VOLUME IX NUMBER 12University RecordAPRIL, 1905THE FIFTY-FOURTH UNIVERSITY CONVOCATIONINTRODUCTION OF THE CONVOCATION ORATORBY CLEMENT WALKER ANDREWS, A.M.,Librarian of the John Crerar Library, ChicagoLadies and Gentlemen:For several reasons I am glad to have beenable to accept the invitation to introduce theConvocation orator today.In the first place, it gives me an opportunityto express my interest as a citizen of Chicago inthe University, my pride in its achievements,and my earnest hope that it may long have thesame wise guidance which has brought it so farin so short a time. I wish that I could make theexpression of my sympathy in your presentanxiety adequate to the depth and sincerity ofthe feeling.To the librarian of the John Crerar Librarythe interests of the University make an especialappeal. That library, more, I think, than theother libraries of the city, has supplemented yourown collections, and its librarian necessarily hasbeen brought into relations with the professorsand graduate students. If it has been of directservice to them, it has been of indirect service tothe undergraduate body as well. On the otherhand, we acknowledge with gratitude the obligations which the library is under to many ofthe professors for counsel and advice of greatvalue. Nor are these the only obligations. Forseveral years the evening staff has been composed largely of undergraduates — an arrangement which seems to be mutually advantageous. The library secures the assistance of young menof education and culture who well sustain itsreputation for courteous and efficient service,while the young men obtain their college education in a way which we try to make as pleasantas possible. That the attempt is not unsuccessful we may infer from the fact that few leave usbefore graduation, and some stay even longer.To a librarian not only the audience, but thespeaker and his subject, are of especial interest.The Librarian of Congress stands by commonconsent at the head of his calling. Other librarians may administer as large and as fine libraries, may serve directly more people and in morevaried ways, may control larger staffs, and somedo receive more generous recompense; but noother has such an opportunity for service to thewhole nation, and more especially to the scholarsof the nation. The present Librarian of Congress has shown himself to be fully conscious ofthe value of this opportunity, and the use he hasmade of it has justified fully the expectations ofhis friends and associates.Bibliography is said to be the handmaid ofliterature, but it, or rather the bibliothecal art,which includes the use as well as the descriptionof books, stands in a much less humble relationto research. Without exaggeration it may becalled a guide, counselor, and friend. In somestudies, indeed, books are the very material ofresearch, but for all they contain the records of373374 UNIVERSITY RECORDwork accomplished and of failures, and aretherefore storehouses of advice or warning.Their proper use is absolutely necessary, if theresearch is to be systematic and not haphazard.While this is more generally recognized nowthan even quite recently, and while I know thatsome of the instructors here have realized theimportance of instruction in the use of books, Ithink that it is still true that most American institutions of learning place little weight on it;and it is only a few years since a charge to thesame effect against European universities wasmade formally by an international gathering ofscholars.Very few people have a better opportunitythan the librarian to observe how deep is theignorance, even among well-educated people, ofthe possibilites, and on the other hand the limits,of the aid to research to be obtained from books.The present extent and the possible developmentof these records of human knowledge are understood by few. As to the possibilities, consideronly one instance. Although the alcohols are acomparatively simple class of organic substances, their possible number is so large, evenfrom our present knowledge of them, that myteacher, Professor Hill, of Harvard, used topoint out that only by the severest condensationcould the essential facts in regard to them bebrought within the compass of a library of amillion volumes. As to its present extent thelibrarian is perhaps better informed than anyone else : better than the publisher, for much ofthe best literature of research is outside theregular channels of trade ; better than the book-dealer, of whom the best has become so by specializing; better than the bibliophile, the bibliographer, or even the student, each of whom, asa rule, is acquainted only with special fields ofsubjects of literature. A librarian, also, is bestacquainted with the deficiencies in the presenttreatment of literature, or at least has thembrought oftener and more forcibly to his attention. It would seem, therefore, that a great reference library is in a position to render valuable assistance to research in many ways. Ihave said already that the Library of Congresshas utilized this opportunity. Americanscholars and the American libraries who havebenefited through this work are deeply gratefulfor it, and their gratitude should be the deeperbecause the work has been done notwithstandingpressing calls for relief from conditions causedby years of neglect of the library.Dr. Putnam's services to the libraries, andthrough them to the scholars of the country,have not been limited to his work at Washington nor to those given the libraries at Boston andMinneapolis, of which he has had charge. Hehas twice been president of the AmericanLibrary Association — an unusual honor of lateyears ; and to him we owe much of the successof our international meeting at St. Louis lastOctober, with its promise of international cooperation in library and bibliographical interests.And I consider it not only a professionalhonor, but also a personal pleasure, to introducehim. You are members of what is still, in spiteof your fifty-three convocations, the youngestof the great universities ; he and I are graduatesof the oldest college in the country. As thehead of American librarians, as a scholar, as afellow-alumnus of Harvard, and as a personalfriend, I present the Convocation orator, Dr.Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress.THE STATE AND RESEARCH*BY HERBERT PUTNAM, LiT.D., LL.D.,Librarian of CongressDean Judson, Mr. Vice-President, Mr. Andrews,Ladies and Gentlemen:A librarian, with such an introduction, should,it seems, have something to say of libraries, oreven, perhaps, of books. My theme is, in terms,1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fifty-fourth Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 21, 1905.UNIVERSITY RECORD 375of neither. It is, rather, of science. And myillustrations are rather from the sciences whichdeal with the laboratory than from those whichdepend upon the library. Yet it is my interestand concern as a librarian that have impelled meto the theme itself: these, with the admirationwhich my present office has enabled me to acquire for certain work at Washington, and forthe men who are doing it.Our national government is directly maintaining research to an extent not equaled by anyother government — by any other two governments — in the world. The expenditure for itis variously estimated at from five to ten millions of dollars a year. It cannot be estimatedprecisely, for the undertakings which constituteresearch proper cannot be distinguished precisely from those different in nature and purpose — not always, indeed, from those merelyadministrative — but it is considerable. Thescope and variety of these undertakings wouldform a topic well worthy the attention of anaudience such as this, on an occasion such asthis ; and their utility would, I believe, offer a fitsubject for treatment before you by a handreally competent. My purpose is more narrow,though, I fear, not more modest. I have beenled of late to consider the basis — legal or inexpediency — upon which such undertakingsrest; and it is the result of this considerationwhich I shall venture to submit to you.The question is not a purely academic one(if you will allow me a conventional expressionso unjust to the practical aspect of modernacademic thought). The propriety of researchundertakings is, from time to time, actuallyquestioned in Congress; it has recently beenquestioned; no more than twenty years ago itwas in effect denied by no less a man of sciencethan Alexander Agassiz; and there is reasonto believe that the appropriations for researchare granted without a general appreciation inCongress that research is their object or themethod of research their method. There would be a gain in the establishment of it upon somesound principle, if one can be found, whichwould be generally acceptable.The power of Congress in the matter is nowhere explicit in the Constitution. If it exists,it must be implied in the authority to " providefor the general welfare." The limits of thisauthority are not defined. It has been thebattleground between the strict and the broadconstructionists. But these principles of its interpretation would, I suppose, be agreed to:(i) the undertakings which it authorizes mustbe calculated to result in benefits fairly diffused ;and (2) they must be undertakings not withinthe power or the capacity of the states or localauthorities, or of private individuals, A thirdhas been asserted : that they must be undertakings likely to confer a " direct material benefit."I do not perceive the logic of this limitation;and it has not prevented the maintenance by thegovernment of agricultural colleges, whosebenefit is neither general, nor directly material,nor materially direct; nor of local improvements — as of rivers and harbors — whose benefits, though locally direct, and material, are notdirectly general. Internal improvements ofeither class — of youth or of waterways — looknot to the direct, but to the ultimate, benefit tothe community at large.Where is the constitutional warrant for thesupport of instruction by the federal government? It exists not in the letter of the Constitution, but in an interpretation of it which meetswith general acceptance; and in a democracy,whatever the written constitution, it is theoperation under the constitution which counts;and an interpretation which meets with generalacquiescence will be apt to stand. At all events,it will not imperil the constitution itself, for it isthe too narrow constitution that snaps, not thetoo broad one.So as to research: To one who contests itspropriety our first observation might be that itis already a fact, and a fact of large dimension.376 UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is generally acquiesced in. Futile now toquestion the interpretation upon which it isbased.But such an answer would rather beg thequestion, and the view it implies might leavewritten constitutions stranded high above theebb and flow of actual practice. Can we find abetter answer? Can we find one that acceptsy the stricter interpretation and yet brings research within it ?The departments of the government maintaining or promoting research are in particular theAgricultural Department, various bureaus ofthe Army, the Navy, the Interior, and Commerce and Labor; and the National Library.To these must, of course, be added the Smithsonian Institution, which, though endowed, receives grants from the general treasury.Now, as we look at the history of thesebureaus, we note three. things rather remarkable:( I ) every one of them, except the Smithsonian,was established for a purpose professedly " practical;" (2) every one of them has been forcedto adopt research work as a necessary aid orpreface to its practical work; and (3) assuming the characteristic of research work to be theascertainment of general principles, every oneof them has contributed to it, because the datawhich it accumulates inevitably induce inferenceand generalization.Every such bureau was, I say, originally established for a purpose deemed " practical."The Department of Agriculture began, underthe presidency of Van Buren, as an agency forthe distribution of seeds and of plants for experimental culture. The "object and purpose"of the Coast Survey, as declared in its establishment under President Jefferson, was "the protection of the commercial interests of thecountry." It was instituted for the convenienceof commerce, the protection of life, and thenational defense. The Geological Survey wasto aid in the determination of boundaries andthe ascertainment of mineral resources which might have economic importance. The NavalObservatory, ridiculed, when proposed by President (J. Q.) Adams as "a lighthouse in theskies," was ten years later conceded as a depotfor charts and instruments. Only by an inference of the intentions of Congress gained fromthe report of a committee, and not expressed inthe lawT, did it proceed to the compilation ofnautical almanacs, and thus to the researchesupon which these were based. The MarineHospital Service was to furnish a barrieragainst the intrusion of immigrant disease ; andthe Bureau of Standards — a recent creation —tests of weights, measures and instruments ofprecision, an aid to manufacture, and a protection to the community against fraud in commerce. The earliest function of the NationalLibrary, now a library for research, was tosupply books required by Congress in framinglegislation.In no one of these departments or bureaus •—and I have mentioned but typical ones — wastheoretical investigation at first proposed as anend in itself. In every one of them — and thisis our second observation — it has been adoptedas an indispensable aid in practice. Take theDepartment of Agriculture. Its practical utilitywould not be questioned. In the enlargementand improvement of crops its service is potent(1) in the extermination of injurious insects byinsecticides or through the introduction ofhostile species ; (2) in the prevention and cureof plant diseases; (3) in the perfection of soilsand their adaptation to. particular crops ; (4)in the introduction from foreogn countries ofplants of economic importance. Its Bureau ofForestry gives practical assistance in the conservation of forest lands and the utilization offorest products. Its Bureau of Animal Industryadvises the public as to dangerous communicable diseases of live stock, makes actual inspection of live stock, and reports generally as tothe animal industries' of the country, and itsdairy products.UNIVERSITY RECORD 377In all such service the department furnishesprime counsel and potent example to interestsinvolving over twenty billions of dollars andtwo-thirds of the people of the United States.Can the service be performed with mere husbandmen or dairymen? By no means; it requires an army of scientists: entomologists,botanists, bacteriologists, biologists, and chemists, whose work is partly in the field, but evenmore largely in the laboratory.One of its Divisions has been occupied forfour years with an investigation of the bindingqualities of road materials. The result has beenproof of a chemical reaction in the materialsmost efficient, when ground fine under moisture :a result of very useful import? but not to bereached outside of a laboratory.Its Weather Bureau makes forecasts which,like those of the great floods of 1903, are ofgeneral, and may be of critical, importance toagriculture and to commerce. They depend,however, upon a science which, though its fieldis nominally the earth's atmosphere, must seekits data in the stellar atmospheres also ; for thequestion is as to the effect of the solar energypoured forth in radiation and observable in surface phenomena. The interpretation of thesehas to be made in terms of the general solaraction. They are to be treated as pulses orsymptoms of the great operations inside thesolar surface, whose laws can be discoveredonly by inference and mathematical analysis.The determination of the " solar terrestrial synchronism," upon an understanding of whichalone prediction can be safe, thus involves" many correlated subjects in solar physics, terrestrial magnetism, and meteorology." It isnot, therefore, for the purpose of abstract speculation, but as an indispensable adjunct to itspractical service to the community, that theWeather Bureau has just established a solar-physical observatory (at Bluemont) "for studying the visible signs in the sun-spots, prominences, faculae, and photosphere, by a photo graphic telescope, a horizontal spectrohelio-graph, and spectrum analysis." The purpose ofits observations will be practical, but theirmethod will be that of pure science ; and theirresults may contribute to "a great science ofcosmical meteorology."The accomplishments of the Coast and Geodetic Survey during the ninety-eight years ofits existence have included 30,000 miles of topography mapped, 300,000 square miles of watersounded out, 1,000,000 square miles of deep-seasoundings taken and shown in 500 charts ofunrivaled accuracy and beauty, and of - indispensable utility. The bureau has published theCoast Pilots, invaluable to navigation. Its observations of the tides at thousands of stationsfurnish predictions, not merely for our owncoasts, but for all ports of the world to whichour shipping is likely to go. It has coverednearly 400,000 square miles with triangulation,run many thousand miles of precise levels, covered the country with a homogeneous system ofastronomically determined points, establishedtransatlantic longitudes, and contributed datafor a magnetic survey which touches the entireearth.All this was practical work. But it involvedthe higher mathematics and astronomy, and astudy of the law of the earth's magnetism ; andit has required not merely the application ofestablished principles, but, to some extent, theestablishment of new principles — that is, ofnew generalizations. It has required extensivenew observations and the collection of a prodigious quantity of new data, which are valuablecontributions to pure science. The triangulationwithin the United States will aid to determinethe size and figure of the earth, which is theultimate basis of dimensional astronomy. Theneed of compasses on the charts has compelledthe determination of at least one of the elementsof the earth's magnetism, and a study of the lawof its variation. The ascertainment of the riseand fall of the tides has required observations378 UNIVERSITY RECORDalong the coasts which will disclose the law oftheir periodicity, while a needful regard tobenchmarks to which the tides were referredwill betray the subsidence or rise of the land.The determination of astronomical positions hasrequired the perfection of existing star places —affording thus a stimulus to practical astronomy, and the employment of the pendulum ingravity research. The deep-sea soundings anddredgings and incidental physical observationshave widened our knowledge of marine life;and the magnetic observations, though local,have contributed data for a magnetic surveywhich may compass the entire earth.The Geological Survey has compiled and published a complete topographic map of nearly1,000,000 square miles — or 26 per cent, of thearea of the United States — which, among otherservices, has "greatly expedited investigationsby cities of their water supply, and aided in theimprovement of highways and railroads. It hascovered 71,000 square miles with its geologicmaps — which, with the topographic maps,present a practically complete history of thetopography, geology, and mineral resources ofthe area described." Its hydrographic branch,including the reclamation service, " has recordedthe maximum, minimum, and mean dischargesof all the more important rivers, and for shorterperiods the same facts concerning the lessertributaries of the many hundred streams in theUnited States ; " and has gathered data concerning the public lands which are irrigable, andtheir possible water supplies. Its division ofgeography and forestry has made detailed examinations of 110,000 square