great country. But that is the only sensible course to pursue. Put a specialist there,and the navy will be wretchedly organized,because the administration of the navy requiressomething more than seamanship specialization.It is necessary to co-ordinate seamanship withmany other considerations, and the man trainedin the specialty of seamanship is little likely tohave that ability. Therefore ordinarily we useour experts best by putting them under thecontrol of those who are not experts. Common-sense has the last word. The co-ordinating power which has not been disciplined insingle lines is what ultimately takes the direction of affairs. We need the specialist within hislittle field; shut him up there, and he is valu able enough; but don't let him escape. Thatseems to be the view of the public. They keepthe specialist confined because they utterly distrust his judgment when he extends himselfabroad.And when we look at the third of ourgrounds for justification, social need, the publicdeclares that the specialists are intolerably presumptuous. Knowing their own subject, theyimagine they can dictate to anybody and do notunderstand how limited is their importance.Again and again it happens that because a mandoes know some one thing pretty well he setshimself up as a great man in general. My ownprovince suffers in this respect more than most;for as soon as a man acquires considerable skillin chemistry or biology, he is apt to issue apronunciamento on philosophy. But philosophydoes not suffer alone. Everywhere the friendsof the great specialist are telling him he hasproved himself a mighty man, quite competentto sit in judgment on the universe; and he,forgetting that the universe and the particularsubject he knows something about are twodifferent things, really imagines that his ignorant opinions deserve consideration.Now I suppose we must acknowledge that inall this blasphemy against our calling, there isa good deal of truth. These certainly aredangers which all of us specialists incur. Iagree that they are inevitable dangers. Donot, however, on account of them abandonspecialization and seek to acquire a mass ofmiscellaneous information. Bacon said, "Itake all knowledge for my province." If yousay it, you will become not Bacons but fools.No, that is the broad road to ignorance. Butlaying these profound dangers of specializationwell to heart, assured that they beset us all, letus search for remedial measures. Let us askhow such dangers may be reduced to a minimum. Is there a certain way in which we mayengage in the specialist's research and still save6 UNIVERSITY RECORDourselves from some of the evils I have heredepicted ? I think there is. To find it we willfollow the same three avenues which havebeen leading us thus far.In regard to the first, the limitation of attention, I understand that, after all, our specialtycannot fill our entire life. We do sometimes sitdown to dinner; we occasionally talk with afriend; we now and then take a journey; wepermit ourselves from time to time to* readsome other book than one which refers to' oursubject. That is, I take it, if we are fully aliveto the great danger that in specializing we arecutting off a large part of the universe, weshall be wise in gathering eagerly whateveradditional knowledge we may, outside ourspecialty.^ And I must say that the larger number of eminent specialists whom I have happened to' know have been men pretty rich inknowledge outside their specialties. Theywere men who well apprehended the extremedanger of their ordinary modes of pursuit andwho greedily grasped, therefore, at every bitof knowledge they could obtain which laybeyond their province. They appropriated allthe wisdom they could; and merely because itdid not exactly fit in with their specialty, theydid not turn it away. I do not know how farit is wise to go in this effort to repair the one-sidedness in which most of us are compelledto live. A rather extreme case was oncebrought to my attention. There was a studentat Harvard who had been a high scholar withme, and I found that he was also so specializing in the classics that when he graduated hetook classical honors. Some years later Ilearned that he was one of the highest scholarsin the Medical School. Meeting him a fewyears after he had entered his profession, I•asked, "How did it happen that you changedyour mind so markedly? You devoted yourself to classics and philosophy in college.What made you finally decide to become a physician?" "Finally decide!" said he, "Why,from childhood up I never intended to be anything else." "But," I persisted, "I cannot bemistaken in recalling that you devoted yourselfin college to classics and philosophy." "Yes,"he said, "I did, because I knew I should neverhave another chance at those subjects. I wasgoing to give the rest of my life to medicine,so I took those years for classics and philosophy." I asked, "Wasn't that a great mistake; haven't you now found out your blunder?" "Oh, no," said he, "I am a much betterphysician on that account; I could not havedone half so well if I hadn't had all that training in philosophy and classics." Now I cannot advise such a course for everybody. Ittakes a big man to do that. If you' are bigenough, it is worth while laying a very largefoundation; but considering the size on whichmost of us are planned, it is wiser to beginearly and specialize from the very start. Othercases of a similar sort I recall, where a mansaw that there was plenty of him and thoughthe could afford to build out some side of hisbeing which he was not going to use directlyin his profession and believed he might trusthis energy to bring up the other sides later.Well, then, this is one mode of making upfor the defects of specialization: We maypick up knowledge outside our subject. Butit is an imperfect mode; you never can putaway your limitations altogether. You can doa great deal. Use your odd quarter-hourswisely and don't merely play at such times,understanding that these are precious seasonsfor acquiring the knowledge which lies beyondyour province. Then every time you talk withanybody, lead him neatly to what he knowsbest, keeping an attentive ear, being a first-class listener, and seeking to get beyond yourself. By doing so you will undoubtedly muchenlarge the narrow bounds to which you havepledged yourself. Yet this policy will not beUNIVERSITY RECORD 7enough. It will require to be supplementedby something more. Therefore I should sayin the second place, that in disciplining ourpowers we must be careful to1 conceive ourspecialty broadly enough. There lies our chiefdanger. There are two types of specialist.There is the man who regards his specialty asa door into which he goes and by which heshuts the world out, hiding himself with hisown little interests. That is the petty, poorspecialist, the specialist who never becomes aman of power, however much he may be a manof learning. But there is an entirely different sort of specialist from that; it is the manwho regards his specialty as a window out ofwhich he may peer upon all the world. Hisspecialty is merely a point of view from whicheverything may be regarded. Consequentlywithout departing from our specialty each ofus may escape narrowness. Instead of running over all the earth and looking at it froma multitude of different points of view, thewise specialist chooses some point of vievv andsays: "I will examine the universe as it isrelated to this." Everything therefore has ameaning for him, everything contributes something to his specialty. Narrowing himselfwhile he is getting his powers disciplined, asthose powers become trained he slacks them offand gives them wider range ; for he knows verywell that while the world is cut up into littleparcels it never can be viewed rightly. It willalways be distorted. For, after all, things arewhat they are through their relations, and ifyou snap those relations you never trulyconceive anything. Accordingly, as soonas you have got your specialty, you wantto begin to' co-ordinate that specialty witheverything else. Probably at first you fixedyour attention on some single problem withina given field, but I dare say by this time youhave discovered that you cannot master thatproblem without knowing the rest of the field also. Yet after you have gone on to know therest of the field, that is, have made yourself afair master of that science, you will discoverthat that science depends on other sciences.Never was there an age of the world in whichthis interlocking of the sciences was so clearlyperceived as in our day. Formerly it seemedpossible to isolate a particular topic and knowsomething of it, but in our evolutionary timewe know nothing of that kind is possible. Eachthing is an epitome of the universe. Have youbeen training your eye to see a world in agrain of sand? Can you look through yourspecialty out upon the total universe and say:"I am a specialist merely because I don't wantto be a narrow man. My specialty is my telescope. Everything belongs to my province. Icannot, it is true, turn to> it all at once. Beinga feeble person I must advance from point topoint, accepting limitations; but just as fast asI can, having mastered those limitations, Ishall cast them aside and press on into everbroader regions."But I said specialization was fundamentallyjustified through the organization of society,because by its division of toil we contributeour share to the total of human knowledge;and yet the popular objector declares that weare presumptuous, and because we have mastered our own specialty are apt to assume ourselves capable of pronouncing judgment overthe whole field. Undoubtedly there is thisdanger ; but such a result is not inevitable. Thedanger is one which we are perfectly -capableof setting aside. The temper of our mind is allimportant, and it is entirely within our control.What is the use of our going forth presumptuous persons? We certainly shall be unserviceable if we are persons of that type. Thatis not the type of Charles Darwin in biology,of William James in psychology, of HoraceHoward Furness in Shakspere criticism, ofAlbert Michelson in physics. These are men as8 UNIVERSITY RECORDremarkable for modesty and simplicity as forscholarly insight. The true characteristic of alearned specialist is humility. What we wantto be training ourselves in is respect for otherpeople. Our work would be of very little useif there were not somebody at our side whocared nothing for that work of ours and caredimmensely for his own. It is our business torespect that other man, whether he respects usor not. We must learn therefore to look uponevery specialist as a fellow-worker. Withouthim we cannot be perfect. Let us make ourselves as large as possible in order that wemay contribute our little something to that towhich all others are contributing. It is thisco-operative spirit which it should be yours toacquire. And it seems to me that you areunder peculiarly fortunate circumstances foracquiring it. What strikes me as fatal is tohave a group of young specialists taken and trained by themselves, detachedly, shut off fromothers. Nothing of that sort occurs here.Every day you have been rubbing shoulderswith persons who have other interests thanyours. When you walk to dinner, you fall inwith a comrade who has been spending his dayover something widely unlike that which hasconcerned you. Possibly you have been able tolead him to talk about it; possibly you havegained an insight into what he was seeking,and seen how his work largely supplementsyour own. If you have had proper respect forhim and proper humility in regard to yourself,this great society of specialists has filled outyour work for you day after day; and in thatsense of co-operation, of losing yourselves inthe common service of scientific mankind, youhave found the veritable glory of these happyyears.ALICE FREEMAN PALMERDEDICATION OF THE ALICE FREEMAN PALMER CHIMES1JOYFULLY TO RECALLALICE FREEMAN PALMERDEAN OF WOMEN IN THIS UNIVERSITY1892-1895THESE BELLS MAKE MUSICBELLS AND BELL RINGINGBY GEORGE EDGAR VINCENTDean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and ScienceIn mediaeval days it was the custom to makethe molds for bells in the close of the cathedral,and there to pour in the molten metal with dueceremony and appropriate service. In Russianchurches bells are often cast in this same way,the worshipers giving gold and silver ornaments and coins to' be melted in the furnace.Thanks to delays of many kinds, this old custom is symbolized today. In a sense this maybe regarded as the molding ceremony. Later,in accordance with tradition, the bells will beraised to the tower.If a learned and enthusiastic campanologistwere among the speakers, he would descantwith knowledge and zeal on the history of bells,for campanology has its lore and its literature, its archaeology and its scholarly controversies. The bell metal is traced back toNineveh and Cathay; volumes have been written on the origin and evolution of bells, ontheir uses in many countries; the etymologiesof the many words which describe bells ofvarious types have been traced and analyzedwith scholarly zest and joy. The making ofbells has been surrounded with the mysteryand romance of a lost art, and the peculiarmellowness and dignity of old bells is spokenof with pious reverence.1 The following addresses were given on the morning ofJune 9, 1908, in Hutchinson Court. While for centuries bells have been associated with monasteries, churches, and cathedrals, they have also long played a part inacademic life. The first well-known Englishpeal of bells was given to Kings College, Cambridge, in 1456, by Pope Calixtus II. Oxfordhas four peals. The bells of Christ Church,taken from the dismantled Osney Abbey, chimethe hours, and every night Great Tom, thetenor bell, gives one hundred and one strokesto record the number of the college scholarships. Peals of bells hang also in the towersof Magdalen, New College, and Merton. ' Inthis country there are clock chimes in severaluniversity towers. In a campanile on thecampus of the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames, hangs a peal in honor of Margaret MacDonald Stanton, late professor oflanguages, and today we do honor to anothercollege woman* to whose memory these bellsare dedicated.The Chimes Committee would express itsdeep obligation to Dr. Arthur H. Nichols, ofBoston, who has not only given wise counselbut has taken an active part in the negotiationsby which these bells have been secured. Dr.Nichols is a member of the Ancient Society ofCollege Youths, a