Volume XI Nu'MBSB 2THEUniversity RecordOctober, 1906THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO AND NEW YORKTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOISSUED QUARTERLY IN THE MONTHS OF JANUARY, APRIL, JULY, AND OCTOBERVolume XI OCTOBER, I906 Number 2CONTENTSPAGEConvocation Address: Culture — What and How, by William Watts Folwell, LL.D., Professor ofPolitical Science in the University of Minnesota - - - - - - -51The President's Quarterly Statement on the Condition of the University - - - - 60The University Situation in Russia, by Samuel Northrup Harper, Associate in the Russian Language andLiterature ----------.-66Exercises Connected with the Sixtieth Convocation ------- 69Degrees Conferred at the Sixtieth Convocation -------- 69A Memorial of William Rainey Harper from Presidents of American Universities - - 69Railway Organization and Working --------- 70A Recent Volume on Inorganic Chemistry - - - - - - - -71Industrial America - - - - - - - - - - -72The Meeting at the University of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs - - - 72Lectures on the History of German Art and Literature -------73A Visit to the University by the Russian Ambassador ------- 74Recent Improvements on the University Quadrangles ------- 74The Fourth Series of Concerts by the Theodore Thomas Orchestra - - - - 75The Faculties - - - - - - -- - - - -76The Association of Doctors of Philosophy -------- 82The Librarian's Accession Report for the Summer Quarter, 1906 - - - - 85Communications for the Editor should be addressed to the Recorder of the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.Business Correspondence should be addressed to the University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.Subscription, $1.00 a year; single copies, 25 cents. Postage prepaid by publishers for all subscriptions in theUnited States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Panama Canal Zone, Republic of Panama, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands, Guam, Tutuila (Samoa), Shanghai. For all other countries in the Postal Union, 25 cents for postage shouldbe added to the subscription price. Remittances should be made payable to the University of Chicago Press, and shouldbe in Chicago or New York exchange, postal or express money order. If local check is used, 10 cents must be added forcollection.Claims for missing numbers should be made within the month following the regular month of publication. Thepublishers expect to supply missing numbers free only when they have been lost in transit.Entered as second-class matter, August i, 1905, at the Post-Office at Chicago, 111., under the Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.VOLUME XI NUMBER 2THEUniversity RecordOCTOBER, iqo6CULTURE— WHAT AND HOW.1BY WILLIAM WATTS FOLWELL, LL.D.Professor of Political Science, the University of MinnesotaIf we could, in the hour allotted to yourorator in your Convocation programme, reacha clear and practical elucidation of the vagueand elastic word which forms the subject ofthis essay, the time I am, sure would not beill-spent. My pretension, I assure you, is verymodest; exact definition is difficult, wheredemonstration is impossible. But the verydifficulty warrants one in talking about a subjectwhen he cannot talk at it. My hope is to inter-' est you in some things which may be saidabout culture, which I trust are worth beingsaid on such an occasion as this.The Latin verb from which the word derivesis obviously a term of agriculture, connotingthe breaking, clearing, and pulverizing of thesoil, so that seeds sown there may germinateand grow up according to their matures. Thereis also the implication of the care and protection of the growing crop ; the watering, theweeding, the pruning, and the final harvest.The Latin original may also connote the evolution of our present fruits and cereals from thecrabbed germs of the wilderness, and the domestication of wild beasts, and their reductionto the service of man. What changes and1 Delivered on the occasion of the Sixtieth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, August 31, 1906. betterments in plants and animals useful to manhave been wrought even within the memoryof men still living ! They are only less marvelous than creation itself. We call both theprocess and the result, "cultivation."Humanity itself has undergone analogous andequally marvelous transformations, and theyare still going on. Some peoples are still in thestate of savagery, but little above the beastlime; others are in barbarism; still others haveemerged on the plane of civilization. Howfortunate those, but how long and far is thejourney to the ideal civilization we hope for!To this ameliorizing process of humanity andits result it does not please us to give the name"cultivation." With a pardonable instinct ofsuperiority, we prefer to use a variant of thesame root, and call it or them "culture."But cultivation — culture, if you prefer — doesnot stop with races and peoples ; it proceeds inclasses and persons favorably circumstanced;and culminates in certain ones who have consciously lent themselves to the meliorating process and gathered the ripened results. Suchpersons we call "cultured." To such we attribute the possession in the highest degree, or in avery high degree, of all those improved andrefined qualities arid adornments which, potential in our human nature, must still be evoked5152 UNIVERSITY RECORDby conscious effort. Culture, then, implies thecomplete and harmonious development ofman's best nature by all the means within hisreach. Its goal and aim is human perfection.But, as I suggested at the outset, definitionis of minor importance. Like fine words, in thethe proverb, "it butters no parsnips." Let usdispose of certain obvious prerequisites ofculture.The first is "a sound mind in a sound body."Happy the man or woman who has receivedthese two precious gifts from parents andancestors, and has sense enough rightly tovalue them! How reckless we are of them!How rarely do we think of them as a heritageheld in trust for future generations !Another is a certain amount of real knowledge. There may be too much even of that.I have little respect for mere consumers ofknowledge. What I mean is that recondite,curious, technical knowledge is not essential toculture. The common knowledge of the worldwe live in, its people and their history, of ourown country, past and present, of the propertiesof matter, of the forces chemic and electricwhich man has impressed into his service ; thisknowledge alone is absolutely indispensable.Beyond this irreducible nucleus lies the knowledge revealed in literature, the great reservoirof all that man has accomplished of heroic,refined, and holy. Here no narrow arbitrarybounds. Here let the youth expatiate with generous abandon, if he will but beware of dissipation and of books in sheeps' clothing, to use aphrase of Charles Lamb's. How pitiful ourwaste of life on trivial and ephemeral reading !Still another desideratum is the ability notmerely to understand but to use language, thedistinguishing gift and glory of humanity,which renders society and culture possible. Ofcourse we all talk, most read, some write; buthow feebly, how inadequately ! How rarely is it in our power to "express ourselves" ! Evenin polite society conversation is notoriously carried in trite and elliptical phrases. A constantcause of pain and grief to teachers is the inability of most students — and I do not exceptcollege students — to say anything correctly andclearly. The ordinary citizen is mute when anew subject or occasion presents itself. Theworst case of all is where one tries to float outhis meaning in a torrent of gabble .Provided with these essentials — a sound mindin a sound body, a modicum of common knowledge, and some power of expression in hisnative language— a young person may aspire tobecome cultured.Such aspiration is much too rare. We holdbefore our children careers of success in business, politics, or some profession. We do notopen to their view the nobler vision of a perfected manhood or womanhood. That we leaveto time and chance, and, by so leaving, disparage and belittle. There are some who evensneer at culture, as an accomplishment forpedants and dilettants.Let us, however, suppose the case of a youthwho has said to himself : "Surely I must earna living for myself and those who may becomedependent on me ; I will, if I can, win an honorable place in my chosen calling ; and hope todischarge my duties as friend and neighbor;along with these and above all these, I willperfect and refine the body and soul with whichmy maker has endowed me, and live nobly andbeautifully." What counsel shall we give him?First of all, enter the ranks of your generation, face to the front, and open your eyes.Go not through life with your eyes on theground, nor (like the fool's) in the ends of theearth. See the men and things about you asthey enter, pass, and make their exits in thecontinuous drama of life, and see them as theyare. Be alert to interpret every occasion, andUNIVERSITY RECORD 53decide what you ought to do or leave undone.At length you may acquire the gift and habit offitting in, and without noise or friction aidingthe social process.Along with alertness, cultivate intellectualhospitality. Open the door to every reasonableproposition of your neighbor, and tolerate,without sign of impatience, when you cannotapprove. How grateful it is to have your friendtake up your little fad and listen while yourpent-up fancy dissipates into air !And how grateful and amiable is that fair-mindedness which contends for nothing but thee essentials of a cause, sees the truth of theother side, allows for possible misinformation orbias, and is ready to give even the devil his due.Cultivate, then, these three chief gifts: alertness, hospitality, and fair-mindedness.The cultivation of right feeling is perhaps ofgreater importance than that of right thinking,because so much more can be effected by resolution and effort. Mental power seems to bean endowment of somewhat definite volume,which we must use and govern as we can.Moral qualities we seem to be able to developfrom mere embryos in our natures ; we canexpand and refine them to high degrees. If aman will, he may be "converted," whether in thetwinkling of an eye or after long and painfulstruggle, and be a "new creature."The cultured man must, of course, be "good ;"but in an eminent sense. We must assume thatthere is good in human nature; that all men aremore good than bad, more virtuous than depraved. If not, mankind would long ago haveperished from the earth. And we must allowthat much of our goodness is economic or expedient. Let it be so. Let men be good becauseit is convenient and profitable. Let goodnessbe gain ; concede so much to imperfect natureand ignorance.But concede it not to the man who aspires toward perfection. The ethics of such goodness is that of the barbarian, the savage, evenof the brute. Wild beasts are, many of them,social, co-operative, and beneficent. Humanethics calls for the cultivation of the virtues andtheir exercise according to motives worthy ofman's nature, relations, and destiny.There is a Roman maxim which is exactly inpoint at this moment: "He who ceases to bebetter ceases to be good." The culturedperson must ever be growing in grace. Thecultivation of virtue is not difficult if the desireand will be present. Nor is it distracting ifseriously undertaken. Although the occasionsfor moral judgments and actions are infinite innumber and variety, they may all be comprehended under a few categories and principles.Plato's short catena, familiar to all students ofethics, names these five: temperance, courage,kindness, wisdom, justice. A greater than Platomerged them all under the all-comprehendingprinciple of love.Moral qualities dominating in conduct formin each of us what we call character. But alarge part of conduct lies outside of the domainof duty and is governed by taste. Better perhaps to fancy that there is a transcendent ethicatmosphere, which flows over the whole field ofconduct, and glorifies it, converting duty intoprivilege.The perfectly informed, alert, and graciousperson might conduct himself appropriately inany situation without precedents or rules ; butthere would be a heavy strain on brain andnerves. Power would be wasted on mere procedure. To relieve from such strain men havein all times conventionalized behavior. The extent to which even rude savages have establishedcustoms of intercourse, more rigid than thelaws of civilized men, is a notable fact. Theetiquette of an Indian council is as exact as theritual of a mason's lodge or a cathedral.54: UNIVERSITY RECORDThe tyranny of fashion over civilized men hasits justification in the saving of nerve tissueand brain fag. We do well to let the granddame plan our houses and fit them out with furniture, cut our clothes, select our amusements,educate our children, and even regulate our devotions, and be content that she rules us withso much moderation as she does. Imagine fora moment what she might do. Sir HenryMaine, after stating the common opinion, thatthe greatest disaster which could befall a peoplewould be either a desolating war, a pestilence,or a famine, adds that none of these nor allcombined would work the misery and ruin resulting from a fashion clothing all the women ofthe land in one fabric of one color. There isthen good ground for a reasonable conformityto the decrees of the fickle goddess. Conformityis no degradation ; resistance brings no satisfaction.We are, however, more concerned at thismoment with the conventions of conduct, whichtaken in a body we call "manners." The fieldof manners is eminently the favored arena forculture. When we mention a person of "cultivated manners," we suggest high distinction,and impliedly hold up such person as a model.Yet we may accord such distinction with acertain reserve. Good manners have upper andlower strata. A worthy person may have accomplished himself in all the conventions, andhave all the points of etiquette on the tip ofhis tongue, and be accepted into the goodlyfellowship of the cultured, but we sign him tothe lowest room. His graces and accomplishments have only reached the level of mannerism. Like the Good Lord with lip service, we"cannot away with him."In the higher stage of culture manners become the servant, not the master, of the man.Upon just occasion the immemorial codes andformulae ^vill be ignored or disobeyed. The truly cultured man is free of the realm.Aware and alert in all situations, serene andunselfconscious, he uses the old rule if he can,or makes a new example, according to histrained and liberated intuition.Two lights will always guide him, both emanating from one source — a sense of the dignityof man. One light is the lamp of self-respect,as a being imaging the divine, heir of all theages, trustee of blessings descending throughhim to the future; the other is the lamp ofrespect for the fellow-beings who share hisorigin, his responsibilities, and his destiny. Helives and acts as one of a society of immortals,so thoughtful of their rights and his dueservice that he does his part with perfect simplicity, without noise or fuss or demonstration.Manners, then, are no matter of finger-tippolish ; they issue from brain and heart."A beautiful behavior," said Emerson, "is thefinest thing in the fine arts ;" to which let us add,the finest thing in the fine arts is to conceal art.Five hundred years before the sage of Concordwrote, William of Wykeham, trusting to English common-sense to take him as he meant, orought to mean, carved over the door of Westminister school, Manners Maketh Man.As thus provisionally described, cultureends only with life, and may culminate in aglorious euthanasia.Culture may begin almost with life itself.The puling infant in its nurse's arms may winall with angelic sweetness, or disorganize thewhole house with diabolic racket. And thereare those who please to say that our educationbegins in some previous generation, so that weshould use discretion in selecting our grandparents at least. Fortunately heredity is apower. It is an admirable economy whichhands down from one generation to another aheritage of strength of mind and body, or ofparticular bents and talents. But heredity isUNIVERSITY RECORD 55not fate, and it is safe to say that so great isthe debt of all of us to ancestry that meredifferences of endowment are of minor concern. All civilization is in the direction of culture. No normal persom need think that heis so handicapped by heredity that he cannotrun the race of life manfully.President Eliot has happily shown how ourdemocracy, obliterating artificial distinctions,prepares for any fortune. The American farm-boy, grown up, is no stranger in the state capital or in the White House; he chats comfortably with the Czar and joins in the discussionsat The Hague without embarrassment. Hissister, passing from school to the city, with anintuition of lightning absorbs the etiquette ofurban society, presides like a queen over thewoman's federation, and wears her coronet as tothe manor born.But let everyone who is well-born give thankswith humility, and resolve to live worthily of hisancestral endowments. Genealogy is certainlyas worthy of study as the herd-book, and itought to help to the use of sense in the assortment of marriages, and reinforce the motivesfor nobler living. If genealogy shall have theeffect to restore the family to the place whencethe excessive individualism of the past centuryhas ousted it, we may well tolerate much nonsense, and suffer our young lady to join theColonial Dames, and sport on her note sheetsthe blazon she bought at the herald's dollege inLondon.I hear veterans, on my narrow stage, sayingto one another that training in conduct infamilies has much declined since the days whenthey^were taught to "make their manners," torise and uncover in the presence of age, to bemore seen than heard, and to salute associatesin terms of respect. Doubtless this cynic generalization of the veteran must be discountedsomewhat because he is not accorded thatf punc tilious deference so grateful to him ; but I thinkit must be granted that our democracy has somewhat changed the point of view and thus affectedmanners.It sounds queer to hear our children rehearsing, as part of their duty to their neighbor : "tohonor and obey the civil authority; to submitmyself to all my governors, teachers, spiritualpastors, and masters ; to order myself lowly andreverently to all my betters." This soundsstrange to people accustomed to think that oneman is as good as another, if not a little better.But the wave of democracy will not overwhelm the home. That tide will also ebb. Themonogamic family, husbanded by father-strength and glorified by mother-love, will survive, though states and kingdoms come andpass like acts in a play. In this little commonwealth character and manners are formed morethan by heredity or the schools or any other institution. The veteran will do well to rememberthat the camaraderie of the present, with itsapparent disrespect, its slang and its nonchalanceis, after all, better than the puritan austeritywhich forced obedience and made parents andchildren ashamed of all "shows of love."If character develops in the family, mannersflourish and blossom in "society." In our democratic theory "society" should include all of us ;but most of us do not qualify. Only thosepossessed by a certain social enthusiasm and adesire to exploit social gifts, equip themselvesand break into the charmed circle.The one supreme requisite for citizenshipthere is cultivated manners. Wit, wealth, learning, rank, office, profession, creed, all are subordinate, and, if presumed on, disqualify. Theinvisible syndicate which governs with a swaymore absolute than any parliament or sultaneliminates all who rebel against the conventions,and showers favor on all who are obedient andresponsive.56 UNIVERSITY RECORDSpite of barbaric survivals in untimely revel,in feast, and dance, society on the whole makesfor culture ; and chiefly because of the dominating influence of women. Conservative, resourceful, tactful, they know how to assort and bynoiseless command to marshal assemblages, sothat whatever there is of grace and courtesy,all that is genial and responsive, may appearand reign.I knew a woman, widow of a college professor, who kept a boarding-house for students.Presiding at her table with grace, tact, and dignity, tempered by a genial humor, that womandid more for the "culture" of the young menabout her board than all the college faculty,gentlemen to the core, everyone.The sunshine of a woman's influence glorifiesand justifies "society." Then let our ripeningboys and girls con their books of etiquette andpractice their poses before the looking-glass, sothat they be not shut from any company becausenot versed in the ways of the social world.As to the influence of men for culture I willventure to say that in general it is not great,but that the influence of certain men is verygreat. A great Greek orator declared that thecharacters of young Athenians were chieflyformed by the example of public men ; and thisI think to be true of our young Americans.The power of such influence is illustrated inthe perpetuation of habits and vices, spite of allthe efforts of family, school, and pulpit. Yearsago I undertook to bear testimony to a certainbody of students against the practice of tobacco-smoking, as wasteful, uncleanly, and selfish.What did my feeble words avail against theexample of the president of the board of regents,the bishop of the diocese, and the governor ofthe state ?An ingenious advocate of communism hasfound in our modern social organization a voidwhich he thinks must postpone any general establishment of his favored institution. Thatvoid, he says, lies between the family — the littleman-and-wife circle — and the general society.The one is too small, the other too large forcommunistic life and work. He therefore proposes the formation of so-called "social circles,"which may work and recreate together.It is interesting to remark that we have andlong have had just such a social group betweenthe home and the community at large, thoughnot conducive to communism. It exists in ourchurch organizations.Not having been called to preach, and particularly not on this occasion, I am leaving toother times and to better hands to show whatreal religion — the bond of the soul to its maker— does for culture, and to find the loftiest example of all that is gracious in Him who badethe weary disciples in the garden, "Sleep onand take your rest." We shall fill the purposeof this hour if we but gather up some merelendings of religion and note what they dofor culture.The congregations cannot help being socialgroups and compassing social ends and aims.They open opportunities for grateful converseaway from and above the drill and drudgery ofthe passing days. They call out the spirit ofservice and sacrifice. They furnish an arena tovirtues and graces to act without ostentation orthought of advantage. The development of thesocial side of the churches is one of the goodsigns of the times. Let us hope that good senseand moderation may so govern that none mayregret the innovations which would have soshocked and grieved our puritan fathers.The culture effect of the worshiping congregation is even more noteworthy. The habit oforderly assemblage for any purpose was a greatadvance in human progress. All assemblagesfor serious purposes are impressive, none somuch so as those for worship, whether Christian,UNIVERSITY RECORD 57Turk, Jew, or pagan. To assemble and meettogether in the presence or precincts of the Divine, or of his images and idols even, compelsthe ordered step, the sobered countenance, thedecorous silence.It is no accident that all religions, ancient ormodern, which have long endured, have blossomed in ritual and liturgy. It is by these thatthe casual, the impertinent, and the bizarre canbe eliminated from associated worship. It isby these that unlettered folk to whom the injunction, "Search the Scriptures," can have nomeaning, are enabled to worship, even in spiritand in truth. Is it not marvelous that manymillions of our fellow-Christians, the worldover, are comforted and inspired by imageryand symbol, by chant and anthem, without understanding a syllable of what is said or sung?I am not advising the adoption of the "use"of Rome, or Canterbury, or the revival of anyliturgy of Jerusalem or Ephesus or Alexandria.Personally I am not edified by ritual, but I canfeel the immense importance for culture of themere housekeeping and etiquette of religion.Perhaps no better example exists than thatfurnished by those arch-ritualists, the Society ofFriends. George Fox was not content withreducing all existing forms and utensils ofworship to zero; he went over on to the minusside and by multiplied negations left for hisfollowers a regime more rigorous than the ruleof any monastery or the canons of any council.Need it be argued that the Quaker meeting withits silence and introspection reacts and co-operates in producing a type of character, which ifgenerally acquired would make another worldof this?The practice and habit of churchgoing,whether from low motives or high, commendsitself for ends of culture alone. May I hereemphasize and embellish my prose with somelines which serve the purpose all the better because familiar? Thus sings John Milton thepuritan — skin-deep puritan ? —But let my due feet never failTo walk the studious cloisters pale,And love the high embowed roof,With antique pillars massy proof,And storied windows richly dight,Casting a dim religious light:There let the pealing organ blow,To the full-voic'd quire below,In service high, and anthems clear,As may with sweetness, through mine ear,Dissolve me into ecstacies,And bring all heav'n before mine eyes.The time was when foreign travel was supposed to add the last polish to the educated ladyor gentleman. But travel in the old time meantleisurely passage through countries, long residence in cities, and entry into the society of thelearned and polite. Such travel must havebeen liberalizing and refining. But the moderntumultuous rush over land and sea, the headlong scurry through galleries and cathedrals,acquaintance confined to hotels and steamers,these, good enough for recreation, do not sensibly improve taste or manners or character — if Imay speak from a limited observation.The leisurely "grand tour" of ante-steam daysgave opportunity for that prolonged study of artproductions which is indispensable to the maturing of judgment and the evoking of true "artfeeling." Mere occasional forays by untrainedadventurers into the field of art profit but little.Let that little be got and used, but I amheretic enough — philistine if you will — to hazardthe statement that high degrees of culture maybe reached with small knowledge, at first hand,of paintings and statues, dramas and oratorios.If not, sadly off should we New World peoplesbe! Welcome, however, to the artist, and applause for every work of beauty that comesfrom his hand ! But is it not the chief missionof art so to elevate and purify taste that the58 UNIVERSITY RECORDbeautiful may be recognized not so much inany handiwork as in the world of nature and ofman — in landscape, and seascape, and skyscape,in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and mostof all in the persons and conduct of men?I should be happy now if I could in good conscience, without conditions or reservations, closethis paper with a booming peroration on theunique and supreme function of schools and colleges in culture.I have recollections of teaching places wherelittle was done for learning but much for tasteand manners. I am thinking of an obscure little college, clinging to the old unadulterated, un-emasculated, classical course, giving what Archbishop Whately liked to call the "respectfuleducation ;" and turning out its little classes ofscholars and gentlemen. And it seems to methat the little college has been justified of herchildren.I knew the old New York academies and suchfemale seminaries as those of Troy and Canan-daigua, and I held down a bench in the selectschool of Alexander McQuigg, which served asa normal school for several New York countieslong before any school called normal wasknown. I could tell you of a little country district school in which a cultured lady, a pioneerfemale teacher, taught a lot of rustics something more than the three R's.But I have a better example. In 1823 AndrewCrawford taught school in the log schoolhouseclose by Little Pigeon Creek meetinghouse insouthern Indiana. He had for a pupil a youthof fifteen, then six feet tall, who came to schoolin coonskin cap, linsey-woolsey shirt, and buckskin trousers which lacked twelve inches ofreaching down to his low-cut shoes. At roll-call he answered to the name