miles, and prepared reports on them which show the characterand amount of the timber, and many other facts,which will serve as a basis for the future management of these properties.Its aid to the mining interests of the countryhas been of the highest practical importance.The investigation of the origin and geologic relations of the Lake Superior iron ores and the publication of its reports have so effectively directed the prospectorin the discovery of the deposits, and the miner in economical methods of development, that this region nowleads the world in the production of iron ore. Thedetailed areal mapping and the determination of underground structure in the Appalachian coal fields are placing the development of its coal, petroleum, and gas resources upon a scientific basis, and relieving thesebranches of the mineral industry of a large part of thehazard and uncertainty which has always been associatedwith them.2But what has this service involved? It hasinvolved the application of principles known toscience ; but it has involved also the accumulation of new data and the ascertainment of newprinciples. It has required the establishmentof laboratories, and the maintenance of a corpsof specialists — geologists, physicists, chemists,botanists, palaeontologists, petrographers. Theirinvestigations into the physical characteristicsof rocks in various processes of formation, andinto the action of volcano and geyser, have led toconclusions of general importance — as to thecomposition and structure of rocks, for instance,and the identification and classification of fossilremains of plants and animals. The data accumulated for a definite practical purpose furnishmaterial for inference which contributes to general theory. The inference may only in partfind immediate and direct economic application.It is, I believe, certain to find ultimate application. To proceed to it, with the data beforehim, is, however, the inevitable next step of thetrue scientist. To forbid him to proceed to it isto affront the instinct, the motive, and the training which distinguish him from the ordinaryman. It is to deprive him of the stimulus whichthe college teacher is now granted, not merelyto enable him to advance in his teaching, but toprevent him from receding. It is, indeed, fromthe practical standpoint something worse; forit is to deprive the community of the benefit ofgeneral conclusions of possibly far-reaching2 The facts concerning the two surveys have beendrawn from official statements.UNIVERSITY RECORD 379importance which are within reach without material expense. For the accumulation of thedata, which is the great expense, has been accomplished. The laboratories are there; themen are there. They are true scientists. Thejudgment which has enabled them to accumulatewith discrimination, and their familiarity withthe phenomena as actual observers, are the veryelements which, based on a sound theoretictraining, should designate them the very personsmost competent to generalize. To reject thisservice is to let a great asset run to waste.The Bureau of Standards was established butfour years ago. It should express, therefore,the present policy of the government in scientificwork. The motive of its establishment wasessentially "practical." Its functions are expressed as follows: the custody of the standards ; the comparison of the standards used inscientific investigations, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, and educational institutions, with the standards adopted or recognizedby the government; the construction, whennecessary, of standards, their multiples and subdivisions; the testing and calibration of standard measuring apparatus, the solution ofproblems which arise in connection with standards; the determination of physical constantsand the properties of materials.Now, these services were not wholly novel.There had existed a division of the Coast andGeodetic Survey called the Division of Weightsand Measures. Its equipment consisted of afew fixed standards with which comparisonwas made, and a small personnel, chiefly administrative. Visit the Bureau of Standardstoday. You will find it on a high knoll near theDistrict limits, well away from the noise, thedust, and the jar of the city proper. On thisknoll rise two ample buildings connected withunderground passages. One building containsall the machinery: boilers of 250 horse-powercapacity, dynamos, apparatus for converting theelectric currents into every variety and intensity, a spacious switchboard for distributing it to anynumber of points or concentrating it upon one ;but, besides this heating and power plant, anarmy of individual electric batteries; a hugerefrigerating plant, which may keep any roomat any required temperature, rendering the experiments independent of the season; and aliquid air plant; a workshop, also, where aninfinity of apparatus may be made, and highlyskilled mechanics competent to make it. Bothbuildings contain testing-rooms where the final"practical" application takes place; but both —and this is the thing to remark — contain laboratories, chemical and physical, which in aspectdiffer from laboratories for pure research innothing save in a perfection of equipment rarelyattained by such a laboratory privately maintained. As you pass up and down the long corridors, you see room after room devoted toresearch, certain of them unblushingly labeled"research;" and, if you enter, you will meetman after man conducting it, who is no mereadministrator, no mere expert, but a true scientist; and if you ask where he came from, youwill find that he came from a college or university, and brought to this work the academicideal and is applying to it the methods of purescience. The staff of the bureau is, in fact,headed by a corps of chemists and physicists;and the larger part of their time is devoted toresearch which is none the less pure because itmay result in an application which is practical.Why this elaborate equipment and organization ? The work of the bureau is to be, in brief,measurement. To measure, you must have astandard; to test, you must have a constant.The standards must be determined, the constantsmust be ascertained. And it is a question notmerely of a pound-weight or of a yard-tape, butof every instrument of precision which entersinto art and industry, and of many substances :from a fifty-pound weight used by the SteelCorporation, a trivial variation in which maycost the community tens of thousands of dollars380 UNIVERSITY RECORDyearly, to the temperature thermometers uponwhose accuracy may hang the lives of tens ofthousands of persons.Are not standards already established? Absolute standards, no. It is a matter of approximation. Perfection is not possible; and theapproach to it must be made by incessant experiment, never ending. An inch divided into ten-thousandths would have satisfied the needs of afew generations ago. But it now contentsneither science nor industry. We must now beable to divide an inch into a hundred thousandparts, and take away and apply a single one ofthem. And the end is not yet. In many measurements the percentage of error has been reduced to one in a million; and still the end isnot yet.For to all this work of measurement — and itis upon measurement that almost every physicalscience today, from astronomy to physiology^ depends — there have been brought the resources of chemistry and physics. Heat, light,electricity — every branch of physics, exceptperhaps sound — is being applied to it in thisbureau; spectrum analysis also, and all of theprocesses of analytic chemistry. You will seethem measuring with ordinary scales — of marvelous delicacy, however ; but you will see themmeasuring also in photometry, by electricity,and by light- waves. And, incidentally, you willsee them everywhere seeking and determiningthe physical — and chemical — constants whichare the fundaments and furnish the units. Themelting-point of ice is but one item ; they musthave the melting-point of copper, of silver, ofgold, and of other substances. They must havethe molecular weight of chemical substances asyet unascertained. They must determine theeffect of varying conditions upon the objects towhich instruments of precision are to be applied.They must by experiment ascertain the materials fittest in their properties for the exquisitemeasurements of electric capacity, of electricalcurrent, of electrical resistance, of electro motive force, and through this, as well as byoptics, of high temperatures. To set two unitsof length end to end so that they shall touchwould seem a process of childlike simplicity;but to ascertain the point of contact is so difficult a matter as to have required special apparatus to whose invention one of our prominentscientists — the president of the Carnegie Institution — gave elaborate thought. The occasion of the investigation may be a particulartest; but the investigation may have to beelaborate ; its methods are the methods of purescience, and its results are a contribution topure science.I may add that its spirit is the spirit of purescience. A young physicist sending a currentthrough a certain gas in order to ascertain theconditions under which its spectrum is formed,had just observed that the glowing power wasmany times the brilliancy of the large Cooper-Hewitt lamp standing by his apparatus. Hementioned the fact as curious, but indifferently.It interested him as a scientific fact, but its commercial possibilities not at all. With those hewas not concerned. His attitude reminded meof a remark of a leading geophysicist, that hedidn't "really care tuppence" for the phenomena observed in economic geology save as theyhelped to tell us what is the constitution of theinside of the earth.The work of the Bureau of Standards istherefore largely theoretic investigation. Andit is none the less so because its professed mainpurpose is practical. It is dealing with theories,which are none the less theories because theymay also be termed mere facts. When thebureau determines a physical constant, it hasdetermined a fact. But a fact established by theinductive method is but another name for atheory. This was long ago observed by Dr.Whewell. " The distinction of fact and theory,"he wrote years ago, "is only relative. Eventsand phenomena, considered as particulars whichmay be colligated by induction, are facts ; con-UNIVERSITY RECORD 381sidered as generalities already obtained by colligation of other facts, they are theories." 3Our knowledge of nature — I am no longerquoting Whewell — can never be exhaustive.Until nature be exhausted, our data must be incomplete ; until we can apply to them a perfectintelligence, our inferences from them must beimperfect. In the meantime, we can but puttogether the phenomena within our reach anddraw from them such conclusions as are withinour capacity. We may call these principles, orlaws, or tendencies, or mere facts-of-general-application. They are no more than theories,and no less. Every physical constant determined by the bureau is thus but a theory ; everystandard which it applies is but the applicationof a theory. Its instruments of precision arebut theories ; for they are not absolutely precise,but only relatively so. What, indeed, aretheories in any science but assumed instrumentsof precision? Are they not equally suchwhether, as in the physical sciences, they represent laws to which we must approximate in ourarts, or, as in the social sciences, ideals to whichwe should approximate in our conduct?I have described the Bureau of Standards atgreater length, first, because, as a recent creation, it expresses the present policy of the government, but, also, because it expresses thisdeliberately. In neither the work itself nor inthe explanation of it to Congress is there anyattempt to obscure the intention that it is to belargely a work of research. The five chemists,the fourteen physicists, the twenty-eight laboratory assistants, who head the staff, were askedfor as chemists, physicists, and laboratory assistants, not as weighers and measurers andclerks of class two or class four. And the$600,000 which has gone into the plant wasasked for to establish laboratories, not to establish mere offices or workshops. The creation ofthis bureau, during a short session of a Con-3 Philosophy of the Sciences, Vol. I, p. 12. gress suspicious of new undertakings, was itselfa miraculous achievement. I have the heartierpleasure in advertising this because the manwho achieved it was yielded to the public serviceby the University of Chicago. It was he whoconvinced the Appropriations Committees thatsuch a bureau was a necessary public utility ; itwas he who convinced the committees — a farmore difficult task — that an ample provisionfor pure research must be an indispensable condition of its practical service. He encounteredprejudices, but he boldly faced them ; and, combining scientific learning with a knowledge' ofthe arts, tact with urgency, patience with insistence, and modesty and sincerity with all, heconquered them. The result is a credit to theacademic training. You will not resent myadding that it is also a credit to the legislativejudgment.There were prejudices. They have alwaysexisted and still exist. And they have induceda certain timorousness on the part of some ofour scientists which sometimes finds comical expression. I asked the head of a certain bureau,eminently scientific in methods and results, howfar his people were engaged in theoretic investigation. " Not at all," he answered indignantly,as though the question were an imputation." Our work is practical. We haven't anythingto do with theories. We are dealing with facts.""You don't, then, establish certain generalprinciples and then apply them ? ""Oh, yes, of course. But we establish theprinciple by investigating the facts.""And what starts your investigation?""Why, it starts with an idea that such andsuch may be so. But then we collect the facts,and if these confirm the idea, we announce andapply it. If they don't* we throw it over."" There is an idea, a notion, then — a sort ofhypothesis ? ""Certainly; only it isn't a mere speculation,a guess, out of the inner consciousness."382 UNIVERSITY RECORD" And the result, when you reach it, is capableof general application ? "" Of course."" Is there, in fact, any research in your branchof science looking to general principles, whichmay not have a practical application ? "" Certainly not. I've always said it ! "Here, then, is investigation which begins witha theory and concludes with a principle, andwhose intermediate processes are the processesof all inductive science; and yet those conducting it repudiate the idea that they are engaged in theoretic investigation, and wouldshudder to be called theorists. They want to beknown as "practical." A theorist is to themwhat a divine once described him before you:" the will o' the wisp of science." To be calleda theorist is to them to be called a visionary ; tobe occupied with theories is to be occupied withphantasies. But, as a scientist has remarked,while theory without fact is phantasy, fact without theory is chaos."We are all wise," says Emerson. "Thedifference between men is not in science, but inart." We are all theorists. The difference between us is only in the patience with which wegather facts, the care with which we seek tomake our collection of them complete, the precision with which we correlate them, and themodesty with which we announce our inductionsfrom them. We are all theorists, I say, and theso-called "practical" man is the most arranttheorist of all, for he leaps to generalizationswithout exhausting the data.Did you ever read Professor Lesley's introduction to the volume on Oil of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey? He pays hisrespects to the " practical oil men." " Practicalmen," he writes, "are just as theoretical andmuch more theoretical than men of science, thedistinction being that the latter base their theories on a wide range of well-connected facts,while the former establish theoretical prejudices upon the basis of a comparatively narrow circle of the facts with which they happen to befamiliar." He cites an instance :The Venango well-sinkers had grown accustomed tothe three oil sands of Oil Creek, and they constructed andcarried with them into the new field a theory of threesands which was merely a local prejudice. The first sandthey struck was to them theoretically the Venango FirstSand, and when they reached a second they theorizedupon it as the Venango Second Sand. All they had todo now, according to their former practice and presenttheory, was to go one stage lower to the Venango ThirdSand, and they would be sure (theoretically) to get greatwells. But when they reached their theoretic third sand,it proved to be poor in oil. Their theory, however, arrested them here, in spite of their being practical — in fact,precisely because they were practical men. They couldnot be induced to go deeper ; they knew what they wereabout; no geologist could teach them anything.They sold out and moved off. Then cameother prospectors, influenced by the reports ofthe Geological Survey. They sank deeper,"struck the true Third Sand, and restored theprosperity and the reputation of the Butlerbelt."I wish I might quote the further remarks ofProfessor Lesley, for they illustrate well thetypical attitude and the characteristic ineptitudeof the practical man in a region where he considers himself peculiarly the expert. When Professor Lesley by simplest induction located acertain group of wells, the natives leaped into aconfidence in his abilities as extravagant as theirskepticism had been obstinate. They thoughthe could find oil anywhere. They ascribed tohim a miraculous intuition in the matter;whereas he had employed only an elementaryprocess of reasoning open to any of them, andactually employed by the successful amongthem.The practical man is essentially and profoundly a theorist, and, in so far as he differsfrom the scientific theorist, he differs chiefly inhis limitations. They are apt to be four: (i) anarrow experience, i. e., insufficient data; (2) adefective reasoning faculty, i. e., an inability tocorrelate facts and to induce from them; (3) aUNIVERSITY RECORD 383determination to reach a particular result; and(4) an impatience to reach a profitable one.Of all fields, mining has perhaps been the onein which he has been most confident in his owngeneralizations, most contemptuous of the generalizations of science. Yet where was he atLeadville until the scientist came to his aid?The presence of ore he knew from surface indications ; but the trend of the lodes he could onlyguess at. He was guessing at it, and applyinghis guesses in costly fumbles which might leadhim to any direction but the true one. Thencame the scientist. He was not a miner, but amere geologist. He was, in fact, a geologist inthe service of the federal government. He alsohad a theory; but it was a theory based uponwide observation, careful correlation, and leisurely induction, unbiased by personal interest inthe result. It was neither guess nor prejudice.It enabled him to plot out theoretically the greatseries of " leads " beyond reach of his eye. Heactually drew a chart of them ; and it was thischart, followed to the letter and to the lettersubstantiated by the actual workings, that hasbeen the guide to the three hundred million dollars' worth of ore since extracted from theLeadville mines.The lesson of Leadville has been learned,the lesson of Cripple Creek also; and thereis no great mining operation today whichdoes not employ the scientific expert — just asthere is no great manufacturing enterprise orrailroad that does not maintain a laboratory.The lesson has been learned; but it has beenlearned thus far only by the captains of industry. The rank and file have yet to learn it.They are themselves theorists, but they seem toregard the scientific theorist as a rarefied intelligence which ought to be kept beneath abelljar. They "have no