VOLUME IX NUMBER 6University RecordOCTOBER, 1904THE FIFTY-SECOND UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION.INTRODUCTION OF THE CONVOCATION ORATOR.BY JOHN MERLE COULTER,Head of the Department of Botany.No claim of the biologist has invited moregeneral attention than the doctrine of evolution ;and perhaps no claim has been more thoroughlyand persistently misunderstood. In every casethe few great leaders who have made substantialcontributions to this doctrine have been misrepresented by rash followers, and the intelligentpublic has been led to believe in a larger claimthan the facts justify. It is a rare privilege tocome into personal contact with one of thesegreat leaders, and to learn from his cautiousutterances the real scientific attitude toward soimportant a generalization.From the very beginning of his scientificcareer, the work of Professor DeVries has hadto do with the most fundamental problems.There were pioneer studies in the physics of theplant cell ; later an elaborate theory concerningthe physical basis of heredity ; and now a theoryof evolution.For nearly twenty years Professor DeVrieshas been quietly conducting experiments relating to evolution, meeting difficulties at everypoint and persistently overcoming them. Seriesof years to him have been as series of days tothe ordinary investigator; and the interruptionof his main investigation for several years inorder that a method might be perfected has been regarded as merely an incident in the experiment. As a result, his mutation theory of theorigin of species was announced in 190 1 fullymatured, based upon an enormous array offacts.Even if the mutation theory proves not to beof general application, Professor DeVries inconnection with it has done two things of incalculable benefit to biological science: he hasdemonstrated the method and the spirit necessary in reaching important results ; and he hasbrought the great problem of the origin of species within the field of direct experiment. Totransfer such a subject from the region of discussion to the region of demonstration is enoughfor any man, even if his own initial conclusionsare presently replaced by others. It is the opening of a door to tremendous possibilities, andthe first glimpse from the threshold may ormay not have caught the largest truth. Themethod must be regarded as epoch-making inbiology.Biologists here are alive to the privilege ofthis occasion ; and the doctrine of evolution isso far-reaching in its application that we feelsure a university audience sympathizes in ourinterest.It is my great privilege to present ProfessorHugo DeVries, of the University of Amsterdam, who will address us upon " The Evidenceof Evolution."201202 UNIVERSITY BEGOBDTHE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONSBY HUGO DE VR1ES,Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Gardens,the University of Amsterdam.The noble aim of university teaching is thelifting up of mankind to a higher appreciationof the ideas of life and truth. It has to cultivatethe most intimate connection between theoryand practice, between abstract science and actuallife. Throughout the world of research thisconnection is felt to be the real stimulus of thework, the very basis of its existence. Americanuniversities and American science have developed themselves on this leading principle, andit is especially on this account that high admiration is given them by their European sisters.Nowhere in this world is the mutual concoursebetween practice and science so general as here,and nowhere is the influence of the universitiesso widely felt as in this country. Perfect freedom of thought and investigation, unhamperedrights of professing and defending one's conviction, even if it should be wholly contrary tothe universal belief, are the high privileges ofall real universities. Wealthy citizens spend• their possessions in the founding of such institutions, convinced that this is the best way ofpromoting public welfare. The governmentliberally supplies funds for scientific research,whenever its application to practical business isclear. Your system of promoting agricultureby means of experiment stations, of scientificallyconducted farm cultures, of inquiries in all partsof the world, and of collecting, introducing, andtrying all kinds of plants that might becomeuseful crops, is not only admired, but evenhighly envied by us Europeans.It is not without hesitation that I have accepted the honorable invitation to speak beforethis renowned center of learning. The ideasto which I have been conducted by my experiments are to a large degree different from cur-1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fifty-second Convocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, September 2, 1904. rent scientific belief. But I have trusted to yourwillingness to listen to new facts and divergentconvictions, and to your readiness to acknowledge whatever spark of truth might be found inthem. To you as judges, unbiased by prejudiceand convinced that only pure truth can bringreal progress, with the enthusiasm of youth seeking only truth, and in the calm air of the University, I gladly submit my conceptions.My ideas have grown slowly, and havereached their definiteness and full developmentonly under the protection of the high principlesof university freedom. I have needed nearlytwenty years to develop them and to gather theevidence by means of which I hope to convinceyou. I have kept my secret until some yearsago, and worked only for myself. In this respect old universities, as ours are in Europe,have a distinct advantage over your youngAmerican institutions. With you all is sparkling and boiling ; with us it is the quietness ofsolitude, even in the midst of a busy city. Butyour students and teachers are expected to showwhat they are doing, and to produce their resultsat short intervals. In Europe, on the contrary,we are trusted and left free even on this point.Hardly anybody has ever asked me what I wasdoing, and even those who from time to timevisited my garden were content with what 1could show them, without telling my real difficulties and my real hopes.To my mind, this is a high privilege. Thesolution of the most intricate problems oftendoes not require vast laboratory equipment,but it always requires patience and perseverance. Patience and perseverance in their turnrequire freedom from all pressure, and especially from the need of publishing early andoften unripe results. Even now I would prefer to spend this hour in recounting the obligations which the doctrine of evolution is under tosuch men as Lamarck and Darwin. I should liketo point out how they have freed inquiry fromprejudice and drawn the limits between religionUNIVERSITY RECORD 203and science; how they have caused the principle of evolution to be the ruling idea in thewhole dominion of the study of the organicworld, and how this idea has been suggestiveand successful, comprehensive and hopeful, during a whole century of continuous research.Everywhere it is recognized to take the leadership. It has been the means of innumerablediscoveries, and whole sciences have beenstarted from it. Embryology and ontogeny,phylogeny and the new conceptions of taxonomy, paleontology of plants and of animals,sociology, history, and medicine, and even thelife-history of the earth on which we live, arein reality in their present form the products ofthe idea of evolution.Instead of telling you of my own work, Ishould like to sketch the part which of late thescientists of the United States have taken in thiswbrk. Mainly in two lines a rapid advancementhas been inaugurated in this country. I referto the pure university studies and the work ofthe agricultural stations. Highly valuable isthe application of science to agriculture in theimprovement of races. Each of you knows howthis artificial production of races of animals andplants was one of the great sources of evidenceon which Darwin founded his theory. But athis time the available evidence was only veryscanty when we compare it with the numerousfacts and the improved methods which now arethe result of half a century's additional work.America and Europe have combined in this line,and the vast amount of facts, heaped up bynumerous investigators and numerous well-equipped institutions, has produced quite a newbasis for a critical review of Darwin's theory.I have tried to combine all these too dispersedfacts and to bring them together, in order toobtain a fuller proof for the main points of Darwin's conception. In one subordinate point myresults have been different from those of Darwin, and it is this point which I have been invited, by the kindness of your President, todiscuss before you.Darwin's theory is commonly indicated as thetheory of natural selection. This theory is notthe theory of descent. The idea of descent withmodification, which now is the basis of all evolutionary science, is quite independent of thequestion as to how in the single instances thechange of one species into another has actuallytaken place. The theory of descent remainsunshaken even if our conception concerning themode of descent should prove to be in need ofrevision.Such a revision seems now to be unavoidable.In Darwin's time little was known concerningthe process of variability. It was impossible tomake the necessary distinctions. His geniusrecognized two contrasting elements : one ofthem he called sports, since they came rarely,unexpectedly, and suddenly ; the other he designated as individual differences, conveyingthereby the notion of their presence* in all individuals and at all times, but in variable degrees.Sports are accidental changes, resulting fromunknown causes. In agricultural and horticultural practice they play a large part, andwhenever they occur in a useful direction, theyare singled out by breeders and become thesources of new races and new varieties. Individual differences are always present, no twopersons being exactly alike. In the same waythe shepherd recognizes air his sheep by distinct marks, and to find two heads in a field ofwheat which cannot be distinguished fromeach other by some peculiarity is a propositionwhich everybody knows to be impossible. Manyhighly improved races of forage plants andagricultural crops have been produced by intelligent breeders simply on the ground of thesealways available dissimilarities. They can beselected and accumulated, augmented andheaped up, until the new race is distinctly preferable to the original strain.In ordinary agricultural breeding, however, it204 UNIVERSITY RECORDis very difficult to distinguish sharply betweenthese two principles. Moreover, for practicalpurposes, this distinction has no definite use.The practice of selection is nearly the same inboth cases, and, besides hybridizing, with whichwe are not now concerned, selection is as yetpractically the only means for the breeder toimprove his races. Hence it came that at Darwin's time there was no clear distinction between the two types of variations, at least not tosuch an extent that a theory of the origin ofspecies could confidently rely upon it.Quetelet's celebrated law of variability waspublished only some years after the appearanceof Darwin's Origin of Species. Variabilityseemed until then to be free from laws, andnearly everything could be ascribed to it orexplained by it. But the renowned Belgianscientist showed that it obeys laws exactly inthe same way as the remainder of the phenomena of nature. The law which rules it is thelaw of probability, and according to this law theoccurrence of variations, their frequency, andtheir degree of deviation can be calculated andpredicted with the same certainty as the chanceof death, of murders, of fires, and of all thosebroad phenomena with which the science ofsociology and the practice of insurance areconcerned.The calculations of probable variations basedon this most important law did not, however,respond to the demands of evolution. Specificcharacters are usually sharply defined againstone another. They are new and separateunits more often than different degrees of thesame qualities. Only with such, however, Quetelet's law is concerned. It explains the degrees, but not the origin, of new peculiarities.Moreover, the degrees of deviation are subjectto reversion to mediocrity, always more or lessreturning in the progeny to the previous state.Species, on the contrary, are usually constantand do not commonly or readily revert into oneanother. It is assumed that from time to time specific reversions occur, but they are too rareto be comparable with the phenomena which areruled by the law of probability.A thorough study of Quetelet's law would nodoubt at once have revealed the weak point inDarwin's conception of the process of evolution.But it was published as part of a larger inquiryin the department of anthropology, and for yearsand years it has been prominent in that science,without, however, being applied to the corresponding phenomena of the life of animals andof plants. Only of late has it freed itself fromits bounds, transgressed the old narrow limits,and displayed its prominent and universal importance as one of the fundamental laws of liv^ing nature.In doing so, however, it