VOLUME X NUMBER 2University RecordOCTOBER, 1905VANISHING TRAILS1BY HAMLIN GARLANDEach year the numbers of those who know thetrail and its life steadily lessen, and it may bethat some of you are minded at the outset to ask :"What is a trail?"On its material side it is a path, capable onlyof receiving horses or men in single file. It isonly twelve or fourteen inches wide, and may bemerely a smoothing of the sod ; or it may be adeep scar in the solid rock, the record of centuries of travel, like the burro trails of Lagunaand Walpi. In the woods of Wisconsin it maybe a "carry" around a rapid; in Montana, anelk-run leading to a " lick " or water-hole.Insignificant as a thread, far-flung upon theearth, it may unite great watersheds, linkingvalley to valley. To come upon it in thetangled wood is an exceeding great joy. It is areassuring clue in the cedar swamp, a promiseof water in the sand, a thread of human purpose on the hill. It is the beginning of helpfulness among animals, the evidence of cooperation among men.To the man of macadam it seems aimless. Itwavers, appears to vacillate, uncertain of itsmind ; and yet it attacks most difficult places.For all its apparent irresolution, it is a bravelittle road, discreet and persistent, venturingwhere the wagon-road dare not follow. It maybe called the vedette of civilization.1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fifty-sixth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, September 1, 1905. We are accustomed to hear it said that ourforefathers found America a trackless waste;but this was true only in respect of wagon-roads and turnpikes. So far from being a"horrific desert," it was, indeed, a beautifuland bounteous land, a well-inhabited countryeven in winter, covered by a network of intersecting trails, over which the Penobscot and theDelaware lightly trod. These paths connectedrivers, lakes, and villages, and led to the mostpromising game fields. Fish filled the streams,and deer and partridges swarmed in thethickets. The dearth and danger lay mainly inthe pilgrims. They were unskilled in woodcraft and uninstructed of the trail. As theygained in courage and insight, they made useof the experience of their aboriginal neighbors.No one leader had laid out these primitivepaths ; on the contrary, they were the product ofthe combined skill of generations of men — redhunters, who camped many moons in the woods,feeling their way to new hunting-grounds. Thewhite settlers slew their guides, but followedtheir lead; and so in the end the wagon-trainand the locomotive were guided by the wisdomof the Miami and the Ute, whose bones hadlong since been knit into the fiber of the grasses.We sometimes say of a great building:" There is the monument, unlettered and grandiose, of the bricklayer, the carpenter, the hod-carrier." So of the trails which once coveredthis land, from Maine to Florida, we may say:5354 UNIVERSITY RECORDThey are the fading chronicles of a race — theyand a few burial mounds — impermanent as themark of a fallen tree. They seem like the pathsof foxes, so little do they mar the bosom oftheir earth mother.The pioneers of Kentucky and Ohio crossedthe Alleghanies along such ancient pathways,and found the new land, like the old, markedwith similar lines of tribal intercourse. Everyriver had its elusive, sinuous path. Even onthe plains, Carson and Fremont followed orcrossed well-defined arteries of trade ; and as inthe far Northwest, even today, each HudsonBay trading-post is a knot of these hesitatinghighways, along which the native hunters plod,bringing their burdens of furs. Almost everycreek of our own mountain West has its swiftlyvanishing trails, trod only by the migrating elk,or the berry-seeking bear — and all slowly yielding to the good green grass.To the lover of nature these trails of theprimitive hunter are incomparably more satisfying than the white man's modification ofthem, because they were constructed with suchwidely different design. The red pathfindersaved toil; minutes were not important; hecarried no clock. The railroad king, the man ofcommerce, has a contempt for labor that he cancommand ; time is the element of value to him.Therefore his iron ways deflect from those ofhis guides. Employing the compass, his engineers shorten curves, fill ravines, and slashacross the hills. His steel is laid athwart thebodies of murdered trees. His progress is acurse. His iron horses howl through gashedand desolated lands, spreading fire and ruin asthey go. The scars they leave never heal,The Cheyenne laid out his trail by means of astar on the shoulder of a mountain. Thereforeit loops its way across a valley, by most gentlecurves. It approaches a hill with caution, andfollows a lakeside with leisure. It goes out ofits way to skirt a wood, to observe a tarn. Thedead body of every tree is respected ; hardly is a shrub disturbed. Nature proceeds unobstruct-ively in her seedings and harvestings, so con*-siderate, so gentle, so accommodating is thistrail — so patient of hindrances, and so shy.Like a Chippewa lodge, is an adjustment to thewilderness never a ravage. Silent as a serpent,it slips from thicket to thicket. It does not rive,nor uproot, nor crush. It is a purple ribbon inthe valley, a silken strand on the hillside. It isdappled with brown and gold beneath the pines.In the meadow grass it disappears !The blood of the trailer leaps under the spurof keenly remembered joys, as he turns from thedusty, rectilinear turnpike into the hills. Youare done with the dust of the crowd, the noiseof traffic, the hustle of the highway, when you" hit the trail." All that nature has hidden fromthe engine and the cart she displays to him whorides the mountain path. Flowers are at yourfeet; fruits caress your hand; all her shyest,most delicate plants, scents, and blooms areoffered at every curve. Mountains shift andchange, alluring to ever-widening horizon line,beckoning to ever more entrancing vista.It is a curious and pleasurable fact that in theRocky Mountains, nature grows more beautifulas you climb. Starting at six thousand feet inthp sage-brush a,nd the cactus, among hot, dryrocks, the trails hasten to green and grassyslopes, where a hundred glorious flowers bloom.All the thorny, spiny, bitter plants are left below, and the columbine, the aster, the painter'sbrush, and scores of other plants equally beautiful, spread their petals to the gentle wind. Ateight thousand feet every canon grows musicalwith water. Blue-bells, the shooting-star, orthe most delicate ferns may bloom along thevery edge in safety. The passing feet of yourponies hardly stir the leaves.To one who is a son of Illinois or Iowa a tripinto the White River Plateau is like a return tothe past. The storied savannahs of Ohio andKentucky and Minnesota are lost, cut and buriedby the plow ; but high in this glorious park inUNIVERSITY RECORD 55Colorado, ten thousand feet above the level ofthe sea, you may meet them again; the trailwill lead you to them."All day and many days I rode,My pony's head set toward the sea.And as I rode, a longing came to meThat I might keep the sunset way,Riding my horse right on and on,O'ertake the day still lagging at the west,And so reach boyhood from the dawn,And be with all the days at rest."It was mid- August in the calendar, but hereit was June — superb, dewy, fragrant, flashingJune ; such a magician is the trail. It is able topush spring into autumn, and set the violet andthe goldenrod together !To our pilgrim fathers the wilderness waspossessed of the devil, and the red people werehis imps. God held but feeble dominion in theforest. We of today consider the wood a refugeand the mountain a throne of glory. We admitthat the Sioux is as human as ourselves. Eventhe wolf and the bear have their defenders, whosay that no wild animal is really malevolent;only hungry, or at bay, or fighting to save himself from extinction. This change of sentimentis esteemed a growth in grace.I find a subtle joy in tracing out these ancientchannels of woodland travel. I love to put myself in the foot-prints of the archetypal man.It is good discipline to reason back to his pointof view, to come at the wisdom which directedhim in his wanderings. In the wild our knowledge of man and his urban concerns no longeravails us. Our native perception is put to thefull test. We are beleaguered of the forest, asare the fawns and the pheasants. Darkness is amenace ; and when we camp at night, we creepto covert, like the cony, with a sense of exposureto the elements which exalts or appalls, according to our nature.It is marvelous what instincts are played uponby the wind in the trees at midnight, as you liedown in your blanket far in the wild lands. Youdisclose your kinship to the fox and the lynx.Your senses sharpen. Your caution expands into fear. In every rustling leaf you hear thestir of the snake, the step of the wolf. In thepassing breeze is the sinuous approach of anenemy. On every side you fancy the lisp ofstealthy circling feet. At such moments firecomes to have a mystic, friendly face.Do you know the splendors of the camp-fire?Have you seen it bloom in the cold, gray dampof an autumn night like a mighty rose? Haveyou heard the chirp and whisper — the mysterious singing of the flaming pine branches?If you have, you know its splendid solace. Youare able to divine the protection which that ancient good spirit Red Flame flung between thehouseless, hairy man of the Stone Age and theevil elements swarming upon him.It is a child of the sun, reproducing in themidnight forest the burning heat of the noonday.It is at once a shield and a sword. It dispersesmimic stars to the bleak, oppressive skies. Itbeats back the darkness, laughing like Loki,defying the dragons, holding the were-wolves atbay.You make your camp late, we will suppose.The sun is long set. All is cold and desolate.Rain is falling. Snow is in the air. Chilled andbent, you grope deep among the coverts of fir,gathering a few dry cones, breaking minute tipsof branches. These you heap in a little mound,kneeling as in the act of conjuring some hiddenspirit, some good genius of the wood.Then of a sudden out of the blackness licks alittle red flame. It is the tongue-tip of the goodbeast Fire gnawing his way to freedom. Alight arises. The shadows flee. The wind begins to snarl again, in desperate fury ; but thebrave blaze answers with a crescendo roar ofjubilant might. The frost retreats like a circlingpack of white wolves.The flame leaps higher ! The icy branches ofthe trees above you suddenly appear lined inhigh relief against a blue-black sky, and lo, youfind yourself glad and grateful, in a palace ofscarlet and orange and green, a house of refuge,56 UNIVERSITY RECORDfragile as a bubble, but so magical that no wildbeast dares to set a foot therein. Leagued withleaping flame you are invincible.Fire draws a shining line between ourselvesand the beast. It proclaims man's mastery ofthe elements, his kingship. Circling the centuries, you approach the burning tree from theemberless awe of the cave-man's desolate night.The discovery of the Rocky Mountains developed a new and more adventurous trailerthan the plains or the forest. Hunters like JimBridger, pathfinders like Kit Carson and Fremont, explorers of the quality of Pike and Lewisand Clark, all came at the call of this mighty andimplacable land.It would have been a rich and grateful experience to have stood with Daniel Boone when,poised on some westward-sloping rock hewatched for the first time the sun as it set overthe Ohio Valley. An experience equally splendid was his who first parted the trees on thesand-dunes in the land of the Michigans, andlooked out upon our vast, shining, inland sea,reaching to the red skies of evening. It wouldhave been worth a lifetime of labor to haveshared the tranquil rapture in the bosom of thepriest who first floated through Lake Pepin anddown the Mississippi River to La Crosse ; but Isometimes think I would rather have been oneof the exultant, intrepid men who with Lieutenant Pike first detected across the barren russet plain the looming purple-and-silver summitsof the Rampart Range — because with the uprisen majesty of the Rocky Mountains the continent was rounded, made complete.With that discovery the symmetry of thecomplemental America was disclosed. Smallwonder that the imagination of the plainsmantook wing! These heights became at once hisallurement, if not his uplifting. Behind thosedistant ranges, what new worlds spread, whatstranger peoples dwelt, what hidden treasureslay? The canons opening to the west were gates to glory ; and when the sun went down ina smother of purple and crimson and flamecolor, the heart of the humblest explorer thrilledto wonder of a land in whose high thunders Godhimself might hold his throne.To this day these mountains are a dream ofmajesty to the plainsman. They complete hismental equipment. Who can estimate the effectof these mountains upon American life andthought? Without a knowledge of them theeducation of any man is incomplete.Especially has the mountain trail been adeveloper of resource, of patience, of hardihood,of adaptability. In these grim fastnesses thetrailer was made to feel the full power of nature.She had no anger, but also she showed no pity.She set mud, rocks, torrents, and mist to checkand chill him. Over him the gray sky was roof ;under him there seemed no footing. Never foran instant was he free from the pressure of herhand. The clouds assaulted like birds of prey;sullen streams lay in wait like dragons ; and yethe found a pleasure even in this warfare —pleasure and a profound instruction.No man can know the essential majesty of thewild till he has lain down beside his fire, in aland of pines and peaks and roaring, ice-coldwater, alone and uncertain of his way. Swiftas the turning of a hand, the primeval reassertsits dominion over you, and you shudder withawe and thrill with a certain fearsome joy.Shall a man be of less resource than the cony?Shall the cry of the brave brown robin put himto shame?Out of his desert experiences the scholar ofthe right metal comes with fresh courage to facehis work in the world.Do you fear the force of the wind,The slash of the rain?Go face them and fight them,Be savage again.Go hungry and cold like the wolf,Go wade like the crane.The palms of your hands will thicken,The skin of your forehead tan —You'll be ragged and swarthy and weary,But you'll walk like a man !UNIVERSITY RECORD 57I am to be taken neither as an advocate ofcrude power nor as an apologist for rough andreckless men. What I do mean to say is this :As sons or grandsons of the wilderness hunters,we have been endowed with certain qualities notto be obtained from cities nor from books.The genius of America is something not precisely European ; neither higher, nor lower, butdifferent; and this genius thus far owes much,and I believe must continue to owe much, to theplains and the mountains, and to the types ofmen educated thereon.With his rifle under thigh, a tin cup and aslicker raincoat behind his saddle, the RockyMountain hunter moves out into the trail leading his pack-horse, prepared to camp anywhereand at any time. All he requires is grass andwater for his "stock," a little wood for hiscamp-fire, and he is at home. Rain, darkness,wild animals, noxious insects — nothing dismays him. He is master of the situation. Givehim ten minutes' warning, and he will haveshelter, and steam rising from his coffee-potWintry weather will not delay his march, if hishorses can get at the grass beneath the snow." Careless of wind and wolf, serene and sane,He faces snows with calm disdain,Or makes his bed down in the rain."The voice of the puma is to him diversion, andthe snarl of the grizzly a challenge to laughter.We are getting so thin-skinned, so dependenton radiators, umbrellas, and goloshes, that sucha man starting undauntedly on a journey whosecircuit is six thousand miles seems like a beingfrom another world — which he is ! To followsuch a trailer, even in imagination, is to take onnew virtue, to gain a bolder conception of life.Yes, the trail brings back the ancient fortitude. It teaches a white man to endure hungerand cold and thirst, as did the Algonquin. TheCheyenne youth does not complain of hardship.Whatsoever nature is, that he accepts ; and sothe good trailer comes to the same fatalism. Weather is as the Great Spirit sends it. Man'sduty is to adapt himself to its changes, its rigors.To enter this world of the trail restores the sanebalance of life, fusing the hemispheres of humanexperience into- a whole. And with the passingof the trail and the cayuse, the craft of the hunter, the skill of the cowboy, the dignity of theSioux, the hawklike celerity of the Comanche,will pass and leave us poorer than before.To be a good trailer is not a sufficient ideal, itis true, but the scholar who knows and doesnot fear the wilderness is so much more theman; of this I am convinced. To mount thetrail that braids itself upon the bosom of SierraBlanca is to rise above the mist, to shake offintellectual miasma.As Americans, I repeat, we draw our bestqualities from the stress which the wildernesshas laid upon us. From the very first a selection has been going on, developing courage,resolution, originality, and hope. Our pathfinders, our engineers, have been mighty conjurors, seldom disheartened and never appalledby any task. Boundless freedom, boundless opportunity, and daily discovery have lain beforeus from the first. Therefore have we been anation of explorers, in spirit as in fact.Who shall estimate the value of the wilderness in the training of Washington, of Lincoln,and of Grant ? Simplicity and directness of purpose, tenacity and resource, they drew fromtheir border experiences. For more than twohundred years we have been schooled by theAlgonquin and the Sioux. Let us acknowledgethis. We killed them, we swept them before us ;but they taught us as they died. For two centuries or more the open lands to the west havebeen trying the souls of our most adventuroussons and daughters. Our leaders today arepathfinders and trail-makers. None so bold aswe in building bridges, in digging tunnels, inconstructing towers ; only in art and literatureare we timid and boyish, keeping to the beaten58 UNIVERSITY RECORDthoroughfares, imitative and apologetic. By andby the spirit of the trail-maker will enter thehearts of our artists, our sculptors, and ournovelists, and they, too, will be bold and free, tomatch with the physical reach and splendor oftheir fellow-inventors, poets in steel and stoneand bronze.The trail has a code of signs, as well as abook of laws. A twig designedly broken is likea finger pointing toward a gate. A "blaze"corresponds to the beckoning hand. A newblaze renders an old one of no value. A saplingcut and bent across a path locks it and warn-ingly says: "Go no farther this way." Astick set upright in the mud means " no bottomhere."By use of these, and many other records ofthe same sort, the trailer profits by the experiences of those who have gone before him, andaids those who are to follow. There is alwaysnews on the trail for those who have eyes toperceive it ; and it is the duty of him who ridesahead to enlighten those who are to follow. TheKlikitat by means of signs almost invisible cancheer, direct, and definitely warn his tribesman.These signs on the trail are respected ; no onethinks of removing them, except for cause. Sothose who have preceded us in the conquest ofthe West left their signs. We read their signs.We should preserve their warnings, and transmit the best of their experience to those whofollow us. This is the law of the trail.The trail is itself a sign — the sign of thingsvanishing. It is lost out of the lowlands ofOhio and Kentucky. The plows of Minnesotaand Dakota have buried it deep. Its tracery isfading from the valleys of Montana andColorado. Only in the high ranges, where thepeaks jostle the stars, will you find it in itsbeauty, the sign of the unsubdued. It beginswhere the thoroughfare leaves off, and endswhere the unscared ptarmigan broods beneaththe wind-warped pines. As it is fading from the earth, so the lifewhich it subtended is vanishing. The hardiest,the most significant, the most characteristicphases of our life are associated with the forest,the prairie, and the plain. The lonely pioneer,the rifleman, the trailer, the cowboy — these arethe types which Europe recognized as new tohistory. The Boones and Crocketts, the Clarksand Pikes, have undoubtedly expressed a largepart of the boldness and recklessness, as well asthe profound love of freedom and of nature,which distinguished our sires from the citizensof the Old World.And now they are walking a narrowing trail,the grass-grown trail, following the bison andthe bear. The red man — the original trail-maker— is dying. The Sioux, the Apache,clipped and caged, sit like captive eagles intheir huts, watching their young grown dull-eyed, heavy-footed, and spiritless, with no moreknowledge of the trail than the white farmerwalking forever behind his plow. In despair ofthis life and in doubt of the future, they waittheir tragic, inevitable end.The Comanche rides no more the splendidreaches of the Red River Valley. The sentinelsof the Pawnees are seen no more on the grassybuttes of the Platte. The mountain Utes, cor-raled on the Alkali Desert, dream in vain of thesweet waters of the high Colorado. The oldmen of the Lakotas are bent and dim-eyed withlooking for their graves. With the extinction ofthese minds the legends, the virtues, the wisdom,of the old-time Indian will pass. They die as theleaves of autumn die, falling to mix as indis-tinguishably with their ancestral earth.A whole world, an epic world, is vanishing,fading, while we dream. The land of the logcabin, the country of the cayuse, the province ofthe trapper, the kingdom of the cow-man, arepassing never to return. All this hardy andmost distinctive life will soon be but a dimmemory, enduring only faintly in romance, itstone and quality but feebly reflected in our verse.UNIVERSITY RECORD 59I cannot but feel that something brave andbuoyant, something altogether epic, is passingwith the men of this, my father's generation, thelast of the pioneers.The unplowed West of half a century ago wasbeautiful beyond any man's singing of it. Itssavannahs, its forests, its meadows, and itsmountains were possessed of immemorial charm.Its rivers ran through valleys as lovely as anyon earth. The very intrusion of the ax and theplow seemed a violence.Nevertheless, the epoch of the rail fence andthe log cabin which followed also had its charm.It was only less simple and hardy, and adjusteditself to nature in some degree, as did the life ofthe Indian. But the "civilization" which followed this fringe of pioneers was in effect awave of barbarism — the Anglo-Saxon barbarism. A flood of ruthless men without idealsand without restraint, swept over the land likea devouring army. They turned the brightrivers into sewers, the lakes into cesspools.They filled their barbed-wire lanes with tramps,and littered the roadside with tin cans andwhisky bottles. Before them nothing beautifulcould endure. Their houses were temporaryshacks, and their towns as flimsy as cardboard.The whole nation was involved in this samemakeshift civilization, this mad rush for theimmediate advantage. And in this spirit thefair face of the West was ravaged as