use" for "notions" intheir business ; yet their own minds may be aregular notion counter.Here is a confusion of ideas, a perversion ofterms. It wTill persist so long as the scientists themselves countenance and defer to it. Theblame for it lies, indeed, with science itself. Itoriginated with the attempt of the schoolmento posit natural laws without the colligation ofnatural phenomena; in other words, to applypure reason alone to a field where reason plusobservation is alone admissible. With the incoming inductive method, this impertinence wasat length rebuked. The deductive method wascast into ridicule, and not merely its processes,but its terms, into contempt. Of all its terms,"theory," as the most characteristic, sufferedmost. It suffered, too, in another field — by thesupposed failure of political economy as a science of prediction. I say " supposed failure ; "for the failure lay not in the science, but in thosewho applied its generalizations without regardto varying conditions. But the failure whichshould have been charged upon the individualapplying them was, in fact, charged upon thescience which proposed them. The theories ofpolitical economy fell into disrepute, and thevery term " theory " into further reproach.This reproach reacted again upon the processof generalization itself, and excited hostilitieseven within the camp of inductive science. Thefollowers of Cuvierwent so far as to condemn all philosophic thinking onsubjects within the scope of natural history as visionaryand unscientific. Why seek for any especial significancein the fact that every spider and every lobster is made upof just twenty segments? Is it not enough to know thefact? Children must not ask too many questions. It isthe business of science to gather facts, not to seek forhidden implications. Such was the mental attitude intowhich men of science were quite commonly driven, between 1830 and i860, by their desire to blink the questionof evolution. A feeling grew up that the true glory ofa scientific career was to detect for the two-hundredthtime an asteroid, or to stick a pin through a beetle, witha label attached bearing your own latinized name,Browni, or Jonesii, or Robinsonense. This feeling wasespecially strong in France, and was not confined tophysical science. It was exhibited a few years later inthe election of some Swedish or Norwegian naturalist(whose name I forget) to the French Academy of Science, instead of Charles Darwin: the former had de-384 UNIVERSITY RECORDscribed some new kind of fly, the latter was only atheorizer.4These irreverent expressions are not mine, butJohn Fiske's.Theory! Upon what has the great advanceof the past half-century in applied science beenbased ? It has been based upon two far-reachingtheories : the theory of the evolution of organicforms, and the theory of the conservation ofenergy. Upon the former, assisted by theatomic theory of chemistry, have depended theexperiments which led to the improvements inthe great forage crops, and, indeed, in all agriculture and stock-raising. Upon the theory ofthe conservation of energy have depended theexperiments which have led to the innumerableuseful applications of thermodynamics, electricity, and magnetism. To no one living man,perhaps, does modern industry owe more thanto Lord Kelvin. And yet Lord Kelvin is preeminently a theorist ; with an eye keen for practical applications, he is still a theorist. And hisservice was no less based on theoretic investigation when he invented the siphon recorder, andother actual devices which rendered the Atlantic cable a useful instrument of commerce, thanwhen he ascertained the weight of an atom.The world has recently been stirred by twodiscoveries of far-reaching practical importance :the discovery of the extraordinary properties ofcertain substances, described as radio-activity;and the discovery of a method of transmittingmessages by electric vibrations without the aidof a wire. How was radium discovered? Itwas happened upon in a laboratory, in the searchfor substances capable of emitting the X-ray.And what was the pedigree of wireless telegraphy? In a mathematical discussion of anelectrical problem Maxwell deduced from hisdifferential equations the possibility of electricwaves. Hertz, a few years later, undertook theproblem of realizing these waves experimentally, and succeeded. Sir Oliver Lodge devised4 A Century of Science (1899), PP- 20 f. a method of detecting them by means of thecoherer, a tube full of metallic filings. And,then, only then, came Marconi, with his notionof turning these laboratory results to immediatecommercial advantage. In fact, most of thematerial benefits which appeal to the popularsense — the ease of intercommunication by telegraph and telephone, the facility and safety oftransportation by railway and steamship, theprevention of disease by rational sanitation, themitigation of pain by rational surgery, and amultitude of others — have had their origin ortheir notable progress in a laboratory, and mostof them in the investigations of pure science.You scientists know this. It is high timethat you assert it, and relieve this term "theory"from its present opprobrium. It is high timethat it should take its proper place in the vocabulary of science and be accorded its justdignity in the popular understanding.And why do we use the term " specialist " asif it were a narrowing term? The specialistconcerns himself with a particular division ofscience; but in ascertaining principles he iscontributing to all science. His data may beminute ; but his field is as broad as nature itself.There is another term also under discreditwhich also deserves to be rescued. It designatesthe faculty itself which lies back of all theorythat is far-reaching. It is the "imagination."In popular parlance and regard the imaginationis but another name for the fancy ; and the manof imagination is but the dreamer. We allowthis misconception. We should protest it. It isimagination that distinguishes the great man ofscience from the little man of science. It wasthe power of constructive imagination that gaveus the great generalizations of Newton andLaplace, of Faraday and Darwin, and the otherspre-eminent, which are the permanent contributions of the past to the vital science of today. Itwas, I suppose, a superior application of imagination that enabled Hooke to posit theundulatory theory of light which has nowUNIVERSITY RECORD 385triumphed, and a temporary failure or misdirection of imagination that caused Newton to contend for the corpuscular theory which, thoughsupported by his multitude of experiments, hasrow given way. It was imagination which enabled Willard Gibbs to predict the greater partof the science of physical chemistry. It isimagination which conditions the higher researches in both mathematics and astronomy.It is imagination which not merely furnishes theimpulse to an investigation, but, with the aidof logic, enables the generalizations to be broadas well as sound. It is imagination which distinguishes the great captains of science fromthe rank and file; nay, it is imagination whichdistinguishes the great captains of industry fromthe rank and file ; for in what do they differ, ifnot, most of all, in the powers of far perceptionand broad generalization? They are men ofimagination. They are theorists also ; and theyare idealists, in that true sense of idealism whichis,* seeing things in their totality.Let us rescue these terms, "theorist," and" specialist," and the " imagination ; " let us insist upon their true meaning, and we shall havedone much to clear from prejudice the qualitiesand the service for which they stand.If there is no notable practical operation oftoday which does not involve or depend upontheoretic investigation, the converse of this isequally true : there is no theoretic investigationwhich may not ultimately have a practical bearing.No knowledge of substance or force or life is so remote or minute, although apparently indefinitely distantfrom present practice, but that tomorrow it may becomean indispensable need. It cannot be predicted at whatdistant nook of knowledge, apparently remote from anypractical service, a brilliantly useful stream may spring.It is certain that every fundamental discovery made bythe delving student has been of service to man before adecade has passed.These are not my words, nor the words of a" mere theorist." They are the words of a practical administrator defending the application of state funds to research work in a state university. The defense is not complete with theseassertions ; for they leave the question still openas to whether research should be undertaken byan institution maintained primarily for instruction, and by a faculty charged primarily with awork of instruction. But, if accepted, they dogo to answer those who question the maintenance of research by government on the groundthat government should limit itself to undertakings which "confer a material benefit."There is no research, sincere in purpose andscientific in method, which does not confer amaterial benefit.And as the benefit of research is material, soit is in the strictest sense direct, and in thebroadest sense general. The irrigation of anarid strip in Arizona is a direct material benefitto the immediate locality ; but the general benefit which it confers is but ulterior and indirect.The establishment of a theory of general application is to this as if, instead of irrigating aparticular strip, the government could raise agigantic reservoir to the clouds and hold itpoised there, diffusing its benefits over theentire country. The improvement of a localharbor becomes a general benefit only in anulterior and indirect way. Compared to theestablishment of a general principle in science,it is no more than is the application of a salveto a particular skin spot, as against a remedyto the entire system, of whose disorder thiseruption is but a symptom.The antithesis also between the practical andthe theoretical is vanishing ; " the distinction offact and of theory " is coming to be, as Whewellheld it, no distinction at all. The scientist whoascertains the laws of nature, and the inventorwho applies them, are now marching hand inhand ; and the various branches of science andthe various arts are seen to be mutually contributory and mutually interdependent. Science and art — each utilizes the other, each depends upon the other, each reacts upon the386 UNIVERSITY RECORDother. They use increasingly identical methods.You do not distinguish them by calling theworkshop of one the laboratory, and the laboratory of the other the workshop.Among the mechanic arts themselves there is,with increasing development, an evident interdependence: of the metallurgist, for instance,upon the mechanical engineer; of the copper-producer upon the electrician ; of the electricianupon the copper miner ; of the rail-maker uponthe railroad-builder. Remarking upon this, anobserver adds:To an increasing degree pure science, primarily insearch of truth for its own sake, sheds its searchlightalong the path The day has long passed whenresearch was treated with grudging respect, if not withopen hostility. No one is now readier to acknowledgehis indebtedness to the chemist or the physicist than isthe manager or the practical engineer. The fear is disappearing of impracticable science on the one hand, andof unscientific practice on the other.5If the editor of the Iron Age takes so cheerful a view of the service of science to the arts,we need not despair of an ultimate appreciationof it which shall be general. Indeed, it exists,and is a striking phenomenon of the pastquarter-century.But there is another phenomenon equally notable; that is, the mutual interdependence between the various branches of science itself. Itappears in the correlation of certain sciences —particularly heat, light, electricity, and magnetism — and the rapid growth in the interrelations of the sciences. There are strikingexamples.The pure chemist is dependent upon the technicalchemist for most of the material used in his researches,and both are under lasting obligations to physics. Technical chemistry makes use of the physical properties ofmatter for purposes of identification and separation..... It employs the instruments of physics — the spectroscope, the polariscope, the microscope, the photometer,and a multitude of others — in analytical operations ; itutilizes physical as well as chemical processes in its5 C. Kirchhoff, editor of the Iron Age, in address before the National Geographical Society, March 14, 1903,on the " Mineral Resources of the United States." treatment of material in manufacture ; it relies upon thephysicist for the verification of its standards of measurement ; and it regards throughout the physical laws whichgovern the various manifestations of energy with whichit deals.6But if chemistry has come to be closely allied tophysics, physics is largely applied mechanics.There are other ready examples.Geology shades off by easy gradations into physicalgeodesy ; physical geodesy is only a branch of dynamicalastronomy ; while mathematics is an indispensable instrument for all of them, and biology must in the near futuredraw heavily on most of them for the solution of itsproblems.7All research is then "practical," no matterwhat its field. All the sciences contribute.There is no hierarchy among them. They areall alike dealing with nature, although eachconcerns itself nominally with but one group ofmanifestations of nature. It is the same nature.Its various laws are but various (not varying)expressions of it. And the sciences which investigate them must be equally respectable, because they are equally in pursuit of a truthwhich is universal.Even the poet has discerned this. Even thepoet, do I say? The poet often anticipates theman of science — a Goethe, a Darwin.Flower in the crannied wall,I pluck you out of the crannies ;Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,Little flower — but if I could understandWhat you are, root and all, and all in all,I should know what God and man is.In that brief stanza Tennyson has answeredthe legislator who concedes that certain researchmay be necessary, but doubts whether the government should maintain an astrophysical laboratory, and is shocked at the proposal that itshall purchase a collection of butterflies. Natureis one. Helium was found in Norway only bybeing found first in the sun, then in the stars,then in the nebulae. The law of evolution may6 Professor C. E. Munroe, in an address at the Congress of Arts and Science.7 Professor Woodward, in History of the Smithsonian,1846-1896 (Contribution on Mathematics).UNIVERSITY RECORD 387be studied in the structure of the earthworm.We may have to draw upon the most remote forknowledge of what is nearest us ; we may findin the humblest an indication of principles thatare cosmic.The unity of nature is now an accepted fact,and a controlling influence in science. The conception of it finds frequent expression. TheCongress of Arts and Science held at St. Louislast September was a consummate occasion forsuch expression — was, indeed, itself the expression; for its purpose was to exhibit theinterrelations of the sciences in one greatscheme of classification of science. Only thenotion of an essential unity lying back of sciencecould justify this attempt, or render it useful.One God, one law, one element,And one far-off, divine eventTo which the whole creation moves.Looking out, then, upon science and the arts,we see certain alliances, innumerable dependencies, and a now conscious unity among them.We see the method of science become themethod of the arts. We see the practice of thearts to be conditioned upon the observations andthe conclusions of science. And the particularfield of investigation is not material; for anyscience may contribute to any one of the arts.We see, moreover, an increasing recognition ofthis, -inducing an increased respect between thesciences and a new tolerance between scienceand the arts. In these phenpmena we find assurance for the future of research; for suchhostility to it as now lingers is due to a misconception of the method of science, an ignorance of the basis of the arts, and an ancientprejudice against deductive science which attaches still to its terms as adopted by inductivescience.Our main question was this: whether themaintenance of research is a proper function ofgovernment. How far are we toward an answer? Thus far: Noting, first, that research was in almost nocase proposed as an end in itself, we have seenthat it has been found indispensable to the greatutilities which are conceded to be a proper function of government. We have noted that theseutilities require not merely the practical expert,but the man of science ; that even the selectionof the facts which are the data requires the manof science; and that the generalization, to besound, broad, and serviceable, still more requireshim. The collection of the facts requires also agreat organization; operating, with supremeauthority, over wide areas; and the utilizationof them, a great plant. The government is thusequipped for research in a measure unparalleledby any private institution. Its object is notpecuniary profit ; it is thus equipped for the research which is most fruitful in sound conclusions of broad and permanent application — thatwhich is leisurely, and unprejudiced by the hopeof. immediate gain to the investigator. Theprestige of its service, the great power which itis able to confer upon its servants, enables it tosecure for petty salaries men of high scientificattainments.Can it reject these opportunities? Can thecommunity permit it to reject them? They areopportunities to establish great principles, ofgeneral application. The opportunities of thegovernment to discover and to formulate themare thus opportunities to benefit the whole at theexpense of the whole. What service more suitable, what more consistent with the theory ofdemocracy, what more directly to the generalwelfare ?Shall government undertake to do for thecitizen everything which it can do better thanhe? Shall the central authority undertake to doeverything which it can do better than the localauthorities? Dangerous principles, no doubt.But suppose the discrepancy tbe very great — infact, prodigious ?" Centralization " is under suspicion, and paternalism odious. But suppose the centraliza-388 UNIVERSITY RECORDtion means only the same communities operating as a greater community, in a culminatingeffort, over the entire area, in enterprises ofsupreme moment?The paternalism justly odious assumes a central authority which in an objective and gratuitous way confers upon the individual a benefithe might readily arrange for himself. But suppose the central authority is itself merely theexpression of the popular will, the mere agentof an aggregate of individuals creating and employing it ?As to abilities, indeed : The A B C's whichare the known are much more readily attainableby the individual unaided than are the X Y Z'swhich are the yet-to-be-ascertained. For thestate to diffuse the former and not to aid in thelatter — is not this the pyramid upon its apex?To such extremes might mere logic carry us.But the question is not a question of pure logic,as it is not a question of mere law. It is also aquestion of expediency. That there are limitsin expediency I do not doubt. " I am not concerned with them. My purpose was merely tofind a justification for research as such. Itappears in the actual experience which showsresearch to be inevitable in the utilities of government which are accepted; and it appearslikewise in the very nature of things, whichshows research to be itself a supreme and far-reaching utility. If there is comfort in this tous who are in the government service, therewill, I trust, be assurance for those of you who,with the academic training and the scientificideal, may later be called to it.The most of you will have no personal concern with the service of government. But Ihope that