guild of bell ringers foundedin London in 1637. He is an authority uponbells and peals, is in his own person an expertbell ringer, and devotes himself with ardor topreserving and perpetuating the best traditionsof campanology. It was hoped until a day or10 UNIVERSITY RECORDtwo ago that Dr. Nichols might take part inthese exercises but at the last moment he wasunexpectedly detained in Boston.It is due chiefly to Dr. Nichols' anxiety thatChicago should have a peal of bells and notsimply mechanical chimes, that these bells wereordered from the Whitechapel Foundry ofEast London, an establishment which traces anunbroken history back to the year 1570. Fromthis foundry came the great bell of Westminster, "Great Peter" of York, and "GreatTom" of Lincoln. In 1738 the famous BowBells of Cheapside were replaced by a pealfrom this foundry. The Palmer Chimes are thefourteenth set of bells which this firm has sentto this side of the Atlantic. The Christ Church,Boston, bells were cast in 1745 by Rudhall ofGloucester, whose patterns and good will werelater acquired by the Whitechapel Foundry.These Christ Church bells today sound clearand true from the old Boston steeple. PaulRevere was one of the ringers in this belfry,where rather than in the North church steeplethere is reason to believe the famous lanternsignals were displayed, which sent the ringeron his famous ride. The bells of St. Michaels,in Charleston, cast in 1764, were captured bythe British forces during the Revolution but,redeemed by an American merchant, were replaced in their belfry. During the Civil Warthe peal was sent to Columbia for safety butin a fire at the Capitol was ruined. The metalwas, however, recast by the WhitechapelFoundry, and the bells have since hung in theiraccustomed place. Other peals from this London foundry are hung in ' Philadelphia, NewYork, Baltimore, and Groton, Mass.It is at the suggestion of Dr. Nichols thatthese English bells are to' be hung so that theymay be either chimed in the continental andAmerican fashion or rung in accordance withthe good old English traditions. The bells willbe sounded, therefore, in three ways : the clock mechanism, built by our Manual TrainingSchool, will cause hammers to strike the quarters and the hours; other hammers connectedby*ropes with a key board will make it possible to play upon the bells; while ropes connected with the bell wheels will enable ringersto swing the bells in the English fashion.Those who cherish the traditions of bellringing insist that only as bells are truly rungcan their full tone and sweetness find expression. It is customary with American chimesto have the bells held rigidly in a frame andto strike them with hammers connected withthe levers of a key board. By this method acertain precision and rapidity are secured. Butas the mouths of the bells are always turneddownward, there is a loss of effective resonance.When on the other hand the bells are turnedand rung with the mouths up, the sound istruer and clearer and carries farther.The technique of bell ringing has been elaborated in many volumes. The lay mind is bewildered by references to "rim," "sound bow,""waist," "shoulder," and "canons," to saynothing of "stock," "gudgeons," and "brasses."The bell may be at "back stroke" or "handstroke" or it may "over turn ;" it may in changeringing "hunt up" or "hunt down." A peal ofbells usually numbers eight; often, as in thecase of these bells, ten or even twelve. Thesmallest bell is known as the "treble" and thelargest as the "tenor." "To ring the changes"according to the traditions of bell ringing, getsa new and vivid meaning and opens up overpowering mathematical vistas. To other thanthe mathematical mind it is almost unbelievablethat on twelve bells 479,001,600 changes maybe rung in thirty-seven years and three hundred and fifty-five days of uninterruptedactivity, and that on ten bells 3,628,800 changesmay be rung in fifteen months.Throughout England today there are guildsof bell ringers who without payment take the¦IIXuasw<KKat;s s^ sO Sy,oH<;uQUQUNIVERSITY RECORD 11keenest delight in ringing the parish andcathedral bells. They form a freemasonry withhonorable traditions. They take pride in theirprofession, which combines music, mechanics,and athletics. In the words of Dr. Nichols,"Our people have yet to learn' that there existsa method of scientific ringing, an art intricateand extremely difficult to acquire, a mystery tothe laity and even to musicians, largely mathematical and hence perfect from its first inception, embodying the essentials of counterpoint,or the most advanced form of music. In England, however, where the art has been cultivated for centuries by ringing guilds, and wasnever more popular than today, it has gradually become a national institution. No momentous rejoicing is considered complete withoutthe merry sound of church bells; while uponoccasions of mourning no demonstration couldbe more effective than the "half -muffled" pealfrom tower and steeple. For this scientific"change ringing" the bells, suspended like apendulum, and unlike a cartwheel as is customary in this country, are swung with exceeding rapidity, each managed by a separate ringerand completing a full revolution with eachblow. By this rapid movement, as in case ofthe accordeon, the velocity of the wave soundsis augmented by the velocity of transit. % Notonly is a loud, full tone developed, but alsothe harmonies or overtones of the instrument,that may be its principal charm."It is to be hoped that with these Englishbells there may come some of the traditions ofEnglish bell ringing. Already there is promisethat a small group of Englishmen in this citywill renew their allegiance to the ancient andhonorable art of change ringing. Is it toomuch to hope that, following the example ofthe college youths in King Charles' days, another guild of college youths may here beformed, and that year after year this groupmay be perpetuated and grow skilful in the ringing art? Those who knew Mrs. Palmercan easily imagine how much pleasure it wouldgive her if the bells set up in her honor mightbe rung as the years go on by a band pf eager,loyal students.'ALICE FREEMAN PALMERBY JAMES LAURENCE LAUGH LINHead of the Department of Political EconomyAt the end of many years of waiting theMemorial Committee of Chicago has succeededin carrying out the plan to erect at this University an enduring monument to the memoryof Alice Freeman Palmer. This has been theoutcome of the devotion of her friends in thiscity both in and out of the University. Hereshe was the first Dean of Women; but morethan that she was pre-eminently a great moralforce, whose influence has not ceased with theclose of her life. Here it was she gave lavishlyof her inspiration and sympathy; and hereshall she be recalled to generations yet unborn,by the sound of these bells which today weoffer in her honor to the University of Chicago.This result has been accomplished independently of any committees elsewhere, and without any suggestion from her nearest relatives.The memorial is a spontaneous offering from alarge number of her friends in and aroundChicago. Only, after the plan was achieved,we have applied to Professor Palmer for theinscriptions which he has selected for us.We honor ourselves in honoring her. "Tomy mind," said President Eliot, "her careeris unmatched by that of any other Americanwoman." What manner of woman was this,of whom that could be said? From 1855 to1902 she ran her brief race; but in service heryears are countless, as goes the record of thegods.Yet those early years of hers were so likethe early years of so many of us — full ofdeprivation, work, hungry ambition, and a12 UNIVERSITY RECORDseeming inability ever to satisfy that hunger.As we look back from this day, when we wishto crown her memory with honor, to the days'when her girlish fancy built dreams out of therolling hills and islands of the Susquehanna,at Windsor, N. Y., what would she havethought then, could she have seen into thefuture? The existence on the farm, the dailyround of duties, the circumscribed life of thosewho could give her but slender means for education, might have seemed to her a ban on herfuture. How many of us have faced the samestolid, unpromising outlook. But her fine idealism transformed the swirling river below her,the islands dotted with rounding masses offoliage, -the hills across the river above thetown, marked with harvest fields — into a garden of dreams; and is it possible that she sawtherein a new world not made with hands,where she should do her devoirs, "unmatched by any other American woman" ? Thestruggle must have seemed hard to her; butit was so only because she could not see theinevitable reward which comes in the fruitageseason to the "happy warriors." It is the old,old story to so many of us here today. Hardship seems eternal; and rewards seem only thestuff th^t dreams are made of. But that girl,in narrow circumstances, on the banks of theSusquehanna, has solved the riddle for us. Shesucked nourishment out of hardship; the morethe wind blew, the firmer grew the fibre of thetree. "The shaken tree bears the more fruit,"says an old saw. She had obstacles to overcome, but obstacles to her proved to be opportunities for character and self-mastery. Inthe words of her biographer, "Out of almostany humdrum and disheartening conditions shewould contrive to evolve life." 1 To her -couldbe applied Lowell's lines to a fellow-poet:1 The Life of Alice Freeman Palmer, p. 133. Some suck up poison from a sorrow's core,As naught but nightshade grew upon earth's ground ;Love turned all his to heart's-ease, and the moreFate tried his bastions, she but forced a doorLeading to sweeter manhood and more sound.The compensations of life sometimes bringthe mellowest fruiit — and often quite unexpected returns. It was this young girl, whohad to struggle hard for an education, thatfounded in this city an organization known asthe Students' Fund Society for the Universityof Chicago. Out of her experience she hadlearned how to lighten the burdens of futurestudents. So it is that a new benefaction onceopened goes on with its quickening stream ofhelp far into the indefinite future. In thisStudents' Fund Society, it sometimes occurs tome that she has unconsciously raised up to herself a greater monument than we can give toher in this peal of bells. Since she struck therock with her rod, and this society sprang forth,more than five hundred persons have alreadybeen helped on to an education, who wouldhave fallen by the way without this help.Imagination fails to picture the future cases ofneed which she will have provided for in thecoming generations that will people these University courts.A product of the Academy at Windsor, shedisclosed even there, at twelve, the characteristics of leadership which marked her latercareer. Already she showed superiority inpowers of expression; and she was chosen torepresent her academy in local contests. Itwas this quality of leadership, combined withher marvelous sympathy and unselfishnesswhich, if I mistake not, set her apart from andabove "the common lot" of the rest of us. Theworld is full of well-meaning, hard-working,intelligent persons; but, in the main, they arethe materials which some tactful leader, versedin touching the springs which make humannature respond, puts to his or her own uses.We follow Orpheus as he pipes. Mrs. PalmerUNIVERSITY RECORD 13had this genius for leadership — divine, elusive,but compelling, as genius always is. Shealways seemed one of us, sympathetic, persuasive, simple; yet in her hands we werebut as the potter's clay. And the glory of itwas, she always used this amazing power tostimulate the good that was in all of us, and tobend us to' higher uses. In what contrast shestands to other kinds of leaders in the worldwho, with equal insight into' human nature, bendothers to' their own selfish political or financialadvancement. They succeed ; but they are distrusted. They rise high; but the breath ofenvy blows upon them. Of them holds truethe Japanese proverb: "The wind blows moststrongly on the highest tree in the forest." Butof Mrs. Palmer it was never true. The highershe rose, the more she was loved. It is one ofthe things which makes "her career unmatchedby any other American woman" — and it is avery rare thing — that she never had an enemy.Nay, more than that, never did she stir thesuspicion of envy. Her power of leadership,in truth, was always controlled by an equalpower of unselfish service to' others.Even in her early days she was being disciplined for her later work. A joint product ofmany influences, there was early forged thecharacter which later showed such excellenttemper. It became evident even in her collegedays. From 1872 to 1876 she studied for herbachelor's degree at Michigan. After teaching at Ottawa, Lake Geneva, and Saginaw, shewas called (1879) at twenty- four to the professorship of history at Wellesley College. In1 88 1 she was made acting president, and in1882 president.When this young woman of twenty-six became president of Wellesley College, there hadbeen little knowledge of a woman presidentin the annals of education. It was Mrs. Palmerwho created this career in America; and itwas she who laid the foundations for the edu cation of women at college, and who beganthe series of experiments which have broadenedinto the present phases of women's training.Therefore, although she was the president ofWellesley College she was in truth the builderof woman's education, not only in America, butin Spain and throughout the world. Herheart was large; but the boundaries of theworld were not too* large for her sympatheticand enthusiastic activities. She established acollege spirit which aimed to give to womannot mere learning, but "helpfulness, modesty,intelligence, and grace."The instrument by which her own marvelous helpfulness was best carried out was herpersuasive power of speech. "I think weshall all agree," says President Angell, "thatfew are the speakers who had in so large ameasure as she that magnetic, that unanalyz-able, that inexplicable power, divinely givennow and then to some fortunate man orwoman, of captivating and charming andholding complete possession of assemblies fromthe first to the last utterance."An example of this power comes to mindwhen thinking of her later years. I heard herspeak on one occasion when she rose to the veryheight of her great powers. She was calledupon to champion a cause — perhaps the onenearest to her heart — when she knew that inall probability the decision had