by vultures.The true lover of the trail does not dynamitethe trout nor wantonly burn trees. His loveis for a land unviolated. To preserve the game,to perpetuate the forest, to guard the streams,is his chivalry. Nature unspoiled is not merelyhis desire ; it is his devotion. He realizes, as noother can, that the beauty of the virgin Americais fading, never to bloom again, and that theleast he can do is to husband what remains, andto make his necessary furrow as little like awound as possible. However, this tin-can, zinc-battlement civilization, this inexpressibly hideous barbarism, isabout to ebb. Here and there a merchant beginsto perceive that the beauty of the earth is salable.It is most heartening to see greed now safeguarding the glens and protecting the pines.The business man has discovered the moneyvalue of the canon and the waterfall. Others ofus are beginning to rebel against a progresswhich crushes headlong over the flowers of life,and we are beginning to inquire whether, in ourhaste to tear down and smooth out, we are notpreparing a sadly monotonous world for ourchildren. Some of us have come to see that thebeauty of the earth is of more value than sawmills, and that railways and tunnels are onlynecessary evils.Immersed in tumult, surrounded by riot,deafened by the clamor of commerce, our soulsare not at peace. We all have our moments of.revolt, when the simpler life of the vanishedpast beckons appealingly; when the rude andsimple daily walk of our grandsires seems betterworth while than all our furious striving. Insuch moments the forest calls and the peakallures.The trail leads away to shadow-dappledbrooks. It offers the cabin and sweet sleep. Itrecalls the heroism, the simplicity, and the sanityof the pioneer. It enables us to overtake thethings vanishing, to listen to the creak of thelatchstring, to bend to the rude fireplace, and toblow again upon the embers, gray with ashes,till a flame springs up and shadows of mournful beauty emerge and dance upon the wall.There is this comfort, this revenge! as thetrails vanish, and the trailers fold their tentsand steal away, their forms loom ever larger inour song. We shall grow ever more grateful forthe wealth of shadow, the fund of poetry, thesplendor of romance, which the trailers, both redand white, have bequeathed to us. Withoutthem our maps would be barren of suggestion,their nomenclature bald and prosaic. We thrust60 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe red hunter from his lands, but he gave us anepic. We harried him from sea to sea, but heleft us a thousand beautiful names of hill andpeak and stream. He is moldering in the earth,but Wauchusett, and Monadnock, Ouray andTacoma, endure.As we look back along the trail, already dimin the gloaming of the past, we see the camp-fires sparkle; we hear the call, "Hello, thehouse ! " and catch the hearty answer, " Comein, stranger ! " We sit in the council circle andhear again the throb of the painted drum. Wesee long lines of warrior scouts winding downthe mountain path. We watch them as theyrush like a cloud across the plain. We see thewhite-topped prairie schooners slowly toilingthrough the river beds.. And we thrill to thepower and significance of these scenes, of thelife that is almost gone. Dark and bloody asthey sometimes were — and the ferocity was byno means all on the side of the red trailer —these were days of hardihood, of action, of self-sacrifice. I am glad that I was born earlyenough to catch the dying echoes of these songs,to bask in the light of these fires.I do not deny a charm in the formal garden,in the lane, even in the clipped hedge-row ; butthe rarer, subtler beauty of the wild enthrallsme, partly because of its association, but morebecause of its evanescence.It is true that the bisons of the plains havebeen replaced by millions of cows and trillionsof hens; but something has been lost in thechange nevertheless. To fill the valleys withfarmers, who patiently raise hogs and wheat tobuy more land to raise more hogs, is accountedgood; but the sprangle of tepee poles againstthe sky, the files of hunters descending the cliffs,the wail of the red lover's flute, the sheen ofcamp-fires have a poetry of suggestion whichprosperous agriculture must forever lack.The turnpike is climbing Marshall Pass, andminers are sapping the walls of Shasta; butthese deeds do not carry with them the sense of beauty; they are destroyers only. Thereis discipline and a kind of heroism in laying agas main — and I honor the man who does itwell ; but my heart goes out to the trailer, whomasters the mountains, who faces their stormswith steady eye, and who seeks their glories witha reverent heart.I believe in civilization, a true civilization;but not in our tin-can, barbed-wire civilization,which is indeed only a temporary stage ofprogress. The crude, fierce, destructive epochof the mine, the railway, the saw-mill, will soonbe over. It came like a blight; it will passswiftly, and those who love beauty and sanityand good-will among men will hasten to bind upNature's wounds. Of this I am very certain.Between the trailer and this gentle man of thefuture there will be a vital chord of sympathy —a bond woven of reverence for Nature and adesire to preserve her sanctuaries. The tepee,the log cabin, many of the signs and symbolsof the trail, can be carried forward to thefuture, bearing with them a reminder of thebest of that which is now vanishing in thesunset glow. They can be made to enrich theprose of the present with the poetry of the past,as the Pequot and the Seminole enriched andsoftened the nomenclature of New England andthe South.Our life is so crass, so material, so shallow, sosmit with the sun, so lacking in suggestion, thatwe cannot afford to let any poetry pass from it.It should be our duty and our delight to restoreso much as we can of the ancient charm ; to preserve and hand down to those who are to followus so much as we may of what remains unspoiled; to safeguard the beauty and theromance of the elder, simpler life, and to civilizein a new and reverent way the land we mustpossess.Send your sons to nature ; but teach them tolove, not to destroy. It is good to lose oneselfin the lone wood, to contemplate the unmovingmountains and to be one with the ever-singingstreams. It is good to take account of man andUNIVERSITY RECORD 61his affairs, from the standpoint of the eagle. Ofwhat avail is that civilization which does notlead to a sane balance of mind and body ? Booksin the study come to be overvalued ; on the trailthey take their proper place. In the hunter'scabin the pursuit of wealth becomes as the roarof the wind in the high tops of the pines. Afterall, life, to be peaceful and satisfying at the end,is neither a conquest of men nor of books ; it israther a matter of contemplation and service.Yes, the trail with all it subtends is fadingfrom the earth ; and the white trailers, like thered, are dying. They will soon be with theMohican and the Miami. Major Powell andSterling Morton have crossed the dark inexorable river, to camp with Clark and Fremont,to smoke the pipe of peace with Osceola andSitting Bull. Soon all those whom they typewill rejoin them to tell of the brave days gone.Each year the flood of humdrum settlementrises a little higher in the Colorado valleys.Each spring growing herds of cattle crowd outthe elk. Year by year the brazen clamors of thesaw-mills thicken. Each summer a new irrigation ditch depletes a stream. In the canons ofthe Crestones the thunder of the miner's bombis heard.The mountain sheep, wariest of all the kindred of the hills, are surrounded ; they cannotescape. The moose, victim of the ever-increasing army of those who kill for sport, are seenno more in the high parks. The madness to kill,to destroy, is abroad, armed and pitiless, and awave of plows, resistless as a glacier, grinds atthe base of Shavano. Soon the mountains likethe plain will be silent, barren of life, withnot even a soaring eagle to cast a shadow ontheir naked cliffs, unless the strong arm of thefederal government can avail to protect themfrom the vandal. The fact that Grover Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt, hunters and fishersthough they are, have done more to preservethe forest lands of the West than all our otherpresidents taken together, is a banner of hope.They are both lovers of the trail. They arealso lovers of the wild lands. By their actssome little part of our splendid heritage ofcanon and peak and wood is now secured for future generations, so that, when all the interiorvalley of the Mississippi is clipped and dusty,with no camping-place left in all its mightyspread, breathing-space will still exist on theranges of Colorado, California, Wyoming, andMontana.Have you seen sunsets so beautiful that yourheart ached to see them die? So my heartaches to see the forests destroyed, the flowerymeadows burned black by the plow, the mountain streams despoiled, while the wild sheep areharried from peak to peak, and the red hunterdies in squalor. In my veins runs the blood ofthe pioneer, the hunter, the trailer. I cry outagainst every act of wanton desecration of thewild. I plead for an extension of our forestreserves, for the preservation of every possiblebeauty. I deny the right of a careless, insensatefew to mar and lay waste this glorious land, onwhich future generations have a most authenticclaim. As I ride the trails of the West, Iam a reactionary. I would restore every hillstream to its former beauty, if I could. Iwould carry forward every sign and symbol ofthe past, in order that the children of the futuremight not be deprived of any part of theirnation's splendid story.O the good days on the trail!I cannot lose you. I will not.Here in the amber of my songI gather you, sweep you together,The harvest of a continent, the fruitOf a thousand days of travel.Here where neither time nor changeCan do you wrong, I hold you —So, when I am white and heavy-limbed,Like the chained eagle,I can sit and dream and dreamOf splendid spaces, and the gleamOf waters, and the smellOf prairie flowers.So I can live againAbove the clouds,And on the reeling horse confront the mountain windRoaring from dark and wooded canons.So when I have quite forgotThe heritage of books,I still may singThe splendor and the majestyOf thee, my native western land!62 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENT ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY1Members of the University, Students, andFriends:*I am sure that all who have listened to theaddress this afternoon, as well as those whoshall have the privilege of reading it, will unitein a most sincere expression of thanks to Mr.Garland for the fresh and strong presentationwhich he has made of a most interesting theme.We cannot forget that we are all still pioneersin one or another line of activity of life. It iswell worth our while to consider the significanceof the position which we occupy and its relationship to the things that are coming. Early lifein any sphere has features which we do well tokeep in mind and cherish. The passing froman early stage to a more mature one is astruggle which every nation, every institution,every man must make ; and while the strugglebrings with it gain, there is also loss. We arevery glad to be reminded of all this, and reminded of it in a way so beautiful and so strong.From this time forward we shall have a feelingof more intimate association with Mr. Garlandand his work, because of the message he hasbrought to us this afternoon ; and for this message we give him our thanks.THE UNIVERSITY BUDGETThe actual receipts and expenditures from thegeneral budget, which does not include the budget of the Law School or the School of Education, for the year closing June 30, 1905, wereas follows:SectionI. General Administration ,II. Faculties of Arts, Literature,Science III. The Divinity School IV. Morgan Park Academy V. University Extension VI. Libraries, Laboratories, and flurns VII. Printing and Publishing VIII. Physical Culture IX. Affiliated Work X. Buildings and Grounds XI. General Funds Total. EstimateOctober, 1904$ 1 1,000.00505,748.0069,281.0022,798.0049,500.0021,540.0014,400.002,300.0065,860.00224,250.00 Actual$ 10,685.00501,167.2866,851.2421,121.6153,208.6321,675.8710,679.182,011.8563,278.83253.070.84 EXPENDITURES$986,677.00 $1,003,750.33 Section EstimateOctober, 1904 ActualI, General Administration* $115,819.00506,968.0069,741.0039.735.oo56,594.0082,734.0030,050.0011,205.005,820.0090,027.001,749.00 $ 119,823.58II. Faculties of Arts, Literature, and506,242.50III. The Divinity School 66,840.11IV. Morgan Park Academy 38,061.20V. University Extension 59.S5i.93VI. Libraries, Laboratories, Museums..VII. Printing and Publishing 77,509.6131,162.06VIII. Physical Culture 11,107.25IX. Affiliated Work... 5,484.2687,943.97XI General Funds Total $1,0x0,442.00 $1,003,726.47$17,073.336,7x5.53$23,788.86Actual receipts ... - $1,003 ,750.33Estimated receipts 986,677.00Increase over estimate Estimated expenses $1,010,442.00Actual expenses 1,003,726.47Decrease from estimate Increase of net receipts over estimate .The estimates of October, 1904, showed apossible deficit of $ 23,765.00The final result gave a surplus of ... . 23.86Making increase as shown above of . $ 23,788.86SCHOOL OF EDUCATIONEstimated receipts $147,190.00Actual receipts . 139,682.47Estimated Expenditures 146,976.75Actual Expenditures 139,682.47Two or three points in connection with thebudget of the University deserve consideration :1. The following is a table of receipts andexpenditures in the general budget for eightyears:UNIVERSITY BUDGET RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES -EIGHT YEARS' TOTALS1 Presented on the occasion of the Fifty -sixth Convocation of theUniversity, held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, September 1, 1905. Fiscal Year Receipts Expenditures Surplus Deficit1897-8 1898-9 1899-0 1900-1 1901-2 1902-3 1903-4 1904-5 $ 706,973.63723,083.01740,954.93775.654.98977,828.33982,609.94939.o73.721,003,750.33 $ 678,399.75719,923.52747,186.62790.583.68944.348.261,020,224.921*032,533.39t, 003,726. 47 $28,573.883,159-49$ 6,231.6914,928.7033,480.07 37,614.9893,459.6723.86Total $6,849,928.87 $6,936,926.61 $65,237.30 $152,235.04$ 86,997.74 $86,997.74UNIVERSITY RECORD 632. The original estimate of expenses for theyear closing June 30, 1905, was $1,073,988.00,being $63,546.00 more than the estimate ofNovember, and $70,261.53 more than the actualexpenditures, In other words, a saving waseffected during the year over appropriations thathad already been passed by the Board of Trustees to the amount of $70,261.53.3. It is clearly understood by the Trusteesand by the several Faculties that the expenditures of the University must be kept within theestimated income. In estimating the income,mbreover, it is necessary to approve figureswhich are thoroughly conservative. It is easierat present than in the earlier years of the University to calculate with accuracy both receiptsand expenditures. At the same time, the tablepresented above indicates that, upon the whole, afair degree of accuracy has been secured througha series of years.RETIREMENT OF TRUSTEE MACLAYFor five years Mr. Isaac W. Maclay, ofYonkers, N. Y., has been a member of theBoard of Trustees of the University. Thoughliving so far away, Mr. Maclay has been presentat several meetings of the Board during eachyear of his membership, and has always manifested a deep interest in the progress of theinstitution. Few men would have taken suchlong journeys so frequently to be present atmeetings of a Board of Trustees. These meetings, however, are so many that Mr. Maclaycould attend comparatively few of them, and hecame to feel that the interests of the institutiondemanded the presence of a resident trustee. Atthe last annual meeting, therefore, he declined are-election. His services were highly appreciated by his fellow-members, and they consented reluctantly to release him. His courtesy,his genial manner, and his profound interestin the work of the University will be longremembered. PROFESSORS FROM OTHER UNIVERSITIESIn the work of instruction during the summerthe University has been greatly aided by thepresence of members of the faculties of otheruniversities who have given a number ofcourses. These instructors, with the subjectswhich they have taught, are:William James, Professor of Philosophy, HarvardUniversity: The Characteristics of an IndividualisticPhilosophy.John Adams, Professor of Education, the Universityof London: Methodology and the Art of Illustration inTeaching; The Psychological Bases of Education.Alexander V. G. Allen, Professor of EcclesiasticalHistory, the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge,Mass.: The Ancient Church; The Age of Reformation.Emlin McClain, Judge of the Supreme Court of Iowa,late Professor of Law and Chancellor of the College ofLaw, the University of Iowa: Federal ConstitutionalLaw.Nathan Abbott, Professor of Law and Dean of theLaw Department, Leland Stanford Junior University:Persons; Future Interests.Felix E. Schelling, Professor of English Literature,the University of Pennsylvania: The History of Elizabethan Literature; The History of the ElizabethanDrama.Horace LaFayette Wilgus, Professor of Law, the University of Michigan: Private Corporations.Edward Alsworth Ross, Professor of Sociology, theUniversity of Nebraska: Social Psychology ; the SocialProcesses.James Brown Scott, Professor of Law, Columbia University: Criminal Law.Edgar Nelson Transeau, Professor of Biology, AlmaCollege, Michigan : Elementary Ecology.James H. Van Sickle, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Baltimore, Md. : Problems of Supervision andAdministration in Public Schools; Problems of Curriculum and Method in Primary and Grammar Grades.Daniel P. MacMillan, Director of the Department ofChild-Study and Pedagogic Investigation in the ChicagoPublic Schools: Child-Study ; Genetic Psychology.Lucien Foulet, Associate Professor of French Literature, Bryn Mawr College: Theatre de Moliere ; Leroman romanique.Theodore Chalon Burgess, Assistant Professor ofGreek and Latin, Bradley Polytechnic Institute: Plato," Gorgias ; iy Euripides, " Medea."64 UNIVERSITY RECORDWarner Fite, Instructor in Philosophy, the Universityof Texas : Psychology; Outline of Experimental Psychology.For the generous service which has been rendered by our visitors during the summer theUniversity is grateful. Testimony to the profitwhich our students have derived has been frequently heard. If the impressions of Chicagowhich our guests carry away are one-half aspleasant as those which we retain, we shallhave cause for satisfaction.So fruitful of results has the experiment ininstruction by members of other universitiesthus far proved that I venture a hope that itmay be extended. It has two important advantages. First, it is a stimulus to both instructorsand students. To the instructor the contactwith new personalities and a new environmentbrings a freshening of the faculties which formerly was sought through complete cessation oflabor in the vacation period. If mental energyand power can be restored without the loss ofthree months of working time, there is a cleargain in accomplishment. To the students theadvantage from the presence of instructors fromother universities during the period of the yearis even clearer. No matter how able the facultyof a university may be, it cannot gather toitself all the specialists in all departments.There are certain to be leaders with whom, during the year, its students cannot come in contactexcept at the cost of changing their college. If,during the summer, they can study on their owncampus under outside specialists, they gain theadvantages of varied instruction, without theunsettling elements of a break in environment.Probably this is the most important consequence of the plan which the University ofChicago is following. It permits the broadening of curricula and of the character of instruction, but does not in any way encroach uponthe continuity of student life or the teachingforce of other universities.There is a secondary consequence, somewhat intangible, but nevertheless important, and thatis the impetus to friendship between universities which comes from the interchange of instructors. The cure for prejudices and antagonisms is better understanding, and one of thesurest means toward this better understandingis familiarity on the part of the officers of eachuniversity with the aims of others. When mencome to know and appreciate the problems withwhich their fellows in scholarship are coping,narrowness of view and lack of sympathy arealmost inconceivable. I am glad, therefore, toannounce not only that members of other uni-versites have given instruction on this campusduring the summer, but that a number of themembers of our own Faculties have had anopportunity to broaden their outlook by teaching elsewhere. We are only at the beginningof the possibilities in the direction which I haveindicated, but we have seen enough to be surethat we are pointing in the right direction.THE FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARYThe fifteenth anniversary of the work of theUniversity will occur July I of next year. Thequinquennial and the decennial celebrations willlong be remembered for the direct and indirectadvantages which followed from them. The University Congregation, upon the recommendationof its Alumni Committee, has proposed that inthe celebration of the fifteenth anniversaryspecial emphasis be laid upon the relations of theUniyersity to its alumni and of the alumni tothe University. No suggestion could have beenmore appropriate. The time has come for theUniversity to gather its great body of fourthousand alumni closer to itself. It will soon beold enough to be in fact as well as in name amother to them. The growth in these past yearsin the numbers of the alumni has been so large,and the interests of the University have been sodiversified, that too slight attention by far hasbeen given to this important interest. Whenwe stop to think of it, the alumni, the men andUNIVERSITY RECORD 65women who have received the training of theUniversity, are those in whom and throughwhom the University exists and continues toexert its influence. Any effort which will bringthese children of the mother closer together,and at the same time closer to the mother herself, will be of inestimable value both to themother and children. I hope, therefore, thatthe Trustees will make it possible to carry outsuch plans for celebrating this fifteenth anniversary as will be worthy of the University, and atthe same time achieve this particular purpose.I think I may promise that, Providence permitting, the founder of the University, Mr.Rockefeller, and his good wife will, as onformer similar occasions, be present at the celebration, if it is undertaken.TWO GREAT EDUCATIONAL EVENTSIt is impossible for those of us who are livingtoday to comprehend the magnitude or the fullsignificance of the two great gifts which havebeen made to the cause of higher educationwithin the last four months by Mr. Carnegieand Mr. Rockefeller. These two gifts of tenmillions each, placed in the hands of trusteeswho are pledged to administer them with thepurpose in view of bringing something likesystem into the field of education — a field today largely chaotic — will accomplish more forthe advancement