has become thestarting-point for a critical review of the verybasis of Darwin's conception of the part playedby natural selection. It at once became clearthat the phenomena which are ruled by this law,and which are bound to such narrow limits,cannot be a basis for the explanation of theorigin of species. It rules quantities and degrees of qualities, but not the qualities themselves.Species, however, are not in the main distinguished from their allies by quantities, norby degrees ; the very qualities may differ. Thehigher animals and plants are not only tallerand heavier than their long-forgotten unicellular forefathers; they surpass them in largenumbers of special characters, which must havebeen acquired by their ancestors in the lapse oftime. How such characters have been broughtabout is the real question with which the theoryof evolution is concerned. Now, if they cannot be explained by the slow and gradual accumulation of individual variations, evidently thesecond alternative of Darwin's original proposition remains. This was based on the sports,on those rare and sudden changes which fromtime to time are seen to occur among cultivatedplants, and which in these cases give rise to newUNIVERSITY RECORD 205strains. If such strains can be proved to offera better analogy to real systematic species, andif the sudden changes can be shown to occur innature as well as they are known to occur in thecultivated condition, then in truth Darwinismcan afford to lose the individual variations as abasis. Then there will be two vast dominionsof variability, sharply limited, and sharply contrasted with one another. One of them will beruled by Quetelet's law of probability, and bythe unavoidable and continuous occurrence ofreversions. It will reign supreme in the sciencesof anthropology and sociology. Outside ofthese, the other will become a new domain ofinvestigation, and will ask to be designated bya new name. Fortunately, however, a really newdesignation is not required, since previous toDarwin's writings the same questions werelargely discussed, and since in these discussionsa distinct name for the sudden and accidentalchanges of species into one another was regularly used. At that time they were called " mutations," and the phenomenon of mutability wasmore or less clearly distinguished from that ofvariability in a more limited sense. Especiallyin France a serious scientific conflict raged onthis point about the middle of the last century,and its near relation to religious questions secured it a large interest. Jordan and Godronwere the leaders, and numerous distinguishedbotanists and zoologists enrolled themselvesunder their banners. They cleared part of theway for Darwin and collected a large amountof valuable evidence. Their facts pleaded forthe sharp and abrupt delimitation of their species, and asked for another explanation thanthat which was derived from the ordinary, slow,and continuous variations.Their evidence, however, was not completeenough to command the decision in their behalf.The direct proof of the sudden changes coul,dnot be offered by them, and they allowed themselves to be driven to the acceptance of supernatural causes on this account. Thereby, how ever, they lost their influence upon the progressof science, and soon fell into oblivion.Instead of following this historical line, however, I have now to point out one of the weightiest objections against the conception of theorigin of species by means of slow and gradualchanges. It is an objection which has beenbrought forward against Darwin from the verybeginning, which has never relented, and whichoften has threatened to impair the whole theoryof descent. It is the incompatibility of the results concerning the age of life on this earth,as propounded by physicists and astronomers,with the demand made by the theory of descent.The deductions made by Lord Kelvin andothers from the central heat of the earth, fromthe rate of the production of the calcareous deposits, from the increase of the amount of saltin the water of the seas, and from various othersources, indicate an age for the inhabitablesurface of the earth of some millions of yearsonly. The most probable estimates lie betweentwenty and forty millions of years. The evolutionists of the gradual line, however, had supposed many thousand of millions of years tobe the smallest amount that would account forthe whole range of evolution, from the very firstbeginning until the appearance of mankind.This large discrepancy has always been asource of doubt and a weapon in the hands ofthe opponents of the evolutionary idea, and it isespecially in this country that much good workhas been done to overcome this difficulty. Thetheory of descent had to be remolded. On thispoint conviction has grown in America duringthe last decades with increasing rapidity*Cope's works stand prominent among all, andmuch valuable discussion and evidence has beenbrought together.The decision, however, could be gained onlyby a direct study of the supposed mutations, butno distinct cases of mutability were at hand toprovide the material. Discussions took the placeof inquiry, and a vast amount of literature has206 UNIVERSITY RECORDbroadly pictured all the possibilities and all themore or less plausible explanations, withoutbeing able to give proof or disproof.In this most discouraging state of things Iconcluded that the only way to get out of theprevailing confusion was to return to the method of direct experimental inquiry. Slow andgradual changes were accepted to be invisibleor nearly so; mutations, however, would beclear and sharp, although of rare occurrence.I determined to start on a search for them, andtried a large number of species, partly nativeforms of my own country and partly from different sources. Each of them had to be triedas to its constancy, and large numbers of seedlings had to be produced and compared. Thechance of finding what I wanted was of coursevery small, and consequently the number of theexperiments had to be increased as far aspossible.Fortune has been propitious to me. It hasbrought into my garden a series of mutationsof the same kind as those which are known tooccur in horticulture, and, moreover, it hasafforded me an instance of mutability such aswould be supposed to occur in nature. Thesudden changes, which until yet were limited tothe experience of the breeders, proved to beaccessible to direct experimental work. Theycannot yet in truth be produced artificially, but,on the other hand, their occurrence can be predicted in some cases with enough probability tojustify the trial. Color changes in flowers,double flowers, regular forms from labiatetypes, and others have been produced more orless at will in my garden, and under conditionswhich allowed of a close scientific study. Thesuddenness of the changes and the perfection ofthe display of the new characters from the verybeginning were the most striking results.These facts, however, only gave an experimental proof of phenomena which were historically known to occur in horticulture. Theythrew light upon the way in which cultivated plants usually produce new forms, but betweenthem and the real origin of species in nature theold gap evidently remained.This gap, however, had to be filled out. Darwin's theory had concluded with an analogy,and this analogy had to be replaced by directobservation.Success has attended my efforts even on thispoint, There has come into my hands a species which has been taken in the very act ofproducing new forms. This species has nowbeen observed in its wild locality during eighteen years, and it has steadily continued to repeatthe phenomenon. I have brought it into mygarden, and here, under my very eyes, the production of new species has been going on, ratherincreasing in rate than diminishing. At onceit rendered superfluous all considerations andall more or less fantastical explanations, replacing them by simple fact. It opened the wayfor further investigations, giving nearly certainty of a future discovery of analogous processes. Whether it is the type of the productionof species in nature, or only one of a more orless large group of types, cannot yet be decided,but this is of no importance in the present stateof the subject. The fact is that it has becomepossible to see species originate, and that thisorigin is sudden and obeys distinct laws.The species which yielded these important results is an American plant. It is a native of theUnited States, and nearly allied to some of themost common and most beautiful among thewild flowering plants of this country. It is anevening primrose, and by a strange but fortunate coincidence bears the name of the greatFrench founder of the theory of evolution. It iscalled "Lamarck's evening primrose," and produces crowns of large and bright yellow flowers,which have even secured it a place among ourbeloved garden plants.The most interesting result which the observation and culture of this plant have brought tolight is a fact which is in direct opposition toUNIVERSITY RECORD 207the current belief. Ordinarily it is assumed thatnew species arise by a series of changes inwhich all the individuals of a locality are equallyconcerned. The whole group is supposed to bemodified in a distinct direction by the agency ofthe environmental forces. All individuals fromtime to time intercross, and are thereby assumedto keep equal pace in the line of modification,no single one being allowed to go distinctlyahead of the others. The whole family gradually changes, and the consequence would be thatthe old form disappears in the same degree asthe new makes its appearance.This easy and plausible conception, however,is plainly contradicted by the new facts. Thereis neither a gradual modification nor a commonchange of all the individuals. On the contrary,the main group remains wholly unaffected bythe production of new species. After eighteenyears it is absolutely the same as at the beginning, and even the same as is found elsewherein localities where no mutability has been observed. It neither disappears nor dies out, noris it ever diminished or changed in the slightestdegree.Moreover, according to the current conception, a changing species would commonly bemodified into only one other form, or at bestbecome split into two different types, separatedfrom one another by flowering at different seasons, or by some other evident means of isolation. My evening primrose, however, producesin the same locality, and at the same time, fromthe same group of plants, quite a number ofnew forms, diverging from their prototype indifferent directions. Thence we must conclude that new speciesare produced sideways by other forms, and thatthis change affects the product only, and not theproducer. The same original form can in thisway give birth to numerous others, and thissingle fact at once gives an explanation of allthose cases in which species comprise numbersof subspecies, or genera large series of nearlyallied forms. Numerous other distinct featuresof our prevailing classification may find on thesame ground an easy and quite natural explanation.To my mind, however, the real significance ofthe new facts is not to be found in the substitution of a new conception for the now prevailingideas ; it lies in the new ways which it opens forscientific research. The origin of species is nolonger to be considered as something beyondour experience. It reaches within the limits ofdirect observation and experiment. Its onlyreal difficulty is the rarity of its occurrence;but this, of course, may be overcome by persevering research. Mutability is manifestly anexceptional state of things if compared with theordinary constancy. But it must occur in nature here and there, and probably even in ourimmediate vicinity. It has only to be soughtfor, and as soon as this is done on a sufficientlylarge scale the study of the origin of species willbecome an experimental science.New lines of work and new prospects willthen be opened, and the application of new discoveries and new laws on forage crops andindustrial plants will largely reward the patienceand perseverance required by the present initialscientific studies.208 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENMembers of the University and Friends:It gives me pleasure on behalf of those present to express to the Convocation orator ourgreat appreciation of the address with which hehas honored us on this occasion. The subjectchosen is one which involves principles thataffect the work of every department of knowledge. A more wide-reaching topic could nothave been selected ; nor could this subject havebeen presented by any man of the present daywhom the scientific world would account ofhigher authority. Under peculiar circumstances, therefore, has there come to us thismessage to which we have listened. For thenoteworthy investigations which have furnishedthe basis of the address the world has alreadypaid its tribute to Professor DeVries. We joinwith others in congratulating him upon thegreat service which he has had the opportunityto render the cause of human knowledge, andwe congratulate ourselves that today it has beenour privilege to be among those whom he hasaddressed.THE DECENNIAL PUBLICATIONS.During the month of September the University Press will be engaged in sending out to alarge number of colleges and universities, libraries and learned societies of this country andabroad the First Series of the Decennial Publications, which will be completed by the issue,during the current Quarter, of Volumes V, VI,and IX; that is, the volumes representing thethree groups of Semitics and New TestamentGreek, the Classics, and Mathematics and thePhysical Sciences. It is proposed that this collection of scientific articles shall be placed inevery important library in the world, so that thelabors of the contributors shall be easily accessible to all their co-workers everywhere. Three1 Presented at the Fifty-second Convocation of theUniversity, held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,September 2, 1904. ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY.'new volumes of the Second Series will beissued by October 1 ; two more are in press ;and the last three, it is expected, will appearduring the academic year.In making this final statement concerningthe Decennial Publications, it is fitting that weshould briefly review some of the more interesting facts concerning the undertaking. In thefirst place, it was not possible to know in advance to what extent such a publication wouldbe supported by the members of the Faculty, norhow far the plan answered to a real need inmaking possible the publication of researcheswhich, on account of their magnitude or theexpense involved in publishing them, could notexpect to find a place in the established journalsin the various branches of study. At first, asthe result of a tentative inquiry, the Senate feltjustified in planning only £.vc volumes. It soonbecame apparent, however, that twice this number of volumes would be needed to provide forthe contributions offered, and later on theSecond Series was organized to take care of thevaluable material available, the nature ofwhich made publication in separate book formdesirable.When the first formal announcement of theprospective contents of the Publications wasmade by the Editorial Committee in the autumnof 1902, it appeared that 90 articles had been definitely promised for the First Series and seventeen volumes for the Second Series. It is safe tosay that a large proportion of the contributionsoffered could not readily have been publishedelsewhere, at least not in the ideal form desiredby their authors, their very comprehensiveness,and in many instances the expensive plates andtables, rendering their cost prohibitory to mostjournals. While it might have seemed desirable, on some grounds, to limit the scope of thesePublications to investigations of this character,excluding shorter articles, yet the interests bothUNIVERSITY RECORD 209of the University and of the members of theFaculty required that the representative character of such a commemorative series should notbe sacrificed to such practical considerations.In the second place, a comparison of thecatalogue of the Publications, as finally completed, with the original announcement, revealsthe gratifying fact that, in a great majority ofcases, the applications for space were based uponinvestigations actually under way and nearingcompletion. The number of contributions submitted which had to be rejected was relativelysmall, and the number of promised articleswhich were not completed in time was insignificant. On the other hand, several importantarticles originally contemplated unfortunatelyhad to be omitted for lack of funds, and forthe same reason a large number of contributions offered after the contents had been arranged could not be accepted. Of the 90 contributors of articles who were originally announced, 76 appear in the final catalogue, besides five others not contained in the firstprogram.The records of the University Press showthat no less than 31,265 copies of the severalcontributions have been sent out in separateform, either by purchase or as gifts. Almostwithout exception they have met with a favorable reception from the scientific world as contributions to knowledge worthy of a great university, and some of them as of distinguishedmerit. While it is true that a work of suchmagnitude was not contemplated, and couldnot have been foreseen, at the beginning, yetit is very gratifying at this time, when we seehow the work expanded in scope as it progressed, to be able to believe that the significance of the Publications for this Universitydoes not, after all, depend upon the large number of pages, volumes, and contributions issued,but upon the real and substantial service tolearning, in the discovery of new truths andof facts hitherto unrecognized, which the mem bers of our Faculty, in the opinion of competentcritics, have been enabled to make, owing tothe liberality of the Trustees and friends ofthe University in setting aside the DecennialPublication Fund. At the same time our experience furnishes a valuable object-lesson,both to ourselves and to the patrons and promoters of learning everywhere, of the urgentneed, in the interests of scientific research, ofan endowed press for the adequate publicationof the results of the eager search after truth,in all departments of knowledge, which characterizes the members of this Faculty in commonwith those of our sister-universities.Before closing this statement concerning thework of the Decennial Publications, I wish toexpress, on behalf of the Trustees and Faculties of the University, a cordial appreciation ofthe work performed by the Editorial Committee and especially of the individual servicerendered by Mr. Capps, chairman of that committee, and by Mr. Miller, Director of the University Press. The interest taken in the workby these gentlemen, the great amount of laborwhich they have expended upon it, the patiencewhich they have exhibited, the ability which theyhave shown in overcoming the most serious difficulties, the care and skill with which the work asa whole has been executed, demand a heartyrecognition, not only on the part of the University officials, but as well of scholars andpublishers in general. I know of no piece ofwork in the entire history of the Universitywhich has been performed with greater conscientiousness, or with more satisfactory results. It is, moreover, a piece of work thevalue of which will be appreciated more keenlyas the years go by.THE COLLEGE OF RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.This College was established by the Trusteesof the University as an undergraduate collegeco-ordinate with the College of Arts and Literature, the College of Science, and the College210 UNIVERSITY RECORDof Commerce and Administration.This action was taken in response to neweducational demands of modern social conditions, and in response to numerous and urgentrequests of practical administrators.The present situation calls for many moreforms of technical preparation than was formerly the case. In the church are neededtrained assistants to take up specialized formsof pastoral duties, Sunday-school superintendents, county and state organizers, visitors,teachers and missionaries, secretaries of Christian associations, etc. In philanthropical societies and in the charitable institutions of statesand municipalities there are calls for trainedhelpers, visitors, teachers, agents, nurses, andsuperintendents who have sufficient culture,scientific knowledge, and special training tomeet the requirements of the positions and becapable of promotion.There is a tendency everywhere to connectprofessional schools with well-endowed andequipped higher institutions. The separateschool has not the facilities of the larger establishment in the way of teachers, libraries, laboratories, and the variety of social interestsof students of many types. Hence not onlyschools of law, medicine, divinity, and engineering are seeking university connections, butalso commercial and pedagogical schools, andtraining institutes for nurses, charity agents,and others.The merit system of appointments to publicadministrative offices has already made suchprogress that many positions in state and municipal institutions are open only to those whocan pass certain examinations and give proof ofthe possession of definite bodies of knowledge.As this righteous and rational movementgathers momentum, the more competent andthoroughly educated administrators will bemore secure in their positions and there will begreater encouragement for thorough preparation. The people will discover that their gen erous purposes are better carried out, theirunfortunate wards more humanely and wiselytreated, and all at diminished cost, than is thecase where ignorant and unfit persons securethe places through merely partisan influence.This College will help to make progress in thisreform possible, and will provide the kind ofpublic servants which it demands.It should be distinctly understood that thisCollege will avoid the policy of encouragingvery young persons to make a precociouschoice of a profession and begin to specializewhile they are still immature. Those will beencouraged to take the work of this Collegewho are so far advanced that they can makea sober and wise choice, and who have discovered that they must return to school to attaincertain qualifications which they lack. Therewill be no superficial preparation of youngmen for the sacred ministry, but promising anduseful men too old to profit by a full college andgraduate divinity course, and pastors anxioustc make up for the defects of early education,will be afforded the help they need.Classes are already open to students who arequalified by previous study in high schools, andprovisions are made for observation and practice in the city institutions.THE MORGAN PARK ACADEMY.Away from the main quadrangle of the Uni- *versity, and so not under the notice of itsmembers, is the University's Academy for Boysat Morgan Park. There, with its equipmentof ample grounds and seven beautiful buildingsof brick and stone, a Faculty of eleven experienced and well-trained men have been now fortwelve years giving thorough preparation forcollege and technical school.The function of any endowed secondaryschool for boarding pupils is larger than thatof any day school, endowed or public. In avery true sense habits, as well as history andHomer, should be a part of the curriculum,UNIVERSITY RECORD 211and large opportunity is offered for the training of character.These are days of close competition amongboarding schools, and much appears in printedcatalogues and yearbooks that pleases the eye,but that partakes, after all, more of the natureof vestment and outer covering of man than ofthe true and essential quality of manliness.Molded into the old chapel bell of PhillipsExeter Academy was the invitation: "Comehither boys, that ye be men." At MorganPark, the Phillips Exeter or the Andover ofthis region, a similar invitation is extended tothe boys of the middle West. It is a great andmany-sided problem and responsibility to prepare a boy for the wide freedom of the university life with its attendant temptations. Ouraim at the Academy is to develop the manliness in a boy by rendering him able to steerhis own craft, and the best way to do this isto give him practice under supervision. Boysare not men and cannot safely be treated asmen. We must restrict them in certain ways,yet within these restrictions some room is leftfor self -guidance. I do not believe there isany school where the supervision is more constant, but I repeat that in all our supervisingand regulating the dominant aim is to makethe boy a safe pilot for himself. With increasing appreciation this invitation of ours is beingaccepted by boys of, not only the upper Mississippi Valley, but of Colorado, Texas, and theSouth and Southwest. Where, for any reason,inadequacy of local educational opportunityexists, there lives the boy for whom the Academy at Morgan Park was established; andthis means not only the remote and rural community, but the crowded city as well, with itsfrequent necessity of ignoring too largely theindividual in the educational process. In fact,to Chicago parents the Academy at MorganPark offers an especial and an exceptionalopportunity. There, without the long separation that attends the sending a boy to the older schools of the East, the Chicago parent mayobtain equal scholastic advantages for him nearhome.I invite you all to visit Morgan Park to seethe beauty of the Academy's surroundings andthe excellence of the provision made there fora boy's welfare.THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE THEOLOGICALUNION.Every professional school needs the advice ofthose engaged in the practical work for whichit is fitting students. Especially is this true ofschools which, like those of divinity and education, depend in large measure for their successupon a constituency whose desires, by the verynature of the case, are to be consulted in theplacing of the school's graduates. To bringsuch schools into touch with their constituenciesis but to recognize the actual conditions of theirsuccess.During the past few months a decided advance toward establishing closer relations withone such constituency has been taken by theTrustees of the