already goneagainst her. Her courage was magnificent;and her tactful, masterly, persuasive, brilliantspeech was unexcelled. In her sentences,reason and feeling walked with even step. Sherose to the highest pitch of real success. Shecarried with her everyone, but such as hadalready closed the mind to argument. Undersimilar circumstances Demosthenes could nothave been expected to convince Philip.Together with her quick resourcefulness, shebrought to bear on every question a subtle,powerful, and virile intelligence. While she14 UNIVERSITY RECORDwas a most effective and persuasive debater,she was at the same time under the control ofa practical good sense, a sagacity, and a senseof humor which never failed.Perhaos as delightful a characteristic as anyshe possessed — one which made her so essentially human— was her playful and roguishenjoyment of mischief. The provost of theUniversity of Pennsylvania told me of an experience at Ann Arbor in which he fell a victimto her wiles. Among the representatives ofother institutions he was present at a celebration at the University of Michigan. At a grandbanquet he found himself seated next a youngwoman he did not know, who modestly said thatshe was there to represent some alumnae. Sheasked him what he was going to say. Full ofmasculine confidence, he disclosed the points ofwhat he regarded was to< be a very good speech.She was absorbed with interest. Then sheasked him to suggest some desirable matterfor her own talk. Falling into the trap set forhis vanity, he cheerfully instructed her in effective public speaking. Soon the provost madehis speech. Close after followed the unknownyoung woman — who, said the provost, delighted and amazed everyone by making theone speech of the evening. Since then, averredthe provost, he had been careful never againto give advice to an unknown woman.Her love of fun was only a part of hergeneral cheerfulness. Never was a naturemore joyous, more buoyant, more optimisticthan hers. No one ever gave as much happiness to as many people as she.The key to her wonderful character was aphenomenal capacity for sympathetic andefficient service to others. It was far morethan conscious willingness. With a loveablepersonality she combined an instinctive insightinto human nature, a quick sympathy, a lovefor her kind, absolute unselfishness, greatcourage, and extraordinary intelligence. How blind she was to our shortcomings; how unerring in finding the good that was in us!Gentle, womanly, responsive and enthusiastic,with a genius for friendship and affection, shehas sent uncounted numbers of us from herpresence inspired to do the thing which wasat the highest limits of our powers of achievement. It was her unshakable belief in the bestside of our natures that made her an inspiringoptimist; in the heat of her intense idealismevery objecting, hindering doubt was fusedinto a passion to do the work she knew wecould do. It would be superfluous to say shewas a good, a noble woman. She was morethan that. When in the presence of great oratory, we are unconscious of it ; we recognize it,when it has gone, by its lasting effects on ourconduct. In like manner when most underMrs. Palmer's influence we scarcely realized herpowers, but now we are beginning to understand what she really was.Perhaps, after all, the secret of her charmwas her exquisite and gracious womanliness. Ishould not dare to sketch her personality: aswith any compelling nature, it was elusive.Who of us will ever forget that flexible andendearing voice, or the beauty which pouredout of smile, look, gesture, and the whole beloved expression? If an American home, anAmerican education, American civilization canyield such an embodiment of glorious womanhood, then we have a right to take heart forthe republic.In my own recollection, only one characterrises high enough to> be measured beside AliceFreeman Palmer — and that was PhillipsBrooks. Of her, as of him, it may be said thatshe never had an enemy; both were entirelyglorified with a passionate desire to serve Godby serving others; both were gifted with rareintellect; both were leaders; both were optimists ; both knew how to make us do the thingswhich we knew so well that we ought to do,UNIVERSITY RECORD 15but which we did not do; both radiated, without affectation or cant, an inspiring spirituality ; both threw themselves, without "counting health or time, into every good cause;both were masters of convincing, persuasivespeech; both were poets and read the coursesof the stars with unerring sight.With such an effective personality, and withsuch powers of usefulness, there is do wonderthat she was drawn into many public movements. When Mrs. Palmer left the presidencyof Wellesley College to become the wife ofProfessor Palmer, at Harvard, in 1887, sheentered upon fifteen years of public service.During this period she became Dean ofWomen in the University of Chicago, 1892-95,where she — and Miss Talbot — laid the permanent foundations for the life of women inthis institution.One illustration of her influence in publicmatters may not be amiss. A president of a college in Massachusetts suddenly called her to ahearing at the State House on a measure proposing to tax institutions of learning; sayingthat a strong party were urging that collegeswere a non-paying burden to the community.She had other engagements, said she ; she knewnothing on the subject. But no refusal wastaken; and she was heard first. On the StateBoard of Education she had been occupiedwith the question of a possible increase ofnormal schools from six to' ten; and townswere eagerly bidding for their location. Whenshe arose to' address the legislative committee,she disarmed all opposition at once by sayingshe knew nothing of the subject; but she mightspeak on a related matter with which she wasfamiliar. She had noted the eagerness of thetowns to secure such institutions as the normalschools; they had offered land and bonuses.She had never noticed in any city or town awish to put burdens upon them, or to drivethem away. Universally, they had been con sidered desirable additions to the business andsocial life of the community. Then she departed. That part of the case was won. Thecommitteemen seemed to be engaged in wondering why one had ever thought of such athing as regarding as burdens what every townregarded as useful. Very quietly she had hitthe central point in the question, and left theoratory to others. With her the importantmatter was to get the thing done, not to getcredit for doing it.In some such way as I have just related, shemet concrete problems as they came, seeminglywithout a system of philosophy. Her unerringinstinct went to' the pivotal point of a difficulty,and the situation then seemed to untangle itself.If perfectly directed, the effort needed wasslight. And yet a study of her curative activities provides a singularly clear policy of guidance, especially in these days when we hearmuch of social unrest. Toi my mind this unconscious framing of a method of treatingsocial problems, by one who was amazinglysuccessful in all her practical experiments, isthe final and culminating lesson given us byher career. Doubtless we all sympathize withthe ideals and aims of socialism; and we longto have the ends they seek accomplished. Tobring about the ends, admittedly desirable, weget from the social reformers of the radical, orMarxian school, an emphasis upon the materialistic interpretation of human progress.Dropping Hegel's extreme insistence on the"Geist," or spirit, as the only reality, while thematerial environment was the unreality, thesocialistic reformers have put the extremeinsistence on material environment as the onegreat reality. We hear much of the workmanwho does not get his just distributive share; wehear much of higher wages, and the fierce warfor larger material gains. Large wealth excitesantagonism, although large wealth is often ameans only of larger material gratification and16 UNIVERSITY RECORDindulgence. From the materialistic point ofview, men are told from the platform, andeven from the pulpit, that the wrong of societylies in not giving to each a more equal share inthe means of material enjoyment. Bombs arethrown at men who have larger material possessions than others.But no one ever thought of throwing abomb at Mrs. Palmer, or Phillips Brooks.Why? Because they always put the emphasis on that kind of riches which had no dependence on material gains. It has been said that"style is the man." It is probably truer to saythat "relative emphasis is the man." Mrs.Palmer put her emphasis on the acquisition byothers of the things of the spirit, as the onlypermanent, the only real things of life: onkindliness, sympathy, courage, truth, andhonor. Whatever we may think of the presentsocial regime, she has proved to us that hardship and work are compatible with the highest spiritual advancement — possibly, the inevitable conditions of it. She had no patience withgeneral abstractions; she met each personaldifficulty with a practical solution which leftthe person armed against failure in otherforms. She did not ignore social forces; butshe wished to direct them to other than materialistic ends. If I were to state the most important lesson of her career in a word, I shouldsay she had outflanked the position of thematerialistic reformers, and showed us theirineffectiveness, by practically demonstratingthat the progress of the world goes on best, orgoes on only, by a growth in things of thespirit. Not that she was an extremist: sherecognized the subsidiary uses of wealth; butshe would have scorned the thought that theattainment of happiness, or the means of making others happy, lay chiefly through a struggle for material rewards. She centered herhopes 'in that education which gave self-mastery, poise, courage in standing by a princi ple, and the best idealism. After all, she hada working theory of constructive beneficence,based on her wide experience with the worldand with human nature. President Eliot saidof her: "Mrs. Palmer's career was devoted topositive constructive labors in promoting thewell-being of the people, and cultivating theirbest mental and spiritual faculties Wecannot but believe that in the long run the surest way to cure evils is to supplant evil bygood."President Judson, we commemorate today agreat woman. Memorials are being establishedfor her in several places. At Wellesley .amonument in marble by the sculptor, DanielChester French, is being prepared, representing a young, unformed girl lighting her lampat the college altar, and brooded over by asplendid protecting 'figure typifying .Mrs.Palmer. In Chicago it has been decided byher friends that the remembrance of hershould be placed in this institution on whichshe left the impress of her character. Inbehalf of the Chicago Memorial Committee Ihave the honor to present to the University ofChicago this peal of ten bells, as- a memorial toAlice Freeman Palmer.On the old cathedral of Freiburg facing themarket place is fixed a standard by which themeasures of the market shall be regulated. Byplacing these bells in the tower above us, Mr.President, we hope that, whenever their musicis heard, they will interpret the lofty standards of Mrs. Palmer's life, and set a measurefor the conduct of us, and of all who comeafter us, which she would approve.ACCEPT AN CE OF THE CHIMES ON BEHALF OF THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOBY HARRY PRATT JUDSONPresident of the UniversityOn behalf of the Board of Trustees of theUniversity I accept this chime of bells. It willbe placed in the Mitchell Tower, the loftiestUNIVERSITY RECORD 17point in our University architecture, and therefrom the heights its mellow tones will floatthrough the air, attuning to music the busyeveryday life beneath. No more significantsymbol of our first Dean of Women could beimagined. She, too, dwelt in the upper air.Her life, too, was music, and an inspiration toevery soul in the dust and toil of the commonlot of men. At thought of her we look up —the air in the sunlight and under the starsechoes with concourse of sweet sounds. Thebells will be the enduring symbol to us of theharmony and power of the life that she livedamong men. The chimes will be one of manymemorials to this noble and gracious woman—but we think one of the most fitting.LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT OF WELLESLEYCOLLEGEOffice of the President,Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.June 4, 1908Dear Dr. Judson : I am very sorry not to be ableto accept your kind invitation to be present on June9, when you dedicate a chime of bells to the memory ofAlice Freeman Palmer. It seems to me an especiallybeautiful and appropriate memorial of one whose lifewas set to"Ring out the old, ring in the new."At Wellesley we have a fellowship for advanced studyin her memory, and our fund for the endowment ofthe presidency is named for our most famous president.These are good and useful working memorials, commemorating her zeal and activity for all that concernsthe college education of women. But your memorialgoes beyond these in adding what was the crowningattribute of her life. You will make vocal on yourfestival days the note of joy with which all her workwas gladdened. You will raise the "daily round" fromits "common task" by counting the hours with the livingvibrations of harmonious sound. Nothing more beautiful could be coupled with her name, and I trust thatmany generations of happy students may be called together by the summons of her bells.Very sincerely yours,Caroline HazardTo President Harry Pratt JudsonThe University of Chicago INSCRIPTIONS ON THE BELLSThe following inscriptions on the bells,selected by Professor George Herbert Palmer,of Harvard University, were read by him, andas each inscription was read the appropriate bellwas sounded. *A GRACIOUS WOMAN RETAINING HONOREASY TO BE ENTREATEDALWAYS REJOICINGMAKING THE LAME TO WALK AND THE BLINDTO SEEGREAT IN COUNCIL AND MIGHTY IN WORKROOTED AND GROUNDED IN LOVEFERVENT IN SPIRITGIVEN TO HOSPITALITYTHE SWEETNESS OF HER LIPS INCREASINGLEARNINGIN GOD'S LAW MEDITATING DAY AND NIGHTTHE TEMPEST1BY ALICE FREEMAN PALMER"He shall give his angels chargeOver thee in all thy ways."Though the thunders roam at large,Though the lightning round me plays,Like a child I lay my headIn sweet sleep upon my bed.Though the terror come so close,It shall have no power to smite;It shall deepen my repose,Turn the darkness into light.Touch of angels' hands is sweet —Not a stone shall hurt my feet.All Thy waves and billows goOver me