VOLUME X NUMBER 1University RecordJULY, 1905THE EARLIEST UNIVERSITIES AND THE LATEST1BY WILLIAM PETERSON, LL.D., C.M.G.,Principal of McGill University, MontrealDean Judson, Gentlemen of the Board of Trustees, Members of the Faculty, Graduates,Undergraduates, Ladies and Gentlemen:My main qualification for standing here todayis sincere appreciation of the work you havebeen privileged to accomplish during the shortperiod of your existence as a University. Iwant to say this at the outset of my address;for it is no more than should be said. You mayperhaps be aware that many older institutionshave been apt to cherish something like a grudgeagainst you. The lightning-like rapidity of youracademic progress has shocked from time totime their quiet repose. You have disturbedtheir standards by crowding into little morethan a single decade what ought, according to allprevious experience, to have taken at least acentury. You have seemed to discredit, in away, their methods by keeping open all the yearround, and so turning your backs, as it were,on that most time-honored of all university institutions — the three-months-long vacation. Instead of having one annual commencement, likeall the rest of the world, you hold this graduation ceremonial at the end of every quarter. Theconsequence is that, although you are only fourteen years old, this is already your fifty-fifthcelebration; and at this rate of progress you1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fifty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, June 13, 1905. will soon overtake and outstrip the oldest universities in Europe as well as in America.Again, you stand charged with the crime ofmaking it a practice to engage professors forpiecework, returning them, after they have donetemporary duty with you, to their native establishments. This procedure, it is almost needlessto state, is apt to cause some heart-burningamong those whom you do not honor with yourchoice. Even the size, shape, and color of yourAnnual Register, so different from every otherknown calendar or catalogue, has been made arock of offence and a stone of stumbling. I knowwhat the attitude was towards your early effortsof such Old- World centers as Oxford and Edinburgh and St. Andrews, and it is all the morepleasurable on that account to have this opportunity of paying the tribute you have so fullymerited in spite of, or rather by reason of, yourmanifold innovations. To the great wonderworker who has watched over your academicchildhood I would convey an expression of myhomage and admiration. Perhaps none are sofully qualified as those who are themselves university presidents to estimate what Chicago owesto President Harper. His masterly report, published as the first volume of the first series ofyour Decennial Publications, will long remainas a standing monument of clear-sighted, courageous, and comprehensive academic policy. Inthese latter days a college head is called on to2 UNIVERSITY RECORDplay many parts. He must be a man of affairsas well as a scholar. What he does not knowhimself he must be able to appreciate in others,whether it be mining or metaphysics, hydraulicsor Hebrew. He is organizer and administrator :happy is he, too, if he can continue for atime to give the best that is in him as teacheralso ! And, apart from all that, he has to keep intouch with his staff, collectively and individually,to study the interests of his undergraduate constituents, to stimulate his board of trustees, andto be ever ready — day or night, and ofteneven on Sundays — to represent his universitybefore the public. His function has been wellsaid to consist in putting pressure upon everybody — including the benefactor! How wellDr. Harper has discharged these manifold dutiesyou know even better than I do. But in the darkdays through which he passed this winter, eventhose of us who live at a distance from this greatcenter, and are not in close touch with youraffairs, did not fail to associate ourselves withyour anxiety and grief. If anything was capable of sustaining your President during thattrying time, in addition to his trust in God, itmust have been the knowledge that he had thesympathy of every academic community on thiscontinent, as well as elsewhere.If the federation of the world ever comes topass, it will be largely through the influence ofthe universities. The earliest of them was theoutcome of that thirst for knowledge which,after a dark age, marked the rising nationalitiesof modern Europe. These institutions possessedthe highest culture of their day and generation, and were recognized as the best exponentsof that culture, not only by the nations towhich they respectively belonged, but throughout the European continent. The latest universities are but the most recently forged linksin the chain that binds together all the peoplesof the earth, uniting them in a common purpose and leading them to work for a commonend. One of the most interesting suggestions of the present day is the possibility of increasedintercommunication among these universities.We cannot know too much, in my judgment,of what is going on in other countries —what progress is being made, what experiments are being tried and with what results,what is the general trend of academic thoughtin regard to the various problems that engrossattention. This is true not only of the variousseats of learning which belong to the same century, but also of the attitude in which the universities of different countries might stand toone another. Now that they are coming to bemore closely related to life and citizenship, theymay be expected to be increasingly conscious ofthe fact that they have before them a commontask, in the execution of which they must reston the basis of common principles and the inspiration of a common ideal.Certainly throughout the English-speakingworld we do well to cherish every academic aimthat may make for community of sentiment.And most of all can it be predicated of the modern university in the commercial city — whetherthat city be Manchester, or Birmingham, orChicago, or Montreal — that the atmospherewhich surrounds it, as well as the tasks it has toface, is one and the same for all. The academicview is sometimes obscured, especially in the OldWorld, by the assumption that all universities,whether in small or large centers of population,ought to be cast in the same mould and fashionedafter the same type. This is obviously not thecase. Oxford and Cambridge differ to some extent from each other, and both present a strongcontrast in traditions and tendencies to Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, or Liverpool. Eachtype has much to learn from the other. Theproblems of modern life which have becomeurgent in a great city such as Chicago are closelyconnected with the economic and historical studies pursued in the older universities, and, asMr. James Bryce has lately expressed it,2 "the2 University Review, May, 1905* P- 5-UNIVERSITY RECORD 3relation between those studies and the plans fitto be followed in handling social problems maybe compared to the relations between theoreticand applied science. Among the practical questions of educational methods, there are some inwhich Oxford can give light to Manchester, andsome in which Manchester can give light toOxford."On this side of the Atlantic we have shownour superiority to tradition by introducing evena new connotation for the word "university,"distinguishing the type, as we have it here, withits graduate and professional schools, from theold " college of arts and sciences." There islittle, if any, ground for this in history. It isone of our bold American innovations. May Ihope to interest you if I ask you to look backfrom the developed product, as we know it now,to the mediaeval beginnings in which the modernuniversity had its origin? A brief retrospectmay enable us to grasp more clearly the essentialpoints in which the new differentiates itself fromthe old, as well as the points of contact and resemblance. The study of origins is alwaysamong the most fascinating of all studies, andnot least when applied to the consideration ofthe lineal succession in which the universities ofthe modern world stand to their prototypes. Forme this chapter of history has lately acquiredsomething of a personal interest by the discoverythat the founder of the college and universitywhich I represent was, before he came to Canadain the third quarter of the eighteenth century,a duly matriculated student of the University ofGlasgow. Now, Glasgow was founded by apapal bull on the model of the oldest of all universities — the University of Bologna, famousfor the study of the civil and canon law ; so thatfrom Bologna in the twelfth century to Glasgowin the fifteenth, and from Glasgow in the fifteenth century to McGill and Montreal in thetwentieth, is but a step.But, apart from that particular and personalreference, some degree of general interest may attach to a comparison of the forces to which theearliest foundations owed their origin, and theconditions that have given birth to such a University as this. In spite of the great and obviousdifferences in the surrounding circumstances,there is nevertheless much of the same spiritthat led to their establishment to be descried inthe missionary energy and enterprise which havemarked your efforts during the last fourteenyears. One point of contrast, however, suggestsitself at once. The various universities whichwere founded many centuries ago at short intervals on the European continent were the nurslings of the church — the church which, afterkeeping alive the sacred lamp of learning fromthe fall of the Western Empire to the eleventhcentury of our era, had become the great centralizing agency of the then known world. They hadgrown out of the schools attached to monasteriesand cathedrals in which facilities were offeredfor the education of young "clerks," the onlyteachers being the monks. Princes and peoplemight unite with learned men to supply theimpetus which resulted in the elevation of suchschools into universities ; but it was from thepopes that there came the immunities and privileges conferred on the corporations thus formed,of which the most important was the power ofgranting degrees, i. e., licences to teach anywhere throughout the world. The first chapterin the history of university extension was introduced when, in addition to the professionaltraining of priests and monks, the more practicalstudies of medicine and law began to press forrecognition. Before the beginning of the twelfthcentury the rudiments of physical science andsome branches of mathematics had emergedmore clearly into view. Next came the scholasticphilosophy, arising out of the study of Aristotle,and claiming attention, not only because of itsintrinsic value as a mental discipline, but alsoas the key to the proper interpretation of theological doctrine.The earliest universities were too spon-4 UNIVERSITY RECORDtaneous in their origin for us to connect theirfirst beginnings with the name of any personalfounder. In spite of the accretions of tradition,which would associate Paris with Charles theGreat and Oxford with King Alfred, we maysay that they did not owe their establishment, inthe first instance, to individuals. They arose outof the spontaneous and enthusiastic desire forknowledge, which drew together — mot, be itnoted, in seclusion and retirement, but in greattowns — a concourse of the most learned men ofthe day. The busy centers of commerce —Bologna, Paris, Naples, Florence, Vienna — became great seats of learning because they werealready great cities. Privileges conceded by thelocal authorities to teachers and taught keptthem generally faithful to the place of theirchoice, though unfortunate disagreements sometimes led to the migration of a whole universityto a neighboring center. It was the papal bullwhich, by constituting what was called a stu-dium generate, or center of study open to allcomers, elevated each mew foundation to a placein the ever-widening circle of those seats oflearning which, by the use of a common language and the acceptance of a common faith,held together for a time in bonds of unity thevarious peoples of the European world. Therapidity with which the movement spread maybe judged from the fact that before the year1400 — by which date the word universitas hadcome to be used in the sense we now attach to it— some forty universities had been establishedin Italy, France, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.As soon as the cloister or cathedral school hadreceived papal authorization, its fortunes beganrapidly to improve. Its future was now altogether in the hands of the learned men who hadfirst given it a name, and hence the growth ofevery university center is linked with the fameof some individual teacher whose prelections onsome special subject of study drew crowds ofardent young men to hear him from all quartersof the country, and even from foreign parts. For before the days of printed books the powerof the living voice and of personal intercoursewith the teacher was a larger element in education than it can be now. By the majority of students knowledge could then only be acquiredorally. And they knew the value of those atwhose feet they elected to sit, pressing afterthem with an ardor which summoned the greatAbelard, for example, when the romance of hislife was over, back from the cell in which he hadthought to spend the rest of his days in solitarymeditation, to do battle once again for the spiritof liberty and free thought.The wandering life which many students ledin search of new knowledge is, indeed, in curious contrast with life at a university today. Itwas a reversal of the circumstances under whichthe higher education had risen first in Greece,where the early sophists went from city to city,sometimes accompanied by enthusiastic pupils,to incite the youth of the Hellenic people toapply themselves to the new learning of whichthey had constituted themselves the first professors. Now, the university was to have moreof a fixed home for the teachers, but not forthe ideal students of the Middle Age, who cherished too lofty an ambition to< be satisfied withrudimentary education, even though it mightlead to immediate advancement in the professionwith which the universities were so intimatelyconnected — the profession of the church. Foryears together, sometimes for a whole lifetime,they would journey on from university to university, attracted by the fame of some risingteacher who had made some new subject hisown. Traveling was made easy for them : theywere a specially privileged caste, for whom theroads were kept open and free of toll by royalor imperial decree, and they could depend onbeing able to maintain communication with theirhomes and on having supplies forwarded themwithout fear of robbery. But the poorestscholars felt no shame in begging by the way,and in the cities through which their journey layUNIVERSITY RECORD 5they would even employ this system for the purpose of raising the fees on which their unendowed professors were so obviously dependent.For if a man might ask alms to keep body andsoul together, why should he not invite thecharity of the rich to assist him in the studiesthat were to revolutionize the world ?Arrived at a university, students from thesame provinces — from which they often cameup in bands — showed a tendency to herdtogether in a way which powerfully influenced mediaeval organization. The jealousies ofthe rival sets who came from different parts ofthe country, roused into action, perhaps, by different views of the merits of some individualteacher, often developed tumults such as in somecenters have not even yet been altogether dissociated from academic life; though, on theother hand, the provincial organizations musthave done good service in preventing the dangerof isolation on the part of poor scholars comingup for the first time, and in assisting them withadvice and counsel. In Paris the system was extended into the organization of what was calledthe "Four Nations," whose existence is ampleproof of the cosmopolitan character of the universities of that early time. Each nation had itsseparate houses for the sick and poor amongits members, its separate officers, and separatefunds on which it could draw to assist its needyscholars, or " bursars," as they began to be calledwhen the students came to be housed in bursaeor " inns "— the germ of the future colleges.Of the life of the students we have someglimpses which will enable us to contrast it withpresent circumstances and surroundings, andwhich will account for the survival at Oxfordof some of the regulations at which we are toldour American Rhodes scholars are apt to chafe.It was a life, not of ease and freedom, but ofdiscipline and stern control. At Paris lecturingwent on from sunrise to noon, the hour of dinner, not in comfortably equipped classrooms,but in any vacant space where an audience could be housed, the students sitting on the floor, orsometimes on the ground at the porch of somegreat church. History records that the legatesof the pope censured the university on one occasion for introducing the use of wooden benches,as subversive of academic discipline and tendingto effeminacy of manners. Dinner over, theafternoon was comparatively free. Then camesupper about sunset, after which study wasresumed.Three hours before midnight, the chains which barredthe narrow streets began to be fastened up; watchespatrolled in the name of the various authorities whoclaimed a share in the police of Paris ; and every son oflearning was expected to be in bed, unless he had accessto some of the towers where the votaries of astrology out-watched the stars.Of the inner life of some at least of the students we have a terrible account in the writingsof Erasmus, whose evil fate it was to pass theearly years of his life in the most poverty-stricken college of the Paris University — -theCollege of Montaigu (Montacutum). It is tobe hoped the picture he draws was not true ofany other place :The students lived, packed three or four together, ina damp room, filled with pestilential air from the neighboring cesspools ; their bed was the floor ; their food,coarse bread and scanty, varied with rotten eggs ; theirdrink, putrid water, diversified occasionally with wine ofso vinegarish a quality that it obtained for the college thenickname of Montacetum. Fireplaces or stoves they hadnone; filth and vermin (pediculorum largissima copia)assisted in keeping them from the cold, and their circulation was sometimes artificially accelerated by the aid ofcorporal punishment.Not altogether dissimilar, though fortunatelyfree from revolting features, is the descriptiongiven of student life at Cambridge not longafterwards by the old chronicler Antony aWood:There be divers there who rise daily betwixt four andfive o'clock in the morning, and from five until six of theclock use common prayer .... and from six unto teno'clock use ever either private study or common lectures.At that hour they had their frugal dinner. Itwas composed of a " penny piece of beef among6 UNIVERSITY RECORDfour, having a few porage made of the broth ofthe same beef, with salt and oatmeal and nothingelse." From dinner to supper, at five o'clock,the time was spent, we are told, either in teaching or study ; and after supper the students discussed problems or pursued other studies untilten, when, being without hearth or stove, " theywere fain," says the old chronicler, " to walk orrun up and down half an hour to give an heat totheir feet when they go to bed. These men benot weary of their pains, but very sorry to leavetheir study."It would lead us too far into the domain ofhistory to trace the consequences for the universities of that double revolution in learning andreligion, the two phases of which were each sointimately connected with the other. TheRenascence, by the revival of Greek and Latinliterature, first freed men's minds from the fetters of a dead scholasticism, whose depressingweight had long crushed all individuality out ofthem; the Reformation was an assertion ofspiritual independence, breaking the bonds ofthe ecclesiastical system which for centuries hadheld together the nations of the West, and producing changes of a radical nature, not only inreligion, but also in politics and education. Thespirit of independent free thought had beenaroused, never again to slumber; and thoughin church centers which still remained Catholicthe new learning met with great opposition, theold traditionary system had received its deathblow. The universities were no longer to bemere "links in the chain which the church hadthrown over Europe;" they had become independent units, and they progressed toward a distinct individual existence in which differenttypes of nationality were now allowed to imposesomething of their own peculiar character.Thus it has been pointed out how France, withher centralizing instincts, concentrated the studyof law at Orleans or Bourges ; of medicine, atMontpellier; of theology, at Paris; how England, with her natural inclination toward com petition, produced till within recent years twouniversities alone, designed, as it were, to keepeach other mutually up to the mark; while thevarious subdivisions of mediaeval Germany werefaithfully reproduced in the numerous seats oflearning which sprang up within her boundaries.In most universities there existed the time-honored four faculties — arts (sometimes calledphilosophy), theology, law, and medicine;though none cultivated all four in the samedegree. At Paris, e. g., theology was supreme,or rather theology and philosophy welded together in the system forged by the schoolmenwhen they first took the dogmas of the churchunder their care. This accounts for the smallconsideration given to* medicine and law bythe English and German universities, modeled,as they were, after Paris. In course of time thedivision according to faculties, as based on difference of studies, supplanted the old organization of the students according to their " nations,"which now became of less practical consequence.While the universities of the North, both inEngland and Scotland, mainly adopted Paris astheir model, those of Italy, Spain, and a greatpart of France itself followed the lead ofBologna. Paris stood for a general mentaltraining, with the speculative bent natural to thestudy of dialectic ; Bologna laid more weight onthe idea of a professional training in law, witha definite practical aim. But the growth of theinstitutions which came after Bologna and Pariswas marked by very different conditions. Bythe fifteenth century colleges had been numerously founded both in the French and the English universities ; though the system never tookmuch hold of either Italy or Germany. Thesecolleges had developed originally out of " inns "or bursae, already mentioned, — provided underthe supervision of a resident graduate, as specialhomes for the students; and which the beneficence of the rich, by endowing lectureshipsand scholarships, and furnishing separatechapels and halls, had gradually enabled to fixUNIVERSITY RECORD 7a deep hold on the constitution of the university• — in fact to grow to even greater importancethan the very corporations themselves to whichthey had been intended as subsidiary. As manyof you may be aware, this is still the case withthe English universities. In Scotland, on theother hand, lack of funds — as well as the sturdyindependence of the Scottish student, who evento this day is usually left to seek out his ownhome for himself — prevented the establishmentof the collegiate system. American universitieshave done well to reproduce, in their dormitoriesand halls of residence, this feature of the life ofthe earliest seats of learning. Too much cannotbe said of the advantage to our students of ahealthful and helpful environment; it is necessary, in fact, for the application of the doctrinethat