of Abraham Lincoln. Crawford taught manners. A favoriteexercise was to have a boy go out, and re-enteras if he were a gentleman coming into a draw- ingroom. Another pupil would receive and announce him, and, passing from bench to bench,formally introduce the stranger to each of theladies and gentlemen present. The Lincoln boydoubtless took his turn in this and other laboratory exercises. Of their effect on the behaviorof the statesman and orator I have no occasionto discourse. I have only to ask whether thisgeneration of vaudeville and the comic supplement is holding on to all the good of the past?It seems to me — laudator temporis acti — that ourpublic schools, supported wholly by generaltaxation, do not attempt for culture what theold common schools did when local contribution kindled and maintained the interest ofparents.I am not, I think, peculiar in feeling that theold American college has degenerated somewhatas a place for a "gentleman's education," sinceit cut down or bunched up its old cultural curriculum to make room for bread-and-butterstudies, to be selected according to the wisdomand experience of young persons of eighteen.The revolution, however, was inevitable, and wehave adjusted ourselves to* the ambiguous function — but with losses, which the future mayrepair.The irruption of women into men's colleges,a fact of the first magnitude in modern pedagogy, raises some fine questions about which,in the present state of things, I could only speak,if time allowed, like Paul to the Corinthians.A longer experience must intervene to decidewhether the gains — and gains there are — overbalance the losses. It is remarkable and disappointing that the presence and association ofthe women has so little effect to soften and moderate the behavior of the men. The old barbarities of hazing, cane-rushing, painting thestatuary, and going large after football victories still persist. The women do not seemto be infected with the diablerie, and very rareUNIVERSITY RECORD 59is any lapse into vulgarity and "fussing." Stillit is an open question whether they would notbe more comfortable and better cultured inseparate colleges.Considering that the American university inits present estate is but the American collegemultiplied by 10 or 16 or 20, there is little occasion for further remark so far as its past andpresent amphibious employments are concerned.The university in America is, however, emerging from its larval stage to take wings andsoar into a new element. The University ofChicago, as is well known, has been organizedso as to segregate the proper university workfrom that which in its nature belongs in theperiod of secondary education. The logic ofthis arrangement calls for the surrender atsome suitable time of the elementary work sosegregrated, to the secondary schools. This.is, perhaps, the most notable educational movement of the day. In the secondary schoolof the future so enlarged and completed — theveritable People's College — the cultural coursesnow cramped and stunted may have ample roomand yield splendid fruitage. The university thuslightened of an unnatural burden will be liberated for its proper work of investigation, research, and the dissemination of new knowledge.It would be claiming too much for the university that she shall exist and operate directlyand definitely for manners and morals. Thoseshould mainly be formed before the studentsleave the school and the home. But the university will reinforce, illustrate, and put the capsheaf on all the culture work of theschools.In my dream — my fond dream of the university of the future (in Arcadia) — I see notmerely strings or groups of teaching shops, classrooms, laboratories, libraries; but, dominatingthese with splendid housing, a chapel such asMilton would have sketched, museums wherethe lives of all times and peoples are illustrated,galleries filled with the handiwork of every artand craft, an ample theater where the mask andthe buskin hold the mirror up to nature, and amusic hall where symphony and oratorio lift thesoul above the prosaic and the material. Allthese in a far-stretching environment of lake orriver, of forest, park, and garden, far from theracket and grime of cities. In this sequesteredparadise I see the goodly company of scholarsand teachers living in peace and unity,abounding and growing in every grace. To livein such a place, like walking in Christ Churchmeadows, will be a liberal education, and willadd the last polish to the culture of home andschool.But even in such or any ideal place, whereevery allurement to beautiful living may abound,there may be the actual life of the hermit or theboor unless the human soul hungers for the trueand the beautiful, and responds with glad enthusiasm to every invitation to noble living.Heart's desire — it is my last word — heart'sdesire and stout resolve must ever be to gainand hold "That gentleness which, wedded tomanhood, makes a man."60 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENMembers of the University, Students, and Friends :ATTENDANCEThe attendance during the Summer Quarter,1906, is the largest in the history of our summerquarters. The total registration for theFirst Term of the present summer is 2,385, asagainst 1,999 in 1905, showing a gain of 19.3per cent. The attendance the Second Term is1,583 as against 1,347 last year, a gain of17.5 per cent. The total number of differentstudents for the entire summer this year is2,702; the total number of different studentsin both terms last year was 2,293 ; showing again of 17.8 per cent. Gains are distributedrather uniformly through the different schoolsand colleges, the largest percentages of gain,however, being in the Divinity School : 30.6 percent, the First Term, 26 per cent, the SecondTerm, and 27.4 per cent, in the total number ofdifferent students. The College of Educationalso shows a large increase in attendance, thegain being 25.3 per cent, the First Term, 28.4per cent, the Second Term, and 20.6 per cent, inthe total number of different students. Of thetotal number of different students, 2,702, it maybe added that 1,308 are men and 1,394 arewomen. In this connection it may be furtherstated that of the students present this summer,183 are members of college faculties, 32 ofnormal school faculties, and 387 of high schoolfaculties.ATHLETICSIn the last Convocation statement attentionwas called to the new and very interesting plandevised by Director Stagg and embodied in thecontract with Minnesota for athletic relations1 Presented on the occasion of the Sixtieth- Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, August 31, 1906. ' ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY1during the coming year. This plan seems tocontain large hope for conducting athletic relations between rival institutions on a muchhigher plane than has heretofore been the case.It is interesting to add at this time that similarcontracts have been signed between the University of Chicago on the one hand and IndianaUniversity and Purdue University on the otherhand. It seems likely that nearly if not all ofour football games the coming season will beon the new basis.It should be said also that Indiana University,under the leadership of James M. Sheldon, theirmanager, and one of our well-known formerstudents and athletes, has adopted the sameideas in all their contracts. A number of Chicago men who are conducting athletics in otherinstitutions for the coming year are interestedin the same ideas and ideals, and are likely toextend the plan widely.In this connection it will be interesting tonote that Chicago students are in charge ofathletics, or of athletics and physical cultureunited, in a number of institutions. A listis herewith appended.Alfred C. Ellsworth, 1904, director of athletics at Colorado School of Mines, Golden,Colorado.John P. Koehler, graduate student, 1902-3,director of physical culture and athletics, University of Denver, Colorado.Mark S. Catlin, 1906, director of athletics,Iowa State University, Iowa City, la.Hugo F. Bezdek, 1907, director of physicalculture and athletics, the University of Oregon,Eugene, Ore.John F. Tobin, 1906, Law School, director ofphysical culture and athletics, All Hallows College, Salt Lake City, Utah.James M. Sheldon, 1903, coach and managerUNIVERSITY RECORD 61of football, Indiana University, Bloomington,Ind.Walter S. Kennedy, director of athletics, Albion College, Albion, Mich.Frederick W. Luehring, director of gymnastics and athletics, Ripon College, Ripon, Wis.CHANGES IN THE FACULTYAt this season of the year there are alwaysmore or less changes in the Faculty. Some ofour younger men especially receive calls in otherinstitutions to more advanced places than wecan provide for them here, and in turn it becomes necessary to fill their places. Changescaused by resignations and new appointmentsduring the current year are about the same asusual. Counting those who are on appointmentlonger than one year, and are therefore votingmembers of one of the Faculties, the numberof resignations in 1903 was seven; in 1904,eight; in 1905, eleven; in 1906, seven. It maybe added that in 1905 the University lost theservices of three of its eminent heads of departments: Professor J. F. Jameson, Head ofthe Department of History; Professor L. F.Barker, Head of the Department of Anatomy;Professor H. H. Donaldson, Head of the Department of Neurology. The places of thelast two have not been filled ; the place of Professor Jameson has been filled recently by theappointment of Professor A. C. McLaughlin,of the University of Michigan. Professor McLaughlin takes up his residence in the University of Chicago in the beginning of theAutumn Quarter, and much is anticipated fromhim in every way. New appointments withinthe present year number fifteen thus far, andit is likely that one or two more will be neededbefore the Autumn Quarter begins. Amongsome of the interesting appointments from ourown staff to other institutions are the following :Camillo von Klenze, Associate Professor ofGerman, professor and head of the department} of Germanic languages and literatures, BrownUniversity, Providence, R. I.Miss Edna Daisy Day, Fellow in the Department of Household Administration, assistantprofessor of household administration in theUniversity of Missouri.Edgar F. Riley, Ph.D., State Normal Schoolat DeKalb, 111., psychology and education.Lawrence Emery Gurney, Ph.D., to the department of physics, the University of Idaho.Thorstein B. Veblen, Assistant Professor ofPolitical Economy, associate professor of economics, Leland Stanford Junior University.Milton A. Buchanan, Associate in Romance,to a lectureship in Italian and Spanish, theUniversity of Toronto.Benson A. Cohoe, Instructor in Anatomy,first assistant to Dr. Barker in Johns HopkinsMedical School.Torild Arnoldson, Instructor in German,professor of modern languages, the Universityof Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been made:Annie M. McLean, to be Non-Resident Instructor inSociology, Correspondence-Study Department, UniversityExtension Division.Agnes Wergeland, to be Non-Resident Instructor inHistory, Correspondence-Study Department, UniversityExtension Division.Annie Stewart Duncan, Second Loan Desk Assistant,to be Loan Desk Assistant.Thomas Matheson Wilson, Assistant in the Department of Physiology, to an Associateship.Gerald Birney Smith, Assistant Professor of Systematic Theology in the Divinity School, to an AssociateProfessorship.NEW APPOINTMENTSThe following , new appointments have beenmade:John Yiubont Lee, to a Laboratory Assistantship inthe Department of Physics.Harriet Crandall, to a Readership in English-Correspondence, the University Extension Division.62 UNIVERSITY RECORDMarion Shanks, in charge of the Classical Library.Frank H. Pike, to an Assistantship in the Departmentof Physiology.Paul G. Heinemann, to an Assistantship in the Department of Bacteriology.Dennis Jackson, to an Assistantship in the Department of Physiological Chemistry.Sabella Randolph, to an Assistantship in the Schoolof Education.Esther Crawford, to an Assistantship in the Schoolof Education.Edith Clawson, to an Assistantship in German inthe University High School.Gertrude E. Krause, to an Assistantship in Germanin the University High School.Walter V. D. Bingham, to an Associateship in theDepartment of Psychology.Rowland Haynes, to an Associateship in the Department of Philosophy.Cora Gettys, to be Second Loan Desk Assistant.John S. Fox, to an Instructorship in History inthe University High School.Ralph E. House, to an Instructorship in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures.Ernest L. Talbert, to an Instructorship in Englishin the University High School.James Westfall Thompson, to a Deanship in theJunior College.Waldemar Koch, to an Assistant Professorship inthe Department of Physiological Chemistry.Heinrich August A. Kraeger, to a Professorship ofthe History of German Art.PUBLIC ACTIVITIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THEFACULTIESSeveral members of the Faculties during thepast months have been actively engaged in theperformance of some special duties of citizenship.Professor Charles R. Henderson, of the Department of Sociology, has been appointed bythe governor of the state a member of a commission authorized by the last General Assembly ofIllinois to consider the subject of workingmen'sinsurance and to propose a bill on the subjectfor the action of the next General Assembly.Professor Henderson has been appointed secretary of this commission, and is engaged in col lecting facts and opinions, and preparing a draftfor a bill.A year ago Professor Henderson went, onthe nomination of the National Prison Association and by appointment of the President of theUnited States, as a delegate to the InternationalPrison Congress at Budapest, Hungary. Besides attending the session of the Congress, hemade investigations in several European countries, and is now preparing for the use of thegovernor and legislature a report on a subjectconnected with his investigations, namely, theextent and limitations of outdoor labor of convicts.Professor Henderson has also been invited tocontribute texts and historical introductions tothe poor-laws of this country for the SocieteInternationale pour V£tude des Questions d' Assistance; and it may be added that his Frenchtranslation, with introduction, of the Indianapoor-laws has already been accepted by thatsociety for immediate publication. 