YOLUME XII NUMBBB 3THEUniversity RecordJanuary, 1908THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO AND NEW YORKTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOISSUED IN THE MONTHS OF JANUARY, APRIL, JULY, AND OCTOBERVolume XII JANUARY, I908 Number 3CONTENTSPAGEFrontispiece : William Henry Welch, Professor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins University, ConvocationOratorConvocation Address: Medicine and the University, by William Henry Welch, M.D., LL.D.t Professorof Pathology in Johns Hopkins University -----------75A General View of the University of Chicago (full-page illustration), facing page 87The President's Quarterly Statement on the Condition of the University 87Albert A. Michelson, Head of the Department of Physics (full-page illustration), facing page - - 91The Award of the Copley Medal and of the Nobel Prize in Physics, by Robert Andrews Millikan, Associate Professor of Physics 91The Meeting at the University of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 94A Statistical Study of American Men of Science 98Reading Room of the Law Library (full-page illustration), facing page 100The University of Chicago Law School 100Packingtown and the University of Chicago Settlement (full -page illustration), facing page - - - 108The Social Settlement: Its Basis and Function, by George Herbert Mead, Professor of Philosophy - 108The Donaldson Memorial Library (full-page illustration), facing page inThe Activities of the University of Chicago Settlement, by Mary E. McDowell, Head Resident - - 1 1 1Exercises Connected with the Sixty-fifth Convocation - - - - 116Degrees Conferred at the Sixty-fifth Convocation - - - - - - - - - -116President Judson's Visit to Western Alumni 116A Banquet in Honor of Professor Albert A. Michelson 117Meeting Of the American Philological Association and of the Archaeological Institute of America - - 118A New Volume on Recent American History 118The Tragedies of Seneca - - - - - - - - - - -'- - - -119The English Reformation and Puritanism 119The Faculties - -121The Association of Doctors of Philosophy 131The Librarian's Accession Report for the Autumn Quarter, 1907 133The University Record is published quarterly, \ The subscription price is $1.00 per year; the price of single copiesis 25 cents. \ Postage is prepaid by the publishers on all orders from the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, PanamaCanal Zone, Republic of Panama, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands, Guam, Tutuila (Samoa), Shanghai. If Postage ischarged extra as follows : For Canada, 8 cents on annual subscriptions (total $1.08), on single copies, 2 cents (total 27 cents) ;for all other countries in the Postal Union, 16 cents on annual subscriptions (total $1.16), on single copies, 4 cents (total 29cents); \ Remittances should be made payable to The University of Chicago Press, and should be in Chicago or NewYork exchange, postal or express money order. If local check is used, 10 cents must be added for collection.Claims for missing numbers should be made within the month following the regular month of publication. Thepublishers expect to supply missing numbers free only when they have been lost in transit.Business correspondence should be addressed to The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111.Communications for the editor should be addressed to the Recorder of The University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.Entered as second-class matter, August i, 1905, at the Post-Office at Chicago, 111., under the Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.WILLIAM HENRY WELCHProfessor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins UniversityConvocation Orator, December 17, igcjVOLUME XII NUMBER 3THEUniversity RecordJANUARY, 1908MEDICINE AND THE UNIVERSITY1BY WILLIAM HENRY WELCH, M.D., LLD.Professor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins University and President of the American Association for theAdvancement of ScienceI believe that I make no mistake in assumingthat the honor of the invitation to deliver thisaddress came to me mainly through the officialposition which I chance to hold in the Association for the Advancement of Science andthe desire to give prominence on this occasionto the sciences of nature in view of the approaching meeting of the association in thisplace. I must, however, disclaim any especialcompetence to speak for these sciences, and Iknow not where there is less need in ourcountry of emphasizing the importance andsignificance of the natural and physical sciences,or where the representatives of these scienceshave brought higher distinction to themselvesand to their university, than here in the University of Chicago.The past century is memorable above allothers for the gigantic progress of the naturaland physical sciences — a progress which hasinfluenced more profoundly the lives andthought, the position and prospects of mankind,than all the political changes, all the conquests,all the codes and legislation. In this marvelousscientific advancement in all directions the1 Delivered on the occasion of the Sixty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, December 17, i907» sciences of living beings and their manifestations have progressed as rapidly and have influenced the material, intellectual, and socialconditions of mankind as much as the sciencesof inanimate matter and its energies. So faras the happiness of human beings is concerned,there is no other gift of science comparable tothe increased power acquired by medicine toannul or lessen physical suffering and torestrain the spread of pestilential diseases,although what has been accomplished in thisdirection is small indeed in comparison withwhat remains to be achieved. Man's powerover disease advances with increased knowledgeof the nature and causes of disease, and thisincrease of knowledge has its sources in theeducational system.In asking your attention on this occasion tosome of the conditions and problems of medical education and research, particularly in theirrelation to the university and to circumstancesexisting in this country, I am aware that thetheme is trite and that I can add little that isnew to its discussion, but the subject, howeverwearisome, requires ever renewed consideration so long as the conditions remain as unsatisfactory as at present and so many problemsawait final solution. Especially ' is it important7576 UNIVERSITY RECORDthat the nature of the problems should be realized by the teachers and authorities of ouruniversities. I know that in this universitymuch earnest thought has been given to questions of medical education, and wisely so, forI have every confidence that the medical department of this university, already doing suchgood work, is destined to be a leader in thepromotion of higher medical education and theadvancement of medical knowledge on thiscontinent.The historical and the proper home of themedical school is the university, of which itshould be an integral part co-ordinate with theother faculties. Before there was a faculty oflaw at Bologna or of theology at Paris therewas a school of medicine at Salernum, which,as is well known, occupies an interesting andunique position in the history of the origin anddevelopment of universities. From this earlyperiod to the present day no other type of medical school has existed on the continent ofEurope than that of the university, and thisunion has been of mutual advantage, the renownof many universities being due in large part totheir medical faculties, and these receiving thefostering care and the ideals of the university.It was under the influence of these soundtraditions of the proper relation of medicalteaching to the universities that the first medical schools in this country were founded, thatof the College of Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania, in 1765 ; that of KingsCollege, now Columbia University, in 1767; andafter somewhat longer intervals those ofHarvard, Dartmouth, and Yale. The modelfor these early schools was the medical department of the University of Edinburgh, whichderived its traditions from the University ofLeyden, as these in turn can be traced back tothe great Italian universities of the sixteenthcentury. We can contemplate with much prideand satisfaction the early history of these first American medical schools, which, notwithstanding their feeble resources, were imbuedwith a spirit of high purpose and just recognition of the qualifications needed for the pursuit of medicine as a learned profession.It is deeply to be regretted that their successors did not continue to build on suchfoundations as those laid by John Morgan,William Shippen, and Samuel Bard, but ratheradopted and carried much further the plan ofthe proprietary medical schools which originatedin England in the latter part of the eighteenth.century and attained their highest developmentthere during the first three decades of the following century, after which the hospital medical schools of a type peculiar to that countrygained the ascendancy. We can transfer fromour shoulders, however, only a minor part ofthe responsibility for the conception and establishment of the proprietary medical school, forthe English form of this school was a harmlessthing which never dreamed of conferring thedoctor's degree and was regarded with disfavorby examining and licensing bodies.The proprietary medical school, conductedfor gain, divorced from any connection with auniversity and free from any responsible outside control whatever, empowered by the stateto usurp the university's right of conferring thedoctor's degree and at liberty to set whateverstandards it chose for obtaining this degree,which carried with it the license to practice, isa phenomenon unique in the history of education and a contribution to systems of educationfor which America is entitled to the solecredit. This is the type of medical schoolwhich prevailed in this country during thegreater part of the nineteenth century, andfamiliarity has made it difficult for us fully torealize how anomalous and monstrous it reallyis. Even in the case of those schools whichwere united with a college or university theconnection became in most instances so loosenedUNIVERSITY RECORD 77as to be merely nominal and to secure practicalautonomy to the medical school. In the common type of these schools there was no requirement of preliminary study worthy of the name;the only practical training was in the dissectingroom and an occasional amphitheater clinic, andthe degree and license to practice followed thepassing of an easy examination after attendance on two annual courses of lectures lastingfive or six months each, sometimes an evenshorter period, the student hearing the samelectures each year.It is needless to say that such conditionsbrought great reproach to American medicineand introduced evils from which we are not yetwholly free. Nevertheless the system, bad as itwas, can be painted in too dark colors. Therapid multiplication of medical schools whichfollowed the second decade of the last centurywas, although excessive, in response to theneeds of a rapidly developing country pushingthe boundaries of civilization ever westward.Still it would be difficult to find a sound argument for increasing the hardships of frontiersettlements and struggling communities by a'supply of poor doctors.The main relief to the picture is that theresults were not so bad as the system. Manyof the teachers were devoted, able men who imparted sound professional traditions and whosepersonality in a measure remedied the defectsof the system. The native force, ability, andzeal of many students enabled them to overcome serious obstacles and to acquire in thecourse of time, in spite - of adverse circumstances, a mastery of their calling, perhaps aresourcefulness engendered by these circumstances, for even under the best conditions education does not end with the modicum of knowledge imparted in school and college. Somewere so fortunate as to be able to supplementtheir inadequate training by European study.But among those without foreign training who were entirely the products of American conditions not a few were the peers of their European contemporaries, such as Daniel Drake,Jacob Bigelow, John D. Godman, WilliamBeaumont, Nathan Smith Davis, Samuel D.Gross, Austin Flint, Marion Sims, and otherswho have left names illustrious in the annals ofour profession. Native vigor and resourcefulness enabled such men to surmount defects ofan educational environment to which the average man must succumb. ¦Most gratifying is the rapidity with whichmedical education has risen during the last twodecades from the low estate to which it hadsunk during the greater part of the past century in this country. Among the more important causes contributing to this result may bementioned the operation of laws transferringand, in fact, restoring the licensure to practicefrom the medical schools to state boards ofexaminers, whereby worthless medical schoolsare crowded to the wall and out of existenceand others have been compelled to raise theirstandards; the moral pressure exerted throughan awakened sentiment for reform on the partof the organized profession and the betterschools; closer union between medical schooland university and the consequent interest ofuniversity teachers and authorities in the problems of medical education ; the example set bya few schools of a high order; endowment —although very inadequate — of medical education, which formerly was almost whollyneglected as an object in need or worthy ofprivate or public beneficence; the advancementof medical science and art, necessitating improved methods and higher standards of professional training; and a juster and widerappreciation of the significance of curative andpreventive medicine to the welfare of the community.The history of medical education in Americais still in the making, but we now have a num-78 UNIVERSITY RECORDber of schools with high standards and adequateequipment capable of giving to students ofmedicine a professional education as good asthat to be obtained in European universities.The best and most progressive schools are thosein organic union with a university, and it seemsclear that to schools of this type belongs thefuture of higher medical education in thiscountry. Nearly twenty years ago in an addressat Yale University I endeavored to set forththe advantages of the union of medical schooland university, and, as addresses, fortunatelyfor those in the habit of giving them, are soonforgotten, I shall here summarize what I conceive to be the more prominent of these advantages.Of all professional and technical schools themedical, with its requirements for laboratories,hospitals, and teaching force, is the most costly.A medical department of a university is muchmore likely to be the recipient of endowmentfunds than an independent school, and the university is a safer and more suitable custodianof such funds.In manifold ways the environment of a university is that best adapted to the teaching andthe advancement of medicine. The medicalschool needs the ideals of the university inmaintaining the dignity of its high calling, inlaying a broad foundation for professionalstudy, in applying correct educational principlesin the arrangement of the curriculum and inmethods of instruction, in assigning the properplace and share to the scientific and the practical studies, in giving due emphasis to both theteaching and the investigating sides of its work,in stimulating productive research, and in determining what shall be the qualifications of itsteachers and of the recipients of its degree.Most invigorating is the contact of medicalteachers and investigators with workers in thosesciences on which medicine is dependent —chemistry, physics, and biology. In the selection of teachers — a matter of thefirst importance — a university is in a superiorposition to secure the best available men wherever they can be found, regardless of anyother consideration than fitness. Too often thischoice has been determined in our medicalschools by irrelevant influences and considerations and an outlook upon the world scarcelymore than parochial in extent.In the difficult matter of adjustment of professional training to conditions of collegiateeducation peculiar to our country there aremanifest advantages in the union of medicalschool with university, especially where theperiods of liberal and of professional study aremade to overlap. Where the sciences adjuvantto medicine, as general chemistry, physics,zoology, and botany, are included in the medical curriculum, as is done in the German andFrench universities, it is economical and highlydesirable that they should be taught in thecollegiate or philosophical faculty rather thanthat separate provision should be made forthem in the medical faculty, where they do notproperly belong.The benefits of union of medical school anduniversity are reciprocal, and not to the medical school alone. A good medical faculty,properly supported and equipped, is a source ofstrength and of renown to the university possessing it, and its work in training studentsand in extending the boundaries of knowledgegreatly increases the usefulness of the university to the community. Nor is there anythingin this work which does not appertain to theproper functions of a university, however highits ideals. Indeed I venture to assert that thepresent and prospective state of medicine andits relations to the well-being of individual manand of human society are such that there is nohigher or nobler function of a university thanthe teaching of the nature of disease and how itmay be cured and prevented, and the advance-UNIVERSITY RECORD 79ment of the knowledge on which this conquestof disease depends. If it be said that the medical art is largely empiric, I reply that this,while true, does not make medicine unworthyof shelter in the university. The empiricmethod of discovery by trial and error has itsglorious triumphs as well as the scientific andis not to be disdained. To it we owe such beneficial discoveries as the curative properties ofquinine in malaria, vaccination against smallpox, and the anesthetic uses of ether and chloroform.But there is a scientific as well as an empiricside to medicine and the distinctive featureof modern medicine is the rapid extensionof the former and the curtailment of the latter.The fundamental medical sciences — anatomy,physiology, physiological chemistry, pathology,pharmacology, bacteriology, and hygiene — arerapidly advancing and important departments ofbiological science, which have contributed andwill continue to contribute enormously to theprogress of practical medicine. In an addresswhich I had the honor to deliver somewhat overten years ago at the dedication of the Hull Biological Laboratories of this university, I tookoccasion to dwell with some detail upon thebiological aspects of medicine.We should add to the specialized medicalsciences already mentioned the study of theproblems presented by the living patient in hospitals and laboratories attached to hospitalclinics, where chemical, physical, and biologicalmethods can be applied to the investigation ofclinical problems which do not fall within thescope of other laboratories or can be less advantageously attacked in them. These clinicalinvestigating laboratories are an important addition to the older analytical and statisticalmethods of study of disease and mark an advance from which valuable results have beenobtained and more valuable ones are to beexpected. It is highly desirable that our medi cal clinics should be organized with regard tothis newer direction of work, for which theywill require considerable funds.The science of medicine has advanced in recentyears more rapidly than the art and in its various branches it constitutes to-day a field of workmost alluring and most rewarding to theproperly trained scientific investigator, who, ifhe have the rare genius for discovery, may reapa harvest rich in blessing to mankind.But the art of medicine has profited greatlyby the application of scientific discoveries. Thephysician and the surgeon to-day can do farmore in the relief of physical suffering and inthe successful treatment of disease and injurythan was formerly possible, but the great triumphs have been in the field of preventivemedicine. The horizon of the average man'sinterest in medicine scarcely extends beyondthe circumference of his own body or that ofhis family, and he measures the value of themedical art by its capacity to cure his cold,his rheumatism, his dyspepsia, his neurasthenia,all unconscious, because he does not encounterthem, of the many perils which medicine hasremoved from his path through life. Whatdoes he know of the decline in the death-rateby one-half and of the increase in the expectation of life by ten or twelve years during thelast century? How many are there whose attention has been called to the significant factthat this increase in the expectation of lifeceases with the forty-fifth year because wehave as yet no such insight into the causes andprevention of the organic diseases of advancinglife as we have into the manner of propagationof infectious diseases, which are responsible forthe larger part of* the mortality of the earlieryears? The suffering and the waste of energy,money, production, and human lives from preventable sickness and death are still incalculable, but how little heed do legislators andauthorities in our national, state, and municipal80 UNIVERSITY RECORDgovernments pay to the appeals of physiciansand enlightened economists to make adequateprovision to check this waste! For this condition of things the medical profession is largelyresponsible in failing to enlighten the publicand in shrouding its art with the mystery of anoccult science, but it is beginning to rise to itshigh mission of public education in ways of preserving health and of preventing disease.I have touched on these matters relating tothe present and future state of the science andart of medicine, not with the view of recounting the achievements of modern medicine, butto indicate something of their importance to individual and to civic life and to show that infostering the teaching and study of medicinethe university finds a field worthy of its highest endeavors in the propagation of usefulknowledge and in service to the community.From what has been said we may, I think,assume with confidence that the best and in timethe prevailing type of American medical schoolis destined to be that represented in medicaldepartments in vital union with universities.In so far our system of medical education willconform to that of Germany and France, butin an important respect there is and will remaina difference due to the fact that in thosecountries the courses of study and the qualifications for the degree and the license to practiceare molded into practical uniformity by theregulations of the state. Nothing is morecharacteristic of the conditions of medical education in our country than the great diversity ofthe requirements and curricula of the variousmedical schools, even of those of the bettersort. Entire uniformity is not to be expectedand not to be desired, but at least such a measure of agreement should be secured as will permit students to pass freely from one universityto another and to acquire, it is to be hoped,something of the habit of wandering which issuch an enviable feature of student life in theGerman universities. No problem of medical education in thiscountry is so perplexing or has given rise iiirecent years to so much discussion and difference of opinion as that of the preliminary education to be required for the study of medicine.If I could announce a universally satisfactorysolution of this problem, I should claim thehonors of an important discovery, but as I cannot do so I shall forego on this occasion its detailed discussion, with a self-sacrificing forbearance which I trust may be commended by myhearers. It must suffice to enumerate the attempts at a solution, premising, what is generally recognized, that the difficulties arise fromthe anomalous development of the Americancollege for many years, making it, howeveradmirable it may be for certain educationaluses, almost unadjustable to the needs of professional education.The preliminary requirement of the bachelor'sdegree in arts or science should, in my judgment, carry with it the specification of collegiatelaboratory training in physics, chemistry, andbiology, with a reading knowledge of Frenchand German. These requirements have been insuccessful operation in the medical departmentof the Johns Hopkins University since its foundation in 1893, their adoption being necessitatedby the acceptance of the terms of Miss Garrett's gift of endowment. We are satisfied withthe working of these requirements and wouldnot lower them if we could, but it must be conceded that, while there is room for medicalschools with these standards, the country is notripe for their general adoption. The medicaldepartment of Cornell University has recentlyannounced the intention to introduce similarrequirements, and the Harvard UniversityMedical School demands the bachelor's degreewithout the other requirements mentioned.In order to meet the objection that the average age of graduation from our colleges is atleast two years beyond that at which professional study usually begins in Europe, variousUNIVERSITY RECORD ¦81attempts have been made to truncate the collegecourse or to telescope a quarter to a half of itinto the period of professional study, makingone course of study count for two degrees.Manifest objections and embarrassments attendall of these attempts to find a suitable stoppingplace between the high school and the end of thecollege course. The plan adopted in this university to demarcate with some sharpness thefirst two years of the college course from theremainder and to exact the completion of thesetwo years of study as the requirement preliminary to the study of medicine has much torecommend it under existing conditions. I learnfrom the last report of the Council on MedicalEducation of the American Medical Associationthat one medical school, the medical departmentof Western Reserve University, demands as aprerequisite to the study of medicine three yearsof study in a college of arts or science ; sixteenrequire two years of collegiate study, eleven ofthese schools being in the middle west or west;and thirty-one require one year, of these, nineteen being in the middle west or west.The Council on Medical Education just mentioned, of which Dr. Bevan is the energetic andefficient chairman, has entered as a strong forcefor the elevation of standards of medical education in this country, and, while it has not thepower of the British General Medical Councilto make effective its recommendations, it canexert a most beneficial influence. It is significant that at its first conference, held in 1905,it recommended as the minimum preliminaryrequirement to be generally adopted by ourmedical schools an education sufficient to enablethe student to enter the freshman class of arecognized college of arts or a university, andnow it recommends that in 1910 to this shall beadded a year's study of physics, chemistry, andbiology, with one modern language, preferablyGerman. The time has gone by when it isnecessary to emphasize before an audience suchas this the importance of laboratory training in physics, chemistry, and general biology as fundamental to the successful study of medicine.While it is not feasible to exact the preliminary study of the ancient classics, save someacquaintance with Latin, I feel that they are ofvalue to the physician and that a liberal education and broad culture raise the influence andstanding of the physician in the community, enhance and widen the intellectual pleasures of hislife, instill an interest in the history of medicine,and give him greater joy in the pursuit of anoble profession. It is important, especiallyfor medicine, that this culture be imparted bymethods of liberal education which do not bluntman's innate curiosity for the facts of nature.There can be no more striking evidence ofthe progress of medical education in thiscountry during the last quarter of a centurythan that it is no longer the laboratory, but theclinical side of medical teaching which offersthe urgent problems. Only a few years ago thecry was the need of laboratories; now, while asufficient supply of good laboratories is still beyond the resources of many medical schools,their value is fully recognized and all of ourbetter schools possess them and are devotingprobably as much of the time and energies ofteachers and students to work in the laboratories as is desirable. There is even some risk,I believe, that a subject which can be studiedwith facility and advantage in a laboratory mayacquire, on this account, a position in thescheme of medical studies disproportionate toits relative importance. The structure of organized beings, normal or diseased, for example,is eminently adapted to laboratory study, andfor centuries normal anatomy had an educational value all its own, because it was the onlysubject which students were taught in thelaboratory; whereas the study of function, certainly not less important, is much more difficultto approach by the laboratory method, and evenat the present time normal physiology andespecially pathological physiology do not receive82 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe attention in medical education to whichtheir importance entitles them.It is interesting to note the impressionswhich Professor Orth of Berlin, an acute observer and most competent judge in all matterspertaining to medical education, received fromhis visit to this country three years ago regarding our laboratories and clinics. In an addressconveying these impressions to the Berlin Medical Society he expresses his astonishment andsatisfaction that, in contrast to the prevalentopinion in Germany as to our medical schools,he found that fully as much emphasis is placedon laboratory teaching here as there, that thelaboratories which he visited are as good, theirarrangements in some instances arousing hisenvy, and the methods of teaching practicallythe same as in Germany; whereas he gatheredthe impression that the opportunities andmethods of clinical teaching are less satisfactory than in Germany and not commensuratewith those of our laboratories.I do not desire to instill sentiments of unduecomplacency regarding the condition of laboratory teaching in our medical schools, for thereis still room for much improvement in this regard. Many schools are sadly deficient andeven the best have not all that is needed in thesupply and maintenance of laboratories, but thetime has come to give especial emphasis todirections of improvement in the teaching ofpractical medicine and surgery. The makingof good practitioners should always be kept tothe front as the prime purpose of a medicalschool. «I believe that in most medical schools atpresent the clinic falls behind the laboratory inaffording students opportunities for that prolonged, intimate, personal contact with theobject of study, in this instance the livingpatient, which is essential for a really vitalknowledge of a subject. To secure this, amphitheater clinics and ward classes alone do not suffice, valuable as these are, but studentsunder suitable restrictions and supervision andat the proper period in their course of studyshould work in the dispensary and should havefree access to patients in the public wards ofhospitals, acting in the capacity of clinicalclerks and surgical dressers as a part of theregular, orderly machinery of the hospital.In order to place the clinical side of medicalinstruction on the same satisfactory foundationas that of laboratory teaching, two reforms areespecially needed in most of our medical schools.The first is that the heads of the principalclinical departments, particularly the medicaland the surgical, should devote their main energies and time to their hospital work and toteaching and investigating, without the necessity of seeking their livelihood in a busy outside practice and without allowing such practice to become their chief professional occupation. This direction of reform has been forcibly urged in this city and elsewhere by mycolleague, Dr. Barker, whom we have reclaimedfrom you, in notable papers and addresses.The other reform is the introduction of thesystem of practical training of students in thehospital, which I have indicated, and with itthe foundation and support of teaching and investigating laboratories connected with theclinics, to which I have already referred, necessitating the possession of a hospital by the medical school or the establishment of such relationswith outside hospitals as will make possiblethese conditions. This subject, as thus outlined, I made the theme of an address at theopening, six months ago, of the new JeffersonMedical College Hospital in Philadelphia, and Ishall now recur only to the point which I endeavored there to establish, that the teachinghospital subserves the interest of the patientnot less than that of the student and teacherand is the best and most useful kind of publichospital.UNIVERSITY RECORD 83Hospitals make generally a stronger appealto public and private philanthropy than the support of medical education, but I do not hesitate to affirm that a general hospital in a university city, whether maintained by publicfunds or by private benevolence, serves thecommunity and the interests of its patients farbetter when it is readily accessible and freelyavailable for the purposes of medical educationthan when it is divorced from connection withmedical teaching. Witness the great publichospitals in Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Leipsic,Paris, London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and a fewin this country. It is most deplorable, both forthe hospitals and for the medical schools, thatthese two institutions, which should be linkedarms of medical education, should have developed in this country so far apart; that stateand municipal authorities and private foundersshould have so little realization of the inestimable advantages which close association with agood medical school can confer on a hospital;and that the immense possibilities of publichospitals in our large cities for the education ofstudents and physicians and for the advancement of medical knowledge should be utilizedto so small an extent, often not at all.It would be one of the greatest benefits tothe cause of higher medical education if theUniversity of Chicago, for its medical department, should come into possession of a goodgeneral hospital, and fortunate the hospitalwhich enters into this relationship. This university, the source of so many important contributions to the advancement of knowledgeand of higher education, will then be, in largermeasure than it now finds possible, a center ofsimilar service to medicine.Medical education partakes fully of the freedom, so amazing often to many of our European colleagues, with which we unhesitatinglytry all sorts of educational experiments in thiscountry — it is to be hoped and expected for the ultimate benefit of systems of education, whatever the "immediate results may be in individualcases. The theme of this address naturally suggests many topics relating to methods of teaching and to the medical curriculum which arequestions of the day, but which I must lay asidethrough lack of time. On one only I beg to saya few words.In contrast to the German system the tendency in our American medical schools has beentoward a rigid curriculum, which, though widelydivergent in different schools, is to be followedin precisely the same way by all students withoutany consideration of differing ability, capacityfor work, special aptitudes and interests. Oneof many unfortunate results is that subjectsand courses of study which cannot properly beimposed as obligatory on already overburdenedstudents find no place in our medical schools,which should aim to cultivate the whole fieldof medicine. I agree with Dr. Bowditch andmy colleague, Dr. Mall, to whose admirablepresentation of this subject I would refer thoseinterested, that our students should have agreater latitude of choice than is now customary in subjects to be pursued, in the amount oftime to be devoted to their study, and in theorder in which they may be taken. Completefreedom cannot be granted. A minimum requirement for the principal subjects must bemade obligatory, but if this minimum is properlyfixed there remains room for a considerablerange of choice of subjects and courses, greatlyto the advantage of student and teacher. Atthe Harvard Medical School the system ofelectives for the fourth year of the course hasbeen in operation for several years, and othermedical schools have also introduced a similarplan. At the beginning of the current academicyear we adopted at the Johns Hopkins MedicalSchool a scheme by which a large number ofelective courses are offered throughout the four84 UNIVERSITY RECORDyears, and the plan is now working most successfully.Some of our state boards of examiners aregreatly exercised over the differences whichthey find in the curricula of the various medical schools in this country, and which in themselves are merely an indication that there is,and in my judgment there can be, no agreement of opinion as to every detail of a medicalcurriculum. There are doubtless defects to beremedied, but in attempting to apply remediesthese state boards should concern themselveswith no other question than that of educationalstandards. They could make no greater mistake nor inflict more serious injury on theefforts of the better schools to improve theirmethods of teaching than to attempt to imposea uniform and rigid obligatory curriculum onall schools. They do not in their examinationsapply any practical tests whatever to determinethe candidate's fitness for the practice of medicine, whereas our better schools are exertingevery effort to increase their efficiency by substituting practical work in laboratories, hospitalwards, and out-patient departments for didacticlectures. The work of students who gain theirknowledge by serving as clinical clerks and surgical dressers in the hospital cannot bemeasured by time standards in the same preciseway as that of attendance on expository lectures. Above all, the better schools should notbe hampered by restrictions imposed by stateboards of examiners in freedom to extend thesystem of electives of which I have spoken.The medical department of a universityshould be a school of thought as well as aschool of teaching, academia as well as schola.Although there has been gratifying progress inrecent years, our medical schools have not advanced along the path of productive researchto the same extent that they have in the way ofimprovement of their educational work. Thereare several reasons for this condition. For one thing we have been too busy setting our housesin order for their primary uses in the trainingof students to have given the requisite attention to other questions which, however important, may have seemed for the moment lessurgent. With the degree of emphasis thusplaced on the educational side teaching giftsrather than investigating capacity have beensought as the most desirable qualifications ofprofessors in our medical schools. The powerof imparting knowledge, gained second-hand,fluently and even skilfully, is not an uncommongift and is possessed by many who have neverengaged in research and have no especial inclination or aptitude for it; but the teaching ofhim who has questioned Nature and receivedher answers has often, and I think commonly,in spite it may be of defects of delivery, a rarerand more inspiring quality.A medical school or university cannot expectto fill all of its chairs with men with the geniusfor discovery — if it has one or two it has atreasure beyond all price — but every effortshould be made to secure as occupants of thesechairs from among those who are available,wherever they can be found, the ones who havedemonstrated the greatest capacity to advanceknowledge by original investigation and theability to stimulate research. Until this principle is more fully and generally recognized andacted on in the selection of heads of departments, our medical schools as a class will notbecome important contributors to knowledge.It is not enough that a few schools shouldencourage and provide for original investigation; the field must be a wide one in order toattract many to a scientific career, for of themany only a few will be found endowed withthe power of discovery. There is no possibleway of recognizing the possessor of this powerbefore he has demonstrated it. Even when auniversity has succeeded in attaching to it thosewho can conduct scientific inquiry successfully,UNIVERSITY RECORD 85how often are their energies sapped by lack ofadequate resources and enough trained assistants and by too great burden of teaching andadministrative work imposed on them !It is evident from what has been said, andindeed it has been a tacit assumption throughout this address, that, while with present resources considerable improvement in medicaleducation in this country is possible, furtherprogress is largely a question of ways andmeans. What makes modern medical educationso costly is precisely its practical character,necessitating laboratories and hospitals, and itcan be made self-supporting no more than anyother department of higher education. Forreasons already stated, the medical departmentsof strong universities are the ones most likelyto receive the funds needed for the support ofmedical education and are in general the mostdeserving. There is a great future before themedical schools of many of our state universities, which are already developing with suchpromise and are sure to receive in increasingmeasure aid from the state as their needs andthe benefits accruing to the community fromtheir generous support are more and more appreciated. Other universities must look to private endowment, and I have endeavored toshow that they should foster their departmentsof medicine as zealously as their other faculties.The university chest should be opened, so faras possible, to supply needs of the medicalschool, and authorities of the university shouldpresent the claims of medical education to financial aid as among the most important in theirdomain ; and they can do so to-day with a forceof appeal not possible a quarter of a centuryago. President Eliot, whose services to thecause of medical education are great, in his address at the opening of the new buildings of theHarvard Medical School, set forth with admirable force and clearness the changes whichadvancing medicine has brought in the vocation of the physician, his greatly increased capacityof service to the community, and his still highermission in the future.The discoveries which have transformed theface of modern medicine have been in the fieldof infectious diseases, and in no other department of medicine could new knowledge havemeant so much to mankind; for the infectiousdiseases have a significance to the race possessed by no other class of disease, and problems relating to their restraint are scarcely lesssocial and economic than medical. The public isawakening to this aspect in the case of tuberculosis, and I need only cite as a further example the necessity of keeping in check themalarial diseases and yellow fever for successin digging the Isthmian Canal, an undertakingin which the triumphs of the sanitarian, ColonelGorgas, are not outrivalled by those of theengineer. Such victories over disease as thoseof the prevention of hydrophobia by the inoculation of Pasteur's vaccine and the antitoxictreatment of diphtheria have made an especiallystrong impression on the public mind.More than all that had gone before in thehistory of medicine the results achieved during the last quarter of a century in explorationof the fields of infection and immunity openedby the discoveries of Pasteur and of Koch havestirred men's minds to the importance of advancement of medical knowledge, and medicalscience at last has entered into its long awaitedheritage as a worthy and rewarding object ofpublic and private endowment. But it is to benoted that it is not so much the education ofdoctors as this advancement of knowledgewhich makes the strong appeal, as may be illustrated by the splendid foundation of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research throughthe enlightened generosity of the founder ofthis university, the Phipps Institute for theStudy and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and theMemorial Institute for the Study of Infectious86 UNIVERSITY RECORDDiseases, established in this city by Mr. andMrs. Harold McCormick, which under theefficient direction of Dr. Hektoen has become amost active and important contributor to ourknowledge of infection and immunity.These magnificent additions to the resourcesof this country for the promotion of medicalinvestigations are of inestimable value, but notone of them could have justified its existenceby results if it had been established in Americathirty years ago, when medical education was sodefective. The dependence of research on education is of fundamental importance. Theprime factor influencing the development ofscientific research in any country is the condition of its higher education. Scientific investigation is the fruit of a tree which has itsroots in the educational system, and if the rootsare neglected and unhealthy there will be nofruit. Trained investigators are bred in educational institutions. Independent laboratoriesare dependent on a supply from this source, andwithout it they cannot justify their existence;but where proper standards of education existsuch laboratories have a distinctive and important field of usefulness. I contend, therefore,that those interested in the advancement ofmedical knowledge should not be indifferent tothe condition of education in our better medicalschools and should not rest on the assumptionthat the educational side can be safely left totake care of itself.Moreover, those who are to apply the newknowledge are physicians and sanitarians. Thepublic is vitally interested in the supply of good physicians, never so much as to-day when theirpower to serve the welfare of the communityhas been so vastly increased and is rapidlygrowing, and if it wants good doctors it musthelp to make them.I have been able, within the limits of thisaddress, to indicate only a relatively small partof the increased strength gained by both medical school and university by the combination oftheir forces, but I hope that I may have conveyed some impression of the rich fields of discovery, of the beneficent service to the community, of the important educational workopened to the university by close union with astrong department of medicine, and of the inestimable value to medicine of intimate contactwith the fructifying influences and vitalizingideals of the university. Where is there a university which, if provided with the requisiteresources, gives stronger assurance of securingthese mutual benefits than the University ofChicago, so fruitful in achievement during itsbrief but eventful history, so vigorous in itspresent life, so full of high promise for thefuture; and where in all this land is there alocation more favorable to the development of agreat university medical school than here in thecity of Chicago? Such a development is boundto come and the sooner it arrives the earlier theday when America shall assume that leadingposition in the world of medical science andart assured to her by her resources, the intelligence of her people, her rank among thenations, and her high destiny.THE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENTTHE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEThe approaching meeting of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Sciencein the buildings of the University, during theholidays, is an event of great interest andimportance to the University and to Chicago.Once before, in the summer of 1868, this national organization of the scientific men ofAmerica met in Chicago, under the presidencyof Professor B. A. Gould, the eminent astronomer of Harvard University. The comingmeeting, under the presidency of the Convocation speaker, will find a new city and a newuniversity. With this Association twenty ofthe national scientific societies are affiliated, sothat these meetings are the largest and mostimportant gatherings of scientific men held inthis country. The last meeting was held inNew York City, with Columbia University ashost, and the attendance exceeded two thousand. These annual meetings have been a clearing-house to which men of science of the wholecountry have brought the results of their work,and from which they have returned with a renewed interest in research.SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIONSMr. L. S. Tiffany of this city has presentedto the University for the Department of Geology a valuable collection of invertebrate fossils.This collection was made by Mr. Tiffany'sfather during a period of some twenty-five orthirty years and at a cost of many thousands ofdollars. The collection will be placed in WalkerMuseum and will be an important addition tothe already large and valuable collection in the1 Presented on the occasion of the Sixty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 17, 1907. ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY1hands of the department. The thanks of theUniversity for this generous gift are due toMr. Tiffany.In this connection I repeat what has been saidbefore, that few things of more striking importance could be done for the University than toprovide a departmental building for Geology,Geography, and Paleontology. The crowdingtogether of the extensive work of those departments in Walker Museum, a building designedsolely for museum purposes, makes it difficultto carry on the work and at the same timegreatly impedes the proper use of the museum.Assistant Professor R. Campbell Thompson,of the Department of Semitic Languages andLiteratures, has presented to the University acollection of about 350 Babylonian antiquities,consisting chiefly of inscribed terra-cotta conesand tablets. This will form an interesting addition to the already considerable collection ofthe Oriental Museum.THE HARPER MEMORIAL LIBRARY FUNDAt the opening of the Autumn Quarter announcement was made of a conditional offerwith reference to the Harper Memorial Library Fund from the founder of the University. At that time the subscriptions towardthe fund amounted to about $110,000. Mr.Rockefeller offered to give three dollars to thefund for every dollar subscribed by other persons, up to a maximum of $600,000 from himand $200,000 from others. This will providea fund of $800,000. Plans have been so farconsidered as to make it clear that it will bepossible to erect an adequate building for theGeneral Library with this fund and to provide for its maintenance. Steps were takenimmediately toward increasing the subscriptions, and a considerable addition was made,when the financial situation assumed such8788 UNIVERSITY RECORDshape as to make it expedient for the presentto suspend operations. The subscriptions toward the required $200,000 have reached $135,-362. This includes a gift from Mr. AndrewCarnegie of $10,000 and from Mr. George B.Cluett, of Troy, N. Y., of $5,000. The subscribers thus far number 981 (133 have beenadded since October 1). As soon as the financial, situation becomes more favorable theenterprise will be resumed, and we feel confident of raising the entire sum at a reasonablyearly date.GIFTS PAID IN, AUGUST 31-DECEMBER 17, 1907For current expenses, books, equipment, etc. $ 97,791.31Harper Memorial Library . . . 9,9.59.30President's fund ..... 4,500.00Alice Freeman Palmer chimes . . 3,881.00Experimental therapeutics . . . 1,250.00Russian lectureship .... 2,000.00Modem Philology journal . . . 600.00Am. Assoc. Advancement of Science . 750.00Woman's athletic fund .... 130.00Special scholarships 300.00Special fellowships ..... 75.00English instruction 208.00Zoology instruction ..... 66.66Yerkes librarian ...... 100.00Total $121,611.27NEW APPOINTMENTSThe following new appointments have beenmade during the Autumn Quarter, 1907:Margaret Davidson, as Reader in English.Emma Cox, to an Assistantship in the Library.Charles Wilson Peterson, to a Laboratory Assistant-ship in Anatomy.Elbert Clark, to a Laboratory Assistantship in Anatomy.Erastus Smith Edgerton, to a Laboratory Assistant-ship in Anatomy.Herbert Marcus Goodman, to a Laboratory Assistant-ship in Bacteriology.Paul Miller, as Preparator in Paleontology.Frank Christian Becht, to an Assistantship in Physiology.Ralph Edward Sheldon, to an Assistantship in Anatomy. William Kelley Wright, to an Associateship inPhilosophy.Walter Eugene Clark, to an Associateship in Sanskrit.Frank Grant Lewis, to an Associateship in NewTestament Greek in the Divinity School.Shirley Jackson Case, to an Assistant Professorship inNew Testament Greek in the Divinity School for onequarter.Henry Sill, to a Professorial Lectureship in Historyin the University Extenstion Division.James Hayden Tufts, to the Deanship of the SeniorColleges.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been madeduring the Autumn Quarter, 1907:Albert Woelfel, Associate in the Department ofPhysiology, to an Instructorship.Frank Henry Pike, Associate in the Department ofPhysiology, to an Instructorship.RESEARCH BY MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIESIn examining during the current quarterthe reports of departments for the President'sannual report, some features of particular interest are noted. The publications of members of the faculty during the year closingJune 20, 1906, comprise forty-five books and alarge number of articles and reviews. A furtherreport by heads of departments covers thework of investigation in hand and gives amost interesting picture of the busy life ofthe University. It need not be said in thisplace that research is the essential idea of themodern university, and that the important linesof investigation which are being carried on byour different departments are numerous andare fruitful. The lines of investigation covera very wide range, including studies in comparative philology, in history, in philology, inEnglish literature, in chemistry, in zoology,and botany, and in many other subjects. Professor William Gardner Hale, Head of theDepartment of Latin, is just closing a period ofa year in Europe devoted to an investigationof the manuscripts of Catullus. ProfessorUNIVERSITY RECORDJohn M. Manly, Head of the Department ofEnglish, has made an important and most interesting contribution to English letters in anovel view of the manuscripts of Piers Plow man. Professor John U. Nef, Head of theDepartment of Chemistry, is continuing hisimportant investigations on the "DissociationPhenomena in the Sugar Group."ATTENDANCE, AUTUMN QUARTER, 1907M W Total1907 Total1906 GainI. The Departments of Arts, Literature, andScience: ^1. The Graduate Schools?Arts and Literature Science.Total. . . ,2. The Colleges?Senior.......Junior Unclassified.Total Total Arts, Literature, and Science.II. The Professional Schools1. The Divinity SchoolGraduate Unclassified Dano-Norwegian Swedish English Theological Total 2. The Courses in Medicine?Graduate ?Senior ?Junior ?Unclassified Medical Total.. The Law SchoolGraduate ?Senior Candidate for LL.B.Unclassified Total.4. The College of Education.?Pro forma Total Professional.Total University. . .Duplicates Net totals 106(4 dup.)139 118(1 dup.)28 224167 198171245240(3 duP-)467587^58392949170 W&.9Bts*49201131359847351181"i500i,5101781,332 146215(12 dup.)36886 39i455835144 3^9429785135669815 1,4341,82586112949 i>3491,71896152642i75 ii;565i20213 179585i163x714210047371 1459030301169?24 \2091,02444980 185181267092,5342222,312 1511966712,3891922,197 2622265o985107101773438145"5* Deduct for duplication.90 UNIVERSITY RECORDAWARD OF THE COPLEY MEDAL AND THE NOBELPRIZEDuring the current quarter the Universityhas been honored in the person of one of itsfaculty in recognition of brilliant work of investigation and discovery in the Departmentof Physics. Professor A. A. Michelson, headof that department, was awarded the Copleymedal by the Royal Society of London. Onlyone American heretofore, Professor Newcombof Washington, has received that medal.While Professor Michelson was on the oceanon his way to receive this distinguished honor,the official award of the Nobel prizes by theRoyal Society of Sweden was announced. Among the awards was one to Professor A. A.Michelson for his discoveries in the measurement and analysis of light. Professor Michelson was obliged to continue his trip from London to Stockholm in order to receive this newand striking evidence of the importance of histireless and .brilliant scientific work. Suchrecognition of the results of scientific investigation is a renewed incentive to research inall fields of university activity. We, Mr.Michelson'/s colleagues, unite in felicitationsto that modest gentlemen, and, on his returnto his home, we hope to extend our greetingand congratulations in a more tangible form.ALBERT A. MICHELSONHead of the Department of PhysicsAwarded the Copley Medal and the Nobel PrizeTHE AWARD OF THE COPLEY MEDAL AND THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICSBY ROBERT ANDREWS MILUKANAssociate Professor of PhysicsThe award to a member of the faculty ofthe University of Chicago, Professor AlbertA. Michelson, Head of the Department ofPhysics, of two such honors as the Copleymedal and the Nobel prize makes appropriatea brief statement of the significance of thesehonors and the nature of the work which hasreceived such recognition.THE COPLEY MEDALThe Copley medal of the Royal Society ofLondon was established as the result of a bequest of one hundred pounds made in 1709 tothat society by Sir Godfrey Copley. Up to1736 the income from this sum was used forfurthering individual researches, but in thatyear the society voted to establish with it amedal to be awarded annually "to the living author of the most important scientific discovery,or contribution to science, by experiment orotherwise, during the year." In point of factthe award has not, in general, been given forcontributions made within twelve months ofthe time of its bestowal, since the correctevaluation of so recent work is seldom possible.This medal has come to be regarded as thehighest honor within the gift of the Royal Society. In the interval between 1737 and 1907it has been awarded one hundred and sixty-sixtimes, but the names of only six Americansappear upon the list of the recipients. Theyare:, Benjamin Franklin, 1753; Louis Agas-siz, 1861; James Dwight Dana, 1877; SimonNewcomb, 1890 ; James Willard Gibbs, 1901 ;and Albert A. Michelson, 1907. Among theother names found upon this roll of honor are those of Priestly, Herschel, Rumford, Volta,Faraday, Gauss, Helmholtz, Pasteur, Huxley,Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, and Mendeleeff".According to the terms of the award thismedal was bestowed upon Professor Michelson for his "investigations in optics." Sincepractically all of Professor Michelson's researches have been in the field of optics, it isprobable that the medal was intended to be arecognition of his work as a whole, rather thanof any particular part of it. The most salientfeatures of this work may be summarized asfollows :PROFESSOR MICHELSON^S RESEARCHES1. It was in 1879 that Professor Michelsonfirst gained international recognition becauseof his classical determination of the velocity oflight, a research conducted with such skill andaccuracy that the subsequent determinationsby Newcomb (1882) and by Perrotin (1902)have only served to establish its reliability without improving upon its precision.2. From 1886 to 1887 came the famous experiments upon the relative motion of the earthand ether. These experiments were designedto determine with what speed the earth movesthrough the medium which serves as the carrier of light and heat through interstellarspace. Since the result seemed to show thatthere is no relative motion whatever of theearth and ether — a conclusion very difficult toaccept — the experiment has been the subject ofa vast amount of discussion and is still regarded as one of the unsolved riddles of physics, despite the fact that certain more or lessplausible attempts at explanation have been9192 UNIVERSITY RECORDbrought forward. Recently the experiment hasbeen repeated by Morley and Miller with results identical with those originally obtained byMichelson and Morley.3. The years from 1888 to 1895 cover theperiod of Michelson's most important investigations with the interferometer, an instrumentdevised by him for the double purpose of making extremely accurate linear and angularmeasurements and of studying the nature ofthe bright lines of the spectra of incandescentgases and vapors. The most important of thelinear measurements was the evaluation of thestandard meter in terms of the wave-length ofred cadmium light, a research carried out inParis in 1893 at the invitation of the international committee on weights and measures.The accuracy of linear measurement obtainedin this experiment has probably never been exceeded, and until recently has not been equaledby other experimenters.The second problem, that of the study ofspectra, is perhaps of greater interest to themajority of men than is that of linear measurements, since there seems to be no more promising means of extending our knowledge ofthat most fundamental of all the problems ofscience — the problem of the nature of matter —than by studying with sufficiently powerful instruments the character of the light wavesemitted by the simplest types of matter available for experimentation, viz., incandescentgases and vapors. The chief result of Professor Michelson's investigations with the interferometer in this field was to show that lightfrom even the simplest sources is much morecomplex than had been supposed, and to determine in a measure the character of the complexity.4. In 1898 came the invention of the echelonspectroscope, another instrument of greatpower for analyzing light waves, and onewhich has the advantage over the interfe rometer of giving more direct indications. Withthis instrument most of the results previouslyobtained with the interferometer have beenverified, and considerable new material hasbeen brought to light.5. Since 1902 Professor Michelson has beenseeking to extend still further our knowledgeof the light waves emitted by simple sourcesby perfecting an instrument, devised byFraunhofer and improved by Rowland, knownas the diffraction grating. The gratings whichare now being produced at Ryerson PhysicalLaboratory are considerably more powerfuland more perfect than any others which havehitherto been made, and some interesting andnew results on the nature of certain simplekinds of light have just been obtained withthem. It was these results in part which ledto the award of the Nobel prize.THE NOBEL PRIZEOn November 2j, 1895, Dr. Alfred BernhardNobel, a Swedish engineer who had made afortune in the manufacture of dynamite,smokeless powder, and other explosives, drewup the will in which he bequeathed the incomefrom the greater part of his $10,000,000 fortuneto the establishment of five international prizesto be awarded annually, one for the most important invention or discovery in physics, one forsimilar work in chemistry, one in physiology ormedicine, one for the best work in idealisticliterature, and one for the most important contribution toward the promotion of peace. Thefirst award was made in 1901, each prizeamounting to about $39,000. The first prize inscience which comes to this country is the onewhich Professor Michelson has just received.The only other American who has received anyof the Nobel prizes is Theodore Roosevelt, whowas voted the peace prize in 1906. The previous recipients of the prize in physics areRoentgen, of Munich, Germany, 1901 ; LorenzUNIVERSITY RECORD 93and Zeeman, of Amsterdam, Holland, 1902;M. and Mme. Curie, of Paris, 1903 ; Lord Ray-leigh, of London, 1904; Lenard, of Kiel, Germany, 1905; J. J. Thompson, of Cambridge,England, 1906.The method of choosing the physicist towhom the prize is to be awarded is as follows :In September of each year the Nobel committeeof five sends to a large number of physicistsof distinction in various countries invitations topropose candidates for the prize. The Nobelcommittee classifies these proposals and submits them to the Swedish Academy of Sciences,which makes the final pronouncement of theaward.According to the terms of this year's awardthe prize was given "to Albert A. Michelson forhis optical instruments of precision and his spec troscopic and metrological investigations carried out therewith." The optical instruments ofprecision refer, doubtless, to the interferometer, the echelon spectroscope, and the newten-inch gratings, including under this lasthead the ruling engine with which these gratings were made.The recipients of the other Nobel prizes thisyear are, in chemistry, Professor EdouardBuchner, of the University of Berlin, authorof epoch-making researches in fermentation;in medicine, Dr. Alphonse Laveran, of Paris,discoverer of the malaria bacillus; and inliterature, Rudyard Kipling. The peace prizeis divided equally between Ernesto TeodoroMoneto, a prominent peace worker in Italy,and Louis Regnault, representative of Francein the second Peace Conference at The Hague.THE MEETING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCEFrom December 30, 1907, to January 4, 1908,there was held at the University of Chicagothe fifty-eighth meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. OnDecember 30 the first general session of theassociation was opened in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, the retiring president, Professor William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, introducing the president of theChicago meeting, Professor E. L. Nichols, ofCornell University. The addresses of welcome were given by Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science, representing President HarryPratt Judson, and by Mr. George E. Adams,vice-chairman of the local committee.On the evening of the opening day therewas given a reception by President and Mrs.Judson in Hutchinson Hall to the members ofthe Association and affiliated societies. In theabsence of the President of the University,Dean George E. Vincent received with thewife of the President, others in the receivingline being Professor E. L. Nichols, of CornellUniversity; Professor William H. Welch, ofJohns Hopkins University; Mr. Martin A.Ryerson, president of the University Board ofTrustees, Mrs. Ryerson, and Mrs. George E.Vincent. There was a large number of guestsin attendance.In the section of mathematics and astronomyon December 31 Director Edwin B. Frost, ofthe Yerkes Observatory, gave illustratedaddresses on "Observations with the BruceTelescope" and "Comments on the ZeissStereoeomparator and Spectrocomparator Belonging to the Yerkes Observatory." "Photographic Phenomena of Comet 1907" and "On a Great Bed of Nebulosityin Sagittarius, Photographed with the BruceTelescope of the Yerkes Observatory," werethe subjects of illustrated addresses by Professor Edward E. Barnard, of the Observatory. On January 1 Mr. Barnard also gave anillustrated address on "Observation and Explanation of the Phenomena Seen at the Disappearances of the Rings of Saturn." EdwinB. Frost and Philip Fox presented an accountof "The Twenty-foot Horizontal Solar Spectrograph of the Yerkes Observatory," andAssistant Professor Kurt Laves discussed "AGraphic Method for the Determination of theOrbit of a Spectroscopic Binary" and "NewTables for the Time of Sight Correction of theEarth's Orbital Motion." On January 2 JohnA. Parkhurst and F. C. Jordan, of the YerkesObservatory, presented a joint paper on "ThePhotographic Determination of Star-Colorsand Their Relation to Spectral Type;" PhilipFox presented two papers, one "On the Detection of the Eruption Prominences on the SolarDisk" and the other "An Investigation of the40-inch Objective at the Yerkes Observatory;"and Robert J. Wallace discussed "The Function of a Color Filter and of Certain Plates inAstronomical Photography."In the section of physics the following subjects were discussed: "On the Value of theCharges Carried by the Negative Ion of Ionized Gases," by Associate Professor Robert A.Millikan and Mr. L. B. Begeman ; "An Examination of Certain Alternating-Current Circuits,Including Those Containing Distributed Capacity," by Assistant Professor Carl Kinsley;"On the Separation (of Echelon Spectra byGratings," by Professor Albert A. Michelson.94UNIVERSITY RECORD 95In the section of chemistry Professor JuliusStieglitz, chairman of the organic section, gavean address December 31 on the subject of "TheApplication of Physical Chemistry to OrganicChemistry." On January 2 Professor John U.Nef presented a paper on "The Non-Equivalence of the Four Valences of the CarbonAtom," and Assistant Professor Herbert N.McCoy, chairman of the physical chemistrysection, discussed "The Interrelations of theElements." In the organic chemistry sectionAssistant Professor Lauder W. Jones and Dr.John C. Hessler, both formerly of the Department of Chemistry, were on the programme;Professor John U. Nef, head of the department, discussed "The Action of Alkalis on theCarbohydrates;" and Professor Julius Stieglitz presented a paper .entitled "Studies inCatalysis: Guanidrin Formation." In thephysical chemistry section also ProfessorStieglitz presented a "Note on the SolubilityProduct," and Assistant Professor McCoy discussed "Two New Methods of Determiningthe Secondary Ionization Constants of DibasicAcids" and also (with Mr. G. C. Ashman)"The Preparation of Urano-uranic Oxide anda Standard of Radioactivity."In the section of geology and geography, ofwhich Professor Joseph P. Iddings, of the Department of Geology, was chairman, Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head of theDepartment of Geology, discussed "The Influence of the Tides on the Earth's Rotation;"Assistant Professor Stuart Weller, "The Mississippi Section oi Illinois;" Dr. Rollin T.Chamberlin, "Gases in Rocks;" ProfessorSamuel W. Williston, of the Department ofPaleontology, "The Evolution and Distributionof the Pleisosaurus ;" and Dr. Wallace W. At-wood, "The Physiography of Alaska."In the section of zoology, of which ProfessorC. Judson Herrick, of the Department ofAnatomy, was secretary, papers were presented as follows: "A Contribution toward an Experimental Analysis of the Karyokinetic Figure," by Professor Frank R. Lillie ; "The Causeof Dominance in Heredity and ExperimentalProduction of Variability in Dominance," byAssistant Professor William L. Tower; "Minimal Size in Form Regulation," by AssistantProfessor Charles M. Child; "The Phylogene-tic Differentiation of the Organs of Smell andTaste," by Professor C. Judson Herrick; "Onthe Specific Gravity of the Constituent Partsof the Egg of Chaetopterus and the Effect ofCentrifuging on the Polarity of the Egg," byProfessor Lillie; "A Litter of Short-tailed andTail-less Puppies," by Dr. Reuben M. Strong;"The Experimental Production of GerminalVariations, Methods, Precautions and Theoryof Their Causation" and also a "Report onSome Experiments in Transplanting Speciesof Leptinotarsa into New Habitats, with Remarks upon the Significance of the Mode," byAssistant Professor Tower; "Pigmentation inthe Feather Germs of a White Ringdove Hybrid" and also "The Sense of Smell in Birds,"by Dr. Strong; and "The Rate of Growth of theOvum in the Chick and the Probable Significance of White and Yellow Yolk in VertebrateOva," by Dr. Oscar Riddle. Demonstrationswere given in the following subjects: "ALitter of Short-tailed and Tail-less Puppies,"by Dr. Strong; "Karyokinetic Figures of Cen-trifuged Eggs," by Professor Lillie; and byAssistant Professor Tower in cases to illustrate the evolution of the Lineata group, theresults obtained in the production of sports experimentally, in the transplantation of Lepti-notarsas from one habitat into another, andin the study of variability of dominance incrossing.In the section of botany papers were presented on "A Preliminary Account of Studiesin the Variability of a Unit Character inOenothera," by Mr. Reginald R. Gates, a96 UNIVERSITY RECORDFellow in botany, and on "Regeneration in theRoot Tips of Vicia and Phaseolus," by Mr.Charles H. Shattuck, also a Fellow in botany.In the section of anthropology and psychology Assistant Professor George A. Dorsey outlined the field work of the department of anthropology in the Field Museum of NaturalHistory.In the section of social and economic scienceProfessor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head of theDepartment of Political Economy, gave the address of welcome on the afternoon of December31. In the discussion of the question of federal regulation of public health Professor CharlesR. Henderson, Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology, was one of the speakers.In the section of physiology and experimentalmedicine, of which Professor Ludvig Hektoenwas the chairman, introductory remarks at thesymposium on immunity were made by thechairman; Assistant Professor Kyes spoke on"The Hemolysins of Animal Toxins;" "Assistant Professor Howard T. Ricketts and Mr.L. Gomez discussed "Immunity in RockyMountain Spotted Fever," and Assistant Professor H. Gideon Wells presented "ChemicalAspects of Immunity."In the section of education Professor FrankR. Lillie, of the Department of Zoology, andProfessor James R. Angell, Head of the Department of Psychology, took part in the discussion of the topic, "Co-operation in BiologicalResearch," and the latter, as chairman, madethe report^of the Committee on Measurements.Of the affiliated societies, the Chicago section of the American Mathematical Society, ofwhich Assistant Professor Herbert E. Slaughtis secretary, had among other contributions toits programme the following : "Note on a Formof General Analysis," by Professor Eliakim H.Moore, Head of the Department of Mathematics; "Reduction of Families of QuadraticForms in a General Field," and "Commutose Linear Groups," by Associate Professor Leonard E. Dickson; and a "Note on the Convergence of a Sequence of Functions of a CertainType," by Mr. H. E. Buchanan.Among the papers presented at the meetingof the American Physiological Society were"Some Points in Lymph Formation," by Assistant Professor Anton J. Carlson, Mr. J. R.Greer, and Mr. F. C. Becht; "On the Mechanism of the Embryonic Heart Rhythm," by Assistant Professor Carlson and Mr. W. J. Meek ;"The Spontaneous Oxidation of Some CellConstituents," by Professor Albert P. Mathews; "Ionic Potential and Toxicity," by Professor Mathews and ,Mr. R. H. Nicholl;"Studies in the Resuscitation of the CentralNervous System," by Dr. Frank H. Pike; "AnAttempt to Determine the Mechanism of Protein Metabolism in Starvation," by Dr. AlbertWoelfel; and a paper (with demonstration)on "The Relation of Organ Activity to LymphFormation in the Salivary Glands," by Assistant Professor Carlson, Mr. J. R. Greer, andMr. F. C. Becht.The following papers were presented at thesessions of the American Society of BiologicalChemists : "On the Chemical Study of MentalDisorders," by Assistant Professor WaldemarKoch, and "The Chemistry of Hypernephromas," by Assistant Professor H. Gideon Wells.At the sessions of the Association ofAmerican Anatomists, of which ProfessorRobert R. Bensley is the second vice-president, papers were presented on "Observations on the Salivary Glands ofMammals," by Professor Bensley; "On theMorphological Subdivision of the Brain," byProfessor C. Judson Herrick; "A Study of theGain in Weight for the Light and Heavy Individuals of a Single Group of Albino Rats," byDr. Elizabeth H. Dunn; and "The Histogenesis of the Gastric Glands," by Dr. Edwin G.Kirk. Mr. Kirk was also on the programmeUNIVERSITY RECORD 97for a demonstration: "Preparations Showingthe Histogenesis of the Gastric Glands ;" and ademonstration of "Preparations Showing theStaining Reactions of the Salivary Glands"was given by Professor Bensley.At the meetings of the Association of American Geographers titles of papers were as follows : "The Relation of Snow and Ice to Mountain Timber Lines" (illustrated), by AssistantProfessor Henry C. Cowles ; "The Distributionof the Tiger Beetle, and Its Relation to PlantSuccession" (illustrated), by Dr. Victor E.Shelford; "The .Lakes and Cirques of theUinta Mountains," by Dr. Wallace W. At-wood; and "A College Course in Ontography,"by Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode.At the sessions of the Botanical Society ofAmerica Assistant Professor Henry C. Cowlestook part in a symposium on the "Species Question;" Professor Charles R. Barnes and Dr.W. J. G. Land presented a paper on "The Footin Bryophytes;" Assistant Professor Charles J.Chamberlain presented "A Report on Dioonand Ceratozamia ;" Mr. S. Yamanouchi contributed a paper on "Apogamy in Nephro-dium;" and Mr. Reginald R. Gates presented"Further Studies on the Chromosomes ofOenothera."The chairman of the local committee for theAssociation was Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson,treasurer of the University Board of Trustees;the chairman of the local executive committeewas Professor John M. Coulter, Head of theDepartment of Botany, and the secretary was Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography. The chairman of thelocal sub-committees were as follows: Onmembership, Professor James R. Angell,Head of the Department of Psychology; on finance, Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, the secretarybeing Professor Frank R. Lillie, of the Department of Zoology; on transportation, Associate Professor Charles R. Mann, of theDepartment of Physics; on hotels, AssociateProfessor Robert A. Millikan, of the same department; on meeting-places and equipment,Assistant Professor J. Gordon Wilson, of theDepartment of Anatomy; and on receptionand entertainment, Professor Joseph P. Idd-ings, of the Department of Geology.At the close of the sessions ProfessorThomas C. Chamberlin, Head of the Department of Geology, was elected president of theAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience for the year 1908, to succeed Professor William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University. Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, ofthe Department of Geography, was electedgeneral secretary.Officers and members of the Associationfrom other states and cities were most heartyin their praise of the arrangements made at theUniversity for their comfort and convenience,and gave many expressions of their appreciation of the hospitality of members of theFaculties. This was the first meeting of theAssociation in Chicago since 1868.A STATISTICAL STUDY OFAlthough it must be evident that there is noreliable method for estimating personal abilityor for determining relative scientific worth, yeta conscientious attempt to make such determinations can hardly fail to be of interest toall engaged in scientific and educational work.Professor J. McKeen Cattell of Columbia University, editor of Science, during the processof collecting material for the Biographical Directory of American Men of Science has madea statistical study of the relative standing ofthose who may be classed among the first one-thousand of the men engaged in scientific studyand research in America, and the results contain much that is of interest to those connectedwith the University of Chicago.The method adopted was as follows: Thethousand men to be selected were assigned toeach of the twelve main branches of science,with reference to the proportion of the totalnumber that each science furnishes to the 4,000men engaged in science in America, as follows: Chemistry, 175; physics, 150; zoology,150; botany, 100; geology, 100; mathematics,80; pathology, 60; astronomy, 50; psychology,50; physiology, 40; anatomy, 25; anthropology, 20. The individuals were selected by tenleading representatives of each science, whowere asked to arrange the students of thatscience in the order of merit. For each scienceslips were made, with the names and addressesof all those known to have carried on researchwork of any consequence. The ten positionsassigned to each man were averaged, and theaverage deviations of the judgments were calculated. This gave the most probable order ofmerit for the students in each science, together with data for the probable error of theposition of each individual. The students ofthe (different sciences were then combined inone list by interpolation, the probable errorsbeing adjusted accordingly. The list contains1,443 names, of which the first thousand arethe material used in this research. To quotefrom Professor Cattell: AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCEIt should be distinctly noted that the figures give onlywhat they profess to give, namely, the resultant opinion of ten competent judges. They show the reputationof the men among experts, but not necessarily theirability or performance. Constant errors, such as mayarise from a man's being better or less known than hedeserves, are not eliminated. There is, however, noother criterion of a man's work than the estimation inwhich he is held by those most competent to judge. Theposthumous reputation of a great man may be more correct than contemporary opinion, but very few of thosein this list of scientific men will be given posthumousconsideration. I am somewhat skeptical as to merit notrepresented by performance, or as to performance notrecognized by the best contemporary judgment. Thereare doubtless individual exceptions, but, by and large,men do what they are able to do and: find their properlevel in the estimation of their colleagues.The general spirit and enterprise of thefaculties of the various colleges and universities may be estimated by the proportion ofthose who responded to Professor Cattell's request, as shown in the following table :DISTRIBUTION AMONG INSTITUTIONS OF THOSE WHOWERE ASKED TO MAKE THE ARRANGEMENTSHarvard Columbia Chicago Cornell Geological Survey Depart, of Agriculture. . .Hopkins Yale Smithsonian Institution. .Michigan Wisconsin Pennsylvania Stanford Princeton New York University . . .Clark New York Bot. Garden. .One at each institution. .Total. X* O66.560.039.o33-532.032.030-526.522.620.018.017.016.014-59-57-06.0 1117673138993103355246 353344182294330414517591921537133 71315443565726343 389162323351135194243336 s§3065886757100387555786760100806010067From this it may be seen that of the seventeen members of the Chicago faculty who wereasked to co-operate in the work, fifteen responded, a proportion much better than isshown by any of the other large universities,Yale and Michigan coming next.Having secured his ratings, Professor Cattellused them for extensive analyses, with especialUNIVERSITY RECORD 99reference to their actual value for psychological and sociological purposes, publishing severaltables and curves that illustrate various features.The table of most general interest undoubtedly is the one in which is considered the distributionof these first thousand scientists among the different American universities and colleges,which we print in full.DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING T?0 PRESENT POSITION OF THE THOUSAND MEN OF SCIENCETotal66.5603933-532323°-S2726.5Harvard Columbia Chicago Cornell U. S. Geological Survey U. S. Department of Agriculture Johns Hopkins California Yale Smithsonian Institution Michigan Massachusets Institute of Technology..Wisconsin Pennsylvania Leland Stanford Jr. . . I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X19 8-5 3 6.5 3-5 6 4.5 5-5 3-5 6.57 6 6.5 4-5 5 4-5 5.5 6 4 117 10 3 6 2 2-5 3 2 i-5 23 6 3 2 3 1-5 3 3-5 4 4-56 3 4 4 4 1 3 3 2 23 4 2 4 3 2 3 3 3 59 2 5-5 0 1-5 2 4-5 0.5 1 4-51 2 2 4 3 4 1 5 1 42 5-5 3 3-5 5-5 2 1 0 2 23 2 4 4 , 2 O 1 3 1 21 3 6 3 3 0 0 1 1 21 2 2-5 4 2 3 2 0 0 31 3 1 2 0 3 2 4 2 02 1 1 3-5 2-5 1-5 1 2 0.5 23 I 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 222019.5181716Total 459-5Princeton 14.5Minnesota, Ohio State 10New York University 9-5Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern. 9National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Navy, Am. Mus. Nat. History 8Carnegie Institution, Clark, Iowa, Syracuse, Virginia, Wesleyan 7Bryn Mawr, Cincinnati, Dartmouth, Illinois, Indiana, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Smith 6Brown, Kansas, North Carolina, Texas, Washington (St. Louis) 5Field Columbian Museum, General Electric Co., St. Louis, Western Reserve, Pennsylvania State, Rutgers 4Lehigh 3-5Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Amherst, Case, College of City of New York, Colorado College, Colorado University, Haverford, Purdue,Rockefeller Institute, Simmons, Tufts, Vassar, Worcester 3Grand total These figures unquestionably furnish as reliable and disinterested information as one canexpect to obtain, and a careful analysis of thetable furnishes much ground for satisfactionto those interested in the welfare of the University of Chicago. Although Harvard is provedby these figures to outrank every other American university by a wide margin, at least so faras science faculties go, yet the position of Chicago among the greatest of our universities iswell established by this unprejudiced and wide-based evidence. Although Johns Hopkinsleads Chicago by a small margin in the firsthundred of the sciences, and Columbia ties it,yet if the first 200 scientists are selected it isfound that Chicago has 17, to 13 for Columbiaand 11 for Johns Hopkins. If the scientistsare arranged according to the first 500, it isfound that Harvard has 40; Columbia, 29;Chicago, 28; Johns Hopkins, 18; Cornell, 17;Yale, 16.5; Michigan, 16; and Wisconsin, 7. 730In other words, Chicago and Columbia arepractically tied for second place, with a largelead over the next lower universities. Columbia's relatively high place in the final figures isdue to the large number of places secured inthe lower ratings. It is also a source of gratification to learn that, in spite of the comparatively brief existence of the University of Chicago, thirty-seven of the students of its Graduate Schools have already attained such reputation as to place them among the thousand electof the scientists, giving it fifth place amongAmerican universities in this respect. Therecan be no idoubt that the figures in this last respect will rapidly increase in Chicago's favor,since it now leads all American universities inthe riumber of doctorates of philosophy awardedduring the past ten years— a subject which willbe discussed in the next number of the University Record.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW SCHOOLA SKETCH OF THE LAW SCHOOL, I902-I907The project of establishing a Law School inthe University, which had been under consideration for some time, was definitely undertaken in the winter and spring of 1902. Afterwide consultation it was deemed best, in viewof the condition and existing needs of legaleducation in this country, to establish a schoolthat should normally require a college education for admission. The principal reasons forthis decision were as follows:New law schools are not needed in this partof the country unless they are prepared to givethe best possible legal training to studentswhose education and maturity have fitted themto pursue serious professional work. The studyof law is no task for immature minds, andboys just out of high school can comprehendneither the basis of social experience uponwhich legal principles really rest, nor the natureof those social problems that are pressingtoday for solution, nor can they grasp theproper application of these principles to themanifold activities and complexities of modernlife. It was thought that ordinarily a fewyears of college work would give a maturityand knowledge, enabling law students betterto understand and apply the law as a livingprinciple of society instead of as an arbitrarybody of rules, and would secure a body of students able to assimilate the most thoroughlegal instruction. Not only does a college education better prepare a student for his law-school work, but it is of great importance in hiswider relation to affairs. In this country thecapable lawyer is also the wise and trustedadviser and man of affairs in many relationsof life. Such a role demands a flexibility andreadiness of mind for which no particular kind of study can be a specific preparation, butwhich is certainly better promoted by thevaried work and interests of college life thanby any other known course of training.At the same time it was recognized as an evilfor young men to be too long delayed in embarking upon their chosen profession. It wasbelieved that three years of college work, especially if the last of these should be devotedto subjects particularly useful to the futurelawyer, would be a sufficient preparation for. legal study, and, by permitting the first year oflaw to be elected as the work of the last yearin college, both degrees could be obtained insix years. By co-operation with the Collegesof the University this arrangement was effected. It was not thought wise, however,entirely to exclude from the School maturestudents of promising ability who had not beenable to complete a college course, and suchstudents, provided they were over twenty-oneyears old and had completed at least a four-year high-school course, were admitted to theLaw School conditionally upon their maintaining an average 10 per cent, higher than thatrequired for passing. These requirements secure maturity and good scholarship in thestudents who comply with them, and they haveproved successful.As regards methods of instruction, therewas little hesitation in adopting the so-called"case method" which was introduced at Harvard some thirty-five years ago and has gradually won its way into the favor of all the leadingschools of the country. Nearly all of the lawschools with admission requirements abovehigh-school work use it, and no school that hasadopted it has ever gone back to the oldermethods of instruction. It undoubtedly re-100Pi<ca<Kwhccog8<PiwWhUNIVERSITY RECORD 101quires more ability and skill on the part of theteacher and much more independent work fromthe student, but in capable hands no othermethod is nearly so well adapted to maintainthe interest of the student, to give an effectiveknowledge of legal principles, and to developthe power of independent legal reasoning.Through the generous co-operation of theHarvard Law School, Professor Joseph HenryBeale, Jr., of that institution, obtained leave ofabsence for half of each of the first two yearsto become the Dean of the new School, and thefollowing faculty was chosen: ProfessorErnst Freund, of the University of Chicago,Department of Political Science; ProfessorHorace Kent Tenney, of the Chicago bar; Professor Julian William Mack, from the Northwestern University Law School; ProfessorBlewett Lee, formerly of the NorthwesternUniversity Law School; Professor ClarkeButler Whittier and Professor James ParkerHall, both from m Leland Stanford Jr. University Department of Law. Upon ProfessorBeale, Professor Freuod, and Professor Mackchiefly devolved the labor of successfullymeeting, in the brief time allowed, the manyproblems of organization and administration,the creation of the Faculty, and the acquisitionof the Library.Plans were made for the new Law Building, work on which was commenced in thespring of 1903, but meanwhile temporaryquarters were found in the Press Building,then just completed. Space for one large lecture room was assigned to the School on thesecond floor, and the larger part of the thirdfloor was devoted to a reading-room, stack-room, and a small lecture-room. Seventeen oreighteen thousand books had been purchasedto start the library, and these arrived in largenumbers during August and September. Ittook all of the energy of Mr. Schenk, whocame to Chicago' as Law Librarian in August, to keep a semblance of order among the shelvesduring this unprecedented inpouring of volumes. The Press Building was new and thespace assigned to the Law School as a reading-room was gotten ready for occupancy onlya few hours before the School actually openedon October 1, 1902. The reading-room tableshad not come, and in their stead were longboards covered with heavy paper and stretchedacross saw-horses, upon which were preparedthe first lessons in the new School.Sixty-one students presented themselves foradmission during the opening quarter, forty-three of whom were beginning the study oflaw, and the others were entering with advanced standing from other schools. Morecame in during the Winter and SpringQuarters, making a total of seventy-eight inattendance during the first year. Seven menwere graduated in June, 1903, six receivingthe degree of Doctor of Law (J.D.), and onethat of Bachelor of Laws. Joseph ChalmersEwing, whose name preceded the others in alphabetical order, received the first degree, andupon his shoulders was placed the first purple-bordered doctor's hood, symbolizing the degreeof Juris Doctor, ever conferred in this country.Professor Lee, who had been able to givebut a part of his time to the School, was compelled to resign at the end of the first year;and at the beginning of the second year Professor Floyd Russell Mechem, from the University of Michigan Law School, joined theFaculty. About three months later also* cameAssistant Professor Harry Augustus Bigelow,who had taught for a year in the Harvard LawSchool before commencing practice in Honolulu. Professor Beale returned to Harvard atthe end of this year, as originally planned, andat the close of his connection with the SchoolProfessor Hall became Dean. Since then therehave been no changes in the Faculty. Thenew building was occupied about May 1, 1904.102 UNIVERSITY RECORDDespite the high admission requirementsand tuition fee, the attendance has increasedsteadily, showing that there is a growing number of young men determined to obtain thebest legal education and to fit themselves forit thoroughly. In 1902-3 there were 78 students; in 1903-4 there were 125; in 1904-5there were 160; in 1905-6 there were 204; in1906-7 there were 234; and the total for 1907-8 will be about 270. As regards college graduates, the School at present has about as manyas any two other schools in the West combined. From the beginning the School hasattracted students from many parts of thecountry, only one-third of its membership beingfrom Illinois. During the present year aboutthree- fourths of our states, over one hundredcolleges, and nearly forty law schools, arerepresented among the students of the LawSchool. Meanwhile the Law Library hasgrown to nearly 30,000 volumes.Not the least service of the Law School isin stimulating legal education elsewhere in themiddle West. Just as the foundation of theGraduate School of the University encouragedneighboring institutions to devote larger attention to research, so the opening of the LawSchool has been followed by a substantialstrengthening of the faculties and libraries ofother western schools, and by a strong movement toward raising standards of admission.Partly as a result of this generous rivalry it islikely that within a few years all of the principal law schools of the West will require atleast two years of college work for regular admission, with a corresponding improvement inequipment and methods of professional training, and then the condition of legal educationin the Mississippi Valley will be comparablewith that existing in any other part of thecountry.THE DEGREE OF JURIS DOCTOR (j.D.)When the Law School was established in1902 the form of its ordinary degree — Juris Doctor (abbreviated J.D.) — was a novelty inthis country, and inquiries are occasionallymade as to the reasons for its adoption. Thedegree was primarily designed to indicatethe fact that its holder had begun the study oflaw with the maturity and training affordedby a college education, instead of as a high-school boy. One of the principal objects ofrecent efforts to improve legal education inthis country has been to secure an adequateeducational preparation for beginning thestudy of law. Nearly everyone admits that acollege education usually affords the best preparation for legal study, and the obstacle to itsgeneral adoption has been chiefly economic,just as was the objection recently made tolengthening the law course from two to threeyears. It is not only that a college educationis likely to make its possessor a more capableand well-developed man, but no one can doubtthat the college graduate is usually far betterfitted seriously to study law and to get a goodlegal training in three years than is the boy ofeighteen or nineteen from the high school. Acommittee of the American Bar Associationhas recently recommended that distinctive degrees be given to students who have completedlaw courses of two, three, or four years each.If it is proper to mark such differences in legalstudy by distinctive degrees, it would seemequally proper to use a distinctive degree to indicate a superior preparation for beginning thestudy of law. The college graduate who hascompleted a three-year law course at a schoolwhere most of his fellow students are also college graduates has ordinarily had a much betterpreparation for practice than has a high-schoolboy who attends for three years at a schoolwhere most of his fellows are also high-schoolboys; and this difference is easily greater thanthat between three years of law study and fouryears of such study, where a student has hadno college preparation.Beginning with Harvard in 1896, and fol-UNIVERSITY RECORD 103lowed by Stanford, Chicago, Columbia, andCalifornia, in the order named, there are nowfive law schools in this country that require acollege education for regular admission, all ofthese but Harvard, however, permitting a student to count the first year of law as the fourthyear of college. Believing that it would .beappropriate to distinguish law graduates withsuch a preparation from those with a lessereducation, the faculty of the Harvard LawSchool suggested about 1902, that the degreeof Juris Doctor be used for this purpose.This form of degree is parallel with the J.U.D.conferred in German universities and with thedoctorate in law conferred in several otherEuropean countries. Students enter the lawschools there after completing the gymnasium,which corresponds roughly to the Americancollege, and after finishing the law course theyreceive the degree of J.U.D. as a first degreein law. It was believed that a degree like thismight properly be conferred in American lawschools, being distinguished on the one handfrom the LL.B. conferred by schools not requiring a college education for admission, andon the other from a really post-graduatedegree in law like the D.C.L. Accordinglythe Harvard law faculty voted in favor ofconferring this degree, and, although theirproposal has not yet been accepted by theHarvard Corporation, the new degree of J.D.has since been established in three of the fourother law schools with similar admission requirements — Chicago, Stanford, and the University of California. It is also* conferred bythe Lmiversity of New York upon collegegraduates completing the three-year day coursethere, and since its original introduction threeother schools, George Washington, BostonUniversity, and Northwestern, have announcedit as a post-graduate degree in law.A committee of the American Bar Association has recommended that at least two yearsof college work should be required for admis sion to law schools, and it is quite likely thatfinally the recommendation wilt be for a college degree as a prerequisite to a law degree;and to this all the principal schools in thiscountry are certain to come. In a very fewyears the great state universities of the middleWest will require at least two years of collegework for admission to their law schools, andultimately they will require a third year. Almost everywhere the first year of law may becounted as the fourth year of college, and theJ.D. will appropriately follow as the law degreetwo years later. It is quite likely that a distinctive degree given by schools requiring acollege education for admission