VOLUME X NUMBER 4THEUniversity RecordAPRIL, 1906THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PEOPLE FOR OUR LAWS AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS1BY FLOYD RUSSELL MECHEM, A.M.,Professor of Law in the University of ChicagoWe are gathered together today upon an occasion when the University exhibits one of hermost interesting and important aspects. Formonths the wheels of the University's industry have been turning; today is disclosed thefinished product. To change the metaphor toone more in harmony with accustomed notions,today the University, as a proud mother, bringsforward her sons and daughters and introduces them to society.Such an occasion brings together threeclasses of persons : the candidates for degreeswho are about to leave; the teaching force;and the friends of the candidates, of the Faculties, and of the University who are interestedin the proceedings.Upon such an occasion it is customary toaddress some last words of exhortation oradvice to the departing students, calling theirattention to the opportunities they have enjoyed, and seeking to impress upon them thefact that with the benefits so conferred theregoes a responsibility for future conduct whichmay not be ignored.It has occurred to me, however, that it wouldbe well, if it were possible, to take advantage ofsuch an opportunity to speak, some word which1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fifty-eighth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, March 20, 1906. would apply, not only to the departing students,but to all the classes of persons who are hereassembled; and it was with this thought inmind that I have chosen as the topic of thefew words which I shall say, "The Responsibility of the People for Our Laws and LegalInstitutions."I do not, by any means, intend to assumethat this is a subject upon which we are, in general, either ignorant or unmindful ; but it isalways well and helpful to recall to mind theideas which are fundamental and primary —"lest we forget."Now, it has happened that in the last fewmonths a number of events have occurredwhich have been thought to indicate that ourlegal institutions are badly framed, and especially that our laws are deficient or imperfect ; and , demands have been made in manyplaces for their alteration or improvement.A conspicuous feature of this criticism hasseemed to me to be the feeling that the responsibility for the evils complained of was something quite foreign to ourselves, and that thelaw itself was particularly to blame, as thoughit were an independent institution whose defects were properly chargeable to itself alone.It may occur to you that this aspect of thecriticism is one to which I am peculiarly sensitive by reason of my professional training andrelations, but by your leave I propose to recall149150 UNIVERSITY RECORDto your minds a few fundamental facts whichseem to me to be pertinent to the subject. Forthis purpose I mean to inquire very brieflywhence came our laws and legal institutions,how they are made and altered, and who isresponsible for their form and operation.I cannot pause, at this time, to pursue whatwould in itself be a most interesting subjectfor a discourse, namely, the influence of race5political experience, and habits of thought uponinstitutions. I cannot stop to inquire why it isthat we and our British brethren have, as isso often alleged, a gift for government; or totrace the origin of that impulse which wouldprompt them or us — sailing in some "Mayflower" over wintry seas to found a colonyupon a rock-bound coast, or acquiring by thefate of war some great dependency — immediately to set ourselves soberly and responsiblyto the task of framing a charter of government; or to determine what there is about uswhich impels us to demand from tyrant princesMagna Chartas of liberty, and to wreak our^selves upon Bills of Right and ConstitutionalGuarantees ; all this, I say, I must take forgranted, and address myself to more specificand immediate themes.It pleases us, on many occasions, to declare,in the striking phrase of Lincoln, that thisis a "government of the people, by the people,and for the people." We declare that this is agovernment by laws and not by men ; and that<the characteristic of our form of governmentis that the people themselves make the lawswhich are to govern them.We have in this country three chief types oflaw: the constitution, the statutes, and the so-called common-law, or the law evolved by judicial decisions.The law set forth in our constitutions issometimes designated as the "fundamentallaw," or the "primary law." It certainly is ofsupreme importance. By it are determinedsuch paramount questions as the general form of government; what power shall be exercisedunder it, and among how many and what departments it shall be distributed; the number,names, qualifications, and authority of thosewho are to exercise it ; the machinery by whichthis power of government is to be exercised;the limitations which shall rest upon it; the determination of how and by whom those in authority shall be chosen, and for what terms;how laws are to be made and enforced; howtaxes shall be levied, and when and for whatpurpose; the establishment of courts and theirjurisdictions ; the framing of educational systems, and of penal and charitable institutions ;the declaration of the privileges and immunities of citizens: all these, and many other matters of equal significance and importance, areprovided for in our constitutions.It is evident, then, that the power of makingconstitutions goes to the very root of our institutions; that it is one of vital interest to thewhole community, and that upon whether it iswell or badly exercised will depend, in largemeasure, both the safety of our institutions andthe welfare of the people.It behooves us, therefore, seriously to inquire: Where does the power to make constitutions reside, and what limitations, if any, attend its exercise?In reply to the first: It is our boast that,with us, the people frame the system of government, and prescribe the fundamental ,law.They are the makers of the constitution.In the case of the federal constitution, thepeople were subject to no limitations whatever,except such as grew out of their own environment and political experience. The field wasopen to them. "The world was all before them,where to choose."In the case of state constitutions, no otherlimitation is imposed than that the governmentshall be republican in form. The people havetherefore practically free scope.The making of a constitution is the one di-UNIVERSITY RECORD 151rect act of legislation which the people themselves perform. It is put in form by delegateschosen by the people, but it does not, as a rule,become operative until the people have approved it at the polls. It presumptively createsthe kind of government which the people wish.If, upon trial, it proves defective, they mayamend it; if radically deficient, they may substitute another in its place. The power and theresponsibility rest upon the people.If, therefore, the evils of which we complainare attributable to defects in the form of government, to the excess of power conferred,the lack of limitations upon the exercise ofpower, the absence of necessary qualificationsin officers, or errors in any other of the mattersprovided for by the constitution, the peoplehave the remedy in their own hands. Theymay amend their constitutions, or adopt newand better ones.In my judgment, however, our constitutionsare not radically defective. In the main, I believe it to be true that the duty of constitution-making in this country has been well performed. Our constitutions are, of course, notperfect. They have often been the result ofcompromise and concession, but they areusually none the less workable on that account.and they fairly represent the general politicalwisdom and governmental sagacity of the people. They have, in general, I think it entirelysafe to say, been made neither the strongholdof class prejudice, race-hatred, or partisan bias,on the one hand, nor the citadel of special privilege, monopoly, or invidious discrimination, onthe other.That the people, moreover, will not, whentheir attention is aroused, permit their fundamental law to be so juggled with as to work injustice at the behest of political tricksters, .isshown by such events as the fate of the suffrage amendment recently defeated in Maryland. The second type of law referred to is thatproduced by ordinary legislation. The volumeof law thus produced is vastly greater than thatwhich takes the form of a constitution, and ittouches our lives in a much more direct andintimate way.Here is a great field of activity. The lawsdefining crimes and their punishment; theregulations respecting the domestic relations,marriage, and divorce, the inheritance of property, the making of wills, the creation and control of corporations, the preservation of thepublic health and safety — all the great andever-increasing mass of matters which in amore and more complex civilization requirerules and regulations — fall within the field oflegislation.Who makes these rules? Here again it isour boast that the people make the laws, andit is true. This body of laws is made by representatives of the people, chosen by the peoplefor that very purpose. The members of theselegislative bodies are representatives, not onlyin law, but in fact. They come directly fromthe people; they know the popular needs andwill ; they are peculiarly sensitive to expressionsof the popular sentiment. Through their representatives, therefore, except so far as theyhave imposed restrictions upon themselves bytheir constitutions, the people have an absolutely direct and unlimited control over themost important and efficient agency for lawmaking. We may have such legislative enactments as we will. If we fail in securing themon the first attempt, reform and amendmentare within our power. If our representativesfail to do our bidding, they can be easily andquickly supplanted by others.If, then, legislation does not represent thepeople's will, it is because they have neglectedto exercise either the intelligence or the effortnecessary to secure it.The third and remaining type of law referred152 UNIVERSITY RECORDto is that ordinarily known as the "commonlaw," the "unwritten law," or "judge-madelaw," which forms a large and very importantpart of the whole body of our law.This body ef law is that which is evolved asthe result of the decisions of the courts uponcontroversies brought before them for decision,and for the determination of which no statuteor constitution has provided the rule.In the development of this body of law, thepeople take very much less direct a part thanin the other two forms already referred to, butstill, as we shall see, a very conspicuous part.The decisions of the courts in these cases arebased upon a variety of grounds. In largemeasure they rest upon the established customsof the people. Aside from these, in some caseshistorical antecedent may be controlling; insome, public convenience or the establishedmethod of transacting business will control;but in by far the most important part — the partwhich is most likely to arouse the interests oraffect the welfare of the majority of the people— the moving consideration will be a desire towork out justice as far as the just rule can bediscovered and the established principles inother fields will permit.It is here that the influence of the people,though indirect, is most strongly felt and theirresponsibility is great.In the search for the rule which is just, fair,and reasonable, the result must largely be de-teremined by the ideals of justness, fairness,and reasonableness which prevail in the community. The standards for which the partiescontend, the rules which the attorneys will advocate, will be those with which they arefamiliar and which appeal to them as membersof the community. The same considerationswill control the courts. Judges are but men,and they carry with them upon the bench theideals, the sentiments, and the prejudices of theclass from which they came. It is, indeed, sometimes thought that thequickness with which the judges respond tothe sentiments of their constituents is, underour elective system, much too great for safety.But if there have been cases in which thejudges have too weakly yielded to the clamorof the people, there have also been many casesin which they have firmly and courageously refused to permit the people to destroy, in theirmoments of sudden ebullition, that which, intheir saner hours, they have established andprotected. In any event, however, it is clear thatthe sentiments, the standards, the impulses ofthe people are largely reflected even in the fieldof "judge-made" law, and that, when complaintis made that the rules thus evolved are not rightor just, it may be because the right or just ruleis nowhere reflected from the public will andconscience.In many cases, moreover, the just rule is noteasy to discover. There are so many conflictinginterests, so many demands clamoring forrecognition, so much special pleading, thatnothing but the strongest sense of justice, theclearest moral vision, and the support of themost powerful public sentiment can avail in ascertaining and enforcing the proper rule.This is very strikingly illustrated, for example, in the controversies going on respectingthe legal status of the strike, the lockout, andthe boycott.The problem is by no means an easy one.There are constitutional guarantees of freedomof contract, of personal liberty, and of right ofassociation to be enforced; there are questionsof public convenience and safety to be considered ; there are differing standards of morals tobe reconciled ; and all of the time such a fierceplay of sentiment, emotion, passion, prejudice,class-hatred, race-antagonism, social distinctions, and political partisanship that it is smallwonder that the real issue has often been lostsight of and the true rule has been difficult todiscover.UNIVERSITY RECORD 153It is with respect of this form of so-called"judge-made" law that the proverbial conservatism and inertia of the lawyer class aremost strongly felt, and they cannot evade theirjust share of the responsibility. They do, however, in many cases, but reflect the moral sentiments of their constituents, and the responsibility of the people of whom they form a partis not abated.It is, moreover, to be kept in mind that thiswhole body of law, except so far as it consistsof interpretations of the constitution, may bealtered or abolished by the people's legislatureat any time; and even so far as it does involveconstitutional interpretation, the people madethe constitutions, and they can unmake them attheir pleasure, though the process is slower andthe methods less elastic than in the case ofordinary legislation.If, therefore, our laws are defective or ourlegal institutions are imperfect, the responsibility is with ourselves. The power of alteration or amendment is in our own hands, and wemay mold them to our will.Does the difficulty, however, really lie in thisdirection ?We hear much in these days of the failure oftfie law to accomplish its contemplated ends,and we are confronted on every side by evidences of dishonesty, corruption, and breach oftrusts, which not only appall us, but often makeus tremble for the safety of our institutions.We hear on every hand the cry: "The lawis deficient. Give us more laws !"Now, I am among those who believe thatmore law is not our greatest need. I think Iam not moved merely by professional blindnessor conceit, when I say that, in the main, ourlaws are good and reasonably adequate.It is, of course, true that as society progresses, as population becomes denser, as thecompetitions of life become fiercer, new complications present themselves, and new checks and regulations become necessary ; but, in the main,they are regulations merely and involve no newprinciple.The great evils, however, which now manifest themselves are not, in my judgment, to becured by mere external regulations, nor do wealready lack the necessary prohibitions. Itsurely has not remained for this generation todeclare for the first time that it is wrong to killor steal or violate one's trusts, and to framepenalties against it.Fraud and corruption, "graft" and peculation, the giving and taking of rebates, thebuilding up of grinding monopolies whether oflabor or capital, have not flourished merely because there was no law against them.On the contrary, every one of the offensesof which we complain has long been prohibited,and under what would seem to be the mostadequate penalities. New forms of evasion orunexpected sources of immunity do unquestionably occasionally require new regulations orfurther prohibitions ; but, in the main, as I havesaid, our laws are already adequate.What we need, as has often been pointed outand as often apparently forgotten, is not morelaw, but more honesty ; not more penalities, buta stronger sense of public and private responsibility ; no more courts, but more conscience.The difficulty lies, not in the law, but in ourattitude toward it and its enforcement.The most alarming characteristic of the age,in my judgment, is our indifference to legal obligations and our disregard of legal authority.Our attitude toward the law often seems toindicate that we regard it, if not as a publicenemy to whom we should give a damagingblow whenever possible, at least as a more orless necessary evil which we may evade or avoidwhenever it is convenient.In our worship of individual liberty, weeasily permit it to degenerate into mere licensewithout arousing an efficient protest.154 UNIVERSITY RECORDWe have become mawkish about