Divinity School. At the request of the Faculty of the Divinity School, anAdvisory Committee of One Hundred has beenappointed composed of prominent ministers andlaymen of the country, and the first meeting ofthe committee was held June 14, 1904. Inestablishing this committee the Trustees of theDivinity School have had in mind the fact, sooften overlooked, that any large progress inbiblical and theological study is impossible outside of purely academic circles, unless accompanied by advance among the churches.Mutual distrust would be fatal to the cause forwhich the divinity school and the churches alikeexist. A divinity school is not intended to produce mere investigators, but men of influencein society.This Advisory Committee of One Hundredis divided into five classes, the members of eachof which are elected annually by the Trustees212 UNIVERSITY RECORDof the Divinity School to serve five years. Thechairman, Mr. Andrew McLeish, Vice-President of the Board of Trustees of the University,has been appointed by the Trustees. The function of the committee is to become acquaintedwith the work which is being done in the Divinity School, and, in the light of such informationas it may gain, to make recommendation to theFaculty and the Trustees looking to the largerefficiency of the School. Its first meeting disclosed how wide is the interest of the Baptistdenomination in the work of the DivinitySchool, and, although the committee did notjudge itself ready to make recommendationsbefore a second session to be held in December,it is already apparent that it is capable of rendering real service both to the School and tothat portion of its constituency it represents.In case this experiment proves the success itis expected, similar advisory committees will beappointed in the interest of the other religiousbodies represented in the attendance of theSchool. In view of the emphasis laid by theUniversity upon academic freedom, it needhardly be added that such an advisory committee is in no way intended to limit that freedomof interest and teaching which our DivinitySchool is universally held to represent.THE DIVINITY SCHOOL BUILDING.In the Quarterly Statement at the last Convocation it was announced that an effort wasin progress to secure funds for the erection ofa new building for the Divinity School. It wasproposed to begin this effort by securing aninitial subscription of $100,000, all pledgesbeing conditioned on the raising of this amount.The work of solicitation was carried on hopefully through June and July. Many friends ofthe Divinity School in the city and in the country were visited. A large number of smallsubscriptions were secured, and many assurances of help were given which have not yetbeen put into the form of definite subscriptions. The definite pledges made aggregate $26,000,and it is believed that from others, who havepromised to make their subscriptions a littlelater, as much more has practically been assured. Before the opening of the AutumnQuarter the work of solicitation will again betaken up, and it will be prosecuted vigorouslyuntil the initial $100,000 has been secured,when further plans will be made.The difficulties in this undertaking are considerable, arising mostly from the fact that thefunds must be sought almost exclusively from asingle denomination which does not containmany people of large means in Chicago and theWest. A very large number of small subscriptions can be found, but it is evident that a fewfriends of the School must give considerablesums if we secure this much-needed building.THE EXPEDITION FOR SOLAR RESEARCH.With the aid of a grant of $10,000 from theCarnegie Institution, for use during the currentyear, the Yerkes Observatory has sent an expedition to Mount Wilson (5,886 feet) nearPasadena, California, for the purpose of making special investigations of the sun. Theprincipal instrument to be erected on the mountain is the Snow horizontal telescope, recentlyconstructed in the instrument and optical shopsof the Yerkes Observatory. This telescope isa ccelostat reflector, the ccelostat mirror havinga diameter of 30 inches. A second plane mirror, 24 inches in diameter, reflects the beamfrom the ccelostat north to either one of twoconcave mirrors, each of 24 inches aperture.One of these concave mirrors, of about 60 feetfocal length, is to be used in conjunction witha solar spectrograph of 5 inches aperture and13 feet focal length; a spectroheliograph of 7inches aperture, resembling the Rumford spectroheliograph of the Yerkes Observatory; anda stellar spectrograph provided with a largeconcave grating, and mounted in a constant-temperature laboratory. It is hoped that it willUNIVERSITY RECORD 213be possible with this stellar spectrograph tophotograph the spectra of a few of the brighteststars. For fainter stars the spectrograph is tobe provided with several prisms, for use singlyor in combination.The concave mirror of the ccelostat reflectoris designed to give a large focal image of thesun, especially adapted for investigations witha powerful spectroheliograph, and for spectroscopic studies of sun-spots and other solarphenomena. The focal length of this mirroris about 145 feet, so that it will give a solarimage about 16 inches in diameter. The spectroheliograph is to be of 7 inches aperture and30 feet focal length. For the present, until asuitable grating can be obtained, the dispersivetrain of this instrument will consist of threeprisms of 45 ° refracting angle, used in conjunction with a plane mirror, so as to give atotal deviation of 1800. The motion of thesolar image, of which a zone about 4 incheswide can be photographed with the spectroheliograph, will be produced by rotating theconcave mirror about a vertical axis by meansof a driving-clock. A second driving-clock,controlled electrically so as to be synchronouswith the first driving-clock, will cause the photographic plate to move behind the second slit.Three slits will be provided at this point, so asto permit photographs to be taken simultaneously through as many different lines of thespectra. It is hoped that this spectroheliograph will prove to be well suited for use withsome of the narrower dark lines of the solarspectrum.The work is to be under the immediate direction of Professor George E. Hale, Director ofthe Yerkes Observatory. During his absenceProfessor E. B. Frost will be in charge of theYerkes Observatory, with the title of ActingDirector. Professor Frost will also be managing editor of the Astrophysical Journal. Mr.Ferdinand Ellerman and Mr. Walter S. Adamswill be associated with Professor Hale in thework at Mount Wilson. A SOLAR ECLIPSE EXPEDITION.It is very desirable that the Observatory ofthe University should send an eclipse expedition to Spain for the observation of the nexttotal eclipse, which occurs on August 30, 1905.It is believed that special advantages will beoffered in connection with this eclipse forobtaining large photographs of the solar coronawhich may be used in the further study of itsstructure. It is also believed that data of avaluable character may be obtained in connection with the search for intramercurial planets.An observing station in Spain would contributeto both of these investigations as well as tomany polarigraphic and spectrographic studies.The cost of such an expedition will be from$5,000 to $10,000. The University will beunable to arrange for it unless a special giftfor that purpose shall be received. The matterwill require to be decided within the next sixmonths.THE BABYLONIAN EXPEDITION.The Expedition of the Oriental ExplorationFund (Babylonian Section) of the Universityof Chicago, under the Field-Directorship of Dr.E. J. Banks, has met with great success duringits first period of excavation at Bismya. Fullreports of the work have been published monthly in the Biblical World.Bismya, which was supposed to be the site ofthe ancient Isin, has been identified as Adab,and the Field Director has information whichhe hopes will enable him to identify Isin in thenear future.The work of excavation has been carried onfrom December 25, 1903, until June 1, with aforce of one hundred and twenty men. Thefinds have been more interesting and morenumerous than we had any reason to hope for.Dr. Banks, in a recent report, compares Bismyawith Nippur, where the expedition of the University of Pennsylvania has done such excellentwork. The two ruins are almost identical in shape.At Nippur the temple is on the side of the214 UNIVERSITY RECORDcanal ; at Bismya, upon an island in it. Nippuris fully three times as high as Bismya, butBismya is the greater in extent, and it is onlyalong the southwestern border that it is a littlehigher than the desert level. At Nippur theruins on the surface are comparatively modern ;at Bismya, Sargonic and pre-Sargonic ruinsare on the surface. At Nippur nine-tenths arepost-Sargonic ; at Bismya nine-tenths are pre-Sargonic. Bismya was a ruin before Nippurhad risen to importance. At Nippur the canaland vegetation about may have assisted greatlyin 'raising the general level of the land; atBismya the sandstorms have worn away theruins, and the desert level has changed butslightly since the earliest times. Consequently,the amount of work required to excavate atNippur is many times greater, for the antiquities are deep, and dirt must be carried to a greater distance ; at Bismya the most ancient objectsare on or near the surface, and the dirt, comparatively little in quantity, may be left near theexcavations.Dr. Banks is of the opinion that during thefive months' work at Bismya as great a portionof the ruin has been excavated as the threeexpeditions to Nippur have accomplished. Anestimate that one-fifth of each ruin has beenexcavated would not be far out of the way.The firman for Bismya continues until December, 1905 ; that is, a period of twelve working months. The Field Director thinks thatwith three hundred men and $20,000 excavations at this site may be brought to a close atthat time without asking the Turkish government for a renewal of the firman.The Exploration Fund has on hand for thiswork $15,000 of the $20,000 which is needed.It is to be hoped that the friends of orientalstudies will come to the help of the Fund.The following statement is an extract froma letter from Rev. Mr. Ussher, of London, whohas been visiting the various sites in Turkeyin Asia: Bismya, after four months of the most economicalmanagement, under trials and deprivations which none ofthe other excavators have experienced because they are alldifferently situated (save perhaps Fara, where the Germans were obliged to cease working), has yielded a sufficient return to reimburse the University of Chicagomanifold, and open up new fields of research in thelanguage, religion, and arts of pre-Sargonic historyhitherto unknown. Bismya seems to have been a ruinbefore Nippur began to be great, such is its antiquity.I can assure you, after having seen all these sites,made the personal acquaintance of those in charge, studiedtheir methods, and feeling fairly well informed as to results, that Bismya will add a crowning glory to themall, not even surpassed by Nippur, of which the University of Pennsylvania is so proud, and justly so.It is the intention of the Director, who servedas Assyriologist during the first year of excavation at Nippur, and of the Director for Palestine, where it is hoped excavations may bebegun in the near future, to be on the field atBismya during the last four months of excavation.THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.The resignation of Professor John Dewey, Director of the School of Education, was a sourceof surprise and great regret to the University.Our best wishes go with him in the new fieldof work which he has chosen. It is understood that for the present, at all events, noDirector will be appointed to fill the vacancyoccasioned by his departure. It is a questionwhether in the future development of theSchool of Education, the policy should be continued of placing the school so completely inthe hands of one man. It is altogether probable that a different policy will be followed —one more consistent with that adopted in theprofessional schools of law, medicine, anddivinity. In these schools the educationalpolicy is administered very definitely by theFaculty through the Deans. Mr. Jackman, inresigning the Deanship of the College of Education and accepting the Principalship of theElementary School, will have an opportunitywhich he has long desired to work out in con-UNIVERSITY RECORD 215nection with the administration of the school amore definite plan for teacher training. Applications for membership in the ElementarySchool have been received at this date to thenumber of 257, and there is a waiting list of 16.The Deanship of the College made vacant byMr. Jackman's acceptance of the Principalshipof the Elementary School has been filled by theappointment of Associate Professor George H.Locke. Mr. Locke brings to this position alarge experience in school administration andan administrative ability which has already beentested. The work of the Summer Quarterunder Mr. Locke's administration was exceedingly successful. The number in attendancewas 22 per cent, greater than for the