will be ofsome effect among other influences, in inducing other schools to raise their admission requirements; and a look into the future seemsto show that this degree has before it a considerable field of practical usefulness as thestandards of legal education in this countryadvance.THE LAW BUILDINGWhen it was decided that the new LawSchool should as soon as possible have a separate building the preparation of the planswas placed in the hands of Shepley, Rutan &Coolidge, an appropriation of $280,000 for thebuilding and its furniture was made by theTrustees, and work was begun on the foundations on March 23, 1903. On April 2 thecorner stone at the main entrance was laidby President Roosevelt, upon the occasion ofhis receiving the • degree of Doctor of Lawsfrom the University. The building was completed and occupied in May, 1904. It is threestories high, 175 feet long and 80 feet wide,built of blue Bedford stone in the perpendicular Gothic style of architecture so well knownin the buildings of the English universitiesand Inns of Court. In general appearance itsomewhat resembles the famous King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, Eng-104 UNIVERSITY RECORDland, though it was not designedly copied fromthe latter.In the basement are the locker-room, toilet-rooms, smoking-room, store-room, women's-room, service-hall, tank-room, and ventilatingapparatus. The smoking-room is furnishedwith oak tables and chairs, with newspaperracks and magazine files for periodicals towhich a student organization subscribes.Among other pictures on the walls are groupsof the various graduating classes of the LawSchool. The locker-room contains severalhundred full-length steel-mesh lockers, to oneof which each student is entitled for his booksand clothing during his membership in theSchool.The main entrance is at the west side of thebuilding on the first floor through a vestibuleup a short flight of steps into a lobby about 85feet long. The floor and a considerable partof the walls are of cut stone; the ceiling istraversed by oak beams. At either end of thebuilding is a large lecture-room in theaterform, seating about 165 students and havinglarge Gothic windows on both sides. They arefurnished with dark oak desks and chairs.There are also on this floor two smaller lecture-rooms, accommodating about 75 students each.At the rear of the building rises a broad stonestaircase leading to the upper floors, and justnorth of this is the faculty entrance gainedby a door from which a short staircase leadsdirectly to the stack. The library stack-room,nine feet high, occupies a mezzanine floor,extending over the entire second story of thebuilding. It is designed to contain steel stacksfor 90,000 books. At either end of the building on this floor are studies for members ofthe Faculty, and a place is made for their worktables along the middle of the west side ofthe stack. On the east side of the stack is theLibarian's room.On the third floor is the Library reading- room, a great hall 160 feet long by 50 feetwide. Its timbered ceiling, 35 feet high, isornamented by heavy carved wood trusses,and it receives light from full-length Gothicwindows on all sides. Around the room arewall-shelves for 14,000 vblumes. The studytables are each 17J4 feet long, of dark oak,lighted by electric table fixtures, and there isspace for seating over 400 students at once.The delivery desk on the east side of the reading-room is connected with the stack-roombelow by a staircase and electric book lifts.The general lighting of the room at night is accomplished by three large candelabra of 16lights each, suspended from the ceiling. Adjoining the reading-room on the east is theoffice of the Dean.The building is artificially ventilated, is provided with an interior telephone system havingan instrument in each room, and is lighted byelectricity throughout. It will accommodateat present about 400 students and is so plannedthat its capacity can be doubled by the additionin the rear of a wing giving greater lecture-room facilities. The reading-room and stackare ample for a school of 800 students. Theuse so far made of the building -has shown it tobe as convenient and satisfactory as it is beautiful architecturally. Altogether it is one of themost completely equipped buildings devoted tothe study of law in this country, as well as oneof the handsomest structures on the Universityquadrangles.THE LAW LIBRARYWhen the Law School was organized in 1902it was decided that it ought to start with alibrary practically complete in all materialessential to the scholarly teaching of Englishand American law, and a working library inthe law of a few important European countries. An appropriation of $50,000 was madeavailable by the Trustees for this purpose, andUNIVERSITY RECORD 105the work of selecting and buying books wasplaced in the hands of Professor Beale andProfessor Mack, who had wide expert knowledge upon the subject; and their object was inthe main accomplished during the few monthspreceding the opening of the School. About18,000 volumes were purchased up to thistime, and those bought since, in addition to aconsiderable number belonging to the PoliticalScience and History Departments of the University, which have been placed in the lawstack-room, have swelled the total number ofvolumes in the Law Library at the presenttime to nearly 30,000.Law books are commonly divided into fivemain groups: reports oft cases, statutes, treatises, periodicals, and trials, biographies, andlegal miscellany.In respect to reports of cases — the main repository of the common law — the purpose wasto get a complete collection of authorities, andthis has been substantially carried out as regards the American, English, Scotch, Irish,Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, and higherIndian reports. The Scotch, Irish, and Canadian reports are absolutely complete, and theEnglish reports lack only two or three veryrare collateral issues, and some local magistrates' cases. Most of the English reports, including all of importance, are in duplicate,besides the English reprint (several volumesin one) which adds another substantially complete set. The American reports include allthe published decisions of all the federal andstate courts, superior and inferior, except afew volumes of Pennsylvania county court decisions. The principal state reports are induplicate, besides which the library has allunofficial series of reports, and all the printedcollections of selected cases. The reports areaccompanied by their digests.The statutes are divided into codes andstatutory revisions, and the annual session laws of the various jurisdictions. The Library has all English, Irish, Scotch, and Canadian statutes ; the session laws of all the American states and Canadian provinces (except theearly laws of some of the older states) ; anda practicaly complete collection of all past andpresent codes and statutory revisions of everyEnglish-speaking jurisdiction. The HistoryDepartment's valuable collection of early colonial laws and laws of the southern states duringthe period of the Confederacy, which are in thelaw stack-room, supplements this section of thelibrary. Of many states the session laws arecomplete; of most states they run back fifty toseventy-five years, and of nearly all they arecomplete from the earliest revision down todate. The interest in the older session lawsis partly practical in explaining early decisionsand present statutory construction, and partlyhistorical in showing the development of legislation. A considerable use is being made ofthis part of the library for the latter purposeby the Graduate School.The Library has on its shelves substantiallyall American and English treatises of practicalvalue, and a large number of old treatises,chiefly English, that are of increasing historical importance. All law periodicals in English,with a few trifling exceptions, have been obtained in full sets; and the library owns anearly complete set of the Old Bailey andCentral Sessions Cases, containing* therecord of English criminal trials for nearlytwo centuries. There are also many volumesof other interesting English and Americantrials, the whole forming a valuable, collectionfor the study of crime, criminal psychology,and social conditions. In French, German,Spanish, and Mexican law the School has aworking library, and among its legal miscellany may be mentioned a complete set of thePatent Office Reports and Patent Office Ga-106 UNIVERSITY RECORDzette from the beginning, including indices ofpatents from 1789 to the present time.THE PIKE COLLECTION OF LEGAL ENGRAVINGSSome years ago Mr. Charles B. Pike, nowthe president of the Hamilton National Bankof Chicago, made a large collection of engravings and etchings of English and American judges, lawyers, and statesmen. Duringthe vSpring Quarter, 1907, he very generouslyframed the pictures in a suitable manner andloaned the entire collection, comprising nearly250 portraits, to the Law School. Most ofthese are pictures of English judges, many ofthem engraved from famous paintings uponlarge plates. There are some Irish and Scotchjudges, a few noted English lawyers, likePlowden and Francis Moore, and several full-length engravings of English prime ministers.A series of signed artist's proof etchings of allthe judges of the United States Supreme Courtis the principal feature of the American partof the collection, to which are added a numberof the more prominent American lawyers andstate judges.In general, the pictures of the collectionhave been classified as follows: In the SouthRoom are hung the English chancellors,lord keepers, vice-chancellors, and masters ofthe rolls, with a few large pictures of Englishprime ministers. In the North Room arehung the common-law judges of the King'sor Queen's bench, the common pleas, and theexchequer. In the corridor and stairway arehung the justices of the United States SupremeCourt, and in the Court Room are hung theother American judges and lawyers. In theWest Room are hung the Scotch and Irishjudges, English lawyers, and several miscellaneous pictures. The walls of the Law Building have been greatly adorned and dignifiedby the hanging of these pictures.Some of the more noted pictures of the collection are: Lord chancellors. — Sir Thomas More, LordWolsey, Lord Ellesmere, Lord Coventry, LordSomers, Lord Cowper, Lord King, Lord Talbot, Lord Thurlow, Lord Loughborough, LordHenley, Lord Hardwick, Lord Eldon, LordLyndehurst, Lord Erskine, Lord Brougham,Lord Cottenham, Lord Cranworth, Lord West-bury, Lord Cairns, Lord Chalmsford, andLord Herschell.Vice-chancellors. — Sir Thomas Plumer andSir James Wigram.Masters of the rolls. — Sir John Strange, SirJoseph Jekyll, Sir Richard Pepper Arden, SirWilliam Grant, and Sir Robert Gifford.Chief justices of England. — Sir WilliamGascoigne, Sir Christopher Wray, Sir RobertWright, Sir Richard Rainsford, Sir MathewHale, Henry Rolle, Sir William Portman, SirWilliam Lee, Sir John Holt, Lord Mansfield,Lord Kenyon, Lord Ellenborough, Lord Ten-terden, Lord Denman, Lord Campbell, and#Lord Russell.Other distinguished judges. — Lord Stowell,,Stephen Lushington, Sir Thomas Littleton,Lord Raymond, Sir John Comyns, Sir GeorgeCroke, Sir Orlando Bridgeman, Sir WillianxAshhurst, Sir John Wilmot, Baron Gould, SirFrancis Buller, Sir James Eyre, Sir WilliamBlackstone, Sir Nicholas Tindal, Sir John Jer-vis, Sir John Bailey, Sir George Holroyd, SirJames Patteson, Lord Abinger, Sir FrederickPollock (the elder), and Sir Henry Hawkins.English statesmen. — Lord Palmerston, LordGrey, Lord John Russell, George Canning,Lord Derby, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, and Lord Ashburton.American judges and lawyers (not in theUnited States Supreme Court series). — Lemuel Shaw, Rufus Choate, William H. Seward, J.H. Lumpkin, M. F. Tuley, E. A. Storrs, AmasaJ. Parker, Charles Daly, Reuben Walworth,James Kent, Stephen A. Douglas, PatrickHenry, Edward Everett, Thomas Ruffin, Ly-UNIVERSITY RECORD 107man, Trumbull, George Sharswood, CharlesDoe, Thomas M. Cooley, Thomas Corwin,John Randolph, Reverdy Johnson, James T.Mitchell, Daniel Webster, John Marshall,Joseph Story, Christopher C. Langdell, JamesBarr Ames, James C. Carter, and Joseph H.Choate. In addition to the Pike collection the recentgraduating classes of the School have presented to it a number of valuable pictures,among which are Sir Thomas More, LordBacon, Sir Matthew Hale, Sir Edward Coke,Baron Parke, John Marshall, Judah P. Benjamin, and Joseph H. Beale, Jr.THE SOCIAL SETTLEMENT: ITS BASIS AND FUNCTION1BY GEORGE HERBERT MEADProfessor of PhilosophyThe social settlement movement dates backto the early seventies, and appeared in Londonas the result of the inspiration and efforts ofmen in Oxford University — especially ofCanon Barnett. The movement in these earlierforms was more or less definitely religious orecclesiastical in its nature. Its later developments have been on the whole distinctly awayfrom this ecclesiastical point of view. Thesettlement has come to stand by itself in thecommunity as an institution that has its ownreasons for existence, its own types of activity,and its own criteria by which to judge them.It is an outgrowth of the Home, the church,and the university. The university and thechurch were responsible for its inception, andtheir creative ideas expressed themselves in a"settlement" which was to be the home ofthose who were engaged in its life. And thishome was not to be simply the place of residence of those who undertook certain philanthropic and scientific work in the poverty-infested quarters of the city. The central factin all settlements has been that these peoplehave lived where they have found their interest. The corner stone of settlement theoryhas been that the residents have identifiedthemselves with the immediate portion of thecommunity where their work is found bymaking their home there. It is upon thisfoundation that the further characteristics ofsettlement theory and practice have been built.It is this foundation that makes the settlementan institution which distinguishes it fromeither the church or the university. It might1 Delivered in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall onSettlement Sunday, October 28, 1907. seem to be a mere expression of the missionary efforts of the church. For the missionarymakes his home necessarily among those forwhom he works; and the settlement workermight be regarded as a scientific observer ofsocial phenomena, who can observe accuratelyonly in so far as he identifies himself with thecommunity which is his object of study. Thusmany scientists have become members offoreign tribes and communities for longperiods, in this way winning the intimacy whichalone could give them the information theysought. The settlement worker distinguisheshimself from either the missionary or thescientific observer by his assumption that he isfirst of all at home in the community where helives, and that his attempts at amelioration ofthe conditions that surround him and his scientific study of these conditions flow from thisimmediate human relationship, this neighbor-borhood consciousness, from the fact that he isat home there. He does not live where he doesto save these souls from perdition, nor to studytheir manifestations. But he finds himself ableto deal more intelligently with the misery abouthim and to comprehend it better because he isat home there.It is this foundation upon the home that hasmade it possible for the settlements to springup seemingly sporadically, to be peopled by menand women of widely differing ideas and temperaments. Each settlement has stood uponits own feet. It has justified itself and its ownexistence by the reality of its identificationwith the group about itself.It is an interesting fact that settlements haveflourished only where there has been a real de-108t H fft. „-«K^f—Bft^^H ... «IKk'PACKINGTOWN, CHICAGOTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SETTLEMENT(On Gross Avenue near the Stockyards)UNIVERSITY RECORD 109mocracy. Neither France, with its layers of society, its social castes, nor Germany, with itsfundamental assumption that the control of society must take place from above through highlytrained bureaus, have offered favorable soilfor the growth of settlements. In France it ismutually impossible for men in different socialgroups to domesticate in other groups. InGermany nobody out of his own immediatemilieu undertaking to enter into relations withothers is at ease unless he has on a uniformindicating by what right he seeks information,gives advice, or renders assistance. I knowpersonally of only one settlement in France,and it is practically a Catholic mission. Sometime ago a student in social science in a German university consulted his professor on thepossibility of starting a settlement in Berlin,and was advised that he would much better devote himself to his studies in order that hemight get the requisite training to be of assistance in the community.It has been only in England and America,where we appeal to the everyday opinion of theaverage man for social control, that it hasseemed of importance to social workers toidentify themselves with this consciousnessfor the sake of directing their own work.There are two phases of latter-day socialand moral endeavor which are perhaps betterexemplified in the settlement than anywhereelse. One of these is the enormous increase ofinterest in our social problems, and the other isa somewhat novel type of moral consciousnessthat is occupied not so much with finding motives to do what is felt to be right, as in findingout in a given situation just what is right andwrong. I think both of these are due to anidentification of moral consciousness with ourmodern scientific consciousness, and I think Ican illustrate the first from an experience Ihave had this last summer.It was my good fortune to meet the represen tative of the United States Marine Hospitalcorps who has been detailed to study the leperson the island of Molokai, which belongs to theHawaiian group, and on which all the lepersof those islands are segregated. I doubt notthat very many will at once recall Father Da-mien, and that brilliant, eloquent, and excoriating letter of Robert Louis Stevenson, that wascalled out by a misinterpreted and private comment upon Father Damien by Dr. Hyde ofHonolulu. If you do recall this letter, youhave a very vivid impression of what, in Stevenson's mind at any rate, the immolation ofoneself in this leper settlement on Molokaimeant. It stood out at once as an instance ofthe highest sort of self-sacrifice and self-abnegation which missionary history has offered.The supposedly loathsome character of thedisease and its very hopelessness added a quality of repulsion to the undertaking, and henceof heorism to the missionary, that seemed suigeneris even in the annals of missionary heroes.I have had many conversations with thispathologist who goes to the same settlement onMolokai, and will be in as close touch withthese lepers as Father Damien. He knows thathe can protect himself from infection, whichFather Damien did not. He has no anticipation of following Father Damien into a leper'sgrave. Otherwise I do not see but that we mustprovide as refulgent a halo for this scientificpathologist as Stevenson provided for FatherDamien, on the ground of the environmentin which each has placed himself. For certainly this physician, who is working day andnight with the thought of finding a method oftreatment which will cure the disease or atleast alleviate the misery which follows in itstrain, is inspired by as noble an ambition. Yetit never occurred to me till long after theseconversations not to look upon him as a verylucky fellow, as he indeed regarded himself.He had had given him a scientific problem as110 UNIVERSITY RECORDyet unsolved, freighted not only with scientificbut human interest, under the most favorableconditions, with unlimited resources behindhim. He had already worked in the Philippines under less favorable circumstances uponsmallpox, and had helped to add materially toour knowledge of that infection; and his appetite for this sort of achievement was whettedto a knife edge.It is just this difference between an obligation to undertake a disagreeable duty and agrowing interest in an intellectually interesting problem that is represented by the attitudeof the resident in the settlement. He wouldbe the, last to regard himself as held to histask by a stern sense of duty, or to regard hisoccupation as one which could only be doneunder such pressure. The same interest whichthe scientific observer of social phenomenatakes to his investigations takes possession ofthe genuine settlement resident, for his firsttask is to comprehend his social environment.His most important virtue is not blind devotion but intelligence. There is nothing so interesting as human life if you can become anunderstanding part of it. It is the privilege ofthe social settlement to be a part of its ownimmediate community, to approach its conditions with no preconceptions, to> be the exponents of no dogma or fixed rules of conduct,but to find out what the problems of this community are and as a part of it to help towardtheir solution. You will find the settlementsat the points where the most intensely interesting problems in modern industrial and sociallife are centered. It is the good fortune of ourtime that moral consciousness has been able totap so large a stream of intellectual interest.The other function of the settlement, or ofthat movement of which the settlement is the most concrete illustration, is to enable us toform new moral judgments as to what is rightand wrong, where we have been in such painful doubt. It is here that the settlement is enabled to accomplish what the pulpit cannot accomplish. The pulpit is called upon to inspireto right conduct, not to find out what is theright — unless the right is so plain that he whoruns may read. While its dogma has been abstruse its morality has been uniformly simple.When, then, new problems arise, such as thequestion of the right of the employer to use hisproperty rights to control and exploit the laborof children and women, the justice of the unionin its effort to advance the wage, and a hundred more such problems which have beencrowding upon us, the pulpit is unable to solvethem, because it has not the apparatus, and thescientific technique which the solution of suchproblems demands. In the meantime it holdsits peace, for it must give no uncertain soundto the battle. The only overt social issues withwhich the pulpit in recent time has identifieditself have been temperance and chastity.The settlement, on the other hand, is notprimarily engaged in fighting evils but in finding out what the evils are; not in enforcingpreformed moral judgments, but in formingnew moral judgments. Not that the settlement is to be confounded with the universityin its scientific work. It is more than an observer, a student of a situation. It has voluntarily made itself a part of the community. Itis finding out its own duty, not the duty ofothers. It is discovering proper lines of conduct, not primarily facts. The settlement ispractical in its attitude, but inquiring andscientific in its method. If it did nothing elseit illustrates concretely how the communityought to form a new moral judgment.Pi<a aW COP=i Og g>§|9-1i? pO .aQ HW """WHTHE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SETTLEMENT1BY MARY £. MCDOWELLHead ResidentMr. Emil Muensterberg, of Berlin, who hascharge of the German government charitiesof Berlin, in his "Impressions of AmericanCharities," speaking of the University Settlement, says:It was not opened at this particular spot by merechance, but because the stockyards carry on their business in this locality, and because the sanitary conditionsare worse here than in any other part of the city ;because the miserable school conditions leave numbersof children upon the streets ; because there is onesaloon to every forty voters ; and, lastly, because everyconceivable nationality is herded together here. Forthese reasons this Settlement was opened in 1894.Since this was written, three years ago,there have been changes for the better both insanitary conditions and in the school conditions, but the condition of labor is unchanged.There are at present about five thousand peopleout of work in the stockyards, and the Settlement, with the District Bureau of Charities, iscompelled to meet this emergency of the out-of-work people, who are not pauperized butare asking for work. While we must allowfor some exaggerations in this statement ofMr. Muensterberg, it is true that the Settlement exists because of the stockyards — becausewithin that one square mile are workingbetween thirty and forty thousand people, 60per cent, of whom are unskilled workers wholive within walking distance of the Settlement.The fourteen residents living within theHouse are here because they wish to serve thecommunity. The head resident directs thework, interprets the community and its needsto the University and the outside world.Fourteen years' residence in the community offoreign, unskilled workers brings to light manywrongs that come from ignorance on the part1 Summary of a report presented at the annual meeting of the University of Chicago Settlement Board, January 9, 1908. of employers as well as the working-classes;and with the basis of such an experience theresidents of the Settlement are led to* pleadwith employers, with trade-unions, with legislators, and even with the president of theUnited States for changes in conditions thatare fundamentally and vitally wrong, and whichwill better the life of the whole people. During the past year the head resident has beenthree times to the city of Washington, and succeeded in securing an appropriation of $150,-000 for the commissioner of labor with whichto make a special investigation of the conditions under which women and children work.She has spoken before women's clubs, labororganizations, church associations; is a member of the National Sociological and Economical Associations and the League for LaborLegislation, and the General Federation ofWomen's Clubs, and has been a fraternal delegate twice to the American Federation ofLabor. She has, with the exception of shortvacations, lived during the last fourteen yearsat the Settlement.The senior resident, who* came in 1894, before the Juvenile Court Law was passed, didsuch faithful work with those boys and girlswho were arrested, that she naturally becamethe probation officer when the Juvenile CourtLaw was passed. She has now over twohundred boys and girls under her care, andmany families that she looks after. Hardly aday passes that some father or husband orwife does not come to her for advice, or begsher to admonish the member of the familywho needs admonition. She attends themunicipal court on an average of twice aweek, the juvenile court twice a week, and hashad two clubs, one of young girls and one ofyoung women, since the second year of herlife at the Settlement.Ill112 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe next oldest resident came in 1897, andis the assistant to the head resident, and president of the Settlement Woman's Club; she islibrarian of the Donaldson Memorial Library,which began loaning books this year and hasat present one hundred and twenty-five borrowers. She supervises the clubs, the casesinvolving children, the social functions, andthe entertainments, which are very numerous.The teacher of manual training has been aresident since 1897; she has four classes atthe Settlement, and supervises three classestaught by normal-school students, has twoclasses at another settlement, and teachesregularly at the Chicago Latin School. Thisdepartment, she feels, needs an endowment, sothat better educational work can be done inbrass and iron and wood.Another resident, who is taking lectures atthe University of Chicago and who has beenat the Settlement since 1903, is vice-presidentof the Settlement Woman's Club, leader ofthe Young Girl's Afternoon Club, and teacherof English; she looks after special cases thatneed a knowledge of institutional and civiclife of the city, and coaches the dramatics, withall that that implies as stage decorator andstage manager. She is a member of the civiccommittee of the State Federation of Women'sClubs and of the Neighborhood Center committee; is chairman of the House Sanitationcommittee, a member of the central bureau ofthe Neighborhood Improvement League ofCook County, and a member of the SocialService Club; was the Illinois delegate to theGeneral Federation of Women's Clubs; is amember of the Public Health Committee anda member of the committee to visit the stateinstitutions for children.The women's physician of the House is alsoinspector of public schools under the Board ofHealth. Since October 15 she has examined2,300 children for vaccination, and vaccinated 400. She examines, on the average, ten children a day, and makes an average of two callsa day at the homes for the school. This weekshe examined for vaccination in one dayninety-nine children, and vaccinated thirty inthe evening. She reports to the Health Department unsanitary conditions, is at theservice of the Settlement for emergency cases,and has made a special investigation of tubercular conditions. This is not yet finished. Sheis a member of the national, state, and citymedical societies, is attending physician at theMary Thompson hospital, is lecturer in theSociety of Social Hygiene, and has deliveredtwelve lectures during this autumn. She hasspecial, free cases of tuberculosis ; one of thesepersons was a member of one of the Settlement clubs, and is kept alive by living in theopen air, and by special care of this housephysician.One Settlement resident woman who speaksthe Slavic languages, and who visited the Settlement from time to time, took up her residencehere in November for the special purpose ofworking in conjunction with the immigrationcommittee of the Women's Trade UnionLeague, which has in the last three months reported from Ellis Island and investigated 1,-116 cases of immigrant women coming to Chicago alone. This resident has investigatedin the immediate neighborhood of the Settlement the cases of twenty-five girls, has visitedthem repeatedly, and secured work for someof them ; she has a club of ten Bohemian girls,and interprets for the Settlement. All of herwork is voluntary and unremunerated.The Settlement is fortunate in having aLithuanian man as resident, who speaks thePolish, Lithuanian, and Russian languages.He has organized a club of young Lithuanianmen, which is a school of citizenship and receives instruction along civic and social lines;he has organized a lecture course for Lithuan-UNIVERSITY RECORD 113ians, of two lectures a month, given in thegymnasium, and attended by an average ofeighty men and women. He is a graduate ofa commercial college in Lithuania, is at present taking a correspondence course at the University of Chicago, and will enter the University in the Spring Quarter. He also is invaluable because of his ability to interpret theSettlement spirit to the Slavic people, and theneeds of the Slavic people to the Settlementresidents.The housekeeper is also the kindergartner.Every morning she meets thirty-eight littlechildren between four and five years of age,five of whom are German, six are Jews, oneItalian, two Bohemian, two Slovak, eighteenPolish, one Lithuanian, and three Irish. Twicea month she holds mothers' meetings, and she,with her assistants, visits their families constantly. She has assistants who come fromthe School of Education and from the Gertrude House kindergarten training school.One of the residents assists in the kinder-¦gartening and is free to help in every need, perhaps to supply a leader of a club, or a teacherfor a class; she is an all-round well-trainedkindergartner.Another kindergarten resident has been atthe head of the State Normal Training School,and is resting this year by living at the Settlement without remuneration. She has fullcharge of the Little Neighborhood Club, composed of about eighty children between theages of seven and ten. She is assistant librarian, has charge of the savings bank, playsfor gymnasium and dancing classes, and visitsthe families of the Little Neighbors. She hasas her assistants young women from the University and friends from the other side of the-city.The young man who has charge of the boys'work, holding a fellowship provided by theUniversity Settlement League, began his resi dence in October. He has 250 boys in organized groups, holding *an average of twentymeetings a month, and twelve special meetings and rehearsals. The boys' Christmas entertainment was given by themselves. Twenty-three boys took part in a minstrel show andfarce, with a boys' orchestra of fifteen pieces.Including the boys' orchestra, manual training and gymnasium classes, probation boys,and other organizations, the Settlement hasabout six hundred boys.One of the residents at the Settlement holdsa fellowship from the educational departmentof the Chicago Woman's Club, in return forwhich she does social work in the publicschools of the neighborhood. In the JohnHamline school she has six departments ofwork — cooking, sewing, music, study of pictures, stories, and dramatics — and these areconducted at the close of school in the public-school classrooms. In the evenings she conducts parents' clubs, alumni association meetings, lectures, and entertainments. The entertainments affect 300; the membership in clubsand classes is about 150. She personallyworks in the neighborhood outside of theschool, is a helper to students below grade,gives particular attention to defective children,their eyes, ears, etc., co-operates with the citymedical school inspector and the public librarian, receives and is responsible for thetransportation of books for two public schools.During the winter five excursions of childrenare taken to the Art Institute, and each roomhas an excursion to Washington or JacksonPark in the spring.Since 1906 the packers have paid the salaryof a nurse, who cares for the sick in the families of the district just back of the yards. During the summer the nurse has an hour in thenearest park, Davis Square, and ( receivesmothers and children at the Settlement Houseevery morning between eight and nine. The114 UNIVERSITY RECORDpresent report comes from a new nurse who hastaken the place of the former nurse, who leftbecause of illness. In the last two* weeks shehas had twenty-three cases, who have beenvisited regularly, two reporting regularly atthe House. Twelve of these cases were medical, eight surgical, and five obstetrical. Threeof the surgical cases were accidents, eighthave been put in hospitals. This nurse is asocial nurse; for instance, in the case of afamily whose mother is in the hospital and thefather compelled to be at work, the six children were placed in the Home for the Friendless. At the end of one day's residence, thehome reported that the children had comedown with measles and chicken pox. Thecounty hospital refused to take children withdouble contagion. The nurse was then compelled to bring the children back to their homeand get the caretaker and Settlement physician,as well as the resident nurse, to visit the children until they were well. She often giveshalf a day to one case, perhaps preparing andthen taking the case to the hospital or the institution. She gives constant instruction inhygiene, and is the trusted friend of theforeign mother who cannot speak the Englishlanguage.CLUBS AND CLASSESEvery week sixty-eight clubs and classesmeet under the Settlement roof, with an averageattendance of 1,035. It has seemed quite impossible to keep an exact number of those coming to the House for special needs. In one daythis past week twelve people out of work weregiven work of one kind or another in the House ;one was a skilled calsominer, and the othersunskilled people. It is safe to say that betweentwelve and fifteen hundred people come to theSettlement House every week. Since October1 there have been eleven entertainments given,with 745 in attendance. During Christmasweek 1,764 people, old and young, attendedChristmas parties. Every Sunday afternoon there is a meeting in the gymnasium, either ofLithuanians or of the working-people, withan average attendance of fifty.Of outside helpers, twenty-three are fromthe University of Chicago and the School ofEducation, twenty-one from the other side ofthe city.The most significant work of the Settlementcannot be put into a public record, and cannot be measured by figures. It is the intimatepersonal service that continues, day after day,.winter and summer, that makes the Settlement of special value to the community orpeople who come as strangers to a strangeland. One feels that the Settlement proves itsright to be in many ways, but chiefly in suchcases as when a helpless Slavic girl comeswith her little baby and tells her story — thefather of the child gone away, the baby fretfulat night, so that the mother is late at her workand loses her job, but is unwilling to give upher baby; then the Settlement secures for herwork in the country, with good wages, anda good home for mother and child. Or as inthe case of another unprotected Slovack girlywho will be a mother in a few days, desertedby the man who should care for her and putout of the boarding-house, she applies to theSettlement nurse and is cared for at the hospital, and will later return to the friendship ofthe Settlement. It is hundreds of such casesthat keep this group of people busy, and giveto them a very rich experience.Appended is a list of the residents and aprogramme of the daily work, which will givesome idea of the stated activities of the Settlement.THE RESIDENTS1894-1908Miss McDowell, '94; Miss Blinn, '94; Miss Bass, '97?Miss Jones, '97 ; Miss Montgomery, '97 ; Miss Stone, '06 ;Miss Bowser, '07 ; Mrs. Henderson, '03 ; Mrs. MalcolmMcDowell, '02 ; Mrs. Miller, '06 ; Miss Mashek, '07 ;Miss Stowe, '07 ; Mr. Shipps, '07 ; Mr. Varkala, '07 ^Caroline Hedger, M.D., '03.UNIVERSITY RECORD 115DAILY PROGRAMMEMondayActivities HoursKindergarten . . . 9 : 00 to 1 1 : 30 A. M.Probation Boys' Report ....Boys' Gym ClassEnglish Class . .Cooking Class .Hamline School Orchestra . . .Boys' Dramatic ClubSocialist ClubGirls' Gymnastic Dancing ClassKindergarten .Boys' Gym ClassSewing Classes .Young Girls' Afternoon Club .Cooking Class .Penny Savings Bankand Games .Boys' Gym ClassBoys' Orchestra .Cooking Class .Bohemian Woman'sClub(Second Tuesday)Lithuanian School ofCitizenship . . 8 : 00 p. m.Alliance Athletic Club 8:00 p. m.3:00 to 9:00 p. M.3:30 P.M. . .5:30 P.M. . .7 : 30 p. m.7:30 P.M. . .<7 : 30 p. m. . .8 : 00 p. m.8:oop.m. . .Tuesday9:00 to 11:30 A. M.3:30 P.M.3:30 P.M.3:30 P.M.4:00 P. M.7 : 00 p. m.7 : 00 p. m.7 : 30 p. m.7 : 30 p. m.7:30 p. m.English ClassBoys' Club . . .Kindergarten .Little Neighbors' ClubLibrary and ReadingRoom OpenCooking ClassStory Hour .Cooking ClassManual TrainingEnglish ClassDancing ClassesJunior .SeniorKindergarten .Woman's Club 8:00 p.m.8 : 00 p. m.Wednesday9:00 to 11:30 a. m.3:30 P.M. . .3:30 tO 9:00 P. M.3:30 P.M.3:30 P.M.7 : 30 p. m.7:30 p. M.7:30 P. M. •I7:30 P. M.8 : 30 p. m.Thursday9:00 to 11:30 A. M.2:30 P.M. LeadersMiss StoneMiss BlinnMr. ShippsMrs. HendersonMiss Van DusenMiss JohnsonMr. JamesMiss DudleyMiss StoneMr. ShippsMrs. LeavittMrs. HendersonMiss OsmanMr. CarpenterMr. ShippsDr. A. BromanMiss HallamMrs. KalinaMr. VarkalaMr. CorbeyMrs. HendersonMr. ShippsMiss StoneMrs. LathropMiss BassMiss DollingMissMcFarlandMiss MashekMiss BaxterMiss JonesMrs. HendersonDr. Helen Afield Children's Hour Club 4 : 00 P. M.Manual Training . 4:00 P.M.Boys' Gym Class . 7 : 00 p. m.Boys' Gym Class . 8:00 p. m.Table Games . . 7 : 00 p. m.Juniors' Debating Club 7:30 p. m.Manual Training . 7:30 p. m.Thread and NeedleClub . . . 7:30 P.M.Nature-Study Club . 8 : 00 p. m.Young Woman's Club 8 : 00 p. m.Neighborhood Party(Third Thursdays) 8: 00 p.m. . .FridayKindergarten . . . 9 : 00 to 1 1 : 30 a. m.Children's Chorus . 4:00 P.M.Manual Training . 3 : 45 p. m.Hamline Girls' Cooking Class . . 3 : 30 p. M.Evening Hour Club 8 : 00 p. m.Boys' Gym ClassBoys' Gym ClassTable GamesBoys' Club . . .Metal Work . . ..Penny Savings Bankand Games .Table GamesBoys' Gym ClassBoys' Gym ClassJuniors' GymnasiumLibrary and ReadingRoom OpenStory Hour 7 : 00 p. m.8:00 p. M.7 : 00 p. m.7:30 p. M.4:15 P.M.Saturday9:30 A. M.9:30 A. M.Ii:oo A. M.1 : 00 p. m.2 : 00 p. m.2 : 00 to 9 : 00 p. m.M. E. Church Boys'Gym Class . . 8: 00 p.m.Alliance Athletic Club 8:00 p.m. . .English Class . . 8 : 00 p. m.SundayLibrary and Reading Room ....First and Third — Lithuanian LecturesSecond and Fourth — Packing TradesCouncil Miss BlinnMiss JonesMr. ShippsMr. ShippsMr. NaboursMr. Frank MiesMiss JonesMrs. LeavittMr. NaboursMrs. Ethel Re-mick McDowellMiss StoneMiss StoneMiss SpragueMiss JonesMiss FrakeMiss BlinnMr. ShippsMr. ShippsMiss BassMr. ShippsMiss JonesMiss SpaydeMiss WilliamsMr. ShippsMr. ShippsMr. ShippsMiss MillerMiss RaymondMiss MashekMr. MaceyMr. CorbeyMrs. Henderson: 00 to 9 : 00 p. M.2:30 p. M.Miss StoneMiss Bass Visiting Nurse , 8:00 to 9:00 a. m. DailyIf called will visit sick in neighborhood116 UNIVERSITY RECORDEXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE SIXTY-FIFTHCONVOCATIONWilliam Henry Welch, M.D., LL.D., professor of pathology in Johns Hopkins University and president of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science, was the Convocation orator on December 17, 1907, hisaddress, which was given in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, being entitled "Medicine andthe University." Following the address thehonorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by the President of the University uponTheobald Smith, M.D., professor of comparative pathology at Harvard University and director of the pathological laboratory of theMassachusetts State Board of Health, the candidate being presented by Professor Rollin D.Salisbury, Dean of the Ogden Graduate Schoolof Science. President Harry Pratt Judsonpresented in part his quarterly statement on thecondition of the University. The ConvocationAddress and the President's Quarterly Statement appear elsewhere in full in this issue ofthe University Record.The Convocation Reception was held inHutchinson Hall on the evening of December16. President and Mrs. Judson; the Convocation orator, Professor William H. Welch; andthe President of the University Board ofTrustees, Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, and Mrs.Ryerson, were in the receiving line.DEGREES CONFERRED AT THE SIXTY-FIFTHCONVOCATIONAt the sixty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on December 17, 1907, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by theUniversity upon Professor Theobald Smith,M.D., of Harvard University.Twenty- four students were elected to membership in Sigma Xi for evidence of ability inresearch work in science, and eleven students were elected to membership in the Beta of Illinois chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.Forty-one students received the title of Associate; one, the certificate of the College ofEducation ; six, the degree of Bachelor of Arts ;seventeen, the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy; and twenty, the degree of Bachelor ofScience.In the Divinity School one student receivedthe degree of Bachelor of Divinity; one, thedegree of Master of Arts ; and one, the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy.In the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,and Science, two students were given the degree of Master of Arts; one, that of Master ofPhilosophy; two, that of Master of Science;and five, that of Doctor of Philosophy — makinga total of fifty-six degrees (not including titlesand certificates) conferred by the Universityat the Winter Convocation.PRESIDENT JUDSON'S VISIT TO WESTERN ALUMNIThe four alumni clubs of the University ofChicago, which have their headquarters at Minneapolis, Seattle, Salt Lake City, and Denver,were enabled to entertain the President of theUniversity at their annual meetings during hisrecent trip to address the meeting of the Washington Teachers' Association at Seattle on January 1.The Twin City Alumni Club gave a complimentary dinner to the President at Donaldson's, Minneapolis, December 28, 1907. Mr.Oric O. Whited, '06, was toastmaster; Mr.Sylvanus L. Heeter, '04, responded to the toast,"Practical Fellows;" and Dean J. F. Downey,of the University of Minnesota, talked on"University of Minnesota Fellows."On the afternoon of January 1 fifty alumniand former students, members of the SeattleAlumni Club, met the President at a dinnerat the Butler Annex. The dinner was precededby a reception to the President, at which aUNIVERSITY RECORD 117series of fifty stereopticon views of the buildings and grounds of the University was exhibited. This feature proved an especially interesting and attractive one, particularly tothose alumni who have not been on the campusfor several years. Dr. S. D. Barnes, '94, wastoastmaster. A talk on "Inter-University Fraternal Relations" was made by Dr. ThomasFranklin Kane, president of the University ofWashington. At the close of the dinner thealumni in a body went to the First PresbyterianChurch, where seats were reserved for themto hear Dr. Judson's address on "The NewEducation."On Friday evening, January 3, members ofthe Utah Alumni Club entertained the President at Salt Lake City.The first annual dinner of the Rocky Mountain Alumni Club, which includes in its membership the alumni in Colorado and Wyoming,was held at the Adams Hotel in Denver onMonday evening, January 6. Mr. Victor E.Keyes, president of the organization and adoctor of law of the University, was toast-master. Dean Herbert A. Howe, of the University of Denver, entertained the guests withhis reminiscences of "The Old University,"and Dean F. B. R. Hellems, of the Universityof Colorado, talked on "The Future of theUniversity."It is quite evident that the alumni in theWest are enthusiastic in their devotion to theUniversity and its interests, and among thenumbers who* gathered at these alumni dinners it was noticeable how many of the alumniand former students are making their influencefelt for good in the welfare of the communityand the state. This series of alumni gatheringshas been the most extensive in the history ofthe University, and marks an epoch in thegrowing importance of the institution.The President will shortly undertake a visitto the alumni organizations in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D. C, where annualdinners will be held on January 29, 30, and 31,respectively. It will thus be seen that thegraduates of the University, both by their numbers and their continued interest in its welfare,have placed it upon a level with the older insti-*tutions of the country.A BANQUET IN HONOR OF PROFESSOR ALBERT A.MICHELSONA dinner in honor of Professor Albert A.Michelson, winner of the Copley medal and ofthe Nobel prize in physics, was given at theAuditorium Annex, Chicago, on the evening ofJanuary 3. The guests, who included representative scientists, prominent citizens of Chicago, college presidents, and members of theUniversity faculties, numbered about three hundred. Mr. Martin A. _ Ryerson, president ofthe University Board of Trustees and donorof the Ryerson Physical Laboratory, presided,and Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of theFaculties of Arts, Literature, and Science.acted as toastmaster.The toasts were as follows : "The Researchesof Professor Michelson," by Professor HenryCrew, Northwestern University; "Light as aMeans of Research," by Professor George E.Hale, Mount Wilson Observatory; "ThatUseless Science, Optics," by Professor EdwardE. Nichols, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; "TheBrotherhood of Creative Scholars," by Professor Paul Shorey, The University of Chicago;"l£ is Blessed to Receive as Well as to Give,"by Professor Albert A. Michelson.The dinner, as a recognition on the part ofscientific men and the University of Chicagoof Professor Michelson's service to science andthe honor he has brought to the University,was in all its arrangements, and in the representative character of those attending, particularly successful.118 UNIVERSITY RECORDMEETING OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICAThe annual meeting of the American Philological Association and of the ArchaeologicalInstitute of America was held at the University during the Christmas recess. The two associations were guests of the University, andwere entertained at luncheon in HutchinsonHall on Friday, December 27. Informal receptions were given the members of the two bodiesby the classical faculties of the University atthe Quadrangle Club on Friday, December 27,and in the rooms of the Woman's Union onSaturday, December 28.At the formal meetings of the two organizations papers were read by Professor Paul Sho-rey, Head of the Department of Greek, on"The Choriambic Dimeter and the Rehabilitation of the Antispast;" by Professor Frank B.Tarbell, of the Department of the History ofArt, on "The Palm of Victory" and "TheRoman Antiquities in the Field Museum;" byProfessor John M. Manly, Head of the Department of English, on "A Knight Ther Was;"and by Professor Frank F. Abbott, of the Department of Latin, on "The Theater as a Factor in Roman Politics under the Republic."Five Doctors of the University, who are nowteaching in other institutions, also presentedpapers.The meeting was one of the largest whichthe two associations have ever held. Memberswere in attendance from states as far distant asCalifornia and Massachusetts. The next meeting is to be held at Toronto. Of our ownfaculty Professor Tarbell is one of the vice-presidents of the Archaeological Institute; Professor Shorey is a member of the executive committee of the Philological Association; and Professor Abbott belongs to the executive committee of the American , School of ClassicalStudies in Rome. A NEW VOLUME ON REGENT AMERICAN HISTORYIn the series of twenty-six volumes on "TheAmerican Nation" — from original sources byassociated scholars— edited by Albert BushnellHart, professor of history in Harvard University, Vol. XXIII, entitled