'Assistant Professor Charles E. Merriam, ofthe Department of Political Science, was appointed by the City Club of Chicago to preparea report on the municipal revenues of the city.The preparation of this report was made possible by the generosity of Miss Helen Culver,who contributed the necessary funds. Thereport was an examination of the historical development, present status, and possible improvement in the revenue system and in thevarious local taxing bodies in Chicago. It wasa thorough investigation, and the results havealready proved its importance. It will beespecially timely for the use of the CharterConvention. Professor Merriam has also beenappointed by the governor of the state a member of the Charter Convention, and in thatbody is chairman of the Committee on Municipal Taxation and Revenues, besides beinga member of other important committees.UNIVERSITY RECORD 63Mr. A. R. Hatton, Fellow in the Departmentof Political Science, has been appointed bythe president of the Chicago Charter Conventionto superintend the preparation and publicationof a reference volume for the convention. Thisvolume will contain a digest of the provisionsof constitutions, charters, and statutes relatingto the principal cities of America, Great Britain,continental Europe, and Australia. It is believed that the volume will be of value not onlyto those interested in framing a charter forChicago, but also to all students of municipalgovernment. Mr. Hatton is assisted in thiswork by Mr. Frederick D. Bramhall, Fellow inthe Department of Political Science, and MissEleanor Murphy, Honor Scholar in the Department of Political Science.SPECIAL WORK OF INVESTIGATIONWithin the last year Professor James H.Breasted has been engaged on the Upper Nilein the active work of studying and preservingthe inscriptions of the ancient Egyptian temples.These temples in many cases are rapidly disintegrating, and unless their important inscriptions, many of which have never been adequatelystudied or published at all, are now photographed and preserved, they will soon be entirelylost to Egyptological science. It may be addedthat Professor Breasted will resume in theautumn another year of* work in Egypt. Thework is sustained by the, Oriental ExplorationFund provided July 3, 1903, by Mr. John D.Rockefeller ($10,000 a year for five years).Associate Professor Frederick Starr is absenton leave, being engaged in the study especiallyof the pigmy races on the Upper Congo incentral Africa. He is expected to return on thefirst of January, 1907. His reports thus far indicate a large measure of success in finding andstudying the material which he had^ in mind.The results should yield something of largevalue to -anthropological science. President Charles Cuthbert Hall, of theUnion Theological Seminary, New York, hasagain gone to India to give the University ofChicago Haskell lectures in that country. Hisexperience on his previous trip enables him toundertake a second course under especiallyfavorable circumstances.Professor William Gardner Hale, Head ofthe Department of Latin, at the close of thisquarter enters on a year's leave of absence inEurope, a time during which he will pursueimportant studies of Latin texts. He hasalready made valuable preliminary investigations, and these he hopes to bring to a satisfactory completion during the coming year.Dr. W. W. Atwood, Instructor in the Department of Geology, has been appointed by theauthorities of the United States GeologicalSurvey to make a special survey of Alaska. Inorder to accomplish this work he will be absentfrom the University for six months of theyear, giving instruction during the remainingperiod.In the Department of Botany ProfessorCharles R. Barnes, Dr. C. J. Chamberlain, andDr. W. J. G. Land are to spend the month ofSeptember in Mexico engaged in a specialinvestigation. This investigation has been madepossible by a special contribution for the purpose by the Botanical Society of America at itsNew Orleans meeting, and by the courtesy ofthe following railroads : Missouri Pacific Railway Company, Texas & Pacific Railway Company, the International & Great Northern Railroad, the International Railway Company ofMexico.Mr. William L. Tower, of the Department ofZoology, has been engaged during the presentquarter in an investigation in Orizaba, Mexico.Dr. Nicholas Senn, Professor of Surgery,has been spending several months in studyingcertain features of native life and character in64 UNIVERSITY RECORDeastern Africa, and will embody the results ofthis investigation at an early date in a book.This is some, but by no means all, of thespecial work of investigation carried on by themembers of the University Faculties. A detailedand comprehensive statement on this head willbe made in the President's annual Report,shortly to be published.GERMAN AND AMERICAN COMITY IN SCHOLARSHIPDuring the past year Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin^Head of the Department of PoliticalEconomy, was invited by the Prussian Kultus-Ministerium to deliver a course of lectures inBerlin before the V ereinigung fur staatswis-senliche Fortbildung, composed of German officials, upon the burning economic questions ofthe day. The lecturer spoke in German, andreceived every courtesy which it was possiblefor the host to give to a guest — a dinner atwhich economists from distant universities wereassembled, a dinner by the Kultus-Minister towhich the greatest professors in Berlin and otherministers were invited, a farewell excursion inhis honor on a special steamer through thecanals to Potsdam, and an audience with theKaiser, Kaiserin, and Kronprinz at the militarydinner given the generals following the grandspring parade of the army. Several lectureswere also given in Cologne; and later, on theinvitation of the rector of the University ofBerlin, a final lecture was given in the auditorium maximum to some four hundred andfifty students, professors, and officials. Thesubjects of the lectures were fully reported inthe Berlin press, and seemed to have had afavorable reception. The lectures will be published in German by Teubner, and in English bythe Scribners.During the Autumn and Winter Quarters ofthe last university year, it will be remembered, Professor Hermann Oncken, of the Universityof Berlin, lectured in the University of Chicagoon German History. Plans have now beencompleted whereby, during the coming Autumnand Winter Quarters, lectures on the Historyof German Art will be given in the Universityof Chicago by Dr. Heinrich August AlexanderKraeger, professor in the Kunst-Akademie ofDusseldorf, Germany. These lectures will bein English. Once a week Dr. Kraeger willlecture in German at some convenient point inthe city. All are looking forward to this coursewith great interest. The University is indebted to Dr. Walther Wever, Imperial German Consul in Chicago, for his active and practical interest in securing this interchange ofscholarship between the two countries.GIFTSThere have been received by the Universitysince the last Convocation, by gifts paid in,$1,223,062.09. Of this amount $1,187,516.75applied on gifts formerly announced and $35,-545-34 on gifts not hitherto announced.The new gifts not hitherto announced,promises of which have been received, are asfollows :1. For the James Hall Geological Collectionand Library, from Mr. John D. Rockefeller,$30,000.2. Harper Memorial Library, $11,669.25.3. From friends of the University for purposes to be designated by the President, $3,600.4. For a sustaining fund for the Institute ofSacred Literature for a period of five years,pledges have been received from various friends.amounting to $6,305.5. For expenses of courses in Railway Sciencesubscriptions . have been received from sundryrailway companies, $5,500.6. From the Women's Athletic Fund an ad-UNIVERSITY RECORD 65ditional sum toward the Women's AthleticTrophy Fund, $105.7. For expenses of the publication of thejournal of Modem Philology, from P. A. Allenand F. I. Carpenter, $800.8. From the Class of 1906, for a classmemorial, $410.34.The Acting President wishes to take thisoccasion to express to his colleagues in the faculties and to members of the Board of Trusteeshis appreciation of their constant courtesy andunfailing helpfulness. It is impossible to putin words the extent to which the burden of care has thus been lightened. We are all workingtogether to realize in the University the mostcherished dreams. On you, ladies and gentlemen, who have taken degrees today, we count,not merely for loyal affection to alma mater,but at all times for aid in suggestion, in kindlycriticism, in useful information. The University of Chicago is not confined to the quadrangles. Wherever its officers, its students, itsgraduates, are living a wholesome and busylife, there is the University. It is in that spiritthat we will close the exercises today with theAlma Mater.UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE UNIVERSITY SITUATION IN RUSSIABY SAMUEL NORTHRUP HARPERAssociate in the Russian Language and LiteratureAfter two years of practical idleness theRussian universities have reopened their doorsto students. There is much pessimism as to theuniversities being able to remain open long.In Moscow there have already appeared thesame signs of agitation and protest among thestudents which necessitated the discontinuingof university work last autumn.One cannot understand the university situation in Russia apart from the political crisis;for the university troubles are the direct consequence of the political agitation.It is necessary to remember, in the first place,the attitude of the administration toward alleducation and educational institutions, andespecially toward the universities. The universities and other institutions of higher education have always been the object of rigorouscontrol. The universities were looked onsimply as training schools for governmentservice, and any sign of a spirit of opposition immediately led to administrative punishment. Teachers were instructed as to theattitude they should take on certain questionsof a political character. Since the governmentappointed the teaching staff, it was a case ofcomplying with instructions or leaving theinstitution. Many chose the latter course.A system of police regulation, enforced bya resident inspector with a large staff of assistants and a "guardian" for each educationaldistrict, was instituted. This inspection andsupervision stooped to the pettiest persecution of both students and teachers, in theattempt to control their activities outside aswell as inside the universities.The students began to "rebel" as early as thenineties. They adopted public street demon strations as a method of protest. The agitationprimarily was only for academic liberty. Butsoon it was seen that there had to be politicalliberty before academic liberty could be guaranteed. Because of the vigorous and publiccharacter of their protest, and their wide participation in the revolutionary and socialisticmovements which began to develop veryrapidly at this same moment, the students hadto stand a disproportionate share of theadministrative repressive measures.In the autumn of 1904 the liberal movementreceived a great impetus. A congress of members of the Zemstvos or provincial councilsdrew up a demand for a constitution. Theliberal professions organized themselves intounions. An Academic Union was formed. Allthese unions had purely political aims ; they hadpractically no professional character. But theywere the only means of organizing the liberalelements when police regulations forbade theforming of political parties. The students continued to take an active part in the struggle forpolitical reform. University work was done buthalf-heartedly. Many students felt that it was aduty to devote themselves to the common cause ;that it was not right to be occupied with purelyacademic study at such a moment of crisis.The demonstrations organized in St. Petersburg and Moscow were' put down with morethan usual rigor and cruelty. The studentsanswered by declaring a strike. They refusedto attend lectures until the universities shouldbe given autonomy and the promised liberalreforms actually realized.At the beginning of the winter term therewas no change in the political situations. Thereforms still existed only on paper. TheUNIVERSITY RECORD 67students continued the strike and the universities were definitely closed for the year.Over four hundred professors, representingall the Russian universities and other higherinstitutions of learning, signed a declaration inwhich they stated that "no educational activity,no scientific work is possible so long as politicshas not been granted its proper channel of political representation, and no independent workin acquiring or imparting knowledge can bedone until guarantees of personal rights havebeen given and educational institutions havebeen relieved of their role of police organs inthe system of self-defence of the autocracy."The professors and students devoted themselves to political activities. Many of the professors took part in the Zemstvo congresseswhich were being held every other month. TheAcademic Union was in the Union of Unions,which under the leadership of ProfessorMilyoukov organized the forces of oppositionand contributed much to the success of the general political strike of last October. The students began their revolutionary and socialisticpropaganda work among the peasants andworkmen. The large participation of university men in political work is testified by thegreat number of professors and school-teachersthat were elected to the Duma. The professorswere generally liberals, constitutional democrats. The school-teachers were more radical.Last autumn the universities were granted"temporary regulations" which practicallyamounted to autonomy. The faculties couldelect their own deans and the rector. Vacancieswere to be filled by appointment by the Councilon the recommendation of the faculties. TheMinister of Public Instruction, however, stillretained the prerogative of confirming the appointment. The inspectors were made simplysecretaries of the various faculties. The maintenance of order and discipline within the uni versity was intrusted to the university authorities, the police not having authority to interfere.There is no doubt that the students abusedthe freedom given them by these regulations.A small but energetic minority had a ratherradical idea of autonomy. They wished thatstudents be given a