corresponding period in the preceding year.After one year spent in the new buildings,the work of the School has settled down intomore definite organization, and during the coming year we believe the efficiency of the Schoolwill be greater even than heretofore.THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION.The report of the Extension work for theyear closing June 30, herewith presented, exhibits a bright side and a dark side.The bright side is the fact that a greater number of lecture courses was given during theyear closing than ever before, and these lecturescover a larger territory.The dark side of the report consists in thefact that there was a difference between thereceipts and the expenditures of $11,685.34.This difference is greater than in any precedingyear. It is a larger variation than the Trusteesare able or willing to sanction. It is quite evident that steps must be taken in the immediatefuture to rearrange the schedule of the LectureDivision in order that the amount of expenditure may be reduced and the amount of receipts,if possible, increased. Various suggestionslooking to this end have been made and willreceive the consideration of the Faculty and theTrustees during the Autumn Quarter. Inas much as no special endowment for this workhas yet been provided, a strong effort will haveto be made by those especially interested in thework, both inside and outside the University,to render assistance in solving the problemw hich now confronts us.The Lecture-Study Department. — During theyear ending June 30, 1904, there have beendelivered by members of the University Faculty, under the auspices of the Lecture-StudyDepartment, 212 courses of six lecture-studieseach in 146 different centers, with a totalattendance upon the courses amounting to44,632. These lectures were delivered bytwenty-eight different men in ten differentdepartments of instruction. As in the pastyear, the Department of Sociology and Anthropology leads, with 77 courses; the Department of English Language and Literaturecomes second, with 47 ; and the Department ofHistory, third, with 36. These courses weredelivered in sixteen different states, Illinoisleading with 85, Ohio coming second with 32,and Michigan third with 20.During the year 106 traveling libraries, containing 4,528 volumes, were sent to these centers. These libraries, being sent to the centerbefore the opening of the course and remainingthere for the use of its members until after thecourse is concluded, constitute a valuable feature of the work. A comparative statement ofthe number of centers active and courses delivered during the past five years is as follows :Centers Courses Attendance97 127 29,693no 139 32,807140 190 35,922146 208 43,564146 212 44,632In addition to the centers under the auspicesof which courses of lectures have been delivered, twelve literary clubs have pursued coursesof study prepared by the Department.216 UNIVERSITY RECORDDuring the year an interesting experimentwas undertaken by the Department in the organization of a Social Science center for thepurpose of training men and women "in theprinciples, methods, and relations of philanthropic and social work." In response to therequest of a committee of the Social ServiceClub, whose membership comprises a large proportion of the staff of workers employed inpublic and private philanthropic institutionsand organizations of the city, the Universityundertook the organization of a Social Sciencecenter in connection with the work of the Lecture-Study Department. Under the directionof Professor Graham Taylor, of Chicago Commons, a course of thirty-seven practical lecturesoutlined by him and others actively engaged inphilanthropic work in the city was inauguratedin the Fine Arts Building, January 12, and continued on Tuesday and Friday evenings, endingJune 3. The course was outlined with reference to the special needs of those desiring practical training in philanthropic and social work.It was consequently expected that it wouldappeal to a limited number only. The promoters of the work were not only gratified, butsurprised, when fifty-six earnest people at onceregistered, most of them for the entire course.In making a report at the conclusion of thework Professor Taylor says:The enrolment was a pleasant surprise, not only in itsnumber, but in its make-up, for it showed that those forwhose sake the experiment was tried eagerly respondedto the opportunities it opened. It was, therefore, considered a very auspicious sign of permanency and growththat the first class could start with so large a representation of those who are regularly employed in the principalpublic and private philanthropies of the city. Therewere many workers, in some cases a majority, from thestaffs of such organizations as the Bureau of AssociatedCharities, United Hebrew Charities, the visiting nurses,Penny Provident Bank, several hospitals, the CentralHoward Association for the aid of discharged prisoners,the county agent's office, probation officers of the JuvenileCourt, reformatory institutions, the social settlements,students from lay and theological training schools, deaconesses, and other church workers. Among the trained specialists who gratuitously gave their services to this work, and towhom we are indebted for its success were :Mr. Alexander Johnson, former superintendent of theIndiana School for the Feeble-Minded.Miss Julia C. Lathrop, formerly of the State Board ofCharities.Dr. Hastings H. Hart, superintendent of the IllinoisChildren's Home and Aid Society.Miss Harriet Fulmer, of the Visiting Nurses' Association.Dr. William A. Evans.Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell, of the Chicago Bureau ofCharities.Mr. John J. Sloan, superintendent of the House ofCorrection, Chicago.Mr. J. Emery Lyon, superintendent of the CentralHoward Association.Mr. Robert Hunter, of New York city.Judge Julian W. Mack.Mr. Raymond Robins, of the City Homes Association,Chicago.Miss Mary E. McDowell, of the University of Chicago Settlement.Mr. George W. Perkins, of the Cigarmakers' International Union.Miss Jane Addams, of Hull House.Professor Graham Taylor, of Chicago Commons.Professors Charles R. Henderson and Charles Zueblin,of the University of Chicago.Within a short time announcements will bemade of next year's course, which will begin inthe Autumn and continue through the Winterand Spring.The Correspondence-Study Department. —The year just closing has been most encouraging and significant for the Correspondence-Study work. More departments of instructionand more instructors have allied themselveswith this work during the past twelve monthsthan during any similar period since the inauguration of the movement. The number ofstudents enrolled in the Department has beengreater than ever before ; in fact, in all particulars the records of 1903-4 will surpass those ofprevious years.The growing spirit of co-operation within the 'University and the response to the privilegesextended through this Department from with-UNIVERSITY RECORD 217out augur auspiciously for the future. As anexpression of satisfaction with the results obtained through this method of instruction, it hasbeen decided to give still further recognition tothe workers in the Correspondence- Study Department. The forms which this recognitiontakes will bring about, it is hoped, a closer relation between the University and its non-residentstudents, and will make it possible for more ofthem to attend the University in person. Therecognition will take the form of the followingScholarships and awards:i. A scholarship of one Quarter's full tuitionin residence ($40) will be awarded for everyfour different Major correspondence courseswhich a student satisfactorily completes andpasses by examination.2. A scholarship of one Quarter's full tuitionin residence ($40) will be awarded annually,on April 1, to each of the three students whohave satisfactorily completed and passed byexamination the greatest number of Majorcorrespondence courses during the precedingtwelve months. To qualify for one of theseScholarships one must thus finish at least threeMajors during the period.3. The names of those who win Scholarshipsand of those who have satisfactorily completedand passed by examination three or moreMajor correspondence courses by April 1 ofeach year will be printed in the Annual Register of the University.4. The Annual Register will be sent to eachcorrespondence student whose name appearstherein.5. The University Record will be sent forone year to every correspondence student whoregisters for one or more Major courses duringthe year.UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.University College closed its sixth year ofwork on March 30, though a few volunteerclasses met during the Spring Quarter. There were for the year 130 matriculations of newstudents and a total attendance of 436. University College students complete on the average one and one-half Majors each during thesix months of the session. Many of themcontinue work by correspondence the rest ofthe year, and a large number fulfil the University expectation by attendance at the Quadrangles during the Summer Quarter.The figures show a falling off of thirty students for the year. This is accounted for bythe attendance of our students upon the freecourses of study offered by the normal extension classes of the city school system. It is feltby the superintendent of schools and by University College officers that there is abundantroom for both types of courses, and that theUniversity work will ultimately profit by thegreat interest being aroused in the teachers ofthe city.During the coming year it is proposed toorganize, under the auspices of University College, a system of high-grade Private Tutoring,to be conducted during morning hours. It iscertain that there are many persons in Chicagonot able to attend classes who yet wish instruction of the highest efficiency, guaranteed by theUniversity. University College rooms make anideal place for this work, being well-appointedand in the center of the city. The Departmentsof Greek, Latin, English, French, German,Mathematics, History, and Psychology will bethe ones ready for service by October 1.It is expected also to make the resources andfacilities of the School of Education more available for the teachers of Chicago. Courses frommany of the departments are to be offered inthe evenings and on Saturdays. The laboratories, library, museums, and art and textilerooms will be opened for this service.Mrs. Blaine has most generously renewedher subscription, which enables this work to goon, and the University repeats its statement218 UNIVERSITY RE CORDthat in no other division of our work is moreeducational service performed with so small anexpenditure of money.THE NEW LEXINGTON COMMONS.I am permitted to announce that by action ofthe Trustees authority has been given for theestablishment of a Woman's Commons in Lexington Hall. This Commons is intended tomake provision for women who live in theneighborhood of the University, but do notreside in the University Houses. Instead ofthe luncheon heretofore served by the Women'sUnion, three meals will be served, and the aimwill be to make the service as satisfactory inevery particular as in the Men's Commons inHutchinson Hall.It may be of interest in this connection toannounce that during the year closing June 30,1904, $94,343.15 were received from the variousdivisions of the University Commons, namely,the Women's Halls, Hutchinson Commons, Morgan Park Commons, and School of EducationLunch Room. The expenditures in connectionwith these various divisions was $93,660.81,leaving a balance of $782.34. It is to be notedthat in the conduct of the Commons each division is expected to be self-sustaining, while allmoney received in payment for table board isexpended for the same. Great credit for thesuccess of this work is due to its most efficientmanager, Miss Yeomans.A LIBRARY OF FAMILY INSTITUTIONS.The University of Chicago has recently acquired Professor George Elliott Howard'sspecial "Library of Family Institutions." Itconsists of about seventeen hundred volumes; and it is probably the largest andbest collection of monographs ever made on thesubject of the family, marriage, and divorce.The books were gathered by Mr. Howard during the many years devoted to his recentlypublished History of Matrimonial Institutions. They are of great interest to all students ofreligious, juridical, and sociological history.The first division, "Ancient MatrimonialInstitutions," comprises over two hundred andfifty volumes. The whole field of primitivemarriage and the family is covered, includingthe institutions of Arabia, Africa, India, Australia, Japan, China, and the American aborigines. The collection is rich in works relatingto the Hebrews and Romans. Of the books inthis division may be mentioned Marshall's APhrenologist amongst the Todas; Martin'sRechtszustande unter den Ureinwohnem Bra-ziliens; Brissonius's De ritu nuptiarum (1564) ;Titsingh's rare Ceremonies au Japon (1822);and a copy of the splendid work of the Sarasinbrothers on the Weddas von Ceylon.The second division, relating to "Matrimonial Institutions in England and under Germanic and Canon Law," contains over sixhundred volumes. Here are many German,French, Italian, and English monographs. Thesixteenth and seventeenth centuries are represented by a large number of scarce editions.There are, for instance, a tract of Luther(1523) ; a copy of Bugenhagen's De conjugioepiscoporum (1525) ; one of Pallavicino(1673); one of Sarcerine (1553); a uniquecopy of Bullinger's Der christlich EhestandU579); and a collection of English works,many of them very scarce, from Elizabeth toEdward VII.Equally rich in modern and early editions isthe third division, "Matrimonial Institutionsand Problems in America and Europe," comprising nearly five hundred numbers. Thispart is strong in books relating to France, therevolutionary period being well represented.There are many scarce works relating to theposition of women; and a set of bound volumes contains one hundred and forty choicearticles taken from periodicals.A fourth division includes works on Neo-Malthusianism and related topics ; while in theUNIVERSITY RECORD 219fifth division are listed several hundred dissertations covering the preceding four centuriesand dealing with every phase of matrimonialhistory and jurisprudence.