even thus my topic will not haveseemed inappropriate to this occasion. It hascompelled consideration of the function of thegeneral notion as such in the service of modernlife. And what signifies the academic career, ifnot especially the opportunity, under favoringinfluences, to mature sound general notions? You are going out, many of you, to deal withfact — the obdurate facts of life: how shall youdeal with them efficiently? Not by opposing tothem the facts you have learned here, but byapplying to them the power you have gainedhere. The student among you who has accumulated a store of facts has something not immaterial; the expert among you, skilled inmethod, has something essential; but the manamong you who, to these acquisitions whichmay come by instruction, adds the facultieswhich result not from the instruction but fromthe cultivation of the academic life — the powernot merely to observe, but to compare, to distinguish, to " induce " : with the ardor which isthe sincerity of a particular science, temperedby the sympathy and the tolerance which comefrom the pursuit of truth as such in a societyof scholars — the man among you who takessuch an equipment from these portals will be hewho will bend the facts of life to his purpose —will be their master, not become their slave.ADDRESSBY HARRY PRATT JUDSONDean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and ScienceOn behalf of all present I wish to extend cordial thanks to the orator, Mr. Herbert Putnam,The message which he has brought us is oflarge significance in the development of scholarly work in our country, and no one is betterfitted to speak with authority on this subjectthan the Librarian of Congress.Dr. Samuel Johnson, when executor of theThrale estate, it will be remembered, spoke ofthe brewery which had thus fallen in part to hischarge in these glowing terms: "We are nothere to sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but thepotentiality of growing rich beyond the dreamsof avarice." Those who remember the Congressional Library as it was in the old daysknow that it was a fortuitous agglomeration ofbibliographical accidents which might well dazeone by its chaotic magnitude. Under the in-UNIVERSITY RECORD 389telligent care of the Librarian, it is now soenergized with modern ideas as to be a workingforce in scholarly research, endowed with thepotentiality of scientific truth beyond the dreamsof intellectual avidity. It is well on its waytoward the high ideal of a national libraryworthy of the great republic. We are honoredtoday by having with us the library's mastermind.During the Quarter just closed the University has passed under the shadow of a greatsorrow. An untimely fate took from us in thewinter one of our students. In the Facultiesone of our rare minds, full of promise forattainment in the near future, just in the ripeness of power, has passed beyond the veil. Wegrieve at our personal loss. We feel deeply theloss to the University and the loss to scholarship. I ask all to rise in honor of Miss KathrynVan Meter and of Professor George StephenGoodspeed.Our President is not with us today. Thehearts of all here go out to him with affection,with keen appreciation of his great qualitiesand of his great work, and with hope. I ask allto unite in sending to him this message :President William R. Harper, Lakewood, N. J.:The Trustees, Faculties, students, and friends of theUniversity of Chicago, assembled at the Fifty-fourth Convocation, send to the President of the University affectionate greeting and sincere hope for restored health andfor many days to come in the service of the higher life.Harry Pratt Judson. MESSAGE TO THE FOUNDER OF THE UNIVERSITYAND HIS REPLYThe following telegram, read by Mr. AndrewMacLeish, Acting President of the Board ofTrustees, was sent to Mr. John D. Rockefeller,founder of the University :Under the dark shadow of the affliction of its belovedPresident's sickness, the University of Chicago, assembledin the Fifty-fourth Convocation, sends greetings to thefounder, assured that in this day of sorrow and suspense it will receive from him the same sympathy andinterest that he has manifested through so many years.The day following the Convocation Mr.Rockefeller sent this telegram in reply :Lakewood, N. J., March 22, 1905.Andrew MacLeish, Acting President Board of Trustees,The University of Chicago:Thanks for your gracious message from the Fifty-fourth Convocation of the University of Chicago.We who are banded together for the work of theUniversity do indeed sit under the dark shadow of theaffliction that has fallen upon us in the illness of ourbeloved President. And we do not sorrow alone ; agreat multitude in our land and across the sea, who alsoknow and love our President, are with us in keen sympathy and join with us in the most kindly interest in hisbehalf.May this sorrow bind us all more closely together andstrengthen our purpose to further the great work alreadyso well under way.We will unite in the fervent hope and prayer that hismost valuable life may be spared to carry out his cherished wishes for the advancement and growth of theiv rsi y. (Signed) John D. Rockefeller.390 UNIVERSITY RECORDMEMORIAL ADDRESSES AT THE FUNERAL OF PROFESSOR GEORGE STEPHEN GOODS PEED*ADDRESSBY CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSONUniuersity ChaplainOur sense of loss palsies speech and makes ofwords a mockery. On this sacred groundsilence is golden. The cup which in our Geth-semane we prayed might pass from us, we haveto drink, even to the dregs. All our philosophycannot calm the storm of grief; all our faithand hope will not remove the weight of the blowwhich has fallen upon our hearts. Every wordof praise but deepens our feeling of loss ; all thepictures of his fair promise and noble achievement only intensify our disappointment. Theearly frost has blighted the rose of our expectancy and spoiled fruit already ripe. Thatwhich our friend accomplished made us proudthat we had him for friend and colleague, andnow his death dashes to the moaning earth stilllarger plans we cherished for his future.Each one of us has seen some special aspectof his many-sided nature ; and each aspect wasattractive and satisfying. My own thought ofhim runs back to days of his boyhood and mycollege days, when his mother and father wereamong my surest, kindest, wisest friends andcounselors. We drank wisdom and inspirationat the same spring. They gave to us this sonwhose manhood has reflected luster on theirhallowed memory and graced the roll of ourcompany consecrated to the search for truth anddevotion to ideals.Each man gradually makes his own worldabout his soul, and this man discovered eachyear, in his professional and congenial studiesof highest, deepest themes, a larger universe.His magnanimous nature was in sympathy evenwith the deformed and thwarted efforts of our1 These addresses were given on the afternoon ofSunday, February 19, 1905, in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. An address was also made by Rev. John L.Jackson, pastor of the Hyde Park Baptist Church,Chicago. common humanity to attain truth divine. Without invective, simply by the force of accurateknowledge, he rebuked the atheism of sect andparty, and made us love the universal and abiding. Calm in the confidence that truth wouldbreak forth in due time, certain as sun dawns,for those who seek her, he moved forward evenwhen uncertainties and difficulties shadowed hispath and obstacles rose in his way. His publiclectures would sometimes sketch for us thegreatest forms of religious expression, the historic faiths of mankind. With the firm step ofthe master, unaided by written reminders, hismemory charged with the essential results ofmodern science in his field, he made the mountain ranges of human hope and faith rise beforeus in majesty, their summits white with puritytouching the skies. And the impression he lefton our minds was one of tolerance, understanding, and charity: God hath not left himself inany people without a witness. Even whenknowledge disappoints, he discovered hints ofthe divine meaning, clues for further search.Sir Walter Scott, maker of many books," when the mortal mists were gathering,,, askeda relative to bring him the Book. " What bookshall I read to you?" "There is but one bookfor the sinner dying." They read to him out ofthe Bible. And so our friend, when he came toface unseen realities, brought to that suprememoment a knowledge of all the essential ideasof the classics of religious literature, and withthese he sympathized and these he respected.But the parting hour called forth the witness ofhis most sacred memories, and at his request hisbest friend read to him : " Let not your heart betroubled : ye believe in God, believe also in Me."And on that brave promise he rested his wearyhead and fell on peaceful sleep.And now we refuse to loosen our grasp onhis life. We cling to him as one incapable ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 391dissolution, and we venture to gather flowers byhis wintry grave. Whichever way we look, thevista reveals consolation as real as the presentcauses of our grief and lasting far beyondthem.If we look backward over the shining yearsof the past, we see a path widening into theKing's highway, and each step brings us intothe radiance of the perfect midday.If we look about us, here is the throng offriends whom he has won by his courtly dignity,his winning grace, his unselfish devotion, hisgenuine scholarship, his manly strength. Inthe intimacies of his home and his fraternity, hisearnest and sincere counsels, fortified by a nobleexample, a bearing free from cant, a candidutterance, he wrote on the young hearts ofscholars his personal witness to the value andthe power of the divine life. This testimony isour possession. Nothing can tear it from us.He did not live as long as we wished ; but longenough to set before the world, in publicationswhich revealed in every line, word, and syllablethe conscience of a scholar, his honest interpretation of the facts which it was his professionalduty to explore. These thoughts, the very life-blood of his master-spirit, are ours for aye —over them death has no power. His spirit evennow leads us in the quest of the Holy Grail oftruth and righteousness.We venture to look forward. We rob ourhearts of a reasonable comfort if we halt here.Without attempting to force conviction wherecompulsion is impossible, we may at least voicea confidence which feeds on all that is worthyof human hearts. Here is a soul which gatheredmomentum with years. We follow our friendas he wings his way through high regions by usstill unexplored. With us for the moment it iswinter to our souls.The birds of song are silent now ;There are no flowers blooming;But life is in the frozen bough,And freedom's spring is coming. Even this hour is auspicious. The severityof chill is passing. The sun shines forth. Thespring comes nearer. Hope beams forth. "Thatwhich here below we take for the end is thecommencement." God is not the God of thedead, but God of the living. Our friend joinedhimself by true and sincere faith to the Eternal,and lives in Him.O friend of years of happiness and highthoughts, on that upward journey thou takest,fare thee well! It is well with thee as thoumovest swiftly among the shining ones, nearerthe glory of the Eternal than we could venturewith our mortal senses.CLOSING ADDRESSBY HARRY PRATT JUDSONDean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and ScienceThe University meets today to honor what isnow the memory of one of its eminent scholars— one whose sound knowledge and keen insightwere made luminous by his mastery of nobleEnglish. Nor was his scholarly attainment castin narrow mold. His catholic breadth of visionenabled him to see clearly all the implicationsof truth, as was plainly evident from his beingan influential member of three cognate departments. His vision was large, too, in that he hadthe scholar's passion for truth. In the whiteheat of this sincerity of thought, prejudice,partisanship, preference, were burned to ashes.He was a worthy member of the fellowship ofscience, of those who are trying patiently toread God's thoughts after Him.The Faculties are here to honor a friend forwhom respect and affection are limited only bythe number of his colleagues. In Al our mindsthe salient thought of him, I am sure, is of .jKsintegrity. He was honest with himself — honestin his own thinking, faithful to every duty. Ishigher eulogy possible for any man than thesimple fact which was true of this man — hecould always be trusted? And with this innatesincerity, we always think, too, of his lovable-392 UNIVERSITY RECORDness. He was gentle of thought and speech.The playful satire which gave charm to his talkwas never edged with malevolence. Sincere,kindly, strong of brain, tenacious of purpose —here indeed was a man.A usual symbol of incomplete life is a marblecolumn with base and pedestal complete andshaft broken. It would be nearer the view ofADDRESSBY WILLIAM H. P. FAUNCEPresident of Brown UniversityI make no apology for the personal note inwhat is here written. George Stephen Good-speed came into my life when he was barelyseventeen years of age, and I knew him intellectually better than I ever knew any other man.It is a high privilege to say in simplest fashionwhat he was, and what he afterward became, tohis classmates and fellow-students. We shallalways be better men, more loyal to truth,sterner with ourselves, and more kindly toothers, because we knew him.When he entered Brown University in 1876,he brought with him a character already definiteand unmistakable. Even as a freshman therewas about him what we may call the note ofdistinction. He was not an average boy, readyto be led this way or that and molded by environment. He brought with him his ownstandards, he subjected all the objects and forcesaround him to a rigid scrutiny, and declined tocompromise with any. His tall figure, his well-bred manner, his keen and flashing eye, hisscholarly bearing, revealed a young man ofideals, of discrimination, of tastes already1 These addresses were given at the Forty-sixth Meeting of the University Congregation, held in CongregationHall, Haskell Oriental Museum, on March 20, 1905. many of us here, it appears to me, if the shaft,at its seeming fracture, in fact were lost inclouds and darkness. A clearer sight some daywill pierce the clouds, and above in the clearsunshine the white shaft soars complete, withperfect beauty of sculptured capital, and restingon it the entablature of the glorious temple ofdivine truth. There is no broken life.formed. He was, in the best sense of the word,the aristocrat of our college class. His was notthe aristocracy of wealth, for he was poor ; notthat of birth, for he sprang from parents without pretension, though widely honored ; not thatof boyish vanity, for he was never vain. Itwas simply the innate scorn of the vulgar, themean, the commonplace. It was the noble self-consciousness of a soul that had never palteredwith truth, never stooped to baseness for thesake of popularity or gain, and could not brookin others any evasion of truth or duty. It existed in him side by side with thoroughly democratic principles. His photographs as a studentshow a curl of the lips which strangers mighthave misunderstood as a scornful attitudetoward others. But his was the noble scorn ofa young man living in the presence of highideals, unacquainted as yet with the shiftinessand subterfuge with which the years make usunhappily familiar, declining to recognize thebaser things in life, and carrying " light withinhis own clear breast."His influence among his fellow-students wasmarkedly intellectual. While he delighted infriendship, and grappled a few of us to him" with hoops of steel," yet he was never effusive,and never condescended in order to make afriend. He was a born student, and his wholeinfluence was for high ideals of study. He wasMEMORIAL ADDRESSES FOR GEORGE STEPHEN GOODSPEED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITYCONGREGATION'UNIVERSITY RECORD 393not a plodding man of long hours and midnightoil, but he learned easily and spent much of histime in the fields of general literature. He wasdistinctly of the English rather than the Germantype ; there was about him far more of the culture of Oxford than of the "vigor and rigor "of Berlin. He held it beneath him to work forcollege "marks" and graduated second in hisclass, without making the slightest effort to doso. He was severe and exacting in his standardsof scholarship, and sensibly elevated the intellectual ideals of his class. When in the senioryear he came under the instruction of ProfessorJ. Lewis Diman in history, he found a teacherat whose feet he could sit with reverence anddevotion. Diman and Goodspeed were fashioned from the same clay, each carrying the airof personal distinction, each scorning platitudesand compromises, each by nature fitted for historical research. Professor Diman soon discovered his pupil, and gave to him an intimacyof friendship rarely bestowed ; Goodspeed soondiscovered his teacher, and derived from him alifelong inspiration.In the college life Goodspeed was everywhererecognized as a natural leader. The collegehappily was not so large that leadership wasimpossible, and in our little circle he stood foremost in literary achievement. As editor of thecollege paper, he was always dignified, quickto see and to satirize the foibles of faculty orstudents, and stalwart in defense of the thingsthat are excellent. He introduced us to newauthors and set us reading. We did not knowhow much he worked at his lessons ; but we allknew that he was reading day and night.In the religious activities of the students hewas always interested, but quite averse to theemotional or the pietistic. Cheap forms of religious expression he could not endure. Whilelooking forward to entrance on his father's calling, the Christian ministry, he was as unlike thetraditional theologue as one could imagine. Hewas naturally unconventional and original in forms and formulas. Constantly there lay uponhis desk both the poems and essays of MatthewArnold, and for many of us the first acquaintance with the author of Culture and Anarchycame through George Goodspeed. Arnold'sexacting taste as a critic, his serene Hellenicspirit, his contempt for the British Philistine, hisdoctrine of the saving remnant, his desire topurge popular religion of anthropomorphic alloyand popular morality of cant — all this camehome with peculiar power to Goodspeed; itfound him in the center of his personality, andthrough him it passed into the lives of hisfellow-students. Indeed, I can think of no better description of my friend as I knew him incollege days, in the radiance of his bright youngmanhood, than the lines in which MatthewArnold has been described by William Watson :He preserved from chance controlThe 'stablished fortress of his soul,In all things sought to see the whole,Brooked no disguise;And kept his eyes upon the goal,Not on the prize.After college days were over, Goodspeed entered the theological school. The summons ofhis father's example was still before him, andhe still thought — wrongly as we now see — thathis chief work was to be done in the pulpit. Inthe theological seminary his delicate, sensitivespirit at once came into contact with methodswhich seemed to him repressive to all individuality and disloyal to the spirit of truth. Heled in a revolt which had lasting results in manylives. How he later looked upon that episode ofyouthful ebullience I do not know — I havealways thought of it with satisfaction, as showing, once for all, that he could not make innersurrender for the sake of any outward peace.In another institution he continued his studies,and then after graduation came the great testof his life. His health, never robust, had faltered, and he was ordered at once to the Pacificcoast. With his devoted wife, he entered a394 UNIVERSITY RECORDrough mining town on the