the inflictionof punishment and the imposition of penalties.In a reaction against former harshness of discipline we have gone to the opposite extreme.Our abhorrence of his crime is quickly supplanted by a morbid interest in the criminal.We make his conviction difficult, and if he beconvicted, we immediately bend our energies topreventing his punishment. We sign petitionsfor clemency to those of whose deserts we areignorant, and we so besiege the executive withappeals for mercy as to lead him to believe thatthe impartial discharge of his sworn duty is anoffense rather than a merit.The effect upon the rising generation is particularly demoralizing. By our general attitudetoward older offenders we are leading theyoung in the family, in the schools, and on thestreet to believe that lawlessness and insubordination are mere passing phases of youthful development, to be palliated or temporized with,but under no circumstances to be firmly repressed.Another alarming characteristic is the apparent sense of irresponsibility of individuals forthe action* of the groups to which they belong.Personal responsibility is everywhere diminished as the number of the participants increases.The two most striking illustrations are to befound in the labor unions and the great corporations.In the former case, men who by themselvesare peaceful, honest, and law-abiding becomemembers, and contribute to the support, oforganizations, knowing that among many ofthe leaders "slugging," intimidation, and violence are the all too ready weapons wielded inthe union's name whenever a labor controversyarises ; and yet they take no effective steps toprevent their use.Nothing more cruel, contemptible, and cowardly can be imagined than these attacks of hired ruffians upon unprotected men — and women too — who have committed no other offensethan to attempt to determine for themselveswhen they will labor, for whom, and upon whatterms. In the name of labor the right to laboris denied, and in the name of personal freedomthe liberty of the individual is destroyed.Can it be believed that the majority of themembers approve these acts, or that they couldnot stop them if they would?The same thing is often true of corporations.Many a man who in his own affairs is honorableand upright, and would stoop neither to briberynor to corruption, will draw his dividends indumb acquiescence, while those who representthe corporation wage predatory warfare upontheir rivals, corrupt their employees, bribe legislators, or buy the verdicts of juries ; quietinghis own conscience with the assurance that heis not responsible, or that others do it and mustbe fought with their own weapons.Much complaint is made of the verdicts ofjuries, and the law is blamed both for the character of the jurors and for the nature of theirwork. The fault, however, is not primarily, oreven largely, in the law. The laws, as a rule,are well devised to secure representative men,but the men who complain most loudly of thecharacter of our juries are among the first toevade the performance of jury duty. They invent excuses and stultify themselves in orderto escape, when their own affairs call them orthe nature of the case suggests unpleasant consequences.Would it require ten weeks of time, the examination of twelve hundred veniremen, or theexpenditure of eighteen thousand dollarsmerely to secure a jury to try an alleged "slugger," if qualified citizens were ready to do theirduty?If the work of the jury box is given over toprofessional jurymen, whose fault is it?With respect of the character of their workUNIVERSITY RECORD 155something may also be said. So far as we getbad verdicts, because we have bad jurymen, orstupid verdicts because we have stupid jurymen, the remedy has already been suggested.But other evils are often urged, and perhapsthe most common is that jurors are prejudiced,and especially that corporations and wealthypersons cannot get justice when the oppositeparty is a private individual and is poor. Thedefect here does not lie in the law. Courts constantly suppress appeals to sympathy or prejudice, and warn juries that such considerationsshould play no part in the forming of theirverdicts.Sympathy for the poor or the handicappeddoes undoubtedly often influence juries, but norule of law can prevent it, even if it were always desirable. And as to the alleged prejudice of which corporations particularly complain, I wonder if the corporations ever stop tothink that a deep-seated and widespread prejudice has usually some foundation, and to askthemselves how some of this at least may haveoriginated? Who is there in this room whohas not, at some time, in his dealing with acorporation, had his feelings wounded, his indignation roused, or his resentment stirred, bythe haughty indifference, the petty tyranny, orthe cruel injustice of the corporation or its representatives ? If we were on a jury before whichan individual appeared to be waging a somewhat uneven contest against a corporation,would it be strange if we should unconsciouslybe influenced by our own experience?Or, to go still farther, would it be unnaturalif we should consciously say, "I suffered insuch a case without redress, but I will do whatI can, now that I have the chance, to see thatthis other man does not go without a remedy?"I do not mean to say that I think this would beright. I merely ask if it would be unnatural.Vicarious punishments are quite likely to belogically unjust ; but the sins of the fathers are often visited upon the sons, and innocent corporations may sometimes have to feel the resentment aroused by decades of general corporateoppression.Complaint is often made of the ethics andpractices of the legal profession. Its membersare charged with offering their services to thehighest bidder without regard to the merit ofhis cause, and with aiding and abetting wealthyclients, and especially corporations, in evadingthe plain intention of the law or in violating itsprovisions with impunity.I hold no brief for the legal profession uponthis occasion. I admit that there are often evilsof the kind complained of; but I wish at thistime simply to inquire in whose behalf they dothese things, and with whose acquiescence andapproval ? If the lawyers are guilty, how muchmore innocent are their clients?It is a curious characteristic of human naturethat, in all legal controversies, justice seems always to be wholly on our side. We want towin. We ought to win. We must win. Anysuggestion that there may be some merit in theother side is certainly to be regarded as an evidence of disloyalty. If we lose, it was becauseour lawyer "sold us out," or the court wasprejudiced, or the jury bribed, rather than thatjustice was on the opposite side.Our attitude is too often that of the man whoasked a friend to recommend a lawyer. Hisfriend inquired if he wanted a good lawyer,and he replied: "Not too good. 1 don't wanta guide to heaven, but merely someone to showme how I can run my business and still keepout of jail."When we have reached the point when weshall have none but honest controversies, andare willing to submit them to the honest arbitrament of an honest tribunal, we shall havemade great progress toward the administrationof justice.We expect too much from legislation. Werely too much on mere enactment.156 UNIVERSITY RECORDWe need to be reminded again and againthat we cannot make men honest by act of parliament, or make them faithful, just, or fair bydeclaring that they shall be so. The ills whichnow most seriously beset us are mainly thosefor which external legislation is impossible.We rely too strongly on some supposed self-executing capacity in our laws.What makesi law today? Is it the mere enacting of a statute — the mere placing of thesemblance of a law upon the statute-books ? Letthe history of legislation itself answer the question. Why is it that the path of legislation isstrewn with so many "dead-letter" laws? Whyis it that statutes of the past, instead of beingmonuments of human wisdom, are so oftenmerely monuments of human folly? Look atthe statues passed to overthrow some of theso-called social evils, for example.In some moment of moral awakening, society, or some portion of it, becomes aware thatthere is much of drunkenness, or immorality,or injustice in the world. "It ought to be abolished," is the cry. "Let us agitate the matter;let us awaken popular feeling; let us hasten tothe legislature and pass a law against it !" Thelegislature, accordingly, is besieged ; a statute ispassed, prohibiting, under the severest penalties, the wrongs complained of; and societythen settles back, expecting that its work isdone, and that the evils aimed at will hereafternot exist.But for some reason society is disappointed.The legislation seems inefficient; the prohibition does not prohibit. The legislature is againappealed to, new acts are passed, severer penal ties are imposed, additional terrors are invoked; but still the evils flourish. And why?Simply because the statute is not law. Simplybecause it does not represent the true conditionof the moral forces in the community. Simplybecause the majority of the people, when theyhave settled back to their normal condition offeeling, do not feel strongly enough the evil,and do not strongly enough support the law.Simply because that only is law which thegreat normal, average public conscience enactsand habitually enforces, and not merely thatwhich the legislature has declared.Law is armed and organized public sentiment. It is the formal and manifest expressionof the public sense of justice. Not the arousedand abnormal impulses of the people in theirmoments of agitated fervor, not the sense ofjustice of the few seers upon the mountain-topsto whom it is given to look with undimmed vision far over the distant boundaries into thepromised land, but the moral sentiment andsense of justice of the great average masses ofmankind at their normal periods.Our actual law must then be as we make it ;and, in few words, this is the lesson I wouldteach. We cannot have laws more right thanwe ourselves are right. We cannot have lawsmore pure than we ourselves are pure. We cannot have laws more just than we ourselves arejust. If we of this age, therefore, would addto the truth, the purity, or the justice of thelaw, we must first enshrine truth, purity, andjustice in our own hearts, and live them in ourown lives.UNIVERSITY RECORD 157THE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENT ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY1Members of the University, Students, andFriends:THE ORATORIt had been expected until about a fortnightsince that the address on this occasion wouldbe given by President Robert S. Woodward, ofthe Carnegie Institution. At that time itappeared that President Woodward could notbe with us. Professor Mechem, of the University Law Faculty, very generously consentedto fill the vacant place and give the address.While we all regret the absence of PresidentWoodward, I am sure that we quite as unanimously feel that we are indebted to ProfessorMechem, not merely for his kindness in meetingan emergency, but also for a most valuable andscholarly discussion of one of the most vitalsubjects in the republic. I extend to him, onbehalf of the University, sincere appreciationand cordial thanks.THE PRESIDENTThe last Quarter is memorable in the historyof the University as being the end of an era.The great President in whose brain the university idea was conceived, and whose untiringenergy and brilliant abilities were enabled toembody the idea as a fact, has closed his work.This is not the time or the place for an attemptat appreciation of him or of his achievements.Indeed, in such an attempt words fail to haveany real meaning.Within the past few weeks we have lost, notmerely the head of the institution, but also oneof our gifted younger men. A graduate of theColleges of the University, a promising and ableinstructor in the Department of English, Mr.Flint had endeared himself to all who knewhim. In deference to the University custom —1 Presented on the occasion of the Fifty-eighth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, March 20, 1906. a custom which, like so many which will befollowed by the University in the long years tocome, was founded by our President — we willrise in honor sof William Rainey Harper andof Nott William Flint.THE MEMORIAL LIBRARYAfter the death of the President, an earlyquestion considered on many sides was the possibility of erecting in his memory some permanent and suitable structure on the Universitygrounds. After careful consideration of thesubject on all sides, the matter came before theBoard of Trustees, and it was officially decidedby that body that the structure in questionshould be the University Library. It is estimated that the cost will be $1,250,000. Thebuilding will stand on the Midway front of theQuadrangles, between Lexington and EllisAvenues. A preliminary sketch of the plan hadalready been made. The building will be inevery way, it is believed, a worthy memorialof President Harper. Standing as it will at thevery center of the intellectual life of the institution, and embodying massive architectural dignity, it will in a way be a crowning feature ofthe Quadrangles. It is planned to raise themoney for the building fund by a subscriptiongeneral in its character, and representing friendsof President Harper in all parts of the countryand of every grade of financial ability. Thework of obtaining these funds has been systematized, and is already on foot. It may be saidthat before any real effort to obtain subscriptions has been made, the sum of $36,370.50 hasalready been pledged, coming from fifty-sevendifferent persons. Other sums are mow in sight,and it is believed that there will be a liberalresponse to the call. There will go into thenew building, not merely money and architectural skill, but also the hearts of thousandsof people.158 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE JUNE CONVOCATIONThe present year commemorates at the sametime the fifteenth anniversary of the presentUniversity of Chicago and the fiftieth anniversary of the old University which bore the samename. It seems proper to commemorate thesetwo anniversaries, and it has been determinedthat the commemoration shall take the formespecially of a gathering of alumni with, atthe same time, a special recognition of the firstperiod of the University life comprising thework of President Harper. The celebration, asseems appropriate to the occasion, will includea series of addresses and other exercises whichwill be simple and dignified in character, and inwhich will be represented merely the University. It is especially hoped that the occasionwill be marked by a large gathering of alumnifrom all quarters. This seems all the morepossible when we remember that the presentUniversity already has a body of 3,282 alumni,while the old University has still on its rolls309. A rather definite plan has already beenformed, the details of which will soon bepublished.ATTENDANCEDuring the present year all departments ofthe University have shown a marked increasein the number of students over the year 1904-5.This increase has been fully maintained duringthe Quarter just closed — the percentage of gainbeing 13.9 in the Schools and Colleges withinthe Quadrangles, and, including the workoffered in the Fine Arts Building, 11.8 per cent.Of course, the real strength of an institution oflearning is not measured by the number ofstudents ; but at the same time it is worth whileto know that in this last year of the first greatera of the University's life and work, interestin the institution is growing and not lesseningamong young men and women who are seekingthe higher education. This was a constant source of comfort to Dr. Harper in the lastweeks of his life.ATHLETICSThe subject of intercollegiate athletics, andespecially of intercollegiate football, has for along time called for much watchful observationand serious thought on the part of responsiblefaculties. The discussion in the public press,which in the main has taken the form ofcriticism of the game of football as attendedwith unecessary brutality and serious physicaldangers, does not seem to reach the heart ofthe matter. A careful investigation shows thata considerable proportion of the reports of thischaracter are erroneous, and that in fact therehave not been many grave injuries in teamsconnected with the larger institutions. However that may be, the evils which have beengrowing of late years, and which seem to thefaculties of our universities the most dangerous,are those which may rather be called moral thanphysical in their character. It is believed thatathletic contests hold too prominent a part incollege life; that too much is made of athleticprowess in relation to other forms of studentactivity; that the steady process of circumstances has been tending to surround the gameof football with an atmosphere of professionalism and of commercialism which are out ofcharacter with the higher aims of college life;while the intense rivalry which has been developed between certain institutions has led to ill-feeling and bickering which are unseemly, andnot in keeping with the courtesy and good feeling which should prevail among sister institutions.Impressed by these considerations, duringthe present Quarter the faculties of the nineuniversities in the Middle West which are accustomed to co-operate with one another in intercollegiate sports have taken the matter upin conference. After a long and careful discussion, an agreement has been reached onUNIVERSITY RECORD 159certain principles which are to regulate the contests hereafter, and which it is hoped may