of the higher interests thanmen have yet dreamed. I am confident thatthese large gifts will go far to stimulate othersin giving, and that because of these gifts thetime will come when men who devote themselves to professorial work will occupy a position, not only more dignified, but more influential, among their fellows.In the case of Mr. Carnegie's gift, I wish toexpress the hope and the assurance that ultimately the definition of the sectarian institutionindicated in the original document will bemodified. The colleges and institutions connected with denominational work which have had their origin in contributions from personsmore or less closely associated with certainChristian denominations are not necessarily sectarian. It is only when such institutions arecontrolled closely by an ecclesiastical body thatthey may be said to be sectarian. I hope, moreover, that it will be found desirable and feasible,at a later time, to include the state universitiesin the list of institutions which are thus to bebenefited.While it is understood that Mr. Rockefeller'sgift to the General Education Board is intendedchiefly to meet the needs of the small collegesnorth and south, the large universities will beindirectly greatly benefited, because in proportion as the small college grows stronger, in thatsame proportion universities will increase theirstrength. No one could have foretold a yearago these two great gifts to the cause of education. One wonders what the educational yearupon which we are soon to enter will bring inthe way of new contributions to this most important cause ; and we may well stand amazed,not only at the magnitude of gifts such as these,but also because of the great wisdom whichhas prompted them.THE ORIENTAL EXPLORATION FUNDThe Oriental Exploration Fund (BabylonianSection) received on November I, 1903, a firman for two years from the Sultan of Turkey.Excavations were conducted by Dr. Edgar J.Banks, the Field Director, at Bismya in southern Babylonia from December 25, 1903, untilJune 1, 1904. The site, Bismya, was found tobe the ancient Adab of the Hammurabi Code,instead of Nisin (Isin) as reported by theGerman expedition under Koldewey.Dr. Banks gave up his work February 1,1905. Excavations and surveys have been carried on since that date by the engineer, Mr.Victor Parsons, and he reports many finds,which have been turned over to the Turkishcommissioner.66 UNIVERSITY RECORDSince ( I ) the firman would expire Novemberi, and excavations could not be resumed untilOctober i, giving time only for the removal ofthe sand in the trenches; and (2) since thefirman could not be extended or renewed onaccount of the new laws which are beingframed concerning excavations in Turkey (itis understood that all firmans have been withdrawn from the French, Germans, English, andAmericans), it was thought wise (1) to savethe expense of the five months when no workcould be done; (2) to release the Turkishcommissioner, the dragoman, overseers, guards,servants, etc. ; (3) to ask the engineer to reportwith his equipment in Cairo; (4) to transferthe work of excavating and exploring to Egypt ;and (5) to use the money thus saved in publishing the results of the work at Bismya.The work of the Exploration Fund of theUniversity in Egypt is to be so directed as tomeet a very great and noticeable need. Owingto the almost rainless climate of Egypt, on theone hand, and to the surprising productivity ofthe Egyptian Pharaohs, architects, and engineers, on the other, the number of inscribedbuildings still surviving on the banks of the Nileis prodigious. Nowhere on the face of the earthhave such colossal works survived in such numbers. These buildings and tombs bear perishable records of the highest interest and importance in reconstructing the story of man's longcareer during which the civilization of the Mediterranean basin, which we have inherited, wasslowly won. Besides being thus of the widesthuman interest, they also throw continual lightupon the life and history both of the Hebrewnation and of the great peoples around it bywhose influences of civilization it was constantlyaffected.The buildings bearing such records have, ininnumerable cases, never been covered by accumulated rubbish, but have stood, open andaccessible to the scholar, since the beginning ofmodern scientific study of Egypt. For this very reason they have been neglected, whilewidespread excavations for new and unknownmonuments have occupied explorers in Egypt.They are thus slowly perishing, becoming moreand more illegible as each year passes, while nofull, correct, and adequate record of them hasever been made.It is the purpose and plan of the UniversityExploration Fund to apply new and hithertounused methods for recording and reproducingthese fast-perishing memorials of man's earlycareer. It is the desire and purpose of theExpedition to make this record, ultimately, acomplete corpus of the greater monuments stillsurviving in the Nile valley — the standard andpermanent work of reference on this subject.Some excavation will, of course, be necessarywhere such buildings are still partially encumbered with rubbish. Furthermore, the Expedition will be constantly on the alert in search ofsites which give promise of important discoveries, and hopes to carry on excavations at suchplaces, whenever possible, in connection withthe work of recording the exposed monuments.COMMEMORATIVE SERVICEIt will be remembered that on October 1,1892, the actual work of the University wasbegun, and the first public exercise was held at12 o'clock. This exercise was a religious exercise, and has been perpetuated on each anniversary since the date of opening. The feeling hasgrown from year to year, and has been formulated by the Congregation at its last meeting,that it is desirable to make more of this anniversary exercise in the future than in the past.It is proposed, therefore, to ask all members ofthe University — students and officers — to meetin Mandel Assembly Hall on the second of nextOctober, at 11 : 15, and that the occasion be usedfor an address by the President, in which he willendeavor to point out some of the importantmatters on which emphasis may be laid duringthe following year. I take this opportunity toUNIVERSITY RECORD 67request very earnestly that the members of theFaculty and the students co-operate in this newdeparture next month. It is understood that thereligious exercise, in a somewhat shortenedform, will be held, immediately following theaddress in commemoration of the first exercise.GIFTSDuring the Summer Quarter the sum of$89,986.86 has come to the University in payment of gifts pledged beforehand or during theSummer Quarter. I wish to make special mention of the following gifts :1. A contribution of $500 by Mr, H. Paepcke,toward the establishment and maintenance of aGermanic museum. This sum has been supplemented by other gifts from the University, sothat the museum will have at its disposal $1,200for the coming year.2. The sum of $9,800, toward the generalexpenses of the University, by members of theBoard of Trustees. The contribution of thissum is another evidence of the devotion ofthe Trustees to the highest interests of theUniversity.3. Judge Julian W. Mack has contributed thesum of $250 toward a loan fund for law students, and, in accordance with his request, thissum, together with a previous gift of the sameamount by Judge Mack, has been set apart as"The Julian Rosenthal Loan Fund for LawStudents," in honor of one who has contributedso largely to the higher life of the city ofChicago.4. The sum of $3,115, from friends of theUniversity, for special purposes.5. The sum of $600, by Mrs. Catherine Seipp,to be used as a traveling Fellowship in connection with the Germanic Department.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been madeduring the Summer Quarter:Charles C. Guthrie^ Associate in the Department ofPhysiology, to an Instructorship. Frank L. Tolman, Associate in the General Library,to an Instructorship.Anton J. Carlson, Associate in the Department ofPhysiology, to an Assistant Professorship of ComparativePhysiology.PHYSICAL CULTURE AND ATHLETICSThe Department of Physical Culture andAthletics has been emphasized since the openingof the University, its twofold purpose being tosecure that healthy condition of body for thestudent necessary for best mental effort, and toprovide for those intercollegiate contests inathletics which in all times have been popularamong college students, and have furnishedstimulating and honorable rivalry.The work of the physical-culture part hasbeen most successful, the idea of requiring regular and systematic training of the body duringthe four years of college life having provedboth practical and beneficial. Against the intercollegiate contests, however, there are frequentvoices raised by those who proclaim against thesystem as a demoralizing one, which has in itstrain improper methods of soliciting and securing athletic recruits, brutality in connection withsome of its branches, notably football, and someof the other evils of professionalism, and whichleaves permanently injurious effects upon theparticipants.From its inception the University has setitself firmly against the incoming of these evils.All matters relating to physical culture andathletics have been administered by a specialBoard, composed of members of the Facultyand elected representatives of the students. Therecords of this body show that it has been amost careful and conservative Board, quick toact in everything for the welfare of athleticinterests, unsparing in its legislation whereunworthy acts of students needed denunciation,prompt to advise forward movements for theimprovement of intercollegiate athletics, orready to accept and promote suggestions of liketenor from other institutions.68 UNIVERSITY RECORDFrom the beginning those who have desiredto participate in athletic contests have been heldto the rigid rules governing public appearanceof students, under which no one may representthe University in a contest in declamation, debate, or oratory, in a dramatic performance, inany musical organization, on the staff of anystudent publication, as a member of a collegecouncil, or in football, baseball, track or tennisteam, who has not completed full work as astudent during two preceding Quarters, or whofails to maintain satisfactory standing in classduring the Quarter of such public appearance,this standing being made known by reports ofteachers each three weeks.~The professional schools of the Universityhave an 'admission requirement of a full preparatory course and at least three full years ofcollege study, and no charge has ever beenmade, and in the nature of the case can ever bemade, that students are admitted to our professional schools primarily for athletic purposes.Special legislation has been passed regardingunclassified students, no one being admitted tosuch ranking who is not twenty-one years ofage. Furthermore, long before the Intercollegiate Conference made its rule regarding residence of six months, it was the unvarying ruleof this University that no unclassified studentcould participate in athletic events who had notbeen in residence for three months and sustained satisfactory standing in the classroom.These various administrative measures haveresulted in close supervision by the Universityof the eligibility of athletes, and, having takensuch interest in maintaining high standards, itviews with no favor the proposition to create,outside the institution, a board which shouldpass on the eligibility of athletes connected withthe Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Suchmatters should be administered at home, andthe honor of an institution should be a sufficientsafeguard from any danger of unworthy actionsto secure success in athletics.During the thirteen years of student life inthe University no accident followed by anyserious functional disability has marred itsathletic contests. This is largely due to the rigid medical examination required of all candidates for membership on athletic teams, onlythose physically fit being allowed to compete, and also to the care taken in immediate attention to any bruise or sprain comingfrom athletics. Nor has anything of a disgraceful or brutal nature been seen upon the athleticfield. The athletes have averaged well as students and as men among men. As a rule, theyhave been popular with their fellows, have beenprominent in other branches of student activity,and after graduation or after leaving the University have met a gratifying measure of successin various fields of life, some as lawyers, someas college professors, some as physicians, someas business men, some as ministers of the gospel.The interest aroused in baseball contests lastspring through the abolition of the admissionfee has given added strength to the belief that,if the necessary expenses of athletics could beprovided by special endowment and the temptation of "the gate" removed, the evils claimedto attend such branches of sport as footballwould disappear, and intercollegiate contestswould have their proper and desired place asfriendly, even if intense, struggles of studentsof neighboring institutions in honorable rivalry.THE REORGANIZATION OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGESActing upon the authority granted me in Juneby the Trustees, upon the recommendation ofthe Junior College Faculty, University Council,and University Senate, and after consultationwith the administrative officers of the University concerned, I have reported to the Congregation and to the Junior College Faculty a planfor the reorganization of the Junior Colleges.The purpose and details of the reorganizationare contained in the following regulations which,in accordance with the action of the Trustees,go into effect October i, 1905, and are thereaftersubject to the general rules and regulations ofthe University:1. The Junior Colleges. — For purposes of administration, instruction, and personal association the workof the first two undergraduate years is organized ineight Junior Colleges, known specifically as: ArtsCollege (men), Arts College (women), Literature College (men), Literature College (women), PhilosophyUNIVERSITY RECORD 69College (men), Philosophy College (women), ScienceCollege (men), and Science College (women).2. College Administration. — Each Junior College isadministered by a Dean and Faculty. The officersof each College are responsible to the United Facultyof the Junior Colleges, which continues as the centrallegislative body for all the Junior Colleges. The College Deans form a Board under the chairmanship ofthe Dean of the Junior Colleges, responsible to thePresident for the general administration of all theJunior Colleges.While every Faculty is free to adopt its own methods,it does nothing inconsistent with the general regulations of the United Faculty of the Junior Colleges, towhich at each monthly meeting the actions of all theFaculties are reported. The Junior College Deans for1905-6 are as follows: The Junior Colleges, DeanVincent ; Arts (men), Dean Capps ; Literature (men),Dean Lovett ; Science (men), Dean Smith ; Philosophy(men), Dean Vincent; Arts (women), Dean Breckinridge; Literature (women), Dean Wallace; Science(women), Dean Salisbury ; Philosophy (women), DeanMacClintock.3. Classification of Students. — Junior College students are no longer classified into divisions accordingto the number of Majors credited, but into the Colleges indicated above (1). The names of the Colleges are in all but two cases self-explanatory. Theclassification is made on the basis of work pursuedas indicated by the degree sought. Men heretofore in the College of Commerce and Administrationare assigned at present to Philosophy College(men), while women who are candidates for the Ph.B.degree will for a time be permitted, within the limita-tations imposed by the necessity for an approximatelyequal division, to choose between Literature College(women) and Philosophy College (women). The latterCollege should imply special attention to History andits related subjects.Membership in the Junior Colleges, it will be seen,is not an arbitrary assignment. The student's choiceof a curriculum gives him a large control over hisCollege membership, and, moreover, he may, with thepermission of the two Faculties concerned, be transferred from one College to another. .Students who are not candidates for a degree arenot members of a particular College, but are unclassified, under existing regulations, and are under theadministrative care of the United Faculty of theJunior Colleges.4. College Studies. — The curricula as indicatedin the general regulations of the University are notmodified by the Colleges, which all administer thesame requirements in the same way. Every studentis required to take at least one-third of his work eachQuarter with instructors assigned to the Faculty of hisCollege. While this general principle is kept constantly in mind, in case of conflicts, overcrowding of sections, and the like, such reasonable exceptions willbe made as will save the student from hardship. AnyDean who is unable to provide sufficient instruction inhis own College is at liberty to arrange with otherColleges for the admission of his students to theirclasses.5. Faculties and Students. — The instructors assigned to each College form a permanent Faculty,with whom the students of the College sustain directpersonal relations. It will be seen that the duties andobligations of members of a Faculty are by no meanslimited to the formal work of the classroom. Everystudent is entitled to friendly counsel, not of a vague andgeneral nature, but specifically and practically relatedto his studies, his private reading, his future plans,and other personal problems. It is expected, therefore, that the Dean and Faculty of each College willwork out plans by which every student will be in frequent consultation with some member of his Faculty.6. Student College Councils. — The students of eachCollege have an executive committee, chosen by thestudents under regulations of the Faculty. The chairmen of these committees form the Student Council ofthe Junior Colleges. The duties and responsibilitiesof this Council are the same as those of the presentJunior College Council.7. College Meetings. — The following details areimportant :a) Chapel Assemblies. — All Junior College menare required to attend a weekly Chapel Assembly inKent Theater, on Monday, at 10 : 30 a.m., as heretofore;all Junior College women meet at the same hour inMandel Assembly Hall.b) College Meetings. — Division lectures are superseded by weekly College meetings, the character ofwhich is determined by each college faculty.c) The First College Meeting of the Quarter takesthe place of the first division meeting heretofore held.Attendance is required. In the Autumn Quartercouncilors are chosen at the College meeting of thesecond week; in other Quarters the councilors arechosen at the first College meeting of the Quarter.8. College Headquarters. — In order that each College may have a social center, certain rooms areespecially assigned for the purpose. For the yearbeginning October 1, 1905, the following rooms havebeen assigned : Arts College (men), Ellis 10; Literature College (men), Ellis 10 ; Science College (men),Ellis 11; Philosophy (men), Ellis 12; Arts College(women), Lexington 2 ; Literature College (women),Lexington 3 ; Science College (women), Lexington 4 ;Philosophy College (women), Lexington 5.9. At the opening of the Autumn Quarter, 1905,the usual division meeting will be held. On Wednesday, October 4, at 10:30, a meeting of the Junior Colleges will be held in Mandel Assembly Hall, on whichoccasion the above College plans will be outlined tostudents.70 UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE BY TERMS IN SUMMER QUARTER, 1905First Term Only Second Term Only Both Terms Total aMen Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total 11. The Departments of Arts, Literature, and Sciencei. The Grad. Schools:Arts and Literature 7954 I0428 18382 219 227 4316 132168 6128 193I96 232231 I8763 419294 449306Total 133181550 1321819154 2653634204 306413 299654 59151067 300846375 897144no 389155107I85 46310882138 2509869318 713206151456 7551901594042. The Colleges:Junior Unclassified Total 83 191 274 23 69 92 222 225 447 328 485 813 753Total Arts, Lit., and Sci. 216 323 539 53 98 151 522 3M 836 791 735 1,526 1,508//. The Prof essional Schoolsi. Divinity :Graduate 248 56 2914 323 ' 5 328 7616 47 8023 13227 918 14145 14135Total 3261237 1111 4361248 351122 5 401122 92322615 n311 103352716 1593932n24 27322 18642321326 1743815322. Courses in Medicine:?Graduate ?Senior ?Junior ?Unclassified 42Total 19jC Dup.35 2j Dup.(D 2116 Dup-10 (2)35 54 Dup.4 (1) 54 Dup.4 CD 55A -2 Dup.4.5 (4)18I 5 604J (4)18I 7962 Dup-8 (6)231 7t Dup.(D 8663 Dup.8 (?)231 1003. Law:424212?Senior Candidates for LL.B Unclassified Total 23 1 24 4 4 67 67 94 I 95 694. Coll. of Education :Education 371 27611 31321 131 7i1 84I1 14II 6421 78I31 642I1 411I41 4753511 4462?Graduate ?Senior 1?Unclassified 1?Divinity Total 38 278 316 14 72 86 16 67 83 68 417 485 451Total Professional . . 