education consists, mot only in the trainingof the intellect, but also in the supply and theuse of opportunities and experience that shall goto the upbuilding of a manly and well-manneredtype of character.For centuries after their first organization theuniversities of Europe, with frequent internalchanges, kept pretty much to the lines that wereoriginally laid down for them. They met therequirements of their constituents by providing,under the head of " arts," a general literary culture, and also by furnishing the means ofpreparation for the special professions of law,medicine, and theology. The demand of the present day is different and more extensive. It is atwofold demand : first, that the spheres of professional activity recognized and countenanced bythe universities shall be greatly widened; andsecondly that the universities shall supply, notmerely the training required by scholars and specialists, but also the liberal culture proper for theordinary citizen. What is it that, during the lastquarter of a century, has drawn toward so manydepartments of our work the benevolent attentions of practical men ? Surely, the acceptance ofthe view that the university is no longer a thingapart from the life of the people, exists no longer only for the scholar and the recluse, but iseager to come into practical touch with every interest that may be helpful in preparation forcitizenship and public service. The day is pastand gone when it could content itself with beinga mere academic ornament, instead of strivingto make itself a center of usefulness to the community. Rather has the word gone forth thatlearning and science are, and must ever remain," incomplete and unsatisfying unless they can beadapted to the service and the use of man." Allthis can be said without incurring any reasonablecensure from those who wish to warn us that itis no part of the office and function of a university to teach its students how money can be made.The mere statement of the point is enough toremind us of the great extension which has beengiven in recent times to the field of universitywork. Many additions have been made to thesystem under which law, medicine, and theologywere recognized as the only technical applications of our academic studies. Why, all themarvels of modern scientific and practical activity rest on the basis of the abstract and theoretical learning which the university fosters.And there seems no reason in the nature ofthings why engineers and chemists should nothave just as broad and sound an education asdoctors and lawyers.No country in the world has had more successthan the United States in meeting the demandfor uniting the old traditionary education withone that shall have a direct practical bearing onthe life and occupations of the people. On thiscontinent no influences have been at work toobscure the view that it is for the interest ofsociety at large that each member of it shall beable to claim, so far as circumstances allow, theopportunity for the full development of the talents with which nature has endowed him, tothe end that he and his fellow-men may reap thebenefit of their proper exercise. We have neverregarded it as worse than useless — even dangerous — to give education to those whose lives8 UNIVERSITY RECORDare to be spent in the practice of the manual arts." He who would seek to limit education for fearnobody would be left to black his boots is a slaveholder at heart "— that is a dictum which wouldsurely be rejected by none. If you say that education breeds discontent, so much the better;discontent is the parent of progress. Let theeducated man and the trained workman, inevery profession and in every industry, takeprecedence over the uneducated and the untrained ; society will be the better for it.This extension of the sphere of its activitieshas brought the modern university one clear andobvious gain. It may be confidently stated thatat no time has so great an amount of public interest been taken in its operations. Like thetyrant of old, the university has "taken thepeople into partnership." The many share thetastes, sympathies, aspirations, and studies thatonly a generation ago were the hall-mark of thefortunate and highly favored few. That a largesection of the general public feel a direct interestin university matters is evidenced by the amountof space which the press is ready to devote tothem. One important New York journal givesits readers the benefit of a valuable weekly budget of " News of the College World," and doesnot seem to grudge the room thus withdrawnfrom its financial and other sections. This isone result of that policy of making its affairsknown to the public which changed conditionshave rendered it expedient for the modern university to adopt — not with the view of advertising itself, but rather on the ground, as Dr.Harper says in his Decennial Report, thatthe institution is a public institution, and that everythingrelating to its inside history, including its financial condition, should be made known. Its deficits have been published as well as its surpluses, and we attribute largelyto this policy of public statement, not only the interest ofthe public, but the confidence which has been shown onso many occasions.There is much in this that more conservativeinstitutions in other countries would do well toimitate. It was not of such a university as yours that the late Mr. Cecil Rhodes was thinking when he said that college people knownothing of affairs, and are as "children infinance." Listen to another extract from yourPresident's report:The establishment of the budget from year to year,and the rigid adherence to its provisions, have made itpossible to reduce the work of the University to a thoroughly business basis, and it may fairly be claimed thatthe affairs of no business corporation are conducted morestrictly on business lines than are those of the University.Business administration is, of course, quite adifferent matter from educational organization.But it is as indispensable for our universities asit is in other departments, and I think it is to becounted clear gain that the business men who aregenerally found on the board of trustees havebeen allowed the opportunity of securing increased efficiency in university administration.College people are sometimes a little shy aboutadmitting suggestions or criticisms from theoutside world. To understand colleges, theysay, you must be a college man yourself ; railroad people, for example, need not apply. Butcollege accounts, after all, are just like otheraccounts. It is true that we are not in educationfor the purpose of declaring a dividend to shareholders at the close of each financial year ; ourreturns are made in another way — by adding towhat may be called, for short, the "brain power"of the community. But, on the other hand, weare all the better for keeping as closely as possible, so far as regards business management, tothe methods of business,. We cannot go alllengths with the churches, for example, whichare often compelled by the circumstances oftheir work to leave a large margin for faith andtrust on the credit side of their accounts. Asan illustration, then, of how the affairs of themodern university have come into close relationwith the facts of life, it is well to acknowledgethat where efficient administration has been secured, it is mainly to be credited, not to the professors and the faculty, but to the keen insightUNIVERSITY RECORD 9and the wise judgment of those business menwho form so important an element in our boardsof trustees. Those who still deprecate the sharein university administration thus given to menwho need not themselves be college-bred maycare to read the following extract from an address given to the students of Girard College,May 20, 1905, by Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip, ex-assistant secretary of the treasury, and nowvice-president of the National City Bank :The professional educator is quite as likely to becomenarrow and provincial as is any other specialist. Thepresident of one of our great eastern universities told mea few days ago that he had been making an exhaustiveexamination of the history of his institution, and he haddiscovered that the great progressive steps which the university had taken in 150 years had been against the protest and the opposition of the faculty. The trustees fromtime to time brought forward new plans of organization,and broader ideas regarding the curriculum. The facultyhad in every case voted adversely, and when the changeswere made, they were made only by the trustees takingthe responsibility upon themselves. Now, in the light ofyears of experience, these changes have been seen to bewise in the main. The unavailing protests of the learnedmen who made up the institution's faculty are discoveredsometimes to have been based on narrow grounds, lacking the impersonal view and judgment that should havebeen brought to bear upon the questions.You will benefit by your connection with thebusiness men of this city also in another way.I understand that your President has been looking around for some new world to conquer, andthat it has been decided to institute in connection with the University a completely equippedschool of technology. In no department havethe business men, both of this and of other countries, shown greater appreciation of the practicalvalue which attaches to the highest theoreticalinstruction, and nowhere has generous givingbeen more fully illustrated. I am not unawareof what has already been accomplished in thisconnection. The report of the Mosely Commission, which recently visited America, is fullof information as to what has been done, evenapart from our universities, to give our work men the scientific basis of the occupation whichis to be theirs in life. With the spread of technical education, unskilled labor, work by rule-of-thumb, is everywhere going to the wall before the intelligence of the skilled workman whohas studied the abstract principles of the sciencewhich is applicable to his particular industry.But here as elsewhere there is always room atthe top. The field of our industries and manufactures is so vast and various that America,like Germany, is finding instruction of the highest type in regard to the application of science topractical enterprise a very remunerative investment. It is stated that in Germany the numberof men of university training (including schoolsof technology, mining, agriculture, forestry, andveterinary science) has doubled itself within thelast thirty years. The industrial activity of thecountry has gone on developing itself in closecontact with its academic life. So, too, in theUnited States, the phenomenal increase in thenumber of students enrolled in schools of technology, and in university faculties of appliedscience, is a good index of the marvelous development of the scientific and industrial activityof the nation. The new departure which yourBoard of Trustees is now about to take springsno doubt from the conviction that one of themost effective methods of strengthening industry by education is to provide the highest andmost thorough scientific training for those whoare to be the leaders of industry. A few highlytrained specialists will always be found to be ofmore value to the industrial progress of the nation than a whole array of smatterers.But I do not wish to pose as one whose maiminterest is in science and its application to industry. Applied science is by no means everything. Far from it, you might as well try toget bread from stones as a stimulating culturefrom applied science alone. Its exclusive cultivation would lead to a distortion of the truework and office of the university, which mustever have a higher aim than to qualify a man10 UNIVERSITY RECORDfor any particular department of practical orprofessional activity. This fact may be in needof some restatement, for the opposite view isabroad in the land, and is at times put forward insomewhat precocious fashion. Let me cite, as anillustration of the contrast in spirit and methodsbetween the earliest universities and the latest,an extract from a letter recently addressed tome. It was from a young man, who begins bytelling me that he " expects to enter one of thelarge colleges of America on graduating from High School in about a year." He thensubmits a list of seven questions, which I amasked to answer " as nearly as I can." Here arethree of them :i. What thing do you believe is the best for a youngman to follow, and from which he can obtain the largestreturns ?2. About how much can an electrical engineer graduate from your college get, and how much can he get inlater years, as nearly as you know?3. If you think something else is better, how much cana graduate obtain in wages after mastering that something ?I do not know how many college presidentsthe writer of this letter may have honored withhis confidence. He is probably a very youngman. If I had replied to him, I should havebeen tempted to quote a sentence from Plato,who said that education "must not be undertaken in the spirit of merchants or traders, witha view to> buying or selling ; but for the sake ofthe soul herself/' It is with the educationalvalue of science, and its effect on the mentaltraining of the individual, that the university isprimarily concerned, and it should give no encouragement to anyone who looks on scientificknowledge merely as a means of concrete meansof profit and material advancement. I oftenthink that in these days of electives, and theglorification of " departments " and even graduate studies, we are too apt to lose sight of theold ideal of a " faculty of arts." The universitymust be something more than a mere nurseryfor specialists. We all know what it is to have to deal with an uneducated specialist. It ishere, as it seems to me, that the small college,with its more or less fixed curriculum, is havingat once its opportunity and its revenge. Theuniversity must not give up the attempt to definethe sphere of liberal instruction and culture.Specialization is, of course, one of its most important functions; but, after all, there is nogreater service it can render the community thanthat which is implied in turning out, year by year,a number of students who have received thebenefits of a sound and comprehensive education,and who are fitted thereby to take their placesworthily in the arena of life. When I go backin memory to the old days of the Scottish universities, when the whole student body cameinto contact — albeit in huge, unwieldy, andovergrown classes — with arts professors, eachof whom was a worthy representative of animportant and almost essential subject, I realizethe loss — as well as the gain — that has cometo us from the revision of our methods andstandards. Many of our greatest universitiesare now looking around for some corrective toapply to what has been described as " haphazard-ness" in the choice of studies. You are probably aware that at Harvard, for example, students may graduate without either classics ormathematics; a recent return showed that 45per cent, drop classics altogether in enteringcollege, and 75 per cent, drop mathematics.These time-honored subjects are being displacedin favor of studies which are described as " morelikely to be serviceable to the actual activitiesof modern society." I have grave doubts aboutthe wisdom of making so large a departure fromwhat may be regarded as of permanent valuein the traditional basis of a liberal education.Such an education ought not to be a thing of thepast for those who have the opportunity of acquiring it. For them it is attainable within thelimits of school and college life, provided theydo not begin to apply themselves exclusively tosome special training in the very first year ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 11their academic course. There ought always tobe some order, some definition, some regulationof university studies. Wherever the attitude isadopted that is implied in the well-known formula of one subject being " as good as another,"we are likely, in my judgment, to be called on topay the penalty. The university, so far as concerns what is called its " academic " side, will becut up into fragments. Departments will be aptto be treated as wholes in themselves, ratherthan in their organic relation to fundamentalbranches of knowledge.But, however that may be, one thing is certain : No university can be in a healthy condition which is not spending a large part of itsenergies on those subjects which do not offerany preparation for professional life, which cannot be converted immediately into wage-earningproducts, and in regard to which young men arenot told that " their brains are merchandise, andthat the college is the mill that will best cointhem." In short, we must not accept a purelyutilitarian theory of education. The humanities must always be allowed to go hand inhand with the utilities. And we must bearin mind that education ought to be a preparation, not for a special career, but for the whole after-life. Many of us do not command, andnever can command, the leisure that wouldenable us fully to satisfy tastes that lie outsideour daily avocations. But we do not want toforget them, or to lose sight of them. For weknow that, if we would avoid that narrowing ofthe mental and intellectual horizon which isgenerally the penalty of absorption in some special calling, such tastes and such pursuits shouldbe considered valuable in proportion as they areremoved from the environment of our daily life.Students who come to> this University undersuch favorable conditions as seem everywhereto surround it, ought to realize that, if they neglect the opportunities of culture now, they willcome hereafter to regret the loss of an abidingsource of satisfaction. There is always thedanger that in such a center as this material interests and material prosperity may take theedge off intellectual aspiration. Let the students of the University of Chicago look beyondthe horizon of the pursuit to which they may bedestined, and, by using every means of self-cultivation that may be within their reach, endeavor " sincerely to give a true account of theirgift of reason to the benefit and use of men."12 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE PRESIDENT'S QUARTERLY STATEMENT ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY1Members of the University and Friends:On behalf of the University I extend cordialthanks to the Convocation orator, PrincipalPeterson, for his scholarly address. In therepublic of letters there are no national boundaries. Between Canada and the United Statesthe boundary line is largely imaginary. We donot consider our Canadian friends as foreigners— we decline to be considered foreigners bythem. Neither country has a naval fleet on thegreat lakes. The alleged forts which line theborder on both sides are the attenuated simulacra of military defenses. The real fortressesbetween the Dominion and the Republic are theuniversities ; and they train no hostile guns onone another. The contest in which they are engaged is a friendly rivalry for the advancementof science and education. As one of the foremost in that great work among our neighborson the north, we cordially welcome the oratortoday and tender him warm appreciation andsincere thanks for his message.MR. WALKERA serious affliction has fallen on the University during the Quarter now ending, in thedeath of Mr. George C. Walker.Mr. Walker had long been interested inhigher education when the effort to establishthe University was inaugurated. When the newundertaking was brought to his attention heimmediately became one of its staunch supporters.While he was not the first subscriber, he wasthe first subscriber and contributor of $5,000,and was an adviser and helper of those havingthe securing of funds in hand.He was a member of the Board of Trusteesfrom the beginning, and no trustee manifested1 Presented on the occasion of the Fifty-fifth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall, June 13, 1905. a more enlightened, unflagging, and generouszeal in promoting the welfare of the institutionthan Mr. Walker. He gave the UniversityWalker Hall and the Library property at Morgan Park. Other benefactions brought thetotal of his gifts to something more than $150,-000.In the opinion, however, of the President, theTrustees, and the Faculties, Mr. Walker's chiefcontribution to the University consisted in thedevotion of his time to its service, and in thedepth of his interest, and the wisdom of hiscounsels.The Administrative Board of Museums callshim the "father of our museum system, thefounder and patron saint of the University'smuseums."Mr. Walker was interested not only in theUniversity but in many philanthropic movements of Chicago. It may be truthfully said ofhim that he was one of the most public spiritedcitizens of our city, and that many worthycauses will feel his loss.Mr. Rudolph J. Irion, a member of the SeniorColleges, died May 31, 1905, at his home inElmhurst, Illinois, to which he had gone a weekprevious on account of illness. He entered theUniversity on January 1, 1905, and was in hissecond Quarter of residence. Although his connection with the institution was short, he hadmade an excellent impression on instructors andstudents.SPECIAL EVENTS OF THE QUARTERMore and more the University is fortunate inthe privilege of entertaining associations ofscholars and educators. During the presentQuarter a number of conventions have beenheld on the campus. Toward the end of Marchthere was a meeting of scholars in the field ofbiology; on April 21 and 22 the AmericanPhysical Society met in convention, and on MayUNIVERSITY RECORD 135 and 6 the Central Classical Association helda convention, attended by three or four hundreddelegates. Perhaps, however, the most uniquegathering was that of the Northern IndianaTeachers' Association, which descended uponus April 7 two thousand strong. A visitinghost more courteous and more appreciativecould not, however, be desired. It was a genuine pleasure to get in touch with the membersand help them to get in touch with the University. The result must appear in a clearer mutual understanding. Inasmuch as the object ofthe visit was to obtain a conception of the University, the University contributed speakers atthe various meetings. In the morning therewas a general meeting in Mandel Hall, at whichProfessor Richard G. Moulton gave the address.In the afternoon, after luncheon served in theHutchinson Commons, and an opportunity tovisit the various buildings of the University,the teachers met in sections, according to theirtype of work. Messrs. Owen, A. W. Moore,Butler, and Jackman, and Miss Gertrude Smith,all members of the University Faculty, addressed these meetings. If we may judge fromthe kindly expressions of our visitors and thestrong statement of the officers in charge of theconvention, the trip to the University was asource of profit. It may be hoped that sometime it will be repeated.FREE ADMISSION TO UNIVERSITY BASEBALLGAMESMany of us have felt increasingly in recentyears that the position of athletics in moderncollege life was not altogether satisfactory.That sport, instead of being a means of development for the mass of the student bodies, wasconfined to a limited minority. In particular,we have viewed with distrust the admissionfees, often considerable for a poor student,which have been charged at intercollegiate contests, and have wished for some scheme of endowment which would throw games open to every member of the University. The time forso radical a plan has not yet come. The fundsnecessary to make it possible are not at hand,but an experiment has been tried this springwhich has proved the desirability of some suchcourse.This experiment is nothing more than theabolition of admission fees at University baseball games. Instead of selling tickets, the Department of Physical Culture has given ticketsto