tendgreatly to improve the present situation. Itshould be said frankly that many members ofour own Faculties are in favor of a total cessation from intercollegiate contests for a term ofyears, until a better situation can be assured. Agreat majority of the nine, however, prefer tocontinue under improved conditions. Thechanges made will restrict membership on competing teams to undergraduate students, andamong them to those who have been at least oneyear in college; limit the duration of membership on teams to three years ; establish carefulsafeguards with reference to adequate scholarship; forbid the training-table and the trainingquarters, as essentially professional features;limit the number of games of footballto five in one season, the last coming on theSaturday preceding Thanksgiving ; prohibitcontests between college teams and teams representing the secondary schools ; limit the price tobe demanded for admission from members ofthe University to fifty cents ; and require thatprofessional coaches employed shall in all casesbe appointed by the regular university authorities. Of course, there are many who objectthat these changes do not go far enough,perhaps forgetting that it is not easy to remedyby a single action all the complex conditionswhich have grown up. Others will asundoubtedly claim that the reforms have gonetoo far. I think, however, it may be safelysaid that, on the whole, a great advance hasbeen made in the direction of the subordinationof athletic sports to the more important primaryinterests of academic life, and in the eliminationof many features characterizing what I havecalled professionalism and commercialism. Tothose who believe in the value of athletic sportsand of intercollegiate athletic contests, as I do,it is of first importance that these shall be carried on under such conditions that all reasonable suspicion of professionalism shall be eliminated ;in short, that amateur sports may be what theypurport to be, the sports of amateurs. I therefore believe that the conferences of- the pastwinter have taken a long step in the directionof improved conditions surrounding this partof student life.INTERCHANGE OF PROFESSORS WITH GERMANYWithin the last few years a new development in the higher forms of international relations has assumed a very interesting phase. It has been believed by those inauthority that better understanding among intellectual men of different nations can beobtained if in the universities can be affordedan opportunity for each to hear instruction fromthose of the other. Accordingly arrangementshave been made whereby lectures have beengiven at various American universities by professors from Germany, and whereby at the sametime lectures in Germany are given by American professors. In carrying out this plan theUniversity of Chicago has been favored duringthe last two Quarters by the presence on itsteaching staff of Hermann Oncken, Ph.D., ofthe University of Berlin, and now professor-elect in the University of Giessen. ProfessorOncken has lectured on German history, andhis lectures have been in every way acceptableand interesting. It is only just to add that theUniversity is greatly indebted to the ImperialGerman Consul in Chicago, Dr. Walther Wever,for his early intelligent comprehension of thepossiblities of this great undertaking, and forsecuring the interest and the means to carry itout.During the coming Spring Quarter Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, professor andhead of the Department of Political Economy,will lecture in Berlin on American economicsubjects. Thus in turn a University of Chicagoprofessor, and one eminently qualified for thepurpose, will afford to our friends in the160 UNIVERSITY RECORDFatherland an opportunity of becoming acquainted at first hand with the trend of Americanthought.International prejudices are the result, in themain, of international misunderstandings, andthere is no more effective way of removing boththan by direct personal acquaintance with menwho are worth while. The University hopesthat the new plan will be continued, and standsready to do its part.RESEARCHOne of the two or three prime purposes ofthe university, in the proper sense of thatmuch-abused term, is investigation. The University of Chicago was founded on this principle. Particular arrangements were made atthe outset, and have been maintained since,whereby members of the Faculty have beenable to pursue research without having theirentire time and strength devoted to instruction.The result is interesting in the considerablenumber of books, monographs, and learnedarticles produced by the Faculty within thefourteen years since the opening of the institution. The President's Decennial Report contained a very instructive bibliography of thischaracter. Investigation, to be carried on successfully, implies that professors must have acertain amount of time and strength to devoteto that purpose ; that they must have reasonablefacilities for research and for making public itsresult ; that they must not be molested in respectto freedom of opinion and its expression. TheUniversity in turn must look to investigatorsfor thoroughness, for dignity, and for thatrestraint which are the essence of genuinescience. Under these conditions, and under theseconditions only, can the University expect to bemore than a merely teaching institution. Whileteaching is an essential part of university work,it should not be given a place prior to investigation. The university may or may not includethe college ; but if it is what it claims to be, it must jealously guard the privileges and therights of independent investigation. There aremany details in the existing system devised forthe carrying out of these principles whichdoubtless need thoughtful study. Details, ofcourse, are always open to improvement, andeven to extensive reconstruction; but detailsshould not be confused with principles — themeans of performing a service with the serviceto be performed. An essential underlyingthought of the university is research. Whileit remains a university, this thought will,:remain dominant.FACTS WITH REGARD TO THE FACULTYThe number of appointments, transfers, andpromotions, in the light of facts presently tobe stated with regard to the budget, obviouslyis not large at the present time. Such actionas has been taken will not be read at thistime, but will be printed in the UniversityRecord later. Official statements on that headwill go to the Departments within the comingweek.NEW APPOINTMENTSThe following new appointments have beenmade since January I, 1906:David A. Covington, to an Assistantship in the Department of Greek.Emil Goettsch, to an Assistantship in the Department of Anatomy.James F. Royster, to an Associateship in the Department of English.Edith Foster Flint, to an Instructorship in the Department of English.Robert F. Hoxie to an Instructorship in the Department of Political Economy.James S. Kirtley, to a Lectureship in Biblical Literature in the University Extension Division.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been madesince January 1, 1906:Edith E. Barnard, Assistant in the Department ofChemistry, to an Associateship.Charles Goettsch, Assistant in the Department ofGermanic Languages and Literatures, to an Associate-ship.UNIVERSITY RECORD 161Robert J. Bonner, Assistant in the Department ofGreek, to an Instructorship.Thor Rothstein, Research Assistant in the Department of Pathology, to an Instructorship.Robert Francis Harper, Professor in the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures, to the Acting Headship of the Department.Starr Willard Cutting, Professor and Acting Headof the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, to the Headship of the Department.Harry Pratt Judson, Dean of the Faculties of Arts,Literature, and Science, to be Acting President of theUniversity.GIFTSNearly all the gifts received by the University since the beginning of the present fiscalyear, July I, 1905, have been acknowledged atone time or another, and nothing of magnituderemains which has not been made public.Formal acknowledgment in this place has notbeen made, however, of the following :For the Oriental Exploration, from Mr.Charles F. Gray, $10.For the current expenses of the Yerkes Observatory, $250 each from the following : S. B.Chapin, John J. Mitchell, W. J. Chalmers, MissAgnes Albertson, J. H. Moore, H. G. Selfridge,H. H. Porter, E. E. Ayer; and from Miss M.D. Sturgis $100.For books for the Department of German,proceeds of the Schiller play, received throughProfessor von Klenze, $150.For special Fellowships in Political Economy for the year 1906-7 as follows: F. O.Lowden, $100; S. Fish, $100; B. L. Smith,$100 ; Hart, Schaffner & Marx, $300.From J. D. Hooker, of Los Angeles, Cal.,through Professor George E. Hale, $1,000 forthe Department of Astronomy. This provided for an expedition from the YerkesObservatory to Mount Wilson by ProfessorBarnard, who transported thither the Brucephotographic telescope. Professor Barnardwas absent about nine months, and obtainedfour or five hundred fine photographs of some hundred and forty portions of the sky, withparticular reference to the Milky Way. OurUniversity is thus under special indebtednessto Mr. Hooker, and also to Mr. Hale, who mostcordially tendered to Professor Barnard thehospitality of the Solar Observatory at MountWilson. The fine conditions for such work onMount Wilson made the expedition highly successful in every way.From Mr. John D. Rockefeller, on the 16thof January last, for expenditures and otherpurposes during the coming fiscal year,$350,000; for general endowment, $1,000,000.During the period from July 1, 1905, toMarch 15, 1906, there has been paid in to theUniversity funds, from gifts made at varioustimes, cash to the amount of $309,768.84.THE BUDGETIn preparing the plans of expenditure forthe fiscal year 1906-7, it has been necessary tobear in mind, not merely the pressing needs ofa growing institution, but also the fact that theincome to be anticipated is strictly limited. Allare aware that for some years past the incomefrom tuition fees and invested funds has fallenshort of meeting the annual needs of the University to the extent of not far from a quarterof a million dollars. A deficit of this characterhas been necessary heretofore, and has beenmet by the generosity of the Founder. At thesame time, the University will not be financially safe until this sum is permanently provided by a corresponding amount added to itsinvestments. A most important beginning inthat direction has been made within the lastwinter by a gift of one million dollars from Mr.Rockefeller, the income of which will reducethe deficit proportionately. Until the remainderof the deficit has disappeared, the Universitywill not be in a position to consider on theirmerits various plans of expenditure, whichmany have in mind, and which in time must beregarded. Heads of Departments will realize162 UNIVERSITY RECORDthat, in the attempt to meet the needs of somany branches of work from a limited income,it has been quite impossible to add many thingsin themselves desirable, but impracticable without a considerable addition to our resources.Matters of this sort must wait until adequatemeans are at hand. It will be admitted that itseems almost humorous to speak of an institution with a budget of about a million dollarsas not being able to do a number of things.Of course, those who are familiar with thefacts, and who know that all the funds ex pended are devoted to special objects, and thatthese objects are very numerous and verypressing, realize the difficulty in question. Withthe beginning to which reference has beenmade, there is every encouragement to feel thatthe situation in question is a temporary one.Patience is a quality difficult to cultivate, butits cultivation is commended to us all at thepresent time. It may be added that the morefamiliar one becomes with the affairs of theUniversity, the more unquestioning is his faithin the future.UNIVERSITY RECORD 163THE HARPER MEMORIAL LIBRARYThe plan which has been approved for theHarper Memorial Library has certain featureswhich will make it unique among university libraries. The explanation of these peculiar features is found in the history of the Universityand its Library. From the founding of the University a system of departmental libraries, intended especially for students pursuing graduatestudies, was established in conjunction with, andsupplementary to, the General Library of theUniversity. When several years ago it hadbecome evident to the members of the Faculties that, while the system of departmentallibraries was much too valuable to be abandoned or even seriously modified, there werealso advantages in a more central system whichthe University could ill afford to forego, a prolonged and careful study was given to the question, how to secure in the largest measure possible the advantages of both systems. Theplan finally adopted has the following features :In the middle of the south side of the mainquadrangles of the University, facing the Midway, there is to be erected a General LibraryBuilding. The plans contemplate a building 216feet long from east to west by 90 feet deep fromnorth to south approximately 100 feet highfrom the sidewalk level to the lower line of themain roof, and surmounted by a large tower250 feet in height from the ground. Thisbuilding will serve the double purpose of aGeneral University Library and an administrative center and headquarters for all the librariesof the University, including the departmentallibraries upon the main campus, as well as thelibraries of the School of Education, of theYerkes Observatory, and of all other schools ofthe University wherever located.The peculiarities of this building are in itsinterior construction. It will be pierced by amain corridor running from north to south,from which stairs and elevators will ascend to the upper portions of the building. Except,however, for such corridors, stairs, and elevators, the entire lower portion of the buildingfrom the basement level to a height of forty-five feet will be devoted to stacks. Above thestacks, of which there will be six stories, willbe a floor, of double the height of a stack floor,devoted mainly or exclusively to administration. At the top of the building surmountingall, will be a great reading-room, or group ofreading-rooms, occupying the entire length andbreadth of the building. The capacity of thisbuilding will be approximately 18,000 squarefeet for reading-rooms, 18,000 square feet foradministration and other kindred purposes, and100,000 square feet of stack floors 7^ feethigh. This will afford in easily accessiblestacks space for 1,500,000 to 1,750,000 books,and provide from 700 to 1,000 desks forreaders.Immediately adjoining this Library Building upon the east will be a building devoted tothe Historical and Social' Sciences. The firstthree floors of this building will be occupiedwith lecture rooms, seminar rooms, and offices.The main portion of the top floor will be givenup to a departmental library and reading-room.The building will be so constructed that therewill be immediate communication upon the samelevel between the reading-rooms of the GeneralLibrary previously described and the reading-room of this departmental building.Immediately joining the General LibraryBuilding on the west will be a building devotedto Modern Languages, the whole of the topfloor being given to departmental library andreading-room, this also communicating, as inthe case of the History building, immediatelywith the great reading-room of the GeneralLibrary.Adjoining the Modern Language buildingon the west, but separated from it by a space164 UNIVERSITY RECORDof twenty feet, will be erected the building ofthe Classical Languages on the corner of Fifty-ninth Street and Ellis Avenue. The fourthstory of this building will also be devoted exclusively to library purposes ; and an overheadbridge, beautiful in architecture as well as practical in use, will join the reading-room of thisbuilding with the reading-room of the ModernLanguage building, and so also connect it withthe reading-room of the General Library.North of the Modem Language buildingstands the already erected Haskell OrientalMuseum, the third floor of which will eventually be wholly devoted, as it is now in part, toa departmental library. This library will inlike manner be connected by a bridge with theModern Language building, and so through itwith the General Library Building.North of this building, again, will be placedthe building of the Divinity School, and itslibrary will in like manner be joined by a bridgeto the library of the Oriental Museum.North of the History building alreadystands the building of the Law School, the library of which will eventually be joined by abridge to the History building. In like manner there will be erected a building for Psychology and Philosophy, the library of which willbe connected with the group. The result willbe that the General Library Building will form,with the other buildings devoted to the humanities a group of buildings nearly in theshape of a Greek letter 7r, the central court ofwhich will measure approximately 200 by 250feet. The libraries in these several buildingswill be so connected as practically to constituteone great library providing accommodation forperhaps 2,500 readers. It is contemplatedthat the reader in any one of these readingrooms may pass freely to any one of the othersor may have brought to him in any one of thembooks from any or all of the rest. There will,of course, be suitable telephone connections, and carrying tubes or messenger service.While by this means all the