National Development, by Edwin Erie Sparks, Professor ofAmerican History in the University of Chicago, has recently appeared from the press ofHarper and Brothers.The volume, of 380 pages, covers the periodfrom 1877 to 1885, and contains twenty chapters, some of the headings of which are thefollowing: "The People and Their Distribution," "Invention and Discovery," "Problemsof Transportation," "Industrial Problems,""President Hayes and the South," "The Federal Election Laws," "Currency and Fisheries," "Civil Service Evils," "Civil Service Reform," "The Isthmian Canal," "The ChineseQuestion," "The Far West," "The IndianQuestion," "The Tariff of 1883," "InlandCommerce," and "The Election of 1884."In the editor's introduction by ProfessorHart/ he speaks of the difficulties of historicalwriting that deals with a period so near thepresent, and adds :Professor Sparks has succeeded in bringing out thecontrast between the issues and prepossessions of hisperiod as against those of the Civil War. He has putinto relief the filling up of the West, and the creationof arteries of communication, as factors in nationalpolitics and policies. He has shown how new organization of capitalists, laborers, and agencies of transportation compelled the nation to consider a new theory ofthe relation of government to private and corporatebusiness.The author himself, in speaking of theperiod under consideration, says in his preface:The political conception which saw in a party a vastmachine warranted in using its control of both nationaland state governments in order to perpetuate itself andto benefit its members, was weakened by the final collapse of the reconstruction contrivances and by theactivity of the civil service reformers. In this decade,UNIVERSITY RECORD 119therefore, may be sought not only the beginnings ofmodern industrial and economic triumphs, but also aquickening of the higher sentiment which regards publicservice as a public trust and civic duty as akin toreligious obligation. In 1884 the awakening broughtabout the election of a "reform president" for the firsttime in half a century, and appropriately rounded outthe decade.The book has as frontispiece a portrait ofJames Russell Lowell, and is equipped with aseries of seven maps showing the distributionof population, the United States in 1880 (incolors), the presidential election of 1880, proposed Isthmian canal routes (in colors), development of American interests in the Pacific,western Indian reservations (1880) comparedwith reservations of 1840 (in colors), and thepresidential election of 1884. The volumecloses with a ten-page critical essay on authorities — especially valuable because of lackof bibliographical aid for this period — andwith an index of sixteen pages.Vol. X in this same series, entitled TheConfederation and the Constitution, was contributed by Professor Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlin, Head of the Department ofHistory."THE TRAGEDIES OF SENECA"Under the title given above there has recently been issued from the University of Chicago Press a volume of five hundred pages,by Associate Professor Frank Justus Miller,of the Department of Latin. It is a metricaltranslation of Seneca's tragedies of Oedipus,Phoenissae, Medea, Hercules Furens, Phaedra(or Hippolytus), Hercules Oetaeus, Thy est es,Troades, and Agamemnon; and there is alsoincluded a translation of Octavia, the only extant Roman historical drama, often attributedto Seneca.In the preface the translator says of thetragedies : They stand as the sole surviving representatives,barring a few fragments of an extensive Roman product in the tragic drama. They therefore serve as theonly connecting link between ancient and moderntragedy These plays are of great value and interest in themselves, first, as independent dramatic literature of no small merit; and second, as an illustrationof the literary characteristics of the age of Nero Popular interest in the tragedies of Seneca has beengrowing to a considerable extent during the last generation. This has been stimulated in part by Leo's excellent text edition, and by the researches of Germanand English scholars into Senecan questions, more especially into the influence of Seneca upon the pre-Elizabethan drama; in part also by the fact thatcourses in the tragedies have been regaining their place,long lost in college curricula The meter used in the spoken parts of thetranslation is the English blank verse, with theexception of the Medea in which the experiment is tried of reproducing the iambic trimeter of the original. In the lyric parts theoriginal meters are sometimes used; and wherethese did not seem suitable in EnglisSi appropriate substitutes are given.The volume is introduced by an eight pageessay on "The Influence cif the Tragedies ofSeneca upon Early English Drama," contributed by Professor John M. Manly, Head ofthe Department of English; and is concludedby full comparative analyses, in parallelcolumns, of Seneca's tragedies and the corresponding Greek dramas, and by a mythologicalindex of thirty-five pages.The book, which is dedicated to ProfessorFrank Frost Abbott, of the Department ofLatin, and Professor Edward Capps, formerlyof the Department of Greek, has as a frontispiece a striking reproduction of the doubleHermes of Seneca and Socrates, now in theOld Museum at Berlin."THE ENGLISH REFORMATION AND PURITANISM"A memorial volume containing twenty lectures and addresses of the late Eri Baker120 UNIVERSITY RECORDHulbert, Head of the Department of ChurchHistory and Dean of the Divinity School ofthe University of Chicago, was issued fromthe University Press in January, underthe title given above. Part I, editedby Dr. A. R. E. Wyant, son-in-law of Professor Hulbert, consists of a brief memoir, amemorial tribute to his character, memorialaddresses at the funeral service in Mandel Assembly Hall and also at Haskell Hall, andmemorial resolutions and testimonials. PartII contains lectures and addresses by Dr. Hulbert, among them being the following: "SomePreparations for1 the English Re formation/ '"TheDoctrinal Formularies Set Forth in the Reignof Henry VIII," "The Protestant; Complexion ofEdward's Reign," "Elizabeth and the Puritans," "Thomas Cartwright and English Pres-byterianism," "Puritanism in the Reign ofCharles I," "The Anglican Church and Puritanism," "The Established Church and Nonconformity," "The Education Act of 1902,""The Influence of Christianity upon Education," and "The Man and the Message for theTwentieth Century." The volume closes withDean Hulbert's last published article, that on President William Rainey Harper, entitled"Lest We Forget," which appeared in theChicago Standard on the anniversary of thePresident's death.The opening paragraph of the forewordgives the reason why Dean Hulbert neverentered the field of authorship and publication :It was the conviction of Dean Hulbert's colleaguesthat it was modesty rather than lack of ability that wasresponsible for the fact that he could never be persuadedto enter the field of authorship and publication, saveto the extent of relatively short articles. "He lovedto put his life into men and institutions that served met*rather than into books," said Professor Burton. "Who cansay that he would have been more wise had he writtenmore books and helped fewer men? For, after all,books are for men, not men for books " If it bedoubted that Dean Hulbert made any great originalcontribution to knowledge, it is certain that he had aunique and surpassing way of putting historical facts.His style was exceptionally pure, clear, and incisive,expressing, with extreme simplicity and yet with greatpower and directness, precisely what he wished to say.The frontispiece of the volume, which contains nearly five hundred pages, is a half-tonereproduction of an especially good portrait ofDean Hulbert.THE FA"The Greeks of Today" was the subject ofan open lecture in Kent Theater on November7 by Mr. George Horton, American Consul-General at Athens.Baron Waldemar Uxkull, of Russia, gavea university public lecture in Haskell Assembly Hall on January 16, his subject being "Present Religious Conditions in Russia."Associate Professor Gerald B. Smith, of theDivinity School, contributed to the ChicagoStandard of November 16, 1907, an article on"The Poetry of the English Lake District."A musical illustration of the Idylls of theKing, the "Sonata Eroica" by Edward A. Mac-Dowell, was given in a lecture recital at Man-del Assembly Hall on November 6, by Mr. N.J. Corey."The Financial Situation" is the title of acontribution in the December (1907) issue ofthe World To-Day, by Professor J LaurenceLaughlin, Head of the Department of PoliticalEconomy.At the International Pure Food Show, heldin the Coliseum, Chicago, from November 16to 23, Professor Julius Stieglitz, of the Department of Chemistry, was a member of thecommission on tests.A series of five papers entitled "MusicalMonographs" has been contributed to the Chicago Standard, beginning with the issue ofDecember 7, 1907, by Mr. Lester BartlettJones, Associate in Music.The annual meeting of the Illinois Teachers'Association was held in Mandel Assembly Hallon November 1 and 2. Over nine hundredteachers were in attendance — the largest number in the history of the association."Social Ideals and Contemporary Fiction" isthe title of a series of lectures given in Milwaukee, Wis., during the months of Novem ber and December, by Professor ShailerMathews, Dean of the Divinity School."The Evolution of the Marchen, or FairyTale" was the subject of an address before theSouth Side Woman's Club of Chicago on November 19, by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, ofthe Department of Semitics."Literature as a Social Asset" was the subject of an address before the Wicker Park Culture Club of Chicago on November ft 19, byAssociate Professor S. H. Clark, of the Department of Public Speaking.At the City Club of Chicago on November30, Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head ofthe Department of Political Economy, discussed the subject of "The Financial Situation."*Before the women of the College of Philosophy, on November 26, Mr. James O'DonnellBennett, the dramatic critic of the ChicagoRecord-Herald, gave an address in KentTheater on the subject of "How To See aPlay."In the December (1907) number of theChautauquan is published a greeting to< thereaders of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circles by President Harry Pratt Judson,in which he emphasizes the value of the workbeing done by the Chautauquan movement.On November 16, at Fuller ton Hall of theChicago Art Institute, Mr. Henri C. E. David,of the Department of Romance, spoke underthe auspices of Le Club Francaise on "AnAfternoon at the Home of Moliere," and gavereadings from U Impromptu de Versailles.At the closing session in Chicago on January 3, 1908, of the American Association forthe Advancement of Science, Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography, was made the general secretary of theorganization for the year 1908.122 UNIVERSITY RECORDAmong the speakers at the nineteenth annualdinner of the Chicago Tribune, held in theGrand Pacific hotel on January i, was Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of the Facultiesof Arts', Literature, and Science. Over fivehundred employees of the newspaper were present."The Methods by Which Insects Carry Disease" was the subject of an address, under theauspices of the Chicago Medical Society, in thePublic Library Building on December 10, byAssistant Professor Howard T. Ricketts, ofthe Department of Pathology and Bacteriology.In the November (1907) number of theAmerican Journal of Sociology "Private Insurance Companies" is the subject of a discussion by Professor Charles R. Henderson, Headof the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology.It is the sixth article in a series on "IndustrialInsurance.""The History of Slavery in America" wasthe subject of a series of three open lectures inCobb Hall on November 7, 8, and 9, by Professor J. Franklin Jameson, formerly head ofthe Department of History, now director ofthe Bureau of Historical Research at Washington, D. C.Professor Robert Herrick, of the Department of English, contributed to the Januarynumber of Scribner's Magazine an illustratedstory entitled, "In the Doctor's Office." "TheMaster of the Inn" is the title of another storyby Mr. Herrick in the December number of thesame magazine.Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head ofthe Department of Geology, was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at the close of its recentsessions at the University of Chicago, to succeed Professor Willam H. Welch, of JohnsHopkins University.Assistant Professor George A. Dorsey, ofthe Department of Sociology and Anthropol ogy, has been sent on a tour of the world inthe interests of the Field Museum of NaturalHistory, Chicago, his purpose being to makepreliminary arrangements for a series of anthropological expeditions.There has recently been translated into Chinese The Life of Christ, a volume in the constructive Bible studies, by Professor Ernest D.Burton, Head of the Department of NewTestament Literature and Interpretation, andProfessor Shailer Mathews, of the Departmentof Systematic Theology."Travel and Exploration in Alaska" — an account of the speaker's investigations of thecoal fields of that region — was the subject ofan address before the Geographic Society ofChicago in Fullerton Hall of the Art Instituteon the evening of January 10, by Dr. WallaceW. Atwood, of the Department of Geology.Professor Ludwig Hektoen, Head of theDepartment of Pathology and Bacteriology,read on December 31, before the physiologicalsection of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science, a paper by ProfessorSimon Flexner, of the Rockefeller Institutefor Medical Research, on "Tendencies in Pathology.""Russia's Persecution of the Duma" is thetitle of a contribution to the January (1908)issue of the World's Work, by Mr. Samuel N.Harper, Associate in the Russian Language andLiterature. Mr. Harper also contributed to theNovember (1907) number of the World To-Day an article on "The Present Situation inRussia."On the Illinois committee of the NationalSociety for the Promotion of Industrial Education, which holds its second annual convention in Chicago on January 23, are the namesof President Harry Pratt Judson, ProfessorJulian W. Mack, of the Law School, and Professor Emil G. Hirsch, of the Department ofSemitics.Professor Albion W. Small, Head of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 123Department of Sociology and Anthropology,has recently been elected vice-president of theInstitut International de Sociologie for theyear 1908. The United States has been previously represented in the institute by LesterF. Ward, Franklin H. Giddings, and CarrollD. Wright.Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of theDepartment of Sociology, has recently been appointed by the governor of Illinois secretary ofthe new Illinois Educational Committee. Mr.Howerth received the Doctor's degree fromthe University of Chicago' in 1898 and was fortwo years Dean in University (formerly theTeachers' ) College."Education and Efficiency" was the subjectof an address before the West End Woman'sClub of Chicago, on November 15, by Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science. On November 7 Mr. Vincent spoke before the Wisconsin State Teachers' Association at its meeting in Milwaukee, Wis.The Herbert Baxter Adams prize for thebest essay on European history was awardedby the special committee of the American Historical Association on December 30, at the annual meeting in Madison, Wis., to Dr. EdwardB. Krehbiel, of the Department of History, andMr. William Spence Roberts, of Cleveland, O.The value of the prize is $200.1 A silver medal was recently given to Mr.Samuel MacClintock, a Fellow in PoliticalScience, by the authorities of the LouisianaPurchase Exposition at St. Louis, in recognition of his connection with the exhibit from thePhilippine Islands. At the time the exhibitwas made Mr. MacClintock was superintendentof schools in the island of Cebii.Ten texts of Greek and other ostraca in theHaskell Oriental Museum have been describedand edited by Assistant Professor Edgar J.Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek, and appeared in the October-December (1907) issue of the American Journal of Archaeology. Most of the texts comefrom Thebes and are of the Roman period.On the Committee of One Hundred on National Health, appointed by section I of theAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience, are Dr. Frank Billings, Professor ofMedicine; Professor Charles R. Henderson,Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology; and Professor Edwin O. Jordan, ofthe Department of Pathology and Bacteriology."The Teaching of Botany in the HighSchool" is the subject of a discussion in theNovember number of the School Review byAssociate Professor Otis W. Caldwell, of theCollege of Education. "The Present Trend inthe Teaching of Mathematics" is contributed tothe same number by Assistant Professor Herbert E. Slaught, of the Department of Mathematics.A series of six poetic readings from Tennyson's Idylls of the King was given in the FineArts Building, Chicago, from November 7 toDecember 19, by Associate Professor S. H.Clark, of the Department of Public Speaking.Mr. Clark also gave dramatic recitals of KingLear and Julius Caesar before the ChicagoShakspere Club on the evenings of November26 and December 10.Professor Frank Frost Abbott, of the Department of Latin, has been invited to becomean associate editor of the Studi Storici perVAntichita Classic a, a journal devoted to research in ancient history, and published inPisa, Italy. Among the other associate editorsare Professors Beloch and Pais, of the Uni-1versity of Rome, and Hirschfeld and Meyer,of the University of Berlin.At the celebration of Illinois Day by theUniversity of Illinois on December 3, 1907,President Harry Pratt Judson gave an addressin which he spoke of the pride of the state in124 UNIVERSITY RECORDits university and the friendly relations existingbetween the state university and the Universityof Chicago. He also paid a high tribute toPresident Edmund J. James, who was formerlyconnected with the University of Chicago.The newly elected president of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science,Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head of theDepartment of Geology, has been invited bythe President of the United States to a conference May 13, 14, and 15 at the White Houseon the conservation of the natural resources ofthe country. The governors of the severalstates have also been invited to this conference.At a meeting in Springfield, 111., December 7,of a hundred educators and scientists from thecolleges and universities of "the state there wasorganized the, Illinois State Academy ofSciences, Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin,Head of the Department of Geology, beingmade the first president. Professor SamuelW. Williston, of the Department of Paleontology, was made chairman of the organizationcommittee."The Present Condition and Destiny of theFamily," was the subject of an address beforethe Chicago Woman's Club on December 4, byAssociate Professor William I. Thomas, of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology.On the same day Mr. Ira B. Meyers, of theCollege of Education, discussed before the sameorganization the subject of "Natural Science:Its Place in the Curriculum and Influence onEducation."Dr. Frank Billings, Professor of Medicinein the University of Chicago and president ofthe National Tuberculosis Association, gave anaddress on January 11 before the CommercialClub of Chicago on the prevalence and dangerof tuberculosis. Professor Ludwig Hektoen,Head of the Department of Pathology andBacteriology, also spoke on the same occasion, giving especial attention to the importance ofisolation in tuberculosis cases.Professor Shailer Mathews, Dean of the Divinity School, began in the Chicago' Standardof December 28, 1907, a series of contributionson the general subject of "The Gospel and theModern World," the special subjects being asfollows: "The Bible: Is It trustworthy?""God: Is He Knowable?" "Sin: Is It Punishable?" "Jesus: Is He Our Saviour?" "Regeneration: Is It Necessary?" "Prayer: Is It Futile?" "Faith: Is It Rational?" "Eternal Life:Is It Believable?"To the November (1907) issue of the Classical Journal Professor Paul Shorey, Head ofthe Department of Greek, contributes a noteon "The Force of KaLroi" "Municipal Politics in Pompeii" is the title of a contributionin the December number of the journal, byProfessor Frank Frost Abbott, of the Department of Latin; and in the January (1908)number Professor George L. Hendrickson,formerly of the same department, has a contribution entitled "Horace's Propempticon toVirgil."Director A. A. Stagg, Head of the Divisionof Physical Culture and Athletics, and Assistant Professor Joseph E. Raycroft, representedthe University of Chicago in the IntercollegiateConference on Athletics held at the AuditoriumHotel, Chicago, on November 30. Other universities represented were the following: TheUniversity of Illinois, Indiana University, theState University of Iowa, the University ofMichigan, the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, Purdue University, andthe University of Wisconsin.The opening contribution in the November-December (1907) number of the Journal ofGeology is by Professor R. A. F. Penrose, Jr.,of the Department of Geology, on the subject,"The Witwatersrand Gold Region, Transvaal,South Africa, As Seen in Recent Mining De-UNIVERSITY RECORD 125velopments." The article is illustrated by sixfigures and a map of the gold fields in theTransvaal. In the same number Dr. WallaceW. Atwood, of the same department, discusses"The Glaciation of the Uinta Mountains." Theaccount is illustrated by six figures."Some Spurious Inscriptions and Their Authors" is the title of a contribution in the January (1908) issue of Classical Philology, byProfessor Frank Frost Abbott, of the Department of Latin. Assistant Professor Francis A.Wood, of the Department of German, contributes a discussion of "Greek and Latin Etymologies;" Professor Paul Shorey, Head ofthe Department of Greek, contributes "Noteson the Text of Alcinous' EtWyoy^ " and "AnEmendation of Aelian Uepl ZwW, viii, 1.5."Professor Abbott has a "Comment on Professor Postgate's Note."Professor Edward Capps, formerly of theDepartment of Greek and now of PrincetonUniversity, contributed to a recent number ofthe American Journal of Philology an articleon "Epigraphical Problems in the History ofAttic Comedy," in which were discussed somespecial questions suggested by Wilhelm's recentbook Urkunden dramatischen Auffuhrungen zuA then. Mr. Capps has been invited to be oneof the two representatives of the classics forthe United States who are to give addresses atthe International Congress of Historians to beheld in the summer of 1908 in Berlin.Professor Edwin E. Sparks, of the Department of History, is preparing an edition of theLincoln-Douglas Debates to be published by theIllinois Historical Society in connection withthe semi-centennial celebration of the Debatesto be held this year in Illinois. ProfessorSparks has recently accepted the presidency ofthe Pennsylvania State College, but will notbegin his new duties till the end of the presentacademic year. He has been connected withthe University of Chicago since 1895, takinghis Doctor's degree in 1900; and much of his time has been given to lecturing in the Extension Division.At the fourth annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, held in Madison, Wis., December 27 to 31, Associate Professor Charles E. Merriam, of the Departmentof Political Science, presented a paper, underthe general head of "The Newer InstitutionalForms of Democracy," entitled "Some Disputed Points in Primary Election Legislation."In the section on Comparative Legislation, Professor Ernst Freund, of the Law School, discussed "The Problem of Intelligent Legislation." President Harry Pratt Judson was amember of the executive council, to which Professor Merriam also was elected at this meeting of the association.On the invitation of the resident head of theUniversity of Chicago Settlement, Miss MaryE. McDowell, about six hundred students fromthe University visited the Settlement near thestockyards on the evening of January 11.Supper was served to them, a minstrel showby boys of the Settlement was given, followed>by dancing, and an address pointing out someof the needs of the Settlement work was madeby the resident head. Great interest wasshown in the appointments of the new Settlement House, especially in the Donaldson memorial library room, and many names werehanded in of students willing to co-operate inthe various activities of the Settlement.The University of Chicago Press has recentlyreceived an order from Tokio, Japan, for ninehundred copies of the volume entitled Lectureson Commerce. This is the largest single orderreceived by the Press from a foreign dealer. Thevolume, edited by Henry Rand Hatfield, formerlyof the Department of Political Economy, consists of lectures, by men prominent in businessand industry, delivered before the College ofCommerce and Administration on railways,trade and industry, and banking and insurance.The introductory lecture, on "Higher Commer-126 UNIVERSITY RECORDcial Education," is by Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin, Head of the Department of Political Economy. The book is to be used in theimperial schools of Japan.New officers of the University of ChicagoSettlement, at the annual meeting held in theLaw Building on January 9, were elected asfollows: president, Professor Floyd R. Mech-em, of the Law School; secretary, AssociateProfessor Robert A. Millikan, of the Department of Physics; treasurer, Professor GeorgeH. Mead, of the Department of Philosophy.The Head Resident of the Settlement, MissMary E. McDowell, gave a detailed report ofthe activities of the Settlement, which appearselsewhere in this issue of the UniversityRecord; and the outgoing treasurer, AssistantProfessor John Cummings, of the Department of Political Economy, presented a reporton the financial condition and needs.Among the late autumn publications of theUniversity of Chicago Press is a volume of450 pages by Jenkin Lloyd Jones, containingabout twenty discourses given before the confirmation classes in All Souls Church, Chicago, during the last twenty-five years, thecollection being offered as a contribution to thequarter-centennial of the church. Among thetitles of the addresses are, "The SupremeQuest," "Ideals," "Helping the Future," "TheLife in Common," "Little Candles," "TheGame of Life," "The Sources of Power," "TheGreatest Gift," "Secret Springs," and "Character-Building." For a number of years thewriter has been a lecturer on English Literature in the Extension Division of the University."Assyrian Prescriptions for Diseases of the.Head" is the opening contribution in the October issue of the American Journal of SemiticLanguages and Literatures, by Assistant Professor R. Campbell Thompson, of the Department of Semitics. Announcement is made inthis number that the new associate editors of the journal are the following: ProfessorsGeorge F. Moore, of Harvard University;Francis Brown, of Union Theological Seminary; Henry Preserved Smith, of MeadvilleTheological School ; Charles C. Torrey, of YaleUniversity; Morris Jastrow, of the Universityof Pennsylvania; and J. Dyneley Prince, ofColumbia University. "The Strophic Structure of the Book of Micah" is the subject of acontribution in the January (1908) issue of thejournal, by Dr. John M. P. Smith, of theDepartment of Semitics."Impressions of an American Professor inGermany" was the subject of an address beforethe Germanistic Society of Chicago in theAuditorium Recital Hall on the evening ofJanuary 13, by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Department of Political Economy, who in the spring of 1906 gave a seriesof lectures in Berlin before the Vereinigungfur Staatswissenschaftliche Fortbildung andthe University of Berlin. President HarryPratt Judson is the president of the Germanistic Society, and Professor Starr Willard Cutting, Head of the Department of German, isthe corresponding secretary. Among thespeakers before the society in the immediatefuture are Professors Hugo Muensterberg andKuno Francke of Harvard University, the subject of the former's address being "Scholarship in Germany and in the United States."A series of five lectures on the Haskellfoundation, under the general title of "TheWitness of the Oriental Consciousness to JesusChrist," was given in Mandel Assembly Hallfrom December 10 to 15 by President CharlesCuthbert Hall, of the Union Theological Seminary. The separate titles of the lectures wereas follows : "The Elements of Sublimity in theOriental Consciousness," "The Witness ofGod in the Soul," "The Witness of the Soul toGod," "The Distinctive Moral Grandeur of theChristian Religion," "The Ministry of the Oriental Consciousness in a World-Wide King-UNIVERSITY RECORD 127<dom of Christ." Dr. Hall was the BarrowsLecturer to India and the Far East in 1902-3and 1906-7, and also Haskell Lecturer in 1903-4 and 1907-8. Like preceding courses givenby the lecturer, the present series will be issuedin book form from the University of ChicagoPress.The Donald Robertson company of playerspresented in Mandel Assembly Hall on November 22 The Miser, by Moliere; on December 6,Rosmersholm,hy Ibsen; and on December13, The Intruder, by Maeterlinck, and TheGauntlet, by Bjornson. Mr. Robertson gavean open lecture November 20 on the subject of "The Actor's Calling." November 22Assistant Professor Elizabeth Wallace, of theDepartment of Romance, gave a lecture in CobbHall on "The Art of Moliere ;" on December 4Professor William D. MacClintock, of theDepartment of English, lectured on Rosmers-holm; and on December 12 Mr. Victor Yarros,of the editorial staff of the Chicago Record-Herald, spoke on the subject of "Bjornson andthe Radical Movement in Norway." The playsby the Robertson company, three of whomhave been students at the University of Chicago, attracted very good audiences and werewere effectively given.In the October (1907) number of the Journal of Political Economy is a note on "Taxation in Missouri," by Associate ProfessorHerbert J. Davenport, of the Department ofPolitical Economy. Mr. Davenport also hasnotes in the November number on the question,"Can Industrial Insurance Be Cheapened?" andon the subject of "The Taxation of Dividends."Dr. Robert F. Hoxie contributes to the samenumber a discussion of "The Failure of theTelegraphers' Strike." "Currency Reform" isthe subject of a contribution in the Decembernumber of the journal by Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin, Head of the Department of PoliticalEconomy. Associate Professor Davenport discusses, in a note, "Tax Legislation by Consti tutional Amendment" and also "A PermissiveHabitation Tax." Mr. Davenport also has inthe January (1908) issue a note on "TheWorkings of Restricted Credit," and Mr.Laughlin a discussion of "The Recent BondIssue."The one hundred and third contribution from the Hull Botanical Laboratory,"Fertilization in Cypripedium," with fourplates and one figure, appears in theNovember (1907) number of the Botanical Gazette. This research was carried onby Miss Lula Pace under the direction ofProfessor John M. Coulter and Assistant Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, of the Department of Botany. "Germination of Seeds ofWater Plants" is the subject of the one hundred and fourth contribution from the Laboratory, by Dr. William Crocker, Assistant inPlant Physiology. Wanda M. Pfeiffer, in theDecember number, makes the next contributionfrom the Laboratory, the subject being "Differentiation of Sporocarps in Azolla." In the January (1908) number Mr. Shigeo Yamanouchi,of the Department of Botany, makes the onehundred and sixth contribution from the HullLaboratory, "Sporogenesis in Nephrodium,"illustrated by four plates.The prize scholarship examinations inconnection with the annual School andCollege Conference held at the University on November 8, resulted as follows: In English, sixty candidates competed,the successful contestant being Miss VernaAnderson, of the West Aurora (111.) highschool; in German, forty- four competed, MissLinda Rodenbeck, of the Michigan City (Ind.)high school, being first; in Latin, forty-eighttook ,the examination, the prize scholarshipgoing to Mr. Bjorne Lunde, of the Des Plaines(111.) high school; and in mathematics, sixty-four competing, Mr. Henry O'Brien, of theKansas City (Mo.) Central high school, wassuccessful. In the declamation contest, of the128 UNIVERSITY RECORDthirty-five contestants the winners of the scholarship prizes were Mr. Edwin Schmidt, of theRobert Waller (Chicago) high school, andMiss Florence Canavan, of the Appleton (Wis.)high school. The scholarships awarded areequivalent to tuition for three quarters in theUniversity, and are of the value of $120.At the convention of the American EthicalSocieties held in Chicago December 28 to 30,Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Departmentof Sociology, discussed "What a SummerSchool of Ethics Might Do for Social Workers." At the Ethical Congress held at thesame time Professor James H. Tufts, Head ofthe Department of Philosophy, took part in thediscussion of the topic, "Ethics and the SocialMovement." In the session devoted to thetopic, "Ethics in Business Affairs," ProfessorZueblin presiding, Mr. A. C. Bartlett, of theUniversity Board of Trustees, was one of thespeakers; Professor George B. Foster, of theDepartment of Comparative Religion, andProfessor George H. Mead, of the Department of Philosophy, considered "ThePhilosophical Basis of Ethics," Associate Professor Addison W. Moore, of the Departmentof Philosophy, leading the discussion. "Ethical Tendencies in the Churches" was the topicconsidered by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, ofthe Department of Semitics, and ProfessorShailer Mathews, of the Divinity School.Professor Ernest D. Burton, Head of theDepartment of New Testament Literature andInterpretation, has a contribution in the December issue of the Biblical World on "TheRelation of Biblical to Systematic Theology.""Ancient Monuments in the Louvre MuseumIllustrative of Biblical History" is an illustratedcontribution to the same number by ProfessorIra M. Price, of the Department of Semitics.Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head of theDepartment of Ecclesiastical Sociology, discusses "Social Duties to Neglected Children,"in his series of articles on Social Duties. "The Biblical Doctrine of Atonement" is the subjectof a contribution in the January (1908) number, by Dr. John M. P. Smith, of theDepartment of Semitics; Associate ProfessorClyde W. Votaw, of the Department of Biblicaland Patristic Greek, contributes an article on"The Apocalypse of John;" Professor Henderson, a discussion of "Social Duties inRelation to Government;" and ProfessorTheodore G. Soares, of the Department ofHomiletics, an article on "Social Sins and National Doom."In the October (1907) number of the As-trophysical Journal is a contribution by PhilipFox, of the Yerkes Observatory, entitled "ALarge Eruptive Prominence." It is illustratedby a photograph of the sun made May 21, 1907with the Rumford spectroheliograph. "Orbitof the Spectroscopic Binary fi Sagittarii" is thesubject of a contribution by Naozo Ichinohe, ofthe Observatory, and Assistant Professor KurtLaves, of the Department of Astronomy andAstrophysics, has an article on "A Graphic Determination of the Elements of the Orbits ofSpectroscopic Binaries." "An Absolute Scaleof Photographic Magnitudes of Stars" is contributed to the November number of the journal by Mr. John A. Parkhurst, of the Observatory, and Mr. Frank C. Jordan, a Fellow.The article is illustrated by eight figures. Mr.Ichinohe, of the Observatory, has an illustratedcontribution on "The Spectroscopic Binary 7?Virginis" in the same number. In the December number Robert J. Wallace has the opening article — the second in the series of Studiesin Sensitometry — entitled "Orthochromatismby Bathing," illustrated by ten figures.At the twenty-third annual meeting of theAmerican Historical Association, held in Madison, Wis., on December 27-31, 1907, Mr. Harlan H. Barrows, of the Departments ofGeology and Geography, took part in the discussion of "Physiography as a Factor in Community Life;" Dr. Julian P. Bretz, of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 129Department of History, led in the discussionof the topic, "Scientific Organization of Historical Museums;" and Assistant ProfessorJames W. Thompson, of the same department,presented a paper on "Some Economic Factorsin the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes."Mr. Thompson also took part in the discussionof special fields of work in mediaeval Europeanhistory. Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin,Head of the Department of History, was chairman of the meeting that considered UnitedStates constitutional history, and was a member of the committee on the programme of theassociation. In the discussion of United Stateshistory since 1865 Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge took part. The president of the association was J. Franklin Jameson, formerly headof the Department of History in the Universityof Chicago.Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Department of Sociology, contributes to the November (1907) number of the Elementary SchoolTeacher an article on "Playgrounds and theBoard of Education." Miss Elsie A. Wygant,of the University Elementary School, has asecond contribution on "Reading for LittleChildren." "Educational Problems of Adolescence," is the title of the opening contributionin the December number of the journal, byMiss Katherine M. Stilwell, also of the University Elementary School. Miss Wygant continues the series of articles on "Reading forLittle Children," and Gudrun Thorne-Thomsencontributes a play, "The Trolls' Christmas,"in the making of which the children of theElementary School assisted. The openingarticle in the January (1908) number is byMr. Ira B. Meyers, of the School of Education, on the pedagogical aspect of "Field- Workand Nature-Study." Mr. L. Dow McNeff, ofthe University Elementary School, contributesthe first part of a discussion of "Electricity asa Subject for Study in Elementary Schools," and Miss Wygant continues the series on"Reading for Little Children."Literature in the Elementary School is thetitle of a volume of three hundred pages recently issued from the University of ChicagoPress, the writer being Mrs. Porter LanderMacClintock, formerly connected with theLaboratory School of the University of Chicago'. Much of the material in the book firstappeared in the Elementary School Teacherduring the year 1902, and a synopsis of thebook was printed in 1904. Among the chapter headings are the following: "The Services We May Expect Literature to Render inthe Education of Children," "The Choice ofStories," "Folk Tale and- Fairy Story," "Mythas Literature," "Hero Tales and Romances,""Realistic Stories," "Nature and AnimalStories," "Symbolistic Stories, Fables, andOther Apologues," "Poetry," "Drama," "ThePresentation of the Literature," "The Correlations of Literature," "Literature Out of Schooland Reading Other Than Literature." Theclosing chapter outlines a specific course inliterature for the eight years of the elementaryschool. Acknowledgment of help and encouragement from Professor William D. MacClintock, of the Department of English, andProfessor John Dewey, formerly Director ofthe School of Education, is made in the preface."The Harper Memorial Library: The Opportunity for Chicago Men and Women" is thesubject of the opening contribution by Dr. T.W. Goodspeed, Secretary of the UniversityBoard of Trustees, in the November issue ofthe Chicago Alumni Magazine. "After TenYears" is contributed by Miss Efne A. Gardner,of the class of '97. "Journalism in the old University, I" by Mr. Francis H. Clark, of the classof '82, and the fourth of the "Life Messages"of President Harper — "The Library and theUniversity" — appear in this number. "Dra-130 UNIVERSITY RECORDmatics at the University of Chicago" (illustrated), is contributed by Mr. Adolph G. Pierrot, '07, now a member of the DonaldRobertson company of players; and a metricaltranslation of Catullus, carmen iii, by Mr.Eugene Parsons, of the class of '83. TheDecember number of the magazine is largelydevoted to the University of .Chicago LawSchool, the frontispiece being a portrait of theDean, James Parker Hall, followed by "ASketch of the Law School," "The Degree ofJuris Doctor (J.D.)," "The Law Building,"and "The Law Library." "A View Point: TheStudents' Estimate of the Law School," is contributed by Mr. Hugo M. Friend, 'o6-'o8; and"The University of Chicago Law School Association," by Mr. Harry J. Lurie, '06. There appear also in this number the constitution ofthe University of Chicago Law School Association and a series of notes on the Lawgraduates. "To the Boys of '79" is thetitle of verse contributed by Miss Florence Holbrook, '79. Other contributions are:"The New Library," by Professor Ernest D.Burton, of the Divinity School; "The Alumniand the Harper Memorial Fund," by Dr. T.W. Goodspeed, Secretary of the UniversityBoard of Trustees ; and "Days on the Campus,"by Mr. H. R. Bankhage, of the class of 191 1.Both the November and December numbers ofthe magazine have the usual full departmentson the University, the student body, athletics,the alumni association, arid news from theclasses.THE ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHYSix candidates for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy received the degree at the WinterConvocation, December 19, 1907.They are as follows:Oliver Charles Clifford, A.B., Oberlin College, 1893 ; Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics.Frederick Valentine Emerson, A.B., ColgateUniversity, 1898; Ph.D., Geography, Geology.Louis Allen Higley, S.B., University of Chicago, 1900; Ph.D., Chemistry and Botany.Edwin Garvey Kirk, S.B., University ofChicago, 1902; Ph.D., Anatomy and Pathology.Frank Eugene Lutz, A.B., Haverford College, 1900; A.M., University of Chicago, 1902;Ph.D., Zoology and Botany.Calvin Klopp Staudt, A.B., Franklin andMarshall College, 1900; Ph.D., New Testament and Church History.The total number of Doctors is now fourhundred and seventy-six.Of the new Doctors those already reportedas having received appointments are:Dr. Clifford, instructor in physics at the Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago.Dr. Emerson, instructor in geology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.Dr. Lutz, member of resident research staffof Station for Experimental Evolution, ColdSpring Harbor, Long Island.Dr. Kirk, Associate in Anatomy, Universityof Chicago.Dr. Louis Ingold, who received his degree atthe Autumn Convocation, 1907, read two papersat the meeting of the southwestern section ofthe American Mathematical Society in St.Louis, November 23, 1907.Professor F. O. Norton, who took the doctorate in Biblical and Patristic Greek and the Greek Language and Literature in December,1906, and is now professor of Greekat Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa,has recently been given the deanship ofthe college of literature and arts of that institution.At the annual high-school conference held atthe University -of Illinois November 22, 23,1907, the mathematics section was unusually well attended. The leading paper, on"What Should be Emphasized and WhatOmitted in the High-School Course in Algebra,"was presented by Assistant Professor HerbertE. Slaught, of the Department of Mathematics.Dr. R. C. Flickinger, instructor in Latin andGreek in Northwestern University, read a paperon "The Accusative of Exclamation in Plau-tus and Terence" before the American Philological Association at the University of Chicago during the Christmas holidays. In theApril number of Classical Philology he published an article entitled "On the Prologue ofTerence's Heauton" and in the December issueof the Classical Journal he had a short note on"Plautus, Trinummus 258."Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, director of the Bureau of Historical Research of the CarnegieInstitution of Washington, writes in the American Historical Review, October, 1907 :Professor E. C. Griffith of William-Jewell College hasjust brought out (Chicago, Scott, Foresman & Co., pp.124) an able and thorough study of The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander. He shows that, farfrom having been invented in 181 2, the practice is reallyas old in America as popular election by districts, andis represented by more than a dozen earlier instances.He traces its history and the history of efforts to prevent it, to 1840, and rightly dwells upon its vast importance as a corrupter of American politics.The Central Association of Science andMathematics Teachers held its seventh annual131132 UNIVERSITY RECORDmeeting at the McKinley High School Building in St. Louis on November 29, 30, 1907.The University was represented by AssociateProfessor Otis W. Caldwell, past president ofthe association, Associate Professor Charles R.Mann, secretary of the American Federationof Teachers of the Mathematical and the Natural Sciences, and by Assistant Professor Herbert E. Slaught, chairman of the mathematicssection. The sessions of the mathematics section were especially important on account ofthe reforms proposed in two far-reaching reports — one on geometry and one on algebra —which were unanimously approved.The following Doctors of the Universitytook part in the meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science orof other scientific societies at the Universityduring holiday week. Dean George E.Vincent, who gave the address of welcome,and officiated at the reception, in the absenceof President Judson; Wallace W. Atwood,'03, Otis W. Caldwell, '98, Henry P. Cowles,'98, Henry G. Gale, '99, Frank R. Lillie, '94,Frank R. Moulton, '00, Herbert E. Slaught,'98, William I. Thomas, '96, George E. Vincent,'96, who were members of the local committeeof one hundred ; Herbert N. McCoy, '98, chairman of the physical chemistry section; John C.Hessler, '99, Lauder W. Jones, '97, Ralph H.McKee, '01, Eugene P. Schoch, '02, Hermann I.Schlesinger, '05, Hugh McGuigan, '06, WarrenR. Smith, '96, who read papers before the chemistry section or the American ChemicalSociety ; Rollin T. Chamberlin, '07, Wallace W.Atwood, '03, who read papers before the geology section ; Frank R. Lillie, '96, Lynds Jones,'05, Henry C. Cowles, '98, William J. Moenk-haus, '03, Horatio N. Newman, '05, BennettM. Allen, '03, Frank E. Lutz, '07, Oscar Riddle, '07, and Victor E. Shelford, '07, who readpapers before the zoology section or the American Society of Zoologists; George H. Shull,'04, C. Dwight Marsh, '04, Henry C. Cowles,'98, Charles J. Chamberlain, '97, S. Yamanou-chi, '07, Edward B. Livingston, '01, and JamesB. Barton, '01, who read papers before thebotany section or the Botanical Society ofAmerica ; Arthur Ranum, '07, Forest R. Moulton, '00, George D. Birkhoff, '07, Leonard C.Dickson, '96, Anthony H. Underhill, '07, whoread papers before the section of mathematicsand astronomy or the Chicago section of theAmerican Mathematical Society; Harry G.Wells, '03, and G. F. Ruediger, '07, who readpapers before the section of experimental medicine and physiology; David B. MacMillan, '95,and Frank R. Lillie, '95, who read papers berfore the section on education ; Shinkishi Hatai,'02, and Elias P. Lyon, '99, , who read papersbefore the American Physiological Society;Walter W. Atwood, '03, and v&nry C. Cowles,'98, who read papers before the AmericanSociety of Geographers; and Edwin G. Kirk,'07, who presented a paper before the Societyof American Anatomists.UNIVERSITY RECORD 133THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THEAUTUMN QUARTER, 1907During the Autumn Quarter, October-December, 1907, there has been added to thelibrary of the University a total number of4,650 volumes from the following sources:BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 3,141 volumes, distributed asfollows : Anatomy, 45 ; Anthropology, 6 ; Astronomy(Ryerson), 8; Astronomy (Yerkes), 69; Bacteriology,1 5 ; Biology, 2 ; Botany, 20 ; Chemistry, 60 ; ChurchHistory, 53 ; Comparative Religion, 7 ; Divinity, 1 ; Embryology, 2 ; English, 429 ; English, German, and Romance, 2 ; General Library, 60 ; General Literature, 3 ;Geography, 1 1 ; Geology, 27 ; German, 343 ; Greek, 65 ;History, 436 ; History of Art, 24 ; Homiletics, 6 ; Latin,48 ; Latin and Greek, 3 ; Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit,and Comparative Philology, 1 ; Law School, 256 ; Mathematics, 25; Neurology, 10; New Testament, 45; Paleontology, 5 ; Pathology, 5 ; Philosophy, 41 ; Physical Culture, 4; Physics, 13; Physiological Chemistry, 21;Physiology, '43 ; Political Economy, 42 ; PoliticalScience, 76 ; Psychology, 2$ ; Romance, 54 ; Russian,191; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 42; School ofEducation, 363 ; Semitics, 1 1 ; Sociology, 69 ; Sociology(Divinity), 5; Swedish Theological Seminary, 7;Systematic Theology, 15 ; Zoology, 29.BY GIFTBooks added by gift, 1,272 volumes, distributed as follows : Anthropoloo^y, 2 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 3 ; Astronomy (Yerkes), 15 ; Brcteriology, 1 ; Biology, 11 ; Botany, 4 ;Chemistry, 1 ; Church History, 5 ; Commerce and Administration, 7; Divinity, 312; English, 2; General Library, 615; General Literature, 1; Geography, 9; Geology, 10; German, 1; History, 12; Latin, '2; Latin andGreek, 15; Law School, 46; Lexington Hall, 3; Mathematics, 4 ; New Testament, 10 ; Pathology, 2 ; Philosophy, 1 ; Physical Culture, 29 ; Physics, 4 ; Physiology, 2 ;Political Economy, 27 ; Political Science, 20 ; Psychology, 2 ; Romance, 4 ; School of Education, 78 ; Semitics,3 ; Sociology, 3 ; Sociology (Divinity), 1 ; SwedishTheological Seminary, 2 ; Systematic Theology, 1 ;Zoology, 2. BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications,237 volumes, distributed as follows: Astronomy(Yerkes), 15; Biology, 1; Botany, 10; Chemistry, 1;General Library, 121; Geology, 11; German, 1; History, 2 ; Latin and Greek, 1 ; Law School, 3 ; New Testament, 1 ; Philosophy, 2 ; Political Economy, 25 ; PoliticalScience, 2 ; Psychology, 1 ; School of Education, 33 ;Semitics, 3 ; Sociology, 1 ; Zoology, 3.SPECIAL GIFTSArkansas Department of Public Instruction, reports— 10 volumes.Baltimore School Commissioner, reports — 12 volumes.Chicago Board of Trade, reports — 6 volumes.Cleveland Board of Education, reports — 20 volumes.Emily B. Cox, textbooks — 10 volumes.Georgia Department of Education, reports — 18 volumes.Mrs. G. S. Goodspeed, miscellaneous and periodicals— 38 volumes and 121 pamphlets.T. W. Goodspeed, miscellaneous — 44 volumes and 184pamphlets.Family of E. B. Hulbert, theological and miscellaneous— 431 volumes and 148 pamphlets.C. L. Hutchinson, National cyclopedia of Americanbiography and miscellaneous — 36 volumes.Kansas City Department of Education, reports — 10volumes.Maine Department of Education, reports — 7 volumes.Massachusetts Bank Commissioner, reports — 43 volumes. •C. E. Merriam, state and city reports — 27 volumesand £«8 pamphlets.Michigan Department of Public Instruction, reports— 18 volumes.New York State Bar Association, reports — 9 volumes.North Carolina Bar Association, reports — 8 volumes.A. K. Parker, miscellaneous — 68 volumes and 96pamphlets.City of Providence, reports — 12 volumes.Albert Stenmo, miscellaneous — 6 volumes.L. E. Sturtevant, Congregational yearbook — 9 volumes.Albert Zimmerman — 145 "volumes and 21 pamphlets,among which was Martin Luther's Tischreden, 1577.WILLIAM HENRY WELCHProfessor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins UniversityConvocation Orator, December 17, 19C7VOLUME XII NUMBER 3THEUniversity RecordJANUARY, 1908MEDICINE AND THE UNIVERSITY1BY WILLIAM HENRY WELCH, M.D., LL.D.Professor of Pathology in Johns Hopkins University and President of the American Association for theAdvancement of ScienceI believe that I make no mistake in assumingthat the honor of the invitation to deliver thisaddress came to me mainly through the officialposition which I chance to hold in the Association for the Advancement of Science andthe desire to give prominence on this occasionto the sciences of nature in view of the approaching meeting of the association in thisplace. I must, however, disclaim any especialcompetence to speak for these sciences, and Iknow not where there is less need in ourcountry of emphasizing the importance andsignificance of the natural and physical sciences,or where the representatives of these scienceshave brought higher distinction to themselvesand to their university, than here in the University of Chicago.The past century is memorable above allothers for the gigantic progress of the naturaland physical sciences — a progress which hasinfluenced more profoundly the lives andthought, the position and prospects of mankind,than all the political changes, all the conquests,all the codes and legislation. In this marvelousscientific advancement in all directions the1 Delivered on the occasion of the Sixty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, December 17, 1907. sciences of living beings and their manifestations have progressed as rapidly and have influenced the material, intellectual, and socialconditions of mankind as much as the sciencesof inanimate matter and its energies. So faras the happiness of human beings is concerned,there is no other gift of science comparable tothe increased power acquired by medicine toannul or lessen physical suffering and torestrain the spread of pestilential diseases,although what has been accomplished in thisdirection is small indeed in comparison withwhat remains to be achieved. Man's powerover disease advances with increased knowledgeof the nature and causes of disease, and thisincrease of knowledge has its sources in theeducational system.In asking your attention on this occasion tosome of the conditions and problems of medical education and research, particularly in theirrelation to the university and to circumstancesexisting in this country, I am aware that thetheme is trite and that I can add little that isnew to its discussion, but the subject, howeverwearisome, requires ever renewed consideration so long as the conditions remain as unsatisfactory as at present and so many problemsawait final solution. Especially is it important7576 UNIVERSITY RECORDthat the nature of the problems should be realized by the teachers and authorities of ouruniversities. I know that in this universitymuch earnest thought has been given to questions of medical education, and wisely so, forI have every confidence that the medical department of this university, already doing suchgood work, is destined to be a leader in thepromotion of higher medical education and theadvancement of medical knowledge on thiscontinent.The historical and the proper home of themedical school is the university, of which itshould be an integral part co-ordinate with theother faculties. Before there was a faculty oflaw at Bologna or of theology at Paris therewas a school of medicine at Salernum, which,as is well known, occupies an interesting andunique position in the history of the origin anddevelopment of universities. From this earlyperiod to the present day no other type of medical school has existed on the continent ofEurope than that of the university, and thisunion has been of mutual advantage, the renownof many universities being due in large part totheir medical faculties, and these receiving thefostering care and the ideals of the university.It was under the influence of these soundtraditions of the proper relation of medicalteaching to the universities that the first medical schools in this country were founded, thatof the College of Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania, in 1765 ; that of KingsCollege, now Columbia University, in 1767 ; andafter somewhat longer intervals those ofHarvard, Dartmouth, and Yale. The modelfor these early schools was the medical department of the University of Edinburgh, whichderived its traditions from the University ofLeyden, as these in turn can be traced back tothe great Italian universities of the sixteenthcentury. We can contemplate with much prideand satisfaction the early history of these first American medical schools, which, notwithstanding their feeble resources, were imbuedwith a spirit of high purpose and just recognition of the qualifications needed for the pursuit of medicine as a learned profession.It is deeply to be regretted that their successors did not continue to build on suchfoundations as those laid by John Morgan,William Shippen, and Samuel Bard, but ratheradopted and carried much further the plan ofthe proprietary medical schools which originatedin England in the latter part of'the eighteenthcentury and attained their highest developmentthere during the first three decades of the following century, after which the hospital medical schools of a type peculiar to that countrygained the ascendancy. We can transfer fromour shoulders, however, only a minor part ofthe responsibility for the conception and establishment of the proprietary medical school, forthe English form of this school was a harmlessthing which never dreamed of conferring thedoctor's degree and was regarded with disfavorby examining and licensing bodies.The proprietary medical school, conductedfor gain, divorced from any connection with auniversity and free from any responsible outside control whatever, empowered by the stateto usurp the university's right of conferring thedoctor's degree and at liberty to set whateverstandards it chose for obtaining this degree,which carried with it the license to practice, isa phenomenon unique in the history of education and a contribution to systems of educationfor which America is entitled to the solecredit. This is the type of medical schoolwhich prevailed in this country during thegreater part of the nineteenth century, andfamiliarity has made it difficult for us fully torealize how anomalous and monstrous it reallyis. Even in the case of those schools whichwere united with a college or university theconnection became in most instances so loosenedUNIVERSITY RECORD 77as to be merely nominal and to secure practicalautonomy to the medical school. In the common type of these schools there was no requirement of preliminary study worthy of the name ;the only practical training was in the dissectingroom and an occasional amphitheater clinic, andthe degree and license to practice followed thepassing of an easy examination after attendance on two annual courses of lectures lastingfive or six months each, sometimes an evenshorter period, the student hearing the samelectures each year.It is needless to say that such conditionsbrought great reproach to American medicineand introduced evils from which we are not yetwholly free. Nevertheless the system, bad as itwas, can be painted in too dark colors. Therapid multiplication of medical schools whichfollowed the second decade of the last centurywas, although excessive, in response to theneeds of a rapidly developing country pushingthe boundaries of civilization ever westward.Still it would be difficult to find a sound argument for increasing the hardships of frontiersettlements and struggling communities by asupply of poor doctors.The main relief to the picture is that theresults were not so bad as the system. Manyof the teachers were devoted, able men who imparted sound professional traditions and whosepersonality in a measure remedied the defectsof the system. The native force, ability, andzeal of many students enabled them to overcome serious obstacles and to acquire in thecourse of time, in spite of adverse circumstances, a mastery of their calling, perhaps aresourcefulness engendered - by these circumstances, for even under the best conditions education does not end with the modicum of knowledge imparted in school and college. Somewere so fortunate as to be able to supplementtheir inadequate training by European study.But among those without foreign training who were entirely the products of American conditions not a few were the peers of their European contemporaries, such as Daniel Drake,Jacob Bigelow, John D. Godman, WilliamBeaumont, Nathan Smith Davis, Samuel D.Gross, Austin Flint, Marion Sims, and otherswho have left names illustrious in the annals ofour profession. Native vigor and resourcefulness enabled such men to surmount defects ofan educational environment to which the average man must succumb.Most gratifying is the rapidity with whichmedical education has risen during the last twodecades from the low estate to which it hadsunk during the greater part of the past century in this country. Among the more important causes contributing to this result may bementioned the operation of laws transferringand, in fact, restoring the licensure to practicefrom the medical schools to state boards ofexaminers, whereby worthless medical schoolsare crowded to the wall and out of existenceand others have been compelled to raise theirstandards; the moral pressure exerted throughan awakened sentiment for reform on the partof the organized profession and the betterschools; closer union between medical schoolandv university and the consequent interest ofuniversity teachers and authorities in the problems of medical education; the example set bya few schools of a high order; endowment —although very inadequate — of medical education, which formerly was almost whollyneglected as an object in need or worthy ofprivate or public beneficence; the advancementof medical science and art, necessitating improved methods and higher standards of professional training; and a juster and widerappreciation of the significance of curative andpreventive medicine to the welfare of the community.The history of medical education in Americais still in the making, but we now have a num-78 UNIVERSITY RECORDber of schools with high standards and adequateequipment capable of giving to students ofmedicine a professional education as good asthat to be obtained in European universities.The best and most progressive schools are thosein organic union with a university, and it seemsclear that to schools of this type belongs thefuture of higher medical education in thiscountry. Nearly twenty years ago in an addressat Yale University I endeavored to set forththe advantages of the union of medical schooland university, and, as addresseSj fortunatelyfor those in the habit of giving them, are soonforgotten, I shall here summarize what I conceive to be the more prominent of these advantages.Of all professional and technical schools themedical, with its requirements for laboratories,hospitals, and teaching force, is the most costly.A medical department of a university is much .more likely to be the recipient of endowmentfunds than an independent school, and the university is a safer and more suitable custodianof such funds.In manifold ways the environment of a university is that best adapted to the teaching andthe advancement of medicine. The medicalschool needs the ideals of the university inmaintaining the dignity of its high calling, inlaying a broad foundation for professionalstudy, in applying correct educational principlesin the arrangement of the curriculum and inmethods of instruction, in assigning the properplace and share to the scientific and the practical studies, in giving due emphasis to both theteaching and the investigating sides of its work,in stimulating productive research, and in determining what shall be the qualifications of itsteachers and of the recipients of its degree.Most invigorating is the contact of medicalteachers and investigators with workers in thosesciences on which medicine is dependent —chemistry, physics, and biology. In the selection of teachers — a matter of thefirst importance — a university is in a superiorposition to secure the best available men wherever they can be found, regardless of anyother consideration than fitness. Too often thischoice has been determined in our medicalschools by irrelevant influences and considerations and an outlook upon the world scarcelymore than parochial in extent.In the difficult matter of adjustment of professional training to conditions of collegiateeducation peculiar to our country there aremanifest advantages in the union of medicalschool with university, especially where theperiods of liberal and of professional study aremade to overlap. Where the sciences adjuvantto medicine, as general chemistry, physics,zoology, and botany, are included in the medical curriculum, as is done in the German andFrench universities, it is economical and highlydesirable that they should be taught in thecollegiate or philosophical faculty rather thanthat separate provision should be made forthem in the medical faculty, where they do notproperly belong.The benefits of union of medical school anduniversity are reciprocal, and not to the medical school alone. A good medical faculty,properly supported and equipped, is a source ofstrength and of renown to the university possessing it, and its work in training studentsand in extending the boundaries of knowledgegreatly increases the usefulness of the university to the community. Nor is there anythingin this work which does not appertain to theproper functions of a university, however highits ideals. Indeed I venture to assert that thepresent and prospective state of medicine andits relations to the well-being of individual manand of human society are such that there is nohigher or nobler function of a university thanthe teaching of the nature of disease and how itmay be cured and prevented, and the advance-UNIVERSITY RECORD 79ment of the knowledge on which this conquestof disease depends. If it be said that the medical art is largely empiric, I reply that this,while true, does not make medicine unworthyof shelter in the university. The empiricmethod of discovery by trial and error has itsglorious triumphs as well as the scientific andis not to be disdained. To it we owe such beneficial discoveries as the curative properties ofquinine in malaria, vaccination against smallpox, and the anesthetic uses of ether and chloroform.But there is a scientific as well as an empiricside to medicine and the distinctive featureof modern medicine is the rapid extensionof the former and the curtailment of the latter.The fundamental medical sciences — anatomy,physiology, physiological chemistry, pathology,pharmacology, bacteriology, and hygiene — arerapidly advancing and important departments ofbiological science, which have contributed andwill continue to contribute enormously to theprogress 6f practical medicine. In an addresswhich I had the honor to deliver somewhat overten years ago at the dedication of the Hull Biological Laboratories of this university, I tookoccasion to dwell with some detail upon thebiological aspects of medicine.We should add to the specialized medical. sciences already mentioned the study of theproblems presented by the living patient in hospitals and laboratories attached to hospitalclinics, where chemical, physical, and biologicalmethods can be applied to the investigation ofclinical problems which do not fall within thescope of other laboratories or can be less advantageously attacked in them. These clinicalinvestigating laboratories are an important addition to the older analytical and statisticalmethods of study of disease and mark an advance from which valuable results have beenobtained and more valuable ones are to beexpected. It is highly desirable that our medi cal clinics should be organized with regard tothis newer direction of work, for which theywill require considerable funds.The science bi medicine has advanced in recentyears more rapidly than the art and in its various branches it constitutes to-day a field of workmost alluring and most rewarding to theproperly trained scientific investigator, who, ifhe have the rare genius for discovery, may reapa harvest rich in blessing to mankind.But the art of medicine has profited greatlyby the application of scientific discoveries. Thephysician and the surgeon to-day can do farmore in the relief of physical suffering and inthe successful treatment of disease and injurythan was formerly possible, but the great triumphs have been in the field of preventivemedicine. The horizon of the average man'sinterest in medicine scarcely extends beyondthe circumference of his own body or that ofhis family, and he measures the value of themedical art by its capacity to cure his cold,his rheumatism, his dyspepsia, his neurasthenia,all unconscious, because he does not encounterthem, of the many perils which medicine hasremoved from his path through life. Whatdoes he know of the decline in the death-rateby one-half and of the increase in the expectation of life by ten .or twelve years during thelast century? How many are there whose attention has been called to the significant factthat this increase in the expectation of lifeceases with the forty-fifth year because wehave as yet no such insight into the causes andprevention of the organic diseases of advancinglife as we have into the manner of propagationof infectious diseases, which are responsible forthe larger part of the mortality of the earlieryears? The suffering and the waste of energy,money, production, and human lives from preventable sickness and death are still incalculable, but how little heed do legislators andauthorities in our national, state, and municipal80 UNIVERSITY RECORDgovernments pay to the appeals of physiciansand enlightened economists to make adequateprovision to check this waste! For this condition of things the medical profession is largelyresponsible in failing to enlighten the publicand in shrouding its art with the mystery of anoccult science, but it is beginning to rise to itshigh mission of public education in ways of preserving health and of preventing disease.I haye;j touched on these matters relating tothe present and future state of the science andart of medicine, not with the view of recounting the achievements of modern medicine, butto indicate something of their importance to individual and to civic life and to show that infostering the teaching and study of medicinethe university finds a field worthy of its highest endeavors in the propagation of usefulknowledge and in service to the community.From what has been said we may, I think,assume with confidence that the best and in timethe prevailing type of American medical schoolis destined to be that represented in medicaldepartments in vital union with universities.In so far our system of medical education willconform to that of Germany and France, butin an important respect there is and will remaina difference due to the fact that in thosecountries the courses of study and the qualifications for the degree and the license to practiceare molded into practical uniformity by theregulations of the state. Nothing is morecharacteristic of the conditions of medical education in our country than the great diversity ofthe requirements and curricula of the variousmedical schools, even of those of the bettersort. Entire uniformity is not to be expectedand not to be desired, but at least such a measure of agreement should be secured as will permit students to pass freely from one universityto another and to acquire, it is to be hoped,something of the habit of wandering which issuch an enviable feature of student life in theGerman universities. No problem of medical education in thiscountry is so perplexing or has given rise inrecent years to so much discussion and difference of opinion as that of the preliminary education to be required for the study of medicine.If I could announce a universally satisfactorysolution of this problem, I should claim thehonors of an important discovery, but as I cannot do so I shall forego on this occasion its detailed discussion, with a self-sacrificing forbearance which I trust may be commended by myhearers. It must suffice to enumerate the attempts at a solution, premising, what is generally recognized, that the difficulties arise fromthe anomalous development of the Americancollege for many years, making it, howeveradmirable it may be for certain educationaluses, almost unadjustable to the needs of professional education.The preliminary requirement of the bachelor'sdegree in arts or science should, in my judgment, carry with it the specification of collegiatelaboratory training in physics, chemistry, andbiology, with a reading knowledge of Frenchand German. These requirements have been insuccessful operation in the medical departmentof the Johns Hopkins University since its foundation in 1893, their adoption being necessitatedby the acceptance of the terms of Miss Garrett's gift of endowment. We are satisfied withthe working of these requirements and wouldnot lower them if we could, but it must be conceded that, while there is room for medicalschools with these standards, the country is notripe for their general adoption. The medicaldepartment of Cornell University has recentlyannounced the intention to introduce similarrequirements, and the Harvard UniversityMedical School demands the bachelor's degreewithout the other requirements mentioned.In order to meet the objection that the average age of graduation from our colleges is atleast two years beyond that at which professional study usually begins in Europe, variousUNIVERSITY RECORD 81attempts have been made to truncate the collegecourse or to telescope a quarter to a half of itinto the period of professional study, makingone course of study count for two degrees.Manifest objections and embarrassments attendall of these attempts to find a suitable stoppingplace between the high school and the end of thecollege course. The plan adopted in this university to demarcate with some sharpness thefirst two years of the college course from theremainder and to exact the completion of thesetwo years of study as the requirement preliminary to the study of medicine has much torecommend it under existing conditions. I learnfrom the last report of the Council on MedicalEducation of the American Medical Associationthat one medical school, the medical departmentof Western Reserve University, demands as aprerequisite to the study of medicine three yearsof study in a college of arts or science ; sixteenrequire two years of collegiate study, eleven ofthese schools being in the middle west or west ;and thirty-one require one year, of these, nineteen being in the middle west or west.The Council on Medical Education just mentioned, of which Dr. Bevan is the energetic andefficient chairman, has entered as a strong forcefor the elevation of standards of medical education in this country, and, while it has not thepower of the British General Medical Councilto make effective its recommendations, it canexert a most beneficial influence. It is significant that at its first conference, held in 1905,it recommended as the minimum preliminaryrequirement . to be generally adopted by ourmedical schools an education sufficient to enablethe student to enter the freshman class of arecognized college of arts or a university, andnow it recommends that in 19 10 to this shall beadded a year's study of physics, chemistry, andbiology, with one modern language, preferablyGerman. The time has gone by when it isnecessary to emphasize before an audience suchas this the importance of laboratory training in physics, chemistry, and general biology as fundamental to the successful study of medicine.While it is not feasible to exact the preliminary study of the ancient classics, save someacquaintance with Latin, I feel that they are ofvalue to the physician and that a liberal education and broad culture raise the influence andstanding of the physician in the community, enhance and widen the intellectual pleasures of hislife, instill an interest in the history of medicine,and give him greater joy in the pursuit of anoble profession. It is important, especiallyfor medicine, that this culture be imparted bymethods of liberal education which do not bluntman's innate curiosity for the facts of nature.There can be no more striking evidence ofthe progress of medical education in thiscountry during the last quarter of a centurythan that it is no longer the laboratory, but theclinical side of medical teaching which ojfersthe urgent problems. Only a few years ago thecry was the need of laboratories; now, while asufficient supply of good laboratories is still beyond the resources of many medical schools,their value is fully recognized and all of ourbetter schools possess them and are devotingprobably as much of the time and energies ofteachers and students to work in the laboratories as is desirable. There is even some risk,I believe, that a subject which can be studiedwith facility and advantage in a laboratory mayacquire, on this account, a position in thescheme of medical studies disproportionate toits relative importance. The structure of organized beings, normal or diseased, for example,is eminently adapted to laboratory study, andfor centuries normal anatomy had an educational value all its own, because it was the onlysubject which students were taught in thelaboratory; whereas the study of function, certainly not less important, is much more difficultto approach by the laboratory method, and evenat the present time normal physiology andespecially pathological physiology do not receive82 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe attention in medical education to whichtheir importance entitles them.It is interesting to note the impressionswhich Professor Orth of Berlin, an acute observer and most competent judge in all matterspertaining to medical education, received fromhis visit to this country three years ago regarding our laboratories and clinics. In an addressconveying these impressions to the Berlin Medical Society he expresses his astonishment andsatisfaction that, in contrast to the prevalentopinion in Germany as to our medical schools,he found that fully as much emphasis is placedon laboratory teaching here as there, that thelaboratories which he visited are as good, theirarrangements in some instances arousing hisenvy, and the methods of teaching practicallythe same as in Germany; whereas he gatheredthe impression that the opportunities andmethods of clinical teaching are less satisfactory than in Germany and not commensuratewith those of our laboratories.I do not desire to instill sentiments of unduecomplacency regarding the condition of laboratory teaching in our medical schools, for thereis still room for much improvement in this regard. Many schools are sadly deficient andeven the best have not all that is needed in thesupply and maintenance of laboratories, but thetime has come to give especial emphasis todirections of improvement in the teaching ofpractical medicine and surgery. The makingof good practitioners should always be kept tothe front as the prime purpose of a medicalschool.I believe that in most medical schools atpresent the clinic falls behind the laboratory inaffording students opportunities for that prolonged, intimate, personal contact with theobject of study, in this instance the livingpatient, which is essential for a really vitalknowledge of a subject. To secure this, amphitheater clinics and ward classes alone do not suffice, valuable as these are, but studentsunder suitable restrictions and supervision andat the proper period in their course of studyshould work in the dispensary and should havefree access to patients in the public wards ofhospitals, acting in the capacity of clinicalclerks and surgical dressers as a part of theregular, orderly machinery of the hospital.In order to place the clinical side of medicalinstruction on the same satisfactory foundationas that of laboratory teaching, two reforms areespecially needed in most of our medical schools.The first is that the' heads of the principalclinical departments, particularly the medicaland the surgical, should devote their main energies and time to their hospital work and toteaching and investigating, without the necessity of seeking their livelihood in a busy outside practice and without allowing such practice to become their chief professional occupation. This direction of reform has been forcibly urged in this city and elsewhere by mycolleague, Dr. Barker, whom we have reclaimedfrom you, in notable papers and addresses.The other reform is the introduction of thesystem of practical training of students in thehospital, which I have indicated, and with itthe foundation and support of teaching and investigating laboratories connected with theclinics, to which I have already referred, necessitating the possession of a hospital by the medical school or the establishment of such relationswith outside hospitals as will make possiblethese conditions. This subject, as thus om>lined) I made the theme of an address at theopening, six months ago, of the new JeffersonMedical College Hospital in Philadelphia, and Ishall now recur only to the point which I endeavored there to establish, that the teachinghospital subserves the interest of the patientnot less than that of the student and teacherand is the best and most useful kind of publichospital.UNIVERSITY RECORD 83Hospitals make generally a stronger appealto public and private philanthropy than the support of medical education, but I do not hesitate to affirm that a general hospital in a university city, whether maintained by publicfunds or by private benevolence, serves thecommunity and the interests of its patients farbetter when it is readily accessible and freelyavailable for the purposes of medical educationthan when it is divorced from connection withmedical teaching. Witness the great publichospitals in Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Leipsic,Paris, London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and a fewin this country. It is most deplorable, both forthe hospitals and for the medical schools, thatthese two institutions, which should be linkedarms of medical education, should have developed in this country so far apart; that stateand municipal authorities and private foundersshould have so little realization of the inestimable advantages which close association with agood medical school can confer on a hospital;and that the immense possibilities of publichospitals in our large cities for the education ofstudents and physicians and for the advancement of medical knowledge should be utilizedto so small an extent, often not at all.It would be one of the greatest benefits tothe cause of higher medical education if theUniversity of Chicago, for its medical department, should come into possession of a goodgeneral hospital, and fortunate the hospitalwhich enters into this relationship. This university, the source of so many important contributions to the advancement of knowledgeand of higher education, will then be, in largermeasure than it now finds possible, a center ofsimilar service to medicine.Medical education partakes fully of the freedom, so amazing often to many of our European colleagues, with which we unhesitatinglytry all sorts of educational experiments in thiscountry — it is to be hoped and expected for the ultimate benefit of systems of education, whatever the immediate results may be in individualcases. The theme of this address naturally suggests many topics relating to methods of teaching and to the medical curriculum which arequestions of the day, but which I must lay asidethrough lack of time. On one only I beg to saya few words.In contrast to the German system the tendency in our American medical schools has beentoward a rigid curriculum, which, though widelydivergent in different schools, is to be followedin precisely the same way by all students withoutany consideration of differing ability, capacityfor work, special aptitudes and interests. Oneof many unfortunate results is that subjectsand courses of study which cannot properly beimposed as obligatory on already overburdenedstudents find no place in our medical schools,which should aim to cultivate the whole fieldof medicine. I agree with Dr. Bowditch andmy colleague, Dr. Mall, to whose admirablepresentation of this subject I would refer thoseinterested, that our students should have agreater latitude of choice than is now customary in subjects to be pursued, in the amount oftime to be devoted to their study, and in theorder in which they may be taken. Completefreedom cannot be granted. A minimum requirement for the principal subjects must bemade obligatory, but if this minimum is properlyfixed there remains room for a considerablerange of choice of subjects and courses, greatlyto the advantage of student and teacher. Atthe Harvard Medical School the system ofelectives for the fourth year of the course hasbeen in operation for several years, and othermedical schools have also introduced a similarplan. At the beginning of the current academicyear we adopted at the Johns Hopkins MedicalSchool a scheme by which a large number ofelective courses are offered throughout the four84 UNIVERSITY RECORDyears, and the plan is now working most successfully.Some of our state boards of examiners aregreatly exercised over the differences whichthey find in the curricula of the various medical schools in this country, and which in themselves are merely an indication that there is,and in my judgment there can be, no agreement of opinion as to every detail of a medicalcurriculum. There are doubtless defects to beremedied, but in attempting to apply remediesthese state boards should concern themselveswith no other question than that of educationalstandards. They could make no greater mistake nor inflict more serious injury on theefforts of the better schools to improve theirmethods of teaching than to attempt to imposea uniform and rigid obligatory curriculum onall schools. They do not in their examinationsapply any practical tests whatever to determinethe candidate's fitness for the practice of medicine, whereas our better schools are exertingevery effort to increase their efficiency by substituting practical work in laboratories, hospitalwards, and out-patient departments for didacticlectures. The work of students who gain theirknowledge by serving as clinical clerks and surgical dressers in the hospital cannot bemeasured by time standards in the same preciseway as that of attendance on expository lee-.tures. Above all, the better schools should notbe hampered by restrictions imposed by stateboards of examiners in freedom to extend thesystem of electives of which I have spoken.The medical department of a universityshould be a school of thought as well as aschool of teaching, academia as well as schola.Although there has been gratifying progress inrecent, years, our medical schools have not advanced along the path of productive researchto the same extent that they have in the way ofimprovement of their educational work. Thereare several reasons for. this condition. For one thing we have been too busy setting our housesin order for their primary uses in the trainingof students to have given the requisite attention to other questions which, however important, may have seemed for the moment lessurgent. With the degree of emphasis thusplaced on the educational side teaching giftsrather than investigating capacity have beensought as the most . desirable qualifications ofprofessors in our medical schools. The powerof imparting knowledge, gained second-hand,fluently and even skilfully, is not an uncommongift and is possessed by many who have neverengaged in research and have no especial inclination or aptitude for it; but the teaching ofhim who has questioned Nature and receivedher answers has often, and I think commonly,in spite it may be of defects of delivery, a rarerand more inspiring quality.A medical school or university cannot expectto fill all of its chairs with men with the geniusfor disco very^if it has one or two it has atreasure beyond all price — but every effortshould be made to secure as occupants of thesechairs from among those who are available,wherever they can be found, the ones who havedemonstrated the greatest capacity to advanceknowledge by original investigation and theability to stimulate research. Until this principle is more fully and generally recognized andacted on in the selection of heads of departments, our medical schools as a class will notbecome important contributors to knowledge.It is not enough that a few schools shouldencourage and provide for original investigation; the field must be a wide one in order toattract many to a scientific career, for of themany only a few will be found endowed withthe power of discovery. There is no possibleway of recognizing the possessor of this powerbefore he has demonstrated it. Even when auniversity has succeeded in attaching to it thosewho can conduct scientific inquiry successfully,UNIVERSITY RECORD 85how often are their energies sapped by lack ofadequate resources and enough trained assistants and by too great burden of teaching andadministrative work imposed on them!It is evident from what has been said, andindeed it has been a tacit assumption throughout this address, that, while with present resources considerable improvement in medicaleducation in this country is possible, furtherprogress is largely a question of ways andmeans. What makes modern medical educationso costly is precisely its practical character,necessitating laboratories and hospitals, and itcan be made self-supporting no more than anyother department of higher education. Forreasons already stated, the medical departmentsof strong universities are the ones most likelyto receive the funds needed for the support ofmedical education and are in general the mostdeserving. There is a great future before themedical schools of many of our state universities, which are already developing with suchpromise and are sure to receive in increasingmeasure aid from the state as their needs andthe benefits accruing to the community fromtheir generous support are more and more appreciated. Other universities must look to private endowment, and I have endeavored toshow that they should foster their departmentsof medicine as zealously as their other faculties.The university chest should be opened, so faras possible, to supply needs of the medicalschool, and authorities of the university shouldpresent the claims of medical education to financial aid as among the most important in theirdomain ; and they can do so to-day with a forceof appeal not possible a quarter of a centuryago. President Eliot, whose services to thecause of medical education are great, in his address at the opening of the new buildings of theHarvard Medical School, set forth with admirable force and clearness the changes whichadvancing medicine has brought in the vocation of the physician, his greatly increased capacityof service to the community, and his still highermission in the future.The discoveries which have transformed theface of modern medicine have been in the fieldof infectious diseases, and in no other department of medicine could new knowledge havemeant so much to mankind ; for the infectiousdiseases have a significance to the race possessed by no other class of disease, and problems relating to their restraint are scarcely lesssocial and economic than medical. The public isawakening to this aspect in the case of tuberculosis, and I need only cite as a further example the necessity of keeping in check themalarial diseases and yellow fever for successin digging the Isthmian Canal, an undertakingin which the triumphs of the sanitarian, ColonelGorgas, are not outrivalled by those of theengineer. Such victories over disease as thoseof the prevention of hydrophobia by the inoculation of Pasteur's vaccine and the antitoxictreatment of diphtheria have made an especiallystrong impression on the public mind.More than all that had gone before in thehistory of medicine the results achieved during the last quarter of a century in explorationof the fields of infection and immunity openedby the discoveries of Pasteur and of Koch havestirred men's minds to the importance of advancement of medical knowledge, and medicalscience at last has entered into its long awaitedheritage as a worthy «,nd rewarding object ofpublic and private endowment. But it is to benoted that it is not so much the education ofdoctors as this advancement of knowledgewhich makes the strong appeal, as may be illustrated by the splendid foundation of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research throughthe enlightened generosity of the founder ofthis university, the Phipps Institute for theStudy and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and theMemorial Institute for the Study of Infectious86 UNIVERSITY RECORDDiseases, established in this city by Mr. andMrs. Harold McCormick, which under theefficient direction of Dr. Hektoen has become amost active and important contributor to ourknowledge of infection and immunity.These magnificent additions to the resourcesof this country for the promotion of medicalinvestigations are of inestimable value, but notone of them could have justified its existenceby results if it had been established in Americathirty years ago, when medical education was sodefective. The dependence of research on education is of fundamental importance. Theprime factor influencing the development ofscientific research in any country is the condition of its higher education. Scientific investigation is the fruit of a tree which has itsroots in the educational system, and if the rootsare neglected and unhealthy there will be nofruit. Trained investigators are bred in educational institutions. Independent laboratoriesare dependent on a supply from this source, andwithout it they cannot justify their existence;but where proper standards of education existsuch laboratories have a distinctive and important field of usefulness. I contend, therefore,that those interested in the advancement ofmedical knowledge should not be indifferent tothe condition of education in our better medicalschools and should not rest on the assumptionthat the educational side can be safely left totake care of itself.Moreover, those who are to apply the newknowledge are physicians and sanitarians. Thepublic is vitally interested in the supply of good physicians, never so much as to-day when theirpower to serve the welfare of the communityhas. been so vastly increased and is rapidlygrowing, and if it wants good doctors it musthelp to make them.I have been able, within the limits of thisaddress, to indicate only a relatively small partof the increased strength gained by both medical school and university by the combination oftheir forces, but I hope that I may have conveyed some impression of the rich fields of discovery, of the beneficent service to the community, of the important educational workopened to the university by close union with astrong department of medicine, and of the inestimable value to medicine of intimate contactwith the fructifying influences and vitalizingideals of the university. Where is there a university which, if provided with the requisiteresources, gives stronger assurance of securingthese mutual benefits than the University ofChicago, so fruitful in achievement during itsbrief but eventful history, so vigorous in itspresent life, so full of high promise for thefuture ; and where in all this land is there alocation more favorable to the development of agreat university medical school than here in thecity of Chicago? Such a development is boundto come and the sooner it arrives the earlier theday when America shall assume that leadingposition in the world of medical science andart assured to her by her resources, the intelligence of her people, her rank among thenations, and her high destiny.THE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENT ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY1THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEThe approaching meeting of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Sciencein the buildings of the University, during theholidays, is an event of great interest andimportance to the University and to Chicago.Once before, in the summer of 1868, this national organization of the scientific men ofAmerica met in Chicago, under the presidencyof Professor B. A. Gould, the eminent astronomer of Harvard University. The comingmeeting, under the presidency of the Convocation speaker, will find a new city and a newuniversity. With this Association twenty ofthe national scientific societies are affiliated, sothat these meetings are the largest and mostimportant gatherings of scientific men held inthis country. The last meeting was held inNew York City, with Columbia University ashost, and the attendance exceeded two thousand. These annual meetings have been a clearing-house to which men of science of the wholecountry have brought the results of their work,and from which they have returned with a renewed interest in research.SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIONSMr. L. S. Tiffany of this city has presentedto the University for the Department of Geology a valuable collection of invertebrate fossils.This collection was made by Mr. Tiffany'sfather during a period of some twenty-five orthirty years and at a cost of many thousands ofdollars. The collection will be placed in WalkerMuseum and will be an important addition tothe already large and valuable collection in the1 Presented on the occasion of the Sixty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 17, 1907. hands of the department. The thanks of theUniversity for this generous gift are due toMr. Tiffany.In this connection I repeat what has been saidbefore, that few things of more striking importance could be done for the University than toprovide a departmental building for Geology,Geography, and Paleontology. The crowdingtogether of the extensive work of those departments in Walker Museum, a building designedsolely for museum purposes, makes it difficultto carry on the work and at the same timegreatly impedes the proper use of the museum.Assistant Professor R. Campbell Thompson,of the Department of Semitic Languages andLiteratures, has presented to the University acollection of about 350 Babylonian antiquities,consisting chiefly of inscribed terra-cotta conesand tablets. This will form an interesting addition to the already considerable collection ofthe Oriental Museum.THE HARPER MEMORIAL LIBRARY FUNDAt the opening of the Autumn Quarter announcement was made of a conditional offerwith reference to the Harper Memorial Library Fund from the founder of the University. At that time the subscriptions towardthe fund amounted to about $110,000. Mr.Rockefeller offered to give three dollars to thefund for every dollar subscribed by other persons, up to a maximum of $600,000 from himand $200,000 from others. This will providea fund of $800,000. Plans have been so farconsidered as to make it clear that it will bepossible to erect an adequate building for theGeneral Library with this fund and to provide for its maintenance. Steps were takenimmediately toward increasing the subscriptions, and ¦ a considerable addition was made,when the financial. situation assumed such87UNIVERSITY RECORDshape as to make it expedient for the presentto suspend operations. The subscriptions toward the required $200,000 have reached $135,-362. This includes a gift from Mr. AndrewCarnegie of $10,000 and from Mr. George B.Cluett, of Troy, N. Y., of $5,000. The subscribers thus far number 981 (133 have beenadded since October 1). As soon as the financial , situation becomes more favorable theenterprise will be resumed, and we feel confident of raising the entire sum at a reasonablyearly date.GIFTS PAID IN, AUGUST 31-DECEMBER 17, 1907For current expenses, books, equipment, etc. $ 97>79I«3*Harper Memorial Library . . . 9>959«3<>President's fund . . . . . 4,500.00Alice Freeman Palmer chimes . . / 3,881.00Experimental therapeutics . . • 1,250.00Russian lectureship .... 2,000.00Modern Philology journal . . . 600.00Am. Assoc. Advancement of Science . 