frontier, and for twoyears exercised the cure of souls in a communityat the farthest possible remove from all hisideals and hopes. It was indeed a strange situation — this high-spirited young man, delicatein sensibility, fastidious in English style, thisdisciple of "sweetness and light," set down todeliver his message to men crude and uncouth,oblivious to the refinements of civilization, andjudging all messages and all men by crass material standards. In a correspondence which Imaintained with George Goodspeed for fifteenyears, by far the most interesting letters werethose of this period. The opposition of the manto his environment was intense, the inner conflict was for a time severe. But soon the menaround learned to appreciate his candor and sincerity, and the young preacher gained for thefirst time a view of the primal instincts ofhumanity, the great basal hungers and strugglesand loves and hates out of which the warp andwoof of the finest civilization are woven. Whathe did for those men I do not know, but whathe gained from them was clear. He perceived— and then, as always, was loyal to his perception — that the standards of the scholar are notthe standards of the world ; that among all thegifts of genius and learning the greatest ischarity ; that the unschooled miner and lumberman often carry within virtues which the schooland church may seek and seek in vain.That brief experience on the frontier, andanother short pastorate that followed, broughtbut in George Goodspeed that other side of hischaracter without which his greatest work couldnot have been achieved. Without injuring hiscapacity as a scholar, these experiences gavehim breadth as a man. They enabled him tosympathize with all sorts and conditions of men.They showed him the limitations of pure intel-lectualism and gave him insight into the wholegamut of human motive and aspiration. Whenhe was called back to the scholar's world again,as happily he was, he entered it with all the old love of historical research, with his critical tasteunimpaired, but with a wealth of spirit, abreadth of outlook, a tenderness toward humanity, which endeared him in his later years to theentire faculty of the University of Chicago. Inmost men the instinctive and emotional lifedevelops first, and by diligent labor the scholarlyis grafted upon the human. In Goodspeed, tous who stood beside him it seemed that thescholar came first, was born, not made ; and thatlater, through joy and pain and burden and surprise came that enrichment of personality whichmade him to rejoice with them that do rejoice,and weep with them that weep.For this scholarly man and manly scholarmany of us today thank God. To know himwas a pleasure ; to see him work, an inspiration ;to be his friend was to receive perpetual summons to a higher life.ADDRESSBY JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESONHead of the Department of HistoryIf a member of the Historical Department iscalled upon, in any representative capacity, tospeak on this occasion, it is perhaps expectedthat he should speak rather of the qualities ofProfessor Goodspeed's scholarship and workas a teacher of ancient history than of thosetraits that endeared him to us all as a friend.This is an academic assemblage, and its purposes are those of intellectual discussion. YetI have much more of knowledge, and very muchmore of feeling, respecting George Goodspeedthe man, my next-door neighbor and dear friend,than I have of knowledge regarding his work asa teacher in the University. This is partlybecause of unfamiliarity with the fields of hisspecial studies, and partly because of the external circumstance that his teaching was notdone in the building in which most of the historical instructors teach and meet and discuss.But at least a few aspects of his work may betouched upon.UNIVERSITY RECORD 395The most salient fact with respect to Professor Goodspeed's teaching in this University isthat it lay in three different departments. Thishas been commented on, since his death, as anevidence of the breadth and catholicity of hismind; and this is wholly just. But it may benot unprofitable to look at it from another pointof view — that of the student — and to emphasize the peculiar value which such a teaching-career has for the taught. With the increase ofspecialization, our universities have becomeorganized into highly definite departments,whose partition walls become increasinglyopaque. As this organization is to a considerable extent artificial and conventional, subjectswhich are common to two departments or lie ontheir border-line are in danger of being neglected. There is also great danger that theteacher's vision shall be confined. The Anakimof the last generation of college teachers, menlike Mark Hopkins or Francis Wayland orTheodore Woolsey, capable at need of teachingin several sciences, were able to do much fortheir pupils which the narrow specialist cannever do. It was of inestimable advantage tothe pupils of Professor Goodspeed that he wasable, before their eyes, to lay three departmentsof science under contribution to illuminate whatever topic he was treating, and so to enlargetheir vision; and it was a great boon to theUniversity that, in its earliest years, it had theservices of one who was at once so catholic andso gifted in making his students catholic.It is difficult to keep from speaking of themore personal qualities of our friend. It is notneedful to avoid it. After all, a university is acollection of human beings. It is the productof human endeavor, and therefore of humancharacter. If among the traits of our friend'scharacter we were to attempt to single out forremark the most salient group, I feel no doubtthat we should emphasize those which constituted him in so high a degree the model of thegentleman. That is a word, Mr. President, which I have seldom heard upon our campus.We are shy about using it. In older institutionswe have heard it too often abused and hackneyed, employed in a snobbish and unreal sense,with emphasis rather on the externals of gentility than on the internals, used with an excessive sense of the superiority of those who startin life with the advantages of birth or wealth orposition — till we shrink from making use ofthe word at all. I feel sure that wre carry thisnatural reaction too far. It will do us no harm,but rather good, openly to acknowledge to ourselves that we do prefer refinement and gentleways and delicacy and beauty of character totheir opposites, and that we earnestly desire forour students that they may acquire all admirabletraits of this kind. But it is vain to expect themto acquire such qualities unless they are exemplified in those who teach. Therefore it isa matter of deep gratitude that in these earliestyears of our young university we should havehad, as one of the most influential and well-known of our teachers, one who illustrated in sohigh and exceptional a degree the idea of thegentleman, not in the spurious sense of one whobegins life with exceptional advantages, thoughmany such he had, but in the truer and morereal sense of one who joins to a noble characterthe additional graces of a perfect sweetness oftemper and a perfect refinement of manner.ADDRESSBY SHAILER MATHEWSProfessor of Systematic TheologyNo man would be more surprised to find himself the object of a memorial meeting of thisCongregation than George Stephen Goodspeed.No man would shrink more from its publicity.Yet the spirit which prompts us to consider himin some formal manner is too sincere to bedenied. Nor, I am convinced, can it displeasehim, the most modest of men, to know that wewho knew him and loved him appreciated him.396 UNIVERSITY RECORDHe would have been the first to render the sametribute to any one of us.The work of Mr. Goodspeed as a teacher andauthor was not that which he originally undertook. For four years he was a pastor in California and Massachusetts. But these years,though full of work and accomplishment, belongto his period of preparation. They showed himcertain aspects of life which were uncongenial,and, if they did nothing else, helped him choosethat career for which he was best fitted. Hemight have made a successful pastor, but he certainly would have been of less influence in shaping the world to which he so generously gavehimself. I do not think he regretted these fouryears, but I think he did not particularly like torecall them. In one of the pastorates, at least,he fell into the hands of certain Philistines,who, however well-intended might have been thetreatment they accorded him, were constitutionally incapable of sympathizing with hisviews of life. But he felt no bitterness towardthem. He had a man's capacity for anger, buthe had also the saint's incapacity for enmity.He simply declined to let the past embitter thepresent.I mention these not very important details because they illustrate one of our friend's noblesttraits. No man ever had greater constitutionalsensitiveness, no man ever more fully appreciatedappreciation, no man ever had larger capacityfor suffering from the smaller things of life,than he. But so thoroughly did he have himself in hand, and so completely had he subordinated those traits which in other men aresources of discomfort to their friends, that onewho met him casually might think him lackingin emotion, even cold. But he was farthest possible from stoicism. In many of the talks whichwe have had together I have noticed his vulnerability, but even more an almost Spartan determination not to let his wounds be known.Suffering wrought in him, as in all true souls,its mysteries of hope and patience ; but in him also was the rarer gift of keeping one's soulsweet and tolerant amidst the irritations and theannoyances and the pettiness of daily life. Itis easier to be heroic than to be kindly. He wasboth.He was not a constitutional optimist. Thatmight mean nothing more than a satisfactorycirculation of the blood. He did not attempt toachieve optimism. That might have meant littlemore than a practice of that auto-suggestionwhich complacently sings :God's in his heaven,All's right with the world.He knew that, though God is in heaven, all isnot right with the world- He was somethingbetter than an optimist. He was a man of faith.Alive to the anomalies and the injustices anddisappointments of life, a man with the keenestcapacity to distinguish between an ideal and thesituation of affairs, he dared believe that underGod faithful performance of even minute tasksgives life meaning and direction and outcome.All this goes to show the great characteristicof our friend's character — devotion to duty.There are plenty of men who mistake enthusiasm for conscientiousness, and plenty of menwho do with zest the things that they want todo. The range of motives is as wide as thevariety of personality, but few of us have thecapacity to do disagreeable tasks as faithfullyand as successfully as we do those we like.Mr. Goodspeed was one of the exceptions. Heworked almost feverishly when the task wascongenial, but he worked as faithfully when itwas distasteful. Many and many a time herebelled at some scheme in which volens nolenshe had become involved. Anyone who knewhim, however, was not moved by his criticismsand forebodings. When his task was finally setand the hour for accomplishing it arrived, hemet it as serenely and did it as well as if he hadbeen its originator and champion.Few men were more versatile than he. Hisbook on messianic prophecy was one of the bestUNIVERSITY RECORD 397contributions made by American scholarship onthe subject. His volume on the Assyrians andBabylonians is perhaps the best book in English. His textbook on ancient history is a bookwhich can be taught, studied, and read. Hecould build a camp-fire with the best of woodsmen. He could review novels as well as treatises in his special field. The way in which hecould introduce a speaker or reply to a toast wassomething to make most of us envious,. And,unless you knew the man thoroughly, it wasimpossible to distinguish between those thingswhich he did because he wanted to and thosethings he did because he thought he was thesomebody who ought to do them. Strange as itappears, he minimized his social capacity anddreaded all social functions except those ofintimate friendship. Yet whenever such relations became a duty he assumed them with exquisite tact and contagious geniality. In theold days when he was pastor, whether men likedhis preaching or not, they loved the, man ; andin the last months of his life as president of theQuadrangle Club he showed in a somewhat difficult social situation those qualities which surprised even those who had known his capacityto do well anything that he judged was his dutyto do. It is no small pleasure, as we look backover these few months, to feel that these newresponsibilities which he met so whole-heartedly,and the social life into which he found himselfofficially thrust, brought with them not onlyunexpected enjoyment but larger physicalstrength. With that ability which some menhave to do half a dozen things better than theycan do one, he seemed to expand in every way.It is not everyone who thus finds recuperation intaking up duties from which one shrinks.It is not that he followed duty any more easilyor with more peace of mind than other men.He had mastered a temperament. He had theunfortunate capacity of the honest man to seethat whatever one does might have been donein some other and possibly better way. The constitutional optimist, like the man of an exclusively executive temper of mind, cannotunderstand the misery born of this retroactiveidealism. Speculation as to what might havebeen is twin brother to remorse. In few mendoes this attitude toward life fail to developcynicism or an unhealthy introspection whichdeadens ambition and makes them unbearable tothemselves and even more unbearable to theirfriends. Ten years' intimacy with our friendshowed nothing more splendid than his self-conquest at this point. But it was a moral victory. His incorrigible honesty prevented himfrom attempting self-deception. If he made amistake — and who of us does not? — or if someone else made a mistake which concerned him —and who of us has not suffered from suchcauses? — he never for a moment attempted todeny the facts. His diagnosis was precise andvigorous. But that did not end the matter. Ifthe situation was capable of reformation, hepluckily undertook to reform it. If it wasbeyond help, he did not spare censure, at leastof himself, but he did not permit regret to control his conduct.It was this honesty that guaranteed ourfriend's growth in moral conviction. Intellectually, I think, the circle of matters on which hewas prepared to give final pronouncement grewsmaller with each year. Yet his attitude wasnot that of the agnostic, but that of the man offaith who suspends judgment. The breadth ofhis scholarship made many of his inductions lessintensive as they grew wider, but it also madehim the more devoted to elemental morality andelmental Christian faith. In our last conversation of a really serious nature, only a few daysbefore his sudden illness, I was struck with thesimplicity of the man's honesty, with his unwillingness to affirm definite convictions regarding matters about which he was not fullypersuaded, but above all with his intense devotion to that splendid faith he had gained. Anyone who ever had anything to do with him has398 UNIVERSITY RECORDfelt that beneath that gentleness and downrightgood-fellowship which made friendship withhim a joy there were adamantine convictions.He never would have said it, but we who knewhim can say of him as we can say of few men,he was the captain of his soul. And he hadevery right to be. It was his by conquest.Paradoxically, as our ordinary experienceteaches, the conquest left him gentle and sympathetic. The price many good men pay forsuch self-mastery is severity in their judgments.In a community like ours, where all are movedby high motives, we are apt to distinguish menby their weaknesses. We have seen at least twomen who judge others by their elements ofstrength — William Rainey Harper and GeorgeStephen Goodspeed. With exceptional power tosee the absurdity and ridiculousness in humanconduct, with blazing scorn for everything unworthy, and with a capacity for sarcasm fortunately given to few, George Goodspeed neversaid a thing that was mean. He tempered hiswit with love. After he had uttered some genialsatire, how many times have we heard him say :" That was too bad ; that was mean ; I take itall back." I recall an incident which puts thistrait of mind over against a very different background. I wish it were fitting to give it indetail, for it is classical in its contrast betweenthe snobbishness of an alleged educator whowas visiting the University, and our friend'sown spirit. As it happened, their conversationled up to a situation where a cutting reparteewould have made things exceedingly uncom^fortable for the alleged educator. Goodspeedtold me the sentence he had not uttered. Itwould have been a fit punishment for a boorand a snob. I asked him why he did not say it.His reply was characteristic: "I rememberedthat we were his hosts, and I thought I wouldtreat him like a gentleman."Any appreciation of our friend would be incomplete that did not mention the increasing tendency of the last years of his life to devotehimself to investigation and to scientific workrather than to popularizing the results of othermen. It is to be recalled that his entire educational career was due to that extraordinarydevelopment of democracy in education of whichthe honored President of this institution wasthe originator. Mr. Goodspeed's first literarywork was in the realm of an honest attempt tomake general the results of biblical scholarship.He never lost his interest in the matter. Foryears he did the editorial routine work of theBiblical World and the American Journal ofTheology* A few years ago, however, he beganto feel less keenly the need of such work and alarger interest in the work of scholarship pureand simple. The last year of his life he had allbut severed connections with anything that partook of such popularizing, and was preparing todevote himself to his newly chosen field. Whathe might have accomplished we can only surmise. He certainly would have taken highrank, even though he was handicapped by hisinability to write on any subject without beinginteresting. I think, too, although he did notfully appreciate it, he was far more democraticand devoted to the rank and file of men than hehimself imagined. It is at least significant thatat his death he was at work upon a book for theSunday school. But however one may judgeof the wisdom of the slow revolution in his fieldof interest, it cannot be denied that in it herepresented in a striking way the University ofwhich he has been so large a part. As his interests changed, so have those of the University.It is to be hoped that we, like him, shall so bepossessed of our older institutional subconsciousness that it will be impossible for us todevelop a new Brahminism here in the democracy of the central West.I cannot bring myself to speak upon the religious life of our friend. Even death itself doesnot warrant publishing all arcana. But it isUNIVERSITY RECORD 399impossible not to say that in him as in few mendwelt the spirit of the very Christ.To those of us who believe that a good man'sdeath is an episode and a release, the manner ofour friend's going has much in it to be desired.Never physically strong as many other men arestrong, always apprehensive of some breakdownwhich would leave him helpless, he was sparedthat fear of death and that heart-breaking adjustment of one's hopes and consciousness ofpower to an inevitable doom, which are worsethan dying. He passed from our sight withthe curve of life still ascending, but he left aheritage of influence and love which may well beenvied by many a man who will live longenough to fulfil promises of his youth. Whathe did he did so well that