to press me downInto arms so strong I knowThey will never let me drown.Ah! my God, how good Thy will!I will nestle and be still.1 This hymn, composed by Alice Freeman Palmer,was read by Professor George Herbert Palmer, and themusic was then played on the bells, followed by thatof the "Alma Mater" of the University.INVESTIGATION OF EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS IN THE ORIENTFor some years past the educational situationin China and the possibility of the Universityof Chicago having some part in the helpfuldevelopment of that situation has been underconsideration by members of the faculty andBoard of Trustees of the University.At the request of President Harper a committee of the Board of Trustees was appointedsome years ago, but at that time the obstacleswere such that no definite action was determined upon. In the mean time, however, important events have happened in China andconditions have changed with startling rapidity.A few months ago the matter was againtaken under serious advisement and, as a result,at a meeting held in April the Board of Trustees voted to send representatives of the University. At that time Professor Ernest D.Burton, Head of the Department of NewTestament Literature and Interpretation, wasappointed, with the understanding that othermembers of the party would be selected later.Since his appointment Mr. Burton has beenactively engaged in a study of the situation andpreparations for his departure.At a meeting of the Board of Trustees heldin June Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin,Head of the Department of Geology, who isnow president of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science, was appointed joint commissioner with Mr. Burton.This appointment of one of the foremostscientists of America to take part in this educational investigation will greatly increase theefficiency of the commission and the value ofthe report which will be prepared.The general scope and purpose of the investigation with which these gentlemen are chargedappears in the following paragraph from thecommission issued to them by the President ofthe University: In the study of educational conditions and needs inChina it is important that information be obtained fromevery source accessible. Your report should indicatewhat seem to be the most important educational needsin that country, what work is actually under way,whether from private or public sources, how far thatwork is well directed toward the main purposes whichought to be in view, and whether additional educationalagencies and activities would contribute to the bestinterests of China in accordance with the highest idealsof modern civilization. The general purpose of yourwork in oriental countries is to inquire into the possibilities of bringing about closer relations in educationalmatters between thex East and the West, with mutualadvantage; in particular, to determine whether educated men and those interested in education in Chinaand in America can become of service to one another inthe promotion of education in the world at large.Mr. Burton sails from New York on June 18in company with Dr. Horace G. Reed, a recentgraduate of the Law School of the University,who goes as secretary of the commission. Hewill go by way of England* visiting Turkey,Egypt, Japan, India, and China, the latter beingthe chief field of work. The special object ofhis investigation will be the study of Chineseinstitutions and general educational conditionswith a view to determining, if possible, howthese conditions may be developed and improved.Mr. Chamberlin will sail in January, reaching China by way of Japan and Korea. Hewill be accompanied by his son, Dr. Rollin T.Chamberlin, who has obtained leave of absencefor this purpose from the United States Bureauof Commerce and Labor at Washington. Professor Chamberlin will employ his eminentability as a scientist in the study of mattersrelating to scientific education, agriculture,mining, transportation, and the like. Theimportance of this phase of the investigationwill appear when it is remembered that scientific education has proved the most potentinfluence for overcoming superstition, and that18UNIVERSITY RECORD 19only through science can production be soincreased as to furnish the means for the support of the educational system which Chinaundoubtedly needs.Mr. Burton and Mr. Chamberlin will meetin Pekin in February and will then, thoughprobably taking different routes through China,carry on their work in co-operation.High officials of the United States government have already expressed their interest inthis undertaking on the part of the University,and the co-operation of both educators andofficials in China is already practically assured.What results may follow this investigation is,of course, wholly uncertain. The Universityhas studiously avoided committing itself toanything except a thorough study of the situation, but it can hardly be doubted that theinformation which will be gained through suchstudy will enable American educators to apprehend more clearly what the educational needsand possibilities of China are, and whetherthere is any way in which they can extend thefield of their usefulness, not only beyond thelimits of their own walls, but even beyond thebounds of America into oriental lands.EXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE SIXTY-SEVENTHCONVOCATIONGeorge Herbert Palmer, A.M., LL.D.,Litt.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy in Harvard University, was the Convocation orator onJune 9, 1908, his address entitled "Specialization" being given in the Frank DickinsonBartlett Gymnasium before an audience of twothousand people. President Harry Pratt Judsonpresented in part his quarterly statement on thecondition of the University. The ConvocationAddress appears elsewhere in full in this issueof the University Record.The Convocation Reception was held inHutchinson Hall on the evening of June 8.President and Mrs. Judson were in the receiv ing line, and with them as guests of honorwere the Convocation orator, Professor GeorgeHerbert Palmer, of Harvard University; theVice-President of the University Board ofTrustees, Mr. Andrew MacLeish, and Mrs.MacLeish; Mr. Harold F. McCormick, of theBoard of Trustees, and Mrs. McCormick; andthe Dean of Women, Professor Marion Talbot.The reception was held in the corridor leadingto the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, the guestspassing out into Hutchinson Court, where thebells of the Alice Freeman Palmer chimeswere temporarily placed. The reception wasone of the largest in the history of the University.DEGREES CONFERRED AT THE SIXTY -SEVENTHCONVOCATIONAt the sixty-seventh Convocation of the University, held in the Frank Dickinson BartlettGymnasium on June 9, 1908, six students wereelected to membership in Sigma Xi for evidence of ability in research work in science,and twenty-one students were elected to membership in the Beta of Illinois chapter of PhiBeta Kappa for especial distinction in generalscholarship in the University.Ninety-one students received the "title ofAssociate; twenty-nine, the two-years certificate; twenty-eight, the degree of Bachelor ofEducation ; twenty-seven the degree of Bachelorof Arts; one hundred and twenty-one, thedegree of Bachelor of Philosophy; and twenty-nine, the degree of Bachelor of Science.In the Divinity School five students receivedthe certificate of the Dano-Norwegian Theological Seminary; four, the certificate of theSwedish Theological Seminary; four, thedegree of Bachelor of Divinity; and two, thedegree of Master of Arts.In the Law School one student received thedegree of Bachelor of Laws, and nineteen students, the degree of Doctor of Law (J. D.).In the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,20 UNIVERSITY RECORDand Science nine students were given thedegree of Master of Arts; seven, that ofMaster of Philosophy; six, that of Master ofScience; and sixteen, that of Doctor of Philosophy — making a total of two hundred andsixty-nine degrees (not including titles andcertificates) conferred by the University at theSummer Convocation.THE SPRING QUARTER, 1908APPOINTMENTSThe following new appointments have beenmade during the Spring Quarter, 1908:Rowland Hector Mode, to a Docentship in SemiticLanguages.Roscoe Myrl Ihrig, to an Assistantship in German*in the University High School.Mary Blount, to an Assistantship in Zoology in theUniversity High School.Harrison Crandall Givens, as teacher of Machine ShopWork and Drawing in the University High School.John F. Norton, as teacher of Chemistry in the University High School.Einar Krogh, as Second Mechanician in Physics.Rose Josephine Seitz, to an Assistant Librarianshipin the Historical Group Library.Mary Louise Bates, as Librarian of the HistoricalGroup Library.Alvin Lester Barton, to an Assistantship in History.George- William Bartelmez, to an Assistantship inZoology.Frank Christian Becht, to an Assistantship in Physiology and Physiological Chemistry.Herbert Horace Bunzel, to an Assistantship inPhysiology and Physiological Chemistry.Reginald Ruggles Gates, to an Assistantship in Morphology.David Vance Guthrie, to a Volunteer ResearchAssistantship in Astronomy during the Summer Quarter.James Richard Greer, to an Assistantship in Physiology and Physiological Chemistry.Paul Gustave Heinemann, to an Assistantship inBacteriology.Theophil Henry Hildebrandt, to an Assistantship inMathematics.John Curtis Kennedy, to an Assistantship in Political Economy,Robert Russ Kern, to an Assistantship in PoliticalEconomy.Stewart Joseph Lloyd, to an Assistantship in Chemistry. Arno Benedict Luckhardt, to a Laboratory Assistantship in Bacteriology.Paul Stillwell McKibben, to a Technical Assistant-ship in Anatomy.Fred Pearson, to a Research Assistantship in Physics.Maud Slye, to an Assistantship in Zoology.Joseph Clark Stephenson, to an Assistantship inZoology.Edith Baldwin Terry, to an Assistantship in Chemistry.Shigeo Yamanouchi, to a Technical Assistantship inBotany.Alan Wilfrid Cranbrook Menzies, to a ResearchAssociateship in Chemistry.W. A. Richards, to an Instructorship in Forge andFoundry Work in the University High School.Charles Henry Beeson, to an Instructorship in Latin.James Alfred Field, to an Instructorship in PoliticalEconomy.Henry Burton Sharman, to an Instructorship inBiblical and Patristic Greek.Harry Orrin Gillet, to an Acting Principalship in theUniversity Elementary School.Jesse More Greenman, to an Assistant Professorship in Botany.Franklin Winslow Johnson, to an Assistant Deanshipin the University High School.William Edward Dodd, to a Professorship in History.Elmer Truesdell Merrill, to a Professorship in Latin.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been madeduring the Spring Quarter, 1908:Julius Pearson, as Head Mechanician in Physics.William Weldon Hickman, to a Research Assistant-ship in Chemistry.Ernest Anderson, to an Associateship in Chemistry.William Crocker, to an Associateship in Botany. ,Jacob Harold Heinzelman, to an Associateship inGermanics.Carl Henry Grabp, to an Associateship in English.Walter Eugene Clark, to an Instructorship in Sanskrit.GIFTS PAID IN DURING THE SPRING QUARTER,I908For additional endowment $1,455,999*34Harper Memorial Library 229,707.28Current expenses, books, etc 16,868.11Agricultural Guild 1,680.00Oriental Investigation fund i, 555*55Experimental therapeutics 1,250.00UNIVERSITY RECORD 21Eastman photo fund Institute of Sacred Literature . .Classical journals 1907 class gift. Index of Astrophysical Journal.Journal of Modern Philology . . .Special fellowships Alice Freeman Palmer chimes. .Zoology instruction Special scholarships Board of Recommendations 1,000.00698.50355.00338.12200.00200.00175.00100.0066.6625.005.00Total $1,710,223.56ATTENDANCE IN THE SPRING QUARTER, I908Men Women Total1908 Total1907 Gain LossI. The Departments ofArts, Literature, andScience:1. The Graduate Schools*Arts and Literature 1121 dup151 10431 216182 191168 2514Total 2632324 dup39240 1352492 dup28663 398481678103 359469599IOI 39127922. Tfte CollegesTotal 66492788102744 59873383 1,2621,66096132744 1,1691,528102192542 93132Total Arts, Literature, andII. The ProfessionalSchools:1. The Divinity SchoolDano-Norwegian English Theological Total 16961451728 1122 18063471728 188585i9312 g2. The Courses in Medi-Total 1338040261 411 1378140271 133 43. The Law SchoolCandidate for LL.B Total 147144631,39©170 219017 dup20794033 1492046702,330203 14019417 dup6552,183i73 910151474. *The College of Educa-301,220 907 2,127 2,010 117* Deduct for duplication. THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONThe annual meeting of the Alumni Association on Saturday, June 6, was larger than any-other previous gathering of the alumni. It wasunique in the large number of visiting graduates who came from considerable distances.The alumni clubs at Seattle and Denver wererepresented by special delegates, and membersof classes of both the old and new Universitiescame from many sections of the country.The business meeting convened at twoo'clock, President Burt Brown Barker, of theclass of 1897, presiding. The committee on anew; constitution was continued for anotheryear. In view of the many changes throughwhich the Association is now passing it wasthought unwise to stipulate for any specificform of government until the plans of theorganization had become more definite. Thepresident's report showed the recent growth inalumni clubs in various sections of the countryand also the fact that during the past year theAssociation had been kept free from anydeficit. New activity for the Association wassuggested along the lines of extending its publication, in the affiliation of the various alumnigroups, in the reorganization of the alumnirecords, in the preparation of a new alumnidirectory, and the obtaining of permanentquarters for the alumni office. A discussionfollowed as to the changing of the hour of thebusiness meeting from two o'clock to five, justpreceding the alumni dinner, and a motion wascarried to the effect that some such arrangement be planned for next year.The president of the Association then welcomed the class .of 1908 into the general alumnibody. The response on behalf of the class wasmade by Mr. Luther D. Fernald, '08.During the afternoon the classes eitherattended the Western Intercollegiate Conference, then in progress on Marshall Field, orheld impromptu reunions in the vicinity of the"C" bench where the band was placed.22 UNIVERSITY RECORDIn the evening one hundred and eighty-threegraduates