voice in the Council, toelect the teachers, make out the programme ofcourses, and determine the general policy ofthe university. They claimed that it was dueto their efforts that autonomy had been granted.The students were told that they could holdmass-meetings, a thing forbidden before, butthese meetings were not to interfere with university work, and were not for "outsiders,"but for students only. The students objectedto these restrictions. The university must bea "revolutionary tribune." They wanted tohave a chair of "revolutionary science" whereanyone who wished could address all whowanted to listen. They invited "lecturers" andinformed the regular lecturer that his room wasneeded at that hour and he would be excused.The universities were overrun with revolutionists, workmen. The government and policeauthorities protested. In Odessa the universityprofessors were accused of guiding the "armedrevolt," as the disorders of last October weretermed by the officials. The university Councilswere finally obliged to close the universities.The agitation had spread to the gymnasia orhigh schools. Many of these were also closed.The result of this abnormal state of affairs wassoon realized. Many students had to give updefinitely their university course. Their financeswould not permit them to wait for there-opening of the universities. The supply oflawyers, teachers, doctors, etc., was being shutoff. The disastrous effect of this for the wholecountry would soon be felt. The ImperialCouncil addressed an interpellation to the Minister of Public Instruction, asking if the neces-68 UNIVERSITY RECORDsary steps were being taken to insure theopening of the universities this autumn.Among the reforms which the Duma wishedto institute was that of the whole system ofeducation, higher, secondary, and primary. Abill was prepared, but was not completed beforethe dissolution of the Duma. The principaldemands were for more schools and universities.There are only thirteen universities in Russia.According to the proportion in Germany, thereshould be seventy. The course system was tobe changed. A man failing in one subjectshould present himself again for this subjectonly, and not for a whole year's work. Thetuition fees were to be regulated so that a student could take courses in two faculties without having to pay two sets of fees. Womenwere to be admitted. Until now there havebeen special "higher courses" for women, conducted often, however, by university professors.The University of Moscow held a short termlast spring in order to relieve the pressure ofstudents. The University of St. Petersburgheld examinations in September for those whowished to receive credit for the work done athome. Many took advantage of these twoopportunities.In the meantime there has been an organizedcampaign, especially in the liberal press organs,to persuade the students to "call off the strike"and return to university work. It was explained to them that the "strike" policy hadbeen a most effective weapon a year ago andhad contributed much to the liberal cause. Butnow they could adopt other tactics withoutseeming to abandon the struggle. They mustprepare themselves for future activity. Bycontinuing their studies they would be servingthe country in the most effectual way.The universities were accordingly openedlast month. The Councils expressed the beliefthat they could be kept open if there was no interference in university affairs on the part ofthe police, and no general policy of repressionand reaction. The students resolved to return,though they definitely stated that this was onlya temporary resolution, conditioned on subsequent political circumstances. The universitieshave been overcrowded. Over nine thousandstudents registered at the University of St.Petersburg. At Moscow women have been admitted and a kind of credit system substitutedfor the former year system. A Free Institutehas been opened in St. Petersburg to receivethe overflow of students. It is a private enterprise, started and supported by universityprofessors.But there is still a spirit of unrest amongthe students. A slight conflict between theCouncil and students in Moscow over the matter of holding mass-meetings at hours whichinterfered with lectures was smoothed overwith considerable difficulty. The MoscowCity Prefect threatened to interfere, assertingthat outsiders were being admitted to the^emeetings. In other universities public politicalmeetings are being held. The university authorities are in the same plight as they werejust a year ago. Then Prince Trubetskoi, rectorof the University of Moscow, in an addressto the students said that the University Councilmust enforce its rules and can keep the doorsopen only for academic work and only so longas this work is not interrupted. Though thestudents feel very bitterly toward the Councilfor taking this firm stand, the latter considersit the only possible attitude if the dignity ofacademic institutions is to be maintained. Thedanger of the universities being once moreforced to close is imminent. The government'smethods of restoring order and fighting revolution are interpreted by the opposition as apolicy of mere repression and reaction. Theopposition press is becoming more and moreUNIVERSITY RECORDpessimistic as to Stolypin's ability to carry outhis programme. It is becoming most difficultfor the university authorities to control the students and prevent the police from interfering.For the students insist on holding mass-meetings, which are most strictly forbidden.EXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE SIXTIETHCONVOCATIONWilliam Watts Folwell, Professor of Political Science in the University of Minnesota,was the Convocation Orator on August 31,1906, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, his address being entitled "Culture — What and How."He was introduced to the audience by ActingPresident Harry Pratt Judson, who was formerly associated with Professor Folwell on thefaculty of the University of Minnesota. President Judson presented the regular QuarterlyStatement on the condition of the University.The Convocation Address and the President'sQuarterly Statement appear elsewhere in fullin this issue of the University Record.The Convocation Reception, which was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening oL August30, had an unusual attendance for the Summer Quarter. Acting President Harry PrattJudson and Mrs. Judson; the ConvocationOrator, Professor William Watts Folwell, ofthe University of Minnesota; Dean Francis W.Shepardson, and Mrs. Shepardson; DeanMarion Talbot; and Mr. Wallace Heckman,Counsel of the University, and Mrs. Heckman,were in the receiving line. The music of theevening was provided by the University ofChicago Military Band.DEGREES CONFERRED AT THE SIXTIETH CONVOCATIONAt the sixtieth Convocation, held in LeonMandel Assembly Hall on August 31, fourstudents were elected to membership in theBeta of Illinois chapter of Phi Beta' Kappa. Fifteen students received the title of Associate;four, the certificate of the two-years course inthe College of Education; three, the degree ofBachelor of Education; thirty, the degree ofBachelor of Arts; thirty-seven, the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy; and twenty-three, thedegree of Bachelor of Science.In the Divinity School, three received thecertificate of the English Theological Seminary ;six, the degree of Bachelor of Divinity; andtwo, the degree of Master of Arts.In the Law School one student received thedegree of Bachelor of Laws and six that ofDoctor of Law.In the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature,and Science ten students were given the degreeof Master of Arts, sixteen that of Master ofPhilosophy, and twenty-five that of Doctor ofPhilosophy — making a total of 159 degrees(not including titles and certificates) conferredby the University at the Autumn Convocation.A MEMORIAL OF WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER FROMPRESIDENTS OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITIESThe President's Office has recently receiveda remarkable memorial of President WilliamRainey Harper, in a resolution engraved onparchment and signed by the presidents of theleading universities in the country. The memorial is as follows:"The Association of American Universitiesin session at San Francisco on March 17, 1906,directed that the following memorial minute beconveyed to the University of Chicago:"In the death of William Rainey Harper,first President and intellectual founder of theUniversity of Chicago', our higher educationhas sustained a most serious loss. He was aprofound and influential scholar in Semiticstudies, a keen and comprehensive thinker inthe domain of education, an administrator ofextraordinary power to plan and execute poli-70 UNIVERSITY RECORDcies of far-reaching import, a man of quickactivities, tireless energy, unshaken courage,and winning personal goodness. His heroicexample of uncomplaining cheerfulness andceaseless industry while battling with hopelessdisease during the last year of his life, hasmade his memory a spiritual endowment ofpriceless value to his own university and toAmerican education."The resolution bears the original signatures ofBenjamin I. Wheeler, President of the University of California.D. J. O'Connell, Rector of the CatholicUniversity of America.Granville Stanley Hall, President of ClarkUniversity.Nicholas Murray Butler, President ofColumbia University.J. G. Schurman, President of Cornell University.Charles W. Eliot, President of HarvardUniversity.Ira Remsen, President of Johns HopkinsUniversity.David Starr Jordan, President of LelandStanford Junior University.James B. Angell, President of the Universityof Michigan.Charles C. Harrison, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania.Woodrow Wilson, President of PrincetonUniversity.Edwin A. Alderman, President of the University of Virginia.Charles R. Van Hise, President of theUniversity of Wisconsin.Arthur Twining Hadley, President of YaleUniversity."RAILWAY ORGANIZATION AND WORKING"Under the title given above a timely andsignificant volume of lectures delivered before the railway classes of the University of Chicagohas recently been issued from the Universityof Chicago Press. The lectures consist of addresses by more than a score of railway expertsof the highest reputation, and they have beencollected and edited by Ernest Ritson Dewsnup,Professorial Lecturer on Railways, who himself contributes "Some Notes on Freight Rates"as well as the closing chapter, on "RailwayEducation." The volume, of about five hundred pages, is the result of the co-operation withthe University on the part of several railwaysduring the past two years to increase theprofessional efficiency of railway employees.Courses have been conducted during this periodin a number of subjects bearing upon the traffic,auditing, operating, and other phases of theAmerican railway, and these special lectureswere given from time to time in connection withthe courses.The editor in his preface expresses the hopethat the book will have a stimulating effectupon the teaching of railway economics in universities, and that it may influence the rank andfile of railway employees, "the men from whomour railway lieutenants, captains, colonels, andgenerals of tomorrow must come. The moreefficient training these men can receive, thegreater good will they be able to> confer uponthe community with whose interests their business is indissolubly connected. One mayalmost dare to affirm," the editor continues, "thattin the solution of the so-called railway problemeducation is likely to play a more beneficialpart than much of the legislation that attractspublic attention."The following are some of the titles of thelectures: "The Work of the Law Departmentof a Railroad Company," by Blewett Lee, generalattorney of the Illinois Central Railroad; "ThePassenger Department," by Percy S. Eustis,passenger traffic manager of the Chicago, Bur-UNIVERSITY RECORD 71lington & Quincy Railroad; "Railroad Advertising," by Charles S. Young, in charge of theadvertising of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.Paul Railway; "Suburban Passenger Service,"by William L. Smith, assistant to the secondvice-president of the Illinois Central Railroad;"The Problem of Handling Less-than-CarloadFreight Expeditiously and Economically atTerminal Stations," by Nelson W. Pierce,*- localfreight agent, at Chicago, of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway; "Car Distributionand the Supervision of Fast Freight," by JohnM. Daly, car accountant of the Illinois CentralRailroad; "Organization of the Operating Department of Railroads," by R. H. Aishton, general manager of the Chicago & North- WesternRailway ; "The Purchasing Agent," by E. V.Dexter, purchasing agent of the Chicago $Alton Railroad; "Ballast," by A. S. Baldwin,chief engineer of the Illinois Central Railroad;"Railroad Signaling," by Charles A. Dunham,signal engineer of the Great Northern Railway ;"Classification and Types of Locomotives," byC. A. Seley, mechanical engineer, Rock IslandSystem; "The Compound Locomotive," by W.R. McKeen, Jr., superintendent of motive powerand machinery, Union Pacific .Railroad ; "CarConstruction," by J. H. Ames, chief engineerof the American Car and 'Foundry Company ;"The Auditor of Expenditures," by Harry M.Sloan, auditor of disbursements, Chicago, RockIsland & Pacific Railway ; "Vitalized Statistics,"by James Peabody, statistician of the Atchison,Topeka & Santa Fe Rattway System; and"Railway Development in Canada," by WilliamMcNab, assistant engineer of the Grand TrunkRailway System.The appendices to the volume include sixpapers prepared by students in the Universityrailway classes during the session of 1905-6,and are reproduced as originally submitted tothe instructor. They all consider the subject of "The Differentiation of Duties of the Officials ofthe Freight Traffic Department." Another appendix discusses "The Red Ball System ofHandling Fast Freight." Among the diagramsillustrating the volume is one of the "TrainBlock Used on Fast-Freight Board" and anothershowing types of clusters of freight-yards.The volume was published under the auspicesof the Advisory Board on Railway Education,of which the chairman is Mr. Edward W. Mc-Kenna, second vice-president of the Chicago,Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, and the vice-chairman, Mr. Daniel Willard, second vice-president of