112 292 404 58 77 135 230 83 313 400 452 852 794Total University ?Duplicates 32817 6154 94321 ill5 1751 2866 75251 3977 1,14958 1,19173 1,18712 2,38785 2,30265Net Total 3H 611 922 106 174 280 701 390 1,091 1,118 1,175 2,293 2,237UNIVERSITY RECORD 71I wish, in closing, to say a word which everyone will concede is called for, but which I findit very difficult to express in any adequate form.It is a word to my colleagues, Mr. Judson andthe Deans who have conducted the administration of the University during the year, to theHeads of Departments, and, in fact, to all theofficers of the University. It is a word of personal thanks and appreciation for the manyspecial acts of kindness which have been shownto me during this year, and for the magnificentway in which all have stood together in the conduct of the University when the Presidentfound himself unable to do his work. Theevidences of personal friendship on every sidehave been so numerous as to make it impossibleto render proper acknowledgment of them. Ican only say that the suffering and anxietywhich these months have brought will be forgotten in the pleasant memory of this friendlyinterest. While we may not look far into thefuture, it is quite certain that the recollectionof these tokens of affection and confidence willbe a source of strength, the fulness of which itis impossible to describe.72 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHRISTIAN UNION, FOR THE WINTER ANDSPRING QUARTERS, 1905I. THE GENERAL WORK OF THE UNIONAll organized forms of religious and philanthropic activity at the University of Chicago areembraced in the more general organizationknown as the Christian Union. These includedorganizations are: (i) the Sunday morningchurch services; (2) the week-day chapelservices ; (3) the Young Men's Christian Association; (4) the Young Women's ChristianLeague; (5) the Brotherhood of St. Andrew;(6) the Student Volunteer Band for ForeignMissions; (7) the Brownson Club; (8) theUniversity Settlement; (9) the Woman'sUnion.The recent reorganization of the ChristianUnion by "chapters" opens the way to membership in the Union to those who are notmembers of any of the religious or philanthropicorganizations. By this reorganization membership is conditioned only upon signing an enrolment card, the signature carrying with it nospecific subscription to creed, and no financialobligation, but expressing the signer's sympathywith the general purposes of the Union, uponthe broad basis of those elements of religiousfaith and purpose " which we hold in common."The chief aim of the Union as such, in distinction from the separate organizations, hasbeen to organize and make as effective as possible the vast amount of energy in the University available for religious and benevolent work.The plan whereby it has been sought to do thiswas outlined very fully in the February (1905)issue of the University Record (pp. 340, 341).This plan has been carried out with considerablesuccess. In the central office of the Union twocard catalogues are kept, one consisting of thenames of those members of the University whoare willing to do any sort of work within thescope of the Union; the other consisting of a record of the kinds of work needing to be done.By such means the work and the workers havebeen effectively brought together. A good dealof work is known to be done, not yet recordedin the central office. But it is known that aconsiderable number of students are assistingat the University Settlement, and in the Sundaymorning public worship. In the latter worksix men have voluntarily performed admirableservice as official ushers, and the Head Residentat the University Settlement reports twenty-fiveUniversity helpers in the various clubs andgymnasium classes, the library, penny banks,sewing, music, and dramatic classes. Stillfurther co-operation is reported, below, in connection with the work of the Young Women'sChristian League, and of the Woman's Union.The vice-president of the Board of the Christian Union, Mr. Schuyler B. Terry, has hadspecial charge of the organization of the centraloffice of the Christian Union, as well as thearranging of educational meetings of the Union.The machinery of the central office under Mr.Terry's direction has already been explained.It should be added that, besides the card catalogues already referred to, an attempt is madeto acquaint the members of the University withthe various kinds of philanthropic work to bedone, by printing notices every week in theDaily Maroon and by posting notices on thebulletin boards at Cobb and Lexington Halls,the Anatomy and Law Buildings, and in Snelland the Middle Divinity dormitories. Regularoffice hours are observed in the central office ofthe Union.Mr. Terry has also arranged to hold, in theinterests of the Union, a series of meetings —one meeting a month, if possible — of an educative nature. His plan has been to haveprominent people in the city and vicinity whoUNIVERSITY RECORD 73are interested in philanthropic work addressthese meetings, in the hope thus to bring hometo the members of the University the need forworkers. It is intended by these and similarmeans to provide information, but the directsoliciting and directing of the workers is expected to be done through the religious organizations of the University.//, THE WORK OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONSFollowing are condensed accounts of theactivities of such of the organizations of theChristian Union as have reported for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1905 :I. THE SUNDAY MORNING SERVICEOn Sunday morning in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall a service of public worship is held,with a sermon, by the regularly appointed University Preacher for the day. The Universityhas been fortunate in the services of those whohave preached during the Winter and SpringQuarters. The list of University Preachersfollows :January 8, Orrin P. Gifford, D.D., Buffalo, N. Y.January 15, Frederick E. Dewhurst, D.D., Chicago.January 22, 29, Armstrong Black, D.D., Toronto,Canada.February 5, Professor George A. Moore, HarvardDivinity School.February 12, Lincoln's Birthday; addresses by Professor Harry P. Judson, Associate Professor Edwin E.Sparks, and Assistant Professor Herbert L. Willett.February 19, 26, and March 5, George Hodges, D.D.,Dean of the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge,Mass.March 12, 19, President William H. P. Faunce,Brown University.April 2, 9, President Henry C. King, Oberlin College.April 16, 30, Latham A. Crandall, D.D., Minneapolis.April 30, May 7, and 14, ThomasN R. Slicer, D.D.,New York City.May 21, John A. Morrison, D.D., Chicago.May 28, Professor Richard G. Moulton.June 4, 11, Beverley E. Warner, D.D., New Orleans.The attendance at the Sunday morning services has been well sustained during the twoQuarters. The plan of reserving sections in the Hall so that members of the different fraternities and University Houses may sit togetherhas proved satisfactory. Acknowledgmentshould be made of the services of six studentsof the University who have rendered faithfuland efficient help as University ushers.W. G. Matthews,Secretary of the Christian Union,II. THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONAt the annual election of officers in Decemberof last year the following were chosen: president, C. F. Axelson; vice-president, J. F.Moulds; secretary, C. E. Latchem. The newyear opened under favorable auspices. Bystrenuous work on the part of the general secretary and one or two assistants, the Associationhad closed the old year without a financial deficit. Approximately one hundred men wereenrolled in nineteen Bible-study classes.Shortly after the opening of the Winter Quarter a movement was started for the formationof Bible-study classes in each of the Greek-letter fraternities of the University. This received hearty support, and as a result classeswere organized in nearly all the fraternities,and the Bible-study enrolment increased to onehundred and eighty. Two normal classes wereconducted, one by Mr. Henry B. Sharman,another by Professor Shailer Mathews. Thework of several of these classes continued untilthe close of the Spring Quarter.The weekly religious meetings have been heldin Snell clubroom and conducted almost entirely by students. The attendance has not beenas large as might be expected, and plans areunder way for creating a greater interest inthese meetings during the coming school year.The Association has, during the year, carried onno active philanthropic work, though many ofits members have been engaged in settlementwork. The social side of the Association hasbeen centered in the monthly receptions givenat Snell Hall, and two dinners at Hutchinson74 UNIVERSITY RECORDCommons. Besides this, the Committee ofManagement has held monthly dinners in connection with its business meetings.Unfortunately for the immediate progress ofthe work of the Association, the general secretary, Mr. William J. Waterman, was taken illearly in April and forced to give up his work.After an interval of about two weeks, the Committee of Management secured the services ofPaul C. Foster, of the Central Department.Mr. Foster has done much hard work and succeeded in leaving the work of the year in a verysatisfactory condition. At a meeting of theCommittee of Management on June 27 Mr.George D. Swan, of the class of 1905, University of Wisconsin, was appointed as generalsecretary for next year.This report cannot be closed without a fewwords as to the position of the Young Men'sChristian Association in our University life. Itis the medium, and practically the only one, bywhich the moral and spiritual development ofthe men of our institution can be reachedeffectively. The curriculum of the Universitytakes care of their intellectual and physicaldevelopment, but the spiritual development isnecessarily left entirely to the men themselves,or to those who may take an interest in them.Those who are engaged in the work of theAssociation, and who are in close touch withthe students, realize of what tremendous importance the work of the Association is. Mencome here every Quarter who have been broughtup in Christian homes and under Christian influences. Many of them, upon their arrival inthis large city, have no friends to direct them intheir course of life, and hence they will in mostcases be subject to that influence which is firstexerted upon them. Without being in any sensenarrow in its views and work, the Associationdesires to cause these young men to continuetheir spiritual development under proper influences, and wherever possible to encourageothers in doing likewise. In this its vast under taking the Association needs the hearty cooperation of all interested — Faculty, students,and friends. Q R AxELS0N>President of the Young Men's ChristianAssociation.III. THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN LEAGUEThe general secretary of the League, MissAda B. Hillman, has had the direction of thework of the League since October 1, 1903. Sheresigned this work June 17, 1905, to take general charge of state work in Wisconsin. Hermanagement of the League has been wise,vigorous, and efficient. Her resignation is regretted by all who have known her. Her report,for the whole of which space is not here permitted, shows that there have been two specificaims of effort : ( 1 ) the deepening of the lives ofindividuals; (2) interesting the mass of University women.- The policy undertaken was to build for thefuture by giving first attention to new students— furnishing them practical assistance in registration season, advising them about boarding-places that had been personally investigated,calling upon them in their new homes ; by bringing before each new girl, through the devotionalmeeting, the weekly Bible circle, and by personal invitation, the ideals of the YoungWomen's Christian League — the claims ofJesus Christ upon her life in college; by providing for each member something definite todo for the general or specific good of others;by surrounding the off -campus girls in boarding-houses with a semblance of home life by meansof neighborhood social circles, from whichweekly evening Bible groups were organized;by making the League room the center of rest-fulness and good cheer.It is neither practicable nor desirable to attempt to separate the social from the religiouslife. Social features of the League's work havebeen established, auxiliary to its specificallyreligious work. Annual events are the Fresh-UNIVERSITY RECORD 75man Frolic, the reception to new students givenjointly with the Young Men's Christian Association, the Christmas party, and the Quadrangle fete.The Tuesday Twilight Hour was an innovation which met with special favor, whetherthere was some guest of note or a program oftwilight lullabies, or merely a drop-in time fora cup of tea and a friendly chat. It was gratifying to see these Twilight Hours reach theirclimax this year in the Lenten season in a seriesof meetings purely devotional, with six addresses by city pastors and national secretariesof the Young Women's Christian Associations,on the " Crises in the Life of Christ."At the beginning of last year the average attendance at devotional meetings was thirty-three. These meetings meant much to a few,but they lacked spontaneity. We sought thecause, and decided it was partly due to the place,and changed the meeting from Haskell chapelto the League room, Lexington Hall ; and theattendance has doubled. Seven Bible-study circles were formed, but no undergraduates couldbe found to lead them, and many hall girls whowere interested thought they could not find onehour a week to confer together on the resultsof their study. The general secretary formedthree circles — two hall groups and one off-campus group — to meet from fifteen to thirtyminutes each week for the consideration ofthings "worth while." From these personalgroups have come all the leaders of the fourteen Bible circles for this year, and every hallhas had a circle an hour a week. The plan ofcombining the Old Testament classes underDr. Moulton and the New Testament under Dr.Burton for the Spring .Quarter was a happyone, and deeply appreciated by the members ofthe amalgamated classes. One hundred arealready pledged for Bible-study classes for nextautumn — twice as many as last year at thesame time. The financial receipts of the League have increased one-third the past two years, but stillthe budget of $1,200 is inadequate to meet thedemands upon its services. One advanced stephas been putting " giving " upon a more spiritualplane. All of the receipts from the QuadrangleFete are used to send delegates to the summerconference ; general expenses are met by membership dues and Calendar receipts; the secretary's salary is met by gifts from the Faculty,alumni, and friends; but all contributionstoward the state and national work, and giftstoward missions at home and abroad, have comefrom systematic-giving pledges. With the larger conceptions that have come to the membersthe extension giving has doubled.The League room has furnished to all a placefor rest and study or friendly intercourse. Twohundred dollars has been expended by theLeague in furnishings these two years, andfriends have added to its charm by gifts ofpillows, palms, and books; but a couch, desk,and cabinet are much needed to make it complete.The general secretary's work has been to planthe work of the League with the cabinet; tocounsel all committees as to their policies andthe working out of those policies ; to assist inall functions, devotional and social; to act asbusiness manager in orders for printed matterand the like; to introduce the "U. of C."calendar; to help work up delegations to theconferences; to write seven hundred letters,make four hundred calls, visit some two dozensick, conduct parties to the various settlements ;to give occasional talks, in chapel or at devotional meetings, lead Bible or prayer circles;and, most cherished of all, to be the confidantein time of distress or perplexity.Two mission classes are sustained, and threegirls have taught in the Chinese mission. TheLeague members have raised twenty-five dollars toward the salary of a student secretary in76 UNIVERSITY RECORDIndia. A settlement class has been maintained,with semi-weekly addresses by settlementworkers from the Chicago Commons. Monthlyvisits have been paid to various settlements.The "Philadora Club," at Association HouseSettlement, has been entertained three times.Fourteen members have done actual work everyweek in the settlements. Twenty-five dollarshas been raised toward the salary of MarieHelgesen, the Y. W. C. A. extension secretary.The League has had, during the year, fullcharge of the Sunday school at the Home forthe Friendless. A special department of theLeague has been organized in the School ofEducation of the University. Fifteen membersof the League attended the state convention atPeoria.In this condensation much of a personal character has necessarily been omitted, including theacknowledgments of the general secretary tothose who have in many ways co-operated withher. Statistical tables show a membership of240; devotional meeting, 116; Bible classes, 14.IV. THE BROTHERHOOD OF ST. ANDREWDuring the Winter and Spring Quarters theBrotherhood of St. Andrew has continued to> dothe personal work of bringing young men in theUniversity within the reach of the church.Necessarily, many of the details of this workcannot be reported. Further than this, the localchapter of the Brotherhood has been appointedas a college committee for the annual nationalconvention, to be held on the University quadrangles during September. In connection withthis convention, the chapter has arranged for anational conference of Episcopalian college societies to be held the day before the main convention.In connection with this report, the writerwishes, in behalf of the Brotherhood, once moreto remind the authorities of the University thatin our opinion all Christian work, and in particular our own work, would be made much more efficient through a required religious census of the students.Bernard I. Bell, Director.V. THE STUDENT VOLUNTEER BAND FOR FOREIGNMISSIONSThe Student Volunteer movement was organized at a conference of students which Mr.D. L. Moody summoned to Mount Herman,Massachusetts, in the year 1886. A number ofthese students, chiefly on the incentive of Mr.Wilder, made a written declaration that theywere willing to become missionaries, if Godpermitted.The first hundred who so united themselvesat Mount Hermon then organized an agitationin the colleges and seminaries, with the resultthat in a comparatively short time about fivethousand young people, of both sexes, joinedthe band, which was now constituted as theStudent Volunteer Missionary Union.The movement has not led to the founding ofnew missionary societies. The leaders discountenance the sending out of independentmissionaries.Able advocates besides Mr. Wilder, especiallyMr. Mott, have sought to transplant the movement, not only into England and the continentof Europe, but also on the mission fields ofAsia; in England with much success, as yetwith less on the continent. Now, in practicallyevery school in this country and Canada thereare members of this organization, and in themajority of the institutions they are organizedinto local bands, similar to the one in this University.The object of the movement is to deepen missionary interest and spread missionary knowledge, to the end that other students may decideto make foreign missions their life work.The local band in the University of Chicagonow has twenty-six members.During the Winter Quarter different members went to churches in Chicago and vicinity,UNIVERSITY RECORD 77and gave addresses on missions before the youngpeople's societies. About twenty such talkswere given. One mission-study class was conducted by a member of the band.During the Spring Quarter the work of giving missionary talks in the different churcheshas been continued. Four open meetings havebeen held, at which returned missionaries havespoken of their work and its possibilities.The local band invites all interested in missions to join with them in receiving the encouragement and information afforded by theweekly meetings. It further urges those whointend to take up foreign mission work as alife work, to identify themselves with the movement by signing the Volunteer Declarationcard, that the work of the Union may bestrengthened by their co-operation.L. E. Sunderland,header of the Local Band.VI. THE BROWNSON CLUBThis is an association of Catholic students inthe University, of about sixty members, whosemain purpose is the promotion of religious andsocial interests common to its members. Mr.J. R. McCarthy, its president, reports that theclub is in a flourishing condition, ready in everyway to co-operate with the Christian Union. Itsmembers have aided in settlement work.VII. THE UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENTThe community. — The University of Chicago Settlement was started eleven years agoat the southwest corner of that one square mileof Union Stock Yards and packing-houseswhere thirty thousand men, women, and children prepare the animal food for the world'smarket.Perhaps three-fourths of the workers in theYards live in this community. Ten years ago" Packingtown," as it is called, had many of thefeatures of a frontier town — its vices, as wellas its possibilities for good. It is separatedfrom the other side of the city by railroad tracks, the Stock Yards, and " Bubbly Creek "—an open sewer for the accommodation of thepacking-houses, but permitted against all thelaws of civic decency and health. The citygarbage dump on the west is the receptacle forthe garbage of the lakeshore wards. The housesare of frame, mostly two stories high, accommodating four to six families, and often asmuch congested within a given house as inneighborhoods that are more closely built up.The prairie winds from the west save the livesof the people from the mixture of ill effectsfrom " Bubbly Creek," the rendering plants, andthe garbage dump. The smells from these, withthe constantly smoke-laden atmosphere, makethe air stifling and coarsening. In spite of thefact that this is a new and not a congested community, there are ten more deaths of tuberculosis per 10,000 in this ward than the averagenumber for the whole city. This is owing to theconditions under which the people work and theamount of alcoholic liquor drunk.This is not a " slum," but an industrial community of unskilled workers, who, before thestrike last summer, had an average wage of$7.40 a week of forty hours, with, of course, apossibility of increasing the family income byputting the children, and sometimes the mother,to work. The large body of casual laborers,composed chiefly of the latest immigrants, withthe irregular hours and seasons of enforcedidleness, gives a large number of people wholive always on the margin of extreme poverty.There is very little pauperism and much self-respect and love of independence,. The Bohemians, Poles, Slovaks, and Lithuanians havecome in such numbers during the last ten yearsthat the community has changed from Celticto Slavic. These Slavs are at first willing tolive on less, because their standards are low.They will pack twelve people in three rooms,and have night and day boarders who use thesame sleeping-places. They will put women andchildren to work for any wages they can get,78 UNIVERSITY RECORDuntil the union takes hold of them, and then thequick process of Americanization begins. At ameeting of the Cattle Butchers' Union, a groupof foreigners presented for initiation by acolored man, an officer of the union, took fourinterpreters to make clear the membershipobligation. But when once these peoples areunited for self-help, the process of fitting forcitizenship begins.Personal activity. — The organized work ofthis winter and spring has been greatly retardedbecause of the unfinished state of the buildingand the moving, at last, into the new house.The third story is not completed, but the residents moved in and will use as many rooms aspossible.The first of May the residents left the flatsover the feed store where they had lived for tenyears, and moved into the new three-story houseon Gross avenue. The fear was that the twenty-five thousand dollar house might make theneighborhood feel that the Settlement had goneaway from them, but this fear was withoutfoundation. The people with all kinds of needs,and neighbors who like to drop in for a bit ofsympathy or advice, come as they always have ;and the common phrase and sweetest compliment is: "How cozy it seems, so homelike!"These intimate relations are too personal topermit of publication. Perhaps it is a husbandwho comes for advice ; or a wife who feels helpless with her many little children and an incompetent, drunken, and often cruel husband. Itmay be one of "our boys" returned from thenavy or army in the Pacific ; or one of our girlswho has been just married, or has lost herwork, or needs a vacation. A Settlement resident must be ready to rejoice or to weep, for thedemands vary.One day there came to us for help a drunkardnearly sixty years old. He was afraid that hewas losing his mind, and was certain he couldbe helped by the Settlement. " If you get mywages and keep them for me," he implored, "you can save me. You must do somethingfor me." The boys one evening brought to usanother boy, seventeen years old, who had comefrom Kentucky and had no place to stay. " Weknew you'd look after him," they said. Sometimes it is a puzzled employer who