it will not need redoing. His life has been built into an institution which would never have been quite what itis today, had he not lived. He has built himself into a new social religious consciousnesswhich is one of the fairest products of modernscholarship. He has built himself into us to bein turn built into others. Without a soul torejoice at his departure, without a life mademore unhappy by his living, he has left us hisgracious influence and the inspiring and sanctifying memory of one who, endowed with awealth of intellectual gifts, yet found his realdistinction in the subjection of his entire personality to those ideals of love, faithfulness, andself-control which are the fruit of the Spirit.GEORGE STEPHEN GOODSPEED[At a special meeting of the Senate of the University ofChicago held on February 18, 1905, the following minutewas adopted and was ordered to be spread upon the recordsof the Senate:]Professor George Stephen Goodspeed, whodied on February 17, 1905, at the age of forty-five, was associated with the University ofChicago from its foundation, at first as Associate Professor and then as Professor of Comparative Religion and Ancient History. For six years he occupied the responsible and laborious office of Recorder of the University.Though often hampered by ill-health, he devoted himself to the interests of the University,throughout all these years, with unwearyingfidelity. He bestowed upon it time and thoughtand affection in unstinted measure, partly because it was his nature to be unselfish and helpful, partly because he saw in his university position the most influential means of promotingthose ideal ends — of scholarship, of the advancement of truth, of the clarifying and elevating of religious conceptions — which appealed most strongly to his refined and devoutnature. His scholarship was an ornament tothe University, his teaching a source of inspiration to younger students, his life a constantbenediction to all. In his relations with hiscolleagues he was marked always by sincerity,by kindness and consideration, by cheerfulness,by graceful courtesy, often by a lambent humorthat never wounded, by warm affection, and intime of need by ready and generous sympathy.No member of the University was more deeplyand more generally beloved. He leaves us withthe precious memory of an accomplishedscholar, a devoted teacher, a modest gentleman,a constant friend, and a loyal and happyChristian.William R. Harper, PresidentAlonzo K. Parker, Recorder.A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR GEORGE S. GOODSPEEDFROM HIS ASSOCIATESThe members of the Faculty of the Universityof Chicago, in the departments with which Professor George Stephen Goodspeed was mostclosely associated as a teacher, desire to give aformal, though imperfect, expression to theirdeep sense of the loss they have sustained byhis death.The task which he undertook in the University, the teaching at once of ancient history and400 UNIVERSITY RECORDof the comparative study of religions, formed acombination unusual in the arrangements ofAmercan education. But his cultured mind andcatholic sympathies enabled him not only toteach both with remarkable skill and efficiency,but to cause each to illuminate the other and bothto serve in a high degree the diverse interests ofthe departments which join in this memorial.As a teacher and writer he exerted a large influence upon the teachers of the Middle Westby familiarizing many of them with the resultsof modern labors in ancient fields.It was not, however, by scholarship and teaching skill alone that he served his own and thecoming generation. His relation with his students was eminently personal, constantly infused with the warmth and kindness of heartwhich made him so lovable to us who knew himmore intimately. No colleague could be freerfrom self-seeking, none more constantly markedby urbanity and consideration in his dealingswith others. But this was because of warm andcordial human feelings which made it the simplest course of nature for him to think first ofothers, and which, daily evinced in every relation throughout the whole history of the University, have endeared him to us all in a degreeso brotherly and so cordial that no lapse of timecan impair the affection with which his memorywill be regarded among us.William R. Harper,Emil G. Hirsch,James H. Breasted,John M. P. Smith,Robert F. Harper,Ira M. Price,Of the Department of SemiticLanguages and Literatures.John Franklin Jameson,Benjamin S. Terry,Francis W. Shepardson,Edwin E. Sparks,Ferdinand Schwill,Alfred L. P. Dennis,James Westfall Thompson,Joseph Parker Warren,Frances A. Knox,Of the Department of History,Edmund Buckley,Of the Department of Comparative Religion. Carl Darling Buck,Professor of Comparative Philology.Paul Shorey,Frank B. Tarbell,Edward Capps,Clarence F. Castle,William B. Owen,Of the Department of the GreekLanguage and Literature.William Gardner Hale,Charles Chandler,Gordon J. Laing,George Lincoln Hendrickson,Edward A. Bechtel,Susan H. Ballou,Frank Frost Abbott,Frank J. Miller,Of the Department of the LatinLanguage and Literature.RESOLUTIONS IN MEMORY OF GEORGE STEPHENGOODSPEEDBY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF BROWN UNIVERSITYThe Alumni Association of Brown Universityis called upon to mourn the death of one of itsmost active and influential members in the person of George Stephen Goodspeed, Professorof Ancient History and Comparative Religionin the University of Chicago, who died of pneumonia Friday, February 17, at the age of forty-five years.Mr. Goodspeed was a member of a famousBaptist family, his father, Rev. Edgar J. Good-speed, D.D., having been for years a successfulminister in this city. His preparatory education was obtained in the West Division HighSchool of Chicago.His father's health breaking down, the familyremoved from Chicago to New Jersey just atthe time when the son was ready for college.All of the traditions of the family led toRochester University ; but partly because of theproximity of New Jersey to Rhode Island, andmore especially, perhaps, because the presidentof Brown University, Rev. Ezekiel G. Robinson,had been a teacher of theology to the father atRochester Theological Seminary, the son wentto Brown University, entering the class of 1880.He early took a leading place in the councils ofthe class and graduated after the usual four-UNIVERSITY RECORD 401years' course. In college he joined the fraternity of Alpha Delta Phi, of which his fatherand his uncle had been members at Rochester.After graduating he spent part of a year atRochester Theological Seminary, then went tothe Baptist Union Theological Seminary atMorgan Park, Illinois, and finishing his course,entered upon the work of the ministry, whichhe followed until 1888.At this time he entered upon the preparationfor his real life-work, that of a teacher. Hespent three years at Yale University, receivingthe Doctor's degree in 1891. He then enjoyeda year at the University of Freiburg, workingunder the late Professor von Hoist; and, following that, he returned to Chicago, being connected with the University of Chicago from1892 until his death. His career was a remarkable one in that he taught and was recognizedas authority in the three fields of comparativereligion, Semitic languages, and ancient history.While thus meeting with distinct success as ateacher, he also displayed remarkable ability asan administrator, being for six years the Recorder of the University.A scholar of ability, a gentleman in all hisrelationships in life, and a good friend always,he will be greatly missed in all the associationswith which he was connected.We, therefore, recognize that in his death theChicago Alumni Association of Brown University has lost one of its most promising and mostesteemed members. We shall ever cherish hismemory as that of a loyal and earnest son ofBrown.Francis W. Shepardson, '83.Donald L. Morrill, '80.GEORGE STEPHEN GOODSPEED1The editorial staff of the Biblical World hassuffered a severe loss in the death of ProfessorGeorge Stephen Goodspeed, whose frequent1 This editorial appeared in the March issue of theBiblical World. contributions to the magazine have made hisname familiar to our readers. His deep personal interest in the publication was alwaysmanifest, and his rare editorial gifts will begreatly missed by his colleagues on the staff.George Stephen Goodspeed was born January14, i860, at Janesville, Wis., where his father, aman of unusual force and attractiveness in thepulpit, and widely known and honored in hisdenomination, was pastor of the Baptist Church.In 1880 he was graduated from Brown University. After a short stay at the Rochester Theological Seminary, he entered in 1881 the BaptistUnion Theological Seminary at Morgan Park,the institution known since 1892 as the DivinitySchool of the University of Chicago. Thisremoval from Rochester to Morgan Park wasthe determining point of his career. At MorganPark Mr. Goodspeed became a pupil of theProfessor of Hebrew, William Rainey Harper,who was just launching his novel enterprise, acorrespondence school in Hebrew, and popularizing a study hitherto regarded as the leastattractive in the theological curriculum. Thecommon desire to promote among ministers andlaymen alike a more intelligent and thoroughstudy of the Bible drew them together at once.The relation between the two men from the beginning was far closer than that of teacher andpupil. The elder soon found in the younger thescholarly student whose assistance he needed,and upon whose friendship he could depend.Mr. Goodspeed received his D.B. degreefrom the Seminary in 1883, but this congenialcompanionship in biblical studies continued until his marriage in 1884 and his removal to California, to accept the call of the Baptist Churchof Sonora. A first pastorate of two years inSonora was followed by a second as short inSpringfield, Mass., relinquished in 1888, thathe might return to his studies in the GraduateSchool of Yale University, where Dr. Harperwas now Professor of Semitic Languages.During two years spent at Yale in preparation402 UNIVERSITY RECORDfor the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, conferred upon him in 1891, Mr. Goodspeed wasagain associated with Professor Harper as Assistant in the Semitic Department, and moreintimately still in the work of the AmericanInstitute of Sacred Literature, as a teacher in itscorrespondence courses in New TestamentGreek. One of the earliest of its series of " Inductive Studies," appearing in 1888-89, thatentitled The Gospel of John: Jesus Manifestedas the Son of God, bears upon its title-page thenames of William R, Harper and George S.Goodspeed. In the editorial management of theOld Testament Student, later known as the Oldand New Testament Student, and now as theBiblical World, he had an important part.In the year in which he completed his graduate studies at Yale University, the trustees ofthe University of Chicago were calling togetherits first corps of instructors. Mr. Goodspeedaccepted an invitation to join this adventurouscompany, with the opportunity of a year ofstudy first in the University of Freiburg (inBaden). When the new University opened itsdoors to students in October, 1892, the name of"Associate Professor Goodspeed" appeared inits Announcements as offering three courses,one in " Ancient History," a second in " BiblicalHistory," and a third entitled " Studies in Egyptian Historical Documents."To the University his life henceforth wasgiven. His attainments in scholarship and skillas a teacher won for him promotion. In 1898he was made Professor of Ancient History andComparative Religion, and later a member ofthe University Senate. For six years, 1895-190 1, he held the office of University Recorder,and in the discharge of its duties entered mostintelligently and efficiently into the administrative work of the entire University. The closeof this notable service was signalized by thecompletion of a task to which months of laborhad been given, namely, the codification of theregulations of the University. From the routine of the classroom, the study, and the Recorder'soffice he found respite in 1897-98 in a secondyear of residence abroad, spent chiefly at Genevaand Lausanne.Professor Goodspeed's physical constitution,never robust, was ill-suited to encounter therigors of a Chicago winter, and for severalyears he was out of residence during the monthsof January, February, and March; but he hadseldom appeared to be in better working condition than at the opening of the Winter Quarterof 1905, when he confidently undertook theconduct of a class. This familiar task, carriedfor six weeks easily and cheerfully, was suddenly interrupted by an attack of pneumonia,and a ten days' struggle ended in his death onFriday, February 17.These twelve short years of University liferesulted in a considerable and important intellectual product. A large amount of work, difficult of course to measure accurately, was donein the editorial management, at different periods,of the Biblical World and the American Journalof Theology, and in very many thorough andconscientious book reviews in these journals.In 1898 Professor Goodspeed printed a syllabus,Outlines of Lectures on the History of theHebrews; in 1900 he published Israel's Messianic Hope; in 1902, A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians; in 1904, The Historyof the Ancient World. Critics who are themselves specialists in these fields praise the scientific accuracy and the breadth of scholarshipdisplayed in these books. Not less admirableare the author's intellectual candor and his easygrasp of his subject. For the "mere rhetorician" Professor Goodspeed had no tolerance;his taste nevertheless was unerring, and hisstyle singularly lucid and attractive.His work in ancient and biblical history is ofa high order and likely to possess lasting value.But more and more eagerly in the last years ofhis life his thoughts turned to the great subjectof comparative religion. To studies in this field,UNIVERSITY RECORD 403in which he had already made large attainments,he longed to give himself entirely ; and it is theunappeasable regret of his associates that hislife should have been cut short with these hopesunfulfilled. They do Professor Goodspeed aninjustice, however, who think of him as a specialist only. So closely and with so sympathetican understanding had he followed the courseof theological speculation during the years sincehe turned aside from the distinctive work of thepreacher that he might easily and quickly havefound himself at home in a chair of theology.No new work of importance in history or philosophy or general literature escaped his notice ;admirable book reviews from his pen appearedfrequently in the columns of Chicago newspapers ; and he was never too much engrossedwith his own specialty to enter into discussionof a companion's particular problem.In leaving the pastorate, Mr. Goodspeed didnot withdraw entirely from the pulpit, thoughhe preached less frequently in later years. Itwas not that he could not always find an opportunity to preach, or that he was not heard withappreciation; least of all, that he was out ofsympathy with the minister's calling; but thatan occasional return only, to duties which properly claim all that a man can give, became to hissensitive conscience increasingly difficult. Andwhile he was always very reticent regarding hisinner religious experience, to know him wellwas to be assured that his hold upon the fundamental Christian truths was unshaken by anyresult of criticism or research.How heavy a bereavement has the Universitysustained in the death of this accomplishedscholar, this eager and untiring student! Noone has been more intimately conversant with itsaffairs from the beginning than he ; no one hasserved it more ungrudgingly and loyally ; in theachievement of no other life, cut off though itwas in the day of its promise, has it been morehighly honored. With every year his contribution to its varied activities was more important. His name appears today in the Faculty of theDepartment of History, in the membership ofthe University Senate, of the Board of PhysicalCulture and Athletics, of the Board of the SeniorColleges.Mr. Goodspeed's associates are persuadedthat, could his life have been spared, his reputation as a scholar, in the province particularlyof comparative religion, would have been established beyond question ; and it is not easy to bereconciled to his loss. There are not many whoare likely to accomplish the tasks he had set forhimself. But it must always be very much tohis colleagues that they were permitted to knowin the freedom of daily intercourse a man sosensitive in honor, so modest, so sincere, sokindly, so true. However time may deal withwhat he wrought, it cannot alter their estimateof what he was, or efface his memory from theirhearts. And though the fame he might havewon in a longer career is denied him, eternallyhis record is on high and his reward is sure.THE POPULARITY OF PROFESSOR G00DSPEEDzBY ERI BAKER HULBERTDean of the Divinity SchoolDuring the illness of Professor George S.Goodspeed, and at his death, there were exhibited in university and other circles a sympathy and a sorrow most noteworthy andtouching. It was revealed that he enjoyed aremarkable popularity. It came to me as a sortof surprise ; nor even yet is it quite clear howhe obtained it. Qualities pointing that waywere not conspicuous in him. A joyous, gleeful soul, happy and effusive, beaming on everybody, and making all around him glad — rather,our friend was almost the reverse of all this.Modest, retiring, reserved, sensitive, holdinghimself well in hand, keeping his own counsels,inclining to a certain aloofness, I might almost1 This contribution appeared in the Standard of March4, 1905.404 UNIVERSITY RECORDsay hauteur, a recluse and a scholar, what wasthere in such a man to command popularity?He had no intimates; no more than three orfour to whom he ever unbosomed himself, evento these seldom disclosing more than half histhought ; not very companionable, living mostlywithin himself, sequestered, unobtrusive, low-spoken, self-depreciatory, quietly doing his dailytask — what was there about this man that sodevotedly attached to him so large a number andso many sorts of people? I confess I do notprecisely catch the secret of his popularity. Hecertainly never sought it, nor cared particularlyfor it, nor was consciously apprised even of itsexistence.Some things are at once apparent, and in allthe public and private notices of him thesethings are prominent. Everybody who knewhim at all knew that his original endowmentswere of the highest order, that his mind wasstored with wide, deep, and accurate knowledge,that he was educated in the eminent sense ofthat term, and that his moral development wasquite commensurate with his intellectual. Butthese are not gifts or acquirements which specially tend to popularity. Men are all aroundus who have strong and well-filled minds andupright characters who are far from popular.There must have been in Goodspeed somethingother that so endeared him to such hosts offriends, or these qualities must have been suffused with something which gave them attractiveness and charm. I am half conscious thathere is the secret, at least in part, of the win-someness of his personality. Mental poise andpenetration and moral fixedness and insight maycommand esteem, but fail to win affection. Ifsomehow the warm, human, sympathetic qualities of the heart can be made to intermingle withthe cold, unfeeling, exacting qualities of thebrain, something will result to be both admiredand loved.Goodspeed was popular not chiefly becausehis intellect was clear and strong, orderly and deep, but because it was hospitable and charitable and liberated. I have known few menwhose minds were so open to the ingress oftruth. Most of us are so prejudiced or frightened that we keep the doors bolted and theshutters drawn. Here was a man who keptopen house. He