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORTS FOR THESPRING AND SUMMER QUARTERS, I904.During the Spring Quarter, 1904, there wasadded to the Library of the University a totalnumber of 4,295 volumes, from the followingsources :Books added by purchase, 2,402 volumes, distributed asfollows : Anatomy, 34 vols. ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 5 vols. ;Astronomy ^Yerkes), 1 vol.; Bacteriology, 11 vols.;Biology, 347 vols.; Botany, 18 vols.; Chemistry, 45 vols.;Church History, 64 vols. ; Classical Archaeology, 5 vols. ;Commerce and Administration, 53 vols. ; ComparativeReligion, 8 vols. ; Dano-Norwegian and Swedish Theological Seminary, 5 vols. ; Divinity, 29 vols. ; Embryology, 4 vols.; English, 71 vols.; General Library, 188vols.; Geography, 46 vols.; Geology, 15 vols.; German,74 vols.; Greek, 42 vols.; History, 195 vols.; History ofArt, 50 vols.; Japanese, 1 vol.; Latin, 15 vols.; Latinand Greek, 9 vols. ; Law School, 475 vols. ; Mathematics,so vols. ; Morgan Park Academy, 20 vols. ; Neurology,29 vols.; New Testament, 13 vols.; Palaeontology, 11vols.; Pathology, 12 vols.; Pedagogy, 24 vols.; Philosophy, 94 vols. ; Physics, 29 vols. ; Physiological Chemistry, 1 0 vols. ; Physiology, 6 vols. ; Political Economy,50 vols. ; Political Science, 73 vols. ; Public Speaking,3 vols. ; Romance, 13 vols. ; Sanskrit and ComparativePhilology, 21 vols. ; School of Education, 93 vols. ;Semitic, 10 vols.; Sociology, 16 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 10 vols.; Systematic Theology, 32 vols.; Zoology,3 vols.Books added by gift, 1,288 volumes, distributed as follows : Anthropology, 1 vol.; Astronomy (Ryerson), 2vols.; Botany, 12 vols.; Chemistry, 1 vol.; Church History, 5 vols.; Commerce and Administration, 21 vols.;Divinity, 4 vols. ; English, 4 vols. ; General Library, 557vols. ; Geography, 67 vols. ; Geology, 26 vols. ; German, 7vols. ; Greek, 3 vols. ; History, 1 1 vols. ; History of Art,14 vols. ; Latin, 2 vols. ; Law School, 2 vols. ; Literature,Dept. XVI, 14 vols. ; Mathematics, 7 vols. ; Neurology,1 vol. ; New Testament, 4 vols. ; Palaeontology, 1 vol. ;Pathology, 5 vols. ; Pedagogy, 4 vols. ; Philosophy, 3vols. ; Physical Culture, 450 vols. ; Physics, 8 vols. ;Political Economy, 13 vols.; Political Science, 15 vols.;Romance, 4 vols. ; School of Education, 5 vols. ; Sociology* 9 vols. ; Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol. ; SystematicTheology, 4 vols. ; Zoology, 1 vol. Books added by exchange for University publications,(S05 volumes, distributed as follows : Botany, 23 vols. ;Church History, 6 vols. ; Commerce and Administration,3 vols.; General Library, 461 vols.; Geology, 8 vols.;German, 1 vol. ; Neurology, 1 vol. ; New Testament, 3vols. ; Pedagogy, 52 vols. ; Philosophy, 3 vols. ; PoliticalEconomy, 32 vols. ; Political Science, 1 vol. ; School ofEducation, 1 vol. ; Semitic, 1 vol. ; Sociology, 3 vols. ;Systematic Theology, 6 vols.Special gifts for the Spring Quarter, 1904. — UnitedStates Government : 282 vols., documents ; Dominion ofCanada : 55 vols., reports ; Houghton, Mifflin & Co. : 20vols., text-books ; Rand, McNally & Co. : 47 vols., textbooks ; Scott, Foresman & Co. : 1 1 vols., text-books ;The Macmillan Co.: 61 vols., text-books; Mr. J. L.Laughlin: 51 vols, and 15 pamphlets, miscellaneous; Mr.Henry Phipps : 14 vols., History of Art ; Mr. J. PaulGoode: 32 vols, and 14 pamphlets, geographical, geological, etc. ; Mr. R. D. Salisbury : 27 vols, and 95pamphlets, geographical, geological, etc. ; Dr. Charles R.Henderson : 1 1 vols, and 25 1 pamphlets, miscellaneous ;Mr. R. G. Moulton : 14 vols., Works of William Morris ;Mr. H. R. Hatfield : 1 1 vols., United States documents ;The Chicago Datty News Co. : 35 vols., Chicago DailyNews ; City of Boston : 5 vols., Reports ; New Yorkcity : 34 vols., Reports ; Estate of Leopold Mayer : 85vols., text-books and Hebrew literature ; Michigan Academy of Science : 4 vols., Proceedings ; Miss Minard :35 copies of " The Press, the Pulpit, and the Stage," byJ. H. McVicker.During the Summer Quarter, 1904, there hasbeen added to the Library of the University atotal number of 4,560 volumes, from the following sources:Books added by purchase, 3,196 volumes, distributed asfollows : Anatomy, 12 vols. ; Anthropology, 5 vols. ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 10 vols.; Astronomy [(Yerkes), 5vols. ; Bacteriology, 2 vols. ; Biology, 257 vols. ; Botany,17 vols.; Chemistry, 54 vols.; Church History, 103 vols.;Classical Archaeology, 19 vols. ; Commerce and Administration, 31 vols.; Comparative Religion, 6 vols.; Dano-Norwegian Theological Seminary, 6 vols. ; DivinitySchool, 36 vols. ; Embryology, 2 vols. ; English, 239 vols. ;English, German, and Romance, 24 vols. ; General Library,272 vols. ; Geography, 41 vols. ; Geology, 6 vols. ; German, 138 vols.; Greek, 41 vols.; History, 499 vols.;History of Art, 149 vols. ; Latin, 27 vols. ; Latin andGreek, 33 vols. ; Latin, Greek and Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 2 vols. ; Latin, New Testament andChurch History, i vol. ; Law School, 483 vols. ; Literature in English, 42 vols. ; Mathematics, 62 vols. ; MorganFark Academy, 37 vols.; Neurology, 12 vols.; New220 UNIVERSITY RECORDTestament, 4 vols. ; Pathology, 1 vol. ; Pedagogy, 23vols.; Philosophy, 32 vols.; Physics, 13 vols.; Physiological Chemistry, 3 vols. ; Physiology, 24 vols. ; PoliticalEconomy, 30 vols. ; Political Science, 34 vols. ; PublicSpeaking, 2 vols. ; Romance, 191 vols. ; Sanskrit andComparative Philology, 31 vols.; School of Education,57 vols.; Semitic, 16 vols.; Semitic and New Testament, 1 vol.; Sociology, 10 vols.; Sociology (Divinity),9 vols. ; Swedish Theological Seminary, 4 vols. ; Systematic Theology, 9 vols. ; Zoology, 29 vols.Books added by gift, 754 volumes, distributed as follows : Astronomy (Ryerson), 2 vols.; Biology, 2 vols.;Botany, 4 vols. ; Church History, 7 vols. ; Commerce andAdministration, 11 vols.; Divinity School, 14 vols.; English, 7 vols. ; English, German, and Romance, 1 vol. ;General Library, 519 vols.; Geography, 8 vols.; Geology,35 vols. ; German, 1 vol. ; History, 5 vols. ; History ofArt, 8 vols. ; Homiletics, 1 vol. ; Latin, 4 vols. ; Lexington Hall, 1 vol. ; Mathematics, 1 vol. ; New Testament,2 vols. ; Pathology, 1 vol. ; Pedagogy, 1 vol. ; Philosophy,4 vols. ; Physical Culture, 2 vols. ; Physics, 3 vols. ;Physiology, 1 vol. ; Political Economy, 44 vols. ; PoliticalScience, 8 vols. ; Public Speaking, 2 vols. ; Sanskrit andComparative Philology, 1 vol. ; School of Education, 10vols. ; Semitic, 4 vols. ; Sociology, 1 1 vols. ; SwedishTheological Seminary, 23 vols. ; Systematic Theology, 3vols. ; Zoology, 3 vols.Books added by exchange for University publications,610 volumes, distributed as follows : Astronomy (Ryerson),1 vol.; Astronomy (Yerkes), 13 vols.; Botany, 9 vols.;Church History, 4 vols. ; English, 3 vols. ; General Library, 522 vols. ; Geography, 4 vols. ; Geology, 2 vols. ;Homiletics, 1 vol. ; Latin and Greek, 1 vol. ; New Testament, 3 vols. ; Pedagogy, 6 vols. ; Political Economy, 20vols. ; Political Science, 3 vols. ; Semitic, 2 vols. ; Sociology, 11 vols.; Swedish Theological Seminary, 1 vol.;Systematic Theology, 4 vols.Special gifts. — Connecticut Railroad Commissioner, 6vols. ; Florida Railroad Commissioner, 6 vols. ; Massachusetts Railroad Commissioner, 7 vols. ; MississippiRailroad Commissioner, 6 vols. ; New York RailroadCommissioner, 25 vols. ; Ohio Railroad Commissioner,1 1 vols. ; Texas Railroad Commissioner, 1 0 vols. ; IndianaState Board of Tax Commissioners, 15 vols.; Pennsylvania State Reports, 61 vols.NEW APPOINTMENTS.The following new appointments have beenmade since April 1, 1904:John Laurikainen, to give instruction in Finnish in Swedish Theological Seminary at Morgan Park. William R. Blair^ to the position of storekeeper in the Department of Physics.William C. Alden, to a Docentship in Geology.Henry H. Lane, to a Laboratory Assistantshipin the Department of Zoology.Victor E. Shelford, to a Laboratory Assistantship in the Department of Zoology.Oscar Riddle, to a Laboratory Assistantshipin the Department of Zoology.James H. Lees, to a Research Assistantshipin the Department of Geology.Elliott S. Hall, to a Research Assistantship inChemistry.William Irving, to a Mechanical Assistant-ship in the Department of Physiology.Charles F. Adams, to an Assistantship in theZoological Museum.George W. Tannreuther, to a Laboratory Assistantship in the Department of Zoology.William J. Moffatt, to an Assistantship inthe Department of Greek.William Benson, to an Assistantship in Greek.Hugh McGuigan, to an Assistantship in theDepartment of Physiological Chemistry.Milton A. Buchanan, to an Assistantship inthe Romance Department.Julius A. Brown, to a Volunteer ResearchAssistantship at the Yerkes Observatory.Reuben M. Strong, to an Associateship in theDepartment of Zoology.Amy L. Daniels, to an Associateship in theDepartment of Domestic Economy in the University High School.E. R. Breslich, to an Associateship in Mathematics in the University High School.Katharine E. Dopp, to an Associateship inEducation in the Extension Division.Arthur E, Bestor, to a Lectureship in theUniversity Extension Division.William N. Guthrie, to a Lectureship inGeneral Literature.Mrs. Alice P. Norton, to an Assistant Professorship in the Department of HouseholdAdministration.Toyokichi Iyenaga, to an Associate Professorial Lectureship in Political Science.Alfred L. P. Dennis, to an Associate Professorship in the Department of History.UNIVERSITY RECORD 221Richard Burton, to a. Professorial Lectureship in English Literature.John Cummings, to a Deanship in UniversityCollege.Howard T. Ricketts, to a Medical Dean Assistantship.Harry G. Wells, to a Deanship in MedicalWork.George H. Locke, to the Deanship of the College of Education.Francis W. Shepardson, to the Deanship ofthe Senior Colleges.Henry P. Chandler, to be Secretary to thePresident.Wilbur S. Jackman, to the Principalship ofthe Elementary School.PROMOTIONS.The following promotions have been madesince April i :James R. Angell, to the Headship of the Department of Psychology.James H. Tufts, to the Headship of the Department of Philosophy.Albert P. Mathews, Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Physiological Chemistry, to anAssociate Professorship.Addison W. Moore, Assistant Professor inthe Department of Philosophy, to an AssociateProfessorship.George H. Locke, Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Philosophy, to an AssociateProfessorship.Ferdinand Schwill, Assistant Professor in theDepartment of History, to an Associate Professorship.Frederick I. Carpenter, Assistant Professorin the Department of English, to an AssociateProfessorship.J. G. Carter Troop, Assistant Professor inEnglish, Extension Division, to an AssociateProfessorship.George W. Ritchey, Instructor in the Department of Astronomy, to an Assistant Professorship.Preston Kyes, Instructor in the Departmentof Anatomy, to an Assistant Professorship.Mrs. Edith F. Flint, Associate in the University Extension Division, Department of English,to an Instructorship. George L. Marsh, Associate in the UniversityExtension Division, Department of English, toan Instructorship.Arthur C. Lunn, Associate in Mathematics,University High School, to an Instructorship inthe University.Basil C. H. Harvey, Associate in the Department of Anatomy, to an Instructorship.John B. Watson, Associate in the Departmentof Psychology, to an Instructorship.Charles C. Guthrie, Assistant in the Department of Physiology, to an Associateship.Charles A. Huston, Assistant in English, to anAssociateship.Burton E. Livingston, Assistant in the Department of Botany, to an Associateship.Samuel A. Matthews, Assistant in Physiological Chemistry, to an Associateship.INSTRUCTORS APPOINTED FOR THE SUMMERQUARTER, I904.The following persons from other institutions have given instruction in the University ofChicago during the Summer Quarter:Dr. A. R. Hohlfeldt, Professor of German,University of Wisconsin.Mr. Clarence Frisbee