the Faculty and students without discrimination. At the same time the tickets have beenkept within the University. The results havebeen most gratifying. Whereas, under the oldsystem, only a few score of students, at themost, turned out to baseball games, now asmany hundred attend as a regular practice ; anda sport which has few superiors as a means ofdiversion is made popular. It is not too muchto hope that some time the same condition mayprevail in other branches of athletics, and thatevery student may have an opportunity of seeing his college on the field of sport without paying what, in many cases, is now a fee farbeyond his means.THE UNIVERSITY PRESSThe output of the University Press duringthe past Quarter has been small in comparisonwith other periods of the year. One volume ofthe Second Series of the Decennial Publicationshas been issued, namely, The Messianic Hopein the New Testament, by Professor ShailerMathews. This work is the fourteenth volumewhich has been issued of the Second Series. Inaccordance with plans, four volumes remain tobe published before this great undertaking iscompleted. Professor George Burman Foster'swork entitled The Finality of the ChristianReligion will be published during the comingQuarter. Other books of the Quarter have beenThe Trend in Higher Education, and a newedition of The Priestly Element in the OldTestament, by President William R. Harper;14 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire, by Dr. John P. Mahaffy ; and a mew edition of The Place of Industries in ElementaryEducation, by Miss Katherine E. Dopp. Planshave been made looking toward the publication,during the coming year, of three new journals :Classical Philology, the Journal of Embryology,and the Journal of Morphology.UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISIONBy the enactment of a statute by the Boardof Trustees provision is made for the reorganization of the University Extension Division. The work is organized in five (5) Sections: General Literature, Sacred Literature,Historical and Social Sciences, Physical andBiological Science, and Education. For eachSection there is a committee consisting of representatives of those actually engaged in the workof the Division and appointed members of thestaff of the University. The chairmen of thecommittees are appointed by the Trustees andco-operate with the secretaries in carrying outthe educational policy of the work. The business management is conducted in four (4)Departments, namely, Lecture-Study, Correspondence-Study, Library and Reading, andPublication. For each of these Departmentsthere is appointed a secretary who is especiallyresponsible for the business side of the Department. University visitors are appointed todevelop the work of the Extension Division inspecial districts. The President of the University, the chairmen of the Section Committees,the Secretaries, and the Visitors, together witheight (8) representatives of the Faculty, constitute the General Board of Administration of theExtension Division.THE PRESIDENT'S REPORTSDuring the present Quarter there has beenissued a Biennial Report, including statementsby the President and by the Heads of the various Departments and Administrative Officersfor the period 1902 to 1904. It is realized that this report should have been issued monthsearlier; in fact,, within a short time after theclose of the fiscal year on June 30. Hereafteran endeavor will be made for greater promptness. Already a beginning has been made onthe report for 1904-5. All members of theFaculty were requested, not later than May 15,to submit a bibliography of their writings onblanks provided for the purpose. The Headsof Departments have been asked to make areport of progress in their field not later thanJune 1. Finally, the Deans and AdministrativeOfficers are requested to hand in their reportsby July 15. The work of editing and printingwill then be pushed, with the result that wehope to have the entire volume in print beforethe opening of the Autumn Quarter. It maybe said that although responses to the requestfor bibliographies which were desired May 15,have been gratifyingly numerous, there aresome members of the Faculties who have notreported, and replies of many of the Departments due June 1 have not been received. It ishoped that these points will be borne in mind,and that before instructors leave for their vacations they will complete their contributions tothe report.RAILWAY INSTRUCTIONThe courses offered through the UniversityCollege for the education of railway employeshave proved to be successful beyond what couldhave been reasonably anticipated. This movement was inaugurated in the Autumn Quarter,and the experimental courses, then offered, wereso well attended and appreciated, that the University was encouraged to organize the workon a more permanent basis. Accordingly, aseries of special courses in railway organization, operation, and mechanism, to extend overfour years, were drawn up. An AdvisoryBoard on Railway Education was organized tolook after the interests of this work. Underthis scheme regular courses have been runningUNIVERSITY RECORD 15in the evenings during the Winter and SpringQuarters, and have been attended by nearly twohundred men, the majority being railway employes. A number of the railways of the cityhave co-operated, not only by advice but alsofinancially. The importance of the help of theAdvisory Board in the development of thiswork cannot be overestimated, and the University is especially, indebted to the sixteen railwayexecutive officers who, with six University representatives, constitute the Board.There can be little question that the University has an important field of work to attend toin railway transportation, and the time seems tobe ripe for the recognition of its importance bythe proper organization of this department ofinstruction. For many reasons it is desirablethat the courses on railway transportationshould have the freedom of development whicharises from separate departmental organization,and that, in conjunction with this department,there should be organized a College of RailwayTransportation which would form the mediumfor the arrangement of degree and specialcourses in railway work. To constitute sucha well rounded curriculum as would be suitable to the requirements of those hoping toenter the railway service, the special semi-technical courses of the department would needto be associated with general courses in Mathematics, Physics, English, German, and PoliticalEconomy. In close association with the department there should be maintained a schoolfor the technical training of station agents. Thecomplete organization of the work in railwaytransportation would provide facilities for thestudy of every important phase of railwayactivity, and should attract to the University nota few graduates of other institutions who are_desirous of having special professional training. ;MUSEUM COMMISSIONAt a meeting of the Board of Trustees heldApril 25, the President recommended that acommission be appointed, composed of members of the Board of Trustees and of the Faculties,to consider and report on the policy to be pursued in the matter of the University museums.At a meeting of the Board held May 23 thefollowing gentlemen were appointed as a Museum Commission. Representing the Faculty:Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Chairman; Professor R. D. Salisbury, Vice-Chairman ; Professors Burton, Laughlin, E. H. Moore,Williston, Angell, Lillie; the President of theUniversity; the President of the Board ofTrustees; and Messrs. F. A. Smith, Llewellyn,and Hutchinson.THE ORGANIZATION OF SMALL COLLEGESA recent action of the Board of Trustees, onthe recommendation of the President and of theFaculty bodies concerned, affords the groundfor an interesting experiment within the coming year. Along with the recognized advantages belonging to a large institution, it is wellunderstood that some of the undoubted advantages of a small college are in danger ofbeing lost. To secure these advantages it isnecessary that a college should include a comparatively small number of students and shouldbe in the care of a faculty which comes into soimmediate personal relations with the studentsas to be able to know them thoroughly. Inorder, if possible, to combine some of thesebenefits which are found in a small college withthe resources and cosmopolitanism of a greatinstitution, it is intended that beginning withthe next Autumn Quarter the Junior Collegesshall be subdivided into smaller colleges, notexceeding one hundred and fifty or one hundredand seventy-five in number. A special facultywill be assigned to the care of each of thesecolleges. The Faculty of the Junior Collegeswill be in general charge of all common matters.REVISION OF THE COLLEGE CURRICULA AND ADMISSION REQUIREMENTSFor some three years past the Faculties havebeen considering the requirements for admission16 UNIVERSITY RECORDto the Colleges and the college curricula. TheUniversity has always been adverse to an unlimited elective system in the Colleges; haspreferred three baccalaureate degrees, characterized by classics, by modern languages andhistorical studies, and by physical sciences, respectively; and within these lines has requiredwork covering a good part of the Junior Collegecourse. In the judgment of the Faculties thetime has come for reorganization of the system,and to that end a commission was appointed bythe President in April, 1902. The commissionreported in November, 1904, and its report wasconsidered by the Faculty of the Junior Colleges at a series of meetings and finally adoptedwith amendments April 22, 1905. This action of the Junior College Faculty was thenconsidered by the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science, and by the Faculty of Commerceand Administration, as bearing on the work ofthe Senior Colleges, and was approved by theformer body May 1, and by the latter bodyMay 22. The University Senate devoted aseries of meetings to the subject, finally votingapproval, with amendments, May, 1905.The principles of the action thus taken maybe stated as follows:1. There is no change in the quantity of workrequired for a degree, and three baccalaureatedegrees are still given.2. The number of specific requirements ismaterially lessened.3. In lieu of such specific requirements, incertain cases there is a requirement of a specificnumber of courses from a group of closely related Departments. Within those Departmentscourses may be elected, subject to such prerequisites as may be fixed.4. About half the work of the Colleges iselective, subject to certain limitations intendedto secure (1) adequate breadth and (2) sufficient continuity in some one Department to secure a definite mastery in a chosen field. Inthis way it is hoped to avoid the indiscriminate and heterogeneous medley of subjects whichis apt to mark a curriculum formed under thesystem of unlimited election.Some of the more obvious details of the planare these:1. A student who presents the full work of agood four-year high school will be admittedwithout regard to the subjects studied, providedonly that he has done a specified minimum ofEnglish and Mathematics.2. The student is advised to plan his preparatory studies so as to include certain subjectswhich lead to the respective baccalaureate degrees. If such grouping of preparatory subjects is offered for admission, the number ofelective courses in college will be correspondingly increased; otherwise the grouping inquestion will have to be made in college, thus tothat extent diminishing the number of electives.3. As one of the results of the omission ofspecific required subjects heretofore mentioned,it may be noted that a student may hereafter bea candidate for either the degree of Bachelor ofScience or the degre of Bachelor of Philosophywithout Latin, and for the degree of Bachelorof Philosophy without College Mathematics.It will be observed that under the plan thusbriefly outlined any worthy graduate of a goodhigh school may at once be admitted to college,arranging details as to his candidacy for aspecific degree after entrance. Under the oldsystem one who, late in his high-school course,decides on going to college may be either seriously embarrassed or altogether debarred fromentrance, owing to the lack of specified studies.This bar to a college course is now removed.NEW APPOINTMENTSThe following new appointments have beenmade since last December:Charles A. Huston to an Assistant Headshipin Hitchcock Hall.Hannah V. Ryan to the Librarianship of theHistorical Group Library.UNIVERSITY RECORD 17Herbert L. Solyom to a Volunteer Assistant-ship in the Yerkes Observatory.S. Henry Ayers to an Assistantship in Bacteriology.Robert W. Hegner to an Assistantship inZoology.William J. G. Land to an Assistantship inBotany.Ernest D. Leffingwell to an Assistantship inGeology.Thomas M. Wilson to an Assistantship inPhysiology.David A. Robertson to an Associateship inEnglish.Charles H. Beeson to an Instructorship inLatin.Mary I. Mann to an Instructorship in theGymnasium of the School of Education.George A. Dorsey to an Assistant Professorship in Anthropology.Ernest R. Dewsmup to a Professorial Lectureship in Political Economy.George B. Foster, transferred to a Professorship in the Department of Comparative Religionin the University.Franklin W. Johnson to the Principalship ofthe Academy of the University (for boys) atMorgan Park.Associate Professor Edwin E. Sparks to theCuratorship of the Historical Museum.William D. MacClintock to a Deanship in theColleges.Associate Professor Edwin E. Sparks to theDeanship of University College.Lewis N. Chase to a Lectureship in the University Extension Division.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions have been madesince last December:Milton A. Buchanan, Assistant in the Romance Department, to an Associateship.Bertram G. Nelson, Assistant in the Department of Public Speaking, to an Associateship.Albert Woelfel, Assistant in the Departmentof Physiology, to an Associateship.Percy H. Boynton, Associate in English, toan Instructorship. Adolph von Noe, Associate in German, to anInstructorship.John A. Parkhurst, Associate in Anatomy, toan Instructorship.John M. P. Smith, Associate in Semitic Languages and Literatures, to an Instructorship.Charles M. Child, Instructor in Biology, toan Assistant Professorship.Edgar J. Goodspeed, Instructor in Biblicaland Patristic Greek, to an Assistant Professorship.Charles E. Merriam, Instructor in PoliticalScience, to an Assistant Professorship.Elizabeth Wallace, Instructor in Romance, toan Assistant Professorship.Francis A. Wood, Instructor in German, toan Assistant Professorship.Robert R. Bensley, Assistant Professor imAnatomy, to an Associate Professorship.Frank Billings, Associate Professor in Medicine, to a Professorship.James H. Breasted, Associate Professor inSemitics, to a Professorship.Robert Herrick, Associate Professor in English, to a Professorship.Albert P. Mathews, Associate Professor inPhysiological Chemistry, to a Professorship.Edwin E. Sparks, Associate Professor inAmerican History, to a Professorship.Nicholas Senn, Associate Professor in Surgery, to a Professorship.Julius Stieglitz, Associate Professor in Chemistry, to a Professorship.Marion Talbot, Associate Professor in Household Administration, to a Professorship.Edwin B. Frost, Acting Director of theYerkes Observatory, to the Directorship.GIFTSNo announcement of gifts was made at thelast Convocation, so that the report at this timeincludes gifts received since last December.The University has been the recipient duringthis period of the following gifts :(i) From a friend of the University, $10toward the fund for Oriental Exploration ; (2)from a friend, $50 toward the expenses of the18 UNIVERSITY RECORDexhibit at the St. Louis Exposition; (3) fromMrs. Charles R. Crane, $50 for the Naples TableAssociation; (4) from Mrs. Anna Hitchcock,$100 for the Hitchcock Librarian; (5) fromMrs. Olivia Phelps Stokes, $100 for the American Institute of Sacred Literature; (7) on oldsubscriptions, $100; (8) from the ChicagoFolklore Society, $435.82, to establish thenucleus of a fund to be known as The ChicagoFolklore Fund, the income of this fund to beused for a prize to be awarded to the person,society, or corporation which shall submit abook, monograph, collection, or thesis whichshall be considered as an important contributionto the study of folklore; (9) from George E.Hale, $500 for astronomical instruction; (10)from the Woman's Athletic Association, $500to be used in establishing a fund, the incomeof which shall be used in purchasing emblemsfor athletic contests by the women; (11) forspecial scholarships — from the Colonial Dames$300; from Mr. George R. Peck $120; fromMrs. La Verne W. Noyes $120 ; from Mrs. E. B.Butler $120; from Mrs. W. R. Linn $120;from the estate of Jacob Rosenberg $120; (12)from Mr. Paul O. Stensland $750, for the purchase of a Scandinavian library formerly ownedby the historian Von Maurer, consisting ofabout 1,250 volumes, being principally on OldNorse literature and forming a very desirablenucleus to the equipment necessary for thescientific study of Scandinavian language andliterature in the University; (13) from JuliusRosenwald $782.34, to complete his gift of$6,782.34 for the purchase and installation ofthe Hirsch-Bernays library; (14) for special fellowships — from Mrs. Cyrus McCormick$35o, from Mrs. Mary J. Wilmarth $200, andfrom Mrs. Charles R. Crane $50; (15) fromMrs. Katherine Seipp $600 for traveling fellowship in Germanic; (16) for fellowships in theDepartment of Political Economy $1,000 — contributed by Mr. Marshall Field, Mr. HarryHart, Mr. Joseph Schaffner, Mr. M. Marx, Mr.Byron L. Smith, Mr. Frank O. Lowden, Mr.A. C. Bartlett, Mr. Charles R. Crane, Mr.Samuel Insull, and a friend; (17) from Mr.Charles R. Crane $2,000, being the annual payment on his gift of $10,000 for the Crane Russian lectureship; (18) from friends of the University for the President's Fund $2,539.16;(19) from Mr. John J. Mitchell $2,500, tocomplete his gift of $50,000 for the MitchellTower; (20) from the following railroads,$4,200 toward the expenses incurred in connection with the courses offered in Railway Instruction in University College during the currentyear: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, $500;Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern, $500 ; Chicago,Rock Island & Pacific, $500 ; Chicago & Northwestern, $500; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe,$500 ; Illinois Central, $500 ; Chicago & Alton,$200; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, $500;Chicago Terminal Transfer, $500; (21) fromMr. Rockefeller $143,322, payment on gifts previously announced, and in addition $95,000 forbooks, collections, etc., on which he has alreadypaid the University $46,568; (22) from theestate of Mrs. Elizabeth Kelly $150,000 for theHiram Kelly Memorial. Total of gifts received,$357,067.37.UNIVERSITY RECORD 19THE ANNUAL PHI BETA KAPPA ADDRESS: THE AGE OF ERUDITION1BY JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESON,Head of the Department of HistoryThe invitation with which your committee hashonored me was, I believe, at first expressed inthe form of a request that I should deliver " thisyear's Phi Beta Kappa oration." Even at theoutset, when the invitation was incautiously accepted, the name "oration" seemed sufficientlyformidable. As time went on, and May, thatmonth so lauded by the poets, but in the academic world so melancholy with committeemeetings and masters' examinations, ran itsappointed course, it began to be plain to theanxious orator that " Phi Beta Kappa Address "was as large a title as the future product wouldbear. Now that eleven more of the " daughtersof Time, the hypocritic days" of June, havepassed away, with augmented apprehension andmodesty he invites your attention to a fewPhi Beta Kappa remarks or observations.It is almost an established convention thatPhi Beta Kappa orations or addresses or remarks should deal either with some aspect ofpublic affairs or with some general educationaltopic. The orator, addresser, or remarker ofthe present year asks your indulgence if hedeparts wholly from this convention. A peaceable person,Who never set a squadron in the field,Nor the division of a battle knowsMore than a spinster,he has no disposition to comment on the recentprogress of warfare in either Manchuria orChicago. He is conscious of no mission to makepublic the simple thoughts of a cloistered student upon the ever-changing forms and issuesof politics, " fanciful shapes of a plastic earth."As to discourse on general educational topics,he is too much amazed at the prodigious and1 Delivered before the Beta of Illinois Chapter of PhiBeta Kappa, in Cobb Lecture Hall, on June 12, 1905. ceaseless flood of such discourse to undertaketo augment it, too doubtful whether any talkeron general themes of education can make animpression on the wearied minds of 1905 saveby paradox or by one-sided exaggeration. Itis possible that our deluge of educational talkmay fructify like the floods of Father Nile ; butis it not first requisite that it should subside?At all events, the subject chosen for the presentoccasion is a concrete and restricted topic in thehistory of scholarship. It has seemed possiblethat such a theme might be of interest to a society whose common bond is that of attainmentin scholarship, especially, perhaps, in humanistic studies ; nor ought those who are devotedto such studies to neglect the history of them,lest they fall into that provincialism in respectto time, that chauvinism for the twentieth century, so to call it, which is almost as narrowingas local provincialism. In view of our modernspecialization, it will not be thought unnatural,though doubtless regrettable, if the discourseseems to be most often of historical scholarship,less frequently and less precisely of scholarshipin other fields.The episode of which I choose to speak I callthe Age of Erudition. By this is meant aperiod in the history of scholarship extendingfrom about 1650, or in some countries fromabout 1620, to about 1750. It is, perhaps, wellknown that in the history of literature the phasesof development through which one nation passesare often identical with those through whichother nations pass at the same times. Romanticism is, so to speak, a modulation of key inthe general intellectual life of Europe, and notof France alone or of Germany alone. Not lessis this true in the history of learning. Its phasesare pan-European, not merely national. The20 UNIVERSITY RECORDphilologians of the early Renaissance were, inall countries, mainly occupied with the searchfor the manuscripts of classical authors, andwith the construction of commentaries uponthem. They were for the most part dilettanti,interested more in the form than in the substanceof the classical writings. The philologians ofthe sixteenth century, on the other hand, allover Europe, were of a graver and more austerevariety, seeking with a similar eagerness theremains of classical, and now also of ecclesiastical, antiquity, but applying to their interpretation a power of thought which had beenunknown to their predecessors, and a new determination to extract from the records of thepast a solution of mooted questions in churchand state. That fashion of classical scholarshipwhich laid most stress on the ingenious emendation of texts was a European fashion, and notsolely the local mode of Leyden or of Oxford.In the twenties and thirties of the nineteenthcentury the study of antiquity, in all parts ofEurope, widened almost suddenly and at abound from the confined pursuit of dynastic,political, and literary information into the broadconsideration of all aspects of ancient life, publicand private, based on the most catholic rangeof materials, literary, epigraphic, and monumental, interpreted in the new and