was a royal entertainer. Henever insisted that his guests must come in traditional garb nor that they must pronouncesome conventional shibboleth. Once admitted,if they proved worthy, they remained; otherwise they were politely dismissed. In his mindwere whole troops of angels against whom asstrangers he had not barred the door. A mindof this kind — open, receptive, hospitable —people are going to love, though they may notbe able to tell exactly why.Then, again, here was a man who was mentally charitable ; and here, too, is the heart sideof the intellect and that which makes it lovable.One who can be stiff and uncompromising, soswayed by conscience as to be conscienceless,cursing error and slaying errorists, may havefollowers and even admirers, but he can neverhave troops of lovers in his train. Our friendwas not of that type. Toward people withwhom he differed in opinion he had only themost kindly feeling. There was nothing malevolent and vindictive in his composition. Theintolerant and persecuting spirit was entirelyabsent. He knew nothing of the odium theo-logicum. The injunctions, "Speak evil of noman," "Feel kindly toward all men," he exemplified beyond anyone in my acquaintance.It was the inconspicuous but subtle suffusion*of charity through all his mental makeup thatinsensibly drew men affectionately toward him.I owe it to the memory of our friend to saythat he made conscience of all his thinking andscholarship. He treated his own mind withrespect. He did not stultify himself with fallacious reasoning, nor soil the pure white of hissoul with conscious error. His was indeed arare intellectual uprightness and honesty, andUNIVERSITY RECORD 405along with honesty came emancipation and intellectual freedom. He made no noisy clamor,but many of the views entertained in youth heeither modified or discarded. His knowledge ofand sympathy wTith the newer philosophy andpsychology, science and ethics, his intimate acquaintance with the historico-literary . criticismof the sacred Scriptures, and with the historyand contents of the ethnic faiths, entirely emancipated his mind from the pressure of jnere external authority, whether in the domain ofreligion, speculation, or life, and carried himover intelligently and willingly to the modernview of God and the world. Certainly in university circles this attitude of mind would becongenial and would add to his popularity.If I dared, I would add a line out of hisfamily history. I know as no one else the sweetness and the beauty of his home life. Twentyyears ago and more he and she began to walktogether, and through all the years they wereardent lovers. Such absolute, self-abnegating,disciplined, abiding devotion of husband andwife I have never seen. All the world loves alover, and every day of his life he lavished hischastened endearments upon those who werenear and precious — upon mate and son. Outof such an atmosphere he went forth to meethis fellows and to do his work. Can one wonderthat he was popular?PRIZES FOR ECONOMIC ESSAYSIn order to arouse an interest in the study oftopics relating to commerce and industry, andto stimulate an examination of the value of college training for business men, a committee,composed of Professor J. Laurence Laughlin,University of Chicago, chairman; ProfessorJ. B. Clark, Columbia University; ProfessorHenry C. Adams, University of Michigan;Horace White, Esq., New York city, and Hon.Carroll D. Wright, Clark University, has beenenabled, through the generosity of Messrs* Hart, Schaffner & Marx, of Chicago, to offeragain, in 1906, four prizes for the best studieson any one of the following subjects :1. To what extent, and by what administrative body,should the public attempt to control railway rates ininterstate commerce?2. A just and practicable method of taxing railwayproperty.3. Will the present policy of the labor unions indealing with non-union men, and the "closed shop,"further the interests of the workingmen?4. Should ship subsidies be offered by the governmentof the United States?5. An examination into the economic causes of largefortunes in this country.6. The influence of credit on the level of prices.7. The cattle industry in its relation to the ranchman, feeder, packer, railway, and consumer.8. Should the government seek to control or regulatethe use of mines of coal, iron, or other raw materials,whose supply may become the subject of monopoly?9. What provision can be made for workingmen toavoid the economic insecurity said to accompany themodern wage system?A first prize of one thousand dollars, and asecond prize of five hundred dollars, in cash, areoffered for the best studies presented by Class A,composed exclusively of all persons who havereceived the bachelor's degree from an American college in 1894, or thereafter; and a firstprize of three hundred dollars, and a secondprize of one hundred and fifty dollars, in cash,are offered for the best studies presented byClass B, composed of persons who, at the timethe papers are sent in, are undergraduates ofany American college. No one in Class A maycompete in Class B ; but any one in Class B maycompete in Class A. The committee reserves toitself the right to award the two prizes of $1,000and $500 to undergraduates, if the merits of thepapers demand it.The ownership of the copyright of successfulstudies will vest in the donors, and it is expectedthat, without precluding the use of these papersas theses for higher degrees, they will causethem to be issued in some permanent form.Competitors are advised that the studies406 UNIVERSITY RECORDshould be thorough, expressed in good English,and not needlessly expanded. They should beinscribed with an assumed name, the year whenthe bachelor's degree was received, and the institution which conferred the degree, or that inwhich the competitor is studying, and accompanied by a sealed envelope giving his real nameand address. The papers should be sent on orbefore June i, 1906, to Professor J. LaurenceLaughlin, Faculty Exchange, The Universityof Chicago.THE LAST CONCERTS IN THE SERIES BY THECHICAGO ORCHESTRAThe series of six symphony concerts given inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall by the ChicagoOrchestra, under the auspices of the QuadrangleClub, came to an end on the evening of April 3.The fifth concert, which was given on March 6,was popular in its character, and had greatvariety. Among the numbers were a 'celloobligato by Mr. Bruno Steindel, in Massenet's" Les Erinnyes," opus 10 ; and a violin obligatob\ Mr. Leopold Kramer, in Handel's " Largo."The overture to Beethoven's " Coriolanus,"Mendelssohn's " Spring Song," and the " Damnation of Faust " by Berlioz were also includedin the program.The last concert illustrated a wide range ofability on the part of the conductor, Mr.Frederick A. Stock, and the audience seemedespecially pleased with the interpretation of theovertures to Weber's "Oberon" and Beethoven's" Leonore."The following is the program in full :Overture, " Oberon " WeberSymphony No. 8, B Minor (unfinished) SchubertOverture — Fantasia Tschaikowsky" Romeo and Juliet."Overture, "Leonore," No. 3, Opus 72 Beethoven" Parsifal " WagnerGood-Friday Spell.Transformation Scene and Glorification.It is hoped that so rare an opportunity to hearthe highest music interpreted at the University may be offered another year. This year it wasmade possible by the generous efforts of theofficers of the Quadrangle Club.THE CALL OF PROFESSOR LEWELLYS F. BARKER TOJOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITYOn April 3 Professor Lewellys F. Barker,.Head of the Department of Anatomy, waschosen by the trustees of Johns Hopkins University as the successor of Dr. William Osier,,who resigned to accept a professorship atOxford University. Mr. Barker has acceptedthe invitation and will begin his work the firstof October, his new title being "Professor ofMedicine in the Johns Hopkins University, andPhysician-in-Chief to the Johns Hopkins Hospital."Mr. Barker was associate professor of anatomy in that university from 1897 to 1899, andfrom 1899 to 1900 was associate professor ofpathology. In the last-mentioned year he cameto Rush Medical College and the University ofChicago. He was Johns Hopkins medical commissioner to the Philippine Islands in 1899, andin 1 90 1 was a special commissioner of the government to investigate the plague in SanFrancisco.While Dr. Barker's new position is recognizedas one of great honor, there is general and sincere regret in the University that it is compelledto lose him.THE FACULTIESRev. James S. Stone, D.D., rector of St*James Episcopal Church, Chicago, acted as theConvocaton Chaplain on March 21.A reception to Mrs. Fannie Bloomfield Zeis-ler, the pianist, was given by the Woman'sUnion in Lexington Hall on March 8.A German play, under the auspices of theGerman Club, was presented in the theater ofthe Reynolds Clubhouse on the evening ofApril 6.UNIVERSITY RECORD 407The central branch of the American Society ofNaturalists held the first session of its thirdannual meeting on March 30 at the University.President William H. P. Faunce, D.D., ofBrown University, preached the ConvocationSermon in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall onSunday, March 19.After a month's stay in Lakewood, N. J., thePresident of the University returned on April 10to his regular work in the University, greatlyimproved in health.Mr. Isham Randolph, chief engineer of theSanitary District of Chicago, gave an illustratedopen lecture on " The Drainage Canal " in KentTheater on March 9.Hon. Edwin K. Walker, member of the Boardof County Commissioners, gave an open lecturein Haskell Assembly Room on March 16, hissubject being " Cook County Institutions."On March 6 Professor Charles R. Henderson,Head of the Department of Ecclesiastical Sociology, addressed the philanthropy departmentof the Englewood Woman's Club of Chicago.Professor Floyd R. Mechem, of the LawSchool, delivered a lecture on the evening ofMarch 16 before the members of the Law Schoolor the subject of " How to Use Law Books."Assistant Professor Leonard E. Dickson, ofthe Department of Mathematics, has been electedan active member of the newly instituted Alphaof Texas chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa society.Judge Henry V. Freeman, Professorial Lecturer in the Law School, gave the first of a seriesof five open lectures on the subject of "LegalEthics " on April 7 in the Law School building.At the banquet of the Chicago Bar Association, held at the Auditorium Hotel on April 11,to mark the retirement of Judge James G.Jenkins from the United States Circuit Court,Professor Horace K. Tenney, of the LawSchool, spoke as a representative of the Illinoisbar. "The Psychology of Democracy" was thetitle of a lecture by Professor George E. Vincent, of the Department of Sociology, before theChicago Woman's Aid in Sinai Temple onMarch 7.The Epic of Moses in two volumes, by Professor William Cleaver Wilkinson, of the Department of English, is announced by the publishers, Messrs. A. J. Scott & Company, ofChicago.Miss M. M. Bartelme, Public Guardian ofCook County, addressed the Woman's Union inLexington Hall on March 15, her subject being" Ways in which Women can Assist DependentChildren."Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head ofthe Department of Geology, discussed the theoryof the earth's origin before the State Teachers'Association of Michigan at Ann Arbor onMarch 31.On the evening of April 6 Professor GeorgeE. Vincent, Dean of the Junior Colleges, gavean address at the twenty-fourth annual meetingof the Southern Illinois Teachers' Associationat Olney, 111."Ideals in Teaching" was the subject of anaddress before the Du Page County Teachers'Institute on March 4, by Assistant ProfessorHerbert E. Slaught, of the Department ofMathematics.The April issue of the Astro physical Journalcontains an illustrated contribution on "TheWork of the Rumford Spectroheliograph " byProfessor George E. Hale, of the Departmentof Astronomy.Professor Ernest D. Burton, Head of the Department of New Testament Literature andInterpretation, was elected vice-president of theChicago Society for Biblical Research at itsannual meeting in Oak Park on March 18.Assistant Professor Clyde W. Votaw, of thesame Department, was elected treasurer of thesame society.408 UNIVERSI1 Y RECORDThe head resident of the University of Chicago Settlement, Miss Mary E. McDowell, gavean address before the national convention of theWoman's Trade Union League on March 26In New York city.In the Weekly Calendar for April 1 was published the list of appointments to Fellowshipsfor the year 1905-6. Eighty Fellowships havealready been assigned, and further appointmentswill be made on April 8." The Influence of Greek and Asiatic Art onJewish Literature " was the subject of an illustrated lecture by Professor Shailer Mathews, ofthe Divinity School, on March 21, in FullertonHall of the Art Institute, Chicago.The Dean of the Episcopal Theological Schoolof Harvard University, Rev. George Hodges,D.C.L., and the President of Brown University,Dr. William H. P. Faunce, were the UniversityPreachers for the month of March.At the annual banquet of the Chicago alumniof Indiana University on March 4 ProfessorJohn M. Coulter, Head of the Department ofBotany, and formerly president of that institution, presided, and acted as toastmaster.At the winter meeting of the Chicago chapterof the Sigma Xi Society, held in LexingtonHall on March 2, Professor John M. Coulter,Head of the Department of Botany, gave anaddress entitled " A Study in Evolution."An illustrated lecture before the HouseholdAdministration Club on the subject of "TheProduction of Wheat " was given on March 16in Walker Museum by Assistant Professor J.Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography.The opening article in the March number ofthe Journal of Political Economy is " The Economic Situation in the Philippines," contributedby Mr. H. Parker Willis, who took his Bachelor's degree at the University in 1894 and hisDoctor's degree in 1898. Mr. Willis is now connected with the department of political economyin Washington and Lee University, Virginia. " Great Britain's Lesson in Municipal Ownership for the United States " was the subject oftwo lectures by Assistant Professor Hugo R.Meyer, of the Department of Political Economy,given in Cobb Lecture Hall on March 7 and 14.Among the speakers at an oriental dinnergiven by the Marquette Club of Chicago onMarch 18 were Dr. Shinkishi Hatai, of theDepartment of Neurology, and Mr. KatashiTakahashi, a student in the Graduate Schools.Professorial Lecturer Francis W. Parker, ofthe Law School, who is also a trustee of theUniversity, gave an address before the Neighborhood League of improvement associations inChicago, on March 11, in the rooms of theMunicipal Museum.On March 15 in Kent Theater was held thequarterly contest for the Ferdinand Peck prize,which resulted in a decision by the judgesfavoring the division of the prize between Mr.Adolph George Pierrot and Miss Harriet Grim,of the Junior Colleges." Science as a Teacher of Morality " was thetitle of an address in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall on March 31 before the Hyde Park Guildof the Religious Education Association. Itwas given by Professor John M. Coulter, Headof the Department of Botany.At the inauguration of Samuel Black Mc-Cormack as chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania at Pittsburg, on February22, Associate Professor Edwin E. Sparks, of theDepartment of History, was the representativeof the University of Chicago.At the annual banquet of the Agate Club ofChicago, held at the Auditorium Hotel on April6, Professor Albion W. Small, Head of the Department of Sociology, spoke on the subject of" The Sociology of Advertising." On the sameoccasion Professorial Lecturer George R. Peck,of the Law School, discussed the subject of" The Value to a Railroad of Taking a Publicinto its Confidence."UNIVERSITY RECORD 409" Literary Forms and the New Theory of theOrigin of Species" was the title of an openlecture given in Cobb Lecture Hall on March 15by Professor John M. Manly, Head of the Department of English. Mr. Manly had alreadygiven the address at Princeton University."Parsifal" was the subject of a lecture byDr. Nathaniel I. Rubinkam, Lecturer in EnglishLiterature, in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall onthe evening of March 18. Professor WilliamMiddleschulte, the organist, gave illustrationsof the lecture by selections from the opera.The March issue of the Monthly Maroon appeared in a new cover, appropriately decoratedwith a drawing of the Hull Gateway. ProfessorCharles R. Henderson, the University Chaplain,has the opening contribution, on the " ReligiousLife and Work at the University of Chicago."Sixty students on March 9 formed an organization to be known as the Iowa Club. A constitution was adopted and the following officerselected: president, Mr. Peter H. McCarthy;vice-president, Mr. Jesse C. Harper; secretary,Miss Cecil Palmer; treasurer, Mr. FelixHughes.The Memoirs of an American is a new illustrated serial beginning in the Saturday EveningPost of April 1, 1905. It is written by Professor Robert Herrick, of the Department of English, whose latest novel, The* Common Lot, hasbeen one of the great successes in fiction thepast year.Charles Scribner's Sons announce the publication in April of Selected Documents: Illustrating the History of Europe in the MiddleAges. This source-book for mediaeval historyis the work of Associate Professor Oliver J.Thatcher, of the Department of History, and ofDr. Edgar H. McNeal, instructor in Europeanhistory at the Ohio State University. Mr. McNeal received his bachelor's degree at the University of Chicago in 1896 and his doctor's degree in 1902. At the banquet of the Commercial and Merchants' Clubs of Chicago, held in the Auditoriumon March 19, Professor Albion W. Small, Deanof the Graduate School of Arts and Literature,spoke upon the ideals of Chicago and the actualrealization of some of them already broughtabout.In the March issue of the Elementary SchoolTeacher Mr. Robert W. Hegner, of the Schoolof Education, has the first of a series of articleson "Nature-Studies with Birds for the Elementary School." It is uniquely illustratedby reproductions of photographs made from lifeby the writer.Sixty degrees were conferred by the University at the Fifty-fourth Convocation, held onMarch 21 — forty-nine Bachelor's degrees, fiveMaster's degrees, two degrees of Doctor ofPhilosophy, and four degrees of Doctor of Law.In addition to these, thirty-six titles of Associate were conferred.In Kent Theater on March 22 Judge EdwardF. Dunne, the Democratic candidate for themayoralty of Chicago, gave a public address onthe issues of the campaign, under the auspicesof the Municipal Club; on the following dayMr. John Maynard Harlan, the Republican candidate, also gave an address,.The March issue of the Botanical Gazette hasfor its opening article the sixty-ninth contribution from the Hull Botanical Laboratory, entitled" Gametophytes and Embryo of Torreya Taxi-folia." The article is illustrated by four plates,and was written by Professor John M. Coulter,Head of the Department of Botany, and Mr.William J. G. Land, Assistant in Morphology."The Forests of the Flathead Valley, Montana " is the sixty-seventh contribution from theHull Botanical Laboratory. It is strikinglyillustrated by over twenty figures, and summarizes the investigations of Mr. Harry N. Whit-ford, formerly connected with the Departmentof Botany.410 UNIVERSI1 Y RECORDOn March 17 at a meeting of the Chicagochapter of Phi Beta Kappa in Haskell OrientalMuseum, Professor Frank F. Abbott, of theDepartment of Latin, presided in place of Professor George S. Goodspeed, who at the time ofhis death was president of the local chapter.The number of elections to the society for theWinter Quarter was larger than usual.In the Chicago Tribune of March 31 Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Department