Ross, Professor ofLatin, Allegheny College.Mr. Edward Everett Hale, Jr., Professor ofEnglish, Union College.Mr. Will D. Howe, Professor of English,Butler College.Mr. Horace G. Byers, Professor of Chemistry, University of Washington.Mr. James H. Van Sickle, Superintendent ofSchools, Baltimore, Md.Mr. William Norman Guthrie, Author andLecturer, Alameda, Calif.Mr. William A. Nitze, Associate Professor ofRomance, Amherst College.Mr. Bruce Wyman, Assistant Professor ofLaw, Harvard University.The University Preachers for the SummerQuarter have included Rev. William R. Richards,of the Brick Presbyterian Church, New Yorkcity; Professor George B. Stevens, of Yale222 UNIVERSITY RECORDUniversity; Professor H. L. Stetson, of Kalamazoo, Mich. ; Professor H. L. Willett, of theUniversity of Chicago ; and Professor John P.Mahaffy, of Dublin, Ireland.GIFTS.I desire to announce that the preliminary stepshave been taken for the formal announcementof the three prizes of $3,000, $2,000, and $1,000,respectively, which, by the kindness of Mrs.Catherine Seipp, are offered by the Universityfor the three best monographs upon the subject,"The German Element in the United States,with Special Reference to the Political, Moral,Social, and Educational Influence." These monographs, it is expected, will be ready for presentation to the University on or before March 22^1907.The University is greatly indebted to the German Consul, Dr. Walther Wever, whose cooperation has been so generously given on allmatters of a high intellectual character. For theuplifting influence which he has exerted in somany ways we are profoundly grateful.To Mrs. Catherine Seipp I desire again topresent our thanks, and at the same time toexpress the belief that her gift to the Universitywill be one of deep and lasting value to thecause of education.To Mr. F. J. Dewes the University acknowledges a gift of the sum of $2,000, to be used inmaking provision by which a professor of German History or Literature, now holding officein a German university, may be invited to give acourse of instruction in the University duringtwo Quarters of residence. Steps for the selection of this professor are being taken, and it isfully expected that the announcement of hisname may be made within the next few weeks.It has been suggested by Mr. Dewes that bysuch an interchange the good feeling which already exists between American and Germaneducational institutions will be increased; andalso that the result of this foundation will benot only to bring to the United States a contribution from the German universities, but also totake back to Germany a contribution from theUnited States. It is sincerely hoped that this provision, made as an experiment for a singleyear, will prove to be so successful as to warrantits permanent endowment.I desire to acknowledge gifts from friends ofthe University toward special Fellowships andScholarships as follows: Charles A. Marsh,$50; Charles Miller, $400; Mrs. W. R. Linn,$120; George R. Peck, $120; Mrs. Mary J.Wilmarth, $200; Friends, $420; total, $1,310.The University acknowledges gifts receivedfor the work of the Oriental Exploration Fundfrom Willis J. Beecher, Mrs. T. B. Blackstone,Isidor Strauss, D. H. Ayres, O. J. King, JacobSchiff, F. G. Bigelow, F. A. Gast, W. L.Brown, Victor F. Lawson, J. J. Davis, HelenCulver, Charles Freer, Ida E. Noyes, PaulCarus, Mrs. E. C. Atkins, W. B. Hill, H. H.Haynes, and John D. Rockefeller, amounting to$5,180.The University acknowledges the receipt of$720 from N. W. Harris to be used for the purchase of a collection of Arabic manuscriptsThis act of Mr. Harris is especially appreciated in view of the fact that in the practicalatmosphere of Chicago, interest in Arabicmanuscripts has not taken on as yet large expression. With these manuscripts, and thefairly well-equipped Arabic library now in possession of the University, facilities are offeredfor advanced work in a most important subject.The University has received also during thefive months closing September 1 miscellaneousgifts amounting to $898.34.During these six months the University hasreceived in special gifts from Mr. Rockefeller asfollows : to cover the deficit of the year closingJune 30, 1903, $43,587.40 ; to cover the deficit ofthe year closing June 30, 1904, $95,412.60; tomeet the special emergency of the DecennialPublications, $21,000; for the further enlargement and improvement of the Power House,$60,000 ; and for the establishment of a centralwater supply, $10,000.I wish today, as on so many occasions heretofore, to present our gratitude to the Founderof the University for these expressions of hiscontinued interest.UNIVERSITY RECORD 223REPORT OF ATTENDANCE FOR SUMMER QUARTER, 1904.First Term Only Second Term Only Both Terms TotalMen Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total 1The Departments of Arts, Literature, and ScienceThe Graduate Schools:Arts QO687 9827 188957 2117I 2610 4727I 15512230 5924 214I4630 2662073S 1836l 44926838 4542075iScience Medical Total 16551 12516 29021I 396 365 7511 30778152 8362 390140152 5"89162 24483 755172162 712195126The Colleges:senioeArts, Literature, and Sci.Medical > Law Total 68 1619 2227 67 56 1113 95643 6252 1571163 107793 8377 1901563 2131567JUNIORArts, Literature, and Sci.Medical Total 840 19156 27I96 715 638 1353 67571 52961 1191532 821121 772901 1594022 16343411UNCLASSIFIEDArts, Literature, and Sci.Medical Total 4054219 1561913i6 I96245535 J52867 384985 5377152 58220527 97211294 155431821 H3302813 29145i695 4047531,508 4458211,533Total Colleges Total A., L., and S. .The Professional SchoolsDivinity :Graduate 212 31 243 285 33 3i8 8216 46 8622 13123 1010 14133 16855Unclassified Total 237124 4 277124 3312 6 3912 9830143113 1013 10830143216 15438153139 2013 17438153242 2235iMedical :Graduate Senior Junior 127Unclassified Medical 81Total 32116 32116 331 331 61291422 41 65301422 96432122 41 100442122 16236Law:Graduate LL.B... Senior Unclassified 4Total 17 17 4 4 47 1 48 68 1 69 52College of Education :Education 3i1 280 3H1 91 591 6811 141 531 6711 5421 39211 446212Graduate Senior Junior Total 32 280 312 10 60 70 15 54 69 57 394 451 361Total Professional 104 284 388 50 66 116 221 69 290 375 419 794 798Total University Deduct Duplicates Net Total 32393M 600600 9239914 1172H5 1511150 2683265 7485i697 363236i 1, in531,058 1,188621,126 1,11431, in 2,302652,237 2,331872,244224 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE UNIVERSITY BUDGET.The actual receipts and expenditures on thegeneral budget, which does not include the budget of the Law School or the School of Education, for the year closing June 30 were as follows :UNIVERSITY BUDGET, I9O3-4.Receipts ExpendituresSec. I. General administration $ 10,785.67541,637.2966,834.7418,5^3.8249,605.7020,585.9514,610.10 $110,845.98498,444.5071,681.234i,i79-4359*523-7987,183.1634,866.2710,538.095,494-78112,776.16II. Faculties of Arts, Literature, andScience III. The Divinity School IV. Morgan Park Academy V. University extension VI. Libraries, laboratories, and Mu-VII. Printing and publishing IX. Affiliated work 2,354-4464,005.63150,100.38X. Buildings and grounds XI. General Funds $939,073.7295,412.60Special contribution Total $1,034,486.32 $1,032,533-39The estimated receipts were $991,372, showing that there was a falling off from the estimatemade January 1, 1903, of $52,298.28. The particular items in respect to which the receiptswere less than the estimates were as follows :Receipts from room-rents and fees $36,625.24Receipts from Divinity students 1,244.33Receipts from Morgan Park Academy students 10,946.18Receipts from University Extension 9,294.30Receipts from printing and publishing 16,154.49Receipts from Miscellaneous 700.43$74,964.97Less surplus from invested funds 22,666 . 69Net shortage $52,298 . 28The expenditures, on the other hand, show atotal increase over the estimate of expendituresmade January 1, 1903. The particular items inthis overdraft are as follows:General administration expense $ 5,661 .98Dean's offices expense 301 . 98University instruction 2,580 . 78University fellowships and scholarships 19,463.74Divinity School expense 1,756.23Morgan Park Academy expense 2,791 .43Libraries, laboratories, and museums 1,053.16Buildings and grounds 19,474. 16$53,083.46 Less creditUniversity Extension $ 1,226 . 21Printing and publishing 5,433-73Physical culture 286.91Affiliated work 325 . 22Contingent fund 4,650 . 00 $11,922.07Net overdraft $41,161 . 39The total of variation between receipts andexpenditures was $93,459.67. In the year closing June 30, 1903, there was a variation of$43?5^74°- Concerning this deficit in the budget three things may be said in general. Theparticular items, as has been indicated, werethose for the heat and light of the University,which, on account of the very severe winter, andthe large number of new buildings occupied forthe first time, was not estimated with sufficientaccuracy ; and for the larger number of Scholarships than usual, the matter of Scholarshipsbeing a variable amount, inasmuch as, under thegeneral action of the Trustees, schools affiliatedwith the University, officers and wives of officers of the University, are given the privilegesof the University, and it is impossible to calculate in advance the number of persons whowill avail themselves of these privileges.The amount of the deficit for both years hasbeen contributed to the University, and consequently there is at present no standing indebtedness on account of the deficit.It is evident that the recurrence of a deficitin such proportions is not a desirable thing.More than this can be said. It is somethingwhich would be distinctly injurious to the bestinterests of the University. It is necessary,therefore, in the work of the present year toarrange definitely and certainly that there shallbe no deficit next June. As has been seen,a deficit may arise either because of over-expenditure in connection with the work ofcertain Departments, or by reason of failure tosecure the receipts from investments and feeswhich might naturally have been expected. Itis not sufficient, therefore, simply to keep withinUNIVERSITY RECORD 225the budget. A margin .should be allowed whichwill counterbalance any possible falling off inestimated receipts. Under ordinary circumstances, the Contingent Fund might be reliedupon for this purpose, but, in view of the deficitof two years, it is necessary to act more rigorously in the matter of expenditures than heretofore.This public statement is made in accordancewith the general policy of the University whichhas been adhered to from the beginning, namely,to acquaint the public with all of the affairs ofthe University. We have announced our deficitsas well as our surpluses ; our needs and necessities as well as our gifts. I speak of it also inorder that the officers of the University maybe induced to co-operate in the effort which isproposed. It is only when all are acquaintedwith the facts in a situation, and when all jointogether to work out a given result, that successin the achievement of that result may be expected.THE ST. LOUIS EXHIBIT.The University's exhibit at the LouisianaPurchase Exposition includes the following:i. The University Press exhibit, namely, allpublications of the Press, bound books, boundvolumes of fourteen journals, pamphlets, current numbers of journals, etc.2. Collection of books published by membersof the University Faculty, not printed by theUniversity Press.3. The Astronomy exhibit, namely, publications, journals, etc., fifty-five transparencies.4. An exhibit of instruments from the Ryerson Physical Laboratory, namely, HarmonicAnalyzer, Echelon Spectroscope, and two Interferometers.5. One hundred and fifty large photographsmounted, including a number of the YerkesObservatory and about forty of the School ofEducation. 