libraries of thehumanities are practically consolidated into onelibrary, it remains also that each departmentalbuilding contains its own departmental libraryin close association with its lecture-rooms,offices, and seminar-rooms.All these buildings are located in the southhalf of the main quadrangle. The north halfof the quadrangle is occupied largely by thebuildings of the physical and biological sciences.In these the departmental libraries of thesedepartments will remain located, but for purposes of administration will be in close association with the administrative offices in the mainLibrary Building.Since the adoption of this general plan in1902 there has been general satisfaction with itupon the part of the members of the University, and a feeling that, however exceptionalthis plan, it meets the peculiarities of our situation as no other plan could do. It is to beborne in mind that it is the central buildingonly for which funds are now being secured. Itis hoped and expected that the departmentalbuildings still necessary to complete the wholeplan will be provided in due time. Two ofthem, indeed, are already erected, and a considerable portion of the funds necessary forthe erection of a third, namely, the Classicalbuilding, is already in the hands of theTrustees.It may be added that the library systemabove described will eventually come into closeand even immediate contact with the museumsystem which the University is developing.The Haskell Building is itself a museum building, and the Classical Building will contain amuseum. Moreover, the library group comesinto immediate contact with the museum groupat the northwest corner of the former. Uponthe development of this museum group a commission, similar to the library commissionwhich worked out the plans for the Library,UNIVERSITY RECORD 165is now at work. When its work is completed,the library system and the museum system willbe similarly developed and co-ordinated.It is believed by members of the Universitythat when this plan is completed the UniversityNOTT WILLIAM FLINT: A MEMORIAL ADOPTED BY THEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH*The connection of Nott William Flint withthe University of Chicago began almost withthe beginning of the University, and lastedalmost continuously for thirteen years. Heentered as a student in 1893 ; was graduated in1898; served as Reader and Assistant in English, while also carrying on work in the Graduate School, until 1900; and, after an intervalof a little more than a year as seventh-gradeteacher in the Chicago Institute under ColonelParker, was again, in 1902, appointed to theFaculty of the University, with which he remained identified until his death.As an undergraduate he was well-known.Entering at twenty-four, after a young manhood of varied activity and of independence,he may be said merely to have hit upon collegelife as offering a new experience, rather thanto have determined upon it as a door to anypossible career. The maturity of his point ofview, as well as his striking physique, markedhim out at once among the crowd of his fellows.He was a notable athlete, a charter member ofthe Chicago chapter of Alpha Delta Phi, amember of the Dramatic Club, and for sometime Head Marshal of the University. Histemperament was entirely unscholastic ; but hisinterests were catholic, and his mind essentially tolerant. His work as a student was desultory, with flashes of ability, but without pre-1 Adopted February 26, 1906; read and adopted bythe Faculty of the Junior Colleges, March 3, 1906; bythe University Senate, March 3, 1906. will be in a position, so far as buildings areconcerned, to develop a library system surpassing that possessed by any other American university, and, in some respects at least, that existing anywhere in the world.tense of scholarship. By those who did notknow him personally he was therefore to someextent misjudged. He found perhaps his firmest advocate in the President of the University,who understood him and believed in him, thenand later.His membership in the Department of English was at first casual. He had shown exceptionally good taste and imaginative strengthabove the average in his work in English composition, and upon graduation was tentativelygiven a position as theme-reader, which he satisfactorily filled. When he left the University,however, to teach in the Chicago Institute, itwas with no expectation of returning. At theInstitute, in the year and a half that followed,he may be said to have discovered in himselfthose powers and interests which subsequentlyhelped to make him a college teacher of extraordinary value. The principles of psychologyin pedagogy he worked out in a practical aswell as in a theoretical fashion; he learned hisown right lines; and when, at the merging ofthe Chicago Institute into the School of Education, he came back to college teaching, it waswith a fund of knowledge and patience whichgave him unusual power as an instructor.His subsequent work in the Department ofEnglish, as Associate and Instructor, and in thedepartmental examinership, was made notableby three things — variety, conscientiousness,and character. He was not content to followout set forms of teaching; he was always experimenting, testing, advancing. He introducedand carried through a scheme for the correla-166 UNIVERSITY RECORDtion of English composition with the student'swork in other departments of the University.He planned the system of bibliography-makingwhich is now a part of all required courses incomposition at the University of Chicago — aserious contribution to the pedagogy of thesubject. He brought to his college classesthe painstaking inductive methods of teachingof which he had learned the value in the grades,and by his remarkable patience pushed them tosuccess. His conscientiousness was yet morenotable. No drudgery was too great for himif the responsibility for its execution had beenput upon his shoulders. He developed theoffice of Departmental Examiner from a mereroutine function to a vital and far-reaching relationship with the secondary schools. Thecarelessness of his undergraduate days hadcompletely fallen from him ; he always set himself a definite goal, which he worked towardalong definite lines, and spared no sacrifice oftime or temperament to reach. His courses inthe University College, so easy to make perfunctory, he gave with fidelity and zeal. On thehack-work, which he frequently undertook, ofediting and revising the work of others, hespent a splendid labor. Whatever his handfound to do was done with his might.It is rare that such routine as he underwentdoes not injure or utterly kill the spirit of originality and initiative. The peculiar soundnessof Mr. Flint's character is shown by the factthat under this routine he constantly grew. Hisoriginality found expression, not only in themethod and practice of his own teaching, butin what he wrote. The last work which camefrom his hands — a school edition of Macaulay'sLays, with an introductory essay — was muchmore than hack-work; it showed in unusualmeasure literary judgment, culture, sympathy,and it was a promise of the ripe criticism to beexpected from his pen. Indeed, in these yearsof relentless toil upon the work of others he had slowly come into possession of his ownpowers. He had mastered himself. And hisquality was beginning to be recognized, notonly in the University, but outside of Chicago.To his colleagues it seemed clear that thepersonality which they had known was aboutto be tested by success, and they looked forwardwith both pride and confidence to his future.The test came, but it was of a different kind —more thorough, more searching, than he or anyone could have foreseen. Instead of meetinggreater responsibilities and opportunities, hewas summoned to endure for months an illness,lingering, agonizing, hopeless. And he didnot fail. Indeed, to those who saw day by dayfor months his courage, his patience, his cheerful if stoical humor, his unshaken dignity, itseemed that to have won such calmness ofspirit, such tempered character, was a triumphbeyond any worldly achievement. Against allthat he lost of present happiness and futurehope it must be said that "this also did he gain— to be a brave man — and it was much."EXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE FIFTY-EIGHTHCONVOCATIONProfessor Floyd Russell Mechem, A.M., ofthe Faculty of the University of Chicago LawSchool, was the Convocation Orator on March20, 1906, his address being entitled "The Responsibility of the People for our Laws andLegal Institutions." The orator was introduced by Professor James Parker Hall, LL.B.,Dean of the Law School. Acting President ofthe University Harry Pratt Judson presentedthe regular Quarterly Statement on the condition of the University. There was a large audience in attendance. The Convocation Addressand the President's Quarterly Statement appear elsewhere in full in this issue of the University Record.The Convocation Reception, which was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening of MarchUNIVERSITY RECORD 16719, was largely attended despite the unfavorable weather. Acting President Harry PrattJudson and Mrs. Judson, Professor FloydRussell Mechem, the Convocation Orator,Dean James Parker Hall, of the Law School,and Professor Marion Talbot, Dean of Women,were in the receiving line. Refreshments wereserved, and the music for the evening was provided by the University of Chicago MilitaryBand.SPECIAL SERVICES IN MEMORY OF PRESIDENTWILLIAM R. HARPERThe several theological seminaries at Berkeley, Cal., devoted their "assembly" of January19, 1906, to a service in memory of PresidentWilliam Rainey Harper. The assembly washeld in the First Presbyterian Church. President Claiborne M. Hill, of the Baptist Theological Seminary, presided. The first addresswas made by Rev. H. J. Vosburgh, pastor ofthe First Baptist Church of Oakland. He spokeof the varied activities of Dr. Harper's life, thegreat energy with which he pursued them, andthe success which he achieved. He also spokeof some of his characteristics, and dwelt particularly on his religious life.The other speaker was President BenjaminIde Wheeler, of the University of California.President Wheeler emphasized, among otherthings, President Harper's ability as an educator, the courage and faith with which he undertook the reorganization of the University ofChicago, and the marvelous results of his laborsas seen in the great institution which he builtup. President Wheeler also referred to the lastinterview which he had with President Harper,a few weeks before his death, and commentedon the splendid courage with which he facedthe future.A memorial service in honor of PresidentWilliam R. Harper was also held in the Valentine Theater of Toledo, Ohio, on the afternoon of Sunday, March 4, under the auspices of theToledo Settlement Association. The openingaddress was given by Mayor Brand Whitlock ;Rev. Father John T. O'Connell spoke on "TheScholar in a Republic;" "Dr Harper's Workfor the Public Schools" was the subject of anaddress by Mrs. Pauline Steinem; "Dr. Harper's Work for the Advancement of AmericanArchitecture" was the theme of Dr. R. D. Hol-lington; Dr Cyrus Townsend Brady spoke of"Dr. Harper's Contribution to Literature;" andProfessor Charles R. Henderson, UniversityChaplain and Head of the Department ofEcclesiastical Sociology, made the closing address, his subject being "The University President." Music for the occasion was furnishedby the united choirs of St. Patrick's Church,St. Francis de Sales' Church, St. Louis' Church,and the Church of the Good Shepherd. Morethan a thousand persons were in attendance.THE CONCLUDING VOLUMES OF CHAMBERLIN ANDSALISBURY'S GEOLOGYFollowing Vol. I, which dealt with "Geological Processes and Their Results," Vols. IIand III of the new Geology in the "AmericanScience Series," by Professor Thomas C.Chamberlin, Head of the Department of Geology, and Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, Headof the Department of Geography, have recentlybeen published by Henry Holt & Co., of NewYork. "Earth History" is the general subjectof the last two volumes. Vol. I, which hasalready gone to a second edition, contains about&75 pages, with 470 illustrations ; Vol. II, about700 pages ; and Vol. Ill, 635 pages. There are575 illustrations in the last two volumes.In the first chapter of Vol. II, on "The Originof the Earth," are considered the Laplacian or"nebular" hypothesis, the meteoritic hypothesisof the earth's origin and the planetesimal hypothesis ; chapter 2 discusses the hypotheticalstages leading up to the known geological eras ;168 UNIVERSITY RECORDchapters 3-1 1 include a consideration of theArcheozoic and Proterozoic eras and the Cambrian, Ordovician (Lower Silurian), the Silurian (Upper Silurian), Devonian, Mississippi( Early Carboniferous ) , Pennsylvanian ( CoalMeasures, Carboniferous proper), and Permianperiods. A geological map of the United Statesand part of Canada, beautifully printed incolors, is contained in this volume, which hasan exhaustive index of fourteen pages.The Triassic, Jurassic, Comanchean (LowerCretaceous), and Later Cretaceous periods arediscussed in chaps. 12-15 °f Vol. II. TheCenozoic era is considered in chaps. 6-20, underthe heads of the Eocene period, the Mioceneand Pliocene periods, the Pleistocene or glacialperiod, and the human or present period. Particular interest attaches to the discussion of theglacial period in chap. 19, where such phasesare dealt with as the glaciation of NorthAmerica, the criteria of glaciation, the development and work of ice-sheets, relations of stratified to unstratified drift, the succession of ice-invasions, the duration and cause of the glacial period, and man in the glacial period Inchap. 20 the life of the human period includesthe discussion of such questions as the re-peopling of the glaciated areas, the rate of redistribution, and man as a geological agency.The volume closes with an appendix of thirty-three pages giving supplementary sections fromdifferent parts of the United States, and ageneral index of forty-three pages coveringthe three volumes.The three volumes are designed to furnishthe basis for a year's work in the last part ofthe college course, or in the early part of agraduate course.Among the distinctive features of the workare the introduction of a new hypothesis ofearth genesis and the full recognition of newelements of geologic classification.With reference to the new hypothesis of theorigin of the earth the preface says : Perhaps the most radical departure of this work fromthe precedents of its class lies in the large emphasis laidon the hypotheses of the origin of the earth, and especially in the introduction of a new hypothesis of earthgenesis, whose dynamic sequences depart widely fromfamiliar lines. This recognition of divergent hypothesesat the very outset, necessarily involves an effort to carrythrough the interpretations of the whole history parallelsystems of doctrine built on the diverse hypothesesrecognized. Especially is it incumbent to try to carryout the logical sequences of the new hypothesis in itsapplication to the main problems that remain unsolved,particularly those of deformation, vulcanism, and atmospheric states. Introduced concurrently with the morefamiliar views, these newer modes of interpretation forman alternative system running through the whole work.It is believed that this will be at least stimulating,whether or not it shall prove to be a step toward thefinal system of interpretation, which future researchalone will determine."THE FINALITY OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION"The latest volume in the "Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago" is thatby George Burman Foster, Professor of thePhilosophy of Religion, entitled The Finalityof the Christian Religion. The book, of 530pages, consists, in a greatly enlarged and modified form, of two courses of lectures deliveredin 1902 and 1903 before the Harvard SummerSchool of Theology.Chapters 1 and 2 are given to an introduction and historical survey. Part I, which hasto do with "Authority-Religion (= Supernat-uralism) and Naturalism," contains chapters on"The Formation of Authority-Religion," "Dissolution of Authority-Religion," "The ChangedView of the World and of Life," and "TheNaturalistic and the Religious View of theWorld."In Part II, which considers "The Finality ofChristianity and the Idea of Development,"chapter 7 discusses "The Essence of the Christian Religion : The Problem of Method," chapter8 discusses the "Sources of the Life of Jesus,"and the closing chapter deals with "The Essence of the Christian Religion: Jesus."UNIVERSITY RECORD 169In the preface the author says that hemay not claim originality, in the strict sense of theword, for this book. Still, the constructive idea is his,the plan and process of the argument are his ... . However, he has sought to write an effective rather than anoriginal book The book is a mirror of the development of the author's own experience — a development,moreover, which has not yet come to a close; a factwhich is also mirrored in the book. He believes thata multitude of thoughtful men and women are passingthrough an experience similar to his Own The author hopes to have contributed somewhat toward realizing in practice .... the triumph in principle of thereligion of persons and not of things, of freedom andnot of external authority, of ethical ideality and not ofecclesiastical force or politics.Announcement is also made, in the preface,of a second volume — the more constructivepart of the work — which is expected to appearin the early spring.THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE "ANCIENT RECORDS OFEGYPT"The first of the four volumes of the AncientRecords of Egypt, recently issued by the University of Chicago Press, contains the "Historical Documents" of the first seventeen dynasties, which have been collected, edited, andtranslated with commentary by James HenryBreasted, Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History, who is at present in Egypt asDirector of the Egyptian Exploration Fund ofthe University. The volumes in the seriesare dedicated to Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, President of the University Board of Trustees ; Mr.Norman W. Harris; and Mrs. Mary H.Wilmarth.The present volume, of 385 pages, containsthe indexes for the four volumes proposed, thesecond volume covering the records of theeighteenth dynasty, the third volume those ofthe nineteenth, and the fourth volume those ofthe twentieth, twenty-first, twenty-second,twenty-third, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, andtwenty-sixth dynasties.In the preface the author, in speaking of the preparation of these volumes, remarks onthe difficulties involved in such a project:The task has consumed years, and demanded protracted sojourn among the great collections of Europe. Inthis work a related enterprise has been of the greatestassistance. Admission to the museums of Europe tocollect and copy their Egyptian monuments for a commission of the four Royal Academies of Germany(Berlin, Leipzig, Gottingen, and Munich), in order tomake ' these documents available for an "exhaustiveEgyptian Dictionary endowed by the German Emperor,enabled the author to copy from the originals practicallyall the historical monuments of Egypt in Europe. Theother sources of material and particularly the papersof the Dictionary just mentioned, have enabled the author to base the translations in these volumes directly,or practically so, upon the originals themselves inalmost all cases.Much of the historical background, and literary value of the more important documents,will be found set forth more fully in the author's History of Egypt recently published byCharles Scribner's Sons, of New York.This first volume of Ancient Records ofEgypt is bound in admirable taste in darkgreen, with label printed in red and black onthe back, and the typography and press-workmake the book one of the most attractive thathave issued from the University Press.A NEW RUSSIAN READER BY SAMUEL NORTHRUPHARPERA Russian Reader by Paul Boyer and N.Speranski, adapted for English-speaking students by Mr. Samuel Northrup Harper, Associate in the Russian Language and Literature,has recently been issued by the University ofChicago Press. The work is the Englishedition of the French original compiled byProfessor Paul Boyer and N. Speranski, ofL'Ecole des Languages Orientales, Paris.The volume, of 385 pages, is intended as anintroduction to the practical study of the Russian language. As indicated in the preface,the real object of this Reader is to present a faithfuland adequate picture of spoken Russian and of itsmeans of expression. This aim does not differ from170 UNIVERSITY RECORDthat which authors of descriptive grammars have inview. But whereas the latter subject the phenomena ofa language to a systematization which is always more orless artificial, throwing them out of proportion andfalsifying their values, another method, the one suggested by the direct study of a language, has been applied here. Instead of model sentences, awkwardly reduced to an unnatural simplicity, actual texts are putbefore the reader ; and, as at the very outset peculiaritiesof form, of syntax, or of idiom meet him in his readingthese texts are accompanied by notes which explaineach difficulty as it is met. The example always precedes the rule, the language itself being taken as thestarting-point and not as the point of arrival.The texts included in the Reader are alldrawn from the work of a single writer, CountLeo Tolstoy, and are, with the exception ofthe last story, written for children. The shortstory closing the collection is of a higher literary form — the Three Deaths written by CountTolstoy in 1859. The Russian texts have beenaccented throughout. An appendix of sixtypages, an index of the matter contained in thenotes and in the remarks of the appendix, anda vocabulary of sixty pages complete thevolume.The English edition of the work has beenmade possible by the generous encouragementof Mr. Charles R. Crane, of Chicago, thefounder of the lectureship on "Russian Institutions" in the University of Chicago.THE DEATH OF NOTT WILLIAM FLINT OF THEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISHThe death of Nott William Flint, on Thursday, February 22, was a blow to both the Faculty and the alumni of the University. Mr.Flint, at the time of his death an instructor inthe Department of English, was one of thebest-known of the younger graduates.He was born in Chicago April 12, 1869; received his preparatory school education inMount Hermon Institute, Connecticut, andLake Forest Academy. Lake Forest, 111.; andwas graduated from the University of Chicagoin June, 1898. Since graduation he had been a teacher in the Chicago Institute and the University. He was married on December 22,1900, to Miss Edith Burnham Foster; twochildren were born to them, Richard Foster andHalsted.His death was the result of a brain tumor,which first manifested itself at the beginningof October, 1905. A partial paralysis followed; two severe operations failed to give morethan a slight relief; and for more than twomonths it had been known that the end was inevitable, and must indeed be welcome. Mr.Flint was at all times fully conscious, bearingalike his pain and the consciousness of approaching death with a courage and cheerfuldignity which are an inspiration in the memoryof his friends.The funeral services were held in MandelAssembly Hall on Sunday afternoon, February25. They were conducted by the UniversityChaplain, Professor Charles R. Henderson,and by Dr. Alonzo K. Parker, the UniversityRecorder, the latter being a member of thesame fraternity with Mr. Flint. The Chicagochapter of Alpha Delta Phi, of which Mr.Flint was a charter member, sang their chant.The pall bearers were Professors Herrick,Salisbury, Lillie, Lovett, and Schwill, Dr. Ray-croft, Mr. Linn, and Mr. Jameson. The burialwas at Oakwoods.Mr. Flint's work in the University will becarried on by his wife, who has been appointedto the position of Instructor in the Departmentof English which he held.PRIZES FOR ECONOMIC ESSAYSIn order to arouse an interest in the studyof topics relating to commerce and industry,and to stimulate an examination of the valueof college training for business men, a committee composed of Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin, of the University of Chicago, chairman ; Professor J. B. Clark, of Columbia University; Professor Henry C. Adams, of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 171University of Michigan; Horace White, Esq.,of New York City ; and Hon. Carroll D. Wright,of Clark College, has been enabled, through thegenerosity of Messrs. Hart, Schaffner, andMarx, of Chicago, to offer again, in 1907, fourprizes for the best studies on any one of thefollowing subjects:1. The practical wisdom of freeing raw materials,essential to subsequent manufactures, from customs-duties when entering the United States.2. The best methods of obtaining an elastic currencyin times of panic.3. To what extent, and in what form, are socialistictenets held in the United States?4. In what respect, and to what extent, have combinations among American railways limited or modifiedthe influence of competition?5. The best methods of avoiding resort to force bylabor unions in their contests with employers.6. The effect of "trusts" upon the prices of goodsproduced by them.7. How far does the earning power of skill obtainunder a regime of trade unions?8. A critical study of modern commercial methodsfor distributing products to consumers.9. The development of economic theory since JohnStuart Mill.A first prize of one thousand dollars and asecond prize of five hundred dollars, in cash,are offered for the best studies presented byClass A, composed exclusively of all persons whohave received the bachelor's degree from anAmerican college in 1895, or thereafter; and afirst prize of three hundred dollars and a second prize of one hundred and fifty dollars, incash, are offered for the best studies presented byClass B, composed of persons who, at the timethe papers are sent in, are undergraduates ofany American college. No one in Class A maycompete in Class B; but any one in Class Bmay compete in Class A. The committee reserves to itself the right to award the two prizesof $1,000 and $500 to undergraduates, if themerits of the papers demand it.The ownership of the copyright of successful studies will vest in the donors, and it isexpected that, without precluding the use of these papers as theses for higher degrees, theywill cause them to be issued in some permanentform.Competitors are advised that the studiesshould be thorough, expressed in good English,and although not limited in length, should notbe needlessly expanded. They should be inscribed with an assumed name, the year whenthe bachelor's degree was, or is likely to be,received, and accompanied by a sealed envelopegiving the real name and address of the competitor, and the institution which conferred thedegree, or in which he is studying. The papersshould be sent on or before June 1, 1907, toJ. Laurence Laughlin, Esq., the University ofChicago.A NEW SERIES OF BARROWS LECTURES IN INDIAPresident Charles Cuthbert Hall, of theUnion Theological Seminary, New York, whois to give the "Barrows Lectures" in India nextwinter, is about to spend several weeks in Oxford, England, in active preparation for thecourse in question. The subject of the seriesof lectures is "The Witness of the OrientalConsciousness to Jesus Christ."The Barrows Lectureship on the "Relationof Christianity to Other Religions" was established by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell, and thelectures on this foundation are delivered everythree years in the cities of India.In October, 1903, President Hall, in his introduction to the series of "Haskell Lectures"at the University, gave a report of the BarrowsLectureship in India, Ceylon, and Japan,1902-3; and the lectures then delivered wereincorporated in a volume and published bythe University of Chicago Press under the titleof Christian Belief Interpreted by ChristicmExperience. Among the places in which thecourse was given by President Hall were thefive university cities of Calcutta, Allahabad,Lahore, Bombay, and Madras.172 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE FINAL CONCERTS BY THE THEODORE THOMASORCHESTRAOn the evening of February 6 in LeonMandel Assembly Hall, a program in memoryof President William Rainey Harper wasgiven by the Theodore Thomas Orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Frederick A. Stock.The opening number on the program wasBach's "Chorale," followed by Beethoven's"Symphony No. 3," the movements includingAllegro con Brio, Marcia Funebre, Scherzo,and Finale. The closing number, with orchestration by Theodore Thomas, was Chopin's"Marche Funebre." Some of the music, particularly that of Chopin's "Funeral March,"President Harper himself used especially toadmire, and the last number on the programwas one that was played by Mr. William Sherwood at the funeral exercises in the President'shome.On March 6 the closing concert in the seriesof six arranged by officers of the QuadrangleClub was given in Mandel Hall, Beethoven's"Symphony No. 8, F major," being the opening number. Dvorak's "Largo from NewWorld Symphony" and the overture of GeorgSchumann's "Liebesfriihling," completed thefirst part of the program. MacDowell's symphonic poem "Lancelot and Elaine," and the"Vorspiel," "Good Friday Spell," and "FuneralProcession and Glorification" of Wagner'sParsifal were the numbers in the second partof the program.This is the third series of concerts given atthe University by this famous orchestra, thefirst two being under the leadership of TheodoreThomas himself, and the last under that of Mr.Frederick A. Stock, whose direction has beenso effective and successful. The privilege of hearing on the University quadrangles thehighest music interpreted by one of the greatorchestras of the world is one that comes tofew educational institutions, and it is hopedthat arrangements for a fourth series of concerts in the same place may be made for another year.THE ELEVENTH SERIES OF LECTURES ON THE HASKELLFOUNDATION"The Religious Attitude and the ReligiousLife as Developed in Islam" is the general subject of the new series of lectures on the HaskellFoundation which is being delivered in Congregation Hall by Professor Duncan B. Mac-donald, A.M., D.B., of Hartford TheologicalSeminary. The first lecture, given on April 10,had as its subject, "The Attitude of theSemites toward the Unseen World ; Prophecyas a Semitic Phenomenon — Especially Amongthe Arabs." The dates and subjects for the remainder of the course are the following:April 12, "The Muslim Conception of Prophecy andSoothsaying."April 17, "The Muslim Conception of Intercoursewith the Unseen World in Sleep."April 19, "Other Means of Intercourse: Wizards,Magic, Talismans ; Utilitarianism in Islam."April 24, "Intercourse through the Jinn: Spirits,Demons, Ghosts in Islam.""April 26, "Saints and the Ascetic — Ecstatic Life inIslam."The Haskell Lectureship on the "Relationsof Christianity to Other Religions" was established by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell, and thelectures are given annually. The tenth serieswas delivered in January and February, 190=5,by Professor George Foote Moore, Ph.D.,D.D., of the Harvard Divinity School, on thegeneral subject of "Some Fundamental Problems in the History of Religion."UNIVERSITY RECORD 173THE FACULTIESAmong the directors of the City Club ofChicago elected on January 27 was JudgeJulian W. Mack, of the Faculty of the LawSchool.Bishop John H. Vincent has an illustratedcontribution in the March issue of the Chau-tauquan on the subject of "Dr. Harper andChautauqua."Professor Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool, gave an open lecture on "The Life andTeachings of Jesus" in Haskell OrientalMuseum on January 9.To the April issue of the Biblical WorldProfessor Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool, contributes an expository study on"The Parable of the Tares.""The Use of Injunctions" was discussed onMarch 11 before the Woman's Trade UnionLeague at Hull House, Chicago, by ProfessorJames P. Hall, Dean of the Law School."Plato and His Lessons for Today" is thesubject of a recent contribution to the Independent of February 1 by Professor PaulShorey, Head of the Department of Greek.On March 20, before the Chicago Woman'§Aid in Sinai Temple, Assistant Professor IraW. Howerth, of the Department of Sociology,gave an address on the subject of "Work andLife.""The Uses of Literature" was the subjectof an address on March 6 before the ChicagoWoman's Aid in Sinai Temple, by ProfessorNathaniel Butler, Dean of the College of Education.Among the speakers at the annual banquetof the Chicago alumni of Williams College,held at the Grand Pacific Hotel on February13, was Acting President Harry Pratt Judson,of the class of 1870.Among the speakers before the League ofCook County Clubs on March 24 at its meeting in the Fine Arts Building, Chicago, was Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography."Some Great Cathedrals of France" was thesubject of an illustrated lecture in HaskellOriental Museum on January 11, by Mr.George B. Zug, of the Department of theHistory of Art."Spain's Gift to Literature" was the subjectof a lecture on March 26 before the Nike Clubof Chicago, by Assistant Professor George C.Howland, of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures. ,At the fiftyrfirst meeting of the UniversityCongregation, held on March 19, 1906, Professor Benjamin Terry, of the Department ofHistory, was elected as Vice-President of theCongregation for the Spring Quarter."Possible Sources of Increased MunicipalRevenues" was the subject of an address before the City Club of Chicago on January 20,by Assistant Professor Charles E. Merriam, ofthe Department of Political Science.At the regular monthly meeting of the Bookand Play Club in Chicago on the evening ofJanuary 16, Associate Professor Camillo vonKlenze, of the Department of German, gave. alecture on "The Evolution of the ModernRealistic Drama."UAmi Fritz, by Erckmann-Chatrian, waspresented in the French Theater at SteinwayHall, Chicago, on the evening of February 13,Mr. Henri C. E. David, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, havinga conspicuous part."English Beacons of Religion and History"is the subject of an illustrated contribution inthe Chicago Standard of April 14, 1906, byAssistant Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, ofthe Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek.Durham cathedral, the shrine of St. Cuthbert,and Durham castle, are described in thearticle.174 UNIVERSITY RECORD"The Taxation of Land Values" was thesubject of an open lecture on February 20 inCobb Lecture Hall by Mr. Charles B. Fille-brown, of Boston, who is president of theMassachusetts Single Tax League.Miss Constance Crawley, of the Ben Greetcompany of players, gave an address beforethe Woman's Union on February 7, and onFebruary 14 Mrs. Zella Allen Dixon, AssociateLibrarian, spoke on the subject of "BookPlates of Women.""Red Mountain, Arizona: A DissectedVolcanic Cone" is