750»o°Woman's athletic fund .... 130.00Special scholarships . ... . 300.00Special fellowships . . . . . 75»ooEnglish instruction . . . . . 208.00Zoology instruction 66.66Yerkes librarian . . . . . . 100.00Total $121,611.27NEW APPOINTMENTSThe following new appointments have beenmade during the Autumn Quarter, 1907:Margaret Davidson, as Reader in English.Emma Cox, to an Assistantship in the Library.Charles Wilson Peterson, to a Laboratory Assistant-ship in Anatomy.Elbert Clark, to a Laboratory Assistantship in Anatomy.Erastus Smith Edgerton, to a Laboratory Assistant-ship in Anatomy.Herbert Marcus Goodman, to a Laboratory Assistant-ship in Bacteriology.Paul Miller, as Preparator in Paleontology.Frank Christian Becht, to an Assistantship in Physiology.Ralph Edward Sheldon, to an Assistantship in Anatomy. William Kelley Wright, to ari Associateship inPhilosophy.Walter Eugene Clark, to an Associateship in Sanskrit.Frank Grant Lewis, to an Associateship in NewTestament Greek in the Divinity School.Shirley Jackson Case, to an Assistant Professorship inNew Testament Greek in the Divinity School for onequarter.Henry Sill, to a Professorial Lectureship in Historyin the University Extenstion Division.James Hayden Tufts, to the Deanship of the SeniorColleges.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been madeduring the Autumn Quarter, 1907:Albert Woelfel, Associate in the Department ofPhysiology, to an Instructorship.Frank Henry Pike, Associate in the Department ofPhysiology, to an Instructorship.RESEARCH BY MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIESIn examining during the current quarterthe reports of departments for the President'sannual report, some features of particular interest are noted. The publications of members of the faculty during the year closingJune 20, 1906, comprise forty-five books and alarge number of articles and reviews. A furtherreport by heads of departments covers thework of investigation in hand and gives amost interesting picture of the busy life ofthe University. It need not be said in thisplace that research is the essential idea of themodern university, and that the important linesof investigation which are being carried on byour different departments are numerous andare fruitful. The lines of investigation covera very wide range, including studies in comparative philology, in history, in philology, inEnglish literature, in chemistry, in zoology,and botany, and in many other subjects. Professor William Gardner Hale, Head of theDepartment of Latin, is just closing a period ofa year in Europe devoted to an investigationof the manuscripts of Catullus. ProfessorUNIVERSITY RECORD 89John M. Manly, Head of the Department ofEnglish, has made an important and most interesting contribution to English letters in anovel view of the manuscripts of Piers Plow man. Professor John U. Nef, Head of theDepartment of Chemistry, is continuing hisimportant investigations on the "DissociationPhenomena in the Sugar Group."ATTENDANCE, AUTUMN QUARTER, 1907M W Total1907 Total1906 GainI. The Departments of Arts, Literature, andScience:1. The Graduate Schools*Arts and Literature Science Total 2. The Colleges*Senior Junior Unclassified Total Total Arts, Literature, and Science II. The Professional SchoolsI. The Divinity SchoolGraduate Unclassified Dano-Norwegian Swedish English Theological Total 2. The Courses in Medicine*Graduate *Senior *Junior *Unclassified Medical Total.... 3. The Law SchoolGraduate ^Senior Candidate for LL.B Unclassified Total 4. The College 0} Education *Pro forma Total Professional Total University Duplicates Net totals. 106(4 dup.)139245240(3 duP-)467587651,010839294917052492011313547351181"1500i,5IQ178!,332 118(1 dup.)28 224167 19a171146215 v(12 dup.)36886 391455835144 3^9429785135669815 1,4341,82586112949 i,3491,71896152642175565i20213 179585i163171421004737 14590303°1169 j24 !2091,02444980 185181 i26!7092,5342222,312 1511966712,3891922,197 26222650985107IO1773438145115* Deduct for duplication.90 UNIVERSITY RECORDAWARD OF THE COPLEY MEDAL AND THE NOBELPRIZEDuring the current quarter the Universityhas been honored in the person of one of itsfaculty in recognition of brilliant work of investigation and discovery in the Departmentof Physics. Professor A. A. Michelson, headof that department, was awarded the Copleymedal by the Royal Society of London. Onlyone American heretofore, Professor Newcombof Washington, has received that medal.While Professor Michelson was on the oceanon his way to receive this distinguished honor,the official award of the Nobel prizes by theRoyal Society of Sweden was announced. Among the awards was one to Professor A. A,Michelson for his discoveries in the measurement and analysis of light. Professor Michelson was obliged to continue his trip from London to Stockholm in order to receive this newand striking evidence of the importance of histireless and .brilliant scientific work. Suchrecognition of the results of scientific investigation is a renewed incentive to research inall fields of university activity. We, Mr.Michelson's colleagues, unite in felicitationsto that modest gentlemen, and, on his returnto his home, we hope to extend our greetingand congratulations in a more tangible form.ALBERT A. MICHELSONHead of the Department of PhysicsAwarded the Copley Medal and the Nobel PrizeTHE AWARD OF THE COPLEY MEDAL AND THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICSBY ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKANAssociate Professor of PhysicsThe award' to a member of the faculty ofthe University of Chicago, Professor AlbertA. Michelson, Head of the Department ofPhysics, of two such honors as the Copleyiuedal and the Nbbel prize makes appropriatea brief statement of the significance of thesehonors and the nature of the work which hasreceived such recognition.THE COPLEY MEDALThe Copley medal of. the Royal Society ofLondon was established as the result of a bequest of one hundred pounds made in 1709 tothat society by Sir Godfrey Copley. Up to1736 the income from this sum was used forfurthering individual researches, but in thatyear the society voted to establish with it amedal to be awarded annually "to the living author of the most important scientific discovery,or contribution to science, by experiment orotherwise, during the year." In point of factthe award has not, in general, been given forcontributions made within twelve months ofthe time of its bestowal, since the correctevaluation of so recent work is seldom possible.This medal has come to be regarded as thehighest honor within the gift of the Royal Society. In the interval between 1737 and 1907it has been awarded one hundred and sixty-sixtimes, but the 'names of only six Americansappear upon the list of the recipients. Theyare: Benjamin Franklin, 1753; Louis Agas-siz, 1861; James Dwight Dana, 1877; SimonNewcomb, 1890; James Willard Gibbs, 1901 ;and Albert A. Michelson, 1907. Among theother names found upon this roll of honor are those of Priestly, Herschel, Rumford, Volta,Faraday, Gauss, Helmhbltz, Pasteur, Huxley,Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, and Mendeleeff .According to the terms of the award thismedal was bestowed upon Professor Michelson for his "investigations in optics." Sincepractically all of Professor Michelson's researches have been in the field of optics, it isprobable that the medal was intended to be arecognition of his work as a whole, rather thanof any particular part of it. The most salientfeatures of this work may be summarized asfollows :PROFESSOR MICHELSON'S RESEARCHES1. It was in 1879 that Professor Michelsonfirst gained international recognition becauseof his classical determination of the velocity oflight, a research conducted with such skill andaccuracy that the subsequent determinationsby Newcomb (1882) and by Perrotin (1902)have only served to establish its reliability without improving upon its precision.2. From 1886 to 1887 came the famous experiments upon the relative motion of the earthand ether. These experiments were designedto determine with what speed the earth movesthrough the medium which serves as the carrier of light and heat through interstellarspace. Since the result seemed to show thatthere is no relative motion : whatever of theearth and ether — a conclusion very difficult toaccept — the experiment has been the subject ofa vast amount of discussion and is still regarded as one of the unsolved riddles of physics, despite the fact that certain more or lessplausible attempts at explanation have been9192 UNIVERSITY RECORDbrought forward. Recently the experiment hasbeen repeated by Morley and Miller with results identical with those originally obtained byMichelson and Morley.3. The years from 1888 to 1895 cover theperiod of Michelson's most important investigations with the interferometer, an instrumentdevised by him for the double purpose of making extremely accurate linear and angularmeasurements and of studying the nature ofthe bright lines of the spectra of incandescentgases and vapors. The most important of thelinear measurements was the evaluation of thestandard meter in terms of the wave-length ofred cadmium light, a research carried out inParis in 1893 at the invitation of the international committee on weights and measures.The accuracy of linear measurement obtainedin this experiment has probably never been exceeded, and until recently has not been equaledby other experimenters.The second problem, that of the study ofspectra, is perhaps of greater interest to themajority of men than is that of linear measurements, since there seems to be no more promising means of extending our knowledge ofthat most fundamental of all the problems ofscience — the problem of the nature of matter —than by studying with sufficiently powerful instruments the character of the light wavesemitted by the simplest types of matter available for experimentation, viz., incandescentgases and vapors. The chief result of Professor Michelson's investigations with the interferometer in this field was to show that lightfrom even the simplest sources is much morecomplex than had been supposed, and to determine in a measure the character of the complexity.4. In 1898 came the invention of the echelonspectroscope, another instrument of greatpower for analyzing light waves, and onewhich has the advantage over the interfe rometer of giving more direct indications. Withthis instrument most of the results previouslyobtained with the interferometer have beenverified, and considerable new material hasbeen brought to light.5. Since 1902 Professor Michelson has beenseeking to extend still further our knowledgeof the light waves emitted by simple sourcesby perfecting an instrument, devised byFraunhofer and improved by Rowland, knownas the diffraction grating. The gratings whichare now being produced at Ryerson PhysicalLaboratory are considerably more powerfuland more perfect than any others which havehitherto been made, and some interesting andnew results on the nature of certain simplekinds of light have just been obtained withthem. It was these results in part which ledto the award of the Nobel prize.THE NOBEL PRIZEOn November 27, 1895, Dr. Alfred BernhardNobel, a Swedish engineer who had made afortune in the manufacture of dynamite,smokeless powder, and other explosives, drewup the will in which he bequeathed the incomefrom the greater part of his $10,000,000 fortuneto the establishment of five international prizesto be awarded annually, one for the most important invention or discovery in physics, one forsimilar work in chemistry, one in physiology ormedicine, one for the best work in idealisticliterature, and one for the most important contribution toward the promotion of peace. Thefirst award was made in 1901, each prizeamounting to about $39,000. The first prize inscience which comes to this country is the onewhich Professor Michelson has just received.The only other American who has received anyof the Nobel prizes is Theodore Roosevelt, whowas voted the peace prize in 1906. The previous recipients of the prize in physics areRoentgen, of Munich, Germany, 1901 ; LorenzUNIVERSITY RECORD 93and Zeeman, of Amsterdam, Holland, 1902;M. and Mme. Curie, of Paris, 1903 ; Lord Ray-leigh, of London, 1904; Lenard, of Kiel, Germany, 1905; J. J. Thompson, of Cambridge,England, 1906.The method of choosing the physicist towhom the prize is to be awarded is as follows :In September of each year the Nobel committeeof five sends to a large number of physicistsof distinction in various countries invitations topropose candidates for the prize. The Nobelcommittee classifies these proposals and submits them to the Swedish Academy of Sciences,which makes the final pronouncement of theaward.According to the terms of this year's awardthe prize was given "to Albert A. Michelson forhis optical instruments of precision and his spec troscopic and metrological investigations carried out therewith." The optical instruments ofprecision refer, doubtless, to the interferometer, the echelon spectroscope, and the newten-inch gratings, including under this lasthead the ruling engine with which these gratings were made.The recipients of the other Nobel prizes thisyear are, in chemistry, Professor EdouardBuchner, of the University of Berlin, authorof epoch-making researches in fermentation;in medicine, Dr. Alphonse Laveran, of Paris,discoverer of the malaria bacillus; and inliterature, Rudyard Kipling. The peace prizeis divided equally between Ernesto TeodoroMoneto, a prominent peace worker in Italy,and Louis Regnault, representative of Francein the second Peace Conference at The Hague.THE MEETING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCEFrom December 30, 1907, to January 4, 1908,there was held at the University of Chicagothe fifty-eighth meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. OnDecember 30 the first general session of theassociation was opened in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, the retiring president, Professor William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, introducing the president of the.Chicago meeting, Professor E. L. Nichols, ofCornell University. The addresses of welcome were given by Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science, representing President HarryPratt Judson, and by Mr. George E. Adams,vice-chairman of the local committee.On the evening of the opening day therewas given a reception by President and Mrs.Judson in Hutchinson Hall to the members ofthe Association and affiliated societies. In theabsence of the President of the University,Dean George E. Vincent received with thewife of the President, others in the receivingline being Professor E. L. Nichols, of CornellUniversity; Professor William H. Welch, ofJohns Hopkins University; Mr. Martin A.Ryerson, president of the University Board ofTrustees, Mrs. Ryerson, and Mrs. George E.Vincent. There was a large number of guestsin attendance.In the section of mathematics and astronomyon December 31 Director Edwin B. Frost, ofthe Yerkes Observatory, gave illustratedaddresses on "Observations with the BruceTelescope" and "Comments on the ZeissStereocomparator and Spectrocomparator Belonging to the Yerkes Observatory." "Photographic Phenomena of Comet 1907" and "On a Great Bed of Nebulosityin Sagittarius, Photographed with the BruceTelescope of the Yerkes Observatory," . werethe subjects of illustrated addresses by Professor Edward E. Barnard, of the Observatory. On January 1 Mr. Barnard also gave anillustrated address on "Observation and Explanation of the Phenomena Seen at the Disappearances of the Rings of Saturn." EdwinB. Frost and Philip Fox presented an accountof "The Twenty- foot Horizontal Solar Spectrograph of the Yerkes Observatory," andAssistant Professor Kurt Laves discussed "AGraphic Method for the Determination of theOrbit of a Spectroscopic Binary" and "NewTables for the Time of Sight Correction of theEarth's Orbital Motion." On January 2 JohnA. Parkhurst and F. C. Jordan, of the YerkesObservatory, presented a joint paper on "ThePhotographic Determination of Star-Colorsand Their Relation to Spectral Type;" PhilipFox presented two papers, one "On the Detection of the Eruption Prominences on the SolarDisk" and the other "An Investigation of the40-inch Objective at the Yerkes Observatory;"and Robert J. Wallace discussed "The Function of a Color Filter and of Certain Plates inAstronomical Photography." '• In the section of physics the following subjects were discussed: "On the Value of theCharges Carried by the Negative Ion of Ionized Gases," by Associate Professor Robert A.Millikan and Mr. L. B. Begeman; "An Examination of Certain Alternating-Current Circuits,Including Those Containing Distributed Capacity," by Assistant Professor Carl Kinsley;"On the Separation (of Echelon Spectra byGratings," by Professor Albert A. Michelson.94UNIVERSITY RECORD 95In the section of chemistry Professor JuliusStieglitz, chairman of the organic section, gavean address December 31 on the subject of "TheApplication of Physical Chemistry to OrganicChemistry." On January 2 Professor John U.Nef presented a paper on "The Non-Equivalence of the Four Valences of the CarbonAtom," and Assistant Professor Herbert N.McCoy, chairman of the physical chemistrysection, discussed "The Interrelations of theElements." In the organic chemistry sectionAssistant Professor Lauder W. Jones and Dr.John C. Hessler, both formerly of the Department of Chemistry, were on the programme;Professor John U. Nef, head of the department, discussed "The Action of Alkalis on theCarbohydrates;" and Professor Julius Stieglitz presented a paper .entitled "Studies inCatalysis: Guanidrin Formation." In thephysical chemistry section also ProfessorStieglitz presented a "Note on the SolubilityProduct," and Assistant Professor McCoy discussed "Two New Methods of Determiningthe Secondary Ionization Constants of DibasicAcids" and also (with Mr. G. C. Ashman)"The Preparation of Urano-uranic Oxide anda Standard of Radioactivity."In the section of geology and geography, ofwhich Professor Joseph P. Iddings, of the Department of Geology, was chairman, Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head of theDepartment of Geology, discussed "The Influence of the Tides on the Earth's Rotation;"Assistant Professor Stuart Weller, "The Mississippi Section of Illinois;" Dr. Rollin T.Chamberlin, "Gases . in Rocks;" ProfessorSamuel W. Williston, of the Department ofPaleontology, "The Evolution and Distributionof the Pleisosaurus ;" and Dr. Wallace W. Atwood, "The Physiography of Alaska."In the section of zoology, of which ProfessorC. Judson Herrick, of the Department ofAnatomy, was secretary, papers were presented as follows: "A Contribution toward an Experimental xAnalysis of the Karyokinetic Figure," by Professor Frank R. Lillie ; "The Causeof Dominance in Heredity and ExperimentalProduction of Variability in Dominance," byAssistant Professor William L. Tower; "Minimal Size in Form Regulation," by AssistantProfessor Charles M. Child; "The Phylogene-tic Differentiation of the Organs of Smell andTaste," by Professor C. Judson Herrick; "Onthe Specific Gravity of the Constituent Partsof the Egg of Chaetopterus and the Effect ofCentrifuging on the Polarity of the Egg," byProfessor Lillie; "A Litter of Short-tailed andTail-less Puppies," by Dr. Reuben M. Strong;"The Experimental Production of GerminalVariations, Methods, Precautions and Theoryof Their Causation" and also a "Report onSome Experiments in Transplanting Speciesof Leptinotarsa into New Habitats, with Remarks upon the Significance of the Mode," byAssistant Professor Tower; "Pigmentation inthe Feather Germs of a White Ringdove Hybrid" and also "The Sense of Smell in Birds,"by Dr. Strong; and "The Rate of Growth of theOvum in the Chick and the Probable Significance of White and Yellow Yolk in VertebrateOva," by Dr. Oscar Riddle. Demonstrationswere given in the following subjects: "ALitter of Short-tailed and Tail-less Puppies,"by Dr. Strong; "Karyokinetic Figures of Cen-trifuged Eggs," by Professor Lillie; and byAssistant Professor Tower in cases to illustrate the evolution of the Lineata group, theresults obtained in the production of sports experimentally, in the transplantation of Lepti-notarsas from one habitat into another, andin the study of variability of dominance incrossing.In the section of botany papers were presented on "A Preliminary Account of Studiesin the Variability of a Unit Character inOenothera," by Mr. Reginald R. Gates, a96 UNIVERSITY RECORDFellow in botany, and on "Regeneration in theRoot Tips of Vicia and Phaseolus," by Mr.Charles H. Shattuck, also a Fellow in botany.In the section of anthropology and psychology Assistant Professor George A. Dorsey outlined the field work of the department of anthropology in the Field Museum of NaturalHistory.In the section of social and economic scienceProfessor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head of theDepartment of Political Economy, gave the address of welcome on the afternoon of December31. In the discussion of the question of federal regulation of public health Professor CharlesR. Henderson, Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology, was one of the speakers.In the section of physiology and experimentalmedicine, of which Professor Ludvig Hektoenwas the chairman, introductory remarks at thesymposium on immunity were made by thechairman; Assistant Professor Kyes spoke on"The Hemolysins of Animal Toxins;" "Assistant Professor Howard T. Ricketts and Mr.L. Gomez discussed "Immunity in RockyMountain Spotted Fever," and Assistant Professor H. Gideon Wells presented "ChemicalAspects of Immunity."In the section of education Professor FrankR. Lillie, of the Department of Zoology, andProfessor James R. Angell, Head of the Department of Psychology, took part in the discussion of the topic, "Co-operation in BiologicalResearch," and the latter, as chairman, madethe report of the Committee on Measurements.Of the affiliated societies, the Chicago section of the American Mathematical Society, ofwhich Assistant Professor Herbert E. Slaughtis secretary, had among other contributions toits programme the following : "Note on a Formof General Analysis," by Professor Eliakim H.Moore, Head of the Department of Mathematics; "Reduction of Families of QuadraticForms in a General Field," and "Commutose Linear Groups," by Associate Professor Leonard E. Dickson; 'and a "Note on the Convergence of a Sequence of Functions of a Certain 'Type," by Mr. H. E. Buchanan.Among the papers presented at the meetingof the American Physiological Society were"Some Points in Lymph Formation," by Assistant Professor Anton J. Carlson, Mr. J. R.Greer, and Mr. F. C. Becht; "On the Mechanism of the Embryonic Heart Rhythm," by Assistant Professor Carlson and Mr. W. J. Meek;"The Spontaneous Oxidation of Some CellConstituents," by Professor Albert P. Mathews ; "Ionic Potential and Toxicity," by Professor Mathews and Mr. R. H. Nicholl;"Studies in the Resuscitation of the CentralNervous System," by Dr. Frank H. Pike ; "AnAttempt to Determine the Mechanism of Protein Metabolism in Starvation," by Dr. AlbertWoelfel; and a paper (with demonstration)on "The Relation of Organ Activity to LymphFormation in the Salivary Glands," by Assistant Professor Carlson, Mr. J. R. Greer, andMr. F. C. Becht.The following papers were presented at thesessions of the American Society of BiologicalChemists : "On the Chemical Study of MentalDisorders," by Assistant Professor WaldemarKoch, and "The Chemistry of Hypernephromas," by Assistant Professor H. Gideon Wells.At the sessions of the Association ofAmerican Anatomists, of 'which ProfessorRobert R. Bensley is the second vice-president, papers were presented on "Observations on the Salivary Glands ofMammals," by Professor Bensley; "On theMorphological Subdivision of the Brain," byProfessor C. Judson Herrick ; "A Study of theGain in Weight for the Light and Heavy Individuals of a Single Group of Albino Rats," byDr. Elizabeth H. Dunn; and "The Histogenesis of the Gastric Glands," by Dr. Edwin G.Kirk. Mr. Kirk was also on the programmeUNIVERSITY RECORD 97for a demonstration : "Preparations Showingthe Histogenesis of the Gastric Glands ;" and ademonstration of "Preparations Showing theStaining Reactions of the Salivary Glands"was given by Professor Bensley.At the meetings of the Association of American Geographers titles of papers were as follows : "The Relation of Snow and Ice to Mountain Timber Lines" (illustrated), by AssistantProfessor Henry C. Cowles; "The Distributionof the Tiger Beetle, and Its Relation to PlantSuccession" (illustrated), by Dr. Victor E.Shelford; "The .Lakes and /Cirques of theUinta Mountains," by Dr. Wallace W. Atwood ; and "A College Course in Ontography,"by Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode.At the sessions of the Botanical Society ofAmerica Assistant Professor Henry C. Cowlestook part in a symposium on the "Species Question;" Professor Charles R. Barnes and Dr.W. J. G. Land presented a paper on "The Footin Bryophytes;" Assistant Professor Charles J.Chamberlain presented "A Report on Dioonand Ceratozamia ;" Mr. S. Yamanouchi contributed a paper on "Apogamy in Nephro-dium;" and Mr. Reginald R. Gates presented"Further Studies on the Chromosomes ofOenothera."The chairman of the local committee for theAssociation was Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson,treasurer of the University Board of Trustees;the chairman of the local executive committeewas Professor John M. Coulter, Head of theDepartment of Botany, and the secretary was Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography. The chairman of thelocal sub-committees were as follows : Onmembership, Professor James R. Angell,Head of the Department of Psychology ; on finance, Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, the secretarybeing Professor Frank R. Lillie, of the Department of Zoology; on transportation, Associate Professor Charles R. Mann, of theDepartment of Physics ; on hotels, AssociateProfessor Robert A. Millikan, of the same department; on meeting-places and equipment,Assistant Professor J. Gordon Wilson, of theDepartment of Anatomy; and on receptionand entertainment, Professor Joseph P. Iddings, of the Department of Geology.At the close of the sessions ProfessorThomas C. Chamberlin, Head of the Department of Geology, was elected president of theAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience for the year 1908, to succeed Professor William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University. Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, ofthe Department of Geography, was electedgeneral secretary.Officers and members of the Associationfrom other states and cities were most heartyin their praise of the arrangements made* at theUniversity for their comfort and convenience,and gave many expressions of their appreciation of the hospitality of members of theFaculties. This was the first meeting of theAssociation in Chicago since 1868.A STATISTICAL STUDY OFAlthough it must be evident that there is noreliable method for estimating personal abilityor for determining relative scientific worth, yeta conscientious attempt to make such determinations can hardly fail to be of interest toall engaged in scientific and educational work.Professor J. McKeen Cattell of Columbia University, editor of Science, during the processof collecting material for the Biographical Directory of American Men of Science has madea statistical study of the relative standing ofthose who may be classed among the first one-thousand of the men engaged in scientific studyand research in America, and the results contain much that is of interest to those connectedwith the University of Chicago.The method adopted was as follows: Thethousand men to be selected were assigned toeach of the twelve main branches of science,with reference to the proportion of the totalnumber that each science furnishes to the 4,000men engaged in science in America, as follows: Chemistry, 175; physics, 150; zoology,150; botany, 100; geology, 100; mathematics,80; pathology, 60; astronomy, 50; psychology,50; physiology, 40; anatomy, 25; anthropology, 20. The individuals were selected by tenleading representatives of each science, whowere asked to arrange the students of thatscience in the order of merit. For each scienceslips were made, with the names and addressesof all those known to have carried on researchwork of any consequence. The ten positionsassigned to each man were averaged, and theaverage deviations of the judgments were calculated. This gave the most probable order ofmerit for the students in each science, together with data for the probable error of theposition of each individual. The students ofthe different sciences were then combined inone list by interpolation, the probable errorsbeing adjusted accordingly. The list contains1,443 names, of which the first thousand arethe material used in this research. To quotefrom Professor Cattell: AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCEIt should be distinctly noted that the figures give onlywhat they profess to give, namely, the resultant opinion of ten competent judges. They show the reputationof the men among experts, but not necessarily theirability or performance. Constant errors, such as mayarise from a man's being better or less known than hedeserves, are not eliminated. There is, however, noother criterion of a man's work than the estimation inwhich he is held by those most competent to judge. Theposthumous reputation of a great man may be more correct than contemporary opinion, but very few of thosein this list of scientific men will be given posthumousconsideration. I am somewhat skeptical as to merit riotrepresented by performance, or as to performance notrecognized by the best contemporary judgment. Thereare doubtless individual exceptions, but, by and large,men do what they are able to do and find their properlevel in the estimation of their colleagues.The general spirit and enterprise of thefaculties of the various colleges and universities may be estimated by the proportion ofthose who responded to Professor Cattell's request, as shown in the following table:DISTRIBUTION AMONG INSTITUTIONS OF THOSE WHOWERE ASKED TO MAKE THE ARRANGEMENTSHarvard Columbia Chicago Cornell Geological Survey Depart, of Agriculture. . .Hopkins Yale Smithsonian Institution. .Michigan. Wisconsin. Pennsylvania Stanford Princeton New York University . . .Clark New York Bot. Garden.One at each institution. .Total. 66.560.039-o33-532.032.030-526.522.020.018.017.016.014-59-57.06.0 II17673138993103355246 53 <u353344182294330414517591921537i3i 71315443565726343 16O 838916232335n35194243336 O.g3065886757100.387555786760100806010067 !From this it may be seen that of the seventeen members of the Chicago faculty who wereasked to co-operate in the work, fifteen" responded, a proportion much better than isshown by any of the other large universities,Yale and Michigan coming next.Having secured his ratings, Professor Cattellused them for extensive analyses, with especialUNIVERSITY RECORD 99reference to their actual value for psychologi- is the one in which is considered the distributioncal and sociological purposes, publishing several of these first thousand scientists among the dif-tables and curves that illustrate various features, ferent American universities and colleges,The table of most general interest undoubtedly which we print in fullDISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO PRESENT POSITION OF THE THOUSAND MEN OF SCIENCEII III IV VI vn vm IX TotalHarvard. ..;..' • Columbia. Chicago Cornell i U. S. Geological Survey U. S. Department of Agriculture Johns Hopkins ... California Yale Smithsonian Institution Michigan ; Massachusets Institute of Technology..Wisconsin Pennsylvania Leland Stanford Jr 19773639 36.533425-52346 6.54-562443-543423-5 2-53 64-52-5 4-5S>$33334-5 3-S330-55 3-541-54 6-5 66.5603933-5323230.52726. S22ip -5181716Total.Princeton. 459-5Minnesota, Ohio State. . . . , IONew York University , p.Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern , s o765National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Navy, Am. Mus. Nat. History.Carnegie Institution, Clark, Iowa, Syracuse, Virginia, Wesleyan Bryn Mawr, Cincinnati, Dartmouth, Illinois, Indiana, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Smith.,Brown, Kansas, North Carolina, Texas, Washington (St. Louis) .Field Columbian Museum, General Electric Co., St. Louis, Western Reserve, Pennsylvania State, Rutgers 4Lehigh 3.^Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Amherst, Case, College of City of New York, Colorado College, Colorado University, Haverford, Purdue,Rockefeller Institute, Simmons, Tufts, Vassar, Worcester . . .« Grand total 3730These figures unquestionably furnish as reliable and disinterested information as one canexpect to obtain, and a careful analysis of thetable furnishes much ground for satisfactionto those interested in the welfare of the University of Chicago. Although Harvard is provedby these figures to outrank every other American university by a wide margin, at least so faras science faculties go, yet the position of Chicago among the greatest of our universities iswell established by this unprejudiced and wide-based evidence. Although Johns Hopkinsleads Chicago by a small margin in the firsthundred of the sciences, and Columbia ties it,yet if the first 200 scientists are selected it isfound that Chicago has 17, to 13 for Columbiaand 11 for Johns Hopkins. If the scientistsare arranged according to the first 500, it isfound that Harvard has 40; Columbia, 29;Chicago, 28; Johns Hopkins, 18; Cornell, 17;Yale, 16.5; Michigan, 16; and Wisconsin, 7. In other words,* Chicago and Columbia arepractically tied for second place, with a largelead over the next lower universities. Columbia's relatively high place in the final figures isdue to the large number of places secured inthe lower ratings. It is also a source of gratification to learn that, in spite of the comparatively brief existence of the University of Chicago, thirty-seven of the students of its Graduate Schools have already attained such reputation as to place them among the thousand electof the scientists, giving it fifth place amongAmerican universities in this respect. Therecan be no doubt that the figures in this last respect will rapidly increase in Chicago's favor,since it now leads all American universities inthe number of doctorates of philosophy awardedduring the past ten years — a subject which willbe discussed in the next number of the University Record.THE UNIVERSITY OFA SKETCH OF THE LAW SCHOOL, I902-I907The project of establishing a Law School inthe University, which had been under consideration for some time, was definitely undertaken in the winter and spring of 1902. Afterwide consultation it was deemed best, in viewof the condition and existing needs of legaleducation in this country, to establish a schoolthat should normally require a college education for admission. The principal reasons forthis decision were as follows:New law schools are not needed in this partof the country unless they are prepared to givethe best possible legal training to studentswhose education and maturity have fitted themto pursue serious professional work. The studyof law is no task for immature minds, andboys just out*of high school can comprehendneither the basis of. social experience uponwhich legal principles really rest, nor the natureof those social problems that are pressingtoday for solution, nor can they grasp theproper application of these principles to themanifold activities and complexities of modernlife. It was thought that ordinarily a fewyears of college work would give a maturityand knowledge, enabling law students betterto understand and apply the law as a livingprinciple of society instead of as an arbitrarybody of rules, and would secure a body of students able to assimilate the most thoroughlegal instruction. Not only does a college education better prepare a student for his law-school work, but it is of great importance in hiswider relation to affairs. In this country thecapable lawyer is also., the wise and trustedadviser and man of affairs in many relationsof life. Such a role demands a flexibility andreadiness of mind for which no particular kind CHICAGO LAW SCHOOLof study can be a specific preparation, butwhich is certainly better promoted by thevaried work and interests of college life thanby any other known course of training.At the same time it was recognized as an evilfor young men to be too long delayed in embarking upon their chosen profession. It wasbelieved that three years of college work, especially if the last of these should be devotedto subjects particularly useful to the futurelawyer, would be a sufficient preparation forlegal study, and, by permitting the first year oflaw to be elected as the work of the last yearin college, both degrees could be obtained insix years. By co-operation with the Collegesof the University this arrangement was effected. It was not thought wise, however,entirely to exclude from the School maturestudents of promising ability who had not beenable to complete a college course, and suchstudents, provided they were over twenty-oneyears old and had completed at least a four-year high-school course, were admitted to theLaw School conditionally upon their maintaining an average 10 per cent, higher than thatrequired for passing. These requirements secure maturity and good scholarship in thestudents who comply with them, and they haveproved successful.As regards methods of instruction, therewas little hesitation in adopting the so-called"case method" which was introduced at Harvard some thirty-five years ago and has gradually won its way into' the f^vor of all the leadingschools of the country. Nearly all of the lawschools with admission requirements abovehigh-school work use it, and no school that hasadopted it has ever gone back to the oldermethods of instruction. It undoubtedly re-100rt<rt<wwHfaC3oorto5<HP<WwUNIVERSITY RECORD 101quires more ability and skill on the part of theteacher and much more independent work fromthe student, but in capable hands no othermethod is nearly so well adapted to maintainthe interest of the student, to give an effectiveknowledge of legal principles, and to developthe power of independent legal reasoning.Through the generous co-operation of theHarvard Law School, Professor Joseph HenryBeale, Jr., of that institution, obtained leave ofabsence for half of each of the first two yearsto become the Dean of the new School, and thefollowing faculty was chosen : ProfessorErnst Freund, of the University of Chicago,Department of Political Science; ProfessorHorace Kent Tenney, of the Chicago bar; Professor Julian William Mack, from the Northwestern University Law School ; ProfessorBlewett Lee, formerly of the NorthwesternUniversity Law School ; Professor ClarkeButler Whittier and Professor James ParkerHall, both from Leland Stanford Jr. University Department of Law. Upon ProfessorBeale, Professor Freund, and Professor Mackchiefly devolved the labor of successfullymeeting, in the brief time allowed, the manyproblems of organization and administration,the creation of the Faculty, and the acquisitionof the Library.Plans were made for the new Law Building, work on which was commenced in thespring of 1903, but meanwhile temporaryquarters were found in the Press Building,then just completed. Space for one large lecture room was assigned to the School on thesecond floor, and the larger part of the thirdfloor was devoted to a reading-room, stack-room, and a small lecture-room. Seventeen oreighteen thousand books had been purchasedto start the library, and these arrived in largenumbers during August and September. Ittook all of the energy of Mr. Schenk, whocame to Chicago as Law Librarian in August, to. keep a semblance of order among the shelvesduring this unprecedented inpouring of volumes. The Press Building was new and thespace assigned to the Law School as a reading-room was gotten ready for occupancy onlya few hours before the School actually openedon October 1, 1902. The reading-room tableshad not come, and in their stead were longboards covered with "heavy paper and stretchedacross saw-horses, upon which were preparedthe first lessons in the new School.Sixty-one students presented themselves foradmission during the opening quarter, forty-three of whom were beginning the study oflaw, and the others were entering with advanced standing from other schools. Morecame in during the Winter and SpringQuarters, making a total of seventy-eight inattendance during the first year. Seven menwere graduated in June, 1903, six receivingthe degree of Doctor of Law (J.D.), and onethat of Bachelor of Laws. Joseph ChalmersEwing, whose name preceded the others in alphabetical order, received the first degree, andupon his shoulders was placed the first purple-bordered doctor's hood, symbolizing the degreeof Juris Doctor, ever conferred in this country.Professor Lee, who had been able to givebut a part of his time to the School, was compelled to resign at the end of the first year;and at the beginning of the second year Professor Floyd Russell Mechem, from the University of Michigan Law School, joined theFaculty. About three months later also cameAssistant Professor Harry Augustus Bigelow,who had taught for a year in the Harvard LawSchool before commencing practice in Honolulu. Professor Beale returned to Harvard atthe end of this year, as originally planned, andat the close of his connection with the SchoolProfessor Hall became Dean. Since then therehave been no changes in the Faculty. Thenew building was occupied about May 1, 1904.102 UNIVERSITY RECORDDespite the high admission requirementsand tuition fee, the attendance has increasedsteadily, showing that there is a growing number of young men determined to obtain thebest legal education and to fit themselves forit thoroughly. In 1902-3 there were 78 students; in 1903-4 there were 125; in 1904-5there were 160; in 1905-6 there were 204; in1906-7 there were 234; and the total for 1907-8 will be about 270. As regards college graduates, the School at present has about as manyas any two other schools in the West combined. From the beginning the School hasattracted students from many parts of the-country, only one-third of its membership beingfrom Illinois. During the present year aboutrthree-fourths of our states, over one hundredcolleges, and nearly forty law schools, arerepresented among the students of the LawSchool. Meanwhile the Law Library has-grown to nearly 30,000 volumes.Not the least service of the Law School isin stimulating legal education elsewhere in themiddle West. Just as the foundation of theGraduate School of the University encouragedneighboring institutions to devote larger attention to research, so the opening of the LawSchool has been followed by a substantialstrengthening of the faculties and libraries ofother western schools, and by a strong movement toward raising standards of admission.Partly as a result of this generous rivalry it islikely that within a few years all of the principal law schools of the West will require atleast two years of college work for regular admission, with a corresponding improvement in-equipment and methods of 'professional training, and then the condition of legal educationin the Mississippi Valley will be comparable•with that existing in any other part of the-country.THE DEGREE OF JURIS DOCTOR (j.D.)When the Law School was established in1902 the form of its ordinary degree — Juris Doctor (abbreviated J.D.)