and guests assembled at the annualalumni dinner. On account of the limitedaccommodations, between seventy-five and onehundred alumni could not be provided for.The toastmaster of the evening, Presidentelect John Franklin Hagey, '98, was introducedby the retiring president, who in the course ofhis remarks announced the election of officersand alumni members of the University Congregation. The toast list was as follows:Alvin Kramer, '08; Oren B. Taft, of the OldUniversity; Cecil Page, '98; Ralph Merriam,'03, and President Harry Pratt Judson, of theUniversity.At the conclusion of the speaking the graduates sang the Alma Mater and adjourned tothe Reynolds Club for an informal alumnidance. The dance was an innovation inalumni day procedure, but proved so attractivethat it will probably become a regular feature.Plans for the celebration of alumni day nextyear are being considered which involve thechange of the day to Convocation day, theholding of the business meeting at five o'clockshortly after the Convocation address, and alarge alumni dinner in the evening, followedby informal dancing either in the ReynoldsClub or the Gymnasium.THE CONVOCATION LUNCHEON OF THE DOCTORSOF PHILOSOPHYIn accordance with the custom of recentyears the University, through President HarryPratt Judson, gave a complimentary luncheon to the Doctors of Philosophy, at the Quadrangle Club, on Monday, of Convocation week,June 8, 1908. The chief interest in the discussion following the luncheon was in the general topic: "The Relation of the Doctorate tothe- Teaching Profession." A questionnaire hadbeen sent to all Doctors of the University, inwhich the following questions were proposed: In view of the fact that the great majorityof Doctors are obliged to engage in the workof practical teaching, would you propose thatthe University should in any respect modifyits policy as to the doctorate? For example,would you support any or all of the followingpropositions: (1) That candidacy for thedoctorate should be conditioned upon a higherand broader standard of general culture. (2)That candidates for the doctorate should berequired to pursue courses in the philosophy ofeducation or in the pedagogy of special subjects. (3) That the University should discourage a much larger number of personsfrom proceeding to the doctorate.About seventy-five had made formal response to these questions in writing, and manyof the replies indicated careful consideration ofthe subject.Dr. Eleanor P. Hammjond, corresponding secretary of the Association, presented a brief report of the opinions on the questionnaire asexpressed by the non-resident Doctors. Alarge majority answered the first question, onthe need of a higher standard of general culture, in the affirmative. Opinion on the secondquestion, regarding the advisability of pedagogical training, was more evenly divided, andthose opposed to such preparation were quiteas emphatic as those advocating it. The thirdquestion was generally regarded as allied withthe first. Several practical suggestions wereoffered: On the first question, the insistenceupon broader education in the undergraduatefield, now so frequently used for specializing,or the addition of English to French and German as preliminaries for the higher degree;on the second question, the creation of a specialteaching degree, or the rehabilitation of theMaster's degree for this purpose. Dr. JulianP. Bretz, of the Department of History, tookup the second question, and emphasized theintimate relation of the doctorate and the teaching profession. Nineteen-twentieths of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 23Doctors become teachers. The doctorate is frequently viewed by the candidate as of commercial value, and in his desire to obtain it hespecializes too early and too exclusively, andthus lacks the breadth of mind which is quiteas necessary to the teacher as the special equipment.Dr. Otis W. Caldwell, of the Department ofBotany, the incoming president of the Association, also laid stress upon the number ofDoctors who become teachers, and upon the.constant demand from colleges and normalschools for Doctors as members of their faculties. His paper discussed the situation in relation to this demand, and argued against thecreation of a special teaching degree.Professor Starr W. Cutting, Head of theDepartment of German, advocated the raisingof the Master's degree from its present colorless character, the extension of its requirementsto three years, and its treatment as, a non-research degree, reserving for the doctorate thefield of pure research.President Harry Pratt Judson was then introduced, and outlined for the Association thesituation of American universities a generation ago, when the conception of the doctoratewas new in this country. The staffs of colleges,made up at that time largely of men not highlytrained in their subjects, are now recruitedfrom the new body of doctors. The firstproblem — Shall our college men know theirsubjects?— we have thus answered. We arenow facing the second problem — Shall our college men know how to teach their subjects?This is a question not to be answered quickly,nor without study and experiment, but it mustbe answered.Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin, Head ofthe Department of History, expressed his interest in the questions before the Association,and spoke of the necessity that the doctorateremain primarily a research degree. Professor John M. Manly, Head of the Department of English, said that in his department the success of the Doctors as teachershad been marked, and that although the firstof the questions before the Association wasundoubtedly practical, he saw its solution bestattained by the individual student's treatmentof his own needs, and by strictly honest recommendations from departments to presidentsseeking teachers. The remedy suggested byProfessor Cutting he regarded as dubious.Upon the first question before the Associationthere could be no doubt; the need of a higherstandard of general culture was constant.Professor James H. Tufts, Head of the Department of Philosophy, spoke of the confusionexisting on all educational questions, and theinclusion of our immediate problem in largermovements of life and thought. He characterized the Master's degree as now almostworthless, and emphasized the increasing strainthus put upon the doctorate. The solution wasan important question for the future.These contributions, showing that the questions proposed involve some of the most important problems now in the educational field,consumed the time allotted for general discussion. It was proposed to continue the topicfor another year and to invite careful study ofall its phases as a basis for discussion at theannual meeting in 1909.THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1906-7Early in June appeared from the Universityof Chicago Press the delayed President's Report for the year 1906-7. It is a volume of180 pages and contains, besides the personalreport of the President, Harry Pratt Judson,and the regular reports from Deans, Directors,Secretaries^ and other officers, the reports onresearch in progress in the various departments and the publications of members of theUniversity for the year ending July 1, 1907.24 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe personal report of President Judson,covering fourteen pages includes considerationof the following subjects: Finance, TheFaculties (publication and research, losses bydeath, the Presidency, appointments and promotions, and the General Faculty), The Students (attendance, the summer quarter, andathletics), The Alumni, Affiliated Colleges, TheMorgan Park Academy, Special Needs, andGifts to the University. The report concludeswith a list of the gifts paid in during the yearending June 30, 1907.The reports of the Deans cover fifty- fourpages, including those of the Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, the Deanof the Ogden Graduate School of Science,the Dean of the Divinity School, the Dean ofthe Law School, the Dean of the Medical Students, the Dean of the College of Education,the Dean of the University High School, theUniversity Elementary School, the Dean of theSenior Colleges, University College, the Deanof the Junior Colleges, the Dean of Women,and the Principal of the Morgan ParkAcademy.The reports of the Directors and Secretariescover about forty pages, including those of theSecretaries of the University ExtensionDivision (the Lecture-Study and Correspondence-Study Departments), the Associate Librarian, the Director of the University Press,the Department of University Relations (theDirector of Co-operating Work, the Examinerfor Colleges, and the Examiner for SecondarySchools), the Director of Physical Culture andAthletics, the Religious Agencies of the University, University Houses, the Secretary ofthe Board of Recommendations, and theManager of the University EmploymentBureau.Reports of Research in Progress, fromHeads of Departments, cover fourteen pages.The reports of other officers include those of the Counsel and Business Manager, the Registrar, and the Auditor, the last-mentioned reportcontaining sixteen pages which include sixteenstatistical tables.The publications of members of the University, arranged by departments and schools andcovering the period from July 1, 1906, to July1, 1907, make seventeen closely printed pages,which conclude the volume."THE STUDY OF STELLAR EVOLUTION"The latest volume in the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, the title ofwhich is given above, is the work of GeorgeEllery Hale, formerly Director of the YerkesObservatory, now director of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory in California.The volume of two hundred and sixty pagesis an account of some recent methods of astro-physical research, and contains besides thefrontispiece one hundred and three plates ofremarkable interest and significance.Among the chapter headings are the following: "The Problem of Stellar Evolution,""The Student of the New Astronomy," "TheSun as a Typical Star," "Large and SmallTelescopes," "Astronomical Photography withCamera Lenses," "Development of the Reflecting Telescope," "Elementary Principles ofSpectrum Analysis," "Grating Spectroscopesand the Chemical Composition of the Sun,""Phenomena of the Sun's Surface," "TheSun's Surroundings," "The Spectroheliograph,""The Yerkes Observatory," "AstronomicalAdvantages of High Altitudes," "The MountWilson Solar Observatory," "The Snow Telescope/' "A Study of Sun-Spots," "StellarTemperatures," "The Nebular Hypothesis,""Stellar Development," "The Meteoritic andPlanetesimal Hypotheses," "Does the SolarHeat Vary?" "The Construction of a LargeReflecting Telescope," and "Some PossibilitiesUNIVERSITY RECORD 25of New Instruments." The closing chapterpoints out opportunities for amateur observers.In his preface Professor Hale says of theplan hi the book:I finally adopted the plan of describing a connectedseries of investigations, laying special stress on theobservational methods employed, in the hope of explaining clearly how the problem of stellar evolution isstudied. The advantage of using concrete illustrationsdrawn, in large part, from personal experience, and thedesire that the book should be of special service tovisitors at the Yerkes and Mount Wilson Observatories,are sufficient reasons, I trust, for the otherwise undueproportion of space devoted to these institutions.The omission of such important subjects as thetheories of temporary and variable stars; Sir GeorgeDarwin's discussions of evolution as affected by tidalfriction; Vogel's and Pickering's photometric and spectroscopic studies, and the researches of the latter on thedistribution of stars of various types ; Campbell's investigations of stellar spectra, and, to mention no otherwork, his development of the spectrographic method ofdetermining radial velocities, sufficiently indicate thatI have made no attempt to deal with the general problem of stellar evolution, or to offer anything approaching an adequate description of the observationalmethods of astrophysics. The various researches described are chosen rather arbitrarily, in some caseswith more regard for my personal acquaintance withthe facts than because of their intrinsic importance. Itrust, however, that although this method of treatment has necessarily resulted in a fragmentary exposition of the subject, the book will serve to show howthe problem of stellar evolution is attacked along converging lines, leading from solar, stellar, and laboratory investigations.The frontispiece of the volume is a reproduction of a photograph of the Great Nebulain Andromeda made with the 24-inch reflecting telescope of the Yerkes Observatory,and among the other plates are those of thesix-inch refractor with which Burnham discovered four hundred and fifty-one doublestars; star trails photographed with 2j4-inchportrait lens; the lunar crater Theophilus andsurrounding region; the 40-inch refractor ofthe Yerkes Observatory; the 90- foot dome ofthe Yerkes Observatory; the great nebula in Orion; Langley's drawing of the typical sun-spot of December, 1873; solar prominencesphotographed at eclipse of May 28, 1900; theRumford spectroheliograph attached to the40-inch Yerkes refractor; the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton; low-lying clouds asseen from Mount Wilson; the south end ofSnow telescope house on Mount Wilson; theglobe machine used Jtt the Yerkes Observatoryfor measuring solar photographs; the heliomi-crometer; the Pleiades photographed with the24-inch reflector of the Yerkes Observatory;mounting of 60-inch reflecting telescope underconstruction in Pasedena instrument shop ofthe Solar Observatory; and the steel buildingand dome for the 60-inch reflecting telescopeunder construction on Mount Wilson.In typography, illustrations, and generalmakeup the volume is one of the most attractive issued by the University of Chicago Press.THE FIRST PUBLICATION AND TRANSLATION OF ANETHIOPIC TEXTThere has recently been published in Paris,as part of the fourth volume in the seriesentitled "Patrologia Orientalis," The Conflictof Severus, Patriarch of Antioch, by Atha-nasius. The Ethiopic text of this life of thegreat patriarch of the sixth century has beenedited and translated for the first time byAssistant Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, ofthe Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek.The volume, of one hundred and sixty pages,is dedicated to Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed,Secretary