wants to talkover the industrial situation.Ten residents form the group in the newhouse. Of these, two have had eleven years'residency, two eight, one five, one three, andthe others from one month to one year. Oneresident is probation officer for the district ; one,a resident physician and a member of the facultyat Rush Medical College ; another, a Universitystudent ; another, a teacher of manual training ;and one is a business man. The others givetheir entire time to the Settlement. The community back of the Yards is an industrial one,and not a pauperized district; but sickness,casual work, and intemperance are causes ofpoverty that must be reckoned with. TheSettlement calls upon all the agencies for relieving the necessities of the poor, and co-operateswith every institution that can supply a need.Organized activities. — The community as awhole is pretty well covered by the voluntaryorganizations of the Settlement. There are theusual clubs and classes for older women, theyoung men and women, and boys and girls.Each year shows an increase, especially in themembership of the gymnasium classes. Theclubs are feeling more and more each year aresponsibility for the Settlement finances, theirdonations averaging about $300 a year for lightand heat. The past year their donations havebeen more in the way of improvements in thegymnasium, and furniture for the new building.The older members of the clubs also assist moreand more in the regular work. About 15 percent, of the voluntary helpers in the winter of1904-5 were members of Settlement clubs. Thedramatic instinct has had full play during thepast winter and spring, six different groupshaving given plays. Some of these have hadUNIVERSITY RECORD 79talks on the drama and have been to see goodplays. Several parties attended the "BenGreet" course. The Cleaner Club that adjourned last fall will meet again this comingseason. It is simply an effort to> make an impression upon the children and to develop acivic sense.The University student resident of the Settlement has furnished Settlement news for the DailyMaroon, and has been the means of conveyingSettlement needs to the University and of obtaining student helpers. Twenty-five youngmen and women students from the University"have given voluntary assistance the past sixmonths. These comprise over 50 per cent, of allthe non-resident helpers. One of the oldestresidents of the Settlement is a probation officerof the Stock Yards district. Over a hundredboys and a few girls are under her care. Thecourt often makes whole families her wards.This officer has been able to keep in school manyof the foreign-speaking boys that heretoforehave gone to work as soon as they were confirmed, or who spent their time on the streetsuntil they were of legal working age* Underthe auspices of the Settlement Council the annual co-operative entertainment was successfully given in April. All of the adult clubs tookpart. The proceeds are devoted to the runningexpenses of the gymnasium. At the last meeting of the Council two* new committees werecreated, viz., a finance committee and a committee on rules. These committees met thelatter part of the season and decided upon rulesfor the government of clubs, and also a financialscheme whereby the clubs will increase theamount they give toward the gymnasium andclubroom expenses.The Settlement is now using all the rooms inthe new building that are furnished.Relation to politics. — The University of Chicago Settlement has never taken part in partypolitics, but has been a distinct force in raisingthe political and social standards of the citizen, and is recognized as an influence by the votersand ambitious political leaders of the ward. Itis no uncommon experience to have the nomineefor office frankly bid for the influence of theSettlement, although the women residents haveno votes to offer. The nonpartisan positionheld has done much toward emphasizing theclaims of the common citizen, and his civil andsocial needs, above that of the political machine.The independent voter is increasing. Tenyears ago the Democratic alderman carried thepolitical fate of the Twenty-ninth Ward in hispocket ; now he has to reckon with a Republicanclub of Lithuanians, one of Germans, andseveral Socialist sections. Even the Socialistsdo not always vote solidly, but may split onlocal issues. At the last election a labor manwas defeated because he was believed to havebeen the cause of the second strike last summer.In the past it was the alderman to whom appealswere made, but it has been discovered that theSettlement group is more accessible and quickerin practical results. An alderman used as anargument for his re-election the many goodthings secured for the neighborhood by theSettlement during his term of office, provingthat even the aspirant for office must considerthe whole people of the Twenty-ninth Ward,not alone the few to whom he previously gavejobs.Social education. — The Settlement takes itsforeign neighbors as it finds them, and winstheir confidence by recognizing their ideals, andwhenever possible appealing to their co-operation in social and civic work for the community.The Polish "Turners" at their tenth anniversary recalled the fact that they were organizedat the Settlement, the Settlement recognizingthem as one of the culture forces at work amongthe Polish people. Ever since, the Settlementhas been tendered their aid in any effort for thewelfare of the community. The BohemianWomen's Club, which has met at the Settlementfor the past eight years, has gained confidence80 UNIVERSITY RECORDin its English-speaking neighbors through cooperation of the women's clubs of thecounty and state. Its members have givenfinancial aid to the industrial committee of theState Federation of Women's Clubs. Theyhave developed a sense of civic obligation, andare not afraid to act when necessary. A company of these women living near, and sufferingfrom the ill effects of the garbage dump wherethe garbage of the South Side and lakeshorewards has been put for the past thirteen years,asked the co-operation of the Settlement in aneffort to rid the community of this nuisance.The Head Resident visited the City Hall withthem and secured the promise of the mayor thatsomething would be done at once.The fact that a Bohemian woman resided atthe House for the past year widened the usefulness of the Settlement. A club of Bohemianchildren, under the supervision of this residentand the Woman's Club, was trained to sing thebest of the folk and national songs of theirparents' native land. A library of the bestBohemian books was imported, the purpose being to prevent their children's losing the best intheir past as found in their history, literature,and art. They believe that because this hasbeen neglected by them, in their struggle forwealth, a generation of young citizens hasgrown up without ideals and with no historicsense, and consequently little reverence for thenew land and its demands. They believe thatpatriotism is a spiritual tree that may be rootedin the old country, but blossoms and bears fruitin the new. The Settlement, holding this belief,is able to strengthen the ideals among the people,who find so little to feed upon in this life ofgetting on in this land of " jobs."Community interests. — The N. S. DavisSquare, a ten-acre park, one of the system ofsmall parks made by the South Park Board, wassecured by the Settlement's influence for thedistrict back of the Stock Yards. This smallpark is the logical result of the little playground that for six years was run by the Settlement onborrowed lots, and proved the needs of thecommunity for a place of recreation and ofphysical and social culture.This square has artistic buildings, which contain a gymnasium for men and boys; one forwomen and girls ; a beautiful social hall ; club-,reading-, and refreshment-rooms; and aswimming-tank where between five and eightthousand men, women, and children bathed lastweek. The refreshment-room serves the best icecream and soft drinks, milk at two cents a glass,and modified milk for sick babies. The socialhall is used by local organizations as a meeting-place, and on Sundays and of evenings familygroups are seen enjoying the spacious rooms,with their attractive colored walls and well-made furniture. It is a fact worth recordingthat this park, in the midst of a colony of Slavicpeople, has not lost a shrub or vine, and nodepredations have been committed within thebuildings or on the playgrounds. A large classuntouched by the Settlement frequents the ParkHouse and gymnasium classes ; but the Settlement receives the frankly expressed gratitude ofthe people for having interpreted their need tothe South Park Board.The opening-day program was in charge ofthe Settlement, and will be long rememberedbecause of the many elements that co-operatedso harmoniously to make it a historic occasion.Two thousand children from the public schoolsmarched through the streets with their teachers,each child bearing a flag. These children1 offoreign parents sang patriotic songs and salutedthe great flag that was raised on the athleticfield. They then recited the Civic Creed beginning : " God hath made of one blood manynations of men, and we, his children, arebrothers and sisters." The Polish and Bohemian" Turners," the New City Improvement Society,and the University Settlement, with the SouthPark Board, took part in the program. TheStock Yards employers and employees met forUNIVERSITY RECORD 81that day on a common footing, and each feltenthusiasm for this their possession held incommon. One packer present promised somepictures for the Social Hall, and others are contemplating gifts that will enhance the usefulnessof this democratic civic center.The Settlement has for years worked to makethe public schools a center of social and educational activity, and has secured a fellowshipknown as the John Hamline Fellowship. Thebeneficiary is to live at the Settlement and workin the John Hamline School to organize itssocial possibilities in co-operation with theprincipal and teachers.Industrial training. — The interest of seventy-five boys, ranging in ages from ten to seventeen,is held through the whole winter in the manual-training classes. Not even the gymnasium is sopopular.A small sewing class of girls, selected fortheir special needs, has been well attended andhas done good work.The cooking classes were postponed until thenew building could be used. Through the influence of the Settlement, both sewing andcooking were incorporated by the MerchantsClub as a part of the John Hamline curriculum.The penny savings bank continues to haveits devoted depositors, in spite of the fact thattwo large savings banks have been started backof the Yards.The health. — A neighbor recently returnedfrom the hospital, where she had been operatedon for tubercular bone disease, was instructedto stay out in her yard in the sun to hasten herconvalescence. She replied that she could not,as the closets smelled to an unbearable extent.It was suggested that the sanitary conditionsshould be reported. Horror filled the faces ofherself and her husband. If they complained,the landlord would make them move. Thecomplaint went in from the Settlement, and thesanitary inspector caused an immediate and thorough cleaning up, not only in that yard,but adjacent ones.The mixture of joy and fear that was visibleat the next visit was both funny and pathetic.They were no longer confined to their two darkrooms, but they hoped the landlord would neverfind out. There was also an element of satisfaction that there was someone to make thelandlord heed when he would not hear them.When their rent is raised one dollar because ofthe improvements, there may be a revulsion offeeling. This has been done in several cases —for making a place just habitable the rent hasbeen raised one dollar a month. Where rentsare already very high in relation to wage, thisis of course a discourager of decency.Last year about 70 per cent, of the complaintswere found to have been attended to. Probablyan inspection of this year's complaints wouldmake as good a showing.The Settlement is co-operating with the University of Illinois in a study of the milk questionin the city, and furnishes from fifteen to twentysamples weekly from this immediate neighborhood. So far, the work done shows the need ofthorough and continued effort in this line.The study of the tuberculosis situation in theneighborhood was presented to the ChicagoMedical Society. The summary of the causesof tuberculosis deduced from two years' studywas as follows: (1) low average wage; (2)high average rent; (3) consequent overcrowding in houses; (4) factory conditions of deficient sunlight and ventilation, poor sanitaryconditions; (5) poorly arranged dietary andtoo much alcohol; (6) pollution of air fromvarious sources.The study as originally planned includedfood sources. This has not been done, butbakeries, groceries, and meat-shops should becarefully considered as causative factors in thedisease.The University helpers. — The ladies of theUniversity Settlement League not only raised82 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe money promised to support the Settlement,but gave generously toward the furniture of thehouse.The children's library and reading-room is tobe made beautiful as a memorial room for oneof the most loyal and sympathetic workers inthe League. Members of the League and ofthe University Faculty have been on the programs of the Settlement clubs.Students, twenty-five in number, have assistedin the library and savings bank, as coaches indramatics, and as teachers of physical culture.The leader of the Mandolin Orchestra is a University student.Settlement Day at the University was celebrated by two hundred and fifty children fromthe Settlement. A concert was given in KentTheater by the children's chorus, and afterwardthere was a frolic on the green, and ice-creamserved at the School of Education.The Settlement Women's Club had its annual meeting at Green Hall as guests of MissBreckinridge.The League gave its annual reception tothe Settlement women at the Art Institute.Seventy-five women enjoyed the pictures underthe guidance of Mr. Charles Francis Browne,and visited and drank coffee with the Universitywomen. It was disappointing to the SettlementWomen's Club that they were unable to returnin any way this social favor, because the newhouse was not finished.Groups of students visit the Settlement andhave earnest discussions with the residents.The Head Resident speaks to the students inthe Halls, and every Quarter at Mandel Assembly Hall on Settlement Sunday.The Head Resident has spoken beforewomen's clubs, labor unions, and churches, andhas written articles for Social Service, Charities,and The Commons. One resident read a paperon " Tuberculosis in the Stock Yards District "before the Chicago Medical Society. TheBohemian resident of the Settlement wrote an article on " The Bohemians in Chicago " for theSlavic number of Charities.The Settlement is indebted to a friend inNew York City for a large, fine reed-organ,which has been placed in the north end of thegymnasium ; and to two friends for the furnishing of the new house; also to the Universitytrustee who sends flowers to the Settlement theyear around ; to the many who have assisted ingiving clothes and money; and especially tothose few Chicago citizens who have given usour comfortable and beautiful house.The permanent residents of the Settlementare: Miss Mary E. McDowell, Miss CarolineBlinn, Miss Laura S. Bass, Miss Elizabeth B.Jones, Caroline Hedger, M.D., Miss Alice G.Masaryk, Mrs. Emma Marcella Henderson,Mrs. Malcolm McDowell, Mr. Irvin McDowell,and Miss Margaret Hamilton ; the summer residents are Miss Laura Burroughs, and MissMalay.The needs. — There is need for two Fellowships to be given to men — one for work withthe boys in gymnasium and clubs, and one forgeneral social work in the community.Five thousand dollars is needed to completethe new house, and to renovate and enlarge thegymnasium.One immediate need is a model tenementhouse of two-, three-, four-, and six-room flats,two rooms deep and three high, to rent on thebasis of 4 per cent, on the investment.Another need is for a larger fund to assistthe needy, who confide in the Settlement residentwhen they would not go to a charity society,and the "out-of-work" who can be given aloan or a piece of temporary work.Old people and the sick are among those forwhom the Settlement must care, and to do thismoney is needed.Mary E. McDowell,Head Resident.Laura S. Bass,Assistant Head Resident.UNIVERSITY RECORD 83VIII. the woman's unionThe activities of the Woman's Union havebeen well sustained. Its members have devotedthemselves untiringly to the promotion of thesocial welfare of all women connected with theUniversity, both independently and in cooperation with the Young Women's ChristianLeague. Jointly with that organization, a lawnfete was held early in June to raise funds todefray the expenses of women students at theLake Geneva conference. The Woman'sUnion, also, entertained the children's clubs ofthe University of Chicago Settlement on theUniversity premises, June 3. The Union hasfurther made elaborate plans for the welfare ofwomen in residence at the University during theapproaching Summer Quarter. The work ofthe Union is in charge of Miss Marion Talbot,Dean of Women in the University. A detailedstatement of the scope of the Union and itsplans of work is printed in the Report of thePresident of the University for 1902-4 (pp.110-12). The ideal of the Christian Union has not yetbeen fully realized. There are no doubt manymembers of the University whose disposition,and whose social and religious training in theirhomes, would lead them cheerfully to participate in such work as is offered, but who as yethave no part in it. One cannot fail to perceivethat the possibilities in these directions arereally immense, if one considers what men andwomen the University calls together, and whatfields of work are at our very doors. To realizethese possibilities is the great aim of the Christian Union. A step in this direction, in thejudgment of the President of the Union, is afurther simplification in organization. Themost hopeful fact, however, is that so many arealready at work. When one has once been inoculated with the contagion of real benevolentactivity, he is not soon freed from it, and, whatis better still, he communicates it to others.There seems to be good reason for the confidencethat the Christian Union is now in condition toplay a more important part than ever before inthe higher life of the University.Nathaniel Butler,President of the Christian Union.84 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE ANNIVERSARY CHAPEL SERVICE*THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESSPresented by Dean George E. Vincent, DeanFrancis W. Shepardson, Director A. A. Stagg,Dean Nathaniel Butler, Dean Marion Talbot,Professor Charles R. Barnes, Dean James P.Hall, Dean Albion W. Small, Dean Eri B. Hulbert, Dean Harry Pratt Judson.AN APPEAL TO JUNIOR COLLEGE STUDENTSDEAN GEORGE E. VINCENTThe Junior CollegesAt the request of the President, I bespeak theinterest and co-operation of the student body inthree things :First, to the men of the University these wordsconcerning the Reynolds Club : a beautiful andwell-appointed building stands ready to servethe ends of personal convenience, comfort, andpleasure; but — what is far more important —this club symbolizes comradeship and democracy. It offers that common life in which theindividual gains deeper insight, wider sympathy,and larger loyalty. Let every true son of Chicago enrol himself at the outset in this goodcompany.In the second place, all members of the University are urged to take some part in helpingthe new Junior Colleges to realize their purposes. While the plan affects immediately onlythe students of the earlier years, it appeals to allwTho have the welfare of the University at heart.The outlines of the new plans have been published; these will be further explained at themeeting of Junior students on Wednesday. Thechief end in view is to unite in a single institution the superiorities of a great university withsome of the advantages of the small college,growing out of the close association of limitednumbers of students with each other, and with1 Held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall on Monday,October 2, 1905. faculties especially interested in the pursuits andproblems of those under their charge. The newproject must grow naturally and adapt itself tothe conditions of university life. The Presidentand Faculties count upon a friendly environmentof good-will and co-operation.The third point concerns the esteem in whichthe public holds the University. An institution,like a person, has an individual character andreputation. It is the pride of the University ofChicago to have established a standard of order,courtesy, and regard for a public opinion whichdistinguishes between friendly rivalry and merehoodlumism; between wholesome buoyancyand senseless pranks. This reputation is a tradition for which each loyal student must feel apersonal responsibility. At the opening of anew year it behooves all to realize this relation,and to pledge themselves to uphold in everyway the dignity and fair name of the University.UNIVERSITY LOYALTYDEAN FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSONThe Senior CollegesOne of the most gratifying accompanimentsof the increasing age of the University is themarked development of the feeling of loyaltyto it.Loyalty means devotion to the high idealsfor which the University was founded — interestin, and cordial support of, every college enterprise — the student newspaper, the musical organizations, the debating teams, the athleticinterests, the Reynolds Club, the drawing ofstudents' friends to Chicago because of thepraises of its sons.Loyalty always accompanies unity of spiritand co-operation. Some of the forces of collegelife tend toward narrowness of vision, such asthe choosing of friends from a selected group,UNIVERSITY RECORD 85devotion to one branch of student activities, thecultivation of a taste for some one study; butfor the truest development of the individualstudent, and of the University as well, selfishnarrowness must give place to kindly co-operation.If we begin this year with an earnest purposeto strive to know and help others, resolving tokeep the larger interests of all above the personal and limited horizon of a few, then unityof spirit and co-operation will make this abanner year in our history, by the mark whichthe spirit of loyalty to Chicago sets upon it.THE ATHLETIC IDEALBY DIRECTOR A. A, STAGGThe Division of Physical Culture and AthleticsPhysical culture is the most comprehensiverequirement in the University curriculum. Allundergraduates are expected to take it for tenQuarters, or practically through the collegecourse. Certainly nothing can be more important to the student's welfare than the preservation of his health and the formation of the habitof exercising his body. Many a man's barkcrashes early in his career on the shoals of ill-health.The Division of Physical Culture and Athletics finds its legitimate field of work in thephysical training of the student, for by so doingit prepares him for the service which he is toperform in the world. Mental power and balance and good judgment often