the Chicago, Burlington & QuincyRailway.A RECENT VOLUME ON INORGANIC CHEMISTRYWithin a few months the Century Companyof New York has published an Introduction toGeneral Inorganic Chemistry, by ProfessorAlexander Smith, Director of General andPhysical Chemistry in the University of Chicago. The book, of about eight hundred pages,contains forty-five chapters, more than a hundred figures in the te*t, and an index of fourteenpages. Among the chapter headings are thefollowing: "The Kinetic-Molecular Hypothesis," ^ "Molecular Weights and AtomicWeights," "The Atomic Hypothesis," "Chemical Equilibrium," "Dissociation in Solution,""Electrolysis," "The Chemical Behavior of IonicSubstances," "The Atmosphere. The HeliumFamily," "Flame," "The Base-Forming Elements," and "Electromotive Chemistry."Among the purposes of the book, as set forthin the announcement, are these :The work is intended primarily for use by beginnersin colleges, in universities, and in schools of medicineand engineering. . . . < The most frequent complaint ofbeginners is that they find the statements of the textbooks to all appearance' so far out of touch with theoccurrences they observe in the laboratory that theyhave trouble in reconciling the two and in making them72 UNIVERSITY RECORDmutually helpful. The only terms in which actual chemical phenomena can be described at all, say for record ina note-book, are those which denote physical manifestations — weight, volume, heat, light, homogenity or heterogeneity (precipitation) and so forth. No wonder thebeginner misses the connection if the book relates the corresponding facts largely in terms of molecules, atoms,and affinity In this book the first principles aredeveloped from a consideration of a few typical experiments, and all matters both of fact and theory are described in terms of experiment.The book fuses modern views and recent advanceswith the older, standard material, in such a way that theformer are not excrescences but become integral partsof one carefully digested system. This feature makesthe book valuable to the teacher or the commercialchemist who wishes to know how the modern sciencediffers from the chemistry of his college course.As to the mode of treatment the author saysthat "the effort has been to correlate, harmonize,and explain chemical phenomena in a mannerat once sound, modern, and simple. The wholepurpose has been to do something towardsmolding the student's habits of thought; insome degree to lend to the student the mentalstandpoint of the modern chemist; and as faras possible to make the student master of a system of chemistry rather than simply the possessor of an assemblage of chemical facts."The book has already gone to a second edition."INDUSTRIAL AMERICA "Charles Scribner's Sons published in September a new volume of 260 pages, with thetitle given above, which consists of the lecturesgiven in Berlin, Germany, during the springof 1906 by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin,Head of the Department of Political Economy.The course of lectures, given as a result ofthe interchange of professors between Germanyand America, in which the German emperorhas taken an interest, was delivered before theVereinigung fur Staatswissenschaftliche Fort-bildung, in Berlin, and lectures from this course were also given in Cologne and before thestudents of the University of Berlin. To German audiences the German language was used.An attempt was made in the lectures, theauthor says, to present to non-specialist hearerssuch an impartial account of the industrialproblems at present occupying public attentionin the United States as an inquiring foreignermight find instructive and important. And inbook form, the studies are intended for suchreaders in this country as have not the time foran exhaustive course of reading on the subjectstreated, but desire to inform themselves onsome of the critical issues of the time.The volume opens with a discussion of"American Competition with Europe," and thesubjects treated in the following chapters are"Protectionism and Reciprocity," "The LaborProblem," "The Trust Problem," "The Railway Question," "The Banking Problem," and"The Present Status of Economic Thinking inthe United States."In the diagrams and maps distributed throughthe book are shown the wages of unskilled laborfrom 1850 to 1900; railway basing points; theVanderbilt, Pennsylvania, Gould, Hill, andHarriman groups; the various media of exchange in the United States in 1905 ; and atthe end of the volume are given the chiefitems in accounts of the national banks from1863 to 1905. Mechanically, the book is characteristically well printed, with clear, opentype-page and wide margins.THE MEETING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE ILLINOISFEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBSBeginning with Tuesday, October 16, theFederated Women's Clubs of Illinois held afour-days session at the University, on theoccasion of their twelfth annual meeting. LeonMandel Hall and the Reynolds Club weredecorated in honor of the guests, and the diningUNIVERSITY RECORD 73rooms of Hutchinson Hall and LexingtonHall were thrown open to delegates and friends.Student guides were provided for those whodesired to see the buildings of the University.Receptions, which were largely attended, weregiven at Hitchcock Hall and the women'sdormitories.The address of welcome on behalf of the University was made by Acting President HarryPratt Judson, in Mandel Assembly Hall at theopening of the sessions. On the evening ofOctober 16 Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, ofthe Department of Household Administration,gave an address on the subject of "The Protection of the Helpless in Industry," and Associate Professor Edwin O. Jordan, of the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, spoke on"Municipal Sanitation." On the m6rning ofOctober 18 Acting President Harry PrattJudson spoke on the subject of "Library Extension," and in the evening Professor James R.Angell, Head of the Department of Psychology,gave an address on "Modern Problems in theEducation of Women." On the last morningof the convention Miss Jane Addams, Head ofHull House and Lecturer on Sociology, discussed the subject of the civil service, and inthe afternoon two great American flags werepresented on behalf of the Federation,; forwhich Acting President Judson expressed thethanks of the University.Before adjournment the /-following resolutionswere adopted by the Federation:Whereas, The twelfth annual meeting of the IllinoisFederation of Women's Clubs is drawing to a close ; andWhereas, The dignity and environment of this greateducational* institution, within whose walls we havebeen assembled, has added immensely to the successof the meeting and the inspiration therefrom ; therefore be itResolved, That to the Acting President of the Faculty,to the Dean of Women, to the Reynolds Club, to thestudent body, and the attaches, this convention is indebted.for bounteous courtesies and privileges so generouslyextended as to be beyond power of words to express. About six hundred delegates were in attendance on the convention, besides a large numberof alternates and guests.LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF GERMAN ART ANDLITERATURESeveral German- American citizens of Chicago have generously subscribed funds withwhich to secure for the University of Chicagoand for the Germania Mannerchor, during thecoming autumn and winter, courses of lecturesupon German art and the interrelations of German art and literature.The lecturer is Dr. Heinrich August Alexander Kraeger, professor of the history of literature and art at the Royal Academy of Art inDusseldorf . He is thirty-six years old, a nativeof Bremen, where he prepared himself for hisuniversity studies. He received the doctoratein Berlin. He visited England in 1893 andAmerica in 1895. Before his present engagement in Dusseldorf, which dates from 1902, hetaught as Privatdozent at the universities ofZurich and Berlin.Among the best-known of his publications arethe following: I oh. M. Miller (1892); DerByronische Heldentypus ( 1898) ; Carlyle*s St el-lung zur deutschen Litteratur (1899) ; ConradFerdinand Meyer (1901) ; investigations of theliterary relations of England and Germany;monographs upon Otto Ludwig, and in the fieldof art, upon Menzel, Bartholome, and others.His two graduate courses to be given underthe auspices of the Germanic Department are:(1) an illustrated lecture course in English,entitled "German Painting from its Beginningsto the Present Time," and (2) a seminar conducted in German upon some topic, to be announced later, touching the interrelations ofGerman literature and art. Both courses willbegin November 5 or 6 and continue to the endof the Winter Quarter.74 UNIVERSITY RECORDA VISIT TO THE UNIVERSITY BY THE RUSSIANAMBASSADOROn the afternoon of October 20 the RussianAmbassador to the United States, BaronRosen, accompanied by his wife and daughter,and the Russian Consul, Baron Schlippenbach,paid a visit to the University as the guests ofActing President Harry Pratt Judson. Theyattended the football game on Marshall Fieldbetween the teams of the University of Chicago and Purdue University, and expressedgreat interest in this form of college sport,which was entirely new to them. The University Military Band played the Russiannational anthem in honor of the Ambassador.On Monday, October 22, the Baron, andBaroness, with their daughter and a numberof other guests, including Baron Schlippenbach, members of the Board of Trustees, andthe University Deans, were entertained at atwelve-o'clock breakfast in Hitchcock Hall,Acting President Judson and Mrs. Judsonbeing the hosts. The breakfast-room was decorated with Russian and American flags andred roses. The breakfast was followed by atour of the University buildings, among thebuildings visited being the Bartlett Gymnasium,the Reynolds Club, Mandel Assembly Hall, thewomen's dormitories, and the Law Building.RECENT IMPROVEMENTS ON THE UNIVERSITYQUADRANGLESThe Fifty-seventh Street frontage of theUniversity between Ellis Avenue and Lexington Avenue has been greatly improved duringthe Summer Quarter. The asphalting of Fifty-seventh Street from Lexington Avenue toCottage Grove was completed early in the summer. A new eight-foot cement sidewalk fromEllis to Lexington was also laid, and a newlawn of clay loam, brought in from the country,was made between the sidewalk and the University buildings. Thirty-five iron-wood trees, which are said to be especially adapted togrowth on the north side of buildings, wereplanted along this frontage. Altogether theseimprovements have added very much to thegeneral effect of the University architectureon Fifty-seventh Street.Some very useful work has been done thatdoes not appear on the surface. A new sewerwas laid along the Power-Plant alley, connecting the Press Building and the Power Plantwith the new Fifty-seventh Street sewer. Thissewer is of sufficient capacity to take care ofany future buildings that may be erected onEllis avenue between the Press Building andFifty-seventh Street. Already great benefitshave resulted from this sewer. The installation of the sewer threw out of commissioncertain water siphons in the Press Building andgives clean, dry basements. Similar sewerswere installed to connect the Gymnasium andthe Tower Group of buildings with the newFifty-seventh Street sewer. These sewers makeunnecessary three automatic electric pumpswhich have been operated in the past. Thesewage from these buildings is now dischargedinto the Fifty-seventh Street sewer by gravity.In the Hull Court a large number of plantsof scientific value have been set out under thedirection of the Department of Botany, and theCourt has thereby been made much moreattractive.Contracts have been let for the beautifyingof the Commons Court, formed by the BotanyBuilding, Hutchinson Hall, the Reynolds Club,and Mandel Assembly Hall, and the work ismaking rapid progress. A massive stone wallbetween Hitchcock Hall and the AnatomyBuilding is now finished. Plans have alreadybeen completed for the improvement of Hitchcock Court, which is surrounded by Snell Hall,Hitchcock Hall, and the Anatomy and Physiology Buildings.The curves of the running track on MarshallUNIVERSITY RECORD 75Field have also been changed during the summer, necessitating a relaying of much of thetrack and having the effect of bringing thetrack races into better view from the bleachers.THE FOURTH SERIES OF CONCERTS BY THETHEODORE THOMAS ORCHESTRAOn the evening of October 23 the first concert in the new series of six by the TheodoreThomas Orchestra was given in Mandel Assembly Hall before an enthusiastic audience.The following programme was presented, withBruno Steindel the cellist as soloist:Overture, "Euryanthe" WeberSymphony, "From the New World" DvorakVariations Symphoniques — for violoncello .... BoellmannSiegfried's Rhine Journey — Die Gotterdammerung . . . . WagnerFrench horn solo by Mr. Leopold de MarVor spiel — Die Meister singer Wagner This is the fourth series of concerts by thisfamous orchestra provided by the officers ofthe Quadrangle Club, the first two being underthe leadership of Theodore Thomas himself,and the last two under that of Mr FrederickA. Stock. In the new series it is understoodthat a greater number of soloists will be usedthan in former years, on account of the increased interest in the work of the orchestra atthe University. So great 2a privilege of hearing on the University quadrangles the highestmusic interpreted by one of the great orchestrasof the world comes to few educational institutions, and it is expected that the student bodywill be largely represented in the audiencesduring the winter and spring.The next concert in the series will be given onTuesday evening, November 20, and additionalconcerts will be held on the evenings of December 18, January 22, March 5, and March 26.76 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE FACULTIES"Preparation for the Profession of Medicine" was the subject of an address on October9 in Kent Theater, by Dr. John M. Dodson,Dean of Medical Students.Professor George E. Vincent, Dean of theJunior Colleges, was one of the speakers at theannual dinner of the Associated Press given inNew York City in September."Chaucer and Petrarch: Two Notes on theClerkes Tale" is the title of a contribution inthe July issue of Modern Philology, by Professor George L. Hendrickson, of the