brilliantlight furnished by comparative philology, comparative religion, and comparative jurisprudence.Similarly, in the history of historical scholarship there are times and seasons. As we comedown from the period of the Renaissance, wepass through several successive climates ofthought, fashions of historical expression andpublication, which succeed each other almostsimultaneously in all countries of Europe. TheRenaissance had its own phase. Its historians,as we might expect, deficient in originality andcriticism, strove mainly to imitate in literaryforms the venerated historical writers of classical antiquity. Then came the Reformation and the brilliant age of Elizabeth and of Philip II,and we find, everywhere in Europe, a new cropof historians, no longer Italianate dilettanti, butmen of affairs, statesmen like Raleigh and DeThou and Sarpi, soldiers like Davila andMontluc. History, for the first time in manyages, is deemed a worthy employment for greatminds, who see in it the evolution of states, thecourse of God's providence, the touchstone ofpolitics. Out of such a phase developed next thatAge of Erudition with which we are concerned.The difference was as wide as that which separates Amadis of Gaul or the Faery Queen fromthe Pilgrim's Progress. Europe had definitelyturned its back on chivalry and become pedestrian. An age of prose set in, an age of orderliness and regularity. After the Thirty Years'War and the Great Rebellion, physical science,especially mechanics and astronomy, the mostmathematical of the physical sciences, took theplace of theology as the object of the keenestintellectual interest.From such an age we see the world derivinghumanistic and historical fruits of a peculiartype. Prodigies of learning are much moreabundant than prodigies of genius. Sober andorderly accumulation of material is the mode.The presentation of texts and of historical documents in the completest abundance is moreesteemed than the production of narrative histories or brilliant discourses upon antiquity.Folios are more in favor than octavos or duodecimos, Latin more than the vernacular. Thechief reviewer of Mascou's Teutsche Geschichtedeclared with enthusiasm that it was so goodthat it was a pity it had not been written inLatin. An English traveler reports that whenhe spoke to Dom Jean Mabillon of the thenrecent discoveries at Palmyra, and of some ofthe treatises to which they had given rise, thegreat scholar expressed his regret that these,being pure matter of erudition, had been writtenin English. "He apprehended, he said, that itwould be with us as it had been in France,UNIVERSITY RECORD 21where, from the time when they had begun tocultivate their own language so attentively, theyhad begun to neglect Greek and Latin."But no qualitative description can give anadequate conception of the work of that age, forone of its most salient traits is the prodigiousquantity of its published achievement. Withinthe hundred years which have been defined, andmaking no account of any books but those filledwith original documents for early ecclesiasticaland mediaeval history, it may be computed thatFrance alone produced more than four hundredfolio volumes of such material alone. Evenfrom the commonplace mercantile point of view,so enormous a mass is surely impressive. Thatit could be absorbed at all speaks volumes, if onemay say so, for the intellectual digestion of thecontemporary public, and is mothing less thanastounding to the present age, the age of primersand manuals and "vest-pocket editions," whichhas substituted Liebig capsules for the mightyroasts of Branksome Hall.Though the light of genius might be absentfrom the work of the age, it would be a mistaketo suppose that this wonderful mass of scholarlyachievement was the mere fruit of laborious industry, purblind or indifferent as to relativevalues and as to the higher uses of learning.That this was not the case, that a conscious purpose ran through these gigantic labors of accumulation, is plain from the intelligence andmethodical skill with which the sciences auxiliary to history and to the study of the classicswere then developed, and with which monumental books of reference were prepared. Onthe side of the classics, indeed, this was perhapsthe maim achievement of the age. In pureclassical erudition the men of the sixteenth century, the Scaligers and Casaubons and Lipsiu-ses, might claim a higher distinction thanBentley or Gronovius. But the science of inscriptions was given a new advancement byFabretti and Muratori. The Sieur du Cangebrought out his encyclopaedic dictionaries of late and mediaeval Greek and Latin. Mabillonby his classical treatise De Re Diplomatica laidsecurely and for all time the foundations of thescience of diplomatics. Others gave systematicand scientific form to chronology and palaeography, to bibliography and numismatics. Suchfolio* dissertations on the auxiliary sciences, orsuch encyclopaedias of learning as Bayle's Dictionary, showed that the age, myopic though itmight be, was at least partly aware that, besideaccumulation, the proper development of European learning demanded order, scientific method,critical attention, and careful thought as to whatwas worth while and what was mot.The result is that, while the scholarship ofour time would often desire texts more criticallyexecuted, few of the mighty folios of that ageare by reason of their subjects deemed uselessby the modern student. Its great series ofmediaeval chronicles, of saintly biographies, ofthe letters and documents of kings and popesand prelates and monasteries and ecclesiasticalcouncils, its volumes of patristic literature or ofprovincial and local materials, are still the inexhaustible quarry of the historian. There isno large subject in the history of the church orof the Middle Ages which can be thoroughlystudied without recourse to some of the collections prepared for us by the dauntless industry of the Age of Erudition.Whence came these enormous powers ofaccomplishment? How was that age enabled,without the modern appliances of labor-savingand time-saving literary machinery, devoid ofthe typewriter and the Library Bureau, to pile upthese stupendous pyramids of knowledge?Sometimes we are prone to attribute it to superior-health and physical endurance. We thinkof Leibniz, able to work each day without leaving his chair for eighteen hours at a stretch, orof the marvelous Magliabecchi, who, except inwinter, never went to bed, but slept in his chairwhen drowsiness at length overcame him, thebed meanwhile, like all other articles of furniture22 UNIVERSITY RECORDin his strange apartment, remaining coveredwith a disordered mass of books. But alongsideof these miracles of digestion and endurance wehave Dom Jean Mabillon, patient sufferer of innumerable headaches, and his master, Dom Lucd'Achery, who during the last forty-six yearsof his life, years of incessant scholarly activity,marked by prodigies of accumulation, was neverable to leave the infirmary of his convent.With greater security we may in part attribute the quantity of work performed by theseerudites to the simplicity of their lives. Themodern scholar is hindered by a multitude ofdistractions. He must lecture to classes. Hemust conduct a seminary. He must attendinnumerable committee meetings. He must dohis part in the vitally important work of insuringthat neighboring colleges do not outstrip hisown in numbers. He must appear at educational conventions, and seem to say somethingmot already said a thousand times. He mustprepare a textbook. Perhaps he must collectmoney for Alma Mater. Perhaps, pushed bythe unchastened social ambition of his wife orof his own divided heart, he must make his wayinto society, that strange unquiet society of theAmerican rich, in essence so hostile to theaustere pursuits of learning. Contrast all- thiswith the calm life of the cloister, the even existence of Selden or of Muratori, and we may seeone reason for more solid achievement. It maybe doubted whether Magliabecchi's indifferenceto slumber aided more in the building up of hisextraordinary scholarship than the little devicein the door of his apartment whereby he wasable to inspect his visitors and exclude all whowould waste his valued time. How great thesimplicity which marked the life of at least theBenedictine scholars, may be judged by a reportmade to Louis XIV, by La Reynie, his lieutenant of police, from which it appears that eachof them cost the government on the average only437 livres and a fraction (say eighty-five dol lars) per annum — surely an economical endowment of research.But, beside the simplicity of the individuallives of scholars, there was a profitable simplicity in the organization of society. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as we have said,loved order and regularity. Society, as if instinctively, organized itself well and effectively.In this well-arranged society the cultivators oferudition fell naturally into their proper place.The world of scholars was distinct from that oflitterateurs. Madame de Sevigne, in all her letters, never once mentions Mabillon, the gloryof contemporary French scholarship. On theother hand, Mabillon and his correspondents, itis said, in all their epistles mention Racine butonce, and no other contemporary literary writerat all. Scholars were not under temptation tostruggle after literary and popular success, losing thereby, no doubt, much that gives to the bestof historical writing immortal charm, but gaining in the power of purely erudite achievement.It was not that their lives were, as a rule, secluded. Distinguished society resorted to thecloisters of St. Germain des Pres, or listened tothe mordant tabletalk of John Selden. Butthere was, spontaneously carried into operation,a division of functions between the pursuers oflearning and the cultivators of belles-lettres,which gave the former the opportunity to followtheir severe muse with undistracted attention.So little true is it that the lovers of eruditionwere secluded from the world that we maycount it distinctly as one of the causes of theirastounding productivity that they, enjoyed inabundant measure the favor of the great. Thepatronage which persons of high position inthat age bestowed on literary men in no wiseprevented them from visiting with similar encouragement the labors of the learned. Theyappreciated that distinctness of the two classesof which we have spoken, and conceived of bothalike as contributing to the glory of their reignsor their countries. The treatise De Re Diplo-UNIVERSITY RECORD 23matica was dedicated to Colbert, who sought invaim to reward with a pension its modest andhumble author. Baluze was Colbert's librarian.The electress Sophia was the intimate friend ofLeibniz. Without the aid of her daughter, theelectress Sophia Charlotte, the Prussian Academy would not have come into existence. Thegreat chancellor Somers, the lord high treasurerHarley, were devoted and invaluable friends oferudition. Queen Christina patronized it in hereccentric but ardent manner. That the GrandMonarque himself was as appreciative of theachievements of special scholarship as of thelabors of poets and dramatists might not besupposed. It may, therefore, not be withoutinterest to see in the simple-minded narrative ofone of the brethren, how King Louis XIV exhibited his favor toward one of the monasticauthors belonging to the Congregation of St.Maur. The episode concerns the history of thetown of St. Denis, by Dom Felibien. Says thenarrator :Before the book was published, Dom Felibien, accompanied by the prior of St. Denis, went to present it tothe king, and was introduced into the cabinet of hisMajesty by the cardinal of Noailles. After the prior hadpaid his compliments briefly, the author presented hisbook, begging the king to receive it with the same kindness with which he had in former times received diversworks which M. Felibien, his father, had composed forhis service. The king read the whole of the title-page,[and made some comments upon the engraved frontispiece]. He ran through the first pages, and coming uponthe plan of the town of St. Denis, " There," said he," is a town which cost us a good deal in former times,"referring to the civil wars of 1652. Again he turnedover the pages of the book for some time, and said:" There is a good book." Then, closing it, he said to theprior of St. Denis : " Father, I thank you ; pray to Godfor me during my life and after my death." " Sire,"answered the prior, "the whole kingdom is too deeplyinterested in the preservation of your Majesty to fail inthis." On going out from the grand cabinet of Versailles,Dom Felibien and his prior went to present the work toMesseigneurs the Dauphin, the Duke of Burgundy, andthe Duke of Berry, his brother, who received it veryfavorably. After having made their present to thechancellor, they went to Saint-Cyr to offer a copy to Madame de Maintenon. Some days afterward DomFelibien went with Dom Mabillon to St. Germain-en-Laye,where he presented his history to the young king of England, James III [the "Old Pretender"], who receivedthe present with evidences of joy and esteem. He presented it to the Duke of Orleans, who promised to read it.Eight days after this memorable distribution theking, seeing the Cardinal de Noailles, said to him:" Really, Monsieur le Cardinal, I did not suppose thatthe history of Saint-Denis could be so varied andagreeable as it is. I have found the reading of it extremely interesting. It must be that Father Felibien hashad good memoirs as materials, especially for what relatesto my reign, for I find him very exact." These praiseshad no sooner proceeded from the mouth of the kingthan the new history became an object of interest to allthe court, which occupied itself with it for several days.In consequence, the sale of the work was so rapid that insix weeks more than two hundred copies were disposedof. Let us not forget to mention that the Duke of Perthwrote to Dom Felibien on behalf of the king of England,as follows : " The king has carefully examined yourwork, Father, since the time when you presented it tohim. He is charmed with it, and has ordered me tothank you cordially on his behalf."Still further pursuing the reasons for the extraordinary fertility we have noticed, we may attribute much of it to the exceptional extent of thehabit of mutual co-operation. Because thesescholars worked in quietness and somewhat inseclusion from the world, we are not to thinkof them as working in isolation so far as otherscholars were concerned. On the contrary, theymaintained a correspondence that is striking inits range. The National Library at Paris possesses more than twelve hundred letters addressedto Abbe Nicaise, by more than one hundred andthirty correspondents living in France, Italy,Holland, Prussia, and Switzerland; yet AbbeNicaise was but a provincial scholar, by nomeans of the highest repute. Mabillon maintained a correspondence on matters of scholarship, which put the discoveries and conclusionsof each at the service of his friends, with numberless men of similar tastes — princes of theHoly Roman Empire like the cardinal bishop ofMiinster or the abbot of Dissentis, curators ofbooks and manuscripts like the librarian of St.24 UNIVERSITY RECORDGall, official historiographers like Leibniz, professors of Oxford or of Leyden, Jesuits at Trentand councilors at Copenhagen, cardinals andnoble archaeologists and simple Benedictines atRome — to say nothing of the stream of letterswhich, in an age when journals of eruditionhardly yet existed, flowed from every part ofFrance to his humble cell at Saint Germain desPres. Extensive travels, long tours of searchfor manuscripts, still further contributed tobring all the great scholars of Europe intomutual association.But a more organic union of forces was putinto practice, and formed one of the most salientcharacteristics of the period. In that earlier ageof solid learning of which we have spoken,roughly corresponding to the sixteenth century,there had been little of this. Elizabethan Englishmen, Frenchmen of the civil wars, Dutchmenof the heroic age, were not easy to combine.But the seventeenth century, with its instinctivelove of order and system, readily fell into thehabit of co-operation, and saw its value in application to tasks too vast even for those giantsof erudition.When Heribert Rosweide, professor in theJesuit College at Douay, formed the vast designof the Acta Sanctorum, intending to incorporatein it all the original documents for the lives of allthe saints of the Roman Church, with scholarlyintroductions and annotations, Cardinal Bellar-mine, to whom the project was described, exclaimed: "Has he discovered that he will livetwo hundred years ? " The cardinal was not deceived as to the magnitude of the task. Nearlythree hundred years have passed away, and theActa Sanctorum is still unfinished. Perhaps, indeed, the twentieth century will not see its completion, for the last-published of its gigantic foliovolumes, the sixty-sixth, advances but a little wayamong the saints of early November. But whenHeriber| Rosweide died, in 1629, with little moreaccomplished than the collecting of a large massof mediaeval manuscripts, the organization and discipline of the Jesuits proved ready means ofinsuring the continuance of his work. Theauthorities of the Society of Jesus ordered a distinguished young scholar named John Bolland,or Bollandus, to continue it. Bolland enteredupon his labors with enthusiasm, indefatigablezeal, and mature good judgment. He engagedin a most extensive correspondence, and manuscript materials from all quarters of the globeaccumulated in enormous abundance in his littlegarret rooms in the Jesuit House at Antwerp.The plan formed by Bollandus was even widerthan that of Rosweide, and before long he sawthat he could never hope to accomplish morethan a small fraction of it alone. In 1635 hetook as associate Godfrey Henschen, a scholarof the highest rank and of great originality, whoenlarged the scope of the work much beyondthe project of Bolland. The first two volumes,embracing, in the order of the Roman calendar,the saints for January, appeared in 1643; thenext three, for February, in 1658. Meanwhilea third had been added to the little band, in theperson of Daniel Papebroch, who for fifty-fiveyears devoted himself to this great task, and whowas perhaps the greatest of all the Bollandistfathers. Twenty-three folio volumes, repletewith learning and contributing immensely to theknowledge of mediaeval history, remained toattest the industry and high scholarship ofthese first three.The value of a collection of mediaeval biographies of saints may perhaps demand a wordof explanation. Constituted as mediaeval societywas, with piety and edification so great a concern, with the clerical class so widely influentialand almost alone educated, the lives of saintscame naturally to constitute the most extensivebranch of biography. Sometimes, as in the caseof St. Dunstan or St. Louis, St. Francis or St.Olaf, the saint occupied such a position in theworld that the records of his life constitute animportant part of the most conspicuous civil andecclesiastical history of his time. But in theUNIVERSITY RECORD 25fortunate democracy of the Roman Church,saints might spring from any walk in life andplay their part on a humble as well as on aconspicuous stage. Therefore their pious biographers, relating human lives with a degree ofdetail which historians never thought of bestowing on any but kings, give us, quite withoutintending it, invaluable glimpses into the actualexistence of classes in mediaeval society of whoseobscure and inarticulate mode of life we shouldotherwise learn nothing at all.But the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum was notsimply a collection of saints' lives printed oneafter another. Prefaces and annotations broughtout the importance to history of each piece, andexpended a great wealth of learning in discussion of the historical points involved. Criticaltreatises of wider scope are inserted, such asthat dissertation on mediaeval charters, FatherPapebroch's Propylaeum Antiquarium, which,by attacking the genuineness of the Merovingian charters of the Benedictine abbey of St.Denis, elicited Mabillon' s more scientific andauthoritative treatise. Further, not a few essays on points of purely secular history appearin the vast repository. Jesuits as they were, theBollandists were marked by a thorough honestyand a scrupulous fidelity, and an independentspirit of historical criticism was maintained bythem in every subsequent generation. No finerexample could be found, either of scholarlycandor or of scholarly humility, than the letterwhich Papebroch wrote to Mabillon after reading the famous treatise De Re Diplomatica bywhich his own work on the subject had beendemolished and superseded:I avow to you that I have no- other satisfaction inhaving written upon the subject than that of havinggiven occasion for the writing of a treatise so masterly.It is true that I felt at first some pain in reading yourbook, where I saw myself refuted in so unanswerablea manner; but finally the utility and the beauty of soprecious a work soon overcame my weakness, and, full ofjoy at seeing the truth in its clearest light, I invited mycompanion to come and share the admiration with which I felt myself filled. Therefore have no hesitation, whenever occasion shall arise, in saying publicly that I havecome over completely to your way of thinking. I begfor your affection. I am not a man of learning, but onewho desires to learn.The successors of the first Bollandists, in thefirst part of the eighteenth century, did notmaintain the same high level of excellence. Butthe work went on with undiminished industry,and was feeling the effects of a certain revivalof historical studies in the middle period of thatcentury, when the Pope suppressed the Jesuitorder, in 1773. The prestige of the Bollandistssaved them for a time from the Austrian government, but finally Joseph II dissolved them,in 1788, when only the seventh volume for October had been completed. On the invasion of theAustrian Netherlands by the French revolutionary armies, their priceless library was dispersed, part burned and part hidden. With theirsubsequent history we have perhaps no concern.It will suffice to say that in 1836 the society orgroup was reconstituted by four learned BelgianJesuits, under the auspices of the first king ofthe Belgians, Leopold I ; that the work has sincethen steadily advanced under the conduct ofthree or four devoted scholars ; that their present establishment is in the Rue des Ursulinesat Brussels; and that the November and December saints may be relied on to furnish occupation for a century more.But, the Bollandists apart, the leading place inerudite labors can by no means be claimed forthe Jesuits. That pre-eminence belongs rather,in France especially, to the Benedictines, andparticularly to those of the Congregation of St.Maur. One of the results of the CatholicCounter-Reformation had been the reform ofthe monastic orders. An important feature orconsequence of such a reform was the revivalof monastic studies. Such labors were amongthose enjoined upon the members of the regularorders, their houses preserved great accumulations of manuscripts, and the monastic prin-26 UNIVERSITY RECORDciples of humility and obedience placed theservices of all at the disposal of the gifted few,and made those few willing to labor, year afteryear, at tasks which could be finished only bythe toil of successive generations ; in otherwords, to labor for the fame of their order orcongregation, rather than their own individualfame. One of the most important works of theclass we are considering bears on its title-pageno other sign of authorship than " by two Benedictines of the Congregation of St. Maur."The Congregation of St. Maur had beenfounded early in the reign of Louis XIII. Thechief