depend upon thephysical condition, and a man's success in lifeand the breadth of his usefulness turn oftenerupon his physical health than upon any otherfactor.It is the plan of the Division of Physical Culture and Athletics to give to every student acertain amount of physical and moral benefit,and to train him in suitable methods of exerciseand recreation, and to show him its value. Wewant him to form a habit of exercise, so thatwhen a student leaves the University he will consider it as necessary to exercise his bodydaily as to furnish it with food and rest.The public often makes the mistake of thinking that university athletics are for the benefitof a few students, and some students no doubthave fallen into the same error; but this Division would not be worthy of the support it receives if the athletic work were limited in itsbenefits to a comparatively small number of students. It is the aim of the Division so tobroaden its athletic work as to include the student body. We shall never be satisfied until it ispossible for all of our students to take their exercise in various forms of athletic recreation. Itshould be the habit of every student to devotesome portion of his day to unbending and relaxation, in some delightful form of exercise orsport. I urge you, therefore, at the beginningof this new college year, religiously to devotesome portion of the day to one or other of thevarious courses of physical recreation offered bythe Division of Physical Culture.One further consideration. We are now beginning an exciting period of football activity.Every one of you will doubtless be interested inthe weekly contests which will occur from nowuntil Thanksgiving Day, and your hearts willbe intensely set on the success of the Universityteam. The University expects you to be mostloyal in the support of the team ; but the greaterour loyalty, the more sportsman-like and courteous let us be. It is the desire of the President,and it is the wish of the officials of this Division,that our University body shall always regardthe visiting teams which appear on our field asour guests, and that always we shall treat themwith fairness and courteous consideration. Thestudent body, it is true, is only a small portionof the vast crowd of spectators who come tosee the games on Marshall Field ; but it belongsto our students, nevertheless, to lead in the extension of a welcome to our visitors on their arrival in town, and also when they appear on thefield. Let them be the first to show appreciation86 UNIVERSITY RECORDand admiration of splendid spirit, fair play, andcourage when exhibited by the opposing team,or by individual members of it.THE TRUE IDEAL OF EDUCATIONDEAN NATHANIEL BUTLERThe College of EducationThe College of Education is the School ofEducation in its function as a training schoolfor teachers, including in its activities instruction in the history, philosophy, and methods ofeducation, in the training of elementary-schoolteachers and all prospective high-school teachers,and in the training of teachers in special coursesin arts and technology.The School of Education is therefore one ofthe professional schools of the University, differing, however, from its other professional schoolsin this respect, that its professional courses areregarded as belonging to the courses which leadto the Bachelor's degree rather than to the workof the Graduate School.The College of Education, with its uniquehistory, its ideal equipment, and its splendidopportunities, has seriously proposed to itselfnothing short of the highest ideals in education.We hold that conception of education to betotally inadequate which regards it as a trainingmerely in that discipline which enables men toknow and to think. Not knowledge alone, butpower, culture, and character, must be the fruitof education. The ultimate values of educationare to be expressed not in terms of intellect, butof character and conduct. The public press assumes this conception of the function of education when it insists, as it continually does, thatthe schools fail if they do not produce good citizens. This certainly is the conception entertained by the College of Education; and itsinstructors, holding by this idea, believe that,although it cannot be expected to bring in the millennium, it will surely co-operate with institutions similarly inspired to perform a very important, and even indispensable, work in the inauguration of that same much-hoped-for socialstate.THE WOMEN OF THE UNIVERSITY: THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE OF THE UNIVERSITYDEAN MARION TALBOTWhat needs in the life of the University canthe women especially serve at this time ? Thereis no question but that they will -maintain thehigh standards of scholarship, and the courteousand dignified bearing, which have thus farmarked them. Can they in addition promote honesty and simplicity in university life ? Can theyopenly discountenance sham and pretense, doand say the true thing even if it is not the popular thing, frankly refuse expenses higher thantheir means, fearlessly claim freedom from interruption of duties they have undertaken,actively stand for the essentials of noble andgenerous character as against the smartness andcleverness which are as misleading as they arealluring? Can they so order their lives as tosecure the things of real and lasting value — thefriendships, the discipline, the help, the culture,the beauty, the pleasure — and eliminate the tawdry, the showy, and the untrue from their physical, intellectual, aesthetic, and social life? Canthey so plan their days as to have time forsolitude, time for thinking, time for meditationon the eternal verities ?Whence are the great streams of influence toflow if not from our universities, and where isthis power to be most widely felt if not in thehomes and school where university women havetheir greatest work to do? I am sure that Ican speak for the women of the University inpledging their help in making the life of thecoming year a well-spring of those forces without which no prosperity or success is reallygreat.UNIVERSITY RECORD 87THE NEEDED PRELIMINARY TRAININGDEAN JAMES P. HALLThe Law SchoolIt is well recognized that success in occupations involving an application of physical lawsis dependent upon thorough knowledge of thephysical relations of matter. In this physicians,engineers, scientists are agreed. It is true alsothat success in occupations concerned with thesocial relations requires knowledge of the factsof social experience. This is particularly trueof lawyers, by whom, under our form of government, social adjustments to changing conditionsare chiefly brought about through the power ofthe courts to declare the common law and topass upon the constitutionality of legislation.The solution of the most important legalquestions today depends not so much uponknowledge of technical details of law as uponthe accurate comprehension of existing socialconditions and tendencies ; upon an understanding of how far human nature will submit toregulation, upon an ability to work out socialadjustments by orderly evolution of legal principles without breaking with preceding legalorder.The first two of these requirements demandmaturity of mind and a study of complex socialconditions, and for both college training givesopportunity, first through early disciplinarystudies, and, second, through that later study ofpolitical, social, and economic subjects wherebywide generalizations are possible. Experienceof individuals rarely gives material for this.The lawyer today is so much a man of affairsthat he needs the widest possible preliminarytraining, and the future in the profession belongs to the men who have had rational collegediscipline before entering on professionalstudies. The attitude of the profession on thissubject has changed marvelously in the last tenyears, and good lawyers now are nearly unanimous in favor of a foundation of college workfor legal studies. RESEARCH IDEALSDEAN ALBION W. SMALLThe Graduate SchoolsThe prime duty of everyone connected withour graduate schools is daily to renew the vowof allegiance to research ideals. The first dutyof the great majority of men and women inschools of all grades is to spread knowledge.The first duty of graduate schools is to spreadthe spirit of investigation. No duty can be morehonorable or sacred than that of the teacher. Itwould be arrogant to claim superior merit forthe investigator. The emphasis is not on relative merit, but on division of labor. Not inAmerica alone, but all over the world, universities are under tremendous pressure to surrender the work of research for the work ofteaching. Only heroic endeavor can safeguardthe interests of scholarship. The graduateschools are not commission houses for mentalgoods from which retailers may complete theirassortments. They are first and foremost organized explorations for new knowledge. Thereis more glory for a graduate school in stimulating one mind to a genuinely critical attitudetoward conventional ideas than in graduatingcountless contented repeaters of commonplaceformulas. The first commandment with promise for graduate schools is : Remember the research ideal, to keep it holy !Obedience to this first commandment is thenecessary basis for the success of the secondmain group of details in our Graduate Schoolpolicy, viz. : Get into touch and keep in touchwith the Colleges. The life of the GraduateSchools depends upon creation of demand forresearch work. The Colleges must be the chiefsource of that impulse. If College instructorsperform their proper function for their students,they can have little time or strength left for theinvestigating work to which the success of theirteaching would inspire the ablest of their • students. At this point, therefore, the essentialinterests of the Colleges and our Graduate88 UNIVERSITY RECORDSchools meet. The Colleges should nominallycreate a want which we should be able to supply.Our business is, first, to maintain the processesof productive scholarship; second, to publishactual results of these processes by both Facultyand graduate students; third, to co-operate incultivating the acquaintance of College professors to whom we must look for most intimateappreciation of scholarly work.These, then, are the two chief landmarks ofthe course for the Graduate Schools: first, inevery department maintenance of genuine research; second, united pursuit of the policy ofthe open door into every territory where demand for research work exists or can be created.OBLIGATION COMMENSURATE WITH PRIVILEGE ANDOPPORTUNITYDEAN ERI B. HULBERTThe Divinity SchoolLarge advantages accrue to the DivinitySchool from its connection with the University— the admission of its students to all Universitycourses of instruction, and to its libraries andlaboratories as well; the participation by itsFaculty in the general administration of University affairs and in the shaping of its educationalpolicy ; a share in the common life of the University through intimate daily association withits professors and students ; most helpful of all,the enveloping atmosphere and the countlesssubtle influences by which we all alike aretouched and molded.Corresponding duties are joined to theseprivileges — the maintenance of the scholasticideals of the University, the conscientious questfor truth in a catholic spirit, and a fearless intellectual honesty.But scholarship ought not to occupy the supreme place in any division of the University.In the scale of values character outweighs it.The most brilliant man, if he is morally undisciplined, neither reflects honor on the Universitynor promises a career of eminent usefulness. While we are aiming after intellectual strengthand poise, we must develop and exhibit thosesterling moral qualities which are the crowningglory of manhood whether in youth or old age.We must recognize the period of academicstudy as perhaps the most important part of ourlife-career. Active service for God and manmust not be postponed to the day of graduation.Now and here we should begin that active andwhole-hearted devotion which is to engage ourpowers in the years that are to come.On this opening day of a new academic year,we wish to reaffirm these aims and to pledgeourselves anew to their observance.THE UNIVERSITY AT LARGEDEAN HARRY PRATT JUDSONI. THE ALUMNIThe University enters on its fifteenth yearwith an asset far more precious than buildings,grounds or endowments — a large and vigorousbody of alumni. The number of persons whohave received a degree from the University ofChicago since the opening day of instruction onOctober I, 1892, is 3,091, distributed as follows:Doctor of Philosophy, 358 ; Doctor of Laws, 30 ;Bachelor of Divinity, 210; Master of Arts,Philosophy, or Science, 310; Bachelor of Arts,Philosophy, or Science, 2,246. The graduatesare now found actively employed in many linesof life, and in not a few cases are already holding positions of responsibility and influence.The superintendent of education in the Philippine Islands is one of our Doctors of Philosophy ;the superintendents of education in the statesof Indiana and Wisconsin and in the city ofChicago hold our Bachelor's degree. Six of ouralumni are in the faculty of Princeton, as manyare in the faculty of the University of the Stateof Washington, and others are found in thefaculties of schools and colleges all the way between the two oceans. Others hold importantpositions in the administration of railroads, inUNIVERSITY RECORD 89banks, in legal firms, and in many forms of business enterprise.This great body of alumni, already efficientlyorganized, needs to be brought closer to theUniversity in many ways, to have quickenedtheir consciousness of lifelong membership inthe University, and to give their alma mater theinestimable benefit of their interest and theirintelligent helpfulness. It is partly with thisend in view that plans are already on foot fordevoting the Convocation of June, 1906, to acelebration of the close of the fifteenth year ofthe University's corporate life by gathering agreat reunion of the almuni. This, it is believed, will be an occasion not only of unwontedinterest, but also of lasting moment to the welfare of the University itself.II. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN THE ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER NON-PROFESSIONALWORKThe present year witnesses the inaugurationof an interesting educational experiment in theorganization and conduct of the Junior Colleges.In the development of real university work, towhich the work of these Colleges affords anintroduction, the past few years have shown theincreasing importance of the close relation ofallied Departments which, as a matter of convenience, have been organized in distinct groups.The members of these groups have many thingsin* common, while each group has problems and interests of its own, often widely different fromthose of other groups. It becomes, then, a significant question whether the natural development of the near future will not progressivelyincrease the power, and perhaps the relativeindependence, of the group Faculties, thusaffording greater and wider range for that diversity which of necessity makes the vast andcomplex life of a university.III. UNITY OF THE UNIVERSITYBut while diversity and individuality are essential to a democracy of knowledge, which isthe real definition of a university, yet the unityof the institution as a whole must ever be keptin sight. It is believed that in the organizationthus far that unity has been preserved, the different Schools and Colleges not being isolatedand non-related organisms, but closely interdependent units of one common organism. Excessive individualism is anarchy. Excessiveuniformity is spiritual death. As our nationhas solved the great problem of maintainingstrong national unity without destroying localautonomy, so the University, while affordingevery reasonable outlet for diversity of thoughtand of interest, must jealously preserve thebonds which unite all in the greater whole.May the University not wisely appropriate toitself with fulness of meaning the nationalmotto " E pluribus unum " ?90 UNIVERSITY RECORDRAILWAY EDUCATION AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE1The University of Chicago has entered uponan educational experiment in the field that ispopularly termed the "practical," which, itwould seem, has at least an even chance of beingknown historically as the inception of a fundamental change in educational methods. Theproblem of bringing the graduation of the college student and his entrance upon a businesscareer into a natural and logical sequence without substituting for the college course the moresuperficial work of the business college, has hadthe attention of many educators in recent years ;but no inclination in this direction has had sobold expression as President Harper's is likelyto have in the establishment of a school of railway training in connection with the Universityof Chicago. How vital a part of the Universityitself the railway school shall become, will bedetermined by circumstances; but in the prospect of its becoming such lies the opportunityfor welding at one great point of contact theinterests of the University and of the businessworld Last fall it was announced that for some timethe University had felt the desirability of providing special instruction for the large railroadcommunity resident in and around Chicago;and it was thought that facilities enabling theclerical and other staffs of the railway servicein this, the greatest railway center in the worldto gain a wider comprehension of railway working in general, counteracting to some extent thenarrowing influences of departmental work,would fill a recognized want. As a result ofcorrespondence entered into by PresidentHarper with various railway officials of Chicago, all of whom had expressed hearty approval of the undertaking, and of the tentativecourses of study which had been submitted to1 Reprinted in part from the Boston Transcript of July12, 1905. them, it had been decided to start eveningclasses at the down-town University Collegefor the benefit of railway employees and personsworking for express companies, car lines, andall other companies connected in any way withrailway transportation. To prevent loss of timein getting the work before those for whom itwas intended, two short introductory courses,dealing with parts of the work of different railway departments in a practical manner, werebegun on November 15, and continued over thethird week in December, each course requiringone evening a week. One of these courses wasplaced in the charge of Professor E. R. Dews-nup, whose work in establishing a similar schoolin Manchester College, England, had attractedthe attention of the University authorities. AtManchester, Professor Dewsnup had had asmany as one thousand men, all railway employees, enrolled under him at one time, andsome of them had to go a distance of fifty milesto attend the classes.The introductory classes offered by University College at Chicago were so largely attendedthat the success of the plan for a permanentschool was insured; and this school, althoughstill in the formative stage, has now developedin scope and significance beyond any similar experiment in railway education elsewhere. Theintroductory classes or lectures dealt with thefollowing railway topics : general relations andorganization; passenger service; freight service ; accounting, statistics, and rates ; track ; thelocomotive ; car equipment ; terminal facilities ;and signaling and train-working. The generalreview of the various problems arising underthese heads was made especially attractive bylectures from practical railway officials and experts in railway practice, all of whom gave evidence of their interest by the careful preparationof papers, which are thought of sufficient valueUNIVERSITY RECORD 91to merit publication, and which may later beissued in book form by the University.The work of the regular classes was enteredupon in January, the courses being (i) "Railway Conditions in the United States," and (2)"Development and Present Condition of Railway Construction, Equipment and Operation."During the Winter Quarter there were 189registrations, of which number 158 came intoactual attendance ; and during the Spring Quarter there were 166 registrations, 152 cominginto actual attendance. With these men it waspossible to get down to serious work, the natureof which is indicated by the statements of certain well-known railway officials when recentlyshown the questions asked at the examinations.They readily admitted that they would themselves have found difficulty in answering them.The examination was purposely made rigidenough to weed out men not fairly prepared toprofit by the more advanced work of the secondyear; yet the questions were but the naturalending to the year's systematic study. It wasestimated that from fifty to seventy-five students would obtain creditable marks, a highaverage for a class of this kind. It is proposedthat, when the results of the examination areascertained, the names of the successful studentsshall be placed before the officials on the advisory board of the school, and the attention ofeach railway official called to the records of thestudents coming from his road. This will nodoubt be of benefit to the employees earning thehonor, and the showing that is made will serveas the basis for scholarships for the next year,both for carrying these men on if they havebeen assisted, and also in providing for a newgroup of first-year students.As indicating the general interest among railway officials in the school, the names of thefollowing members of the advisory board aresignificant?! In most instances their interest isactive, as "shown by their attendance upon theconferences of the board and otherwise : A. F. Banks, president of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern ;A. C. Bird, vice-president of the Gould lines;W. C. Brown, vice-president of the New YorkCentral lines; D. W. Cooke, assistant generaltraffic manager of the Erie; J. N. Faithorn,president of the Chicago Terminal Transfer;S. M. Felton, president of the Chicago & Alton ;S. T. Fulton, assistant to the president of theChicago, Rock Island & Pacific; W. A. Gardner, general manager of the Chicago & Northwestern; J. T. Harahan, second vice-presidentof the Illinois Central ; W. B. Jansen, assistantto the president of the Atchison, Topeka &Santa Fe; J. Kruttschnitt, director of maintenance and operation of the Harriman lines;E. W. McKenna, assistant to the president ofthe Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; H. I.Miller, second vice-president of the Chicago &Eastern Illinois; B. Thomas, president of theChicago & Western Indiana; D. Willard,second vice-president of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. The further interest of the railways is shown by the fact that the students wereable during the year to make three short tripsof investigation in special trains tendered by therailroads. At a banquet at one of the Chicagohotels the members of the class organized a"University of Chicago Railway Club," theprimary object of which is to bring the membersinto closer touch professionally and socially.Rooms have been tendered to this club in theGrand Central Station, at the cost only of janitor service.Altogether the success of the year's work