ofSociology, had a contribution on the subject of" Municipal Ownership." Mr. Zueblin is givinga series of addresses before the Ethical Societyof Chicago, in Steinway Hall, on the generalsubject of "Ethics of the Common Life," hisfirst lecture being entitled "The New CivicSpirit."In the April issue of the Book Buyer, published by Charles Scribner's Sons of New York,appears an appreciation of Professor George S.Goodspeed's work and influence as a scholarand teacher. The closing words are: "Hisloss is a very real one both to those who workedmore closely with him and to that wider andconstantly growing public which was comingto know him through his writings."Associate Professor George H. Locke, Deancl the College of Education, contributes to theMarch number of the School Review editorialnotes on "A Significant Forward Movementin Secondary Education in the South," "TheSalaries of Teachers in our High Schools,"" Education in Massachusetts," " Size ofClasses in the Schools of Germany," and "TheProgress in Secondary Education in Minneapolis."Mr. Ben Greet, as the guest of the EnglishClub, gave in Kent Theater on the afternoon ofApril 4 an informal address to a large audienceon the subject of the proper stage presentationof Shakspere's dramas. Mr. Greet is especiallyinterested in the giving of the plays in theoriginal form and without the accessories of modern scenery. His company of players fromEngland is now presenting an almost exclusively Shaksperean repertoire in Chicago.Mr. Fred Merrifield, A.B., 1898, and D.B.,1901, who is now an instructor in ethics andEnglish at the Duncan Academy, Tokio, Japan,has been acting as coach for the baseball teamof the Waseda University, Japan. The team hasrecently completed arrangements for a series ofinternational games, to be played with collegeteams on the Pacific coast. Mr. Merrifield wascaptain of the University of Chicago baseballteam in 1899, having played in the position ofthird baseman for four years.Professor Lewellys F. Barker, Head of theDepartment of Anatomy, delivered an addressat the Junior College class exercises, held onMarch 17 in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall.Associate Professor Clarence F. Castle, Deanin the Junior Colleges, gave the usual quarterlystatement ; and in the absence of the Presidentof the University, Professor Harry Pratt Jud-son, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature,and Science, addressed the candidates for thetitle of Associate. The response for the classwas made by Mr. Hugo F. Bezdek.At the Forty-sixth Meeting of the UniversityCongregation, held in Congregation Hall, Haskell Oriental Museum, on March 20, the Vice-President of the Congregation, Professor JamesP. Hall, Dean of the Law School, presided.Memorial addresses for George Stephen Good-speed, Professor of Comparative Religion andAncient History, were made by President William H. P. Faunce, D.D., of Brown University ;Professor J. Franklin Jameson, Head of theDepartment of History; and Professor ShailerMathews, of the Department of SystematicTheology. These addresses appear elsewherein full in this issue of the University Record.Professor Joseph P. Iddings, of the Department01 Geology, was elected Vice-President of theCongregation for the Spring Quarter, 1905.UNIVERSITY RECORD 411Professor George E. Hale, of the Departmentof Astronomy, who is now in charge of theMt. Wilson (California) Observatory for SolarResearch, contributes in the March number ofthe Astrophysical Journal " A Study of the Conditions for Solar Research at Mt. Wilson." Thearticle appeared originally in Year Book No. 3cf the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Mr.Hale also contributes an account of " The SolarObservatory of the Carnegie Institution ofWashington." The five plates illustrating thearticle have a remarkable interest." The Question of Translation in the Teaching of Modern Languages " is the subject of acontribution in the April issue of the SchoolReview, by Assistant Professor Paul O. Kern,cf the Department of Germanic Languages andLiteratures. In the same number AssociateProfessor George H. Locke, Dean of the College of Education, contributes editorial notes on"The Opportunities for Scientific Method inInvestigation into Educational Conditions " and"The Inspection of Schools by the Universitycf London and the Leaving Certificate."On the evening of March 20 the President'sReception for the graduating class was held inHutchinson Hall. In the absence of the President of the University, Dean Harry PrattJudson and Mrs. Judson were at the head of thereceiving line, which included the Convocationorator, Mr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress ; Mr. Clement W. Andrews, Librarian ofthe John Crerar Library ; and the Vice-Presidentof the University Board of Trustees, Mr.Andrew McLeish, and Mrs. McLeish. Refreshments were served, and the music for the occasion was furnished by the University of ChicagoMilitary Band.At the Senior College class exercises, held inthe Chapel of Cobb Lecture Hall on March 21,Dean Francis W. Shepardson presented "Thequarterly statement, which included the statisticsof the graduating class. Out of the forty-one members of the class thirteen were members ofthe Phi Beta Kappa society. Mr. Paul VanCleef, who received at the Convocation honorable mention for excellence in the work of theSenior Colleges and also the degree of S.B.,represented the graduating class in a shortaddress. Professor Nathaniel Butler, Directorof Co-operating Work, addressed the class inbehalf of the University Faculties.The March issue of the Biblical World has asits frontispiece a portrait of George StephenGoodspeed, Professor of Comparative Religionand Ancient History, and also an editorial appreciation of his life and work. The editorialsopening the number are on "The Spirit ofInquiry," " Mosaism," "The Connections ofMosaism," "Before Moses," and "AfterMoses." " How a Religion Grew in Japan " isan illustrated article by Dr. Edmund Buckley,of the Department of Comparative Religion.Under the head of "Exploration and Discovery," Assistant Professor Edgar J. Good-speed, of the Department of Biblical and Patristic Greek, has an illustrated contribution on" Fresh Papyri from Oxyrhynchus."At the annual Ministers' Institute held at theUniversity of Chicago on March 27, 28, and 29,the general subject was "The Struggle forReligious Liberty." Professor Shailer Mathews,of the Department of Systematic Theology, contributed a paper on " Judaism and Paulinism ; "Professor Franklin Johnson, of the Departmentof Church History, papers on "The RomanEmpire and the Church" and "The RomanChurch and the Protestants on the Continent ; "and Associate Professor John W., Moncrief, ofthe same Department, on "The Roman Churchand the Mediaeval Sects." The paper by DeanEri B. Hulbert, of the Divinity School, on "TheAnglican Crurch and Puritanism," was read byDr. Errett Gates, and that by Professor GeorgeB. Foster on " Dogma and Intellectual Emancipation" was read by Professorial LecturerAlonzo K. Parker. Dean Hulbert was able to412 UNIVERSITY RECORDpresent his second paper, "The EstablishedChurch and Non-Conformity;" and ProfessorShailer Mathews presented a second, entitled"Agnosticism and Evangelicism."The opening contribution in the April issue ofthe Elementary School Teacher is entitled" American History in the Elementary Schools :A New Standpoint for the Selection of Subject-Matter." It was written by Emily J. Rice, Associate Professor of the Teaching of History andLiterature in the College of Education. Mr.Robert W. Hegner, of the School of Education,has a serial contribution on "Nature-Studieswith Birds for the Elementary School ; " LillianS. Cushman, Instructor in Art in the College ofEducation, discusses "Mr. Fenollosa's Theoryof Art Development and its Relation to CertainProblems of Elementary Education." Thearticle is illustrated by three plates showingchildren's artistic work of great interest."Robert Cavalier de La Salle, et Joliet auChateau St. Louis " gives part of the text of aplay presented by sixth and seventh grade pupilsin the School of Education, and also grammarlessons on the text. The article was contributedby Lorley A. Ashleman, Associate in French." Cooking in the Third Grade," by Jenny H.Snow, of the University Elementary School,concludes the number.The World To-Day has as a frontispiece forits April issue a remarkably good reproductionof a photograph of President William R.Harper, taken in Boston in 1903. ProfessorShailer Mathews, of the Divinity School, opensthe number with a two-page editorial on "The Revolt of the Plain Citizen." Among the " Events ofthe Month" is a notice of the loss to scholarship caused by the recent death of ProfessorGeorge Stephen Goodspeed, whose portrait alsoappears. " Off the Tourist Route," an accountof an automobile trip in France and Germany, is a very attractively illustrated contribution byMr. Martin A. Ryerson, President of the University Board of Trustees. " Christian Sciencefrom a Psychologist's Point of View" is thetitle of an article by Professor James R. Angell,Head of the Department of Psychology. Theclosing contribution is by the editor, ProfessorShailer Mathews, and bears the title of " Democracy in Education," with the sub-title of "TheEducational Principles and Practice of President William R. Harper, of the University ofChicago." The article discusses the significanceof five recent volumes by the President of theUniversity.The Songs of an Egyptian Peasant is a uniquebook recently published in Leipzig, which contains 130 folk songs of the modern Egyptians*They were first collected and put into Germanform by Professor Heinrich Schaeffer, whogathered them in the winter of 1900-1901, during the excavations conducted by the Berlin Museum at Abusir. The translation from the Germanhas been made by Frances Hart Breasted, wifeof Associate Professor James H. Breasted, of theDepartment of Semitic Languages and Literatures, who aided the translator in consulting theArabic forms and in a revision of the translation. There are numerous illustrations fromphotographs, which add greatly to the interestof the book. The contents are divided into"Religious Songs," "Songs of Childhood,""At Work on the Excavations," "Miscellaneous," and "Love Songs;" and among thetitles are such as "The Prophet in the RoseGarden," "The Transitoriness of EarthlyRiches," "The Sigh of the Debtor," "Rain-Songs," "Calls of the Radish Vender," "ToVain Beauties," " Dogs of Arabs," " Flatteries,""A Thief in the Night," "The Wind, theRogue," "A Young Wife and an Old Husband."UNIVERSITY RECORD 413APPOINTMENTS TO FELLOWSHIPS FOR 1905-6Babcock, Earle Brownell, A.B., University of Chicago,Romance, Illinois.Bedford, Scott Elias William, A.B., Baker University,Sociology, Kansas.Beifus, Joseph, A.B., University of Chicago, German,Illinois.Bestor, Arthur Eugene, A.B., University of Chicago,History, Wisconsin.BirkhofT, George David, A.B., Harvard University, Mathematics, Illinois.Blount, Mary, S.B., University of Michigan, Zoology,Illinois.Bretz, Julian Pleasant, A.B., William Jewell College,History, Missouri.Bridgman, Donald Elliott, A.B., University of Chicago,Political Economy, Minnesota.Burns, Rush Leslie, S.B., University of Wisconsin,Physiology, Illinois.Burwell, Leslie Moulthrop, A.B., Harvard University,Biblical Greek, Illinois.Capps, Stephen Reid, A.B., University of Chicago,Geology, Illinois.Carman, Joel Ernest, S.B., Simpson College, Geology,Iowa.Castro, Mathilde, A.B., University of Chicago, Philosophy,Illinois.Catching, Nancy Higginbotham, A.B., Woman's Collegeof Baltimore, Romance, Georgia.Clark, Wayland Blair, S.B., Denison University, Chemistry, Ohio.Coffin, Joseph Herschel, S.B., Penn College, Psychology,Iowa.Covington, David Anderson, A.B., A.M., Wake ForestCollege, Greek, North Carolina.Crocker, William, University of Illinois, Botany, Illinois.Davidson, Margaret, Ph.B., University of Chicago, English, Illinois.Davies, Edith, A.K., University of New Brunswick, Greek,Canada.Day, Edna Daisy, S.B., University of Michigan, Household Administration, Illinois.Emerson, Frederick Valentine, A.B., Colgate University,Geography, Pennsylvania.Flammer, Ernest, S.B., University of California, Physics,California.Fox, John Sharpless, A.B., Haverford College, Physics,Missouri.Gilchrist, Lachlan, A.B., University of Toronto, Physics,Canada.Goettsch, Charles, A.B., University of Chicago, German,Iowa.Goettsch, Emil, S.B., University of Chicago, Anatomy,Iowa.Goettsch, Henry Max, S.B., S.M., State University ofIowa, Chemistry, Iowa.Griffin, Frank Loxley, S.B., University of Chicago,Astronomy, Kansas. Grimson, Gudmundur, A.B., University of North Dakota,Political Economy, North Dakota.Gurney, Lawrence Emory, A.B., Colby College, Physics,Maine.Hall, Gertrude Ella, A.B., Cornell University, German,New York.Hamilton, Francis Marion, A.B., University of Indiana,Psychology, Indiana.Hatton, Augustus Raymond, Ph.B., Franklin College,Political Science, Indiana.Heinemann, Paul Gustav, S.B., University of Chicago,Bacteriology, Illinois.Hilpert, Willis Stose, S.B., Universty of Chicago, Chemistry, Illinois.Hopkins, Albert Lafayette, University of Chicago, Political Economy, Mississippi.Home, Charles Ellsworth, A.B., A.M., Waynesburg College, Semitics, Pennsylvania.Jenkins, Perry Wilson, A.B., A.M., Miami University,Astronomy, Indiana.Ingold, Louis, A.B., A.M., University of Missouri, Mathematics, Missouri.Kirk, Edwin Garvey, S.B., University of Chicago, Anatomy, Ohio.Krehbiel, Edward Benjamin, S.B., University of Kansas,History, Kansas.Lauck, William Jett, A.B., Washington and Lee University, Political Economy, West Virginia.Longley, William Raymond, A.B., Butler College, S.B.,University of Chicago, Mathematics, Indiana.Matson, George Charlton, S.B., Doane College, Geology,Nebraska.McLauchlan, John, A.B., A.M., McMaster University,Church History, Canada.McLean, Robert Alexander, A.B., Queen's University,Greek, Canada.McLeod, Andrew Fridley, A.B., University of Chicago,Chemistry, Illinois.McKnight, Robert J., A.B., Geneva College, Semitics,Pennsylvania.Mode, Rowland Hector, A.B., A.M., McMaster University,Semitics, Canada.Moodie, Roy Lee, A.B., University of Kansas, Palaeontology, Kansas.Nelson, Roy Batchelder, A.B., University of Chicago,Sanskrit, Illinois.Patton, Eugene Bryan, A.B., Washington University,Political Economy, Tennessee.Pike, Frank Henry, A.B., Indiana University, Physiology,Indiana.Quaife, Milo Milton, Ph.B., Iowa College, History, Iowa.Randall, Ethel Claire, Ph.B., University of Chicago, English, Illinois.Ranson, Stephen Walter, S.B., S.M., University of Chicago, Neurology, Minnesota.Rees, Kelley, A.B., Leland Stanford Jr. University, Greek,Tennessee.414 UNIVERSITY RECORDRiley, Edgar Francis, A.B., Baker University, Philosophy,Kansas.Ritchie, John Woodside, A.B., Maryville College, Botany,Illinois.Royster, James Finch, A.B., Wake Forest College, English, North Carolina.Sage, Evan Taylor, A.B., University of Nebraska; A.M.,University of Chicago, Latin, Nebraska.Sanford, Frederick Warren, S.B., A.B., Illinois College,Latin, Illinois.Sayles, Richard Edward, A.B., MpMaster University;D.B., University of Chicago, Systematic Theology,Canada.Schlesinger, Herman Irving, S.B., University of Chicago,,Chemistry, Illinois.Shaw, Eugene Wesley, S.B., Ohio Wesleyan University,Geology, Ohio.Shull, Charles Albert, S.B., University of Chicago,, Zoology, Illinois.Spencer, M. Lyle, A.M., Kentucky Wesleyan University,English, Kentucky.Stephens, Thomas Calderwood, A.B., Kansas City University, Zoology, Missouri.Sundwall, John, Ph.B., Central University of Utah,Anatomy, Utah.Swanson, William Walker, A.B., Queen's University,Political Economy, Canada.Terry,. Benjamin Taylor, A.B., A.M., Vanderbilt University, Pathology, Alabama.Ullman, Berthold Louis, A.B., University of Chicago,Latin* Illinois.Weidensall, Clara Jean, A.B., Vassar College, Psychology,Nebraska.Wilson, Thomas McMaster Tweed, A.B., Cornell University, Semitics, Pennsylvania.Woodhead, Howard, A.B., University of Chicago, Sociology, Illinois.Woods, Erville Bartlett, A.B., Beloit College, Sociology,Wisconsin.Wright, William Kelly, A.B., University of Chicago,Philosophy, Illinois.Yamanouchi, Shigeo, Tokio Higher Normal School,Botany, Japan.Yoshioka, Ghen-ichiro, Ph.B., University of Chicago, Sanskrit, Illinois.Youngman, Anna Pritchett, Ph.B., University of Chicago,Political Economy, Kentucky.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORTFOR THE WINTER QUARTER, 1906During the Winter Quarter, 1905, there has beenadded to the Library of the University a total number of4,361 volumes, from the following sources:BOOKS ADDED BY PURCHASEBooks added by purchase, 3,649 volumes, distributedas follows : Anatomy, 40 ; Anthropology, 7 ; Astronomy(Ryerson), 5; Astronomy (Yerkes), 40; Bacteriology,16; Biology, 22; Botany, 11; Chemistry, 1; ChurchHistory, 57 ; Classical Archaeology, 2 ; Commerce andAdministration, 17; Comparative Religion, 74; Embryology, 14; English, 408; English, German, andRomance, 240 ; General Library, 106 ; General Literature, 6 ; Geography, 49 ; Geology, 16 ; German, 83 ; Greek, 43 ; History, 140 ; History of Art, 40 ; Homiletics,50 ; Latin, 30 ; Latin and Greek, 7 ; Latin and Historyof Art, 8; Law School, 951; Mathematics, 23; MorganPark Academy, 19; Neurology, 13; New Testament, 26;Palaeontology, 4; Pathology, 10; Pedagogy, 19; Philosophy, 97 ; Physics, 198 ; Physiological Chemistry, 15 ;Physiology, 35 ; Political Economy, 40 ; Political Science,22 ; Romance, 345 ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology,45 ; School of Education, 100 ; Semitics, 40 ; Semiticsand New Testament, 1 ; Sociology5, 45 ; Sociology(Divinity), 1; Systematic Theology, 44; Zoology/ 24.Books added by gift, 450 volumes, distributed asfollows: Astronomy (Yerkes), 1; Bacteriology, 2;Biology, 17; Botany, 3; Church History, 1; DivinitySchool, 15 ; English, 3 ; English, German, and Romance,1 ; General Library, 310; Geography, 25; Geology, 12;German, 4 ; History, 1 1 ; Law School, 2 ; Mathematics,2 ; Pathology, 1 ; Philosophy, 1 ; Physics, 8 ; PoliticalEconomy, 8; Political Science, 12; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 1 ; School of Education, 4 ; Sociology,5 ; Zoology, 1.BY EXCHANGEBooks added by exchange for University publications,262 volumes, distributed as follows : Botany, 23 ; ChurchHistory, 30 ; Commerce and Administration, 1 ; Comparative Religion, 5 ; Divinity School, 4 ; English, 6 ;General Library, 71 ; Geography, 1 ; Geology, 11 ; History, 3 ; Homiletics, 3 ; New Testament, 17 ; Philosophy,2 ; Physics, 1 ; Political Economy, 39 ; Political Science,4; Semitics, 2; Sociology, 8; Sociology (Divinity), 10;Systematic Theology, 21.SPECIAL GIFTSAmerican Bible Society, 11 volumes — annual reports.Mr. Alexander Smith, 32 volumes, and 28 pamphlets —English Bookman and miscellaneous.Mr. Charles E. Hewett, 38 volumes, and 13 pamphlets —American Baptist Yearbook.Mr. Charles E. Merriam, 14 volumes, and 26 pamphlets —miscellaneous.Duke Louis de la Tremoille, 5 volumes — Madame desUrsins et la succession d'Espagne, and Mon GrandPere a la cour de Louis XV et a celle de Louis XVI,Nouvelles a la main.Mr. H. H. Donaldson, 13 volumes — biological and miscellaneous books.Mr. N. C. Plimpton, 46 volumes — Scientific Americanand miscellaneous books.Mr. Peter Van Schaack, 4 volumes and 10 pamphlets —Japanese and very old Armenian books.Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, 3 volumes —historical collections.Milwaukee, 6 volumes — reports.New York city, 6 volumes — reports.Peace Congress Committee, i volume — five copies ofreport of Universal Peace Congress, 1904.University of Manchester, England, 14 volumes — Publications of the university.United States government, 67 volumes — documents, oneof them a facsimile of Life and Morals of Jesus ofNazareth extracted textually from the gospels inGreek, Latin, English, and French, by ThomasJefferson.£rv0l