seat of its scholarly activity was the abbeyof St. Germain des Pres. The first superior-general, Dom Gregoire Tarisse, and the librarian of the abbey, Dom Luc d'Achery, veryearly in the history of the congregation plannedmost of the gigantic enterprises which were tooccupy for a century the brethren of that convent and to make it the chief glory of Frenchscholarship. Under the general supervision ofAchery and afterward of Mabillon, they pouredforth vast series of chronicles of France, of writings of the Fathers, of lives of Benedictinesaints, of charters and documents, ponderousworks on ecclesiastical antiquities or on theauxiliary sciences, histories of religious housesand bodies, provincial histories, and great collections of miscellaneous mediaeval literature.Though none rivaled the Benedictines of St.Maur, other orders such as the Dominicans andFranciscans did their part by labors of similarcharacter and intention. From papal librarians,working amid the splendors of the Vatican, toBrother Michael O'Clery compiling the Annalsof the Four Masters in his lonely hut in theruined convent at Donegal — may we not sayto Cotton Mather and Thomas Prince in thepastoral studies of the Old North and Old SouthChurches? — the tribes of ecclesiastics werestirred by a common impulse to preserve inworthy fashion the records of the past. Not alone in the ecclesiastical world, however,was the drift toward organization and cooperation manifest. * It has sometimes been saidthat the Royal Society of London was foundedby Charles II, soon after the Restoration (1662),in order that eager minds might occupy themselves in the safe fields of physical science ratherthan in the volcanic areas of politics. Howeverstrong such a motive may have been in the mindof a king who, as he said, had made it his firstprinciple of action that he would not set outagain on his travels, we are obliged to seek forwider explanations when we see the Academy ofSciences at Paris brought into existence onlythree years later, the French Academy alreadyin existence for almost a generation, the Prussian Academy instituted in 1700, the Academyof Inscriptions and Belles Lettres the next year,the St. Petersburg Academy a few years later,to say nothing of those more especially historicalacademies, in Madrid and Lisbon, in Copenhagen and Stockholm, which followed beforelong. Academies founded by the government,and able to combine, direct, and utilize for thenation's good the various scientific endeavorsof its most active minds, corresponded to adefinite desire of the age. The prime motive isplain in the correspondence of Leibniz, the wonderful polymath who best represents the mindof the closing seventeenth century, respectingthe foundation of the Prussian Academy ofSciences. That famous body, today the foremostof such establishments, had indeed a quaint assortment of origins. Erhard Weigel hadplanned for a society which should seize theopportunity presented by the year 1700 for thereform of the calendar in the Protestant Germanstates, and which should be sustained by enjoying a monopoly of the sale of almanacs. Theelectress labored for an astronomical observatory. The elector added provisions lookingtoward the purifying of the German languageand the study of German history and institutions. But above and behind all stood the fun-UNIVERSITY RECORD 27damental idea of the comprehensive genius whowas truly \he founder of the academy, and whoever since he was twenty-one had not ceased tolabor toward such an end — the idea of forwarding productive investigation instead of reproducing in dogmatic form the Aristotelian or anyother system, and of forwarding it by consultation and co-operation on the part of an organizedbody representing the best and most serviceableintellects of Brandenburg and Prussia, and perhaps eventually of all Protestant Europe.The works put forth by the academies weremuch of the same genus as those brought outby the Benedictine and other such establishments, except that in the field of history theymade choice of civil historical material, ratherthan ecclesiastical, for the substance of theirgreat series, as was natural to corporations having so close a relation to the state.But if it has become abundantly clear whatsort of labors characterized the age which wehave called the Age of Erudition, and why theywere so extensive, it is time to inquire why justsuch an age supervened when it did. If themain interest of political history lies in the endeavor to trace relations of cause and effect,surely not less important is it for an audienceof scholars to attempt to do this in the historyof scholarship. But neither in politics nor inletters and learning do effects flow with mechanical simplicity from single and plainly perceptible causes. The Age of Erudition, we maybe sure, had divers origins. We have seen thatit was to a large extent identical with the age ofLouis XIV, to a less extent with the age ofQueen Anne. /But probably we are not warranted in supposing that it came either becauseof or in spite of the brilliant literary development which we are accustomed to associate withthose two names; for, as we have seen, theworld of letters and the world of scholarshiphad little to do with each other. Even the historians and the historical scholars were classesapart — a condition observed also in our ownage, and poignantly lamented by those who canadmire but one variety of excellence^It is probable that a more definite connectioncan be traced between the despotism of Louis XIV and his contemporary monarchs and thetype of historical writing which in their daytakes the leading place. When Antonius San-derus began the publication of his FlandriaIllustrata, the Spanish viceroy of the Netherlands confiscated a part of it because he gavetoo full and interesting an exhibit of the ancientmunicipal liberties of the Flemish towns. WhenGiannone, exiled from Italy for having spokentoo freely in his History of Naples, was livingquietly at Geneva, he was induced to attend massin a Catholic village on the Savoyard side of theboundary, seized by agents of the king of Sardinia, and imprisoned at Turin for the rest ofhis life. When such conditions prevailed inEurope, it would not be surprising if scholarsfelt a strong impulse to keep to the safe groundof classical archaeology or the editing and publication of historical documents. But it shouldbe remembered, on the one hand, that despotismwas not unknown in previous centuries, yet didnot cause an age of erudition ; and, on the otherhand, that the government of Queen Anne orof the Dutch Republic was not despotic, yetMadox and Strype and Rymer and Aitzema areof precisely the same type as Du Cange orMuratori.Deeper causes must be invoked. Perhapsthere is always an encyclopaedic tendency in theage next after one of brilliant literary achievement; a desire, after men of genius have hadtheir way with the world for a season, soberlyto take account of stock, to sum up what hasbeen accomplished, to survey it methodicallywith a view to its relation to what is still unperformed. The sense that great things have beendone, though in an unsystematic manner, leadsto the desire to preserve their results in systematic compilations. So Graevius and Meur-sius gather into their Thesauri the dissertationsand the philological notes which their morebrilliant predecessors, the Scaligers and theTurnebuses of the sixteenth century, havethrown off in such extraordinary profusion.Where the historians of the Elizabethan age,experienced often in the public affairs of theirrespective countries, write out of full mindsand rely upon the statesman's insight or the28 UNIVERSITY RECORDsoldier's rapid vision and clear memory, thosewho come after them, presumably by way ofreaction, are prone to rely rather on completeness of evidence, industriously gathered andcarefully sifted and arranged. It may be worthwhile to call to mind that the great writers ofclassical antiquity were presently followed by acrop of critics and compilers, the AlexandrianGreeks and the Roman makers of encyclopaedias, Cassiodorus and Martianus Capella.Again, after the brilliant thirteenth century, thecentury of Dante and Frederick II, of St.Francis and Alfonso the Wise, we find in thefourteenth and early fifteenth centuries an age oferudition bearing many of the tokens of thatwhich we have been contemplating this morning. The historians of that time, in particular,quite without the originality or mental graspwhich marked some of their predecessors in thegreat days of mediaeval historical writing, setthemselves to the making of great compilationsinto which they essayed to bring all the goodhistorical material on which they could lay theirhands. That such encyclopaedic works werewhat their public desired is plain from the factthat of Higden's Poly chronic on, the chief English repertory of this sort, more than a hundredmanuscripts are extant, though it is a poor thingand of enormous extent.But after all, if we fix our minds chiefly onthose of the seventeenth-century erudites whocame first — on Ussher and Selden and Rosweide and Duchesne — we shall be likely to conclude that the cause of their work and of itspeculiar quality was a desire for a real and permanent solution of questions which the preceding age, that age of turmoil and ferment, ofcivil and religious struggle, had raised, but hadnot answered. Ussher unquestionably studiedin order that church controversies might besettled. Selden, with a broader mind, workedin order that great questions in church and statemight be settled by appeal to the past, or atleast viewed sub specie aeternitatis. A passagein the dedication to his History of Tythes paintsto the life his attitude :The neglect or only vulgar regard of the fruitful andprecious part of it [antiquity], which gives necessary lightto the present in matter of state, law, history, and the understanding of good authors, is but preferring thatkind of ignorance which our short life alone allows usbefore the many ages of former experience and observation, which may so accumulate years to us as if we hadlived even from the beginning of time.Selden's thought is profitable for all thosewho, in any manner, historically or philologi-cally, occupy themselves with the records of thepast. There are many signs that we have entered on a period, in respect to these studies, notdissimilar to that Age of Erudition which wehave been considering — a period distinguishedmore by extensive accumulation and criticalsifting of the evidences than by new endeavorstoward their interpretation. Learned periodicals take the place of the correspondence of theerudite Benedictines ; universities, and philological and historical societies, that of the religious orders. Governments, acting throughacademies or archive-establishments or scientificmissions, carry on that work of productive investigation which Bacon and Leibniz desired.Individual foundations for research co-operatewith them. The academies themselves arecarrying the work of scientific organization astep higher, as witness the Cartell of the fiveleading German academies, and the InternationalAssociation of Academies. The mind ofscholars is, in general, occupied with problemsof much the same order as those which prevailed two hundred years ago. In such a time itis important to bear in mind those lessons ofconcentration and modest limitation of individual work which the story of the Benedictinesmay teach; and to be comforted against thedryness of such an atmosphere by rememberingthat, when the Age of Erudition had done itswork of accumulating and sifting evidence,there emerged upon the Europe of 1750 the coordinating and philosophical ideas of theAufklarung, of Turgot, Montesquieu, Hume,and Voltaire. Above all, it is salutary to compel our minds to travel, as Selden's did, beyondthe passing fashions of the day or the century,and to see our work in the light of the longhistory of human endeavor after truth, conscious, on the one hand, that the form of ourwork is transitory; conscious, on the otherhand, that the main currents of scholarship areparts of an eternal process.UNIVERSITY RECORD 29TRIBUTES TO MR. GEORGE C. WALKER BY THEUNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEESA special meeting of the University Board ofTrustees was held on April 13, 1905, to takeaction on the death of George C. Walker, whichoccurred on April 12. The Trustees presentspoke of Mr. Walker's services to the University, his interest in many public enterprises, hisdevotion to the public good, his many excellentqualities, and his deeds of beneficence.The following minute was ordered entered inthe record, and a copy sent to Mr. Walker'sfamily :" The Trustees record with profound sorrowthe death of Mr. George C. Walker, a memberof the Board for nearly fifteen years. From thevery beginning of the effort to establish theUniversity, in 1889, Mr. Walker manifested awarm and generous interest in the undertaking.The very first $5,000 contribution was made byhim. He was one of the men with whom thosecharged with seeking subscriptions counseled,and from whom they received helpful suggestions." When the time arrived for choosing a Boardof Trustees for the University, his name wasone of the first agreed upon. His standing inthe business community, his liberal spirit, andprofound interest in the work of higher education, all pointed him out as one of the men towhom the care of the new University should beintrusted." As a Trustee his devotion to this great public enterprise has been sincere, generous, andever increasing. He gave to it the library property and Walker Hall at Morgan Park, andafterward the Walker Museum on the University Quadrangles; and also many minor contributions. The total of his gifts to the University exceeds $150,000. But large as havebeen Mr. Walker's gifts of money and property,his contributions of time, thought, attention,counsel, and effort have been of still greatervalue. "He has given to the accounts and financesthe long-continued and most useful attention ofan expert."For several years he was chairman of theCommittee on Buildings and Grounds." In every effort to secure funds he has giventhe President most valuable advice and activeassistance, securing gifts from his friends bypersonal solicitation or adding his own contributions."He carried the University constantly in hisheart. It would be difficult to overstate his interest in its welfare. It was his own declarationthat he never laid his head on his pillow at nightwithout earnestly invoking the blessing of Godon the University of Chicago."In Mr, Walker's death the University haslost an invaluable friend and benefactor. TheBoard of Trustees has lost one of its most zealous, faithful, and useful members. His memorywill long be cherished by his fellow-Trustees asa genial and faithful fellow-worker, and by allthe friends of the University as one who gavethe institution most liberal benefactions andmost unselfish and useful service."In token of their respect and affection theTrustees attended the funeral in a body.RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF MR. GEORGE C.WALKER BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD OFMUSEUMSIn recognition of the immeasurable loss whichthe University has suffered in the death of Mr.George C. Walker, the donor of its first museum building and the father of our museumsystem, be it resolved by the AdministrativeBoard of Museums of the University of Chicago that" there be spread upon the journal ofour proceedings an expression of our profoundappreciation of the great labor of love which ourgenerous patron has embodied, mot alone inWalker Museum, but in the initiation of ourentire museum system.30 UNIVERSITY RECORDWe recognize that in giving to the museuminterests of the University, at its very beginning,a substantial recognition, a beautiful home, andan assured place in the institution's development, a great work has been begun, the fullmeasure of whose influence can only be realizedas future years shall disclose its important function in the University's career.We recognize with profound gratitude thewarm sympathy which has constantly fosteredthe interests with which we are charged, and theearnest urgency which has always supportedevery endeavor to promote them; and in this,perhaps equally with his generous gifts, Mr.Walker became, in a special sense, the founderand patron saint of the University's museums.We desire to record our admiration of themany other noble sympathies and generous endeavors that characterized the life of our patron.We rejoice that three score years and ten wereallotted him for active participation in theworld's higher work, and that these werecrowned by so many enduring tokens of hisbroad interest in the welfare of his fellow-beings.While we profoundly mourn his loss, we aregratified that generous health and unrestrainedactivity were granted him to the last, and thatthe end came as a peaceful sleep.It will ever be a source of grateful remembrance that we have been permitted to be, insome sense, associates and participants in thenoble endeavors of a noble life.Resolved, That a copy of this memorandumbe transmitted to Mrs. Walker, together with anexpression of our profound sympathy with herin her great sorrow.EXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE FIFTY-FIFTHCONVOCATIONPrincipal William Peterson, LL.D., C.M.G.,of McGill University, Montreal, was the Convocation Orator on June 13, his address beingentitled "The Earliest Universities and the Latest." The orator was introduced by Professor William Gardner Hale, Head of the Department of Latin. In the absence of the President of the University, the President's QuarterlyStatement was read in part by Professor HarryPratt Judson, Dean of the Faculties of Arts,Literature, and Science. The Convocation audience was the largest ever gathered in MandelHall for a similar occasion, and many peoplewere unable to gain admission. The Convocation Address and the President's QuarterlyStatement appear elsewhere in this issue of theUniversity Record.The following messages were sent on Convocation day to the President and to the Founderof the University:To the President of the University :On behalf of all assembled at the Fifty-fifth Convocation, I send cordial greeting to the President of theUniversity. Harry Pratt Judson.To the Founder of the University:The University of Chicago sends affectionate greetings to the Founder.From the Fifty-fifth Convocation we look back on anencouraging past and forward to a promising future.On hehalf of the President and Trustees, the Facultiesand students, and the three thousand alumni, we wishfor you and those dear to you the blessings of long life,health, and happiness. Harry Pratt Judson.At the University Luncheon in HutchinsonHall, which followed the Convocation program,addresses were made by Professor George L.Hendrickson, of the Department of Latin; byRev. Beverly E. Warner, of Trinity Church,New Orleans, the Convocation Chaplain andUniversity Preacher; by Dr. Edwin H. Lewis,of the Lewis Institute, Chicago, who receivedhis Doctor's degree from the University in 1894 ;and by Professor Harry Pratt Judson, Dean ofthe Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science.The addresses were especially effective andwere received with much enthusiasm. Fourhundred and fifty people attended the luncheon.The President's Reception, which was held inHutchinson Hall on the evening of June 12, wasUNIVERSITY RECORD 31very largely attended, more than five hundredbeing present. In the absence of President andMrs. Harper, Dean Harry Pratt Judson andMrs. Judson were at the head of the receivingline, which included the Convocation Orator,Principal William Peterson, of McGill University, Montreal; Rev. Beverly E. Warner, theConvocation Chaplain ; Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, donor of Hutchinson Hall and Treasurer ofthe University Board of Trustees; ProfessorMarion Talbot^ Dean of Women; ProfessorWilliam Gardner Hale, Head of the Departmentof Latin, and Mrs. Hale. Refreshments wereserved, and the music for the evening was provided by the University of Chicago MilitaryBand.ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHYIn response to the President's invitation toall the Doctors of the University of Chicago,about fifty persons met at luncheon, on the occasion of the Fifty-fifth Convocation, to considerthe desirability of forming an organization ofthe Doctors of Philosophy.In the absence of the President of the University, Professor Harry Pratt Judson, Dean ofthe Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science,presided, and pointed out some of the reasonsfor such an organization. He stated that thisbody, representing the University's choicestproduct, now numbering over four hundred,was destined to wield the greatest influence inbehalf of the University, and it was fitting thatindividual efforts should be concentrated in anefficient organization, as is the case at Columbiaand elsewhere.Professor Albion W. Small, Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literature, presented also the advantages to the Doctors ofstrengthening the bond of relationship betweenthemselves and the University, all the moreneeded because of the very nature of theirhighly specialized work as individuals while inresidence and after leaving the University. Upon request, Dr. Herbert E. Slaught, of theDepartment of Mathematics, spoke of the relation of the Doctors to the University throughthe Board of Recommendations, of which he isthe secretary. He emphasized the paramountinfluence of the University in behalf of theDoctors, not only during their embryonic stateand while they are seeking locations, but also,quite as much, in after-years, by aiding them inadvancing to better places.A preliminary organization, with Dr. Slaughtas temporary chairman, gave opportunity forfree discussion, which led to a unanimous votefor a permanent organization, with Dr. GeorgeG. Tunell, 1897, as president, Dr. Myra Reynolds, 1895, as vice-president, and Dr. HerbertE. Slaught, 1898, as secretary.These officers, together with Dr. Warren R.Smith, and Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeed, were constituted an executive committee, and chargedwith preparing a complete form of organizationand suggesting channels through which thework of this body may become effective, to bereported at a meeting to be held in connectionwith the Convocation at the close of the AutumnQuarter, 1905.Many motes of regret were received fromthose unable to be present, and these in everycase embodied expressions of interest and cooperation.THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR THE YEARS 1902-4On May 15, 1905, appeared from the University of Chicago Press The President's Reportcovering the years 1902-1904. It is a volume of270 pages, the first fifty pages being given tothe personal report of the President of the University, in which are considered such subjectsas the geographical distribution of students, theproposed school of technology, separate instruction, an animal barn, museum buildings, the relation of medical courses to graduate work, thecourses in medicine, the Divinity School, theLaw School, the School of Education, the Uni-32 UNIVERSITY RECORDversity exhibit at St. Louis, the UniversityPress, new departments, the religious work ofthe University, the exercises in recognition ofGerman scholarship, the pension system, theyounger men of the Faculties, students' records,the examination system, the attitude of the University toward the daily press, the endowmentof athletics, the abolition of Thanksgiving Dayfootball, the student councils, the business management of the University, and the TowerGroup of buildings. The President's reportproper concludes with the list of promotions andappointments and of the gifts received duringthe years 1902-4.The reports of the Deans cover more thanninety