wasgreater than anticipated, particularly in view ofthe sudden development of the plan. It is reasoned that the influence of the proposed fouryears' training upon the students as employeesmust prove to be considerable. That the necessity for specialization which has followed thedivision of labor in railroad work has beenattended by narrowness of view, even on thepart of young men in responsible positions whoare well trained in their particular duties, was92 UNIVERSITY RECORDnot without evidence in the classes ; and it appeared clear that, if these men could by thiseducation be given broader views of the requirements of the service, trained not merely to remember, but to reason along the lines of theirdaily work, the railway companies would reapreal advantage. That the solution of the laborproblem in its railway aspect might be largelyassisted by the influence of these men, taught toreason sanely and clearly upon the affairs of theservice, was another conclusion drawn from theyear's work \ The problem, then, which the University istrying to solve is, in its general aspects, that ofproviding a practical scheme which will makeit possible for the applicant, whether he is withinor without the railway service, to find the meansof extending his knowledge and of developinghis powers of original thinking, of analysis andcomparison. This tentative plan has an interesting branch. For those who cannot attendday or evening classes it is proposed to preparecorrespondence work in subjects which can betaught by this means, and in this way to extendthe University's influence to every nook andcorner reached by the United States postal service. The ambitious boy in the way station, theagent, the trackman, the engineer, the practicalemployee in any department, will be enabled toeducate himself in courses representing as faras practicable the work carried on in Chicago. J. . .In substance, the following statement wasrecently made to the advisory board of the railroad school: "Less than two years ago, Mr. Joseph Pulitzer endowed a college of journalismin Columbia University, donating to the trusteesfor this purpose a sum of $1,000,000, with thepromise of an additional $1,000,000 if, at theend of three years, the school were in successfuloperation. If it is desirable and appropriate forNew York to specialize in education for pressmen, it is surely even more so for Chicago tospecialize in education for railway men, and itought not to be long before a college of railwaytransportation is established as a constituent college of the University of Chicago, embracing inits curriculum a thorough, general training inrailway organization, management and working,mathematics, political economy and statistics, aswell as preparation for the specific work of theengineering and mechanical sides of the railroad. If the endowment of such a college weresufficient to enable it to pay serious attention toresearch as well as to teaching, to have in connection with it an experimental locomotive-testing plant and tie-treating plants, a museumof railroad practice, and a library and bureau ofinformation to supply the railways with detailedand authentic reports of current developments,and with compiled facts bearing upon points ofrailway working, the usefulness of the institution would be incalculable, and its influenceupon the railway profession far-reaching. TheUniversity of Chicago has been the first in theUnited States to start out after such an ideal,and it is to be sincerely hoped that both privateand public interests will be behind the University in its endeavor to attain so desirable anend."UNIVERSITY RECORD 93MEETING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE AMERICANPHYSICAL SOCIETY xThe meeting of the American Physical Society, held in Ryerson Physical Laboratory onApril 21 and 22, was the largest, and in manyrespects the most successful, in the history ofthe society. Thirty-seven papers were presented, nine of which represented researchescarried on at the University of Chicago.' Thetitles of the latter were as follows :i, " Reciprocal Relations in Diffraction," A. A.Michelson.2. " On the Ruling of Diffraction Gratings," A. A.Michelson.3. " On the Use of the Concave Mirror with Diffraction Gratings," A. A. Michelson.4. " On the Relation between Potential Difference andSpark Length for Small Values of the Latter," G. M.Hobbs.5. " On the Radius of Molecular Attraction," C. W.Chamberlain.6. " Short Spark Discharges," Carl Kinsley.7. "The Black Spot in Thin Liquid Films," E. S.Johonnott.8. "Thermal Conductivities," F. L. Bishop.9. " On the Relation between the Radioactivity andthe Composition of Uranium Compounds," H. N. McCoy.The papers by Professor Michelson and byMr. Hobbs aroused unusual interest.Among the distinguished physicists who werein attendance upon the meeting were ProfessorsCarl Barus, of Brown University ; W. F. Magie,of Princeton University; Ernest Merritt, ofCornell University ; F. E. Nipher, of Washington University ; D. B. Brace, of the Universityof Nebraska; Henry Crew, of NorthwesternUniversity; B. W. Snow, A. Trowbridge, andC. E. Mendenhall, of the University of Wisconsin ; A. P. Carmen, of the University of Illinois ;L. T. More, of the University of Cincinnati;and C. B. Thwing, of Syracuse University.Through the great courtesy of the council ofthe Quadrangle Club, the privileges of the clubwere extended to all members of the society dur-xBy an oversight this account was omitted from theJuly issue of the University Record. ing their stay in Chicago. The society dinedtogether at the club on Friday evening, and alsolunched there on Saturday.The meeting was held in three sessions, thefirst session lasting from 2 to 6 o'clock onFriday ; the second, from 9 to 12 : 30 on Saturday ; and the third, from 2 : 15 to 5 : 30 on Saturday.Between the morning and afternoon sessionson Saturday the society visited ProfessorMichelson's laboratory, where experiments hadbeen arranged to illustrate his papers.The total number of physicists in attendancewas about one hundred.In bringing the meeting to a close, the president, Professor Carl Barus, of Brown University, congratulated the society upon the unusualnumber and quality of the papers, and extendedthe thanks of the society to the University ofChicago and the Quadrangle Club for theirlarge share in the success of the meeting.On Saturday evening Professor and Mrs.Michelson gave a dinner at their home to someof the most prominent of the visiting physicists.EXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE FIFTY-SIXTH CONVOCATIONMr. Hamlin Garland, the novelist, was theConvocation Orator on September 1, his address being entitled "Vanishing Trails." Theorator was introduced by Associate ProfessorRobert Morss Lovett, of the Department ofEnglish. The President of the University presented the opening and closing parts of hisregular Quarterly Statement. Mandel AssemblyHall was unable to accommodate all who desiredadmission. The Convocation Address and thePresident's Quarterly Statement appear elsewhere in full in this issue of the UniversityRecord.The Convocation Reception, which was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening of August31, was very largely attended, more than five94 UNIVERSITY RECORDhundred being present. The President of theUniversity was able to be at the head of thereceiving line, which included as guests of honorHamlin Garland, the Convocation Orator ; Professor Graham Taylor, the Convocation Chaplain and University Preacher ; and Dean RobertMorss Lovett, of the Department of English.Refreshments were served, and the music forthe evening was provided by the University ofChicago Military Band.A NEW BOOK BY THE PRESIDENT OF THEUNIVERSITYThe latest volume in the series of " Constructive Bible Studies," edited by President WilliamR. Harper and Professor Ernest D. Burton, isthe work of the President of the University andis entitled The Prophetic Element in the OldTestament.In the preface the author says that the presentcollection of studies is " a partial realization of alarger plan which includes the entire field ofprophecy, its scope resembling that of my volume, The Priestly Element in the Old Testament (1905).The studies are intended primarily for students in colleges and theological seminaries, butthey may also be used in more advanced Bibleclasses. Their purpose is to stimulate the student's own thinking and his direct study of theScriptural material apart from the mere consideration of critical authority.Part I concerns the "General Scope of theProphetic Element in the Old Testament" andPart II, the "History of Prophecy throughHosea." Under the former head are discussedthe content and classification, and the definitionand principles, of the Prophetic Element ; andunder the latter the chapter headings include"Prophecy and Prophetism during the Periodof the Patriarchs and Judges," " Prophecy andProphetism during the Davidic Period," the"Prophetic Message of the Early Histories," and the "Prophetic Messages of Amos and ofHosea." Important appendixes are given,covering significant dates, a chronology of thereligious life of Israel, the prophetic vocabulary,and an analysis of the Hexateuch. Very fullbibliographies give the literature of the subjectin English and other languages.MEETING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE BROTHERHOODOF ST. ANDREWThrough the influence of the local Universitychapter, the twentieth annual convention of theBrotherhood of St. Andrew was held on theUniversity quadrangles from September 20 to24. The Brotherhood is an organization ofEpiscopalian men, founded twenty years ago byMr. James L. Houghteling, of Chicago, andnow numbers about 16,000 members.Many of the delegates, numbering more thana thousand, were given the privilege of quartersin the University dormitories and of meals atHutchinson Hall, while Leon Mandel Hall wasused for assembly purposes.One day was given to a conference of collegeworkers, representing the church college societies of the country. On the last day of the convention Professor Nathaniel Butler, Dean ofthe College of Education, speaking for thePresident of the University, gave an address on" Education as a Factor of Efficient Manhood."The convention was generally considered oneof the most successful held by the order. Thelocal University chapter, of which Mr. BernardI. Bell is the director, acted as a college committee for the convention.THE LATEST VOLUME IN THE DECENNIALPUBLICATIONSThe most recent of the volumes in the Decennial Publications of the University has just beenissued by the University of Chicago Press andis entitled The Messianic Hope in the NewTestament. It is the work of Professor ShailerUNIVERSITY RECORD 95Mathews, of the Department of SystematicTheology, and is dedicated to Professor ErnestDeWitt Burton, Head of the Department ofNew Testament Literature and Interpretation.The volume, of 360 pages, has an introductionwhich discusses " Historical Interpretation as aPrecondition of Theological Reconstruction."Part I ("The Messianism of Judaism,") has asits chapter headings "The Social and NationalMessianism of the Prophets," "The Politico-Social Program of Revolutionary Messianism,"and "The Apocalyptic Messianism of thePharisees." Part II ("The Messianism ofJesus") has chapters on "The Messianism ofJohn the Baptist," "The Kingdom of God inthe Teaching of Jesus," "Jesus' Conception ofHimself as Messiah," and " The Essential Elements in the Messianism of Jesus." Part III(" The Messianism of the Apostles ") considers,among other phases of the subject, " The Messianism of Primitive Christianity," "The NewLife in Christ according to Paul," and "TheMessianism of Post-Pauline Christianity."Part IV (" Christian Messianism and the Christian Religion") discusses "The Messianic Fraternity," " The Family and the Age," and " TheEconomic and Political Bearing of the NewLife."The book contains a five-page summary, anindex of subjects, and an index of references tothe Old Testament, the literature of Judaism,the New Testament, and classical and ecclesiastical literature.The volume in proportion, arrangement, andprinting is one of the most attractive that havebeen issued by the University of Chicago Press.A SIGNIFICANT GREETING TO THE HEAD OF THE DE-PARTMENT OF GEOLOGY FROM BRITISH SCIENTISTSProfessor T. C. Chamberlin, University of Chicago, Chicago, III, U. S. A.:Members and guests of the British Association in South Africa, returning from a geo logical excursion provided by the hospitality ofthe Natal government, send you greeting, andwish you might have been with us today to seethe Dwyka glacial formation (Permian) lyingon a glaciated surface of Barberton (Archaean?)beds. The evidence of extensive glaciation, withsouthward movement of the vast ice-sheet, isnot to be doubted.J. Lomas, Liverpool.G. N. Molengraaff, Johannesburg.A. Penck, Vienna.B. Hobson, Manchester.Dr. Pr. Beck, Freiberg.William Anderson, Natal.A. P. Coleman, Toronto.F. G. Katzenstein, Vryheid, Natal.W. M. Davis, Cambridge, Mass.Vryheid, Distr. Natal,August 26, 1905.A VOLUME OF THE CRANE LECTURES FOR 1903Russia and its Crisis is the title of one of therecent publications by the University of Chicago Press, which embodies the Crane Lectureson Russian Institutions for the year 1903. Itsauthor is Paul Milyoukov, formerly connectedwith the Universities of Moscow and Sofia asprofessor of history. The volume, of nearly sixhundred pages, has an introductory chapter devoted to a comparison between Russia and theUnited States, followed by chapters on "TheNationalistic Idea," " The Religious Tradition,""The Political Tradition," "The Liberal Idea,""The Socialistic Idea," "The Crisis and theUrgency of Reform," and a final chapter summarizing the author's conclusions. The bookhas a very full analytical index of twenty-fivepages, and six maps in color, among the latterbeing one on " Local Types of Russian Culture "and another on " Changes in Peasant Prosperityin the Period 1861-1900."In the words of the preface, " this book is nota political pamphlet written for the occasion, buta result of long years of study devoted to the96 UNIVERSITY RECORDexplanation of the Russian present by the Russian past My ambition has been to explain, not the momentary and transient, but thepermanent and lasting elements in the political,social, and religious life of Russia."The book contains a frontispiece of theauthor, has a title-page in two colors, and ingeneral make-up is a credit to the UniversityPress. 'LECTURES IN BERLIN BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPART-MENT OF POLITICAL ECONOMYAn invitation has been sent to Professor J.Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Department ofPolitical Economy, by Ministerial-DirektorAlthoff, of the Prussian Kultus-Ministerium,to deliver a course of lectures in Berlin beforethe V ereinigung fur staatswissenschaftlicheFortbildung during the coming season. Thisinstitution is a body composed of members ofthe government bureaux, of which Chancellorvon Billow is honorary president. Also, men inthe government work elsewhere are brought toBerlin and required to attend the work in thisinstitute. The lectures are scientific, and notpopular in character.It was suggested in the invitation that suchsubjects as the Labor Problem, Railway Rates,Trusts, etc., in the United States would be mostinteresting to a German audience of the kindwhich would gather in this institute.This invitation from the German governmentis part of the plan to test the advantages of anexchange of lecturers between the two countries.ENTERTAINMENT OF THE CHICAGO PRESS CLUB BYTHE UNIVERSITYOn Saturday, October 7, more than two hundred members of the Chicago Press Club werethe guests of the University. They attendedthe football game on Marshall Field betweenthe University of Iowa and the University ofChicago, inspected the buildings and grounds after the game, and took part in a banquet atHutchinson Hall.Among the speakers on the occasion were Mr.Homer J. Carr, of the class of 1879, wno 1Spresident of the club ; Dean Harry Pratt Judson,who spoke for the President of the Universityin his absence ; Associate Professor Francis W.Shepardson, Dean of the Senior Colleges ; andSuperintendent Edwin G. Cooley, of the Chicagopublic schools. Miss Marjorie Benton Cooke,of the Class of 1899, gave a monologue, andMrs. John F. Smulski sang. Later in the evening a reception and dance were given in theReynolds Club.A NEW SERIES OF CONCERTS BY THE THEODORETHOMAS ORCHESTRAMuch to the gratification of all who wereprivileged to hear the last two series of concertsgiven by the late Theodore Thomas and his successor in Mandel Assembly Hall, a new seriesof six symphony concerts in the same place hasbeen arranged for, under the auspices of theQuadrangle Club. The concerts, under theleadership of Mr. Frederick A. Stock, will begiven on Tuesday evenings, October 24, November 14, December 12, January 9, February6, and March 6.Season tickets may be obtained at the Quadrangle Club, and tickets for single admissionswill be on sale at the Information Office in CobbLecture Hall, on the day of each concert, or atthe box office.So rare an opportunity to hear the highestmusic interpreted by a great orchestra under abrilliant leader will doubtless be appreciatedby the student body, the members of the Faculties, and residents in this part of the city.REGISTRATION AT THE UNIVERSITY FOR THE AUTUMNQUARTERThe largest registration for an Autumn Quarter in the history of the University is the presentfall registration, which up to October 7 hadUNIVERSITY RECORD 97surpassed that of the corresponding date in1904 by 425, making a total of 2,325 studentsnow in attendance.The total increase in the Graduate Schools ofArts, Literature, and Science is 2J\ in theSenior Colleges, 52 ; in the Junior Colleges, including the Unclassified students, 82; in University College, 226 ; in the Divinity School, 14 ;in the Courses in Medicine, 20; in the LawSchool, 15 ; and in the College of Education, 4.The Departments of Arts, Literature, andScience show a combined increase of 161 students ; University College, at the Fine ArtsBuilding, has more than twice its enrolmentfor the corresponding date in 1904; while theProfessional Schools together show an increaseof 53-The total enrolment for the Quarter willdoubtless be increased during the next fewweeks.THE FACULTIES" Savonarola, the Friar of Florence " was thesubject of an open lecture in Kent Theater onAugust 14, by Mr. Arthur D. Rees.Professor George E. Vincent, of the Department of Sociology, is conducting a weeklystudy-class in sociology for the ChicagoWoman's Aid in Isaiah Temple.Mr. Edward Howard Sturtevant, who received his Doctor's degree from the Universityin 1 90 1, has recently been made the acting assistant professor of Latin in Indiana University.Miss Lillian Gonzalez Robinson, who tookher degree of Ph.B. in 1903 and of Ph.M. in1905, has been appointed head of the Department of Romance in the University of Oklahoma.Among the nationalities represented in thenew registration of students are Egyptian,Hindoo, Bulgarian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, andFilipino. Professor Shailer Mathews, of the Department of Systematic Theology, has a contribution in the Chicago Standard of August 12 onthe subject of "College Athletics in the Educational Field.""The Modern Jewish View of Jesus" is thetitle of a contribution in the August issue of theBiblical World, by Assistant Professor ClydeW. Votaw, of the Department of Biblical andPatristic Greek.Professor John M. Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany, and Dr. Henry C. Cowles,Instructor in Ecology, will be absent in Europeduring the Autumn and Winter Quarters, returning to their work in the University aboutApril 1, 1906.The opening lecture in the new course beforethe Polytechnic Society of Chicago was givenin Handel Hall on the evening of October 6 byProfessor George E. Vincent, of the Department of Sociology.Assistant Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, ofthe Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek,has in the Chicago Standard of August 19 acontribution on "Ancient Tradition as to theSynoptic Gospels."Professor Charles R. Barnes, of the Department of Botany, who has been absent in Europefor two Quarters, represented the University asa delegate to the International Congress ofBotanists held in Vienna.On August 6 Principal Walter F. Adeney, ofLancashire College, Manchester, England, was.the University Preacher ; and on August 20 Dr*Robert Stuart MacArthur, of New York City,acted in the same capacity.At the annual convention of the Illinois StateFederation of Women's Clubs, held in Jolietfrom October 17 to 20, Associate ProfessorS. H. Clark, of the Department of Public Speaking, gave an address on "Literature and theCommunity."98 UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Graham Taylor, Head of the Chicago Commons and Director of the Institute ofSocial Science and Arts, gave the ConvocationSermon on August 2J and also acted as the Convocation Chaplain on September i.Among the contributions announced for theNovember number of Scribner's Magazine isone by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, Headof the Department of Political Economy, entitled " The Hope for Labor Unions."Among the fifteen delegates appointed by thegovernor of Illinois to the convention that willconsider a new charter for the city of Chicagois Assistant Professor Charles E. Merriam, ofthe Department of Political Science." Mimicry Among Bornean Insects " was thesubject of an illustrated lecture on August 22,in the Zoology Building, by Mr. R. Shelford, ofOxford University, who* was formerly thecurator of the Sarawak Museum of Borneo.Professor Albion W. Small, Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literature, was adelegate representing the University at the inauguration of Dr. Elsworth Gage Lancaster aspresident of Olivet College, Michigan, on October 25.Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head ofthe Department of Geology, was given the degree of Doctor of Science at the exercises connected with the installation of Dr. Edmund J.James as president of the University of Illinoison October 18.The opening contribution in the souvenir edition of the Monthly Maroon for the SummerQuarter, under the title of " The Future of theUniversity," is by Associate Professor RobertMorss Lovett, of the Department of English.The number is dedicated to the President of theUniversity, and the frontispiece is a reproduction of the portrait of the President, by GariMelchers, which now hangs in HutchinsonHall. During the first part of the new academicyear Assistant Professor Clyde W. Votaw, ofthe Department of New Testament Literatureand Interpretation, will give courses in NewTestament interpretation at the Chicago Theological Seminary.The opening lecture before the WoodlawnWoman's Club of Chicago was given by Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, on October 10. His subject was "Nature and Art inRelation to Sociology; or Duty and Destiny."On September 18 Associate Professor Frederick Starr, of the Department of Sociology andAnthropology, sailed for Antwerp to make arrangements with the Belgian government forhis expedition into Africa for the purpose ofanthropological investigations among the natives,.On August 2 Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head of the Department of Geology, wasappointed by the governor of Illinois to theheadship of the State Board of the GeologicalSurvey. The governor and the president of theUniversity of Illinois are ex-oflicio members ofthe board.The American Institute of Sacred Literature,founded twenty-five years ago by PresidentWilliam R. Harper, has recently been made anorganic part of the University. The Council ofSeventy, representing all denominations andmany educational institutions, will continue asan advisory board.A remarkably full and conveniently arrangedbibliography, both popular and professional, ofliterature for the study of the New Testament iscontained in the October issue of the BiblicalWorld. A similar bibliography was publishedin 1900, and it is proposed to revise the listevery five years, This revision was made byAssistant Professor Clyde W. Votaw, of theDepartment of New Testament Literature andInterpretation.UNIVERSITY RECORD 99Assistant Professor Joseph E. Raycroft, ofthe Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, has been made secretary of the WesternCommittee on the Olympian Games, which arehereafter to be held every four years in Athens,beginning with the year 1906.Dr. H. Foster Bain, who received his degree of Ph.D. from the University in 1897 forwork along the lines of geology and petrology,and in 1904 was a lecturer on " Ore Deposits "during the Winter Quarter, has recently beenappointed to the directorship of the Illinois Geological Survey.At the Senior College Class Exercises held onAugust 29 in the chapel of Cobb Lecture Hall,Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson,Dean of the Senior Colleges, presented the regular quarterly statement of the Dean. Addresseson behalf of the graduates were given by Mr.Henry D. Sulcer and Mr. Beverly O. Skinner.At the opening of the exhibition in the Municipal Museum, on October 11, of the work donein the Chicago vacation schools during the summer, addresses were made by Miss Mary E.McDowell, Head Resident of the Universityof Chicago Settlement, and Miss Jane Addams,Head of Hull House and Lecturer on Sociology.At the forty-eighth meeting of the UniversityCongregation on August 31 the Vice-Presidentfor the Summer Quarter, Associate ProfessorFrank J. Miller, of the Department of Latin,introduced the new members, and ProfessorPaul Shorey, Head of the Department of Greek,was elected Vice-President for the AutumnQuarter.The September issue of the School Reviewhas an editorial note by Associate ProfessorGeorge H. Locke, formerly Dean of the College of Education, on "Suggestions in Regardto Secondary Education from Mr. Sadler'sLatest Report." Mr. Locke is now connectedwith the publishing house of Ginn & Co., ofBoston. The opening contribution in the September-October issue of the Journal of Geology, byProfessor Rollin D. Salisbury, of the Department of Geology and Head of the Department of Geography, is entitled "The MineralMatter of the Sea, with Some Speculations as tothe Changes Which Have Been Involved in itsProduction."At a luncheon given on September 16 by theChicago Press Club in honor of President Edmund J. James, of the University of Illinois,Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson,Dean of the Senior Colleges, was among thespeakers who expressed the desire that the StateUniversity should be advanced to the highesteducational plane.Mr. Samuel Northrup Harper, the eldest sonof the President of the University, who took hisdegree of Bachelor of Arts in 1902, has beenappointed an Associate in the Russian Languageand Literature, and began his work with theopening of the Autumn Quarter. Mr. Harperspent two years in the study of Russian literature and history at Paris, and at St. Petersburgand Moscow.A report of the recent International PrisonCongress held in Budapest, Hungary, was contributed to the Chicago Tribune of October 2by Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head ofthe Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology.Mr. Henderson has been absent from the University during the Spring and Summer Quarters, pursuing investigations in Europe alongthe lines of his special work.Miss Annie Marion MacLean, who receivedfrom the University the Master's degree in 1897and the Doctor's degree in 1900 for work alongthe lines of sociology and economics, and whowas for two years dean of women and professorof economics at the John B. Stetson University,has recently become the editor of Woman'sWelfare, a quarterly magazine published by theWoman's Century Club of Dayton, Ohio!100 UNIVERSITY RECORDA summary of recent exploration and discovery in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt is contributed to the July issue of the Biblical Worldby Professor James H. Breasted, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures.Mr. Breasted sailed early in October for Berlin,where he is making preparations for his laterwork in Egypt in connection with the OrientalExploration Fund." Education in Thrift " is the title of an articleby Professor Shailer Mathews, of the DivinitySchool, in the October issue of The World To-Day. Mr. Mathews also contributes the openingeditorial, entitled "The Seamy Side of Peace."In the same number is an illustrated contribution on " Southwark : A Government of thePlain People," by Professorial Lecturer FrancisW. Parker, a member of the University Boardof Trustees.The library of Hitchcock Hall has been madeeven more attractive by the donor of the building, Mrs. Charles Hitchcock, who has recentlypresented to it an artistic bronze copy of the" Narcissus " in the Naples Museum, and alsoa portrait of herself, painted by Mr. Henry S.Hubbell, of Chicago, which makes an especiallyappropriate companion picture to that of herhusband, in whose memory the building waserected.The seventy-fourth contribution from theHull Botanical Laboratory contained in the Julyissue of the Botanical Gazette, is entitled " TheDevelopment of Root Hairs," and was writtenby Miss Laetitia M. Snow, who received theDoctor's degree from the University in 1904.The article is illustrated by one plate and sixfigures. The briefer articles in the number include an account of the Vienna Congress ofBotanists, by Professor Charles R. Barnes, ofthe Department of Botany, and a note by MissFlorence M. Lyon, Associate in Morphology, on"Another Seed-like Characteristic of Selagi-nella." On October 11, 12, and 13, in Cobb LectureHall, under the auspices of the German Club,the following lectures were given by Professor E. Kiihnemann, of the Royal Academy ofPosen, Germany: "Der junge Goethe alsDichter des Urfast," and "Representative German Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century: I,Grillparzer as Exponent of Post-ClassicalTragedy ; II, Hebbel, the Forerunner of Ibsen."A Decade of Civic Improvement is the title ofa new volume, by Professor Charles Zueblin, ofthe Department of Sociology and Anthropology,which is soon to be issued by the University ofChicago Press. The book, of two hundredpages, with illustrations, will give a fresh andcomprehensive account of a modern movementof great significance, and will form a naturalsequence to Mr. Zueblin's last volume, AmericanMunicipal Progress, published by The Mac-millan Company in 1902.The seventy-fifth contribution from the HullBotanical Laboratory is by Mr. Andrew C.Moore, a former graduate student in Botany.It is entitled " Sporogenesis in Pallavicinia,"and opens the August issue of the BotanicalGazette. The seventy-sixth contribution is inthe same number, and is on the subject of " Regeneration in Plants." It was written by Dr.William B. McCallum, Assistant in Plant Physiology, and is illustrated by fourteen figures."Relation of Transpiration to Growth inWheat," by Dr. Burton E. Livingston, formerlyAssociate in Botany, is the title of the seventy-seventh contribution from the Hull BotanicalLaboratory, which appears in the Septembernumber of the Botanical Gazette. It is illustrated by twenty-one figures. The seventy-eighth contribution is on "A MorphologicalStudy of Ulmus Americana," by Mr. Charles H.Shattuck, a former graduate student in the Department of Botany, now connected with Washburn College, Topeka, Kan. The contributionis illustrated by three plates.UNIVERSITY RECORD 101Charles Scribner's Sons announce for publication in October A History of Egypt, byJames Henry Breasted, Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History. The work is anelaborate history founded on recent original researches by the author, and two hundred illustrations and maps add greatly to the interest andsignificance of the volume.At the Autumn Convocation on September Ifour students were awarded the honor of election to the Beta of Illinois chapter of Phi BetaKappa. Twenty-five students received the titleof Associate; seventy-five received the Bachelor's degree ; five, the degree of Doctor of Law ;'twenty-one, the Master's degree; and twelve,the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The totalof 113 degrees is with one exception, the largestnumber ever conferred at an Autumn Convocation.Professor Edward Judson, Head of the Department of Homiletics, who for two years hasgiven half of his time to work in the University,has resigned, and has been elected professor ofpastoral theology in the Theological Seminaryof Colgate University, becoming also directorof the work of the students when they are inresidence in New York City. Mr. Judson's decision to remain in the East is a cause of generaland sincere regret among members and friendsof the University.To the October number of the School ReviewAssociate Professor George H. Locke, formerlyDean of the College of Education, contributeseditorial notes on " The Proposal to Establish aThree- Year Course at Harvard University forthe Bachelor of Arts Degree," " The Universityand the College in America and the PreceptorialPlan Adopted at Princeton University," "MissMargaret Haley Defines the Attitude of theChicago Teachers' Federation toward thePublic-school System," " President Roosevelt onSelf -Government," and "The MarvelousProgress of Education in North Carolina." In the September number of the AstrophysicalJournal is a contribution on " Diffraction Grating Replicas " by Mr. Robert J. Wallace, Photo-physicist at the Yerkes Observatory. Mr. Wallace has also a minor contribution under the titleof a " Preliminary Note on OrthochromaticPlates." "Wave-Lengths of Certain SiliconLines" is a joint contribution of ProfessorEdwin B. Frost, Director of the Observatory,and Mr. Julius A. Brown."Social Solidarity in France'' is the subjectof a contribution to the September issue of theAmerican Journal of Sociology, written by Professor Charles R. Henderson, Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology." In thesame number is an article by Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of the Department ofSociology, entitled "The Civic Problem from aSociological Standpoint." It was originallyan address given at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition on Civic Day, October 6, 1904.Mira de Amescua's Spanish play of ElEsclauo del Demonio has been edited, with anintroduction and notes, by Mr. Milton A.Buchanan, Associate in the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures, and published by the J. H. Furst Co., of Baltimore.This edition, which is dedicated to AssociateProfessor Karl Pietsch, of the Romance Department, has a fourteen-page introduction discussing literary and linguistic questions connected with the play, and also eight pages ofnotes on the text. Modern editions of the playare extremely rare.Assistant Professor Hugo R. Meyer, of theDepartment of Political Economy, has the opening contribution in the October issue of theJournal of Political Economy, entitled "Municipal Ownership in Great Britain." "The Chicago Teamsters' Strike — A Study in IndustrialDemocracy" is the subject of another timelyarticle in the same number, by Assistant Professor John Cummings, of the Department of102 UNIVERSITY RECORDPolitical Economy. Among the " Notes " is oneby Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, of the Department of Household Administration, on" Two Decisions Relating to Organized Labor,"and one on " Limitation of Hours of Labor andthe Supreme Court," by Professor ErnstFreund, of the Law School.In the September issue of the ElementarySchool Teacher is a contribution on " An Application of Number Work in Nature Study," byMr. Spencer J. McCallie, a graduate student inthe Department of Sociology and Philosophy.In the same number Miss Lorley A. Ashleman,of the School of Education, collaborates withMr. Edward L. Norton, of the University ofWisconsin, in a discussion of " Dramatics in theTeaching of a Foreign Language." In a " Discussion of High-School Fraternities and Sororities " is contained a committee report signedby Professor William D. McClintock, of theDepartment of English, embodying objectionsto secret societies in the University HighSchool."The Better Side of Commercialism" is theopening editorial of the September issue of TheWorld To-Day, by Professor Shailer Mathews,of the Divinity School. Mr. Mathews is alsothe writer of an illustrated article in the samenumber entitled " Uncommercial Chicago."Among the attractive illustrations of the articleis that of the Law School of the University ofChicago. " Germany and the Vatican " is contributed by Assistant Professor James W.Thompson, of the Department of History. " AnAppreciation of Chicago" is a contribution byProfessorial Lecturer Francis W. Parker, ofthe Law School, who is also a member of theUniversity Board of Trustees. ProfessorCharles R. Henderson, Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology, writes concerning Abbe Felix Klein, a conspicuous member of the faculty of the Catholic Institute atParis. Among the most recent publications by theUniversity of Chicago Press is the volume ofBarrows Lectures given in 1902 and 1903 byPresident Charles Cuthbert Hall, of the UnionTheological Seminary, New York. The lectures, which were delivered in India, Ceylon,and Japan on the Barrows Foundation, make avolume of 300 pages, and bear the general titleof Christian Belief Interpreted by ChristianExperience. The introductory note is by thevice-chancellor of the University of Bombay,and the supplementary note by Dr. John H.De Forest, of Japan. There is also an accountof the Barrows Lectureship Foundation, and asyllabus of the lectures, the first being entitled"The Nature of Religion" and the last "Reasons for Regarding Christianity as the AbsoluteReligion."Professor Harry Pratt Judson, Dean of theFaculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, representing the University of Chicago, was amongthe guests who responded to the address of welcome at the installation of Dr. Edmund J. Jamesas president of the University of Illinois onOctober 18. Dr. James was formerly connectedfor a number of years with the University ofChicago as Professor of Public Administrationand Director of the University Extension Division. Other representatives of the Universityat the installation were Professor Thomas C.Chamberlin, Head of the Department ofGeology; Professor Paul Shorey, Head of theDepartment of the Greek Language and Literature; Professor Shailer Mathews, Junior Deanof the Divinity School ; and Mr. Wallace Heck-man, Counsel and Business Manager of theUniversity.The University of Chicago Press has recentlypublished for Mr. Larue Van Hook, who received his Doctor's degree, magna cum laude,in 1904 for work in the Department of the GreekLanguage and Literature, a dissertation on" The Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric and Literary Criticism." The thesis, ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 103fifty pages, contains an introduction coveringthe "Development of the Terminology in Ancient Criticism," "Faded and UnconsciousMetaphorical Terms," and a plan of classification. In a tabular view of the sources are defined and classified the terms borrowed fromnature; the human body, athletics, war, andthe sea ; youth, age, and sex ; the social status ;the sense of taste; deities and religion; thetheater and festivals ; disposition and morals ;and the trades and arts. In the appendix arecontained a list of the authors cited, and indicesof Greek, Latin, and English terms.Among the new preceptors appointed atPrinceton University for the present academicyear are four who have recently been connectedwith the University of Chicago as graduate students: Mr. Anthony L. Underhill, who tookhis degree of S.B., in 1900 and is a candidatefor the Doctor's degree in the Department ofMathematics ; Mr. La Rue Van Hook, who wasa Fellow in Greek and received his Doctor'sdegree in 1904; Mr. George T. Northup, whowas a Fellow in Romance and German and is acandidate for the Doctor's degree; and Mr.Gilbert A. Bliss, who took his degree of S.B. in1897, his Master's degree in 1898, and hisDoctor's degree in 1900. At the time of hisleaving the University Mr. Bliss was an Associate in the Department of Mathematics. Sucha representation at Princeton is a source ofgreat gratification to members of the University.Lodowick Carliell is the title of a volume recently published by the University of ChicagoPress for Mr. Charles Henry Gray, who received his Doctor's degree from the Universityin 1904 for work in the Departments of Englishand German. The volume, of about 175 pages,contains an account of the life of this courtierdramatist of the time of the Stuarts, a list anddiscussion of his plays, and the text of his bestplay, " The Deserving Favourite," with an introduction and notes. Among the appendixes area copy of the "King's Warrant in Favour of Eleanor Carlisle" and the wills of LodowickCarliell and his wife Joan. The frontispiece ofthe book is the coat-of-arms of Carlyle of Bryde-kirk, and the whole thesis has a particular interest because of the subject's connection with thefamily of Thomas Carlyle. The writer of thethesis is now assistant professor of English inthe University of Kansas.The beginning of the important series ofbooks announced several years ago under theproposed title of "Ancient Records," is nowto be realized in part by the publication inthe late autumn of four volumes of HistoricalDocuments devoted to Egypt. The first of thesevolumes will include the documents relating toDynasties I to XVII; the second, those ofDynasty XVIII; the third, those of DynastyXIX ; and the fourth, those of Dynasties XX toXXVI. They constitute the first trustworthyand comprehensive source-book for Egyptianhistory, and are the result of years of labor andresearch by James Henry Breasted, Professorof Egyptology and Oriental History. ProfessorRobert Francis Harper, of the Department ofSemitic Languages and Literatures, is the special editor of the Ancient Records of Assyriaand Babylonia, and the President of the University, in addition to being the general editor of theseries, has special supervision of the AncientRecords of Palestine.Professor Robert Francis Harper, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures,has the opening contribution in the Octoberissue of the American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, entitled " Notes on theCode of Hammurabi." Among the illustrationsof the article is one of the camp of the OrientalExploration Fund at Bismya. "The BismyaTemple " is a contribution in the same number,by Dr. Edgar J. Banks, who has been the FieldDirector of the Babylonian Expedition of theOriental Exploration Fund. Mr. Banks hasalso a second contribution, on " Plain StoneVases from Bismya," which includes a descrip-104 UNIVERSITY RECORDtion of the vases, with a page of illustrationsshowing the shapes. "Typical Middle Kingdom Scarabs" and "An Egyptian Statuettewith Sun Hymn" are contributions by Mr.Garrett C. Pier, a special student in the DivinitySchool. "The Assyro-Babylonian amel TU.biti," "The Esarhaddon Succession," and"The Kepu" are articles contributed by Dr.Arthur H. Godbey, who received at the JuneConvocation of this year his Doctor's degreefrom the University for work in Assyrian andHebrew.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THESUMMER QUARTER, 1905During the Summer Quarter, 1905, there has beenadded to the library of the University a total numberof 11,003 volumes from the following sources:BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 2,638 volumes, distributedas follows : 'Anatomy, 21 ; Anthropology, 7 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 10; Astronomy (Yerkes), 82; Bacteriology, 12;Biology, 79; Botany, 32; Chemistry, 10; Church History, 2$ ; Commerce and Administration, 5 ; ComparativeReligion, 136; Embryology, 1 ; English, 173; Jinglish,German, and Romance, 6; General Library, 218; Geography, 28; Geology, 1 ; German, 301; Greek, 25; History, 156; History of Art, 38; Homiletics, 1; Latin, 15;Latin and Greek, 15 ; Law School, 675 ; Mathematics, 35 ;Morgan Park Academy, 21 ; Neurology, 9 ; New Testament, 18; Palaeontology, 1; Pathology, 11; Pedagogy,11; Philosophy, 35; Physics, 25; Physiological Chemistry, 14 ; Physiology, 7 ; Political Economy, 35 ; PoliticalScience, 58; Public Speaking, 11; Romance, 46; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 30 ; School of Education, 26; Semitics, 115; Sociology, 10; Sociology{Divinity), 8; Systematic Theology, 19; Zoology, 23. BY GIFT,Books added by gift, 7,041 volumes, distributed asfollows :Anatomy, 1 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 1 ; Astronomy(Yerkes), 7; Biology, 12; Botany, 7; Chemistry, 1;Church History, 12; Commerce and Administration, 5;Comparative Religion, 1 ; Divinity School, 4 ; English,11 ; English, German, and Romance, 19; General Library,606 ; General Literature, 1 ; Geography, 35 ; Geology,30 ; German, including Emil G. Hirsch-Bernays Library,6,070; Greek, 2; History, 51 ; History of Art, 1 ; Latin,3 ; Law School, 2 ; Mathematics, 8 ; New Testament, 6 ;Pathology, 1 ; Pedagogy, 1 ; Philosophy, 4 ; PhysicalCulture, 58 ; Physics, 6 ; Physiology, 2 ; Political Economy, 1 1 ; Political Science, 26 ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 1 ; School of Education, 5 ; Semitics,1 ; Sociology, 19 ; Systematic Theology, 5 ; Zoology, 5.BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications,1,324 volumes, distributed as follows:Anatomy, 1 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 1 ; Astronomy(Yerkes), 7; Biology, 2; Botany, 4; Church History, 6;English, German, and Romance, i ; General Library, 793 ;Geography, 1; Geology, 15; German, 1; Homiletics, 12;Neurology, 1 ; New Testament, 5 ; Pedagogy, 1 ; Philosophy, 2 ; Physics, 1 ; Political Economy, 18 ; PoliticalScience, 6 ; School of Education, 420 ; Semitics, 12 ;Sociology, 12; Sociology (Divinity), 1; SystematicTheology, 1.SPECIAL GIFTSEmil G. Hirsch-Bernays Library, 6,068 volumes — German and French literature, and miscellaneous.Miss Susan Peabody, 35 volumes, and 17 pamphlets —miscellaneous.City of New York, 9 volumes — city reports.Kansas Academy of Science, 3 volumes — transactions.St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Chicago, 43 volumes —a fine set of Rousseau and other French literature.United States government, 44 volumes — documents.JULES JEAN JUSSERANDAmbassador of France to the United StatesConvocation Orator, December ig, 1905