of the University Board of Trustees, who is the father of the editor and translator.In the introduction Professor Goodspeedsays with reference to the character of thetranslation :It has been kept in mind that a version rather thanan original is being dealt with, and a greater degree ofliteralness is thus demanded of the translator than wouldotherwise be required. Certain obscurities and harshnesses have thus been retained in the translation, in the26 UNIVERSITY RECORDhope thatl they may better contribute to the recovery orreconstruction of the original, than any attempted correction or improvement of them might do.The Ethiopic text is given on the upper halfof the page and the English translation on thelower half. The indices include references,an English index of names, and an Ethiopicindex of names; and a note is added as to theauthorship of The Conflict of Severus, it beingconcluded by Professor Goodspeed that thebiographer, Athanasius, was a successor ofSeverus in the patriarchate of Antioch.The general editors of the Patrologia Orien-talis are Professors Graffin and Nau, of theCatholic Institute of Paris.INSTRUCTORS FOR THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1908Among the well-known instructors engagedespecially for the Summer Quarter are Professor Thomas Nixon Carver, Ph.D., of Harvard University, who offers courses on "TheDistribution of Wealth" and "Social Reform;"Professor Ashley Horace Thorndike, Ph.D., ofColumbia University, who offers an advancedcourse in Shakspere and one on "The Elizabethan Drama;" Professor Albert BushnellJohnson, A.M., of Brown University, who givesa course in advanced French; Professor JohnEdward Russell, A.M., of Williams College,who gives courses on "The Ultimate Conceptions of Modern Physical Science" and "TheEthics of Evolution;" Professor Ralph H. C.Catterall, Ph.D., of Cornell University, thesubjects of his courses being "The FrenchRevolution and the Napoleonic Era" and "TheHistory of Germany from the Congress ofVienna to the Present;" Professor ClaudeHalstead Van Tyne, Ph.D., of the Universityof Michigan, offering courses on "The Historyof the United States from 1801 to 1850" and"The American Revolution;" Professor HenrySeeley White, Ph.D., offering courses on"Research in Pure Mathematics," "Higher Plane Curves," and "Elliptic Functions;" Professor William Edward Dodd, Ph.D., of Randolph Macon College, who gives a course on"The History of the Southern States;" Professor Geneva Misener, Ph.D., of Rockford College, offering courses on the "History of GreekLiterature;" Professor John Fieman Coar,of Adelphi College, offering courses on "German Literature in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" and "Schiller's Aesthetic Criticism and Its Relation to His Poetical Works ;"Professor Aurelio M. Espinosa, of the University of New Mexico, who gives courses inelementary and intermediate Spanish; and Mr.William Estabrook Chancellor, A.M., ofWashington, D. C, who offers courses on"Class Management" and "Primitive Arts asEducational Means."Associate Professor Henry WashingtonPrescott, of the University of California, offerscourses on "Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, andHerondas" and "Introduction to Greek Tragedy;" Associate Professor Edward CookeArmstrong, of Johns Hopkins University,offers a course in the "History of the FrenchLanguage;" Assistant Professor Gilbert AmesBliss, Ph.D., of Princeton University, offers acourse on "Differential Equations from theStandpoint of Continuous Groups;" andAssistant Professor Edward Payson Morton,of Indiana University, gives courses on the subjects of "Studies in Romanticism in EnglishLiterature of the Eighteenth Century" and"The Structure of English Verse."Among the lecturers in the Divinity Schoolfor the Summer Quarter are Professor Cornelius Woelfkin, D.D., of Rochester Theological Seminary; Professor Ephraim Emerton,Ph.D., of Harvard University; and ProfessorGeorge Cross, of McMaster University.In the Law School the lecturers from otherinstitutions are the following: ProfessorHenry Schofield, A.M., LL.B., of North-UNIVERSITY RECORD 27western University; Professor Henry MooreBates, Ph.B., LL.B., of the University ofMichigan; Professor Harry Sanger Richards,Ph.B., LL.B., Dean of the College of Law,University of Wisconsin; Professor RoscoePound, Ph.D., of Northwestern University;and Professor Frederic Campbell Woodward,A.M., LL.M., of Leland Stanford Jr. University. Associate Professor Wesley NewcombHohfeld, A.B., LL.B., of Leland Stanford Jr.University, and Assistant Professor EdwinRoulette Keedy, A.B., LL.B., of Indiana University, were also lecturers in the Law School.In the series of University Public Lecturesgiven during the Summer Quarter, generalliterature and art were represented by Mr.John Fox, Jr., who gave in June an introductory lecture on "The Southern Mountaineer,"and readings from A Cumberland Vendetta,The Kentuckians, The Trail of the LonesomePine, Hell for Sartain, and The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come; and President SamuelS. Curry, Ph.D., of the Boston School ofExpression, gave five illustrated lectures at theopening of the quarter on "The Art of OurTime." Mr. Leon H. Vincent, of Boston, discussed "Great Personalities in Victorian Literature," including Carlyle, Thackeray, Dickens,George Eliot, and Macaulay; and Mr. LeslieWillis Sprague, of the Brooklyn Society ofEthical Culture, considered the "Social Messages of Some Nineteenth Century Prophets,"including Schiller, Victor Hugo, Tolstoi,Mazzini, and Emerson.In the historical and social sciences Professor Will S. Monroe, of the MassachusettsState Normal School, gave three lectures earlyin the quarter on the subject of "Turkey;"Mr. T. Howard MacQueary, of St. Louis,gave four lectures in July on "Social Life inthe American Colonies;" and Hon. PercyAlden, of London, member of Parliament forTottenham, gives in August a series of five lectures on "Social Experiments in Britain andBritish Colonies."In science Mr. Isaiah Bowman, of Yale University, gave early in July a series of fiveillustrated lectures on "Regional GeographicTypes in South America." In philosophy andeducation Superintendent Fassett A. Cotton,Ph.D., of Indianapolis, delivered four lectureson "Complete Education;" Professor Will S.Monroe, of the Massachusetts State NormalSchool, gave three lectures on children andmental work and fatigue; and Mr. WilliamE. Chancellor, of Washington, D. C, deliveredfive lectures on "The City and the School." Inbiblical history and theology Professor GeorgeCross, Ph.D., of McMaster University, discussed in four lectures "Some Problems ofProtestantism and Their Progressive HistoricalSolution."A BANQUET TO RETIRING PROFESSORSOn the evening of May 11, at the ChicagoBeach Hotel, a number of members of theUniversity faculties joined in a farewell dinner in honor of Professor Edwin Erie Sparks,of the Department of History, and ProfessorCharles Zueblin, of the Department of Sociology.Although Professors Sparks and Zueblinhave given their time primarily to extramuralwork, their many friends in the faculties tookthis occasion to express regret at the departureof two men who have in their respective fieldsrendered great service to the University.Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson,of the Department of History, was toastmaster,and responses were made as follows :"Men Who Have Left Us" . Professor Richard GreenMoulton."Appearances and Disappearances" Professor Edwin Erie Sparks."The New University" . . Professor James HaydenTufts."Freedom of Speech" . . Professor Charles Zueblin."The University Outside theUniversity" .... President Harry Pratt Judson.28 UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Sparks was inaugurated as president of Pennsylvania State College on Junen. Professor Zueblin and his family will soonremove to Boston, where he will be engaged incivic and philanthropic work.THE AMERICAN SCHOOL FOR ORIENTAL STUDYAND RESEARCH IN PALESTINEProfessor Robert Francis Harper, of theDepartment of Semitic Languages and Literatures, has been elected Director for theyear 1908-9 of the American School atJerusalem by the executive council of theArchaeological Society. Mr. Harper will sailon July 25 for London, going thence by wayof Paris and Constantinople to Jerusalem.Six members of the University, namely, Dr.Daniel D. Luckenbill, Associate in Semitics ; Dr.Rowland H. Mode, Docent in Semitics; Mr.Martin Sprengling, Senior Fellow in NewTestament Literature; Mr. Theophilus H.Schroedel, Mr. Edward A. Henry, and Mr.Henry Schaefer, Fellows in Semitics, willsail on September 5 for Jerusalem, via Naples,Constantinople, and Jaffa. Dr. Spoer, Fellowin Semitics, is at present in Jerusalem and willremain there during the coming year. Mr.Wicher, formerly Fellow in New TestamentLiterature, will join the party in February,1909.RECENT IMPROVEMENTS ON THE UNIVERSITYCAMPUSDuring the month of April forty-eight six-inch elm trees were planted on the campus, arow of these trees being placed on either sideof the main driveway extending from CobbLecture Hall east to Lexington Avenue. Inaddition several two-inch horn beam treeswere planted on the Fifty-seventh Street frontage between Ellis and Lexington Avenues.A new macadam road and cement sidewalkswere built through Hull Court and extendedbetween Kent and Ryerson laboratories to a line drawn in front of these buildings. A newmacadam road and side-walks were also builtfrom Hitchcock Court east to the Leon MandelAssembly Hall. The west end of the roadand the sidewalks were extended south fromHitchcock Court along the west side of KentChemical Laboratory to a line drawn in frontof this building.All of the lawns adjacent to these roads andsidewalks were brought up to grade and putin permanent form, thus practically completingthe campus improvement on the part of thegrounds north of Kent Chemical Laboratoryand Ryerson Physical Laboratory.A new six-inch water main was laid throughthe middle of the campus from Fifty-ninthStreet as far north as Kent Laboratory. Thiswater main will provide service for futurebuildings, for watering grass, trees, andshrubs, and will also give greatly increased fireprotection.In the spring a new greenhouse, twenty-nineby one hundred feet, was completed for use ofthe Department of Zoology.A fireproof cellar for the storage ofchemicals used in the Kent Chemical Laboratory has been built on the east side of KentTheater. This will remove from the Laboratory the material that has always involved thepossibility of serious fire.Two new electric-light lamps- of artisticgothic design have been placed over the eastentrance of Cobb Lecture Hall, as a gift fromthe class of 1907; and two handsome metalbulletin boards, which are illuminated at night,have been put in position at the entrance ofCobb Hall, as a gift from the class of 1906.For the women's and men's dormitoriesnew chairs and rugs have been ordered, so thatthese buildings will be practically refurnishedin these respects. The chairs are being madefrom special designs, due regard being givento comfort and artistic effect. The three-storyUNIVERSITY RECORD 29stone and brick building at 5828 Ingleside Avenue has been assigned to the use of theWomen's Commons as a dormitory for theservants. This will greatly improve their living quarters.A new granite block pavement has been laidin the Power Plant alley; a new twenty- fourinch stairway fire escape has been placed onthe north wall of the Press Building, in order to give additional security to the compositorsworking on the fourth floor; and a similarfire escape has been placed on the west end ofHutchinson Hall.Extensive grading and the building ofgravel roads are now being done on the campusat Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wis.,according to general plans made by OlmsteadBrothers.THE FACULTIESAssistant Professor William! VaughnMoody, of the Department of English, wasgiven the honorary degree of Litt.D. by YaleUniversity at its commencement in June."Guaranty of Bank Deposits" is the subjectof a contribution in the July issue of Scribner'sMagazine, by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin,Head of the Department of Political Economy."Rural Sociology" was the subject of sixlectures before an institute held at BrandonCollege, Manitoba, from June 25 to July 1,by Professor Charles R. Henderson, of theDepartment of Sociology.An index to the first twenty-five volumes ofthe Astrophysical Journal was published earlyin July by the University of Chicago Press. Itis a paper-bound volume of one hundred andforty pages."Greek Life from the Papyri" is the subject of a contribution in the Outlook of July11, 1908, by Assistant Professor Edgar J.Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblical andPatristic Greek."The Origin of the Earth" is the title of anillustrated contribution in the July issue of theWorld To-Day, by Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, Dean of the Ogden Graduate School ofScience.The Faith Healer is the title of a new playby Assistant Professor William VaughnMoody, of the Department of English, whosefirst play of American life, The Great Divide,has had so great a success."The Elements of Beauty in Poetry" wasthe subject of an address in Oak Park, 111.,July 1, before the National Association ofSpeech Arts, by Associate Professor S. H.Clark, of the Department of Public Speaking."The Philosophical Basis of Ethics" was thesubject of a contribution in the April (1908)number of the International Journal of Ethics, by Professor George H. Mead, of the Department of Philosophy."Vocation and Avocation" was the subjectof an address at the graduation exercises ofthe University High School, held in the LeonMandel Assembly Hall on June 10, by Professor Shailer Mathews, Dean of the DivinitySchool.In the January (1908) number of theInternational Journal of Ethics, Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of the Department ofSociology, had a contribution on "The SocialIdeal."Together is the title of a new novel by Professor Robert Herrick, of the Department ofEnglish, whose last novel, The Common Lot,first appeared in serial form in the AtlanticMonthly. The publishers are the MacmillanCompany.Professor Nathaniel Butler, Dean of the College of Education, gave an address on the subject of "The Place and Function of the HighSchool" at the ninth annual meeting of the Illinois Congress of Mothers held in Bloomington,111., on May 7.A critical note entitled "A Paris Fragmentof Pseudo-Chrysostom" is contributed to theJuly (1908) issue of the American Journal ofTheology by Assistant Professor Edgar J.Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblical andPatristic Greek."Alaska and Its Wealth" is the subject ofan illustrated contribution in the June issue ofthe World To-Day, by Assistant ProfessorWallace W. Atwood, of the Department ofGeology, who is now in Alaska on work forthe United States Geological Survey.In the new Encyclopedia of Social Reform,recently published by Funk and Wagnalls, Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head of theDepartment of Ecclesiastical Sociology, hasMEMORIAL WINDOW IN THE FRANK DICKINSON BARTLETT GYMNASIUM(The gift of William Gold Hibbard". The design, suggested by Scott's /vanhoe, by Edward P. Sperry of New York)UNIVERSITY RECORD 31articles on "Child Helping," "Industrial (Reform) Schools," and "Reformatories."Before the City Club of Chicago, on July 2,Associate Professor Charles E. Merriam, of theDepartment of Political Science, discussed theadvantage of an ordinance to create a department of information and publicity in Chicago,to facilitate intelligent legislation in the citycouncil.At the installation of Professor Edwin ErieSparks, formerly of the Department of History,as president of Pennsylvania State College,Professor Paul Shorey, Head of the Department of Greek, was the representative of theUniversity of Chicago, and delivered anaddress.At the meeting' of the American MedicalAssociation in Chicago on June 4 a gold medalwas conferred on Assistant Professor HowardT. Ricketts, of the Department of Pathologyand Bacteriology, for an exhibit based on aspecial investigation of the Rocky Mountainspotted fever."The Outlook for Theology and the Ministry" was the subject of an address at OberlinCollege on June 25 — the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the institution — byDean Shailer Mathews, of the Divinity School.Mr. Mathews received the honorary degree ofD.D. on the occasion."Historical and Biographical Background inTeaching Literature" is the title of an addressbefore the Michigan School Masters' Club,given by Associate Professor Robert M.Lovett, of the Department of English. CharlesScribner's Sons have issued it in printed formfor teachers of English.The annual address before the Beta ofIllinois chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was givenin the Reynolds Club Theater on the eveningof June 8 by Professor Theodore G. Soares,of the Department of Homiletics and Religious Education, the subject being "TheOrator in Modern Life." The editor of Le Temps, Paris, M. HenriLaBrue, and the French consul in Chicago,Baron de Saint Laurent, were recently guestsof President Harry Pratt Judson at luncheon.M. LaBrue expressed admiration for the workand architecture of the University, which heregards as the foremost institution of the city.In the May (1908) number of the Journalof Political Economy Associate Professor William Hill, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy, has a note on "Agricultural Education." In the July issue is a note on "The*Convention of the Socialist Party," by Assistant Professor Robert F. Hoxie, of the samedepartment.At the annual meeting of the Chicago Association of Collegiate Alumnae held in Evan-ston, 111., May 23, Assistant Professor AliceP. Norton, of the Department of HouseholdAdministration, was made one of the vice-presidents of the organization and ProfessorMarion Talbot, Dean of Women, was madeone of the directors.At the Northern Baptist Convention and theBaptist Anniversaries held in Oklahoma City,Okla., May 20-27, President Harry PrattJudson was the presiding officer and gave theannual address. Governor Charles E. Hughes,of New York, the president of the convention,was unable to be present. There were eighthundred delegates in attendance.To the second volume of the CambridgeHistory of English Literature, which hasrecently appeared, Professor John M. Manly,Head of the Department of English, contributes a chapter on Piers the Plowman.Among other contributors are ProfessorGeorge Saintsbury and Professor Francis B.Gummere. There will be fourteen volumes inthe completed history.Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head ofthe Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology,was re-elected president of the National Children's Home Society on June 1 1 at the twenty-32 UNIVERSITY RECORDfifth annual session of the organization inChicago-. Mr. Henderson was also madepresident of the Chicago local advisory committee of the American Health League onJune 19, and Assistant Professor J. PaulGoode, of the Department of Geography, wasmade secretary and treasurer of the same organization.In the April (1908) number of Die Glocke,a magazine published for the Germans inAmerica, is a contribution entitled "Die Uni-versitat von Chicago," by Dr. Adolph C. vonNoe, of the Department of German. Thearticle has five illustrations, including those ofthe Yerkes Observatory, the Law Building,Kent Chemical Laboratory, a remarkable general view of the University and surroundings,and a portrait of the first president of theUniversity. The frontispiece of the magazineis a portrait of President Harry Pratt Judson.In the annual report of the officers of theReynolds Club, the accounts of which wereaudited on May 4, 1908, by the UniversityAuditor, the receipts are given as $8,295 andthe disbursements as $6,755, the net gain De_ing $1,540. The active membership in theAutumn Quarter, 1907, reached 458, and theassociate membership, 190, making a total of648, the Winter Quarter of 1908 showing practically the same total — the largest in the history of the club. The president of the clubfor 1907-8 was Mr. William Francis Hewitt,the president for 1908-9 being John Flint Dille.The Sign of the Double Eagle was the titleof the latest comic opera presented in the LeonMandel Assembly Hall on the evenings ofMay 7, 8, and 9, by the student organizationknown as "The Blackfriars." The book andlyrics were by Mr. Harry Arthur Hansen andMr. Floyd Alvah Klein, the authors of lastyear's play, and the music was written by Mr.Earle Scott Smith. The performances werevery well attended. This was the fifth production by "The Blackfriars," the preceding college operas being, in 1907, Sure EnoughSegregation; in 1906, The Rushing of Raxes;in 1895, The King's Kalendar Keeper; and, in1904, The Passing of Pahli Kahn."The Manuscripts of Catullus" is the subject of a contribution in the July (1908) issueof Classical Philology, by Professor WilliamGardner Hale, Head of the Department ofLatin. Professor Frank B. Tarbell, of the Department of the History of Art, has a contribution in the same number, entitled "The Palmof Victory." "The MSS of the HistoriaAugusta" is the subject of an article by MissSusan H. Ballou, of the Department of Latin.The new managing editor of the journal isProfessor Paul Shorey, Head of the Department of Greek, who has in this number a"Note on Plato Philebus 11 b. a," and also"Notes on the Text of Simplicius De Caelo!3The one hundred and ninth contributionfrom the Hull Botanical Laboratory entitled"Apogamy in Nephrodium," illustrated withtwo plates and three figures, appears in theMay (1908) number of the Botanical Gazetteand is the work of Dr. Shigeo Yamanouchi, ofthe Department of Botany. The one hundred and tenth contribution from the samelaboratory is contained in the June number ofthe journal, under the title of "Relation ofMegaspores to Embryo Sacs in Angio-sperms," and is contributed by Professor JohnM. Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany."The Embryo of Ceratozamia : A PhysiologicalStudy," by Helen A. Dorety, is the one hundred and eleventh contribution from the Laboratory, which is illustrated by seven figures.. At a meeting of the French Theater Association of Chicago, held on June 30, it was decided to produce six or seven plays during thecoming year, one production to be given eachmonth. Among the officers of the reorganizedassociation are Assistant Professor George C.Howland, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, who is president;UNIVERSITY RECORD 33and Assistant Professor Elizabeth Wallace andMr. Earle B. Babcock, of the same department, who are members of the association.Other members of the association are AssociateProfessor Robert M. Lovett, of the Department of English, and Mr. Francis W. Parker,of the University Board of Trustees. Thetheater association is under the joint auspicesof the University of Chicago and the AllianceFranchise.The Incarnation and Modern Thought is thetitle of a dissertation of forty-five pages submitted for the Doctor's degree in the Department of Systematic Theology by Mr. CarlDelos Case, and recently published by the University of Chicago Press. The subject is discussed under the following chapter headings:"The Logos in the World — Divine Immanence," "The Logos in Humanity — Divine andHuman Kinship," "The Logos in Humanity-Race Solidarity," "The Logos in the Individual — The Evolutionary Process," "TheLogos in the Individual — Psychological Principles," "Jesus and the Logos," "Jesus and theFather," and "Jesus and the Holy Spirit."The eight chapters have an introduction of tenpages. Mr. Case received the degree of Doctorof Philosophy at the Autumn Convocation in1899.Ninety pages of the May (1908) number ofthe Elementary School Teacher are given toan account of the course of study in the University Elementary School, the subject beingconsidered under the following heads: ArtWork in the Elementary School, Textiles,Clay-Modeling, Domestic Science, The SchoolGarden, Woodworking, Metal-Working, Book-Binding, The Museum and Collections, TheVolunteer Field Trips, Natural History,Geography, History, Languages (English,French, and German), Mathematics, Music,Hygiene, and Physical Education, Instructionin Hygiene, and Medical Supervision. "AUnique School System," a contribution by Nathaniel Butler, Dean of the College of Education, opens the June number of the journal.Miss Bertha Payne, of the School of Education, contributes an article on "The School ofEducation," which has just closed its seventhyear as a professional school of the Universityof Chicago.The thirteenth volume of the Cap andGown appeared on the campus just before theSummer Convocation in June. The book, offive hundred pages, is dedicated to ProfessorCharles Richmond Henderson, of the Department of Sociology, a portrait of whom formsthe frontispiece. The title page is effectivelyprinted in maroon and black. Part I, devotedto the University, contains a sketch of Professor Henderson, accounts of the Alice Freeman Palmer chimes, the University of ChicagoSettlement, and the Egyptian Expedition ofthe University; portraits of Professors AlbertA. Michelson, Nicholas Senn, and HeinrichMaschke, and of Secretary Thomas WakefieldGoodspeed, of the University Board of Trustees. The whole volume is well organized andvery attractively illustrated. There were thirteen art contributors, and nineteen other contributors, the editors-in-chief being Mr.Warren Dunham Foster and Mr. HarryArthur Hansen.Chicago Literary Papyri is the title of arecent publication by the University of ChicagoPress, being a description and discussion ofseven Greek texts, by Assistant ProfessorEdgar J. Goodspeed, of the Department ofBiblical and Patristic Greek. The manuscriptsbelong to the first, second, and third centuries,five of them having already been published,with somewhat full discussions, in the Journalof Hellenic Studies, the American Journal ofPhilology, the American Journal of Archaeology, and Classical Philology. Six of the papyriare from the collection of Edgar J. Goodspeed,the present editor. The following are the titlesof the texts considered : "Isocrates, To Niocles,34 UNIVERSITY RECORDsect. 9-1 1 ;" "Alexandrian Hexameters ," "Geometrical Processes;" "Medical Prescriptions;""Homer, Iliad B, 1-20;" "Homer, Iliad E,824-841 ;" and "Homer, Iliad, H, 1-68." Besides an introduction and an index of Chicagopapyri, there are two plates, that of the Ayerpapyrus in the Field Museum forming thefrontispiece.Announcement is made in the July (1908)issue of Modern Philology of a change ineditorship, Professor John M. Manly, head ofthe Department of English, becoming themanaging editor in place of Assistant Professor Philip S. Allen, of the Department ofGerman, who was instrumental in foundingthe journal and for fiv^ years has had generalsupervision of it. Four new associate editorshave been added, two from the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, and twofrom the Department of Germanic Languagesand Literatures — Associate Professors KarlPietsch and T. Atkinson Jenkins, and Professor Starr W. Cutting, Head of the Department of German, and Assistant Professor Francis A. Wood. The July numberopens with an editorial note appreciativeof the energy and enthusiasm of Mr. Allenin conducting the journal and maintaining in it so high a standard of scholarship;and the first contribution is by Mr. Allen himself, entitled "Mediaeval Latin Lyrics, PartII.""The Significance of the Orient for theOccident" is the subject of a contribution inthe May (1908) number of the AmericanJournal of Sociology, by Associate ProfessorWilliam I. Thomas, of the Department ofSociology and Anthropology. Sharing in thediscussion following the article are ProfessorPaul S. Reinsch, of the University of Wisconsin; President Charles D. Tenny, of Pei YongCollege, China; K. Asakawa, of Yale University; Professor Albert E. Jenks, of the University of Minnesota; and Professor Thomas himself. Professor Charles R. Henderson,Head of the Department of EcclesiasticalSociology, continues in this number of thejournal his discussion of Industrial Insurance,"Municipal Pension Systems and Pensions forTeachers" being the phase of the subject underconsideration. In the July number of thisjournal Professor Albion W. Small, head ofthe Department of Sociology, has the openingarticle, entitled "The Meaning of Sociology."Professor Henderson continues his discussionof Industrial Insurance under the head of "ThePension Systems of the Union and of theSeveral States."Professor Ernest D. Burton, Head of theDepartment of New Testament Literature andInterpretation, contributes to the May (1908)number of the Biblical World an article on"Atonement in the Teaching of John theBaptist." "Social Duties of Cities: PublicHealth" is the subject of chapter ten on SocialDuties, by Professor Charles R. Henderson."Atonement in the Teaching of Jesus" is