the title of a contribution inthe February-March issue of the lournal ofGeology, by Dr. Wallace W. Atwood, of theDepartment of Geology. The article is illustrated by six figures."The Park System of Greater Chicago" wasthe subject of an illustrated address, given atthe Quadrangle Club on March 17 before theUniversity of Chicago Settlement League andits guests, by Professor Charles Zueblin, of theDepartment of Sociology."The Oldest Civilization in the World Unearthed by the University of Chicago" is thetitle of an illustrated contribution to the Chicago Tribune of March 4, by Dr. Edgar JamesBanks, who was formerly in charge of the excavations at Bismya in Babylonia.An open lecture on "French and AmericanStained Glass," illustrated by lantern views ofwindows by mediaeval artists and by Tiffany andLa Farge, was given in Kent Theater onMarch 13, by Mr. George B. Zug, of the Department of the History of Art."Concerning Immortality" is the subject ofa contribution in the February issue of theBiblical World, by George Burman Foster,Professor of the Philosophy of Religion.Professor Ernest D. Burton, Head of the Department of New Testament Literature andInterpretation, contributes to the same numberan expository study on "The Call of the FourFishermen." "President Harper and His Life Work" isthe subject of a contribution in the Februarynumber of the Review of Reviews by President John H. Finley, of the College of the Cityof New York. The article is illustrated by afull-page portrait of President Harper.A new volume on Physics, of 460 pages, byAssistant Professor Charles R. Mann, of theDepartment of Physics, has been recentlyissued by Scott, Foresman & Co., of Chicago.Mr. Mann was assisted in the preparation ofthe book by Mr. George Ransom Twiss.The Director of the United States Mint,Hon. George E. Roberts, gave an address inCobb Lecture Hall, March 21, on the subjectof "The World's Gold Supply and its Relationto Prices." The address was given under theauspices of the Political Economy Club.Longmans, Green & Co., of New York, haverecently published Macaulay's Lays of AncientRome, the volume, of 150 pages, being editedby Mr. Nott William Flint, of the Departmentof English, whose death the University haswithin a few weeks been called upon to mourn.In March Mr. Henry Porter Chandler, Secretary to the President, gave an illustratedaddress on the University of Chicago beforestudents of the East Side and West Side HighSchools in Des Moines, the High School ofOmaha, and the Central High School of St.Louis.Chancellor E. Benjamin Andrews, of theUniversity of Nebraska, contributed to theFebruary issue of the World To-Day an articleentitled "William Rainey Harper: An Appreciation." The article was illustrated by aportrait of President Harper. In the samenumber was a contribution on "Workingmen'sInsurance," by Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head of the Department of EcclesiasticalSociology. To a symposium on "The Riddleof Life" by H. Charlton Bastian, ProfessorAlbert P. Mathews, of the Department ofPhysiology, was among the contributors.UNIVERSITY RECORD 175Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, AssistantDean of Women, spoke before the Chicago Association of Collegiate Alumnae at theirregular meeting in the Fine Arts Building onApril 21, her subject being "Grounds for aNew Enthusiasm for the Education ofWomen.""The Reliefs of the Arch of Titus : Realisticversus Classic Art" was the subject of an illustrated open lecture, in Kent Theater on March7, by Professor Frank B. Tarbell, of the Department of the History of Art. Mr. Tarbellalso gave an illustrated lecture on "Greek Costume" February 28.rrMaeterlinck" was the subject of an addressat the home of Mrs. Ferdinand Peck, 1826Michigan Avenue, Chicago, by Associate Professor George H. Mead, of the Department ofPhilosophy. The lecture was given under theauspices of the Alliance Frangaise for thebenefit of the French library."Facts and Problems of Adolescence" is thetitle of a contribution in the April issue of theWorld To-Day, by Professor James RowlandAngell, Head of the Department of Psychology. The number is opened by an editorial on"Gentlemen Poisoners," written by ProfessorShailer Mathews, of the Divinity School."The Psychology of Oriental Art," illustrated by lantern slides of Japanese colorprints, was given in Kent Theater on February5 by Mr. Bolton Coit Brown, formerly professor of art in Leland Stanford Junior University. The title of Mr. Brown's second lecture was "The Psychology of Aesthetic Education."At the banquet given in the AuditoriumHotel on February 20 to the Imperial Commissioners of China, in which was extendedthe formal welcome of the city of Chicago,Professor Shailer Mathews, Professor of Systematic Theology and Editor of the WorldTo-Day, was among those who spoke on therelations of America and China. Karl J. Triibner, of Strassburg, Germany,recently announced a new book by AssistantProfessor Francis A. Wood, of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures,The volume, of 160 pages, is a study in ablautand in word-formation, and is entitled Indo-European a* : cfti : a*u.Dr. Henry G. Gale, of the Department ofPhysics, is on leave of absence during theSpring and Summer Quarters for the purposeof pursuing original investigations in astralphysics at the Solar Observatory of the Carnegie Institution on Mt. Wilson, Cal.In a volume of 500 pages, entitled The Aimsof Religious Education, containing the addresses delivered at the convention of the NationalReligious Association in 1905, are includedthose by the late President William R. Harperand Professor John M. Coulter, Head of theDepartment of Botany.At the annual dinner of the Chicago AlumniAssociation of Brown University, held at theGrand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, on March 14,Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson,Dean of the Senior Colleges, and AssistantProfessor Gerald B. Smith, of the Departmentof Systematic Theology, were among thespeakers.In the January-February issue of theJournal of Geology the opening contributionon "American Amphiccelian Crocodiles," illustrated by twelve figures, is by Professor SamuelW. Williston, of the Department of Paleontology. An editorial on "The Illinois GeologicalSurvey" is by Professor Rollin D. Salisbury,Head of the Department of Geography.Dean Nathaniel Butler, of the College ofEducation, has a contribution in the Februaryissue of the School Review on the subject of"The Aim in the High School— The Development of the Many-Sided Interest, or SpecialPreparation for Life ?" The same number contains an editorial appreciation of PresidentHarper.176 UNIVERSITY RECORDSelections from Ovid, edited by AssistantProfessor Gordon J. Laing, of the Departmentof Latin, has been published by D. Appleton& Co., of New York, in their list of "TwentiethCentury Text Books." The volume has anintroduction, notes, and a vocabulary.On the evening of February 21, at the tenthannual banquet of the Chicago Credit Men'sAssociation at the Auditorium Hotel, Professor Edwin E. Sparks, Dean of UniversityCollege, spoke on George Washington, "thebusiness man." Mr. Sparksi also spoke on"The Making of an American" before the Chicago Woman's Aid in Sinai Temple on February 20."The Unions versus Higher Wages" is theopening contribution in the March issue of theJournal of Political Economy, by Professor J.Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Departmentof Political Economy. Assistant ProfessorHerbert J. Davenport, of the same Department,contributes to the same number an article entitled, "A New Text; Seligman: 'SocialValues.' ""Church Music in America" was the subjectof an illustrated lecture in Mandel AssemblyHall on March 11, given under the auspices ofthe Hyde Park Guild of the Religious Education Association, by Mr. Lester Bartlett Jones,Director of Music. Mr. Jones also gave anillustrated lecture, February 18, on "TheSources of Music of Catholic German andEnglish Churches."A series of six open lectures, by ProfessorA. Ross Hill, of the School of Education inthe University of Missouri, was given in theManual Training Building, beginning withJanuary 28. The subjects in the series werethe following: "Education and Heredity;""School and Environment;" "Education asFormation of Habits;" "Education as Shapingof Ideals;" "Education as Development ofSelf-Control ;" and "Youth, a Critical Periodfor Education." Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Department of Sociology, has been appointed a judgein the competition, open to graduate or undergraduate women students of the UnitedStates, for the prize offered for the best essayon the principles, aims, and methods of theConsumers' League. The limit in time for theessays is October 15, 1906.Das Verfahren bei den deutschen Bischofs-wahlen in der zweiten Hdlfte des 12. Jahr-hunderts is the title of an inaugural-dissertation presented before the philosophical facultyof the University of Leipzig for the Doctor'sdegree, by Mr. Franklin Geselbracht, who tookhis degree of Bachelor of Arts at the University in 1898 and was later a graduate studentin the Divinity School."The Spanish Drama of Today" was thesubject of a paper presented before the Fortnightly Club of Chicago on February 8, byAssistant Professor Elizabeth Wallace, of theDepartment of Rpmance Languages and Literatures. The paper was also given before theHinsdale Unity Club, the Alumni Associationof the University of Illinois, and the Book andPlay Club of Chicago.Colonel Edwin Emerson, a graduate ofHarvard University and a well-known warcorrespondent, gave two illustrated lectures inMandel Assembly Hall on the evenings ofApril 6 and 13 on the subject "In and Out ofPort Arthur During the Siege." Many of thephotographs from which the lantern-slideswere made were taken within Port Arthurduring the siege. The proceeds of the lectureswere given to aid the University of ChicagoSettlement.Professor Albion W. Small, Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literature, wasthe representative of the University of Chicagoin the conference of the college football committee held at the Chicago Beach Hotel onJanuary 19 and 20. The other institutionsrepresented were the University of Michigan,UNIVERSITY RECORD 177Northwestern University, the University ofIowa, the University of Illinois, Purdue University, the University of Wisconsin, IndianaUniversity, and the University of Minnesota."The Mind-Body Problem as a Methodological Question in Psychology" is the title ofthe opening address at the annual meeting ofthe north central sections of the AmericanPsychological Association and the WesternPhilosophical Association, held at the University of Wisconsin on April 13 and 14. Theaddress was given by Professor James R.Angell, Head of the Department of Psychology.Public readings under the auspices of theClub Frangais have been given in the FullertonHall of the Art Institute, Chicago, on Saturdays, beginning March 24 and ending April 21,by Mr. Henri C. E. David, of the Departmentof the Romance Languages and Literatures.The program of plays read included LaSorciere and La Dame aux Camelias by Dumas, Sudermann's Magda, and Racine'sPhedre.Hon. Robert R. McCormick, President ofthe Board of Commissioners of the ChicagoSanitary District, gave an address on "YoungMen and Politics" at the exercises in commemoration of Washington's birthday, held inMandel Assembly Hall. Acting PresidentHarry Pratt Judson presided. Washington'sFarewell Address was read by Mr. WilliamPierce Gorsuch, of the Department of PublicSpeaking.The first law firm to be formed by graduatesof tKe University of Chicago Law School ismade up of Mr. Curtiss R. Manning, A.B.1901, J.D. 1904, Mr. James M. Sheldon, Ph.B.1903, J.D. 1904, and Mr. Roy Keehn, Ph.B.1902, J.D. 1904. Mr. Keehn was the firstpresident of the Reynolds Club and also president of his class in the Law School. Theoffices of the new firm are in the Rector Building, 122 Monroe St., Chicago. The governor of Illinois has recently appointed Professor Charles R. Henderson, Headof the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology,as Secretary of the "Industrial Insurance Commission," authorized in May, 1905, by the legislature of Illinois, to draft a bill providing asystem of insurance for wage earners in caseof incapacity due to sickness, accident, or oldage; and also for death benefits."Conditions under Which Women Work"was the subject of an address before theLeague of Cook County Clubs, at the WestEnd Woman's Club of Chicago on February24, by Miss Mary E. McDowell, Head Resident of the University of Chicago Settlement.Miss McDowell also spoke on the subject of"Proxies in Industry" before the Woman'sColumbian Club of Northwestern UniversitySettlement on February 22."Democracy: Cynicism or Faith" was thesubject of an address by Professor George E.Vincent, of the Department of Sociology, atthe annual banquet of the Union League Club,Chicago, on Washington's birthday, when theSecretary of War, William H. Taft, was theguest of honor. Mr. Vincent also gave anaddress to the graduating class of the schoolof nurses connected with the PresbyterianHospital, Chicago, on April 11.Livy: The War with Hannibal is thetitle of a new volume, of 174 pages, intendedprimarily for the first year of college work inLatin. The selections, taken from Books XXI-XXX and XXXIX, include the most importantepisodes in the war with Hannibal, and theaccount of his death. The volume, edited withnotes, is the work of Dr. Edward A. Bechtel,of the Department of Latin, and is publishedby Scott Foresman & Co., of Chicago.Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, the Swedish explorer, who gave his illustrated lecture "TwoYears among the Ice of the South Pole" inOrchestra Hall, Chicago, on January 25, wasintroduced by Professor Rollin D. Salisbury,178 UNIVERSITY RECORDHead of the Department of Geography. Dr.Nordenskjold is professor of geography in theUniversity of Upsala, Sweden. At a banquetin honor of the explorer at the Virginia HotelAssistant Professor Anton J. Carlson, of theDepartment of Physiology, was among thoseresponding to toasts.At the class exercises of the Junior Colleges,held on March 19 in Mandel Assembly Hall,Professor Frank B. Tarbell, of the Departmentof the History of Art, addressed the candidatesfor the title of Associate on the subject of"Spoken English." Acting President HarryPratt Judson greeted the candidates on behalfof the University, and Mr. Robert F. Baldwinresponded for the candidates. Dean George E.Vincent made the regular quarterly statement,which showed an increase in registration forthe Winter Quarter of 1906 over that for thecorresponding Quarter in 1905.By a fire at the Frances Shimer Academy,an affiliated institution of the University atMount Carroll, 111., three brick buildings fourstories high, containing chapel, laboratory,recitation rooms, studio, library, dining-room,offices, parlors, and rooms for fifty pupils andteachers, were destroyed on February 9. Thelocal trustees met on that day and voted totake steps toward rebuilding at once. The insurance of $23,000 will cover about half theloss. It is proposed to erect a new heat andpower plant, and also a new dormitory andcommons, so that they may be in use by September.Under 'the auspices of the American Committee for Lectures on the History of Religionsa series of six lectures on "The Developmentof Religion in Japan" was given by ProfessorGeorge William Knox, D.D., LL.D., ofUnion Theological Seminary, in HaskellOriental Museum, beginning with January 15,the first lecture being entitled "Primitive Beliefs and Rites: Natural Religion." The subjects of the remaining lectures were as follows : "Shinto, the Way of the Gods: Natural Religion;" "The Introduction of Buddhism: Supernatural Religion;" "The Development ofBuddhism : Supernatural Religion ;" "Confucianism as Polity and Ethics: Ethical Religion;" and "Confucianism as the World-Order: Ethical Religion."At the fifty-eighth Convocation of the University, held on March 20, 1906, six studentswere elected to membership in the Phi BetaKappa Society. For evidence of ability in research work in science six students, also, wereelected to membership in the Sigma Xi society.Fifty students received the title of Associate;five, the diploma of the two-years course inthe College of Education; three, the degree ofBachelor of Education; forty-five, the degreeof Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, or Science;three, the degree of Bachelor of Law; two,the degree of Doctor of Law; five, the degreeof Bachelor of Divinity; and one, the degreeof Master of Arts— a total of 123.Under the auspices of the Department of Geology four illustrated open lectures were givenin Mandel Assembly Hall by Dr. E. O. Hovey,of the American Museum of Natural History,New York City. On April 9 the subject of thelecture was "Southern Russia: the Caucasusand Anti-Caucasus Mountains ; Vladikavkazto Mount Ararat;" on April 10, "The Sou-friere of St. Vincent and Its Eruptions of1902 ;" on April 12, "Mount Pelee, Martinique,and the Eruptions of 1902-3: The Destructionof St. Pierre;" and on April 13, "NorthernMexico: Its Plateaus, Canyons, and Deserts."The lantern views were remarkable and someof them especially artistic.During the month of January ProfessorCharles Richmond Henderson, Head of theDepartment of Ecclesiastical Sociology; Dr.Lyman Abbott, editor of the Outlook; and Professor William Wallace Fenn, of the HarvardDivinity School, acted as the UniversityPreachers. Professor Fenn acted in the sameUNIVERSITY RECORD 179capacity on February 4; Professor ShailerMathews, of the Divinity School, on