Department of Latin.On October 8 Mr. Frank F. Reed, of theChicago bar, Professorial Lecturer on Copyright and Trade Marks, began a series of sixopen lectures in the Law Building on the subject of "Copyright Law.""The Land of Nowhere" — a consideration ofMore's Utopia — is the title of a contributionin the September issue of the Chautauquan, byProfessor George E. Vincent, of the Department of Sociology."Charity Service in European Institutions"was the subject of an address by ProfessorEmil G. Hirsch, of the Department of SemiticLanguages and Literatures, at the eleventh annual meeting of the Illinois Conference ofCharities in Chicago, on October 24.Assistant Professor William Vaughn Moody,of the Department of English, contributes tothe October issue of Scribner's Magazine a poementitled "Thammuz." Mr. Moody, during thesummer, has revised his play, ^4 Sabine Woman,which was first presented in Chicago in April,and given it a name more in accord with itsAmerican background and characters — TheGreat Divide. The drama under its new namehas met with popular success in New York. Associate Librarian Zella Allen Dixson discussed, at the library conference of the IllinoisFederation of Women's Clubs on October 18,the disposition of books too much worn forfurther use in libraries.The head resident of the University of Chicago Settlement, Miss Mary E. McDowell,spoke on "The Settlement Movement" in theYoung Men's Christian Association auditorium,Chicago, on October 15.On the invitation of the Divinty School fourpublic lectures were given in October by Dr.W. L. Watkinson, of London, on the followingsubjects: "The Preacher's Sources of Material," "The Preparation of a Sermon,""Preaching to the People," and "The EffectiveSermon."State Government, Lawmaking, and Electionsis the title of a reprint from the legislation bulletin of the New York State Library containinga review of legislation for the year 1905. Thiscontribution, of twenty-seven pages, was madeby Assistant Professor Charles E. Merriam, ofthe Department of Political Science.Professor Shailer Mathews, of the Department of Systematic Theology, gave an addresson October 15 at the University of Michigan,his subject being "The Religion of the CollegeMan." In the October issue of the HomileticReview Mr. Mathews has a contribution onthe recently completed I e wish Encyclopedia.The volume entitled Moods and Tenses inNew Testament Greek, by Professor Ernest D.Burton, Head of the Department of New Testament Literature and Interpretation, has recently been translated into Dutch. Several yearsago Stevens and Burton's Harmony of theGospels was translated into the Chineselanguage.UNIVERSITY RECORD 77Among the signers of the annual report ofthe Illinois State Board of Charities recentlyissued are Professor Frank Billings, of RushMedical College, and Professor Emil G. Hirsch,of the Department of Semitic Languages andLiteratures."A Reading Journey through Palestine" isthe title of a contribution of sixty-seven pagesto the August issue of the Chautauquan, byProfessor Shailer Mathews, of the Departmentof Systematic Theology. The contribution hasmany illustrations and a bibliography.Professor George B. Foster, of the Department of Comparative Religion, reviews in theJuly issue of the American lournal of Theologyrecent literature in systematic theology; andProfessor Charles R. Henderson, Head of theDepartment of Ecclesiastical Sociology, discusses "Practical Religious Work in London."The anniversary chapel service, held in Man-del Assembly Hall on the morning of October2, was very largely attended. Professor GeorgeE. Vincent, Dean of the Junior Colleges, spoketo the Colleges on behalf of the UniversityCouncil; Professor John M. Coulter, Head ofthe Department of Botany, addressed the members of the Graduate and Professional Schoolson behalf of the University Senate; and Acting President Harry Pratt Judson made thefinal address."Are the Resurrection Narratives Legendary?" is the subject of a contribution inthe October issue of the American Journal ofTheology, by Professor William C. Wilkinson,of the Department of English. "Vergil inMediaeval Culture" is contributed by AssistantProfessor James Westfall Thompson, of theDepartment of History; and Assistant Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, of the Departmentof Biblical and Patristic Greek, has a criticalnote on "The Harvard Gospels." In the October issue of Classical PhilologyProfessor Carl D. Buck, Head of the Department of Sanskrit and Indo-European Comparative Philology, has a contribution on the"Cretan 16$ " In the same number ProfessorGeorge L. Hendrickson, of the Department ofLatin, discusses "Seneca Epp. Mor. 82.20," andProfessor Paul Shorey, Head of the Department of Greek, discusses "Himerius Oration 1and Horace Ars Poetica 128.""The Problem of the High-School Fraternity" is the subject of a discussion in the September issue of the School Review, by Associate Professor William B. Owen, of the University High School. The October numberof the same journal contains a contribution on"A Class of Content-Problems for High SchoolAlgebra," by Professor George W. Myers,of the School of Education. The article isillustrated by three figures.Professor Charles R. Barnes, Dr. Charles J.Chamberlain, and Dr. W. J. G. Land, of theDepartment of Botany, spent the month ofSeptember in botanical investigation in Mexico. An account of the results obtained will appear in the next issue of the University Record.Dr. Henry C. Cowles, also of the Departmentof Botany, will spend the autumn and earlywinter in Florida studying the everglades undera grant from the Carnegie Institution.At a dinner given on October 4 to Dr. AlfredCort Haddon, professor of ethnology in Cambridge University, by the Chicago GeographicSociety, Acting President Harry Pratt Judsondiscussed the opportunities for geographical research. Among other speakers were ProfessorRollin D. Salisbury, Head of the Departmentof Geography; Professor George E. Vincent,of the Department of Sociology; and Mr.George A. Dorsey, Assistant Professor of An-thropojogy.78 UNIVERSITY RECORDAt the first meeting of the Social ServiceClub of Chicago, held in the rooms of the CityClub on the evening of October 19, ProfessorJulian W. Mack, of the Law School, gave hisobservations of the work done for needychildren in European cities."Shall the State Insure Working Men?" wasthe subject of an "editorial by the laity" in theChicago Tribune of October 14, by ProfessorCharles R. Henderson, Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology. Mr. Henderson, through the appointment of thegovernor of Illinois, is secretary of the StateIndustrial Insurance Commission, authorizedin 1905 by the legislature of Illinois to draft abill providing a system of insurance for wageearners.The October number of the American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures isopened by the first preliminary report of theEgyptian Expedition from James HenryBreasted, Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History. The report of sixty-four pagesis illustrated by forty-eight figures which makea remarkable series of illustrations. "Historical Scarab Seals from the Art Institute Collection, Chicago" is contributed by Mr. GarrettChatfield Pier, formerly a graduate student inEgyptology, and the descriptive lists are illustrated by eleven plates of unique artisticinterest.In the August number of the Botanical Gazette Dr. Heinrich Hasselbring, of the Department of Botany, makes the eighty-fourthcontribution from the Hull Botanical Laboratory under the title of "The Appressoria of theAnthracnoses." The article is illustrated byseven figures. The eighty-fifth contributionfrom the Hull Botanical Laboratory appears inthe October number of the Gazette, under thetitle of "Role of Seed Coats in Delayed Germi nation." The article is illustrated by fourfigures, and was written by William Crocker,who received the Doctor's degree from theUniversity at the Sixtieth Convocation.Professor John M. Manly, Head of the Department of English, has been invited byProfessor A. W. Ward, the editor of the Cambridge History of English Literature (14volumes), to write the chapter on u Piers thePlowman, Its Influence and Its Imitations" forthat work. Mr. Manly' s investigations withreference to this important poem of the MiddleAges, in which several of his students haveparticipated, will not be ready for completepublication until the coming winter, althoughan outline of the results and a specimen of themethods were published in the January (1906)number of Modern Philology.The Last Two Journeys of Father Marquette,with an introduction and notes by Edwin ErieSparks, Professor of American History, is thetitle of the first of the "Old North- West Leaflets" published under the auspices of the Chicago History Teachers' Association. Thepamphlet, of eighteen pages, contains a bibliography, and a map tracing Marquette's coursedown the Wisconsin and Mississippi and backby the Illinois river and Lake Michigan. Mr.Sparks is chairman of the board of publication having charge of the selection of material,which is inteded for supplementary reading inconnection with the teaching of Americanhistory.Associate Professor John W. Moncrief, ofthe Department of Church History, has a contribution in the July issue of the BiblicalWorld on the subject of "History the Teacherof Mankind." In this number also ProfessorJames Henry Breasted describes the resultsachieved during the first season of the University of Chicago Egyptian Expedition. ToUNIVERSITY RECORD 79the August issue of the journal Mr. Breastedcontributes a discussion of "The Oldest FixedDate in History." "Truthfulness in Teachingthe Truth" is the subject of a contribution inthe October number of the journal, by Assistant Professor Gerald B. Smith, of the Department of Systematic Theology.The June issue of the Elementary SchoolTeacher is given up to the University Elementary School — the year in review and the outlook. The writer is Professor Wilbur S. Jack-man, the Principal of the School. The frontispiece of the number is a strikingly decorativefresco made by pupils of the tenth school year,from landscape studies on the Wooded Island,Jackson Park. There are also four otherplates illustrating the number, which show theartistic and outdoor phases of the school's work.In the September number of the journal is aViking song entitled "The Spear," both thewords and the melody being the compositionof pupils in the fifth year of the UniversityElementary School.The July issue of the Journal of PoliticalEconomy has as its opening contribution "TheDemand and Supply Concepts: An Introduction," by Dr. Robert H. Hoxie, of the Department of Political Economy. "The Growthof Financial Banking" is the subject of a notein the same number, by Miss Anna Young-man, a graduate student in the Departments ofPolitical Economy and Political Science; and"Prices, Credit, and the Quantity TheoryAgain" is a second note, contributed by Mr.Spurgeon Bell, a Fellow in the Department ofPolitical Economy. "The Breakdown of StateRailway Building in France" is a contributednote by Hugo R. Meyer, formerly AssistantProfessor in the same department.The Sources of Tyndale's Version of the Pentateuch is the title of a dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Divinity School,in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Mr. John Rothwell Slater, whoreceived the doctor's degree from the Universityin 1905, and is now assistant professor of English in the University of Rochester. The thesis,of fifty-five pages, contains in parallel columns acomparison of certain chapters and passagestaken from the Pentateuch, and given in theHebrew, Greek, the Vulgate, the Old English,Luther's German version, and Tyndale's version,with remarks on characteristic differences andvariations. Twenty-seven pages are given tothis comparison. The dissertation was recentlypublished for Mr. Slater by the University ofChicago Press."Sources and Analogues of The Flower andthe Leaf3 is the subject of a contribution offorty-six pages (Part I) in the July numberof Modern Philology, by Mr. George LinnaeusMarsh, Non-Resident Instructor in English,who received the Doctor's degree from theUniversity in 1903 for work in the departmentsof English and Romance. In the Octobernumber of the same journal the opening contribution, on "The Growth of Interest in theEarly Italian Masters," is by Camillo vonKlenze, formerly Associate Professor of German Literature, now of Brown University."A Venetian Folk-Song" is contributed byAssistant Professor Philip S. Allen, the managing editor; and Dr. George L. Marsh continues his discussion of the "Sources and Analogues of The Flower and the Leaf."Professor Ernst Freund, of the Faculty ofthe Law School, has recently been selected todraft, for the use of the Chicago charter convention, a digest of the various propositionsbefore the convention. Assistant ProfessorCharles E. Merriam, of the Department ofPolitical Science, was one of the governor's80 UNIVERSITY RECORDappointees to the convention, and has beenprominent in the work of important committees. His Report on the Municipal Revenuesof Chicago, issued by the City Club of Chicago, was an especially timely publication inconnection with the work of the convention.Mr. Augustus R. Hatton, formerly a Fellow inPolitical Science, has had charge of the compiling of a handbook of the charters of theimportant cities of the world, for use by theconvention."Varieties of Sociology" is the opening contribution in the July number of the AmericanJournal of Sociology, by Professor George E.Vincent, of the Department of Sociology. Professor Albion W. Small, the editor, contributesan article on "The Relation Between Sociologyand Other Sciences." "The AdventitiousCharacter of Woman" is discussed by Associate Professor William I. Thomas, of the Department of Sociology; and Mr. Herbert E.Fleming, who received his Doctor's degreefrom the University in 1905 for work in Sociology and Economics, contributes the sixthand seventh instalments of his "Literary Interests of Chicago." The September number ofthe Journal has a contribution entitled "TheSocial Question of Today," by Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of the Department ofSociology.The Social Ideals of Alfred Tennyson, 2lvolume of 260 pages, was recently issued bythe University of Chicago Press, the authorbeing Mr. William Clark Gordon, who