pages, including those of the Dean of theFaculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, theDean of the Ogden (Graduate) School ofScience, the Dean of the Senior Colleges, theDean of the Junior Colleges, the Deans of University College, Unclassified Students, andWomen ; the Deans of the Divinity School, theMedical Courses, the Law School, the Collegeof Commerce and Administration, the Collegeof Education, the University High School, andthe Morgan Park Academy.The reports of the Directors and Secretariescover over fifty pages, including those of theAssociate Librarian, the Director of the University Press, the Secretaries of the ExtensionDivision, the Department of University Relations (The Director of Co-operating Work, theExaminer for Secondary Schools, and the Examiner for Colleges), the Director of PhysicalCulture and Athletics, the Religious Work inthe University, the Director of UniversityHouses, and the Secretary of the Board ofRecommendations.Reports from the Laboratories cover twenty-five pages and include those from the YerkesObservatory, the Walker Museum, the KentChemical Laboratory, the Ryerson PhysicalLaboratory, the Hull Laboratories (Zoological,Botanical, Physiological, Anatomical, Neuro logical, and Bacteriological), and the Psychological Laboratory.Reports of other officers, covering thirty-fivepages, embrace those of the Counsel and Business Manager, the Registrar, and the Auditor,the last-mentioned report including twenty-fourstatistical tables, with an index.The whole volume constitutes a comprehensive and highly significant document in thehistory of the University. The material for thePresidemt's Report for the year 1904-1905 isnow in preparation.A BANQUET TO RETIRING HEADS OF DEPARTMENTSOn Saturday evening, May 2yf 1905, theregathered in the banquet hall of the AuditoriumHotel a hundred members of the Faculties of theUniversity and of Rush Medical College to dohonor to Professors John Franklin Jameson andLewellys Franklin Barker, the Heads, respectively, of the Departments of History andAnatomy.No more certain tribute of esteem and regardwas ever shown men than that manifestedtoward the retiring professors. In each casethere was a feeling of deep regret that pleasantpersonal relationships were to be severed; ineach case, too, a belief that each was going tofill a place for which he was peculiarly adapted.Professor William Gardner Hale, Head ofthe Department of Latin, presided as toast-master and introduced the speakers, Professors Paul Shorey and Albion W. Small representing the arts men, and Doctors FrankBillings and Hugh T. Patrick the medical.After the first two had spoken, ProfessorJameson responded, telling of his regret atsevering the ties that bound him to Chicago,and outlining his plans for the new work inconnection with the Carnegie Institution. Inlike manner Dr. Barker followed his medicalfriends, and explained his hopes and aspirations.As was suggested by some of the speakers,UNIVERSITY RECORD 33the natural feeling of regret because of the lossof two such valued members of the Faculty wasgreatly tempered by the interest aroused in theirfuture work.Professor Jameson resigned to accept theposition of Director of Historical Research inthe Carnegie Institution at Washington, D. C.He has been the Head of the Department ofHistory in the University since 1901, beingcalled to this position from Brown University,where he held the professorship of history forthirteen years. For six years he was managingeditor of the American Historical Review, andhas received from Amherst College and JohnsHopkins University the degree of Doctor ofLaws.Professor Barker becomes Professor of Medicine in the Johns Hopkins University, andPhysician-in-chief to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1900 Dr. Barker was called fromJohns Hopkins University to the headship ofthe Department of Anatomy in Rush MedicalCollege and the University of Chicago. In1899 he served as Johns Hopkins Medical commissioner to the Philippine Islands, and in 1901he was a special commissioner of the government to investigate the plague in San Francisco.Dr. Barker becomes the successor of Dr. William Osier, who was recently called to OxfordUniversity.CONFERENCE OF CLASSICAL TEACHERS OF THEMIDDLE WEST AND SOUTH *The meeting of the Classical Association ofthe Middle West and South, of which noticewas given in your issue of April 4, took placeim Mandel Hall, at the University of Chicago,upon the 5th and 6th inst. The proportion ofmembers present was large, the registered attendance being 167. Professor Pais, of the1 This account was written for the Nation, of May 18,by Professor William Gardner Hale, Head of the Department of Latin. University of Naples (now lecturing at the University of Wisconsin), was kept away by temporary illness. Otherwise the papers were givenas announced, namely: "Herodotus and theOracle of Delphi," by Professor Arthur Fairbanks, of the University of Iowa; "The Subjunctive in Consecutive Clauses," by ProfessorJ. J. Schlicher, of the Indiana State NormalSchool, Terre Haute ; " The General LinguisticConditions of Greece and Italy," by ProfessorCarl D. Buck, of the University of Chicago;"The Present Imperative and the Aorist Subjunctive in Prohibition in Greek DramaticPoetry," by Professor J. A. Scott, of Northwestern University; "Syllabification in LatinInscriptions," by Professor Walter Dennison,of the University of Michigan, with a " Supplementary Note on Syllabification in Latin Manuscripts," by Professor William G. Hale, of theUniversity of Chicago ; " Latin Composition inSecondary Schools," by Professor B. L. D'Ooge,of the State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Mich,,;" An Experiment in the Teaching of First- andSecond- Year Latin," by Professor Hale ; " ThePresent Status of the Leukas-Ithaka Question,"by Professor W. G. Manly, of the University ofMissouri; "Virgil's Epic Technique," by Professor Gordon J. Laing, of the University ofChicago ; " Pompeii and St. Pierre," with lantern illustrations, by Professor F. W. Kelsey,of the University of Michigan.On the evening of the first day an address wasdelivered by Professor Paul Shorey, of the University of Chicago, upon " Philology and Classical Philology." The presiding officer wasProfessor A. F. West, of Princeton, who fortunately happened to be passing through Chicago at the time. At the conclusion of theaddress a reception was given to the Associationby the University of Chicago, in HutchinsonHall. After the reception a very successful"smoker," with informal addresses, was held34 UNIVERSITY RECORDat the Quadrangle Club, with Professor Westin the chair.At the meeting of organization, held on thesecond morning, Professor W. G. Manly, ofthe University of Missouri, with whom themovement originated, was elected president forthe coming year. Twenty-two vice-presidentswere appointed, one from each of the states included in the territory of the Association, Ofthese officers, Professor A. T. Walker, of theUniversity of Kansas, was elected first vice-president. Professor D'Ooge was elected secretary and treasurer. An executive committee offive was also appointed.The most important business before the organization was naturally the question whether itshould offer itself as a branch-member to theAmerican Philological Association, or shouldhave a separate existence and a separate organof publication. Before the meeting, there hadbeen doubts on the part of a number of persons ;but the strength of the movement was so apparent that, from the opening of the first session,so far as the writer is aware, opinion was unanimous that the organization must have an independent existence and an independent means ofpublication. It was also felt by everyone that asingle yearly volume containing the papersgiven at the meetings would not suffice, but thatthere must be a publication, appearing frequently and at regular intervals, which shouldafford a means for the active interchange ofopinion. A resolution was therefore passed,without a dissenting voice, that the Associationshould publish a journal, to be issued in eightnumbers of not less than twenty-four pageseach, and to contain articles, reviews, notes,communications, and editorials, of a kindadapted to appeal to the teacher as such, inschool or college. The offer of the Universityto guarantee this journal financially for a periodof five years was accepted. The first number isexpected to appear in January next. INSTRUCTORS FOR THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1905Among the well-known instructors engagedfor the Summer Quarter are Professor WilliamJames, Ph. et Litt.D., of Harvard University,who delivered in June and July a series of fivelectures on "The Characteristics of an Individualistic Philosophy ; " Professor JohnAdams, M.A., of the University of London, whogives in July and August a series of lectures on" Soul Building," " The Psychology of Temptation," " The Art of Omission in Teaching," and"The Psychology of the Class;" ProfessorAlexander V. G. Allen, D.D., of the EpiscopalTheological School, Cambridge, who gives during the last week in August three lectures entitled respectively " The Motive in the Development of the Religious Sects of the SeventeenthCentury," "The Papacy in its Relation to theModern Sense of Nationality," and " Mysticismin the Nineteenth Century ; " Professor EdwardA. Ross, Ph.D., of the University of Nebraska,who delivers during the first two weeks inAugust a series of six lectures on "Race andSociety ; " Superintendent James H. Van Sickle,A.M., of Baltimore, who offers in the School ofEducation during the Second Term courses oneducational problems; Dr. Daniel P. Mac-Millan, Director of Child-Study in the ChicagoPublic Schools, who offers courses on " Child-Study" and "Genetic Psychology;" ProfessorFelix E. Schelling, Ph.D., Litt.D., of the University of Pennsylvania, who gives from August4 to 25 four lectures entitled, respectively, " TheElizabethan Play House," " The English MiraclePlay," "Why We Should Believe that Shaks-pere Wrote his Own Plays," and " Some Errorsin Shakspere Criticisms;" and Associate Professor Lucien Foulet, Licencie es Lettres, ofBryn Mawr College, who offers two courses inFrench Literature, one entitled "Theatre deMoliere" and the other "Le Roman Roman-tique."Judge Emlin McClain, LL.D., of the SupremeCourt of Iowa, formerly Chancellor of the Col-UNIVERSITY RECORD 35lege of Law in the University of Iowa; Professor Nathan Abbott, LL.B., Dean of the LawDepartment in Leland Stanford Jr. University;Professor Horace L. Wilgus, S.M., of the LawDepartment in the University of Michigan ; andProfessor James B. Scott, J.U.D., of ColumbiaUniversity Law School, are all engaged to lecture in the Law School on various phases of thelaw, during the Summer Quarter.ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CENTRAL BRANCH OF THEAMERICAN SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS"Public Interest in Research" was the subject of the annual address at the third annualmeeting of the Central Branch of the AmericanSociety of Naturalists and Affiliated Societies,held at the University of Chicago on March 31and April 1. The address was by the chairman,Professor John M. Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany.The botanists of the central states met inconnection with the Society of Naturalists, andamong the papers contributed was one onThe speech of presentation on behalf of thedonors, who are largely alumni of the University of Chicago, was made by Mr. Edgar Bron-son Tolman, Corporation Counsel of the cityof Chicago, who received the degree of A.B.from the University in 1880. The presentationwas made at the annual reception and banquetof the Alumni Association on the evening ofJune 10, 1905. The speech of acceptance forthe University was made by Professor NathanielButler, representing the President of the University.ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE UNIVERSITYBY NATHANIEL BUTLERDirector of Co-operating WorkThose of us who are familiar with the greathall at Oxford which is the prototype of this areimpressed first of all with the fidelity with which "Regeneration and Polarity in the HigherPlants," by Dr. William B. McCallum, ofthe Department of Botany; on "A Rosette-Forming Micro-Organism," by Associate Professor Edwin O. Jordan, of the Department ofPathology and Bacteriology ; on the " Development of the Megaspore Coats of Selaginella,"by Dr. Florence M. Lyon, of the Department ofBotany ; on the " Sexual Organs of the Rhodo-phyceae and Uredinales," by Assistant ProfessorBradley M. Davis, of the same Department ; on"Apogamy and Apospory in Ferns," by Dr.Charles J. Chamberlain, of the same Department. " The Morphology and Development ofthe Conceptacle in Sargassum " was the subjectof a paper by Etoile B. Simons, who took herDoctor's degree, cum laude, at the last Convocation of the University. Professorial LecturerCharles F. Millspaugh acted as secretary andcontributed a paper on " Recent Field- Work inthe Bahamas."Dr. Henry C. Cowles, of the Departmentof Botany, was made secretary-treasurer of thepermanent organization of the botanists of thecentral states.the architectural features of the English hallhave here been reproduced. Here, as there, oneis aware of spaciousness, of beauty, of great dignity. But there, in a far greater degree, he isaware of a feeling of awe amounting to reverence. Whatever may be true of the daily frequenter, the visitor will hardly stand covered, orhurry noisily through. For all about him seemto be the spirits of those whose faces look downupon us from the walls, and the place is pervaded by a real human presence conscious of thevenerable past and yet vitally concerned with thepresent. The great hall is on this account theinner shrine of Christ Church College.Already this Hall is taking on the richness ofthe association and meaning derived from asource quite other than its noble architecturalbeauty. That is destined to become only aPRESENTATION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PORTRAIT OF DR. GALUSHA ANDERSON36 UNIVERSITY RECORDsetting and background. This center of theUniversity's daily life, this place where its rejoicings and f eastings are held, is being consecrated by vivid reminders of those who havebeen most intimately related to its short butwonderful history. And as these portraits multiply this will become the inner shrine of ouracademic life, the place where best of all weshall breathe the spirit of the past and drawinspiration for present work and ambition.Could anything be more fitting than that thesevery faces should be the earliest seen upon thesewalls — the President, the Founder, the chief ofits advisers, and one who was a type of the menwho at the very first set high our academicstandard ?And now, sir, you have added a portrait of thepeer of these men, a picture well worthy tohang in this select group. Few who enter thisHall know how worthy, for few know of thedays when Galusha Anderson, in the very primeof his magnificent manhood, turned away froma career in which he was held in high honor todevote himself to a forlorn hope, becomingliterally a beggar that he might, if possible, savethe University of Chicago from annihilation.Not many know the bitterness and darkness ofthose days. Only a few can recall the heroiccheerfulness and courage with which Dr. Anderson persisted and with which he encouragedothers. He wasOne who never turned his back but marched breast forward ;Never doubted clouds would break.One recalls of him those lines of MatthewArnold written in memory of his father atRugby Chapel :Languor is not in your heart,Weakness is not in your word,Weariness not on your brow.Galusha Anderson was a hero, and he did notfail. His work is all about us at this moment. I believe that the University of Chicago wouldin all probability have passed away, becomea name, a reminiscence, had he not held on justas long and persistently as he did. His self-sacrifice made it impossible that the Universityof Chicago should perish from the earth.President Harper, more truly than any otherone man, has built the magnificent superstructure that constitutes the University of Chicago.He conceived and created it. His spirit pervades it in every part. Mr. Rockefeller, morelargely than any other one man, made this possible. He is truly called the Founder of theUniversity. But the chief engineer, who dugdeep and actually laid the foundation stones, wasGalusha Anderson. This Hall of Fame wouldbe incomplete without him. His spirit is hereand ever will be, along with those of Harperand Ryerson, Field and Kent, Hutchinson andGoodspeed, Cobb and Walker, and others fromwhom, in the earlier days the University drewits life. Most of us will do our work and passaway. The work will go on, and our very nameswill be lost. But these will be held in living andgrateful memory. It was in the spirit ofprophecy that Dr. Anderson himself, once speaking in Cobb Hall in commemoration of one ofhis colleagues, contrasted the passing andtemporary interests of our University life withthe abiding permanency of the influence of itsnoble spirits. And with this contrast betweenthe passing and the permanent in mind, hequoted these lines of Tennyson:They die in yon rich sky,They faint on hill or field or river;Our echoes roll from soul to soul,And grow for ever and for ever.In behalf of the University, and as the agentof its President, I thank you, sir, and those associated with you for this beautiful and timelygift.UNIVERSITY RECORD 37SESSIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE NATIONALGERMAN-AMERICAN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONOn Saturday, July I, and Monday, July 3,the annual business and educational sessions ofthe National German-American Teachers' Association (Nationaler deutsch-amerikanischerLehrerbund) were held at the University ofChicago, on the campus, and in the Fine ArtsBuilding, 203 Michigan Avenue. About twohundred and fifty teachers were in attendance,and the convention was in all essential points anunusual success.At the first session, held in the chapel of CobbLecture Hall, beginning Saturday morning at9 o'clock, Professor Harry Pratt Judson, Deanof the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science,welcomed the Association to the University,speaking on behalf of President Harper, whowas absent in New York city. After a discussion of the proper relation of the Lehrerbund tothe German-American Teachers' Seminary inMilwaukee, and to the official organ of the Bund,the Padagogische Monatsheften, Associate Professor Camillo von Klenze, of the University ofChicago, gave an address upon the subject of" Die Stellung des deutschen Lehrers im mo-dernen amerikanischen Bildungswesen." Thiswas followed by a paper presented by ProfessorW. W. Florer, of the University of Michigan,entitled " The Importance of the Study of Contemporary Literature for the American Student"After a luncheon, provided by the Universityin Hutchinson Hall, the convention reassembledin Cobb Chapel and listened to the reading ofthree papers, one, "Ueber den Gebrauch vonLehrbuchern beim neusprachlichen Unterricht,"by Professor Starr Willard Cutting; another,entitled "Die Realien im neusprachlichen Unterricht," by Assistant Professor Paul O. Kern ;and a third, treating "Die Zukunft desdeutschen Umterrichts im amerikanischen Schul-system," by Professor Alexander R. Hohlfeld,of the University of Wisconsin. An inspection of the University buildings closed the afternoon's program.The session on Monday was given to a discussion of the teaching of German in the grades,based on the following papers : " Ein im amerikanischen Unterrichts- und Erziehungswesenvielseitig vernachlassigter Faktor," by Superintendent C. O. Schoenrich, of Baltimore; "DieStellung des deutschen Sprachumterrichts in derallgemeinen Volkesschule," by Max Griebsch,Director of the National German- American 4Teachers' Seminary of Milwaukee; "Welchegemeinschaftlichen Ziele sollte der Unterrichtim Deutschen unter den verschiedenen Schul-systemen haben? " by H. Woldmann, Supervisorof German, Cleveland, Ohio.In the list of officers elected for next yearoccurs the name of Associate^ Professor Camillovon Klenze, of the Department of GermanicLanguages and Literatures, as vice-president.Concerts by the Germania Club and the Ge-sangverein Harmonie, a lake excursion, and abanquet at Riverview Park were the socialfeatures of the occasion.OPEN-AIR PRESENTATION OF SHAKSPEREAN COMEDYBY THE BEN GREET COMPANY OF PLAYERSBeginning with an open-air performance ofShakspere's As You Like It by the Ben GreetCompany of English Players on July 12, in theScammon Gardens of the School of Education,a series of Shaksperean comedies were presented in the Elizabethan manner — with fewstage accessories and with almost complete textsof the plays.The successful rendering of Much Ado aboutNothing and of Twelfth Night by the samecompany in Mandel Assembly Hall, on May 15and 17, gave assurance of a unique and interesting series of dramatic interpretations duringthe Summer Quarter. The series, beginningwith the matinee performance mentioned above,included Midsummer Night's Dream, for Fri-38 UNIVERSITY RECORDday evening, July 14 (with incidental music byMendelssohn) ; a matinee performance of theComedy of Errors, on Saturday, July 15 ;Much Ado about Nothing, Saturday evening,July 15; The Merchant of Venice, Wednesdayafternoon, July 19, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall; The Tempest (with incidental music bySir Arthur Sullivan), on July 21; TwelfthNight, on Saturday afternoon, July 22; and arepetition of Midsummer Nighfs Dream, onSaturday evening, July 22.These plays have already been presented bythe same company at Worcester College, Oxford, and at Downing, Jesus, and St. John'sColleges, Cambridge, for nineteen consecutiveyears ; also, four times at Warwick Castle inEngland ; at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Universities ; at Wellesley, Vasfcar, Smith, andBryn Mawr Colleges ; and at the Universitiesof Pennsylvania and California.The Scammon Gardens proved to be an especially convenient and attractive setting for thepresentation of the plays, which drew large andappreciative audiences.A FOLK-LORE PRIZEIn order to encourage the study of folk-lore,the International Folk-Lore Association has established a fund to be known as the ChicagoFolk-Lore Fund. The nucleus of this fund,amounting to $435.82, has been paid over to theUniversity, which will administer it under thedirection of a committee appointed by the President from the Department of Comparative Religion or related subjects until such time asthere shall be a chair in folk-lore, when thefund shall fall under the supervision of thatdepartment.The present committee on the management ofthe fund is composed of George Burman Foster,Professor of the Philosophy of Religion;Frederick Starr, Associate Professor of Anthropology ; and William I. Thomas, Associate Pro fessor of Sociology. This committee desiresnow to announce that it will receive essays incompetition for the first of the annual prizes tobe awarded from the fund. This prize of $25will be conferred January 1,1906.The only conditions governing candidates forthe prizes are contained in sections III-V of the'formal offer of the fund to the University.These sections are as follows :III. A prize shall be awarded from the income of suchfund not oftener than once a year to the person, society,or corporation which shall submit to said committee orchair a book, monograph, collection, or thesis by themconsidered to be an important contribution to the studyof folk-lore, and to be worthy of said prize.IV. Such thesis, book, or monograph shall have beensubmitted within one year from the time of its publication.V. Any thesis, book, monograph, or collection may bejudged eligible for such prize if it contribute to themethod or science of folk-lore indirectly, through thetreatment of allied or related subjects.Any questions in regard to the prizes and thefund in general may be addressed in person orin writing to Professor George B, Foster, ofthe Department of Comparative Religion.THE FACULTIESIn the July issue of the Atlantic Monthly is adiscussion of "Large Fortunes," by ProfessorJ. Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Departmentof Political Economy.Among the speakers of commencement weekat Rockford College, Rockford, 111., was Associate Professor Framk J. Miller, of the Department of Latin.At the Junior College class exercises on June7 Professor Edwin E. Sparks, of the Department of History, made an address on behalf ofthe Faculties.Miss Ida E. Carothers, who received from theUniversity at the Convocation in June the degree of; Master of Science, has been appointedan instructor in botany at Rockford College,Illinois.UNIVERSITY RECORD 39During the Summer Quarter Professor William Gardner Hale, Head of the Department ofLatin, is giving a series of lectures at the University of California."His Excellency the Governor," by RobertMarshall, was the play presented by the University of Chicago Dramatic Club on JuniorCollege Day, June 9.Professor Eliakim H. Moore, Head of theDepartment of Mathematics, is giving, duringthe summer, a course of lectures at the University of California.Miss Frances G. Smith, for two years agraduate student in the University, has beenrecently appointed an instructor in botany atSmith College, Massachusetts.At the commencement of Lake Forest Collegeon June 21 Professor George E. Vincent, Deanof the Junior Colleges, gave an address on thesubject of " Education and Efficiency."On June 12 Professor A. A. Stagg, Directorof the Division of Physical Culture and Athletics, attended the annual meeting of the Football Rules Committee in New York City.Assistant Professor Ira W. Howerth, of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology,gave the address at the graduation exercises ofthe Windsor (111.) High School on May 10.The baccalaureate address before the graduating class of Rush Medical College in June wasgiven by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures.Assistant Professor Francis A. Wood, of theDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures, contributes to the April issue of ModernPhilology an article on "Germanic Etymologies."The Macmillan Company announces for earlypublication a new volume on Government Regulation of Railway Rates, by Assistant Professor Hugo R. Meyer, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy.In the July issue of the Popular ScienceMonthly is a contribution on " Present MonetaryProblems " by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin,Head of the Department of Political Economy.Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Departmentof Sociology and Anthropology, gave an address in May before the art section of the convention of the Iowa Federation of Women'sClubs.At the dedication of the new Carnegie Libraryat Beloit College, Wisconsin, on January 5,1905, an address was made by ProfessorNathaniel Butler, Director of Co-operatingWork.In the April issue of the Biblical World is acontribution on "Old Testament Criticism andthe Pulpit," by Theodore G. Soares, a University Extension Lecturer in Biblical History andLiterature.At the commencement of Kemper Hall inKenosha, Wis., in June, Professor WilliamGardner Hale, Head of the Department ofLatin, made an address on the subject of " Education and Life."The University of Chicago Press has recentlypublished a dissertation on the History of U-Stems in Greek, for Mr. William Cyrus Gun-nerson, who received his Doctor's degree fromthe University in 1904.Professor Frank B. Tarbell, of the Department of the History of Art, has written for theclassical year in the Chautauqua Home ReadingCourse (1905-6) a volume entitled A Historyof Greek Art.On June 14 Professor Edwin E. Sparks, ofthe Department of History, gave an address before the Chicago chapter of the Daughters ofthe American Revolution on the subject of " TheMaking of an American."40 UNIVERSITY RECORDAt the banquet of the Bankers' Club of Chicago, given in the Auditorium on the evening ofMay 24, Professor George E. Vincent, of theDepartment of Sociology, spoke upon the subject of "Business and Sentiment."Professor Joseph H. Beale, Jr., who for twoyears was Dean of the Law School, is theauthor of a recent volume entitled The Law ofForeign Corporations and Taxation of Corporations, Both Foreign and Domestic.Shakspere's " Macbeth " was given in dramatic recital in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,on June 30, by Assistant Professor Fredric M.Blanchard, of the Department of Public Speaking.The first performance by the new FrenchDramatic Club of the University, entitled " LesEnfants de la Mere Loye," was given in thetheater of the Reynolds Club on the afternoonof June 8."Democratic Ideals in Education" was thesubject of an open lecture before the Woman'sUnion in Lexington Hall on July 3. The address was given by Miss Jane Addams, Lecturer on Sociology.In the May issue of the Astrophysical Journalan article on "Observations with the RumfordSpectroheliograph " is contributed by Mr. PhilipFox, Assistant in Astrophysics. The articlehas two striking illustrations.In the May issue of Modern Language Notesis an interesting discussion, by Mr. Milton A.Buchanan, of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, of the English translation of the well-known satire on Spanish lifeentitled Pan y Toros ("Bread and Bulls").The University Preachers for the month ofMay included Rev. Thomas R. Slicer, of theChurch of All Souls, New York city; Rev.John A. Morison, D.D., of the First Presbyterian Church, Chicago ; and Professor RichardG. Moulton, Head of the Department of General Literature. On May 8 Professorial Lecturer Francis W.Parker, of ^ the University Board of Trustees,gave an address at the Municipal Museum inChicago on the "Recognition of ImprovementAssociations in the New Charter."In the April issue of Modern Language Notesis a contribution on "A Neglected Version ofQuenedo's Romance on Orpheus," by Mr.Milton A. Buchanan, of the Department ofRomance Languages and Literatures.Mr. John V. Farwell, of Chicago, on May 23,gave an open lecture in Cobb Lecture Hall onthe subject of "The Morals of Trade." Theaddress was given under the auspices of theCollege of Commerce and Administration.There has just been issued the prospectus ofa tour around the world, to be personally conducted by Dr. Edmund Buckley, Docent in Comparative Religion. Mr. Buckley received hisDoctor's degree from the University in 1894.President Charles Cuthbert Hall, of theUnion Theological Seminary, is the author of anew volume entitled Christian Belief Interpreted by Christian Experience, to be publishedin August by the University of Chicago Press.At the spring meeting of the Society of theSigma Xi in the theater of the Reynolds Clubon June 1 Professor Lewellys F. Barker, Headof the Department of Anatomy, gave an addresson the subject of "Scientific Work in Medicine."The Walker prize offered by the Boston Society of Natural History has been awarded toDr. William B. McCallum, of the Departmentof Botany, the title of his paper being " Physiological Analysis of the Phenomena of Regeneration in Plants."Miss Amy Hewes, who received from theUniversity in 1903 the Doctor's degree forwork in the Departments of Sociology and Political Science, has been appointed to an instructorship in sociology and political sciencein Mt. Holyoke College.UNIVERSITY RECORD 41Assistant Professor Hugo R. Meyer, of theDepartment of Political Economy, gave an address in Kansas City, Mo., on June 9, beforethe National Federation of Millers on the question of government regulation of railroad rates.At the sixth meeting of the Illinois Congressof Mothers on May 18 in St. Charles, 111., Professor William D. McClintock, of the Department of English, gave an address on "Moraland Social Problems of High School Children."" Modern Aspects of Household Labor " wasthe subject of an address on May 16 before ajoint meeting of the Woman's Union and theHousehold Administration Club, by Miss JaneAddams, Head of Hull House, Chicago, andLecturer on Sociology.At the seventh annual meeting of the Geographical Society of Chicago, held in the FineArts Building on May 11, the president, Assistant Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Departmentof Geography, gave an address on "The Reclamation of Arid Lands."Dr. Katherine E. Dopp, Extension Lecturerin Education, presented a paper at a session ofthe National Educational Association, atAsbury Park, N. J., July 5, on the subject of"Forms and Limitations of Hand Work forGirls in the High School."At the exercises commemorative of the hundredth anniversary of the death of Schiller, onMay 8, Associate Professor Camillo von Klenze,of the Department of Germanic Languages andLiteratures, gave an address in Fullerton Hallof the Chicago Art Institute.On Monday, June 5, the members of theteaching staff of the Department of Historygave a dinner in honor of Professor JohnFranklin Jameson, in connection with which,on behalf of his colleagues, Professor BenjaminTerry presented the retiring Head of the Department with a loving-cup as some indicationof their regret and regard. On the afternoon of June 3 the Woman'sUnion entertained two hundred and fifty children from the University Settlement. A shortprogram was given in Kent Theater by theChildren's Chorus, followed by the serving ofrefreshments at the School of Education.Studies in the Poetry of Italy is the title of anew volume prepared for the classical yearof the Chautauqua Home Reading Course(1905-6) by Associate Professor Frank J.Miller, of the Department of Latin, in collaboration with Professor Oscar Kuhns, of WesleyanUniversity.The June issue of the Botanical Gazette contains the seventy-third contribution from theHull Botanical Laboratory, entitled "TheEffects of Toxic Agents upon the Action ofBromelin," by Mr. Joseph S. Caldwell, whoreceived his Master's degree from the University in 1904." The Significance of Canadian Migration " isthe closing contribution in the May number ofthe American Journal of Sociology. It waswritten by Annie Marion MacLean, who received from the University of Chicago the degree of Ph.M. in 1897 an<i tne Doctor's degreein 1900.Professorial Lecturer John M. Dodson, Deanof Medical Students, at the annual dinner ofthe University of Wisconsin alumni association on June 21 made the presentation speechin connection with the gift of a loving-cup toex-President John Bascom, formerly head ofthat institution.During the month of April a series of openlectures on insurance, under the auspices of theCollege of Commerce and Administration, wasgiven in Cobb Lecture Hall by Mr. J. A. Jackson, of the Mutual Life Insurance Company,of New York. The subjects of the addresseswere the following: "The Making of thePremium," " The Sufficiency of the Premium,"and " The Test of Solvency."42 UNIVERSITY RECORDOn the evening of July 6 a dramatic recitalof Shakspere's " King Lear " was given in LeonMandel Assembly Hall by Associate ProfessorS. H. Clark, of the Department of PublicSpeaking. Mr. Clark also gave an interpretation of Stephen Phillips' " Ulysses " at the sameplace, on June 23.The entire program for the dedication ofDavis Square, the new small park at Forty-fifthStreet and Marshfield Avenue, Chicago, wasarranged by Miss Mary E. McDowell, of theDepartment of Sociology, and Head Resident ofthe University of Chicago Settlement. Thepark was dedicated on May 13.A very generous contribution to the Scandinavian section of the Germanic division of theUniversity Library has been made by Mr. PaulO. Stensland, a Norwegian banker of Chicago.The gift consists of 1,250 volumes of Old Norseliterature, which formerly were a part of thelibrary belonging to the historian, Von Maurer."The Status of Latin and Greek in theSecondary Schools of Germany " and " The Development of New Scientific Professions forOur College Graduates " are editorial notes contributed to the May number of the SchoolReview by Associate Professor George H.Locke, Dean of the College of Education.On the evening of April 27 Professor ErnestD. Burton, Head of the Department of NewTestament Literature and Interpretation, delivered the last of a series of three lectures on" The Pauline Writings," given in Mandel Assembly Hall before the Hyde Park Guild of theReligious Education Association.Among the lecturers announced by theChautauqua Institution for the summer are Associate Professor J. G. Carter Troop, of theExtension Division; Professorial LecturerRichard Burton ; Professor George E. Vincent,of the Department of Sociology; and AssociateProfessor S. H. Clark, of the Department ofPublic Speaking. At the laying of the corner-stone of theMichael Reese Hospital in Chicago on July 4Judge Julian W. Mack, of the Faculty of theLaw School, reviewed the history of the hospitalfrom its establishment in 1868. Mr. LeonMandel, donor of the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, is chairman of the building committee forthe mew hospital.The June number of the Monthly Maroon hasas its opening contribution a critical estimate ofthe dramatic work of the Ben Greet company,entitled, " The Play's the Thing," by Mr,. JamesW. Linn, of the Department of English. Amongthe other contributions are two poems by MissMarjorie Benton Cooke, a graduate of the University in the class of 1899." In Indian Mexico " is a contribution in theMay issue of The World To-Day by AssociateProfessor Frederick Starr, of the Department ofSociology and Anthropology. The article has anumber of illustrations of great beauty and interest. " The Charlatan in Reform " is the subject of the opening editorial by Professor ShailerMathews, of the Divinity School.Miss Mary Bradford Peaks, who received thedegree of A.B. from the University in 1900, andwho held the Senior Fellowship in Latin thepast year, has just been appointed instructor inLatin at Vassar College. Miss Peaks receivedthe Doctor's degree summa cum laude at thefifty-fifth Convocation on June 13, for work inthe Departments of Latin and Greek.Professor Frank F. Abbott, of the Department of Latin, presided at the annual meetingof the Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi BetaKappa on June 12, the address on "The Ageof Erudition" being given by Professor J.Franklin Jameson, Head of the Department ofHistory. The address appears elsewhere infull in this issue of the University Record. Anunusual number, including two .recipients ofDoctor's degrees, were awarded the honor ofelection to membership in the society.UNIVERSITY RECORD 43The Rev. Beverly Ellison Warner, LL.D., ofTrinity Church, New Orleans, was the Convocation Chaplain at the Fifty-fifth Convocation onJune 13. He served also as the UniversityPreacher on June 4 and 11. On June 25 President Joseph Henry George, of the ChicagoTheological Seminary, was the UniversityPreacher.At the University Convocation on June 13the honor of election to membership in the Betaof Illinois Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa wasawarded to 19 students. Eighty-eight studentsreceived the Title of Associate ; 149, the Bachelor's degree; 14, the Master's degree; 8, thedegree of Doctor of Law ; and 19, the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy.On the local committee of arrangements forthe Conference of Classical Teachers of theMiddle West and South, held at the Universityon May 5 and 6, were Associate ProfessorFrank J. Miller, chairman ; Assistant ProfessorGordon J. Laing ; Dr. Edward A. Bechtel ; andMiss Susan H. Ballou, all of whom are connected with the Department of Latin.At the exercises on Settlement Sunday, inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall on July 2, addresses were made by Miss Jane Addams, Headof Hull House, Chicago, and by Miss Mary E.McDowell, Head Resident of the University ofChicago Settlement. The former is a Lectureron Sociology, and the latter is connected withthe Department of Sociology and Anthropology."John Paul Jones " is the subject of an illustrated contribution in the June issue of TheWorld To-Day, by Associate Professor FrancisW. Shepardson, of the Department of History.In the same number Assistant Professor JosephE. Raycroft, of the Department of PhysicalCulture and Athletics, has an article on "TheMaking of an Athlete," with seven strikingillustrations. Professor Shailer Mathews, ofthe Divinity School, opens the number with aneditorial on " Vacations." In the May-June issue of the Journal ofGeology Assistant Professor Stuart Weller, ofthe Department of Geology, has a contributionon "The Fauna of the Cliff wood (N. J.)Clays;" and Professor Samuel W. Williston,of the Department of Paleontology, contributesto the same number an article on "The Hal-lopus, Baptanodon, and Atlantosaurus Bedsof Marsh."The Macmillan Company announces amongits publications of summer fiction a new novelby Professor Robert Herrick, of the Department of English, entitled The Memoirs of anAmerican Citizen. It is a portrayal of certainphases of modern business life, and first appeared in serial form in the Saturday EveningPost. The new volume contains about fiftyillustrations.The resignation of Associate ProfessorGeorge H. Locke, Dean of the College of Education, will take effect on October 1, 1905. Mr.Locke is a graduate of the University ofToronto, has been editor of the School Reviewsince 1900, and became Dean of the College ofEducation in 1904. He resigns to take abusiness position in connection with the publishing house of Ginn & Co., of Boston.Mr. Julius Rosenthal, of the Chicago bar,whose recent death by accident was so widelylamented, will be recalled for his great interestin the University and his presentation speechon behalf of the donors of the portrait of Professor Hermann E. von Hoist. Professor EmilG. Hirsch, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures, was one of the speakersat the funeral of Mr. Rosenthal.Dean George H. Locke, of the College ofEducation, contributes to the June number ofthe School Review editorial notes on " Sciencein the Secondary Schools of Germany," the" Report of the Athletic Committee of the NorthCentral Association of Colleges and PreparatorySchools," " Spelling Reform in France," and" Mr. Cloudesley Bereton's Comparison between English and French Secondary Schools."44 UNIVERSITY RECORDAmong the instructors in the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Holl, Mass., fromJune 28 to August 9, is Assistant ProfessorBradley M. Davis, of the Department of Botany.On May 11 the last of a series of five openlectures on the subject of "Legal Ethics" wasgiven in the Law Building by Judge Henry V.Freeman, Professorial Lecturer on LegalEthics.On the evening of May 19 occurred the annual reception of the German Club, at FosterHall, when an address on " Schiller " was givenby Professor Emil G. Hirsch, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures.The first bound volume of the new AnnualRegister of the University appeared on July 1,1905. It is a book of 520 pages, and covers theyear from July, 1904, to July, 1905, with announcements for the year 1905-6. As comparedwith the issue of 1903-4 the new Register isreduced in size by a hundred pages, and waspublished a month in advance. The volumeshows many changes in arrangement andmatter.Two recent graduates of the Law School haveaccepted positions upon the faculties of prominent law schools for next year. Mr. Joseph W.Bingham, A.B., 1902, J.D., 1904, goes to CornellUniversity as assistant professor, and willteach the "real property" courses there. Mr.Leon P. Lewis, Ph.B., 1902, J.D., 1905, hasbeen appointed an assistant professor in the lawdepartment of Leland Stanford Junior University, and will teach several commercial subjects.President William R. Harper has been madea trustee of the new Carnegie Fund, endowedon April 27, 1905, by the gift of $10,000,000from Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The income fromthis fund will provide annuities for retired college professors in the United States and Canada.Twenty-five trustees constitute the board, mostof whom are heads of universities, colleges, ortechnological schools. The board has its firstmeeting on November 15. The April issue of the Botanical Gazette contains the sixty-seventh contribution from theHull Botanical Laboratory, entitled "TheForests of the Flathead Valley, Montana." Thearticle is illustrated by a map and twenty-threefigures and was written by Mr. Harry N. Whit-ford, formerly connected with the Departmentof Botany. The seventieth contribution from theHull Botanical Laboratory also appears in thisnumber, and is written by Mr. Burton E.Livingston, who received his Doctor's degreefrom the University in 1901.Beginning April 19 and ending June 7 aseries of eight open lecture-recitals by ProfessorRichard G. Moulton, Head of the Departmentof General Literature, was given in Cobb Lecture Hall. The subjects of the recitals were thefollowing: "The Electra of Sophocles,""The Electra of Euripides," "Daughters ofTroy," "The Alcestis of Euripides," "TheBacchanals of Euripides," "The Clouds ofAristophanes," "The Birds of Aristophanes,"and " The Trinummus of Plautus."The Progress of Hellenism in Alexander'sEmpire is a volume recently published by theUniversity of Chicago Press, which containsthe series of lectures given during the SummerQuarter of 1904 by Professor John PentlamdMahaffy, of the University of Dublin. Amongthe chapter headings are "Xenophon the Precursor of Hellenism," " Macedonia and Greece,"".Egypt," " Syria," and " Hellenistic Influenceson Christianity." The lectures make an attractive volume of 150 pages.The -May number of the Botanical Gazettecontains the seventy-first and seventy-secondcontributions from the Hull Botanical Laboratory, the first being an article by Mr. Ira D.Cardiff, and the second by Dr. Burton E.Livingston, formerly of the Department ofBotany. Mr. Cardiff's article is entitled the"Development of Sporangium in Botrychium"and that of Mr. Livingston, "PhysiologicalProperties of Bog Water."UNIVERSITY RECORD 45In April Professor Charles R. Barnes, of theDepartment of Botany, sailed for Europe, to beabsent several months. He attended the International Botanical Congress, held in Vienna inJune, as a delegate from the University ofChicago and the Botanical Society of America.At the forty-eighth meeting of the UniversityCongregation, held in Congregation Hall onJune 12, Professor Joseph P. Iddings, of theDepartment of Geology, presided as Vice-President of the Congregation in the absence ofthe President of the University. New memberswere introduced to the Congregation by theVice-President, and Associate Professor FrankJ. Miller, of the Department of Latin, waselected Vice-President of the Congregation forthe Summer Quarter of 1905." Municipal Ownership and Graft " is thetitle of a contribution in the July issue ofThe World To-Day, by Professorial LecturerFrancis W. Parker, of the University Board ofTrustees, who is also a member of the IllinoisSenate. "What is Death?" is the subject of astriking discussion in the same number by Associate Professor Albert P. Mathews, of theDepartment of Physiology. Professor Shailer.Mathews, of the Divinity School, opens thenumber with an editorial on "Fighting to aFinish.""History in the University ElementarySchool " is the opening article in the May number of the Elementary School Teacher, contributed by Associate Professor Emily J. Rice,of the College of Education. The treatment ofHistory in the various grades of the UniversityElementary School is discussed by Elsie A.Wygant, Elsabeth Port, Gudrun Thorne-Thomsen, Gertrude Van Hoesen, Carrie M.Pierce, Annas Higgins, Harry O. Gillett, andKatharine M. Stilwell — members of the