February1 1 ; Dr. Simon J. McPherson, Headmaster ofthe Lawrenceville School, February 18; Rev.R. P. Johnston, D.D., of New York City, onFebruary 25 and March 4 and 1 1 ; and onMarch 18 Professor Theodore Gerald Soares,of the Divinity School, acted as ConvocationPreacher.Egoism is the title of a small volume, of137 pages, recently published by the Universityof Chicago Press, the author being Mr. LouisWallis. Among the chapter headings are "TheEgoistic Proposition," "The Bible and Egoism," "Israel's Religion before the Exile,""The Revolution," "The Writing Prophets,""The Exile and After," "Jesus of Nazareth,"and "The Practical Issue." In the preface theauthor says thatthe egoistic proposition is within the domain of sociology ; and if we would grasp the significance of the Bible,we must approach it, first of all, as a social phenomenon.The logical ultimate of higher criticism is that the totalbody of religious conception in the Bible arose out of,and in dependence upon, the so-called secular experience of Israel.The Sabine Woman, 2. realistic three-actdrama of western life in America, written byAssistant Professor William Vaughn Moody,of the Department of English, was presentedby Miss Margaret Anglin and her company,for the first time on any stage, in the GarrickTheater, Chicago, on April 12, 13, and 14. Theplay was received with many expressions ofinterest and approval on the part of the audiences. Mr. Moody's published works includeThe Masque of Judgment, a poetic drama infive acts, which appeared in 1900; a volume ofPoems (1901) ; The Fire Bringer, a lyricaldrama (1904) ; and A First View of EnglishLiterature, in collaboration with R. M. Lovett,(1905).On April 21 in Fullerton Hall of the ArtInstitute, Chicago, Professor Charles R.Barnes, of the Department of Botany, gave an illustrated lecture on the subject of "HowPlants Breathe." It was one of a series oflectures in the twenty-fourth lecture course ofthe Field Museum of Natural History. In thesame course, on April 7, Professor N. M.Fenneman, of the University of Wisconsin,who received his Doctor's degree at the University of Chicago in 1901, gave an illustratedlecture on "Glaciers ;" and on March 17 Dr. H.Foster Bain, Director of the Illinois GeologicalSurvey, who received his Doctor's degree atthe University in 1897, spoke of "The Work ofa State Geological Survey."In the Ministers' Institute held under theauspices of the Divinity School at HaskellOriental Museum on April 2 and 3, the generalsubject under discussion was "Doctrine andLife." Rev. Benjamin A. Greene, of theBoard of Trustees of the Divinity School, discussed the question of "When and Why isDoctrine of Positive Help to Religious Life?""Paulinism" and "Theology Based on ModernScience" were the subjects presented by Professor Shailer Mathews of the Department ofSystematic Theology; "The Nicene Theology,""Socinianism," and "Ritschlianism," by Assistant Professor Gerald B. Smith, of thesame Department; and "Augustinianism," byProfessor Franklin Johnson, of the Department of Church History."The Sociology of Secrecy and Secret Societies," by George Simmel, was translated forthe January issue of the American Journal ofSociology by the editor Professor Albion W.Small, Head of the Department of Sociology."The Literary Interests of Chicago," Parts IIIand IV, is the subject of a contribution to thesame number, by Mr.' Herbert E. Fleming,who received his Doctor's degree from theUniversity in 1905. The March number hasfor its opening article "The Place of Sciencein Modern Civilization," by Assistant Professor Thorstein Veblen, of the Department ofPolitical Economy. "Increased Use of Public-180 UNIVERSITY RECORDschool Property" is discussed by ProfessorThomas J. Riley, of the Western State NormalSchool, Kalamazoo, Mich., who received hisDoctor's degree from the University in 1904.To the January number of the School Review Professor George W. Myers, of theSchool of Education, contributes a discussion of"Mathematics in the University High School;"and in the same number is given editorial announcement of the general policy of theReview. Secondary education will continue toform the central feature, but as this is not anisolated field, it is necessary to widen thescope of discussion. To use the words of theeditors :The questions of manual training, of "liberal" versus"practical" courses of elective and prescribed curricula,of broad preparation for life and citizenship, all require for their complete study, psychological and ethicalanalysis, just as the problems of adolescence and physicalculture need light from physiology. The successfulstudy of secondary education must be as broad anddeep as it's problems. The Review will understand itsfield to include these broader and deeper aspects.Before the women of the Junior Collegeof Literature in Mandel Assembly Hall onFebruary 26, Mr. Hamlin Garland, the novelist, gave an address on "American Music andEdward McDowell." It was an effective andsympathetic presentation of the subject. Agroup of songs illustrating the address, amongthem "Confidence," "At the Gleaming Shadows," "Fair Springtide," and "To an Iceberg,"was sung by Miss Mary Peck Thomson, andthe "Sonata Eroica" was played by MissGeorgia Kober. At the close Mr. Garland expressed the hope that a McDowell societymight be formed, and there were many responses on the part of the students. Theprogram of the afternoon was under the general direction of Assistant Professor ElizabethWallace, Dean of the Junior College of Literature (women)."President Harper and Old Testament Studies" is the subject of the opening contribution in the April issue of the American Journal ofSemitic Languages and Literatures, by Professor Francis Brown, of the Union Theological Seminary, New York. It is a critical appreciation of great interest and value. "Glos-sen zu O. A. Toffteen's 'Geographical List toR. F. Harper's Assyrian and Babylonian Letters, Vols. I-VIII,' " is the title of a contribution in the same number, by MaximilianStreck, of Strassburg in Alsace. Assyriologi-cal Notes include "Some Further Notes on theCode of Hammurabi," "Some Notes on the Geographical Names in the R. F. Harper Letters," and "Some Additions and Correctionsto The Political, Religious, and Social Antiquities of the Sargonid Period.' " "A Letter ofEsarhaddon" is a contribution by ChristopherJohnston, of John Hopkins University, concerning a remarkable letter published in Pro-Baby Ionian Letters.The January issue of the Journal of PoliticalEconomy has, as its opening article, "RailwayRates as Protective Tariffs," by Assistant Professor Hugo R. Meyer, formerly of the Department of Political Economy; "Employmentof Women in Industries — Twelfth CensusStatistics" is a joint contribution by Dr. So-phonisba P. Breckinridge, of the Department ofHousehold Administration, and Dr. Edith Abbott, who received her Doctor's degree from theUniversity in 1905. The Notes include oneon "Academic Liberty," by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Department ofPolitical Economy; another on "Recent IllinoisDecisions Regarding Injunctions Issued in theCourse of Strikes," by Professor ErnstFreund, of the Faculty of the Law School ; anda third, on the "Meeting of the American Economic Association," by Assistant ProfessorJohn Cummings, of the Department of Political Economy. The opening contribution inthe February number of the Journal is by Dr.Earl Dean Howard, of the University ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 181Pennsylvania, on "The Condition of the Gerrman Workingman." The article is a chapterfrom the author's essay on The Cause and Extent of the Recent Industrial Progress of Germany, which recently was awarded a first prizein the Hart, Schaffner & Marx contest. Mr.Howard received his degree of Bachelor of Philosophy from the University in 1893, his Master's degree in 1903, and his Doctor's in 1905.In the same number of the Journal is a note byDr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge on "Legislative Control of Women's Work."The January issue of the American Journalof Semitic Languages and Literatures contains a contribution on "The Structure ofObadiah," by Dr. John M. P. Smith of theDepartment of Semitic Languages and Literatures. "Terra Cotta Vases from Bisrriya," byDr. Edgar James Banks, formerly Field Director of the Expedition, of the Oriental Exploration Fund, is a contribution of unique interest because of the great variety of artisticshapes shown in the drawings of vases foundin the recent excavations in Babylonia. Thisnumber also contains a contributed note byProfessor James Richard Jewett, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures, on "The Mir'at a-Zaman," a remarkableArabic manuscript which has been generouslyloaned to the University of Chicago by the authorities of the Yale library, thus making possible the preparation of a fac-simile editionwhich will appear from the University Presssome time during the Spring Quarter. In thisedition there will be 529 pages of Arabic text,twenty-five lines to the page, and also an introduction."The Nodes of Grasses" is the title of theopening article in the January issue of theBotanical Gazette, contributel by Mr. MintinA. Chrysler, who received his degree ofDoctor of Philosophy from the University in1904. The article is illustrated by two plates."The Bogs and Bog Flora of the Huron River Valley" is the title of a contribution (illustratedwith sixteen figures) by Mr. Edgar NelsonTranseau, formerly a graduate student in theDepartment of Botany. Miss Mabel L. Merri-man, also a former graduate student, contributesan illustrated article on "Nuclear Division inZygnema." In the February number of theGazette is a "Note on the Relation betweenGrowth of Roots and of Tops in Wheat" byDr. Burton E. Livingston, who received hisDoctor's degree from the University in 1901and was formerly connected with the Department of Botany. The eighty-second contribution from the Hull Botanical Laboratory, illustrated by two plates, is "A Morphological Studyof Sargassum Filipendula" in the March number of the Gazette, by Etoile B. Simons, who received her Doctor's degree from the Universityin 1905.In the March issue of the School Reviewannouncement is made that the Review infuture will be edited by the Department ofPhilosophy and Education in the University ofChicago. The chairman of the board of editorsis Professor James H. Tufts, Head of the Department of Philosophy; the secretary is Wil-lard C. Gore, Assistant Professor of Psychology in the College of Education; and theother editors are Professor Nathaniel Butler,Dean of the College of Education; AssociateProfessor George H. Mead, of the Department of Philosophy; William B. Owen, Associate Professor of Education; and AssociateProfessor Addison W. Moore, of the Department of Philosophy. The associate editors areProfessor Frederick E. Bolton, of the University of Iowa, and Professor M. VincentO'Shea, of the University of Wisconsin.Among the institutions represented by the advisory editors are the Polytechnic Institute ofBrooklyn, the University of Colorado, the University of Tennessee, Cornell University, theUniversity of Illinois, Harvard University, theUniversity of Missouri, Pratt Institute of182 UNIVERSITY RECORDBrooklyn, Massachusetts State Normal School,Columbia University, and the University ofMichigan.The March number of the Biblical World isa memorial of William Rainey Harper, andcontains a notable list of contributions, including those of Dean Francis W. Shepardson,Dean Eri B. Hulbert, Dr. Alonzo K. Parker,Dr. John M. P. Smith, Professor Ira M. Price,Professor Emil G. Hirsch, Professor ShailerMathews, Assistant Professor Clyde W.Votaw, Dean Albion W. Small, ProfessorErnest D. Burton, Dr. Frank Billings, Mr.Andrew McLeish, Vice-President of the* University Board of Trustees, Professor Frank F.Abbott, Dean George E. Vincent, ProfessorThomas C. Chamberlin, and Acting PresidentHarry Pratt Judson. A very full bibliography,including books and articles, is contributed byAssistant Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, ofthe Department of Biblical and PatristicGreek. The frontispiece is an especially goodportrait of President Harper, and there areother portraits showing him as a student atYale, a professor at Morgan Park and at Yale,and as President of the University — the lasttaken about 1892. A picture of the President,taken at Lake Geneva in the summer of 1904,is also included. Of great interest also are theillustrations of his birth-place and of his boyhood home in New Concord, Ohio.The relationship of President WilliamRainey Harper to the Divinity School of theUniversity and to the American Journal ofTheology, of which he was one of the editorsand in which he took the deepest interest, isthe subject of the editorial which opens theApril issue of the Journal. "Theology fromthe Standpoint of Functional Psychology" isthe title of a contribution in this number by Dr.Edward S. Ames, of the Department of Philosophy. Dr. John M. P. Smith, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures,contributes an article on "The Rise of Indi vidualism among the Hebrews," which wasoriginally presented as a paper before the Chicago Society of Biblical Research. PresidentHarper's Commentary on Amos and Hosea isreviewed in this number by Professor CharlesC. Torrey, of Yale University; recent literature on the Old Testament is discussed by Professor Ira M. Price and Dr. John M. P. Smith ;recent literature in Church History, by Professors Franklin Johnson and Eri B. Hulbert,and Associate Professor John W. Moncrief,of the Department of Church History; recentbooks on the philosophy of religion by Professor George B. Foster; and Assistant Professor Gerald B. Smith, of the Department ofSystematic Theology, reviews a series of booksin German intended to popularize moderntheology.In the January number of the ElementarySchool Teacher Professor George W. Myers,of the School of Education has a contribution on"Rapidity in Arithmetic;" Mr. Ira B. Meyers,Instructor in the Teaching of the NaturalSciences, the College of Education, contributes the first of a series of articles on "A Historyof the Teaching of Nature in the Elementary andSecondary Schools of the United States." TheFebruary number of the Elementary SchoolTeacher has as a frontispiece a reproduction ofa photograph of President William R.Harper taken at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, inthe summer of 1904, and the opening article isan appreciation of the President by the editor,Professor Wilbur S. Jackman, Principal of th£University Elementary School. "A Point ofView in the Teaching of Electricity in theUni-versity Elementary School" is the title of acontribution by Mr. Harry Orrin Gillette, ofthe School of Education. The March numbercontains a German play for children entitled"Wozu einfache Erzahlungen fiihren konnen,"by Miss Anna T. Scherz, Assistant in Germanin the Elementary School. In the April issue"The Vernal Equinox" is the subject of a con-UNIVERSITY RECORD 183tribution by the editor, Professor Wilbur S.Jackman ; Miss Elsie A. W. Wygant, of the Elementary School, discusses "Reading Matter forSecond Grade;" "French Games" is contributed by Miss Lorley A. Ashleman, of the Schoolof Education; "Nature Work in the Schoolroom" is the subject of an illustrated article byMr. Robert K. Nabours, also of the School ofEducation ; and Mr. Robert W. Hegner, of thesame School, contributes the second of his"Nature-Studies with Birds for the ElementarySchool," this particular study being upon "BirdProtection.""A Program of Solar Research" is theopening contribution in the January number ofthe Astrophysical Journal, by Non-resident Professor George E. Hale, Director of the SolarObservatory on Mount Wilson, Cal. Mr. Halealso has in the same number a contribution on"Some Tests of the Snow Telescope," illustrated by two plates and two figures, the firstplate showing the ccelostat and second mirrorof the Snow telescope and the second plate,the concave mirror. The figures show low-level and high-level calcium flocculi. Mr. Halealso is joint contributor with Mr. Walter S.Adams, formerly instructor in the Yerkes Ob servatory, of an article on "Photographic Observations of the Spectra of Sun-Spots," whichis illustrated by two plates. Mr. Adams alsocontributes "Some Notes on the H and K linesand the Motion of the Calcium Vapor in theSun." Professor Hale and Mr. FerdinandEllerman, formerly of the Yerkes Observatory,are joint contributors of an article on "TheFive-Foot Spectroheliograph of the Solar Observatory," illustrated by plates and figures.Mr. John A. Parkhurst and Mr. F. C. Jordan,of the Yerkes Observatory, have a joint contribution on "Photographic Photometry of Short-Period Variable Stars." Among the minorcontributions and notes is a "Reply toRecent Statements by M. Deslandres," by Professor Hale, and a note on " Diffraction Grating Replicas," by Mr. Robert J. Wallace, Photo-physicist at the Yerkes Observatory. TheMarch issue of the Journal has a contributionby Professor Edward E. Barnard, of theYerkes Observatory, on "A Great Photographic Nebula near tt and 8 Scorii" illustratedby a remarkable plate, from a photographtaken on April 29 and 30, 1905, with an exposure of nearly nine hours. Mr. Barnard alsohas a "Note on Professor Newcomb's Observations of the Zodiacal Light."184 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE ASSOCIATION QF LMr. Samuel C. Mitchell, Ph.D., 1899, isprofessor of history in Richmond College, Virginia.Mr. Herbert M. Burchard, Ph.D. in Greekand Latin, 1900, is now professor of Greek inSyracuse University, New York.Dr. Charles D. Marsh, who