receivedhis doctor's degree, cum laude, from the University in 1899 for work in the departments ofSociology and English. The material for thebook was originally prepared as a thesis for thedegree of doctor of philosophy. The author,in his preface, remarks that "the union of sociology and literature here exemplified and defended is, we believe, more than justified Thework here attempted is capable of almost indefinite extension, and, if intrusted to competenthands, may prove of great service to each department." Under "Literature as a Means of SocialExpression" are considered the character ofliterature, what literature does, and the methodsof literature. "Social Conditions in England inthe Time of Tennyson," "Tennyson's Idea ofMan," "Tennyson's Idea of the Worth and Workof Woman," "Social Institutions," and "Democracy and Progress" are some of the subjectsdiscussed in the various chapters. Twentypages are given to a summary and conclusion,and the book is completed with a bibliographyand index. The volume is artistically bound inwine-colored cloth stamped in gold."The Spectroscopic Laboratory of the SolarObservatory" is the title of the opening contribution in the September number of the Astro-physical Journal, by non-resident ProfessorGeorge E. Hale, formerly Director of theYerkes Observatory. The article is illustratedby the frontispiece, which shows the spectroscopic laboratory on Mount Wilson, California.Mr. Hale also has a minor contribution on the"Latitude and Longitude of the Solar Observatory." Mr. Walter S. Adams, formerly of theDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics,has a contribution on "Sun-Spot Lines in theSpectrum of Arcturus," and Professor EdwardE. Barnard, of the Yerkes Observatory, contributes a note on "The Midnight IlluminationAbove the Northern Horizon Near the Timeof the Summer Solstice." In the Octobernumber of the Journal there is a preliminarypaper on "The Cause of the CharacteristicPhenomena of Sun-Spot Spectra," by Professor George E. Hale, Mr. Walter S. Adams,and Dr. Henry G. Gale. Mr. Gale, of theDepartment of Physics, spent the SummerUNIVERSITY RECORD 81Quarter at the Solar Observatory on MountWilson for the purpose of original investigation. Mr. Hale in this number also makes theannouncement of a gift of $45,000 for thepurchase of a hundred-inch mirror for theSolar Observatory, and the purchase fromthe University of Chicago of the Snow telescope, which for two years had been loaned to the Solar Observatory. Director Edwin B.Frost, of the Yerkes Observatory, announcesthe establishment of the Snow Fund derivedfrom the sale of the Snow telescope, the income of which fund will be added to theregular appropriations for the purchase ofequipment at the Observatory.82 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE ASSOCIATION OF DAt the Autumn Convocation, August 31, 1906,twenty-five candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy presented themselves, making the total number upon whom the degreehas been conferred by the University fourhundred and fourteen. The additions to thelist are as follows :Harold Lucius Axtell, A.B., KalamazooCollege, 1897; A.B., University of Chicago,1898; A.M., ibid., 1900. Subjects: Latin andGreek.Julian Pleasant Bretz, A.B., William JewellCollege, 1899. Subjects : History and PoliticalScience.Roy Hutchison Brownlee, A.B., MonmouthCollege, 1898. Subjects : Chemistry andPhysics.Milton Alexander Buchanan, A.B., TorontoUniversity, 1901. Subjects: Romance Literature and Romance Languages.Charles MacDonald Carson, A.B., TorontoUniversity, 1898. Subjects: Chemistry andPhysics.William Crocker, A. B., University of Illinois, 1902; A.M., ibid., 1903. Subjects:Botany and Chemistry.Edna Daisy Day, A.B., University of Michigan, 1896; A.M., ibid., 1897. Subjects:Household Administration, Sociology, andBotany.Norman Wentworth DeWitt, A.B., University of Toronto, 1899. Subjects: Latin,Greek, and Sanskrit.Albert Allison Farley, Ph.B., Beloit College,1895 ; Ph.M., University of Chicago, 1904.Subjects: Education and Psychology.Lawrence Emery Gurney, A.B., Colby Col-,lege, 1899. Subjects: Physics and Mathematics. CTORS OF PHILOSOPHYWillis Stone Hilpert, S.B., University ofChicago, 1903. Subjects: Chemistry andPhysiology.Hemming Gerhard Jensen, S.B., CornellUniversity, 1899. Subjects : Plant Physiologyand Plant Morphology.Marcus* Wilson Jernegan, A.B., BrownUniversity, 1896; A.M., ibid., 1898. Subjects:History and Political Economy.Edward Benjamin Krehbiel, A.B., Universityof Kansas, 1902. Subjects: History andPolitical Science.James Wright Lawrie, S.B., University ofChicago, 1904. Subjects: Chemistry andPhysics.Albert Newton Merritt, A.B., Leland Stanford Junior University, 1901 ; A.M., University of Chicago, 1904. Subjects: PoliticalEconomy and Political Science.Hugh McGuigan, A.B., South DakotaAgricultural College, 1898. Subjects: Physiological Chemistry and Chemistry.Andrew Fridley McLeod, A.B., Universityof Chicago, 1903. Subjects: Chemistry andPhysics.Arthur Ranum, A.B., University of Minnesota, 1902. Subjects r Mathematics andAstronomy. > ,Kelley Rees, A.B., Leland Stanford JuniorUniversity, 1902. Subjects: Greek and Latin.Edgar Francis Riley, A.B., Baker University,1900. Subjects: Philosophy and Psychology.Frances Grace Smith, A.B., Smith College,1893; A.M., ibid., 1900. Subjects: PlantMorphology and Plant Physiology.Buzz M. Walker, S.B., Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1883; S.M.,ibid., 1886. Subjects: Mathematics and Astronomy.UNIVERSITY RECORD 83Erville Bartlett Woods, A.B., Beloit College,1 90 1. Subjects : Sociology and PoliticalEconomy;William Kelley Wright, A.B., University ofChicago, 1890. Subjects: Philosophy andEducation.Among those who received the Doctor's degree at the Autumn Convocation, the followinghave already accepted appointments:Mr. Harold L. Axtell, who has been on leaveof absence during the past year from the University of Idaho, returns as principal of thepreparatory department.Mr. Julian P. Bretz remains at the University as an Associate in the Department ofHistory.Mr. Milton A. Buchanan has accepted an instructorship in Romance in the University ofToronto.Mr. Roy H. Brown lee continues as Instructorin Chemistry in the University High School.Mr. Lawrence E. Gurney becomes associateprofessor of physics in the University of Idaho.Mr. Edward H. Krehbiel remains at the University as Associate in the Department ofHistory.Mr. Hugh McGuigan accepts a position inthe department of physiology at WashingtonUniversity, St. Louis.Mr. Arthur Ranum becomes instructor inmathematics at Cornell University.Mr. Kelley Rees accepts a research assistantship at the University of Pennsylvania.Mr. Edgar F. Riley becomes professor ofphilosophy and psychology at the State NormalSchool, De Kalb, 111.Miss Frances G. Smith accepts a position asinstructor in botany in Smith College.Mr. Buzz M. Walker continues as head ofthe engineering department at the MississippiState Agricultural College. Mr. Erville B. Woods becomes professor ofsociology and economics at Hamline University.Mr. William K. Wright accepts a position asinstructor in philosophy at the University ofTexas.Mr. Albert N. Merritt accepts a position asinstructor in history and economics at KnoxCollege, Galesburg, 111.Miss Edna D. Day accepts the position ashead of the department of home economics inthe University of Missouri.Mr. Andrew F. McLeod accepts a position asinstructor in chemistry in the AgriculturalSchool of the University of Wisconsin.Mr. William Crocker remains at the University of Chicago as Assistant in Plant Physiology.Mr. Hemming G. Jensen becomes professorof botany in the College of Pharmacy of Northwestern University.Mr. Charles M. Carson remains at the University of Chicago as Assistant in the Department of Chemistry.Mr. James W. Lawrie remains at the University of Chicago as Research Assistant in theDepartment of Chemistry.Mr. Willis S. Hilpert accepts a position aschemist for the Sherwin Williams Company,Chicago.Mr. William D. Zoethout, who received theDoctorate in Physiology and Zoology in 1898,is joint editor with Dr. Earl J. Brown of a newand valuable work on The Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye, published by the GenevaOptical Company, Chicago. Professor Zoethout,who is physiologist of the Jenner and Bennett Medical Colleges of Chicago, treats thephenomena of sight from the physiologicalpoint of view.84 UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. Otis W. Caldwell, who for a time after!receiving his degree in 1898 was a member ofthe University staff in Botany, and who sincehas been professor of botany at the EasternIllinois State Normal School, is now on leaveof absence pursuing investigations at the University. Mr. Caldwell is president of theCentral Association of Science and Mathematics Teachers, whose annual meeting is tobe held at the University of Chicago November30 and December 1, 1906.Mr. Herbert E. Jordan, who received theDoctorate in Mathematics in 1906, and whofor two years has held the temporary professorship in mathematics at Brandon College,Manitoba, has just accepted a position on thestaff at the Michigan College of Mines,Houghton, Mich.Mr. Thomas E. McKinney, Ph.D. 1905, hasresigned the chair of mathematics at MariettaCollege, Ohio, and has been appointed actingprofessor of mathematics at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.In collecting the data for the Doctors ofPhilosophy for the address book two nameswere omitted. One of them was mentioned inthe July number of the University Record.The other is Wallace St. John, A.B., DenisonUniversity, 1893; Ph.D. in Church Historyand New Testament, 1900. Mr. St. John isnow a missionary in India.Since the list of Doctors by departments,including those receiving the degree at theWinter Convocation, 1906, was published in theJuly number of the University Record, therehave been added the following numbers bydepartments : | Philosophy and Education, 3 ; Political Economy, 1 ; History, 3 ; Sociology, 3 ; Greek, 1 ;Latin, 2 ; Romance, 1 ; Germanic, 1 ; English,1 ; Mathematics, 3 ; Astronomy, 1 ; Physics, 1 ;Chemistry, 7 ; Zoology, 1 ; Botany, 3 ; Household Administration, 1 ; New Testament, 2.Among those taking part in the programme ofthe summer meeting of the American Mathematical Society, held at Yale University, September 3-6, were the following Doctors of theUniversity of Chicago: Arthur Ranum, '06,instructor in Cornell University; John I.Hutchinson, '96, assistant professor in CornellUniversity; Leonard E. Dickson, '96, Assistant Professor in the University of Chicago.In the list of American doctorates for theyear 1905-6 published in Science, the six universities credited with more than twenty eachare : Harvard, 46 ; Columbia, 42 ; Johns Hopkins, 32; Chicago, 31; Yale, 29; Pennsylvania,28. The total for the year is 325, precisely thesame number as for the previous year, whenChicago headed the list with 44, followed byHarvard and Columbia with 38 each. Thefigures are given for each year since 1897-8,showing the following totals for the nine years :Harvard, 304 ; Chicago, 303 ; Yale, 296 ; Columbia, 281 ; Johns Hopkins, 2*]2 ; Pennsylvania,199. The list includes 38 universities and givesas the grand total of doctorates for this period2,387, or an average of 265 per year.The writer estimates from data given in thereport of the commissioner of education thatthere are probably more than 5,000 academicpositions each year which should be filled bymen of this type, while the supply appears tobe a little over 250.UNIVERSITY RECORD 85THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THESUMMER QUARTER, 1906During the Summer Quarter, 1906, there hasbeen added to the library of the University atotal number of 2,407 volumes, from thefollowing sources :BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 1,979 volumes, distributedas follows : Anatomy, 1 3 ; Anthropology, 2 ; Astronomy(Ryerson), 10; Astronomy (Yerkes), 20; Bacteriology,3 ; Biology, 18 ; Botany, 12 ; Chemistry, 5 ; ChurchHistory, 10 ; Commerce and Administration, 9 ; Comparative Religion, 7 ; English, 335 ; English, German, andRomance, 5 ; General Library, 89 ; Geography, 24 ; Geology, 6 ; German, 26 ; Greek, 46 ; History, 523 ; History,Political Science, and Sociology, 6; History of Art, 31;Homiletics, 2 ; Latin, 83 ; Latin and Greek, 9 ; Latin,Greek, Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 1 ; LawSchool, 152; Mathematics, 12; Morgan Park Academy,47 ; Neurology, 5 ; New Testament, 8 ; New Testamentand Systematic Theology, 1 ; Palaeontology, 1 ; Pathology,5; Pedagogy, 13; Philosophy, 77; Physical Culture, 1 ;Physics, 5 ; Physiological Chemistry, 6 ; Physiology, 4 ;Political Economy, 13; Political Science, 14; Psychology,6 ; Public Speaking, 19 ; Romance, 60 ; Russian, 1 ;Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 42 ; School ofEducation, 106 ; Semitic, 14 ; Sociology, 4 ; Sociology,History, and Political Science, 49; Sociology (Divinity),3; Systematic Theology, 14; Zoology, 1.BY GIFTBooks added by gift, 294 volumes, distributed asfollows : j Anthropology, 1 ; Biology, 1 ; Botany, 1 ; Divinity School, 4 ; English, 2 ; General Library, 243 ; Geog raphy, 15; Geology, 3; History, 3; Philosophy, 1;Physical Culture, 2; Physics, 2; Political Economy, 2;Romance, 2 ; School of Education, 8 ; Sociology, 3 ;Zoology, 1.BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications,134 volumes, distributed as follows: Astronomy(Yerkes), 7; Botany, 6; Divinity School, 1 ; GeneralLibrary, 85 ; Geology, 3 ; History, 2 ; Latin and Greek,2 ; Law School, 1 ; Mathematics, 1 ; New Testament,2 ; Philosophy, 1 ; Political Economy, 9 ; PoliticalScience, 1; Semitic, 2; Sociology, 10; Sociology(Divinity), 1.SPECIAL GIFTSGoodman, Edward, 38 pamphlets — periodicals.Green, Samuel A., 9 volumes and 25 pamphlets — miscellaneous.Harper, R. F., 214 numbers of Geographical Journal, andAcademy.Harper, Mrs. W. R., 192 volumes, and 1,351 pamphlets —miscellaneous.Mann, James R., 6 volumes — documents.Maryland State Library, 4 volumes — documents.New York City Board of Aldermen, 6 volumes — reports.New York State Library, 10 volumes — insurance investigation proceedings.Noe, A. C. von, 12 volumes and 15 pamphlets — miscellaneous.Toronto, University of, 4 volumes — university publications.Vermont, State Department of Insurance, 8 volumes —reports.United States government, 36 volumes and 371 pamphlets — documents.