contributed by Mr. Burton to the June number ofthe journal, and Assistant Professor John M.P. Smith, of the Department of Semitics, hasthe closing article on "The Jewish Colony andTemple at Assuan." The seventh contribution on the Biblical Doctrine of Atonement —"Atonement in the Teaching of Jesus," byMr. Burton — appears in the July number, andMr. Henderson discusses "Wealth Interests"under the head of Municipal Duties. "TheApocalypse of John" is the subject of a seriesof articles by Associate Professor Clyde W.Votaw, of the Department of New TestamentLiterature and Interpretation, the third ofwhich appears in this number under the titleof "Its Content, Arrangement, and Sources ofMaterial."The April (1908) number of the Astro-physical Journal has as its opening contribution "The Photographic Determination of Star-Colors and Their Relation to Spectral Type,"UNIVERSITY RECORD 35illustrated with six figures, by Mr. John A.Parkhurst and Mr. Frank C. Jordan, of theYerkes Observatory. Non-Resident ProfessorGeorge E. Hale, now of the Mount WilsonSolar Observatory, describes in this issue theTower Telescope at that observatory, thearticle being illustrated by two figures andthree plates. Mr. Hale also has a preliminarynote on the "Rotation of the Sun as Determined from the Motions of the HydrogenFlocculi," illustrated by three plates. Professor Edward E. Barnard, of the Yerkes Observatory, contributes additional notes on the"Visibility of the Dark Side of Saturn'sRings." The opening article in the May number of the journal, on "An Investigation of theForty-Inch Objective of the Yerkes Observatory," is by Mr. Philip Fox, of the Observatory. Dr. Arthur C. Lunn, of the Departmentof Mathematics, has a contribution on "TheZonal Errors in Magnification of the Reflecting Telescope." In the June number Mr.Philip Fox, of the Observatory, discusses the"Orbit of the Spectroscopic Binary of 13Ceti." At the close of this number announcement is made of the new General Index ofthe Astrophysical Journal, arranged byauthors and subjects, and covering the firsttwenty- five volumes of the journal.The March number of the Chicago AlumniMagazine^ which is devoted to the Old University of Chicago, has as frontispiece^ LoradoTaft's relief of Stephen A. Douglas, now inthe corridor of the Reynolds Club. "A Boy inthe Old University," by Herbert A. Howe, '75,is illustrated by nine remarkably interestingportraits of the faculty of the Old University; "The Women of the Old University,"by Lydia A. Dexter, '84, is illustratedby the portrait of Carrie E. Howe, '79, thefirst woman who took the full course; and apoem is contributed by Bernard I. Bell, '07."College and the Army," by Lieutenant P. S.Wrightson, '00; "The Harper Memorial Library," by T. W. Goodspeed, of the University Board of Trustees; a memorial address on Professor Heinrich Maschke, of theDepartment of Mathematics, by ProfessorOskar Bolza; and a sketch, "The NewAmerican Beauty," by Frederick W. Carr, '09,are other contributions in this number, whichhas also portraits of Professor George H. Vincent, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science, and Assistant Professor John B.Watson, of the Department of Psychology. Inthe April issue of the magazine the frontispiece is a general view of the University ofChicago, and other illustrations are those ofthe Ryerson Physical Laboratory, the LawSchool, the Yerkes Observatory, the Women'sHalls, Kent Chemical Laboratory, and portraits of Professor Charles Zueblin, of theDepartment of Sociology, Frederick D.Nichols, '97, and John F. Hagey, '98. William Scott Bond, '97, has the opening contribution, on "The Intercollegiate Conferenceand the University of Michigan;" Effie A.Gardner, '97, contributes a poem; and HerbertE. Slaught, as secretary of the Board of Recommendations discusses the "Recommendation of Teachers from the University ofChicago." The opportunities of the summerquarter are described, and Secretary T. W.Goodspeed, of the Board of Trustees, writesof the Harper Memorial Library and thealumni. An effective frontispiece for the May-June number is that of the doorways of theLaw School, Mandel Assembly Hall, andKent Chemical Laboratory. Dr. Sophonisba P.Breckinridge contributes the opening article,on " 'Social' as Well as 'Learned' Professions."James Goodman, '62, begins "A History ofthe University, as Told by Contemporary Students. 1 : 1854-1862," which is illustrated by apicture of the first graduating class, one of thenumber being Dr. Thomas W. Goodspeed."The University in 1858," "The Class of 1908,"by Eleanor Day, '08, and "The University of36 UNIVERSITY RE CORDChicago Press" are the titles of other contributions. Mr. Percy B. Eckhart, '99, who isnow a lecturer in the Law School, begins aseries of articles on "The Genesis of StudentCustoms. I. The Three Quarters Club;" and"The Association of Collegiate Alumnae" is described by Emily Thompson Sheets, '97.The usual full departments concerning theUniversity, the student body, athletics, alumniassociations, and the classes are found in allof the numbers of the magazines noted.THE ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHYThe degree of Doctor of Philosophy wasconferred upon sixteen candidates at the Summer Convocation, June 9, 1908. They are asfollows :Charles Christopher Adams, S.B., Illinois Wesleyan University, 1895 ; S.M., Harvard University, 1899.Ph.D. in Zoology and Botany. Thesis : The Geographic Variations and Relations of Io.Mary Blount, S.B., University of Michigan, 1895. Ph.D.in Zoology and Embryology. Thesis: The EarlyDevelopment of the Pigeon's Egg from Fertilisationto the Organisation of the Periblast.Leonas Lancelot Burlingame, A.B., The University ofChicago, 1906. Ph.D. in Plant Morphology andPlant Physiology. Thesis : Staminate Cone ofPodocarpus.Wallace Craig, S.B., University of Illinois, 1898. Ph.D.in Zoology and Philosophy. Thesis: Expression ofthe Emotions in the Pigeons.Reginald Ruggles Gates, A.B., Mt. Allison University,1903; A.M., Ibid., 1904; S.B., McGill University,1906. Ph.D. in Botany and Zoology. Thesis : AStudy of Reduction in Oenothera Rubrinerois.Herbert Marcus Goodman, S. B., The University ofChicago, 1905 ; S.M., Ibid., 1907. Ph.D. in Bacteriology, Pathology, and Physiology. Thesis: Activeand Passive Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin.Leroy Harris Harvey, S.B., University of Maine, 1901 ;S.M., Ibid., 1905. Ph.D. in Plant Physiology andPlant Morphology. Thesis : The Prairie Grass Formation of Southeastern South Dakota.John Thomas Patterson, S.B., University of Wooster,1903. Ph.D. in Zoology and Embryology. Thesis:Gastrulation in the Pigeon's Egg.Milo Milton Quaife, Ph.B., Iowa College, 1903 ; A.M.,University of Missouri, 1905. Ph.D. in History andPolitical Science. Thesis: The Doctrine of Nonintervention with Slavery.Charles Houston Shattuck, S.B., The University ofChicago, 1903. Ph.D., in Plant Morphology andPlant Physiology. Thesis : Origin of Heterosperyin Marsilia.Ralph Edward Sheldon, A.B., Cornell University, 1904;A.M., Ibid., 1 90s ; S.M., Harvard University, 1907.Ph.D. in Anatomy and Zoology. Thesis : The Olfactory Tracts and Centers in Fishes.William Walker Swanson, A.M., Queen's University, 1905. Ph.D. in Political Economy and History.Thesis : The Establishment of the National Banking System.George Washington Tannreuther, A.B., Manchester College, 1900; A.M., Antioch College, 1901. Ph.D. inZoology and Botany. Thesis: History of the GermCells and Early Embryology of Certain Aphids.Berthold Louis Ullman, A.B., The University of Chicago,1903. Ph.D. in Latin and Greek. Thesis: TheIdentification of the Manuscripts of Catullus Citedin Statius' Edition of 1566.Clarence Stone Yoakum, S.B., Campbell University, 1901 ;B.S.D., Ibid., 1902; A.B., Ibid., 1902. Ph.D. inPsychology and Philosophy. Thesis: An Experimental Study of Mental Fatigue.Anna Prichitt Youngman, Ph.B., The University ofChicago, 1904. Ph.D. in. Political Economy andPolitical Science. Thesis : Economic Causes ofLarge Fortunes.Of the new Doctors, those already reportedas having received appointments are as follows :Dr. Blount has been appointed to an instructorship in botany at Vassar College, Pough-keepsie, N. Y. During the past year she hasbeen Assistant in Zoology at the University ofChicago and in the University High School.Dr. Burlingame has an appointment in thedepartment of botany in Leland Stanford Jr.University. His special subjects are cytology,histology, and morphology.Dr. Craig is to be associate professor ofphilosophy and psychology at the University ofMaine.Dr. Gates is to be Technical Assistant inBotany at the University of Chicago.Dr. Goodman will be for the ensuing year atRush Medical College.Dr. Harvey is to be head of the departmentof botany at the University of Maine.Dr. Patterson is appointed to an instructor-ship in zoology at the University of Texas.Dr. Sheldon is Assistant in Anatomy at theUniversity of Chicago.38 UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Tannreuther has been appointed assistantin zoology at the University of Wisconsin.The total number of Doctors is now fourhundred and ninety-seven, of whom four hundred and eighty-nine are living. The names ofthe eight deceased are given in the April (1908)number of the University Record.The annual meeting of the Doctors' Association was held at the Quadrangle Club, onJune 8, 1908, immediately following the complimentary luncheon given by the University.About forty were present, and among theguests of honor were President Harry PrattJudson, Professor James H. Tufts, ProfessorJohn M. Manly, and Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin. The chief interest in the gatheringwas the discussion of the topic which hadbeen announced by mail to all the members:"The Relation of the Doctorate to the TeachingProfession." The papers presented, togetherwith a report of the discussion and extractsfrom the letters sent in by the members, willbe printed in pamphlet form and sent to allDoctors during the Autumn Quarter. Aresume of the papers and discussion is printedelsewhere in this issue of the Record.The officers of the Association were nominated by a committee appointed, in accordancewith the by-laws, one month in advance, andthe election was by ballot through the mail,resulting as follows: President, Dr. Otis W.Caldwell, '98; vice-president, Dr. Annie M.MacLean, '05; secretary-treasurer, Dr. Herbert E. Slaught, '98; corresponding secretary,Dr. Eleanor P. Hammond, '98.Several of the circulars for groups of departments have already been issued in the newform of official publications. These containthe lists of Doctors, with their present positions, for the departments included, and are tobe mailed to all Doctors in these departments.It is hoped that in the near future a newaddress book of all the Doctors may be issued. THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THESPRING QUARTER, 1908During the Spring Quarter, April-June, 1908,there has been added to the library of the University a total number of 5,027 volumes fromthe following sources: -BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 2,865 volumes, distributedas follows : Anatomy, 52 ; Anthropology, 12 ; Astronomy(Ryerson), 11; Astronomy (Yerkes), 33; Bacteriology,3; Biology, 1; Botany, 1; Chemistry, 14; ChurchHistory, 151; Commerce"*and Administration, 20; Comparative Religion, 5 ; Dano-Norwegian and Swedish Theological Seminary, 51; Divinity School, 15; Embryology,2; English, 578; English, German, and Romance, 1;General Library, 56 ; General Literature, 3 ; Geography,59; Geology, 19; German, 75; Greek, 88; History, 188;History, Political Economy, Political Science, and Sociology, 12; History of Art, 20; Homiletics, 24; Latin, 35;Latin and Greek, 8 ; Latin, Greek, and History of Art, 2 ;Latin and History of Art, 8 ; Law School, 143 ; Lexington Hall, 4 ; Mathematics, 41 ; Neurology, 2 ; NewTestament, 26 ; Paleontology, 1 ; Pathology, 1 1 ; Philosophy, 36 ; Physical Culture, 21 ; Physics, 49 ; Physiology, 36 ; Political Economy, 146 ; Political Science, 95 ;Psychology, 7 ; Romance, 74 ; Sanskrit and ComparativePhilology, ss ; School of Education, 363 ; Semitics, 31 ;Sociology, 66; Sociology (Divinity), Z7 \ SwedishTheological Seminary, 29; Systematic Theology, 30;Zoology, 15.BY GIFTBooks added by gift, 1,792 volumes, distributed asfollows : Anthropology, 1 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 2 ;Astronomy (Yerkes), 15; Biology, 181; Botany, 3;Chemistry, 4 ; Church History, 10 ; Commerce andAdministration, 7 ; Comparative "Religion, 2 ; DivinitySchool, 67; English, 10; General Library, 1218; General Literature, 3; Geography, 37; Geology, 17; History, 9 ; History of Art, 6 ; Homiletics, 3 ; Latin, 5 ;Law School, 2 ; Mathematics, 7 ; New Testament, 5 ;Pathology, 9; Philosophy, 2; Physical Culture, 2;Physics, 7; Physiology, 2; Political Economy, 105;Political Science, 11; School of Education, 13; Semitics,8; Sociology, 7; Systematic Theology, 1; Zoology, 11.BY EXCHANGEBooks added by "exchange for University publications, 370 volumes, distributed as follows : Anatomy, 1 ;Anthropology, 2; Astronomy (Yerkes), 13; Biology, 8;Botany, 3 ; Church History, 5 ; Comparative Religion,UNIVERSITY RECORD 39i; General Library, 196; Geography, 5; Geology, 32;German, 1 ; Greek, 5 ; History, 2 ; Latin and Greek, 1 ;Law School, 1 ; New Testament, 5 ; Philosophy, 1 ;Physics, 4 ; Political Economy, 49 ; Political Science, 2 ;Romance, 1 ; School of Education, 5 ; Semitics, 4 ;Sociology, 12; Sociology (Divinity), 2; SystematicTheology, 8 ; Zoology, 1.SPECIAL GIFTSAmerican Institute of Architects, proceedings — 7volumes.Chicago Board of Trade, reports — 10 volumes.City of Cleveland, reports — 3 volumes.M. E. Emrick, mainly medical works — 179 volumes.Mrs. G. S. Goodspeed, miscellaneous and theological — 26 volumes.F. H. Hall, miscellaneous — 35 volumes. C. R. Henderson, theological — 3 volumes.C. L. Hutchinson, publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the Archaeological Instituteof America — 10 volumes.Mrs. Marie A. Kennicott, miscellaneous — 93 volumesand 78 pamphlets.Caroline H. Knox, works of Henry George — 10volumes.Mrs. J. S. Mitchell, miscellaneous and medical — 49volumes and 210 pamphlets.New York State Museum, memoirs — 13 volumes.N. C. Plimpton, Scientific American — 17 volumes.St. Louis Merchants' Exchange, reports — 11 volumes.Alexander Smith, Review of Reviews — 10 volumes.Albert Stenmo,' miscellaneous — 20 volumes.United States government documents and reports —242 volumes.