received theDoctor's degree in 1904, is government expertin the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington,D. C.Mr. Joseph K. Arnold, who received hisDoctor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1899, is at present secretary of the ArtWall Paper Mills Company of Chicago.Dr. Hermann B. Almstedt, 1900, who hasrecently been promoted to a full professorshipin German at the University of Missouri, isspending the present school year abroad.Mr. Edward B. Livingston, who receivedhis Doctor's degree in 1902, is in charge of research work in physico-physiology of plantsin the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute, Tucson, Ariz.Mr. John I. Hutchinson, who was the firststudent to receive the Doctor's degree in Mathematics from the University (January Convocation, 1896), is assistant professor of mathematics at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.York.Rev Frank G. Cressey, who received theDoctor's degree from the Divinity School in1903, accepted the call last summer to the EastLos Angeles Baptist Church, California. Thischurch is doing an aggressive work and israpidly increasing in membership.President William G. Tight, Ph.D., 1902, ofthe University of New Mexico, met with anaccident in February, due to the explosion ofthe pressure tank of an oxygen generator. Theforce of the explosion was terrific, but fortunately the injuries to Dr. Tight have provedless serious than at first seemed probable. WTORS OF PHILOSOPHYProfessor Charles A. Ellwood, Ph.D., 1899,who has since 1900 been connected with the department of sociology in the University of Missouri, is now at the head of the department.Professor William N. Logan, Ph.D., 1900,who holds the chair of geology in the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, isdirector of the state geological survey of Mississippi.Miss Mary Bowen, Ph.D., 1897, who,through misinformation was reported in theJanuary Record as deceased, is instructor inEnglish at Wellesley College, where she hasbeen since receiving her Doctor's degree at theUniversity.Mr. Russell B. Opitz, who received hisDoctor's degree in 1905, is adjunct professor ofphysiology at Columbia University, New York.Professor Opitz is American editor of theBiochemisches Centralblatt and the Hygieni-sches Centralblatt of Berlin, Germany.Mr. William Findlay, who, since receivinghis Doctor's degree in 1901, has been instructor in mathematics in Barnard College, Columbia University, was called this year to the professorship of mathematics in McMaster University, Toronto, Canada.Professor John A. Miller, Ph.D., 1899, ofthe department of mathematics and astronomyin Indiana University, has an article inthe American Journal of Mathematics, 1905,entitled: "Concerning Certain Elliptic Modular Functions of Square Rank."At the Spring Convocation, March, 1906,there were no candidates for the Doctorate — acircumstance which has occurred only threetimes at regular convocations of the University.These were the first and second Convocations,at which no degrees of any kind were conferred, and the sixth Convocation, at whichone Master's degree was the only higher degreeconferred.UNIVERSITY RECORD 185Professor Frederick E. Beckman, Ph.D.,1900, who has been in charge of the departmentof German in the Algemeine Deutsche Schuleat Antwerp, Belgium, during the past twoyears, is expected to return to this country atthe close of the present school year.Mr. Otis W. Caldwell, who received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1904 for workin the department of Botany, has been for twoyears president of the Central Association ofScience and Mathematics Teachers. Mr. Caldwell is professor of biology at the State NormalSchool, Charleston, 111.Mr. Eiji Asada, who has the honor of having received the first Doctor's degree conferredby the University of Chicago, at the third Convocation, June, 1893, is now professor in theTokyo, Japan, School of Foreign Languages.Since that time the Doctor's degree has beenconferred upon three hundred and seven-eightcandidates.Mr. William D. Merrell, who after receiving his Doctor's degree in 1898 was for a timeAssistant in Botany at the University of Chicago, is now assistant professor of biology atthe University of Rochester. His facilities forwork are soon to be greatly increased by thecompletion of a new laboratory for the biological sciences."The Primeval Atmosphere" is the title ofan article by Ralph H. McKee, Ph.D., 1901, inScience, Vol. XXIII, No. 581, 1906. The article deals with Kraft's recent results on evaporation of metals in a nearly perfect vacuum.Mr. McKee shows that these results supportthe planetesimal hypothesis of Chamberlin andMoulton and disagree with the Laplacian hypothesis.Mr. John M. Gillette, who took his Doctor'sdegree in 1901, is professor in history andcivics at the State Normal School, Valley City,N. D. Mr. Gillette has in preparation a bookon "The Socialization of Education," and hasbeen invited by the North Dakota Historical Society to prepare a monograph on the SiouxIndians for publication in connection with ahistory of the state.With respect to the Association of Doctorsof Philosophy, one of the members, voicingthe sentiments of the great majority, writes asfollows :I am heartily in favor of making it possible for theDoctors of the University to keep in touch with oneanother. By being well organized they can bring tobear a tremendous influence on the welfare and policyof the University ; and the Association will no doubt beof much benefit to its individual members.Mr. Emanuel Schmidt, who received hisDoctor's degree in Old Testament and Egyptology in 1902, and for two years thereafter waseditor of the Swedish magazine Hemmets Van,is now president of Adelphia College, Seattle,Wash. This is a new institution establishedby the Baptists of Washington. It has a beautiful location on Lake Union, with campus unincumbered by debt, and a commodious newbuilding is in process of construction.At the Winter Convocation, December,1905, there were seven candidates for theDoctorate, as follows : David J. Davis, Pathology, Physiology; Glenn M. Hobbs, Physics,Chemistry; Earl D. Howard, Political Economy, Sociology ; Robert F. Hoxie, Political Economy, Political Science; Carleton J. Snyder,Physics, Chemistry ; George F. McKibben, Romance, Spanish; Stephen W. Ransom, Neurology, Pathology.A prominent place in the exercises of Convocation week, in connection with the celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of the founding of the University, will be given to theannual meeting of the Association of the Doctors of Philosophy. This will probably be onSaturday afternoon, June 9, but definite noticewill be given in due time through the officialprinted program. It is hoped that everyDoctor who can do so will plan to be present.Money Inflation in the United States: AStudy in Pathology, is the title of a book re-186 UNIVERSITY RECORDcently published by G. P. Putnam's Sons. Theauthor is Murray S. Wildman, who receivedhis Doctor's degree from the University in1904. The book, which is the outgrowth of aninvestigation originally undertaken in a seminar of Professor Laughlin, Head of the Department of Political Economy, is the subjectof a column review in the Outlook for March17. Mr. Wildman is instructor in economics atthe University of Missouri.At the fifty-sixth Convocation in September,1905, fourteen candidates received the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy. Their names and departments are as follows:Edith Abbott, Political Economy, PoliticalScience; Hamilton F. Allen, New Testament,Old Testament; Bernard C. Bondurant, Latin,Greek; Harvey Carr, Psychology, Education;Walter F. Dodd, Political Science, PoliticalEconomy; William L. Evans, Chemistry,Physics; Reginald H. Griffith, English, German ; Mary J. Kennedy, Latin, Greek ; WilliamMcCracken, Chemistry, Physics; Russell B.Opitz, Physiology, Histology; George F. Rey-Allen, Irving Cowan, S.M., University of California,Chemistry, Missouri.Anderson, Ernest, S.M., University of Texas, Chemistry, Texas.Bedford, Scott Elias Williams, A.M., Baker University, Sociology, Illinois.Bell, Spurgeon, S.B., University of Texas, PoliticalEconomy, Texas.Benson, Robert Louis, A.M., University of Michigan,Pathology, Michigan.Berry, Lillian Gay, A.M., Indiana University, Latin,Indiana.Bjrkhoff, George David, A.B., Harvard University,Mathematics, Michigan.Blount, Mary, S.B., University of Michigan, Zoology,Illinois.Blunt; Katheririe, A.B., Vassar College, Chemistry,Pennsylvania. - nolds, English, History, Germanic; Herman I.Schlesinger, Chemistry, Physics; John R.Slater, Old Testament, English; Delonzo T.Wilson, Astronomy, Mathematics.Mr. Thomas E. McKinney, who receivedhis Doctor's degree in Mathematics and Astronomy at the- June (1905) Convocation, wasa volunteer observer in connection with theLick Observatory-Crocker Eclipse Expeditionto Spain last summer. According to the officialreport in the publications of the AstronomicalSociety of the Pacific, Dr. McKinney renderedvaluable service to the expedition, including supervision of the instruments in transportationand setting them in position. He also hadcharge of the polarigraphs and photometerduring the observations. The report statesthat the working of these instruments washighly satisfactory, especially with referenceto accurate determinations of the amount ofpolarized light in the inner-middle and middlecorona. Dr. McKinney is professor of mathematics and astronomy at Marietta College,Marietta, Ohio.Bonner, Walter Daniel, S.B., University of Nebraska,Chemistry, Nebraska.Bridgman, Donald Elliott, A.B., Hamline University,Political Economy, Minnesota.Brooks, Clyde, A.B., University of Missouri, Physiology, Missouri.Brownson, Howard Gray, A.B., University of Illinois,Political Economy, Minnesota.Burlingame, Leonas Lancelot, A.B., University of Chicago, Botany, Ohio.Capps, Stephen Reid, A.B., University of Chicago,Geology, Illinois.Charles, Benson Brush, A.B., Cornell University,Semit'ics, Pennsylvania.Clem, Harry Milton, University of Chicago, Geography, Indiana.Davidson, Margaret, Ph.B., University of Chicago,English, Ireland.THE APPOINTMENTS TO FELLOWSHIPS FOR 1906-7UNIVEBSITY BECOMD 187Downey, June, A.B., University of Wyoming, Psychology, Wyoming.Dykstra, Clarence Addison, A.B., University of Iowa,History, Iowa.Enke, Ana Jule, Ph.B., University of Chicago, Romance, Illinois.Fernald, Grace, A.B., Mount Holyoke College, Psychology, Ohio.Fitch, Philip, A.B., Colorado College, Physics, Colorado.Gates, Reginald Ruggles, S.B., McGill University,Botany, Canada.Gray, Louis Raymond, A.B., Indiana University, Sociology, Indiana.Hancock, John Leonard, A.B., University of Chicago,Greek, Iowa.Hart, Joseph Kinmont, A.B., Franklin College, Ecclesiastical Sociology, Indiana.Hayes, Joseph William, A.B., Amherst College, Psychology, New York.Heineman, Paul Gustav, S.B., University of Chicago,Bacteriology, England.Heinzelman, Jacob Harold, A.B., University of Illinois, German, Germany.Hill, Herbert Wynford, Ph.M., University of Chicago,English, Canada.Home, Charles Ellsworth, A.M., Waynesburg College,Semitics, Pennsylvania.Ichinohe, Naozo, Imperial University of Japan, Astronomy, Japan.Ingold, Louis, A.M., University of Missouri, Mathematics, Missouri.Jackson, Dennis Emerson, A.M., Indiana University,Physiological Chemistry, Indiana.Jones, Roger Miller, A.B., Denison University, Greek,Ohio.Katz, Frank J., A.B., University of Wisconsin, Geology, New York.Kelso, William Gordon, A.B., Princeton University,Philosophy, New York.Knott, Thomas Albert, A.B., Northwestern University,English, Illinois.Kuehne, John, S.M., University of Texas, Physics,Texas.Lewis, Frank Grant, A.B., Brown University, Biblical Greek, New York.Luckinbill, Daniel David, A.B., University of Pennsylvania, Semitics, Pennsylvania.MacClintock, Samuel, Ph.B., University of Chicago,Political Science, Kentucky.Macintosh, Douglas Clyde, A.B., McMaster University, Systematic Theology, Canada. MacMillan, William Duncan, A.B., Fort Worth University, Astronomy, Wisconsin.MacNeish, Harris Franklin, S.M., University of Chicago, Mathematics, Illinois.McGrew, Mary Edith, A.M., University of California,Gree*k, Massachusetts.McKnight, Robert James George, A.B., Geneva College, Semitics, Pennsylvania.McLauchlin, John, A.M., McMaster University,Church History, Canada.Meinzer, Oscar Edward, A.B., Beloit College,Geology, Illinois.Merrill, Albert Eli, A.B., University of Chicago,Physics, Illinois.Mode, Rowland Hector, A.M., McMaster University,Semitics, Canada.Moodie, Roy Lee, A.B., University of Kansas, Paleontology, Kentucky.Morrison, Guy Burl, A.B., Yale University, Physiological Chemistry, Iowa.Northt Cecil Clare, A.B., University of Nebraska, Sociology, Iowa.Norton, Frederick Owen, A.B., Kentucky University,Biblical Greek, Canada.Patton, Eugene Bryan, A.B., Washington University,Political Economy, Tennessee.Peterson, Joseph, S.B., University of Chicago, Psychology, Utah.Pike, Frank Henry, A.B., Indiana University, Physiology, Illinois.Quaife, Milo Milton, Ph.B., Iowa College, History,Iowa.Reed, Anna Bertha, Ph.B., DePauw University, German, Illinois.Reed, William John, S.B., Northwestern University*Geology, Illinois.Rudolph, Edith, A.B., Indiana University, Romance,Indiana.Sage, Evan Taylor, A.B., University of Nebraska,Latin, Nebraska.Schoonover, Draper Tolman, A.B., Washburn College,Latin, West Virginia.Severn, Hermon Harrison, A.B., Denison University,Biblical Greek, Iowa.Sharpe, Charles Manford, A.M., University of Kansas, Systematic Theology, Indiana.Shull, Charles Albert, S.B., University of Chicago,Zoology, Ohio.Smith, Henry, A.M., University of Chicago, History,Illinois.Spencer, Matthew Lyle, A.M., Northwestern University, English, Mississippi.188 UNIVERSITY RECORDStevens, Thomas Calderwood, A.B., Adrian College,Zoology, Michigan.Sundwall, John, Ph.B., Central University of Utah,Anatomy, Utah.Swanson, William Walker, A.M., Queen's University,Political Economy, Canada.Ullman, Berthold Louis, A.B., University of Chicago,Latin, Chicago. ,Vickert, John Frederick, A.M., McMaster University,Church History, Canada.Wellman, Mabel Thacher, A.B., Wellesley College,Household Administration, Massachusetts.Williamson, Edward John, A.M., Queen's University,German, Canada.Yamanouchi, Shigeo, Tokyo Teachers' College, Botany, Japan.Yoakum, Clarence Stone, A.B., Campbell College, Psychology, Kansas.Yoshioka, Ghen-ichiro, Ph.B., University of Chicago,Sanskrit, Japan.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THEWINTERIQUARTER, 1906During the Winter Quarter, 1906, there hasbeen added to the library of the University atotal number of 3,646 volumes, from the following sources:BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 2,471 volumes, distributedas follows : Anatomy, 30 ; Anthropology, 2 ; Astronomy,(Ryerson), 8; Astronomy (Yerkes), 16; Bacteriology,17; Biology, 126; Botany, 21; Chemistry, 101 ; ChurchHistory, 44 ; Commerce and Administration, 3 ; Comparative Religion, 63 ; Dano-Norwegian, 16 ; Dano-Norwe-gian and Swedish, 10; Embryology, 2; English, 101 ;English, German, and Romance, 75 ; General Library,108; General Literature, 10; Geography, 45; Geology,8 ; German, 143 ; Greek, 77 ; History, 243 ; History ofArt, 12; Homiletics, 2; Latin, 46; Latin and Greek, 10;Law School, 123; Mathematics, 77; Morgan ParkAcademy, 34 ; Neurology, 8 ; New Testament, 18 ;Paleontology, 2 ; Pathology, 14 ; Philosophy, 87 ;Physics, 41 ; Physiological Chemistry, 29 ; Physiology,31 ; Political Economy, 33 ; Political Science, 31 ; Psy chology, 25; Public Speaking, 7; Romance, 123; Russian,67 ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 26 ; School ofEducation, 222 ; Semitics, 34 ; Sociology, 19 ; Sociology(Divinity), 9; Systematic Theology, 61; Zoology, 11.BY GIFTBooks added by gift, 746 volumes, distributed as follows: Anthropology, 2; Astronomy (Yerkes), 1; Biology,1 1 ; Botany, 2 ; Chemistry, 3 ; Church History, 1 ; Comparative Religion, 1 ; Divinity School, 2 ; English, 8 ; General Library, 552 ; General Literature, 2 ; Geography, 2 ;Geology, 82 ; German, 1 ; History, 6 ; Latin, 1 ; LawSchool, 1 ; Mathematics, 7 ; Pathology, 2 ; Philosophy,7; Physics, 2; Political Economy, 12; Political Science,1 ; Romance, 4 ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology,1; School of Education, 13; Semitics, 1; Sociology, 10;Sociology (Divinity), 6; Zoology, 2.BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications,429 volumes, distributed as follows : Astronomy(Yerkes), 8; Botany, 23; Church History, 13; Comparative Religion, 4 ; Divinity School, 2 ; General Library,326 ; Geology, 12 ; Homiletics, 2 ; New Testament, 8 ;Physics, 4 ; Political Economy, 3 ; Political Science, 5 ;School of Education, 6 ; Semitics, 3 ; Sociology, 6 ;Sociology (Divinity), 1 ; Systematic Theology, 3.SPECIAL GIFTSMr. E. D. Adams, 2 volumes — mechanics.Mr. E. H. Abbot, 1 volume — Harvard portraits, classof 1855.Carlotta Bozzolo ved Ceradini, 2 volumes— Opere delDr. Guilio Ceradini.Connecticut State Library, 46 volumes — documents.Mrs. Zella Allen Dixson, 30 volumes — miscellaneous.Mr. H. S. Fiske, 14 volumes of the Nation.State of Iowa, 84 volumes — documents.Kentucky State Insurance Department, 18 volumes.Michigan State Library, 14 volumes — documents.Missouri State Insurance Department, 13 volumes.New Jersey State Insurance Department, 17 volumes.New York State Insurance Department, 21 volumes.Ohio State Insurance Department, 12 volumes.University of Utrecht, 35 volumes — theses and otherpublications.United States government, 174 volumes — documents.Mr. S. W. Williston, 10 volumes — scientific works.