Facultyof the School of Education. The articles areillustrated by four plates of unusual interest inthe study of methods. At the raising of the flag of the class of 1905on Senior Class Day, June 12, Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson, Dean of theSenior Colleges, made the address on behalf ofthe University. Later, on the same day, DeanShepardson also made response for the University on the presentation of the class gift by Mr.Clyde A. Blair, president of the class. The giftis an especially appropriate one, consisting ofabout twenty elm trees, to be planted in adouble row in front of the Walker Museum,from Lexington Avenue toward Cobb LectureHall.The Ben Greet company of English playerspresented to a large audience on Monday evening, May 15, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,Shakspere's comedy of Much Ado AboutNothing; on Wednesday afternoon following,the same company gave a performance ofTwelfth Night. The plays were given intheir fulness and with very few stage accessories, and were evidently greatly enjoyed bythe audiences. The University of ChicagoSettlement received as its share of the proceedsfrom the plays more than a hundred dollars.The class day exercises of the College ofEducation were held on June 9 in EmmonsBlaine Hall, when the gift of the class of 1905— a cast of the "Discus-Thrower" — was presented to the College by Miss Beatrice ChandlerPatton, president of the class. The responsefor the College was made by Dean George H.Locke, who later addressed the class. At theclose of his address a representative of thestudent body, Mr. Spencer J. McCallie, presented Mr. Locke with a loving-cup as a tokenof their appreciation and regard.The Significance of the Mathematical Elementin the Philosophy of Plato is a dissertation recently issued by the University of ChicagoPress for Mr. Irving Elgar Miller, who receivedhis Doctor's degree from the University in 1904.Among the chapter headings are "Plato's46 UNIVERSITY RECORDGeneral Attitude toward Mathematics," "TheFormulation of Philosophical Problems,""Platonic Analysis," and "The Relation ofMathematical Procedure to Dialectic." A tableof references to passages in Plato involvingmathematics is included in the volume.The University of Chicago Press announcesfor early publication a new volume, of aboutfour hundred pages, by Professor Albion W.Small, Head of the Department of Sociology.The book is entitled General Sociology: AnExposition of the Main Developments in Sociological Theory from Spencer to Ratzenhofer.The aims of the work are to present a conspectus of the whole field of sociology so as toindicate the relations of workers in the varioussubdivisions of the science, and also to emphasize the importance to scholars, in other divisions of social science, of the methods and results of sociological investigation.Russia and its Crisis is the title of a volumeto be published about the middle of August bythe University of Chicago Press. The authorof the volume is Paul Nicolas Milyoukov, Professorial Lecturer on Russian Institutions onthe Crane Foundation. The book offers atimely exposition of the Russian political system, and makes clear that an interpretation ofpresent conditions must be based upon a comprehensive survey of the historical circumstances under which Russian civilization hasbeen developed. Professor Milyoukov gave aseries of twelve open lectures on " The Revivalof the Southern Slavs" during the WinterQuarter of 1905.Under the direction of Professor A. A.Stagg, Director of the Division of PhysicalCulture and Athletics, two remarkably successful meets were held during the Spring Quarteron Marshall Field — the Intercollegiate Conference Meet on June 3 in which the Universityof Chicago won 56 points to 38 points by theUniversity of Michigan, its nearest rival; and the Interscholastic Meet, in which ten statesand seventy-five schools and academies wererepresented. On May 20 in the dual meet atAnn Arbor, Mich., the University of Chicagotrack team was successful over its opponent bya score of 70 points to 55.In the April-May issue of the Journal ofGeology Mr. Rollin T. Chamberlin, an Assistant in Geology for the Summer Quarter, has anillustrated contribution on "The Glacial Features of the St. Croix Dalles Region." Mr.Chamberlin took his degree of S.B. from theUniversity of Chicago in 1903. " A Fossil Starfish from the Cretaceous of Wyoming" is thetitle of an article in the same number, by Assistant Professor Stuart Weller, of the Departmentof Geology. Dr. Wallace W. Atwood, of thesame department, writes on "Glaciation of SanFrancisco Mountain, Arizona."In the issue of the Chicago Evening Post ofMay 1 is a reference to the Decennial Publications of the University which shows a notableappreciation of the work that is being done bymembers of the University Faculties and by theUniversity Press:Scholars throughout America will value this importantfunction of the University to make accessible the workof experts in all departments. In due time the Decennial Publications will be invaluable sources for the student The work of the University of Chicago Pressdeserves the encouragement and support of every intelligent student, layman or professional. It is doing aservice that the commercial publishing houses cannotdo — a service to learning and to general culture. TheDecennial Publications are a noteworthy institution.Professor James H. Breasted, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures,contributes to the April issue of the AmericanJournal of Semitic Languages and Literaturesa discussion of the question, "When Did theHittites Enter Palestine?" The article hastwo full-page illustrations. Mr. Breasted hasalso a second contribution, entitled " New Lighton the History of the Eleventh Dynasty." Inthe same number Professor Ira M. Price, of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 47Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures, has an illustrated account of " An AncientBabylonian (Ax-Head) Inscription."Evidence in Athenian Courts, by Robert J.Bonner, Ph.D., is a volume of a hundred pagesrecently issued by the University of ChicagoPress. Among the chapter headings are " Irrelevant Evidence," "Hearsay Evidence," "Informers," " Challenges," " Evidence of Slaves,"" Oaths," " Expert Evidence," " Advocates'Speeches," "Impeachment of Witnesses," and"Perjury." The book contains an index ofGreek legal terms and also of passages citedfrom the orators. Mr. Bonner took his Doctor'sdegree at the University in 1904, and is now anAssistant in Greek and Latin in UniversityCollege.On the evenings of May 26 and 2J the secondcomic opera presented by the student organization known as " The Blackf riars " was given inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall to large audiences.The opera was entitled "The King's KalendarKeeper." The costuming and dancing wereparticularly successful. The writers of thebook were Mr. Walter L. Gregory, Mr. MartinA. Flavin, and Mr. Frank B. Hutchinson, Jr. ;and the music was composed by Mr. Halbert B.Blakey, Mr. Earle S. Smith, and Mr. Victor J.West. From the proceeds of the opera the" Blackfriars " generously presented a hundred dollars to the University of Chicago Settlement.A Laboratory Guide in Bacteriology is amongthe most recent publications of the Universityof Chicago Press, It is a volume of 150 pages,and was prepared by Mr. Paul G. Heinemann,a Fellow in Bacteriology, who received thedegree of Bachelor of Science from the University in 1904. Associate Professor Edwin O.Jordan, of the Department of Pathology andBacteriology, furnishes an introduction to thevolume, which is illustrated by thirty-sevenfigures, is interleaved, and fully indexed. Among the chapter headings are " Preparationof Culture Media," "Collecting Bacteria fromthe Air," " Exercises on Infection and Sterilization," "Bacteriological Examination of Water,Air, and Milk," and "Influence of Disinfectants on the Growth of Micro-Organisms."The June issue of the Biblical World containsan article by Professor Charles R. Henderson,Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology, on " The Part of the Home in ReligiousEducation." It was originally given as an address before the Religious Education Association at its third annual convention in Boston." Science as a Teacher of Morality " is a contribution in the same number by Professor JohnM. Coulter, Head of the Department of Botany.It also was first presented before the ReligiousEducation Association in Boston. Under thehead of " Exploration and Discovery " AssistantProfessor Edgar J. Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek, describesan accession to the Haskell Oriental Museumunder the title of "A Christian Lamp fromDenderah."The opening contribution in the June issue ofthe Journal of Political Economy is entitled" The Wages of Unskilled Labor in the UnitedStates, 1850-1900." It was written by EdithAbbott, who received from the University at thelast Convocation the Doctor's degree, magnacum laude. In the same number is an articleon the "History of the Working Classes inFrance," by Agnes M. Wergeland, formerly agraduate student of the University, now of theUniversity of Wyoming. "Cost History andCost Theory," by Assistant Professor HerbertJ. Davenport, and "Credit and Prices," byAssistant Professor Thorstein Veblen, areamong the shorter contributions in this issue." The Industrial Capacity of the German " is a"note" by Earl D. Howard, who received thedegrees of Ph.B. and Ph.M. from the University and was also a Fellow in Political Economy during the years 1903-5.48 UNIVERSITY RECORDOn the morning of June 7 appeared copies ofthe Daily Times, a newspaper published experimentally by students, a majority of whom weretaking the course entitled "Development andOrganization of the American Press," by Professor George E. Vincent, of the Department ofSociology and Anthropology. About thirty-fivestudents were engaged in gathering the news,writing editorials, and publishing a four-pagepaper, which contained literary, dramatic, andsociety notes, news of the city, telegraphicbrevities, sporting news, market quotations, anda timely cartoon. The paper was printedthrough the courtesy of the Chicago Journal,and the service of the Associated Press and theCity Press Association was utilized. The workgave an effective illustration of practicalmethods in journalism.A unique book, to be published shortly inNew York by Underwood & Underwood, isthat entitled Egypt through the Stereoscope:A Journey through the Land of the Pharaohs,by Professor James H. Breasted, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures.It will contain a hundred illustrations fromphotographs taken by a special photographerwho spent a winter in Egypt for the purpose.The points of view for the illustrations had beenpreviously indicated on maps and plans by Mr.Breasted himself. The book constitutes an informal introduction of the reader to all thegreat ruins and important monuments of Egypt,dwelling on historical associations and discussing archaeological questions. A historicalsketch of Egypt and a chronological table introduce the volume, which contains, besides thetext and illustrations, twenty elaborate mapsand plans."The Field of Religious Education inAmerica" is the title of an article in the Mayissue of the Biblical World, by Assistant Professor Clyde W. Votaw, of the Department ofNew Testament Literature and Interpretation.It was originally given as an address before the Religious Education Association at its thirdannual convention in Boston. Various phasesof the extra volume in the Hastings Dictionaryof the Bible are considered in this number bythe late Professor George S. Goodspeed, of theDepartment of Comparative Religion ; PresidentWilliam R. Harper, of the Department ofSemitic Languages and Literatures ; ProfessorShailer Mathews, of the Department of Systematic Theology; and Assistant Professor EdgarJ. Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblical andPatristic Greek. Under the head of " Exploration and Discovery," Dr. Edgar J. Banks writesfrom Bagdad on " Senkereh, the Ruins of Ancient Larsa."Professor Ernest D. Burton, of the Department of New Testament Literature and Interpretation, has the opening contribution in theApril issue of the American Journal of Theology. It is entitled " The Present Problems ofNew Testament Study." Under the head of" Recent Theological Literature " ProfessorGeorge B. Foster, of the Department of Comparative Religion, writes upon " Some ModernEstimates of Jesus ; " Professor ShailerMathews, of the Department of SystematicTheology, upon " The Eschatology of the NewTestament;" Dean Eri B. Hulbert, ProfessorFranklin Johnson, Associate Professor John W.Moncrief, and Dr. Errett Gates, of the Department of Church History, write upon "RecentLiterature in Church History;" ProfessorCharles R. Henderson, Head of the Departmentof Ecclesiastical Sociology, discusses "RecentBooks in the Field of Social Ethics, Education,and Practical Religion;" and Assistant Professor Gerald B. Smith, of the Department ofSystematic Theology, considers " Recent Literature in Systematic Theology."In the July issue of the American Journal ofTheology, under the head of "Critical Notes,"is a contribution by Assistant Professor EdgarJ. Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblicaland Patristic Greek, on " The Original Conclu-UNIVERSITY RECORD 49sion of the Gospel of Mark." Under the headof " Recent Theological Literature " are variouscontributions on "Recent Encyclopaedic andBibliographical Literature," by Dr. John M.P. Smith, of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures; Associate ProfessorJohn W. Moncrief, of the Department ofChurch History ; and Assistant Professor ClydeW. Votaw, of the Department of New Testament Literature and Interpretation. ProfessorGeorge B. Foster, of the Department of Comparative Religion, considers recent books on"The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul;"Mr. Votaw also discusses new books on " TheApocalypse;" and Mr. Goodspeed, recent contributions to " Patristic Literature."In the issue of the Chicago Tribune for May26, 1905, is an appreciative recognition of thegreat work the University is doing through itspublications, part of which is here reproduced:This [the publishing department] is an enormouslyimportant factor in the life and enterprise of the University. By means of it the great school keeps open doorto the whole world of the more advanced and progressivescholarship, near and far. It is, in fact, a form of" university extension " of the first order.Besides the more than a dozen high class reviews andjournals regularly issued, more than 200 books and distinct publications have already been put forth by members of the Faculty. Moreover, the two series of Decennial Publications, covering the whole range of modernresearch and scholarship, and now published in more thantwenty large volumes, taken together, constitute a nosmall factor in the leading educational movement of thetime. Thus the effect of what the hundreds of instructorsare doing in their several classrooms is multiplied bymeans of the University Press. To note the titles ofthese various books and journals, larger and smaller, isto have vividly suggested to one what a liberal education means in these times Among the important journals published by the University are the Biblical World, American Journal ofTheology, American Journal of Semitic Languages andLiteratures, School Review, Elementary School Teacher,American Journal of Sociology, Botanical Gazette, Journal of Political Economy, Astrophysical Journal, Journalof Geology, and Modern Philology. What all this out-reaching university publication enterprise signifies to the entire cause of present day education, from the elementary all the way up, is fitted to awaken no little wonderand admiration.APPOINTMENTS TO SCHOLARSHIPS FOR 1905-6THE GRADUATE SCHOOLSScholars appointed for excellence in thework of the Senior Colleges :Bennett, Judson Gerald, Mathematics. (Terry, EthelMary, Alternate.)Bigelow, Alida Jeannette, Geography.Bradley, William Joseph, Philosophy.Carr, Emma Perry, Chemistry.Enke, Ana Jule, Romance.Fischer, Augustus Radcliffe, HistorjFuller, Nellie Adele, Latin.Goodman, Herbert Marcus, Anatomy.Hancock, John Leonard, Greek.Harper, Mary Juno, Zoology.Holzheimer, Helen Jeanette, Sociology.Matheny, Edith French, English.Murphy, Eleanor, Political Science.Peterson, Joseph, Psychology.Pfeiffer, Wanda May, Botany.Preston, Keith, Latin.Saunders, Ruth Shelton, Germanic.Simeral, Isabel, Geology.THE SENIOR COLLEGESScholars appointed for excellence in thework of the Junior Colleges :Cox, Emily Bancroft, Romance.Garrity, Mary, History.Kay, Fred Hall, Geography.Kuiper, Robert, Greek.Lemon, Harvey Brace, Astronomy.MacBride, Caroline Leonora, English.Nixon, Charles Elmer, Physics.Pettibone, Chauncey J. Vallette, Germanic.Schenkenberg, Muriel, Latin.Trowbridge, Arthur Carleton, Geology.Wilder, Russell Morse, Chemistry.THE JUNIOR COLLEGESScholars appointed for excellence in the workof Co-operating Schools :Akers, Dwight, Bloomington High School.Armstrong, Mary E., Englewood High School.Blumenthal, Oscar, Peoria High School.Borchardt, Conrad, Northwest Division High School.50 UNIVERSITY RECORDBushnell, James M., Cedar Rapids (la.) High School.Caldwell, Fred C, Clyde (111.) J. Sterling MortonHigh School.Erickson, Elizabeth, Austin High School.Etlinger, Isadore, Joliet High School.Fechter, George, Manitowoc (Wis.) High School.Francis, Percy, Ishpeming (Mich.) High School.Freeman, Burdella, McKinley High School.Grannis, Lawrence, Lake View High School.Howe, Samuel, Topeka (Kan.) High School.Jacobs, Nettie, Jefferson High School.Jacoby, Helen, Indianapolis (Ind.) Manual TrainingHigh School.Janke, Elizabeth C, Galveston (Tex.) High School.Johnson, Arthur, DeKalb High School.Kellogg, Ruth, Indianapolis (Ind.) Manual TrainingHigh School.Kittleman, Samuel W., Colorado Springs (Colo.) HighSchool.Koch, William F., Detroit (Mich.) Eastern HighSchool.Leigh, Fountain, DuQuoin High School.Leviton, Charles, Joseph Medill High School.Loomer, Archie S., Benton Harbor (Mich.) HighSchool.Ludwig, Hulda, Leadville (Colo.) High School.Lussky, Herbert O., Ottawa High School.Moynihan, Mary J., Robert A. Waller High School.Nunn, Claude, Davenport (la.) High School.Perry, Charles, Wheaton High School.Pfeiffer, George S., R. T. Crane High School.Pfeiffer, Norma E., Lake High School.Pomeroy, Robert B., Toledo (O.) Central High School.Roe, Clara S., Quincy High School.Sanford, Leigh, Lyons Township High School.Scott, Rachael M., Toledo (O.) Central High School.Seitz, Rose J., Wendell Phillips High School.Simpson, Tracy, Hyde Park High School.Skinner, Beryl Ada, Elgin High School.Stubbs, Ansel, Kansas City (Kan.) High School.Turner, Mabel E./ Morgan Park High School.Wilkinson, Elizabeth J., South Chicago High School.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THESPRING QUARTER, 1905During the Spring Quarter, 1905, there has beenadded to the library of the University a total number of5,576 volumes from the following sources :BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 4,704 volumes, distributedas follows : Anatomy, 36 ; Anthropology, 45 ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 27; Astronomy (Yerkes), 38; Bacteriology, 18;Biology, 119; Botany, 87; Chemistry, 21; Church History, 57 ; Commerce and Administration, 19 ; Comparative Religion, 23 ; Dano-Norwegian and SwedishTheological Seminary, 6 ; Embryology, 1 ; English, 206 ;English and German, 3 ; English, German, and Romance,83 ; General Library, 573 ; General Literature, 28 ; Geography, 39 ; Geology, 20 ; German, 140 ; Greek, 52 ;History, 181 ; History of Art, 32; Homiletics, 15; Latin,32; Latin and Greek, 1,696; Law School, 132; Mathematics, 44 ; Morgan Park Academy, 5 ; Neurology, 19 ;New Testament, 12 ; New Testament and SystematicTheology, 161; Palaeontology, 13; Pathology, 9; Pedagogy, 27; Philosophy, 11 1; Physics, 50; PhysiologicalChemistry, 41; Physiology, 20; Political Economy, 51;Political Science, 31; Romance, 90; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 99 ; School of Education, 83 ; Semitics, 21; Sociology, 44; Sociology (Divinity), 4;Swedish Theological Seminary, 3 ; Systematic Theology,21 ; Zoology, 16.BY GIFTBooks added by gift, 482 volumes, distributed as follows :Anatomy, 1 ; Anthropology; 1 ; Astronomy (Yerkes),1 ; Biology, 2 ; Botany, 2 ; Church History, 1 ; Commerce and Administration, 2 ; Divinity School, 3 ; English, 8 ; English, German and Romance, 2 ; GeneralLibrary, 356; Geography, 18; Geology, 35; German, 1;History, 4 ; History of Art, 1 ; Latin, 1 ; Law School, 2 ;Mathematics, 2 ; Neurology, 1 ; New Testament, 2 ;Pathology, 2 ; Philosophy, 2 ; Political Economy, 8 ;Political Science, 13 ; School of Education, 5 ; Sociology,5 ; Zoology, 1.BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications.390 volumes, distributed as follows :Anthropology, 6; Astronomy (Yerkes), 12; Biology,2 ; Botany, 1 7 ; Church History, 7 ; Comparative Religion, 2 ; Divinity School, 7 ; General Library, 218 ;Geography, 2; Geology, 13; History, 1; Homiletics, 12;Law School, 1 ; New Testament, 20 ; Pedagogy, 1 ;Philosophy, 3 ; Political Economy, 31 ; Political Science,3 ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 1 ; Semitics, 4 ;Sociology, 21 ; Sociology (Divinity), 1 ; SystematicTheology, 5.SPECIAL GIFTSMrs. George C. Walker, 14 volumes and 7 pamphlets —Proceedings and Transactions of the American Societyof Civil Engineers.UNIVERSITY RECORD 51Mr. Frederic I. Carpenter, 17 volumes — rare old Englishand Latin books.Mr. Rollin D. Salisbury, 19 volumes — The AmericanNaturalist and geological books.The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 29 volumes —scientific publications. The Government of Australia, 4 volumes — ParliamentaryDebates.Syracuse Department of Public Instruction, 12 volumes —reports.United States government, 14 volumes — documents.Two New Books by the University of Chicago PressRUSSIAAND ITS CRISISBy PAUL MILYOUKOV, formerly Professor of History at theUniversities of Moscow and Sofia.^f The book aims to explain the internal crisis in Russia; it offers a timelyexposition of deep-seated ulcers of the Russian political system, and itmakes clear that an interpretation of existing conditions, to be at alladequate, must necessarily be based upon a general and comprehensivesurvey of the historical circumstances under which the Russian civilization has been developed.¦[[ The author is a typical representative of the liberal party known as the"intellectuals," and his activity in the cause of freedom has alreadyearned him calumny, imprisonment, and exile.602 pages, 8vo, cloth, net $3.00, postpaid $3.20Christian Belief Interpretedby Christian ExperienceTHE BARROWS LECTURESBy CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL, President of the UnionTheological Seminary, New York.^f The volume contains a series of lectures delivered in 1902 and 1903 inIndia, Ceylon, and Japan. They are six in number with the followingtitles : The Nature of Religion ; The Christian Idea of God Interpretedby Experience; The Lord Jesus Christ, the Supreme Manifestation ofGod ; The Sin of Man and the Sacrifice of Christ ; The Christian Ideasof Holiness and Immortality Interpreted by Experience; Reasons forRegarding Christianity as the Absolute Religion.^f It has an Introductory Note of much interest by Principal J. Mackichan,Vice Chancellor of the University of Bombay, and a Supplementary Noteon Japan by Dr. J. H. DeForest, of Sendai, Japan, who has recently servedwith distinction in Manchuria among the soldiers of the Japanese army.300 pages, 8vo, cloth, net $1.50, postpaid $1.66THE UNIVERSITY of CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO and 156 Fifth Avenue NEW YORKHAMLIN GARLANDConvocation Orator, September i, 1905