— was a novelty inthis country, and inquiries are occasionallymade as to the reasons for its adoption. Thedegree was primarily designed to indicatethe fact that its holder had begun the study oflaw with the maturity and training affordedby a college education, instead of as a high-school boy. One of the principal objects ofrecent efforts to improve legal education inthis country has been to secure an adequateeducational preparation for beginning thestudy of law. Nearly everyone admits that acollege education usually affords the best preparation for legal study, and the obstacle to itsgeneral adoption has been chiefly economic,just as was the objection recently made tolengthening the law course from two to threeyears. It is not only that a college educationis likely to make its possessor a more capableand well-developed man, but no one can doubtthat the college graduate is usually far betterfitted seriously to study law and to get a goodlegal training in three years than is the boy ofeighteen or nineteen from the high school. Acommittee of the American Bar Assopiationhas recently recommended that distinctive degrees be^given to students who have completedlaw courses of two, three, or four years each.If it is proper to mark such differences in legalstudy by distinctive degrees, it would seemequally proper to use a distinctive degree to indicate a superior preparation for beginning thestudy of law. The college graduate who hascompleted a three-year law course at a schoolwhere most of his fellow students are also college graduates has ordinarily had a much betterpreparation for practice than has a high-schoolboy who attends for three years at a schoolwhere most of his fellows are also high-schoolboys ; and this difference is easily greater thanthat between three years of law study and fouryears of such study, where a student has hadno college preparation.Beginning with Harvard in 1896, and fol-UNIVERSITY RECORD 103lowed by Stanford, Chicago, Columbia, andCalifornia, in the order named, there are nowfive law schools in this country that require acollege education for regular admission, all ofthese but Harvard, however, permitting a student to count the first year of law as the fourthyear of college. Believing that it would beappropriate to distinguish law graduates withsuch a preparation from those with a lessereducation, the faculty of the Harvard LawSchool suggested about 1902, that the degreeof Juris Doctor be used for this purpose.This form of degree is parallel with the J.U.D.conferred in German universities and with thedoctorate in law conferred in several otherEuropean countries. Students enter the lawschools there after completing the gymnasium,which corresponds roughly to the Americancollege, and after finishing the law course theyreceive the degree of J.U.D. as a first degreein law. It was believed that a degree like thismight properly be conferred in American lawschools, being distinguished on the one handfrom the LL.B. conferred by schools not requiring a college education for admission, andon the other from a really post-graduatedegree in law like the D.C.L. Accordinglythe Harvard law faculty voted in favor ofconferring this degree, and, although theirproposal has not yet been accepted by theHarvard Corporation, the new degree of J.D.has since been established in three of the fourother law schools with similar admission requirements — Chicago, Stanford, and the University of California. It is also conferred bythe University of New York upon collegegraduates completing the three-year day coursethere, and since its original introduction threeother schools, George Washington, BostonUniversity, and Northwestern, have announcedit as a post-graduate degree in law.A committee of the American Bar Association has recommended that at least two yearsof college work should be required for admis sion to law schools, and it is quite likely thatfinally the recommendation will be for a college degree as a prerequisite to a law degree;and to this all the principal schools in thiscountry are certain to come. In a very fewyears the great state universities of the middleWest will require at least two years of collegework for admission to their law schools, andultimately they will require a third year. Almost everywhere the first year of law may becounted as the fourth year of college, and theJ.D. will appropriately follow as the law degreetwo years later. It is quite likely that a distinctive degree given by schools requiring acollege education for admission will be ofsome effect among other influences, in inducing other schools to raise their admission requirements; and a look into the future seemsto show that this degree has before it a considerable field of practical usefulness as thestandards of legal education in this countryadvance.THE LAW BUILDINGWhen it was decided that the new LawSchool should as soon as possible have a separate building the preparation of the planswas placed in the hands of Shepley, Rutan &Coolidge, an appropriation of $280,000 for thebuilding and its furniture was made by theTrustees, and work was begun on the foundations on March 23, 1903. On April 2 thecorner stone at the main entrance was laidby President Roosevelt, upon the occasion ofhis receiving the degree of Doctor of Lawsfrom the University. The building was completed and occupied in May, 1904. It is threestories high, 175 feet long and 80 feet wide,built of blue Bedford stone in the perpendicular Gothic style of architecture so well knownin the buildings of the English universitiesand Inns of Court. In general appearance itsomewhat resembles the famous King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, Eng-104 UNIVERSITY RECORDland, though it was not designedly copied fromthe latter.In the basement are the locker-room, toilet-rooms, smoking-room, store-room, women's-room, service-hall, tank-room, and ventilatingapparatus. The smoking-room is furnishedwith, oak tables and chairs, with newspaperracks and magazine files for periodicals towhich a student organization subscribes.Among other pictures on the walls are groupsof the various graduating classes of the LawSchool. The locker-room contains severalhundred full-length steel-mesh lockers, to oneof which each student is entitled for his booksand clothing during his membership in theSchool.The main entrance is at the west side of thebuilding on the first floor through a vestibuleup a short flight of steps into a lobby about 85feet long. The floor and a considerable partof the walls are of cut stone; the ceiling istraversed by oak beams. At either end of thebuilding is a large lecture-room in theaterform, seating about 165 students and havinglarge Gothic windows on both sides. They arefurnished with dark oak desks and chairs.There are also on this floor two smaller lecture-rooms, accommodating about 75 students each.At the rear of the building rises a broad stonestaircase leading to the. upper floors, and justnorth of this is the faculty entrance gainedby a door from which a short staircase leadsdirectly to the stack. The library stack-room,nine feet high, occupies a mezzanine floor,extending over the entire second story of thebuilding. It is designed to contain steel stacksfor 90,000 books. At either end of the building on this floor are studies for members ofthe Faculty, and a place is made for their worktables along the middle of the west side ofthe stack. On the east side of the stack is theLibarian's room.On the third floor is the Library reading- room, a great hall 160 feet long by 50 feetwide. Its timbered ceiling, 35 feet high, isornamented by heavy carved wood trusses,and* it receives light from full-length Gothicwindows on all sides. Around the room arewall-shelves for 14,000 volumes. The studytables are each 17J4 feet long, of dark oak,lighted by electric table fixtures, and there isspace for seating over 400 students at once.The delivery desk on the east side of the reading-room is connected with the stack-roombelow by a staircase and electric book lifts.The general lighting of the room at night is accomplished by three large candelabra of 16lights each, suspended from the ceiling. Adjoining the reading-room on the east is theoffice of the Dean.The building is artificially ventilated, is provided with an interior telephone system havingan instrument in each room, and is lighted byelectricity throughout. It will accommodateat present about 400 students and is so plannedthat its capacity can be doubled by the additionin the rear of a wing giving greater lecture^room facilities. The reading-room and stackare ample for a school of 800 students. Theuse so far made of the building has shown it tobe as convenient and satisfactory as it is beautiful architecturally. Altogether it is one of themost completely equipped buildings devoted tothe study of law in this country, as well as oneof the handsomest structures on the Universityquadrangles.THE LAW LIBRARYWhen the Law School was organized in 1902it was decided that it ought to start with alibrary practically complete in all materialessential to the scholarly teaching of Englishand American law, and a working library inthe law of a few important European countries. An appropriation of $50,000 was madeavailable by the Trustees for this purpose, andUNIVERSITY RECORD 105the work of selecting and buying books wasplaced in the hands of Professor Beale andProfessor Mack, who had wide expert knowledge upon the subject; and their object was inthe main accomplished during the few monthspreceding the opening of the School. About18,000 volumes were purchased up to thistime, and those bought since, in addition to aconsiderable number belonging to the PoliticalScience and History Departments of the University, which have been placed in the lawstack-room, have swelled the total number ofvolumes in the Law Library at the presenttime to nearly 30,000.Law books are commonly divided into fivemain groups: reports of cases, statutes, treatises, periodicals, and trials, biographies, andlegal miscellany.In respect to reports of cases— the main repository of the common law— the purpose wasto get a complete collection of authorities, andthis has been substantially carried out as regards the American, English, Scotch, Irish,Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, and higherIndian reports. The Scotch, Irish, and Canadian reports are absolutely complete, and theEnglish reports lack only two or three veryrare collateral issues, and some local magistrates' cases. Most of the English reports, including all of importance, are in duplicate,besides the English reprint (several volumesin one) which adds another substantially complete set. The American reports include allthe published decisions of all the federal andstate courts, superior and inferior, except afew volumes of Pennsylvania county court decisions. The principal state reports are induplicate, besides which the library has allunofficial series of reports, and all the printedcollections of selected cases. The reports areaccompanied by their digests.The statutes are divided into codes andstatutory revisions, and the annual session laws of the various jurisdictions. The Library has all English, Irish, Scotch, and Canadian statutes; the session laws of all the American states and Canadian provinces (except theearly laws of some of the older states) ; anda practicaly complete collection of all past andpresent codes and statutory revisions of everyEnglish-speaking jurisdiction. The HistoryDepartment's valuable collection of early colonial laws and laws of the southern states duringthe period of the Confederacy, which are in thelaw stack-room, supplements this section of thelibrary. Of many states the session laws arecomplete ; of most states they run back fifty toseventy-five years, and of nearly all they arecomplete from the earliest revision down todate. The interest in the older session lawsis partly practical in explaining early decisionsand present statutory construction, and partlyhistorical in showing the development of legislation. A considerable use is being made ofthis part of the library for the latter purposeby the Graduate School.The Library has on its shelves substantiallyall American and English treatises of practicalvalue, and a large number of old treatises,chiefly English, that are of increasing historical importance. All law periodicals in English,with a few trifling exceptions, have been obtained in full sets; and the library owns anearly complete set of the Old Bailey andCentral Sessions Cases,, containing therecord of English criminal trials for nearlytwo centuries. There are also many volumesof other interesting English and -Americantrials, the whole forming a valuable collectionfor the study of crime, criminal psychology,and social conditions. In French, German,Spanish, and Mexican law the School has aworking library, and among its legal miscellany may be mentioned a complete set of thePatent Office Reports and Patent Office Ga-106 UNIVERSITY RECORDzette from the beginning, including indices ofpatents from 1789- to the present time.THE PIKE COLLECTION OF LEGAL ENGRAVINGSSome years ago Mr. Charles B. Pike, nowthe president of the Hamilton National Bankof Chicago, made a large collection of engravings and etchings of English and American judges, lawyers, and statesmen. Duringthe Spring Quarter, 1907, he very generouslyframed the pictures in a suitable manner andloaned the entire collection, comprising nearly250 portraits, to the Law School. Most ofthese are pictures of English judges, many ofthem engraved from famous paintings uponlarge plates. There are some Irish and: Scotchjudges, a few noted English lawyers, likePlowden and Francis Moore, and several full-length engravings of English prime ministers.A series of signed artist's proof etchings of allthe judges of the United States Supreme Courtis the principal feature of the American partof the collection, to which are added a numberof the more prominent American lawyers andstate judges.In general, the pictures of the collectionhave been classified as follows : In the SouthRoom are hung the English chancellors,lord keepers, vice-chancellors, and masters ofthe rolls, with a few large pictures of Englishprime ministers. In the North Room arehung the common-law judges of the King'sor Queen's bench, the common pleas, and theexchequer. In the corridor and stairway arehung the justices of the United States^SupremeCourt, and in the Court Room are hung theother American judges and lawyers. In theWest Room are hung the Scotch and Irishjudges, English lawyers, and several miscellaneous pictures. The walls of the Law Building have been greatly adorned and dignifiedby the hanging of these pictures.Some of the more noted pictures of the collection are: . Lord chancellors. — Sir Thomas More, LordWolsey, Lord Ellesmere, Lord Coventry, LordSomers, Lord Cowper, Lord King, Lord Talbot, Lord Thurlow, Lord Loughborough, LordHenley, Lord Hardwick, Lord Eldon, Lord.Lyndehurst, Lord Erskine, Lord Brougham,Lord Cottenham, Lord Cranworth, Lord West-bury, Lord Cairns, Lord Chalmsford, andLord Herschell.Vice-chancellors. — Sir Thomas Plumer andSir James Wigram.Masters of the rolls. — Sir John Strange, SirJoseph Jekyll, Sir Richard Pepper Arden, SirWilliam Grant, and Sir Robert Giff ord.Chief justices of England. — Sir WilliamGascoigne, Sir Christopher Wray, Sir RobertWright,, Sir Richard Rainsford, Sir MathewHale, Henry Rolle, Sir William Portman, SirWilliam Lee, Sir John Holt, Lord Mansfield,Lord Kenyon, Lord Ellenbofough, Lord Ten-terden, Lord Denman, Lord Campbell, andLord Russell.Other distinguished judges. — Lord S to well,Stephen Lushington, Sir Thomas Littleton,Lord Raymond, Sir John Comyns, Sir GeorgeCroke, Sir Orlando Bridgeman, Sir WilliamAshhurst, Sir John Wilmot, Baron Gould, SirFrancis Buller, Sir James Eyre, Sir WilliamBlackstone, Sir Nicholas Tindal, Sir John Jer-vis, Sir John Bailey, Sir George Holroyd, SirJames Patteson, Lord Abinger, Sir FrederickPollock (the elder), and Sir Henry Hawkins.English statesmen.- — Lord Palmerston, LordGrey, Lord John Russell, George Canning,Lord Derby, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, and Lord Ashburton.American judges and lawyers (not in theUnited States Supreme Court series). — -Lemuel Shaw,*Rufus Choate, William H. Seward, J.H. Lumpkin, M. F. Tuley, E. A. Storrs, AmasaJ. Parker, Charles Daly, Reuben Walworth,James Kent, Stephen A. Douglas, PatrickHenry, Edward Everett, Thomas Ruffin, Ly-UNIVERSITY RECORD 107man Trumbull, George Sharswood, CharlesDoe, Thomas M. Cooley, Thomas Corwin,John Randolph, Reverdy Johnson, James T.Mitchell, Daniel Webster, John Marshall,Joseph Story, Christopher C. Langdell, JamesBarr Ames, James C. Carter, and Joseph H.Choate. In addition to the Pike collection the recentgraduating classes of the School have presented to it a number of valuable pictures,among which are Sir Thomas More, LordBacon, Sir Matthew Hale, Sir Edward Coke,Baron Parke, John Marshall, Judah P. Benjamin, and Joseph H. Beale, Jr.THE SOCIAL SETTLEMENT: ITS BASIS AND FUNCTION1BY GEORGE HERBERT MEADProfessor of PhilosophyThe social settlement movement dates back .to the early seventies, and appeared in Londonas the result of the inspiration and efforts ofmen in Oxford University — especially ofCanon Barnett. The movement in these earlierforms was more or less definitely religious orecclesiastical in its nature. Its later developments have been on the whole distinctly awayfrom this ecclesiastical point of view. Thesettlement has come to stand by itself in thecommunity as an institution that has its ownreasons for existence, its own types of activity,and its own criteria by which to judge them.It is an outgrowth of the home, the church,and the university. The university and thechurch were responsible for its inception, andtheir creative ideas expressed themselves- in a"settlement" which was to be the home ofthose who were engaged in its life. And thishome was not to be simply the place of residence of those who undertook certain philanthropic and scientific work in the poverty-infested quarters of the city. The central factin all settlements has been that these peoplehave lived where they have found their interest. The corner stone of settlement theoryhas been that the residents have identifiedthemselves with the immediate portion of thecommunity where their work, is found bymaking their home there. It is upon thisfoundation that the further characteristics ofsettlement theory and practice have been built.It is this foundation that makes the settlementan institution which distinguishes it fromeither the church or the university. It might^Delivered in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall onSettlement Sunday, October 28, 1907. seem to be a mere expression of the missionary efforts of the church. For the missionarymakes his home necessarily among those forwhom he works; and the settlement workermight be regarded as a scientific observer ofsocial phenomena, who can observe accuratelyonly in so far as he identifies himself with thecommunity which is his object of study. Thusmany scientists have become members offoreign tribes and communities for longperiods, in this way winning the intimacy whichalone could give them the information theysought. The settlement worker distinguisheshimself from either the missionary or thescientific observer by his assumption that he isfirst of all at home in the community where helives, and that his attempts at amelioration ofthe conditions that surround him and his scientific study of these conditions flow from thisimmediate human relationship, this neighbor-borhood consciousness, from the fact that he isat home there. He does not live where he doesto save these souls from perdition, nor to studytheir manifestations. But he finds himself ableto deal more intelligently with the misery abouthim and to comprehend it better because he isat home there.It is this foundation upon the home that hasmade it possible for the settlements to springup seemingly sporadically, to be peopled by menand women of widely differing ideas and temperaments. Each settlement has stood uponits own feet. It has justified itself and its ownexistence by the reality of . its identificationwith the group about itself.It is an interesting fact that settlements haveflourished onl v where there has been a real de-108PACKINGTOWN, CHICAGOTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SETTLEMENT(On Gross Avenue near the Stockyards)mocracy. Neither France, with its layers of society, its social castes, nor Germany, with itsfundamental assumption that the control of society must take place from above through highlytrained bureaus, have offered favorable soilfor the growth of settlements. In France it ismutually impossible for men in different socialgroups to domesticate in other groups. InGermany nobody out of his own immediatemilieu undertaking to> enter into relations withothers is at ease unless he has on a uniformindicating by what right he seeks information,gives advice, or renders assistance. I knowpersonally of only one settlement in France,and it is practically a Catholic mission. Sometime ago a student in social science in a German university consulted his professor on thepossibility of starting a settlement in Berlin,and was advised that he would much better devote himself to his studies in order that hemight get the requisite training to be of assistance in the community.It has been only in England and America,where we appeal to the everyday opinion of theaverage man for social control, that it hasseemed of importance to social workers toidentify themselves with this consciousnessfor the sake of directing their own work.There are two phases of latter-day socialand moral endeavor which are perhaps betterexemplified in the settlement than anywhereelse. One of these is the enormous increase ofinterest in our social problems, and the other isa somewhat novel type of moral consciousnessthat is occupied not so much with finding motives to do what is felt -to- be right, as in findingout in a given situation just what is right andwrong. I think both of these are due to anidentification of moral consciousness with ourmodern scientific consciousness, and I think Ican illustrate the first from an experience Ihave had this last summer.It was my good fortune to meet the represen- Y RECORD 109tative of the United States Marine Hospitalcorps who has been detailed to study the leperson the island of Molokai, which belongs to theHawaiian group, and on which all the lepersof those islands are segregated. I doubt notthat very many will at once recall Father Da-mien, and that brilliant, eloquent, and excoriating letter of Robert Louis Stevenson, that wascalled out by a misinterpreted and private comment upon Father Damien by Dr. Hyde ofHonolulu. If you do recall this letter, youhave a very vivid impression of what, in Stevenson's mind at any rate, the immolation ofoneself in this leper settlement on Molokaimeant. It stood out at once as an instance ofthe highest sort of self-sacrifice and self-abnegation which missionary history has offered.The supposedly loathsome character of thedisease and its very hopelessness added a quality of repulsion to the undertaking, and henceof heorism to the missionary, that seemed suigeneris even in the annals of missionary heroes.I have had many conversations with thispathologist who goes to the same settlement onMolokai, and will be in as close touch withthese lepers as Father Damien. He knows thathe can protect himself from infection, whichFather Damien did not. He has no anticipation of following Father Damien into a leper'sgrave. Otherwise I do not see but that we mustprovide as refulgent a halo for this scientificpathologist as Stevenson provided for FatherDamien, on the ground of the environmentin which each has placed himself. For certainly this physician, who is working day andnight with the thought of finding a method oftreatment which will cure the disease or atleast alleviate the misery which follows in itstrain, is inspired by as noble an ambition. Yetit never occurred to me till long after theseconversations not to look upon him as a verylucky fellow, as he indeed regarded himself.He had had given him a scientific problem as110 UNIVERSITY RECORDyet unsolved, freighted not only with scientificbut human interest, under the most favorableconditions, with unlimited resources behindhim. He had already worked in the Philippines under less favorable circumstances uponsmallpox, and had helped to add materially toour knowledge of that infection; and his appetite for this sort of achievement was whettedto a knife edge.It is just this difference between an obligation to undertake a disagreeable duty and agrowing interest in an intellectually interesting problem that is represented by the attitudeof the resident in the settlement. He wouldbe the last to regard himself as held to histask by a stern sense of duty, or to regard hisoccupation as one which could only be doneunder such pressure. The same interest whichthe scientific observer of social phenomenatakes to his investigations takes possession ofthe genuine settlement resident, for his firsttask is to comprehend his social environment.His most important virtue is not blind devotion but intelligence. There is nothing so interesting as human life if you can become anunderstanding part of it. It is the privilege ofthe social settlement to be a part of its ownimmediate community, to approach its conditions with no preconceptions, to be the exponents of no dogma or fixed rules of conduct,but to find out what the problems of this community are and as a part of it to help towardtheir solution. You will find the settlementsat the points where the most intensely interesting problems in modern industrial and sociallife are centered. It is the good fortune of ourtime that moral consciousness has been able totap so large a stream of intellectual interest.The other function of the settlement, or ofthat movement of which the settlement is the most concrete illustration, is to enable us toform new moral judgments as, to what is rightand wrong, where we have been in such painful doubt. It is here that the settlement is enabled to accomplish what the pulpit cannot accomplish. The pulpit is called upon to inspireto right conduct, not to find out what is theright— unless the right is so plain that he whoruns may read. While its dogma has been abstruse its morality has been uniformly simple.When, then, new problems arise, such as thequestion of the fight of the employer to use hisproperty rights to control and exploit the laborof children and women, the justice of the unionin its effort to advance the wage, and a hundred more such problems which have beencrowding upon us, the pulpit is unable to solvethem, because it has not the apparatus, and thescientific technique which the solution of suchproblems demands. In the meantime it holdsits peace, for it must give no uncertain soundto the battle. The only overt social issues withwhich the pulpit in recent time has identifieditself have been temperance and chastity.The settlement, on the other hand, is notprimarily engaged in fighting evils but in finding out what the evils are; not in enforcingpreformed moral judgments, but in formingnew moral judgments. Not that the settlement is to be confounded with the universityin its scientific work. It is more than an observer, a student of a situation. It has voluntarily made itself a part of the community. Itis finding out its own duty, not the duty ofothers. It is discovering proper lines of conduct, not primarily facts. The settlement ispractical in its attitude, but inquiring andscientific in its method. If it did nothing elseit illustrates concretely how the communityought to form a new moral judgment.S""1¦¦ ¦ ^-^I^B$? Pt)-^^ ^Mf ¦ JV I '¦ f mi ¥ ^L I U I /^EE3hlS-*>*>, i5^^F 1H & J WM i ill 1¦¦¦¦¦ ¦ ¦' ^^ T^m-^m^r—7 iBiii frf~^ B^^IF"?/if a i ^^^, 1¦^BShofl Ba ™g ,, <fi C03 CK «jJ S?J si-i C/)rt og »w g" 4-1§|Q <u" Io .§P HpdTHE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SETTLEMENT1BY MARY E. MCDOWELLHead ResidentMr. Emil Muensterberg, of Berlin, who hascharge of the German government charitiesof Berlin, in his "Impressions of AmericanCharities," speaking of the University Settlement, says :It was not opened at this particular spot by merechance, but because the stockyards carry on their business in this locality, and because the sanitary conditionsare worse here than in any other part of the city ;because the miserable school conditions leave numbersof children upon the streets ; because there is onesaloon to every forty voters; and, lastly, because everyconceivable nationality is herded together here. Forthese reasons this Settlement was opened in 1894.Since this was written, three years ago,there have been changes for the better both insanitary conditions and in the school conditions, but the condition of labor is unchanged.There are at present about five thousand peopleout of work in the stockyards, and the Settlement, with the District Bureau of Charities, iscompelled to meet this emergency of the out-of-work people, who are not pauperized butare asking for work. While we must allowfor some exaggerations in this statement ofMr. Muensterberg, it is true that the Settlement exists because of the stockyards— becausewithin that one square mile are workingbetween thirty and forty thousand people, 60per cent, of whom are unskilled workers wholive within walking distance of the Settlement.The fourteen residents living within theHouse are here because they wish to serve thecommunity. The head resident ^directs thework, interprets the community and its needsto the University and the outside world.Fourteen years' residence in the community offoreign, unskilled workers brings to light manywrongs that come from ignorance on the part1 Summary of a report presented at the annual meeting of the University of Chicago Settlement Board, January 9, 1908. of employers as well as the working-classes;and with the basis of such an experience theresidents of the Settlement are led to* pleadwith employers, with . trade-unions, with legislators, and even with the president of theUnited States . for changes in conditions thatare fundamentally and vitally wrong, and whichwill better : the li f e of the whole people. During the past year the head resident has beenthree times to the city of Washington, and succeeded in securing : an appropriation of $150,-000 for the commissioner of labor with whichto make a special investigation of the conditions under which women and children work.She has spoken before women's clubs, labororganizations, church associations; is a member of the National Sociological and Economical Associations and the League for LaborLegislation, and the General Federation ofWomen's Clubs, and has been a fraternal delegate twice to the American Federation ofLabor. She has, with the exception of shortvacations, lived during the last fourteen yearsat the Settlement.The senior resident, who came in 1894, before the Juvenile Court Law was passed, didsuch faithful work with those boys and girlswho were arrested, that she naturally becamethe probation officer when the Juvenile CourtLaw was passed. She has now over twohundred boys and girls under her care, andmany families * that she looks after. Hardly aday passes that, some father or husband orwife does not come to her for advice, or begsher to admonish; the imember of the familywho needs admonition. She attends themunicipal court on an average of twice aweek, the juvenile court twice a week, and hashad two clubs, one of young girls and one ofyoung women, since the second year of herlife at the Settlement.Ill112 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe next oldest resident came in 1897, andis the assistant to the head resident, and president of the Settlement Woman's Club; she islibrarian of the Donaldson Memorial Library,which began loaning books this year and hasat present one hundred and twenty-five borrowers. She supervises the clubs, the casesinvolving children, the social functions, andthe entertainments, which are very numerous.The teacher of manual training has been aresident since 1897; she has four classes atthe Settlement, and supervises three classestaught by normal-school students, has twoclasses at another settlement, and teachesregularly at the Chicago Latin School. Thisdepartment, she feels, needs an endowment, sothat better educational work can be done inbrass and iron and wood.Another resident, who is taking lectures atthe University of Chicago and who has beenat the Settlement since 1903, is vice-presidentof the Settlement Woman's Club, leader ofthe Young Girl's Afternoon Club, and teacherof English; she looks after special cases thatneed a knowledge of institutional and civiclife of the city, and coaches the dramatics, withall that that implies as stage decorator andstage manager. She is a member of the civiccommittee of the State Federation of Women'sClubs and of the Neighborhood Center committee ; is chairman of the House Sanitationcommittee, a member of the central bureau ofthe Neighborhood Improvement League ofCook County, and a member of the SocialService Club; was the Illinois delegate to theGeneral Federation of Women's Clubs; is amember of the Public Health Committee anda member of the committee to visit the stateinstitutions for children.The women's physician of the House is alsoinspector of public schools under the Board ofHealth. Since October 15 she has examined2,300 children for vaccination, and vaccinated 400. She examines, on the average, ten children a day, and makes an average of two callsa day at the homes for the school. This weekshe examined for vaccination in one dayninety-nine children, and vaccinated thirty inthe evening. She reports to the Health Department unsanitary conditions, is at theservice of the Settlement for emergency cases,and has made a special investigation of tubercular conditions. This is not yet finished. Sheis a member of the national, state, and citymedical societies, is attending physician at theMary Thompson hospital, is lecturer in theSociety of Social Hygiene, and has deliveredtwelve lectures during this autumn. She hasspecial, free cases of tuberculosis; one of thesepersons was a member of one of the Settlement clubs, and is kept alive by living in theopen air, and by special care of this housephysician.One Settlement resident woman who speaksthe Slavic languages, and who visited the Settlement from time to time, took up her residencehere in November for the special purpose ofworking in conjunction with the immigrationcommittee of the Women's Trade UnionLeague, which has in the last three months reported from Ellis Island and investigated 1,-116 cases of immigrant women coming to Chicago alone. This resident has investigatedin the immediate neighborhood of the Settlement the cases of twenty-five girls, has visitedthem repeatedly, and secured work for someof them ; she has a club of ten Bohemian girls,and interprets for the Settlement. All of herwork is voluntary and unremunerated.The Settlement is fortunate in having aLithuanian man as resident, who speaks, thePolish, Lithuanian, and Russian languages.He has organized a club of young Lithuanianmen, which is a school of citizenship and receives instruction along civic and social lines;he has organized a lecture course for Lithuan-UNIVERSITY RECORD 113ians, of two lectures a month, given in thegymnasium, and attended by an average ofeighty men and women. He is a graduate ofa commercial college in Lithuania, is at present taking a correspondence course at the University of Chicago, and will enter the Uni-%versity in the Spring Quarter. He also is invaluable because of his ability to interpret theSettlement spirit to the Slavic people, and theneeds of the Slavic people to the Settlementresidents.The housekeeper is also the kindergartner.Every morning she meets thirty-eight littlechildren between four and five years of age,five of whom are German, six are Jews, oneItalian, two Bohemian, two Slovak, eighteenPolish, one Lithuanian, and three Irish. Twicea month she holds mothers' meetings, and she,with her assistants, visits their families constantly. She has assistants who come fromthe School of Education and from the Gertrude House kindergarten training school.One of the residents assists in the kinder-¦gartening and is free to help in every need, perhaps to' supply a leader of a club, or a teacherfor a class; she is an all-round well-trainedkindergartner.Another kindergarten resident has been atthe head of the State Normal Training School,and is resting this year by living at the Settlement without remuneration. She has fullcharge of the Little Neighborhood Club, composed of about eighty children between theages of seven and ten. She is assistant librarian, has charge of the savings bank, playsfor gymnasium and dancing classes, and visitsthe families of the Little Neighbors. She hasas her assistants young women from the University and friends from the other side of thecity.. The young man who has charge of the boys'work, holding a fellowship provided by theUniversity Settlement League, began his resi dence in October. He has 250 boys in organized groups, holding an average of twentymeetings a month,- and twelve special meetings and rehearsals. The boys' Christmas entertainment was given by themselves. Twenty-three boys took part in a minstrel show andfarce, with a boys' orchestra of fifteen pieces.Including the boys' orchestra, manual training and gymnasium classes, probation boys,and other organizations, the Settlement hasabout six hundred boys.One of the residents at the Settlement holdsa fellowship from the educational departmentof the Chicago Woman's Club, in return forwhich she does social work in the publicschools of the neighborhood. In the JohnHamline school she has six departments ofwork — cooking, sewing, music, study of pictures, stories, and dramatics — and these areconducted at the close of school in the public-school classrooms. In the evenings she conducts parents' clubs, alumni association meetings, lectures, and " entertainments. The entertainments affect 300; the membership in clubsand classes is about 150. She personallyworks in the neighborhood outside of theschool, is a helper to students below grade,gives particular attention to defective children,their eyes, ears, etc., co-operates with the citymedical school inspector and the public librarian, receives and is responsible for thetransportation of books for two public schools.During the winter five excursions of childrenare taken to the Art Institute, and each roomhas an excursion to Washington or JacksonPark in the spring.Since 1906 the packers have paid the salaryof a nurse, who cares for the sick in the families of the district just back of the yards. During the summer the nurse has an hour in thenearest park, Davis Square, and .receivesmothers and children at the Settlement Houseevery morning between eight and nine. The114 UNIVERSITY RECORDpresent report comes from a new nurse who hastaken the place of the former nurse, who leftbecause of illness. In the last two weeks shehas had twenty-three cases, who have beenvisited regularly, two reporting regularly atthe House. Twelve of these cases were medical, eight surgical, and five obstetrical. Threeof the surgical cases were accidents, eighthave been put in hospitals. This nurse is asocial nurse; for instance, in the case of afamily whose mother is in the hospital and thefather compelled to be at work, the six children were placed in the Home for the Friendless. At the end of one day's residence, thehome reported that the children had comedown with measles and chicken pox. Thecounty hospital refused to take children withdouble contagion. The nurse was then compelled to bring the children back to their homeand get the caretaker and. Settlement physician,as well as the resident nurse, to visit the children until they were well. She often giveshalf a day to one case, perhaps preparing andthen taking the case to the hospital or the institution. She gives constant instruction inhygiene, and is the trusted friend of theforeign mother who cannot speak the Englishlanguage.CLUBS AND CLASSESEvery week sixty-eight clubs and classesmeet under the Settlement roof, with an averageattendance of 1,035. It has seemed quite impossible to keep an exact number of those coming to the House for special needs. In one daythis past week twelve people out of work weregiven work of one kind or another in the House ;one was a skilled calsominer, and the othersunskilled people. It is safe to say that betweentwelve and fifteen hundred people come to theSettlement House every week. Since October1 there have been eleven entertainments given,with 745 in attendance. During Christmasweek 1,764 people, old and young, attendedChristmas parties. Every Sunday afternoon there is a meeting in the gymnasium, either ofLithuanians or of the working-people, withan average attendance of fifty.Of outside helpers, twenty-three are fromthe University of Chicago and the School ofEducation, twenty-one from the other side ofthe city.The most significant work of the Settlementcannot be put into a public record, and cannot be measured by figures. It is the intimatepersonal service that continues, day after day,.winter and summer, that makes the Settlement of special value to the community orpeople who come as strangers to a strangeland. One feels that the Settlement proves itsright to be in many ways, but chiefly in suchcases as when a helpless Slavic girl comeswith her little baby and tells her story — thefather of the child gone away, the baby fretfulat night, so that the mother is late at her workand loses her job, but is unwilling to give upher baby; then the Settlement secures for herwork in the country, with good wages, anda good home for mother and child. Or as inthe case of another unprotected Slovack girl,,who will be a mother in a few days, desertedby the man who should care for her and putout of the boarding-house, she applies to theSettlement nurse and is cared for at the hospital, and will later return to the friendship ofthe Settlement. It is hundreds of such casesthat keep this group of people busy, and giveto them a very rich experience.Appended is a list of the residents and aprogramme of the daily work, which will givesome idea of the stated activities of the Settlement.THE RESIDENTS1 894-1908Miss McDowell, '94; Miss Blinn, '94; Miss Bass, '97^Miss Jones, '97 ; Miss Montgomery, '97 ; Miss Stone, '06 ;Miss Bowser, '07 ; Mrs. Henderson, '03 ; Mrs. MalcolmMcDowell, '02 ; Mrs. Miller, '06 ; Miss Mashek, '07 'rMiss Stowe, '07 ; Mr. Shipps, '07 ; Mr. Varkala, '07 ;Caroline Hedger, M.D., '03. :'UNIVERSITY RECORD 115DAILY PROGRAMME Children's Hour Club 4:00 P.M. Miss BlinnMonday Manual Training 4:00 P.M. Miss JonesActivities Hours Leaders Boys' Gym Class 7 : 00 p. m. Mr. ShippsKindergarten . . . 9:00 to 11:30 A. M Miss Stone Boys' Gym Class 8:00 P.M. Mr. ShippsProbation Boys' Re Table Games 7 : 00 p. M. Mr. Naboursport . . . 3:00 to 9:00 P. M. Miss Blinn Juniors' Debating Club 7:30 p. m. Mr. Frank MiesBoys' Gym Class 3:30 P.M. . . Mr. Shipps Manual Training 7 : 30 p. M. Miss JonesEnglish Class . . 5:30 P.M. . . Mrs. Henderson Thread and NeedleCooking Class . . 7:30 P.M. Miss Van Dusen Club . . . 7:30 P.M. Mrs. LeavittHamline School Or^ Nature-Study Club . 8:00 P.M. Mr. Nabourschestra . 7 : 30 p. m. Miss Johnson Young Woman's Club 8 : 00 P. m. Mrs. Ethel Re-Boys' Dramatic Club 7 : 30 p. m. Mr. James mick McDowSocialist Club . . 8 : 00 p. m. . . ellGirls' Gymnastic Danc Neighborhood Partying Class 8 : 00 p. m.Tuesday- Miss Dudley (Third Thursdays) 8 : 00 P. M.Friday Miss StoneKindergarten . 9:00 to 11:30 A. M Miss Stone Kindergarten . 9 : 00 to 11 : 30 A. M. Miss StoneBoys' Gym Class 3:30 P.M. . . Mr. Shipps Children's Chorus . 4:00 P.M. Miss SpragueSewing Classes . 3:30 P.M. . . Mrs. Leavitt Manual Training 3:45 P.M. Miss JonesYoung Girls' After Hamline Girls' Cootnoon Club . 3:30 P.M. . . Mrs. Henderson ing Class 3:30 P.M. Miss FrakeCooking Class . 4:00 P.M. . . Miss Osman Evening Hour Club 8 : 00 p. M. Miss BlinnPenny Savings Bank Boys' Gym Class 7 : 00 p. m. Mr. Shippsand Games . 7 : 00 p. m. . . Mr. Carpenter Boys' Gym Class 8 : 00 p. M. Mr. ShippsBoys' Gym Class 7 : 00 p. m. Mr. Shipps Table Games 7 : 00 p. M. Miss BassBoys' Orchestra . 7 : 30 p. m. Dr. A. Broman Boys' Club . . . 7 : 30 p. m. Mr. ShippsCooking Class 7 : 30 p. M. . . Miss Hallam Metal Work . . . 4:15 P.M. . Miss JonesBohemian Woman's SaturdayClub(Second Tuesday) 7:30 P.M. Mrs. Kalina Penny Savings Bankand Games . 9 : 30 a. m. Miss SpaydeLithuanian School o Table Games 9 : 30 a. m. Miss WilliamsCitizenship . 8 : 00 p. m. . . Mr. Varkala Boys' Gym Class 11:00 A. M. . Mr. ShippsAlliance Athletic Club 8 : oo p. m. Mr. Corbey Boys' Gym Class 1 : 00 p. M. . Mr. Shipps.English ClassBoys' Club . . . 8: 00 p.m.8 : 00 p. M. Mrs. HendersonMr. Shipps Juniors' GymnasiumLibrary and Reading 2 : 00 p. m. . Mr. ShippsWednesday Room Open 2 : 00 to 9 : 00 p. MKindergarten . 9:00 to 11:30 A. M . Miss Stone r Miss MillerX,ittle Neighbors' Club 3 : 30 p. m. . . Mrs. Lathrop Story Hour 2 : 00 p. m. . s Miss RaymondLibrary and Reading ¦ ( Miss MashekRoom Open 3:30 to 9:00 P. M. Miss Bass M. E. Church Boys'Cooking Class . 3:30 P.M. . . Miss Dolling Gym Class . 8 : 00 p. m. . Mr. Macey( MissMcFarland Alliance Athletic Club 8:oop.m. . Mr. CorbeyStory Hour . 3:30 P.M. . . ( Miss Mashek English Class 8 : 00 p. m. .' Mrs. HendersonCooking Class 7:30 P.M. Miss Baxter SundayManual Training 7:30 P. M. \ . . Miss Jones Library and Reading Room . . . . 3 : 00 to 9 : 00 p. M.English Class 7:30 P.M. Mrs. Henderson First and Third — Lithuanian Lectures )Dancing Classes Second and Fourth- —Packing Trades [2:30 P.M.Junior . 7 : 30 P. M. I Dr. Helen Afield Council . .)Senior 8 : 30 p. M. .ThursdayKindergarten . 9:00 to 11:30 A. M . Miss Stone Visiting Nurse . . . . . 8:00 to 9:00 a. m. DailyWoman's Club . 2:30 P.M. Miss Bass If called will visit sick in neighborhood116 UNIVERSITY RECORDEXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE SIXTY-FIFTHCONVOCATIONWilliam Henry Welch, M.D., LL.D., professor of pathology in Johns Hopkins University and president of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science, was the Convocation orator on December 17, 1907, hisaddress, which was given in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, being entitled "Medicine andthe University." Following the address thehonorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by the President of the University uponTheobald Smith, M.D., professor of comparative pathology, at Harvard University and director of the pathological laboratory of theMassachusetts State Board of Health, the candidate being presented by Professor Rollin D.Salisbury, Dean of the Ogden Graduate Schoolof Science. President Harry Pratt Judsonpresented in part his quarterly statement on thecondition of the University. The ConvocationAddress and the President's Quarterly Statement appear elsewhere in full in this issue ofthe University Record.The Convocation , Reception was held inHutchinson Hall on the evening of December16. President and Mrs. Judson; the Convocation orator, Professor William H. Welch; andthe President of the University Board ofTrustees, Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, and Mrs.Ryerson, were in the receiving line.DEGREES CONFERRED AT THE SIXTY-FIFTHCONVOCATIONAt the ' sixty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on December 17, 1907, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by theUniversity upon Professor Theobald Smith,M.D., of Harvard University.Twenty- four students were elected to membership in Sigma Xi for evidence of ability inresearch work in science, and eleven students were elected to membership in the Beta of Illinois chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.Forty-one students received the title of Associate; one, the certificate of the College ofEducation ; six, the degree of Bachelor of Arts ;seventeen, the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy; and twenty, the degree of Bachelor ofScience.In the Divinity School one student receivedthe degree of Bachelor of Divinity; one, thedegree of Master of Arts; and one, the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy.In the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,and Science, two students were given the degree of Master of Arts ; one, that of Master ofPhilosophy; two, that of Master of Science;and five, that of Doctor of Philosophy — makinga total of fifty-six degrees (not including titlesand certificates) conferred by the Universityat the Winter Convocation.PRESIDENT JUDSON'S VISIT TO WESTERN ALUMNIThe four alumni clubs of the University ofChicago, which have their headquarters at Minneapolis, Seattle, Salt Lake City, and Denver,were enabled to entertain the President of theUniversity at their annual meetings during hisrecent trip to address the meeting of the Washington Teachers' Association at Seattle on January 1.The Twin City Alumni Club gave a complimentary dinner to the President at Donaldson's, Minneapolis, December 28, 1907. Mr.Oric O. Whited,. '06, was toastmaster; Mr.Sylvanus L. Heeter, '04, responded to the toast,"Practical Fellows;" and Dean J. F. Downey,of the University of Minnesota, talked on"University of Minnesota Fellows."On the afternoon of January 1 fifty alumniand former students, members of the SeattleAlumni Club, met the President at a dinnerat the Butler Annex. The dinner was precededby a reception to the President, at which aUNIVERSITY RECORD 117series of fifty stereopticon views of the buildings and grounds of the University was exhibited. This feature proved an especially interesting and attractive one, particularly tothose alumni who have not been on the campusfor several years. Dr. S. D. Barnes, '94, wastoastmaster. A talk on "Inter-University Fraternal Relations" was made by Dr. ThomasFranklin Kane, president of the University ofWashington. At the close of the dinner thealumni in a body went to the First PresbyterianChurch, where seats were reserved for themto hear Dr. Judson's address on "The NewEducation."On Friday evening, January 3, members ofthe Utah Alumni Club entertained the President at Salt Lake City.The first annual dinner of the Rocky Mountain Alumni Club, which includes in its membership the alumni in Colorado and Wyoming,was held at the Adams Hotel in Denver onMonday evening, January 6. Mr. Victor E.Keyes, president of the organization and adoctor of law of the University, was toast-masteri Dean Herbert A. Howe, of the University of Denver, entertained the guests withhis reminiscences of "The Old University,"and Dean F. B. R. Hellems, of the Universityof Colorado, talked on "The Future of theUniversity."It is quite evident that the alumni in theWest are enthusiastic in their devotion to theUniversity and its interests, and among thenumbers who* gathered at these alumni dinners it was noticeable how many of the alumniand former students are making their influencefelt for good in the welfare of the communityand the state. This series of alumni gatheringshas been the most extensive in the history ofthe University, and marks an epoch in thegrowing importance of the institution.The President will shortly undertake a visitto the alumni organizations in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D. C, where annualdinners will be held on January 29, 30, and 31,respectively. It will thus be seen that thegraduates of the University, both by their numbers and their continued interest in its welfare,have placed it upon a level with the older institutions of the country.A BANQUET IN HONOR OF PROFESSOR ALBERT A.MICHELSONA dinner in honor of Professor Albert A.Michelson, winner of the Copley medal and ofthe Nobel prize in physics, was given at theAuditorium Annex, Chicago, on the evening ofJanuary 3. The guests, who included representative scientists, prominent citizens of Chicago, college presidents, and members of theUniversity faculties, numbered about three hundred. Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, president ofthe University Board of Trustees and donorof the Ryerson Physical Laboratory, presided,and Professor George- E. Vincent, Dean of theFaculties of Arts, Literature, and Science.acted as toastmaster.The toasts were as follows : "The Researchesof Professor Michelson," by Professor HenryCrew, Northwestern University; "Light as aMeans of Research," by Professor George E.Hale, Mount Wilson Observatory; "ThatUseless Science, Optics," by Professor EdwardE. Nichols, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; "TheBrotherhood of Creative Scholars," by Professor Paul Shorey, The University of Chicago;"It is Blessed to Receive as Well as to Give,"by Professor Albert A. Michelson.The dinner, as a recognition on the part ofscientific men and the University of Chicagoof Professor Michelson's service to science andthe honor he has brought to the University,was in all its arrangements, and in the representative character of those attending, particularly successful.118 UNIVERSITY RECORDMEETING OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICAThe annual meeting of the American Philological Association and of the ArchaeologicalInstitute of America was held at the University during the Christmas recess. The two associations were guests of the University, andwere entertained at luncheon in HutchinsonHall on Friday, December 27. Informal receptions were given the members of the two bodiesby the classical faculties of the University atthe Quadrangle Club on Friday, December 2J,and in the rooms of the Woman's Union onSaturday, December 28.At the formal meetings of the two organizations papers were read by Professor Paul Shorey, Head of the Department of Greek, on"The Choriambic Dimeter and the Rehabilitation of the Antispast;" by Professor Frank B.Tarbell, of the Department of the History ofArt, on "The Palm of Victory" and "TheRoman Antiquities in the Field Museum;" byProfessor John M. Manly, Head of the Department of English, on "A Knight Ther Was;"and by Professor Frank F. Abbott, of the Department of Latin, on "The Theater as a Factor in Roman Politics under the Republic."Five Doctors of the University, who are nowteaching in other institutions, also presentedpapers.The meeting was one of the largest whichthe two associations have ever held. Memberswere in attendance from states as far distant asCalifornia and Massachusetts. The next meeting is to be held at Toronto. Of our ownfaculty Professor Tarbell is one of the vice-presidents of the Archaeological Institute; Professor Shorey is a member of the executive committee of the Philological Association; and Professor Abbott belongs to the executive committee of the American, School of ClassicalStudies in Rome. A NEW VOLUME ON RECENT AMERICAN HISTORYIn the series of twenty-six volumes on "TheAmerican Nation" — from original sources byassociated scholars — edited by Albert BushnellHart, professor of history in Harvard University, Vol. XXIII, entitled National Development, by Edwin Erie Sparks, Professor ofAmerican History in the University of Chicago, has recently appeared from the press ofHarper and Brothers.The volume, of 380 pages, covers the periodfrom 1877 to 1885, and contains twenty chapters, some of the headings of which are thefollowing : "The People and Their Distribution," "Invention and Discovery," "Problemsof Transportation," "Industrial Problems,""President Hayes and the South," "The Federal Election Laws," "Currency and Fisheries," "Civil Service Evils," "Civil Service Reform," "The Isthmian Canal," "The ChineseQuestion," "The Far West," "The IndianQuestion," "The Tariff of 1883," "InlandCommerce," and "The Election of 1884."In the editor's introduction by ProfessorHart, he speaks of the difficulties of historicalwriting that deals with a period so near thepresent, and adds :Professor Sparks has succeeded in bringing out thecontrast between the issues and prepossessions of hisperiod as against those of the Civil War. He has putinto relief the filling up of the West, and the creationof arteries of communication, as factors in nationalpolitics and policies. He has shown how new organization of capitalists, laborers, and agencies of transportation compelled the nation to consider a new1 theory ofthe relation of government to private and corporatebusiness.The author himself, in speaking of theperiod under consideration, says in his preface :The political conception which saw in a party a vastmachine warranted in using its control of both nationaland state governments in order to perpetuate itself andto benefit its members, was weakened by the final collapse of the reconstruction contrivances and by theactivity of the civil service reformers. In this decade,UNIVERSITY RECORD 119therefore, may be sought not only the beginnings ofmodern industrial and economic triumphs, but also aquickening of the higher sentiment which regards publicservice as a public trust and civic duty as akin toreligious obligation. In 1884 the awakening broughtabout the election of a "reform president" for the firsttime in half a century, and appropriately rounded outthe decade.The book has as frontispiece a portrait ofJames Russell Lowell, and is equipped with aseries of seven maps showing the distributionof population, the United States in 1880 (incolors), the presidential election of 1880, proposed Isthmian canal routes (in colors), development of American interests in the Pacific,western Indian reservations (1880) comparedwith reservations of 1840 (in colors), and thepresidential election of 1884. The volumecloses with a ten-page critical essay on authorities — especially valuable because of lackof bibliographical aid for this period — andwith an index of sixteen pages.Vol. X in this same series, entitled TheConfederation and the Constitution, was contributed by Professor Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlin, Head of the Department ofHistory."THE TRAGEDIES OF SENECA"Under the title given above there has recently been issued from the University of Chicago Press a volume of five hundred pages,by Associate Professor Frank Justus Miller,of the Department of Latin. It is a metricaltranslation of Seneca's tragedies of Oedipus,Phoenissae, Medea, Hercules Furens, Phaedra(or Hippolytus), Hercules Oetaeus, Thy est es,Troades, and Agamemnon; and there is alsoincluded a translation of Octavia, the only extant Roman historical drama, often attributedto Seneca.In the preface the translator says of thetragedies : They stand as the sole surviving representatives,barring a few fragments of an extensive Roman product in the tragic drama. They therefore serve as theonly connecting link between ancient and moderntragedy These plays are of great value and interest in themselves, first, as independent dramatic literature of no small merit; and second, as an illustrationof the literary characteristics of the age of Nero Popular interest in the tragedies of Seneca has beengrowing to a considerable extent during the last generation. This has been stimulated in part by Leo's excellent text edition, and by the researches of Germanand English scholars into Senecan questions, more especially into the influence of Seneca upon the pre-Elizabethan drama; in part also by the fact thatcourses in the tragedies have been regaining their place,long lost in college curricula The meter used in the spoken parts of thetranslation is the English blank verse, with theexception of the Medea in which the experiment is tried of reproducing the iambic trimeter of the original. In the lyric parts theoriginal meters are sometimes used; and wherethese did not seem suitable in English appropriate substitutes are given.The volume is introduced by an eight pageessay on "The Influence of the Tragedies ofSeneca upon Early English Drama," contributed by Professor John M. Manly, Head ofthe Department of English; and is concludedby full comparative analyses, in parallelcolumns, of Seneca's tragedies and the corresponding Greek dramas, and by a mythologicalindex of thirty-five pages.The book, which is dedicated to ProfessorFrank Frost Abbott, of the Department ofLatin, and Professor Edward Capps, formerlyof the Department of Greek, has as a frontispiece a striking reproduction of the doubleHermes of Seneca and Socrates, now in theOld Museum at Berlin."THE ENGLISH REFORMATION AND PURITANISM"„ A memorial volume containing twenty lectures and addresses of the late Eri Baker120 UNIVERSITY RECORDHulbert, Head of the Department of ChurchHistory and Dean of the Divinity School ofthe University of Chicago, was issued fromthe University Press in January, underthe title given above. Part I, editedby Dr. A. R. E. Wyant, son-in-law of Professor Hulbert, consists of a brief memoir, amemorial tribute to his character, memorialaddresses at the funeral service in Mandel Assembly Hall and also at Haskell Hall, andmemorial resolutions and testimonials. PartII contains lectures and addresses by Dr. Hulbert, among them being the following : "SomePreparations for) the English Reformation,/,,"TheDoctrinal Formularies Set Forth in the Reignof Henry VIII," "The Protestant Complexion ofEdward's Reign," "Elizabeth and the Puritans," "Thomas Cartwright and English Pres-byterianism," "Puritanism in the Reign ofCharles I," "The Anglican Church and Puritanism," "The Established Church and Nonconformity," "The Education Act of 1902,""The Influence of Christianity upon Education," and "The Man and the Message for theTwentieth Century." The volume closes withDean Hulbert's last published article, that on President William Rainey Harper, entitled"Lest We Forget," which appeared in theChicago Standard on the anniversary of thePresident's death.The opening paragraph of the forewordgives the reason why Dean Hulbert neverentered the field of authorship and publication :It was the conviction of Dean Hulbert's colleaguesthat it was modesty rather thai* lack of ability that wasresponsible for the fact that he could never be persuadedto enter the field of authorship and publication, saveto the extent of relatively short articles. "He lovedto put his life into men and institutions that served me*»rather than into books," said Professor Burton. "Who cansay that he would have been more wise had he writtenmore books and helped fewer men? For, after all,books are for men, not. men for books " If it bedoubted that Dean Hulbert made any great originalcontribution to knowledge, it ' is certain that he had aunique and surpassing way of putting historical facts.His style was exceptionally pure, clear, and incisive,expressing, with extreme simplicity and yet with greatpower and directness, precisely what he wished to say.The frontispiece of the volume, which contains nearly five hundred pages, is a half-tonereproduction of an especially good portrait ofDean Hulbert.THE FA¦ "The Greeks of Today" was the subject ofan open lecture in Kent Theater on November7 by Mr. George Horton, American Consul-General at Athens.Baron Waldemar Uxkull, of Russia, gavea university public lecture in Haskell Assembly Hall on January 16, his subject being "Present Religious Conditions in Russia."Associate Professor Gerald B. Smith, of theDivinity School, contributed to the ChicagoStandard of November 16, 1907, an article on"The Poetry of the English Lake District."A musical illustration of the Idylls of theKing, the "Sonata Eroica" by Edward A. MacDowell, was given in a lecture recital at Man-del Assembly Hall on November 6, by Mr. N.J. Corey."The Financial Situation" is the title of acontribution in the December (1907) issue ofthe World To-Day, by Professor J LaurenceLaughlin, Head of the Department of PoliticalEconomy.At the International Pure Food Show, heldin the Coliseum, Chicago, from November 16to 23, Professor Julius Stieglitz, of the Department of Chemistry, was a member of thecommission on tests.A series of five papers entitled "MusicalMonographs" has been contributed to the Chicago Standard, beginning with the issue ofDecember 7, 1907, by Mr. Lester BartlettJones, Associate in Music.The annual meeting of the Illinois Teachers'Association was held in Mandel Assembly Hallon November 1 and 2. Over nine hundredteachers were in attendance— the largest number in the history of the association."Social Ideals and Contemporary Fiction" isthe title of a series of lectures given in Milwaukee, Wis., during the months of Novem ber and December, by Professor ShailerMathews, Dean of the Divinity School."The Evolution of the Marchen, or FairyTale" was the subject of an address before theSouth Side Woman's Club of Chicago on November 19, by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, ofthe Department of Semitics."Literature as a Social Asset" was the subject of an address before the Wicker Park Culture Club of Chicago on November 19, byAssociate Professor S. H. Clark, of the Department of Public Speaking.At the City Club of Chicago on November30, Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head ofthe Department of Political Economy, discussed the subject of "The Financial Situation."Before the women of the College of Philosophy, on November 26, Mr. James O'DonnellBennett, the dramatic critic of the ChicagoRecord-Herald, gave an address in KentTheater on the subject of "How To See aPlay."In the December (1907) number of theChauiauquan is published a greeting to thereaders of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circles by President Harry Pratt Judson,in which he emphasizes the value of the workbeing done by the Chautauquan movement.On November 16, at Fullerton Hall of theChicago Art Institute, Mr. Henri C. E. David,of the Department of Romance, spoke underthe auspices of Le Club Frangaise on "AnAfternoon at the Home of Moliere," and gavereadings from L' Impromptu de Versailles.At the closing session in Chicago on January 3, 1908, of the American Association forthe Advancement of Science, Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography, was made the general secretary of theorganization for the year 1908.122 UNIVERSITY RECORDAmong the speakers at the nineteenth annualdinner of the Chicago Tribune, held in theGrand Pacific hotel on January i, was Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of the Facultiesof Arts, Literature, and Science. Over fivehundred employees of the newspaper were present."The Methods by Which Insects Carry Disease" was the subject of an address, under theauspices of the Chicago Medical Society, in thePublic Library Building on December io, byAssistant Professor Howard T. Ricketts, ofthe Department of Pathology and Bacteriology.In the November (1907) number of theAmerican Journal of Sociology "Private Insurance Companies" is the subject of a discussion by Professor Charles R. Henderson, Headof the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology.It is the sixth article in a series on "IndustrialInsurance.""The History of Slavery in America" wasthe subject of a series of three open lectures inCobb Hall on November 7, 8, and 9, by Professor J. Franklin Jameson, formerly head ofthe Department of History, now director ofthe Bureau of Historical Research at Washington, D. C.Professor Robert Herrick, of the Department of English, contributed to the Januarynumber of Scribner's Magazine an illustratedstory entitled, "In the Doctor's Office." "TheMaster of the Inn" is the title of another storyby Mr. Herrick in the December number of thesame magazine.Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head ofthe Department of Geology, was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at the close of its recentsessions at the University of Chicago, to succeed Professor Willam H. Welch, of JohnsHopkins University.Assistant Professor George A. Dorsey, ofthe Department of Sociology and Anthropol ogy, has been sent on a tour of the world inthe interests of the Field Museum of NaturalHistory, Chicago, his purpose being to makepreliminary arrangements for a series of anthropological expeditions.There has recently been translated into Chinese The Life of Christ, a volume in the constructive Bible studies, by Professor Ernest D.Burton, Head of the Department of NewTestament Literature and Interpretation, andProfessor Shailer Mathews, of the Departmentof Systematic Theology."Travel and Exploration in Alaska" — an account of the speaker's investigations of thecoal fields of that region — was the subject ofan address before the Geographic Society ofChicago in Fullerton Hall of the Art Instituteon the evening of January 10, by Dr. WallaceW. Atwood, of the Department of Geology.Professor Ludwig Hektoen, Head of theDepartment of Pathology and Bacteriology,read on December 31, before the physiologicalsection of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science, a paper by ProfessorSimon Flexner, of the Rockefeller Institutefor Medical Research, on "Tendencies in Pathology.""Russia's Persecution of the Duma" is thetitle of a contribution to the January (1908)issue of the World's Work, by Mr. Samuel N.Harper, Associate in the Russian Language andLiterature. Mr. Harper also contributed to theNovember (1907) number of the World To-Day an article on "The Present Situation inRussia."On the Illinois committee of the NationalSociety for the Promotion of Industrial Education, which holds its second annual convention in Chicago on January 2^ are the namesof President Harry Pratt Judson, ProfessorJulian W. Mack, of the Law School, and Professor Emil G. Hirsch, of the Department ofSemitics.Professor Albion W. Small, Head of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 123Department of Sociology and Anthropology,has recently been elected vice-president of theInstitut International de Sociologie for theyear 1908. The United States has been previously represented in the institute by LesterF. Ward, Franklin H. Giddings, and CarrollD. Wright.Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of theDepartment of Sociology, has recently been appointed by the governor of Illinois secretary ofthe new Illinois Educational Committee. Mr.Howerth received the Doctor's degree fromthe University of Chicago in 1898 and was fortwo years Dean in University (formerly theTeachers') College."Education and Efficiency" was the subjectof an address before the West End Woman'sClub of Chicago, on November 15, by Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science. On November 7 Mr. Vincent spoke before the Wisconsin State Teachers' Association at its meeting in Milwaukee, Wis.The Herbert Baxter Adams prize for thebest essay on European history was awardedby the special committee of the American Historical Association on December 30, at the annual meeting in Madison, Wis., to Dr. EdwardB. Krehbiel, of the Department of History, andMr. William Spence Roberts, of Cleveland, O.The value of the prize is $200.A silver medal was recently given to Mr.Samuel MacClintock, a Fellow in PoliticalScience, by the authorities of the LouisianaPurchase Exposition at St. Louis, in recognition of his connection with the exhibit from thePhilippine Islands. At the time the exhibitwas made Mr. MacClintock was superintendentof schools in the island of Cebii.Ten texts of Greek and other ostraca in theHaskell Oriental Museum have been describedand edited by Assistant Professor Edgar J.Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek, and appeared in the October-December (1907) issue of the American Journal of Archaeology. Most of the texts comefrom Thebes and are of the Roman period.On the Committee of One Hundred on National Health, appointed by section I of theAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience, are Dr. Frank Billings, Professor ofMedicine; Professor Charles R. Henderson,Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology; and Professor Edwin O. Jordan, ofthe Department of Pathology and Bacteriology."The Teaching of Botany in ,the HighSchool" is the subject of a discussion in theNovember number of the School Review byAssociate Professor Otis W. Caldwell, of theCollege of Education. "The Present Trend inthe Teaching of Mathematics" is contributed tothe same number by Assistant Professor Herbert E. Slaught, of the Department of Mathematics.A series of six poetic readings from Tennyson's Idylls of the King was given in the FineArts Building, Chicago, from November 7 toDecember 19, by Associate Professor S. H.Clark, of the Department of Public Speaking.Mr. Clark also gave dramatic recitals of KingLear and Julius Caesar before the ChicagoShakspere Club on the evenings of November26 and December 10.Professor Frank Frost Abbott, of the Department of Latin, has been invited to becomean associate editor of the Studi Storici perI'Antichitd Classica, a journal devoted to research in ancient history, and published inPisa, Italy. Among the other associate editorsare Professors Beloch and Pais, of the University of Rome, and Hirschfeld and Meyer,of the University of Berlin.At the celebration of Illinois Day by theUniversity of Illinois on December 3, 1907,President Harry Pratt Judson gave an addressin which he spoke of the pride of the state in124 UNIVERSITY RECORDits university and the friendly relations existingbetween the state university and the Universityof Chicago. He also paid a high tribute toPresident Edmund J. James, who was formerlyconnected with the University of Chicago.The newly elected president of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science,Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head of theDepartment of Geology, has been invited bythe President of the United States to a conference May 13, 14, and 15 at the White Houseon the conservation of the natural resources ofthe country. The governors of the severalstates have also been invited to this conference.At a meeting in Springfield, 111., December 7,of a hundred educators and scientists from thecolleges and universities of the state there wasorganized the Illinois State Academy ofSciences, Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin,Head of the Department of Geology, beingmade the first president. Professor SamuelW. Williston, of the Department of Paleontology, was made chairman of the organizationcommittee."The Present Condition and Destiny of theFamily," was the subject of an address beforethe Chicago Woman's Club on December 4, byAssociate Professor William I. Thomas, of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology.On the same day Mr. Ira B. Meyers, of theCollege of Education, discussed before the sameorganization the subject of "Natural Science:Its Place in the Curriculum and Influence onEducation."Dr. Frank Billings, Professor of Medicinein the University of Chicago and president ofthe National Tuberculosis Association, gave anaddress on January 11 before the CommercialClub of Chicago on the prevalence and dangerof tuberculosis. Professor Ludwig Hektoen,Head of the Department of Pathology andBacteriology, also spoke on the same occasion, giving especial attention to the importance ofisolation in tuberculosis cases.Professor Shailer Mathews, Dean of the Divinity School, began in the Chicago Standardof December 28, 1907, a series of contributionson the general subject of "The Gospel and theModern World," the special subjects being asfollows: "The Bible: Is It Trustworthy ?""God: Is He Knowable?" "Sin: Is It Punishable?" "Jesus: Is He Our Saviour?" "Regeneration: Is It Necessary?" "Prayer: Is It Futile?" "Faith: Is It Rational?" "Eternal Life:Is It Believable?"To the November (1907) issue of the Classical Journal Professor Paul Shorey, Head ofthe Department of Greek, contributes a noteon "The Force of koitoi." "Municipal Politics in Pompeii" is the title of a contributionin the December number of the journal, byProfessor Frank Frost Abbott, of the Department of Latin ; and in the January ( 1908)number Professor George L. Hendrickson,formerly of the same department, has a contribution entitled "Horace's Propempticon toVirgil."Director A. A. Stagg, Head of the Divisionof Physical jCulture and Athletics, and Assistant Professor Joseph E. Raycroft, representedthe University of Chicago in the IntercollegiateConference on Athletics held at the AuditoriumHotel, Chicago, on November 30. Other universities represented were the following : TheUniversity of Illinois, Indiana University, theState University of Iowa, the University ofMichigan, the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, Purdue University, andthe University of Wisconsin.The opening contribution in the November-December (1907) number of the Journal ofGeology is by Professor R. A. F. Penrose, Jr.,of the Department of Geology, on the subject,"The Witwatersrand Gold Region, Transvaal,South Africa, As Seen in Recent Mining De-UNIVERSITY RECORD 125velopments." The article is illustrated by sixfigures and a map of the gold fields in theTransvaal. In the same number Dr. WallaceW. Atwood, of the same department, discusses"The Glaciation of the Uinta Mountains." Theaccount is illustrated by six figures."Some Spurious Inscriptions and Their Authors" is the title of a contribution in the January (1908) issue of Classical Philology, byProfessor Frank Frost Abbott, of the Department of Latin. Assistant Professor Francis A.Wood, of the Department of German, contributes a discussion of "Greek and Latin Etymologies;" Professor Paul Shorey, Head ofthe Department of Greek, contributes "Noteson the Text of Alcinous' Ma-ayayyrj '" and "AnEmendation of Aelian Uepl ZaW, viii, 1.5."Professor Abbott has a "Comment on Professor Postgate's Note."Professor Edward Capps, formerly of theDepartment of Greek and now of PrincetonUniversity, contributed to a recent number ofthe American Journal of Philology an articleon "Epigraphical Problems in the History ofAttic Comedy," in which were discussed somespecial questions suggested by Wilhelm's recentbook Urkunden dramatischen Auffuhrungen zuAthen. Mr. Capps has been invited to be oneof the two representatives of the classics forthe United States who are to give addresses atthe International Congress of Historians to beheld in the summer of 1908 in Berlin.Professor Edwin E. Sparks, of the Department of History, is preparing an edition of theLincoln-Douglas Debates to be published by theIllinois Historical Society in connection withthe semi-centennial celebration of the Debatesto be held this year in Illinois. ProfessorSparks has recently accepted the presidency ofthe Pennsylvania State College, but will notbegin his new duties till the end of the presentacademic year. He has been connected withthe University of Chicago since 1895, takinghis Doctor's degree in 1900; and much of his time has been given to lecturing in the Extension Division.At the fourth annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, held in Madison, Wis., December 2j to 31, Associate Professor Charles E. Merriam, of the Departmentof Political Science, presented a paper, underthe general head of "The Newer InstitutionalForms of Democracy," entitled "Some Disputed Points in Primary Election Legislation."In the section on Comparative Legislation, Professor Ernst Freund, of the Law School, discussed "The Problem of Intelligent Legislation." President Harry Pratt Judson was amember of the executive council, to which Professor Merriam also was elected at this meeting of the association.On the invitation of the resident head of theUniversity of Chicago Settlement, Miss MaryE. McDowell, about six hundred students fromthe University visited the - Settlement near thestockyards on the evening of January 11.Supper was served to them, a minstrel showby boys of the Settlement was given, followedby dancing, and an address pointing out someof the needs of the Settlement work was madeby the resident head. Great interest wasshown in the appointments of the new Settlement House, especially in the Donaldson memorial library room, and many names werehanded in of students willing to co-operate inthe various activities of the Settlement.The University of Chicago Press has recentlyreceived an order from Tokio, Japan, for ninehundred copies of the volume entitled Lectureson Commerce. This is the largest single orderreceived by the Press from a foreign dealer. Thevolume, edited by Henry Rand Hatfield, formerlyof the Department of Political Economy, consists of lectures, by men prominent in businessand industry, delivered before the College ofCommerce and Administration on railways,trade and industry, and banking and insurance.The introductory lecture, on "Higher Commer-126 UNIVERSITY RECORDcial Education," is by Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin, Head of the Department of Political Economy. The book is to be used in theimperial schools of Japan.New officers of the University of ChicagoSettlement, at the annual meeting held in theLaw Building on January 9, were elected asfollows: president, Professor Floyd R. Mechem, of the Law School; secretary, AssociateProfessor Robert A. Millikan, of the Department of Physics; treasurer, Professor GeorgeH. Mead, of the Department of Philosophy.The Head Resident of the Settlement, MissMary E. McDowell, gave a detailed report ofthe activities of the Settlement, which appearselsewhere in this issue of the UniversityRecord; and the outgoing treasurer, AssistantProfessor John Cummings, of the Department of Political Economy, presented a reporton the financial condition and needs.Among the late autumn publications of theUniversity of Chicago Press is a volume of450 pages by Jenkin Lloyd Jones, containingabout twenty discourses given before the confirmation classes in All Souls Church, Chicago, during the last twenty-five years, thecollection being offered as a contribution to thequarter-centennial of the church. Among thetitles of the addresses are, "The SupremeQuest," "Ideals," "Helping the Future," "TheLife in Common," "Little Candles," "TheGame of Life," "The Sources of Power," "TheGreatest Gift," "Secret Springs," and "Character-Building." For a number of years thewriter has been a lecturer on English Literature in the Extension Division of the University."Assyrian Prescriptions for Diseases of theHead" is the opening contribution in the October issue of the American Journal of SemiticLanguages and Literatures, by Assistant Professor R. Campbell Thompson, of the Department of Semitics. Announcement is made inthis number that the new associate editors of the journal are the following: ProfessorsGeorge F. Moore, of Harvard University;Francis Brown, of Union Theological Seminary; Henry Preserved Smith, of MeadvilleTheological School ; Charles C. Torrey, of YaleUniversity; Morris Jastrow, of the Universityof Pennsylvania; and J. Dyneley Prince, ofColumbia University. "The Strophic Structure of the Book of Micah" is the subject of acontribution in the January (1908) issue of thejournal, by Dr. John M. P. Smith, of theDepartment of Semitics."Impressions of an American Professor inGermany" was the subject of amaddress beforethe Germanistic Society of Chicago in theAuditorium Recital Hall on the evening ofJanuary 13, by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Department of Political Economy, who in the spring of 1906 gave a seriesof lectures in Berlin before the Vereinigungfur S.taatswissenschaftliche Fortblldung andthe University of Berlin. President HarryPratt Judson is the president of the Germanis-tic Society, and Professor Starr Willard Cutting, Head of the Department of German, isthe corresponding secretary. Among thespeakers before the society in the immediatefuture are Professors Hugo Muensterberg andKuno Francke of Harvard University, the subject of the former's address being "Scholarship in Germany and in the United States."A series of five lectures on the Haskellfoundation, under the general title of "TheWitness of the Oriental Consciousness to JesusChrist," was given in Mandel Assembly Hallfrom December 10 to1 15 by President CharlesCuthbert Hall, of the Union Theological Seminary. The separate titles of the lectures wereas follows: "The Elements of Sublimity in theOriental Consciousness," "The Witness ofGod in the Soul," "The Witness of the Soul toGod," "The Distinctive Moral Grandeur of theChristian Religion," "The Ministry of the Oriental Consciousness in a World-Wide King-UNIVERSITY RECORD 127dom of Christ." Dr. Hall was the BarrowsLecturer to India and the Far East in 1902-3and 1906-7, and also Haskell Lecturer in 1903-4 and 1907-8. Like preceding courses givenby the lecturer, the present series will be issuedin book form from the University of ChicagoPress.The Donald Robertson company of playerspresented in Mandel Assembly Hall on November 22 The Miser, by Moliere; on December 6, Rosmersholm, by Ibsen; and on December13, The Intruder, by Maeterlinck, and TheGauntlet, by Bjornson. Mr. Robertson gavean open lecture November 20 on the subject of "The Actor's Calling." November 22Assistant Professor Elizabeth Wallace, of theDepartment of Romance, gave a lecture in CobbHall on "The Art of Moliere ;" on December 4Professor William T). MacClintock, of theDepartment of English, lectured on Rosmersholm; and on December 12 Mr. Victor Yarros,of the editorial staff of the Chicago Record-Herald, spoke on the subject of "Bjornson andthe Radical Movement in Norway." The playsby the Robertson company, three of whomhave been students at the University of Chicago, attracted very good audiences and werewere effectively given.In the October (1907) number of the Journal of Political Economy is a note on "Taxation in Missouri," by Associate ProfessorHerbert J. Davenport, of the Department ofPolitical Economy. Mr. Davenport also hasnotes in the November number on the question,"Can Industrial Insurance Be Cheapened?" andon the subject of "The Taxation of Dividends."Dr. Robert F. Hoxie contributes to the samenumber a discussion of "The Failure of theTelegraphers' Strike." "Currency Reform" isthe subject of a contribution in the Decembernumber of the journal by Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin, Head of the Department of PoliticalEconomy. Associate Professor Davenport discusses, in a note, "Tax Legislation by Consti tutional Amendment" and also "A PermissiveHabitation Tax," Mr. Davenport also has inthe January (1908) issue a note on "TheWorkings of Restricted Credit," and Mr.Laughlin a discussion of "The Recent BondIssue."The one hundred and third contribution from the Hull Botanical Laboratory,"Fertilization in Cypripedium," with fourplates and one figure, appears in theNovember (1907) number of the Botanical Gazette. This research was carried onby Miss Lula Pace under the direction ofProfessor John M. Coulter and Assistant Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, of the Department of Botany. "Germination of Seeds ofWater Plants" is the subject of the one hundred and fourth contribution from the Laboratory, by Dr. William Crocker, Assistant inPlant Physiology. Wanda M. Pfeiffer, in theDecember number, makes the next contributionfrom the Laboratory, the subject being "Differentiation of Sporocarps in Azolla." In the January (1908) number Mr. Shigeo Yamanouchi,of the Department of Botany, makes the onehundred and sixth contribution from the HullLaboratory, "Sporogenesis in Nephrodium,"illustrated by four plates.The prize scholarship examinations inconnection with the annual School andCollege Conference held at the University on November 8, resulted as follows: In English, sixty candidates competed,the successful contestant being Miss VernaAnderson, of the West Aurora (111.) highschool; in German, forty- four competed, MissLinda Rodenbeck, of the Michigan City (Ind.)high school, being first; in Latin, forty-eighttook (the examination, the prize scholarshipgoing to Mr. Bjorne Lunde, of the Des Plaines(111.) high school; and in mathematics, sixty-four competing, Mr. Henry O'Brien, of theKansas City (Mo.) Central high school, wassuccessful. In the declamation contest, of the128 UNIVERSITY RECORDthirtyTfive contestants the winners of the scholarship prizes were Mr. Edwin Schmidt, of theRobert Waller (Chicago) high school, andMiss Florence Canavan, of the Appleton (Wis.)high school. The scholarships awarded areequivalent to tuition for three quarters in theUniversity, and are of the value of $120.At the convention of the American EthicalSocieties held in Chicago December 28 to 30,Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Departmentof Sociology, discussed "What a SummerSchool of Ethics Might Do for Social Workers." At the Ethical Congress held at thesame time Professor James H. Tufts, Head ofthe Department of Philosophy, took part in thediscussion of the topic, "Ethics and the SocialMovement." In the session devoted to thetopic, "Ethics in Business Affairs," ProfessorZueblin presiding, Mr. A. C. Bartlett, of theUniversity Board of Trustees, was one of thespeakers; Professor George B. Foster, of theDepartment of Comparative Religion, andProfessor George H. Mead, of the Department of Philosophy, considered "ThePhilosophical Basis of Ethics," Associate Professor Addison W. Moore, of the Departmentof Philosophy, leading the discussion. "Ethical Tendencies in the Churches" was the topicconsidered by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, ofthe Department of Semitics, and ProfessorShailer Mathews, of the Divinity School.Professor Ernest D. Burton, Head of theDepartment of New Testament Literature andInterpretation, has a contribution in the December issue of the Biblical World on "TheRelation of Biblical to Systematic Theology.""Ancient Monuments in the Louvre MuseumIllustrative of Biblical History" is an illustratedcontribution to the same number by ProfessorIra M. Price, of the Department of Semitics.Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head of theDepartment of Ecclesiastical Sociology, discusses "Social Duties to Neglected Children,"in his series of articles on Social Duties. "The Biblical Doctrine of Atonement" is the subjectof a contribution in the January (1908) number, by Dr. John M. P. Smith, of theDepartment of Semitics; Associate ProfessorClyde W. Votaw, of the Department of Biblicaland Patristic Greek, contributes an article on"The Apocalypse of John;" Professor Henderson, a discussion of "Social Duties inRelation to Government;" and ProfessorTheodore G. Soares, of the Department ofHomiletics, an article on "Social Sins and National Doom."In the October (1907) number of the As-trophysical Journal is a contribution by PhilipFox, of the Yerkes Observatory, entitled "ALarge Eruptive Prominence." It is illustratedby a photograph of- the sun made May 21, 1907with the Rumford spectroheliograph. "Orbitof the Spectroscopic Binary /* Sagittarii" is thesubject of a contribution by Naozo Ichinohe, ofthe Observatory, and Assistant Professor KurtLaves, of the Department of Astronomy andAstrophysics, has an article on "A Graphic Determination of the Elements of the Orbits ofSpectroscopic Binaries." "An Absolute Scaleof Photographic Magnitudes of Stars" is contributed to the November number of the journal by Mr. John A. Parkhurst, of the Observatory, and Mr. Frank C. Jordan, a Fellow.The article is illustrated by eight figures. Mr.Ichinohe, of the Observatory, has an illustratedcontribution on "The Spectroscopic Binary rfVirginis" in the same number. In the December number Robert J. Wallace has the opening article — the second in the series of Studiesin Sensitometry — entitled "Orthochromatismby Bathing," illustrated by ten figures.At the twenty-third annual meeting of theAmerican Historical Association, held in Madison, Wis., on December 27-31, 1907, Mr. Harlan H. Barrows, of the Departments ofGeology and Geography, took part in the discussion of "Physiography as a Factor in Community Life;" Dr. Julian P. Bretz, of theUNIVERSI1 Y RECORD 129Department of History, led in the discussionof the topic, "Scientific Organization of Historical Museums;" and Assistant ProfessorJames W. Thompson, of the same department,presented a paper on "Some Economic Factorsin the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes."Mr. Thompson also took part in the discussionof special fields of work in mediaeval Europeanhistory. Professor Andrew C. McLaughlin,Head of the Department of History, was chairman of the meeting that considered UnitedStates constitutional history, and was a member of the committee on the programme of theassociation. In the discussion of United Stateshistory since 1865 Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge took part. The president of the association was J. Franklin Jameson, formerly headof the Department of History in the Universityof Chicago.Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Department of Sociology, contributes to the November (1907) number of the Elementary SchoolTeacher an article on "Playgrounds and theBoard of Education." Miss Elsie A. Wygant,of the University Elementary School, has asecond contribution on "Reading for LittleChildren." "Educational Problems of Adolescence," is the title of the opening contributionin the December number of the journal, byMiss Katherine M. Stilwell, also of the University Elementary School. Miss Wygant continues the series of articles on "Reading forLittle Children," and Gudrun Thorne-Thomsencontributes a play, "The Trolls' Christmas,"in the making of which the children of theElementary School assisted. The openingarticle in the January (1908) number 'is byMr. Ira B. Meyers, of the School of Education, on the pedagogical aspect of "Field- Workand Nature-Study." Mr. L. Dow McNeff, ofthe University Elementary School, contributesthe first part of a discussion of "Electricity asa Subject for Study in Elementary Schools," and Miss Wygant continues the series on"Reading for Little Children."Literature in the Elementary School is thetitle of a volume of three hundred pages recently^ issued from the University of ChicagoPress, the writer being Mrs. Porter LanderMacClintock, formerly connected with theLaboratory School of the University of Chicago. Much of the material in the book firstappeared in the Elementary School Teacherduring the year 1902, and a synopsis of thebook was printed in 1904. Among the chapter headings are the following: "The Services We May Expect Literature to Render inthe Education of Children," "The Choice ofStories," "Folk Tale and Fairy Story," "Mythas Literature," "Hero Tales and Romances,""Realistic Stories," "Nature and AnimalStories," "Symbolistic Stories, Fables, andOther Apologues," "Poetry," "Drama," "ThePresentation of the Literature," "The Correlations of Literature," "Literature Out of Schooland Reading Other Than Literature." Theclosing chapter outlines a specific course inliterature for the eight years of the elementaryschool. Acknowledgment of help and encouragement from Professor William D. MacClintock, of the Department of English, andProfessor John Dewey, formerly Director ofthe School of Education, is made in the preface."The Harper Memorial Library: The Opportunity for Chicago Men and Women" is thesubject of the opening contribution by Dr. T.W. Goodspeed, Secretary of the UniversityBoard of Trustees, in the November issue ofthe Chicago Alumni Magazine. "After TenYears" is contributed by Miss Effie A. Gardner,of the class of '97. "Journalism in the old University, I" by Mr. Francis H. Clark, of the classof '82, and the fourth of the "Life Messages"of President Harper — "The Library and theUniversity" — appear in this number. "Dra-130 UNIVERSITY RECORDmatics at the University of Chicago" (illustrated), is contributed by Mr. Adolph G. Pierrot, '07, now a member of the DonaldRobertson company of players; and a metricaltranslation of Catullus, carmen iii, by Mr.Eugene Parsons, of the class of '83. TheDecember number of the magazine is largelydevoted to the University of .Chicago LawSchool, the frontispiece being a portrait of theDean, James Parker Hall, followed by "ASketch of the Law School," "The Degree ofJuris Doctor (J.D.)," "The Law Building,"and "The Law Library." "A View Point: TheStudents' Estimate of the Law School," is contributed by Mr. Hugo M. Friend, 'o6-'o8; and"The University of Chicago Law School Association," by Mr. Harry J. Lurie, '06. There appear also in this number the constitution ofthe University of Chicago Law School Association and a series of notes on the Lawgraduates. "To the Boys of '79" is thetitle of verse contributed by Miss Florence Holbrook, '79. Other contributions are:"The New Library," by Professor Ernest D.Burton, of the Divinity School; "The Alumniand the Harper Memorial Fund," by Dr. T.W. Goodspeed, Secretary , of the UniversityBoard of Trustees; and "Days on the Campus,"by Mr. H. R. Bankhage, of the class of 191 1.Both the November and December numbers ofthe magazine have the usual full departmentson the University, the student body, athletics,the alumni association, and news from theclasses.THE ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHYSix candidates for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy received the degree at the WinterConvocation, December 19, 1907.They are as follows:Oliver Charles Clifford, A.B., Oberlin College, 1893 ; Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics.Frederick Valentine Emerson, A.B., ColgateUniversity, 1898; Ph.D., Geography, Geology.Louis Allen Higley, S.B., University of Chicago, 1900; Ph.D., Chemistry and Botany.Edwin Garvey Kirk, S.B., University ofChicago, 1902; Ph.D., Anatomy and Pathology.Frank Eugene Lutz, A.B., Haverford College, 1900; A.M., University of Chicago, 1902;Ph.D., Zodlogy and Botany.Calvin Klopp Staudt, A.B., Franklin andMarshall College, 1900 ; Ph.D., New Testament and Church History.The total number of Doctors is now fourhundred and seventy-six.Of the new Doctors those already reportedas having received appointments are:Dr. Clifford, instructor in physics at the Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago.Dr. Emerson, instructor in geology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.Dr. Lutz, member of resident research staffof Station for Experimental Evolution, ColdSpring Harbor, Long Island.Dr. Kirk, Associate in Anatomy, Universityof Chicago.Dr. Louis Ingold, who received his degree atthe Autumn Convocation, 1907, read two papersat the meeting of the southwestern section ofthe American Mathematical Society in St.Louis, November 23, 1907.Professor F. O. Norton, who took the doctorate in Biblical and Patristic Greek and the Greek Language and Literature in December,1906, and is now professor of Greekat Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa,has recently been given the deanship ofthe college of literature and arts of that institution.At the annual high-school conference held atthe University of Illinois November 22, 23,1907, ¦ the mathematics section was unusually well attended. The leading paper, on"What Should be Emphasized and WhatOmitted in the High-School Course in Algebra,"was presented by Assistant Professor HerbertE. Slaught, of the Department of Mathematics.Dr. R. C. Flickinger, instructor in Latin andGreek in Northwestern University, read a paperon "The Accusative of Exclamation in Plautus and Terence" before the American Philological Association at the University of Chicago during the Christmas holidays. In theApril number of Classical Philology he published an article entitled "On the Prologue ofTerence's Heauton" and in the December issueof the Classical Journal he had a short note on"Plautus, Trinummus 258."Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, director of the Bureau of Historical Research of the CarnegieInstitution of Washington, writes in the American Historical Review, October, 1907:Professor E. C. Griffith of William-Jewell College hasjust brought out (Chicago, Scott, Foresman & Co., pp.124) an able and thorough study of The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander. He shows that, farfrom having been invented in 181 2, the practice is reallyas old in America -as popular election by districts, andis represented by more than a dozen earlier instances.He traces its history and the history of efforts to prevent it, to 1840, and rightly dwells upon its vast importance as a corrupter of American politics.The Central Association of Science andMathematics Teachers held its seventh annual131132 UNIVERSITY RECORDmeeting at the McKinley High School Building in St. Louis on November 29, 30, 1907.The University was represented by AssociateProfessor Otis W. Caldwell, past president ofthe association, Associate Professor Charles R.Mann, secretary of the American Federationof Teachers of the Mathematical and the Natural Sciences, and by Assistant Professor Herbert E. Slaught, chairman of the mathematicssection. The sessions of the mathematics section were especially important on account ofthe reforms proposed in two far-reaching reports — one on geometry and one on algebra —which were unanimously approved.The following Doctors of the Universitytook part in the meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science orof other scientific societies at the Universityduring holiday week. Dean George E.Vincent, who gave the address of welcome,and officiated at the reception, in the absenceof President Judson; Wallace W. Atwood,'03, Otis W. Caldwell, '98, Henry P. Cowles,'98, Henry G. Gale, '99, Frank R. Lillie, '94,Frank R. Moulton, '00, Herbert E. Slaught,'98, William I. Thomas, '96, George E. Vincent,'96, who were members of the local committeeof one hundred ; Herbert N. McCoy, '98, chairman of the physical chemistry section ; John C.Hessler, '99, Lauder W. Jones, '97, Ralph H.McKee, '01, Eugene P. Schoch, '02, Hermann I.Schlesinger, '05, Hugh McGuigan, '06, WarrenR. Smith, '96, who read papers before the chemistry section or the American ChemicalSociety ; Rollin T. Chamberlin, '07, Wallace W.Atwood, '03, who read papers before the geology section ; Frank R. Lillie, '96, Lynds Jones,'05, Henry C. Cowles, '98, William J. Moenk-haus, '03, Horatio N. Newman, '05, BennettM. Allen, '03, Frank E. Lutz, '07, Oscar Riddle, '07, and Victor E. Shelford, '07, who readpapers before the zoology section or the American Society of Zoologists; George H. 5 hull,'04, C. Dwight Marsh, '04, Henry C. Cowles,'98, Charles J. Chamberlain, '97, S. Yamanouchi, '07, Edward B. Livingston, '01, and JamesB. Barton, '01, who read papers before thebotany section or the Botanical Society ofAmerica ; Arthur Ranum, '07, Forest R. Moulton, '00, George D. Birkhoff, 07, Leonard C.Dickson, '96, Anthony H. Underhill, '07, whoread papers before the section of mathematicsand astronomy or the Chicago section of theAmerican Mathematical Society; Harry G.Wells, '03, and G. F. Ruediger, '07, who readpapers before the section of experimental medicine and physiology; David B. MacMillan, '95,and Frank R. Lillie, '95, who read papers before the section on education; Shinkishi Hatai,'02, and Elias P. Lyon, '99, who read papersbefore the American Physiological Society;Walter W. Atwood, '03, and Henry C. Cowles,'98, who read papers before the AmericanSociety of Geographers; and Edwin G. Kirk,'07, who presented a paper before the Societyof American Anatomists.UNIVERSITY RECORD 133THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THEAUTUMN QUARTER, 1907During the Autumn Quarter, October-December, 1907, there has been added to thelibrary of the University a total number of4*650 volumes from the following sources :BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 3,141 volumes, distributed asfollows : Anatomy, 45 ; Anthropology, 6 ; Astronomy(Ryerson), 8; Astronomy (Yerkes), 69; Bacteriology,15; Biology, 2; Botany, 20; Chemistry, 60; ChurchHistory, 53 ; Comparative Religion, 7 ; Divinity, 1 ; Embryology, 2 ; English, 429 ; English, German, and Romance, 2 ; General Library, 60 ; General Literature, 3 ;Geography, 11; Geology, 27 ; German, 343 ; Greek, 65 ;History, 436; History of Art, 24; Homiletics, 6; Latin,48 ; Latin and Greek, 3 ; Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit,and Comparative Philology, 1 ; Law School, 256 ; Mathematics, 25 ; Neurology, 10 ; New Testament, 45 ; Paleontology, 5 ; Pathology, 5 ; Philosophy, 41 ; Physical Culture, 4 ; Physics, 13 ; Physiological Chemistry, 21 ;Physiology, 43 ; Political Economy, 42 ; PoliticalScience, 76; Psychology, 23; Romance, 54; .Russian,191 ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 42 ; School ofEducation, 363; Semitics, 11; Sociology, 69; Sociology(Divinity), 5; Swedish Theological Seminary, 7;Systematic Theology, 15 ; Zoology, 29.BY GIFTBooks added by gift, 1,272 volumes, distributed as follows : Anthropology, 2 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 3 ; Astronomy (Yerkes), 15 ; Bacteriology, 1 ; Biology, 11 ; Botany, 4 ;Chemistry, 1 ; Church History, 5 ; Commerce and Administration, 7; Divinity, 312; English, 2; General Library, 615; General Literature, 1; Geography, 9; Geology, 10; German, 1; History, 12; Latin, 2; Latin andGreek, 15; Law School, 46; Lexington Hall, 3; Mathematics, 4; New Testament, 10; Pathology, 2; Philosophy, 1 ; Physical Culture, 29 ; Physics, 4 ; Physiology, 2 ;Political Economy, 27 ; Political Science, 20 ; Psychology, 2 ; Romance, 4 ; School of Education, 78 ; Semitics,3,; Sociology, 3; Sociology (Divinity), 1; SwedishTheological Seminary, 2 ; Systematic Theology, 1 ;Zoology, 2. BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications,237 volumes, distributed as follows: Astronomy(Yerkes), 15; Biology, 1; Botany, 10; Chemistry, 1;General Library, 121; Geology, 11; German, 1; History, 2 ; Latin and Greek, 1 ; Law School, 3 ; New Testament, 1 ; Philosophy, 2 ; Political Economy, 25 ; PoliticalScience, 2 ; Psychology, 1 ; School of Education, 33 ;Semitics, 3 ; Sociology, 1 ; Zoology, 3.special giftsArkansas Department of Public Instruction, reports— 10 volumes.Baltimore School Commissioner, reports — 12 volumes.Chicago Board of Trade, reports — 6 volumes.Cleveland Board of Education, reports — 20 volumes.Emily B. Cox, textbooks— 10 volumes.Georgia Department of Education, reports — 18 volumes.Mrs. G. S. Goodspeed, miscellaneous and periodicals— 38 volumes and 121 pamphlets.T. W. Goodspeed, miscellaneous — 44 volumes and 184pamphlets.Family of E. B. Hulbert, theological and miscellaneous— 431 volumes and 148 pamphlets.C. L. Hutchinson, National cyclopedia of Americanbiography and miscellaneous — 36 volumes.Kansas City Department of Education, reports — 10volumes.Maine Department of Education, reports — 7 volumes.Massachusetts Bank Commissioner, reports — 43 volumes.C E. Merriam, state and city reports — 27 volumesand 138 pamphlets.Michigan Department of Public Instruction, reports— 18 volumes.New York State Bar Association, reports — 9 volumes.North Carolina Bar Association, reports — 8 volumes.A. K. Parker, miscellaneous — 68 volumes and 96pamphlets.City of Providence, reports — 12 volumes.Albert Stenmo, miscellaneous — 6 volumes.L. E. Sturtevant, Congregational yearbook — 9 volumes.Albert Zimmerman — 145 volumes and 21 pamphlets,among which was Martin Luther's Tischreden, 1577,