6. A model of the University buildings andgrounds, and a diagram of the same.The University is indebted for the money withwhich to make this provision, in all $6,300, tothe following gentlemen : John C. Black, A. C.Bartlett, D. G. Hamilton, F. O. Lowden, Franklin MacVeagh, John D. Rockefeller, Martin A.Ryerson, H. G. Selfridge, J. G. Shedd, W. B.Walker, C. H. Wacher, John R. Walsh.THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.By action of the Trustees, a new Administrative Board has been established to consider anddevelop the museum work of the institution.The university museum has as distinctive aplace, and its necessity is perhaps as great, asthat of the university library, furnishing illustrative material for the use of the teacher, andresearch material for both teacher and student.The public museum may supplement it, but cannot supplant it, even as the public library cannottake the place of the university library. Likethe university library, the university museumhas a circumscribed function, one peculiarly itsown, involving an absolute and unrestrictedcontrol over its collections. While the mostobtrusive needs for abundant museum collections are those of the various departments ofthe natural sciences, perhaps every other department of the university has, or is rapidlydeveloping, as real necessities for illustrativeand research material, necessities which thepublic museum cannot and will not supply. Ifthe university does not supply such advancedfacilities for instruction and research, it mustsurely cease to be a center for higher educationin many directions. In some branches of sciencematerial for investigation, good, indifferent, orbad, is freely accessible to all — instrumentsonly are needed for its utilization; in otherbranches such material cannot be brought to thelaboratory or museum, and must be sought elsewhere by the student ; but, for the most part, thestudent or instructor can neither gather such226 UNIVERSITY RECORDmaterial for himself, nor go where it is to befound; he confidently expects that his needswill be supplied, and will choose that institutionwhich will supply them best. What clinics areto the student of medicine, the universitymuseum must be to the advanced student of theconcrete sciences. The library suffices for partof his material, but, in large part, libraries,however complete, are not only useless, but evenmischievous, when unaccompanied by freelyaccessible collections. As a medical college,however illustrious its teachers may be, attractsbut few students if there is a dearth of clinicalmaterial under its immediate control, so, too, auniversity can hope to attain the highest successonly as it can control abundant facilities forinstruction and research. Furthermore, in every university there is aconstant accumulation of indispensable illustrative material, and material which has partlyserved its purpose for investigation — materialwhich soon exceeds the possibilities of departmental care, and often of profound interest tothe whole university. Collections will accumulate or work will stop — their place is in theuniversity museum.To those who are receiving today the diplomaswhich make recognition of work that has beenperformed we present our congratulations andour best wishes in each case for a useful andprosperous career. We trust that they will comeback to us from time to time, and that from theirhands in many ways the University may receivehonor.UNIVERSITY RECORD 227ADDRESSES BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY CONGREGATION.*INTRODUCTION OF HUGO DE VRIES,Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Gardens,the University of Amsterdam.BY CHARLES REID BARNES,Professor of Plant Physiology.Mr. President and Members of the Congregation:It is a great pleasure to me to present to theCongregation as a member one whose name isindissolubly associated with the developmentof plant physiology. Having gained his doctorate at the University of Leyden, ProfessorDeVries prosecuted his researches for a timeunder the guidance of the father of modernplant physiology, Julius von Sachs, early inwhat may be called its renaissance. The renascence of plant physiology, indeed, may besaid to have resulted from the investigations ofSachs and his enthusiastic pupils, of whom nonehas surpassed him who honors us today by hispresence. It was his privilege, therefore, toprosecute researches upon many of the mostfundamental subjects, and in consequence hisname, if not a " household ward/' is at least a" laboratory word." Yet in fame he perhapssuffers somewhat from the very fundamentalcharacter of his work. Since so much of it hasbecome the basis of instruction, the commonplaces of vegetable physiology, his name is lessmentioned in teaching than the names of somewho have merely added coping and ornamentto the structure for which he supplied manyfoundation stones.I cannot go into detail regarding his work,nor would it profit to do so. He has written amemoir on the physics of the plant cell, involving the relations of water and solutes to theprotoplasm and cell-wall, and early treated thephenomena of osmotic pressure in a fashionthat has made the papers classics. A sister-1 Delivered at the forty-second meeting of the UniversityCongregation, in Congregation Hall, Haskell OrientalMuseum, September i, 1904. science, chemistry, has profited by his researches, deriving from them a useful, indeedan indispensable, method — the so-called plas-molytic method — for determining the molecularweights of complex carbon compounds.The range of his interests is shown by hisstudies on the mechanism of the movements intendrils and twining plants; on the influenceupon protoplasm of high and low temperaturesand of sudden changes of temperature ; on theeffects of pressure upon the size of the elementsof autumnal wood of trees (by which the distinctness of " annual rings " is determined) ;on the shortening of roots ; and on the significance of calcium salts in nutrition. Nor werethe practical studies lacking; for the agricultural journals contain memoirs on the physiology of the potato, the beet, and the clover,which are models of patient and thoroughresearch.The idea underlying all these investigationswas from the beginning one of whose correctness the years have brought convincing proof —that physiological function must be explained interms of chemistry and physics, and not by anymystical " vital force."A deep interest in the problems of evolutionand the ripening of a naturally philosophicalmind led him to the consideration of the theoriesof heredity, and in his Intracellular Pangenesis,published in 1889, we have a clear, picturesqueconception of a method by which might be explained the transmission of qualities from parent to offspring. Here, too, the attempt hasbeen made to put the theory upon a physicalbasis.This discussion, however, was but the preludeto an endeavor to secure some evidence as tothe mode by which new forms arise from preexisting ones. Darwin had conceived that new228 UNIVERSITY RECORDspecies originated by the selection and preservation of minute variations whose accumulationfinally became sufficient to justify the recognition of the form as a species different from itsancestors. Along this line evidence had longbeen sought, with scant success. Taking upDarwin's neglected suggestion of saltatory evolution in exceptional cases, Professor DeVriessought evidence, not alone by observation, butby prolonged and careful experimental work ofthe most laborious sort, as to the origination ofnew species. After eighteen years of carefulresearch he published an exhaustive account ofhis studies, historical, observational, and experimental, which have been analyzed and interpreted by a singularly keen and logical mind.These studies constitute the greatest contribution to the theory of evolution for almost half acentury.To welcome to membership in this body soeminent an exponent of biological research is agreat privilege. I have the honor to present tothe Congregation Hugo DeVries, professor ofbotany in the University of Amsterdam.ADDRESS OF WELCOME.BY GORDON JENNINGS LA/NG,Assistant Professor of Latin, and Vice-President of the Congregation.It is my privilege to welcome you as members of the Congregation of the University.The special feature of this body, as opposed tothe University Faculties, is that it consists of anumber of wholly different elements. It includes not simply persons engaged in teachingin the University, but also those who have received our higher degrees, either by fulfilmentof the requirements of the curriculum, or ashonorary distinctions. There are besides representatives of the alumni with lower degrees. Tothese have been added certain outside members,whose well-known interest in education andsound judgment are bound to render substantialaid to the University when assembled in consultation on a question of educational policy, There is perhaps no other of the Universitybodies that is more significant of the ideals ofthe institution in the matter of administration.The existence of the Congregation marks theabandonment of that older system under whichuniversities and colleges were governed by theirown faculties exclusively, or even by parts oftheir faculties. In the latter case only thosewere selected who, on account of their by nomeans uncertain age, or their equally well-established immobility of temperament, could berelied upon to admit nothing that had not theapproval of centuries. A university of this kindwas a cloister ; its governing body was a cloisterwithin a cloister. There, indeed, was academictranquility; but it is uncertain whether thisacademic tranquility was, on being rightly interpreted, that intellectual serenity in which onlythe subtle recondite processes of high thinkingcould be carried on ; or whether it was a fairlycommon form of mental stagnation, finding expression in the formula : Let well enough alone }and for God's sake let us have nothing new.Whether the first or the second explanation wasgiven depended largely on whether the personasked to explain was or was not a member ofone of these august and venerable bodies.It was to prevent such a state of things as this,to ward off isolation and the danger of the University losing touch with that larger communityby which and for which it lives, that this Congregation was devised. It, with its representatives from so many different ages, differentclasses, different professions and activities, assures a broad and liberal policy. There is,moreover, perfect equality of membership. Anew member, before the ink of his signature onthe roll of the Congregation is dry, has the privilege of joining issue even with a Dean; andan Instructor may rise to what on general principles might seem a dizzy height of audacity:he may amend a motion made by the Head ofhis Department; may do this, and know noharm. There is in the Congregation the checkUNIVERSITY RECORD 229and counter-check of academic prejudice andacademic progress, of the lay and the professional view, of youthful enthusiasm and senatorial wisdom. And the different elements thatgo to the making of this unique administrativecomposite preclude the possibility of any question that comes before it being dismissed beforeit has been considered from every essential pointof view.I would remind those of you who have justgraduated, and now for the first time join ourranks, that the University, as I understand itsaction, does not make you members of Congregation merely as an honor ; but that it feelsthat it needs your co-operation in shaping itspolicy, and in doing the work that it has setitself to do. It does not regard your membership as a nominal thing ; it wants you to attendthe meetings, wants you to lift up your voiceand be heard. And to you, our distinguishedguest, I would say — and I am sure that I amvoicing the feeling of the whole Congregation —that, while many illustrious men have been enrolled here, there has been no one more illustrious than yourself, and no one from whosemembership the Congregation and the University will receive greater honor. In associatingyou with us we seek to confer a distinction uponyou, but in doing so we are conscious of conferring a still more conspicuous honor uponourselves.THE CHICAGO SESSION OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CONGRESS.On September 17 there was held at the University a session of the Eighth InternationalGeographic Congress, under the auspices of theChicago Geographic Society. Sessions had beenheld in Washington, Philadelphia, and NewYork, the final session coming later as part ofthe great Congress of Arts and Science at theSt. Louis Exposition.The foreign delegates, about seventy-five innumber, were met at their special train by repre sentatives of the local society, and escorted tothe University, where at 10 a. m., at KentTheater, the following program was given:Welcome.President William R. Harper, of the University ofChicago.Response.Commander Robert E. Peary, President of the Congress.PAPERS.1. "The Last Uplift of the Alps."Dr. Albrecht Penck, of the University of Vienna.2. " Madagascar." . . . . M. Guillaume Grandidier, of Paris.3. " Geographic Elements."Dr. Hugh Robert Mill, of London.4. " Physical Geography of Chicago."Dr. Rollin D. Salisbury, of the University of Chicago ; vice-president of the Congress, for Chicago.5. " Economic Geography of Chicago."Dr. J. Paul Goode, of the University of Chicago ;President of the Geographic Society of Chicago.A buffet luncheon was served at HutchinsonCommons, and the delegates were taken bytally-ho coaches to the Field Columbian Museum, and later through the parks and boulevards back to the city.In the evening a reception was held at thebuilding of the Chicago Historical Society,and a short address was given on " SalientPoints in the History of Chicago," by Mr.Franklin H. Head, president of the ChicagoHistorical Society.Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, as vice-president of the Congress for Chicago, had general charge of the events of the day. The localsociety was very materially assisted in carryingout its plans by a number of public-spirited citizens.ENTERTAINMENT OF DELEGATES TO THE INTERNA-TIONAL CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE.Foreign delegates to the International Congress of Arts and Science held at the LouisianaPurchase Exposition were entertained on September 15 and 16 by a Chicago committee offifty, of which Professor Albion W. Small, Dean230 UNIVERSITY RECORDof the Graduate School of Arts and Literature,was the chairman. A reception to the delegateswas held in the Library of the Reynolds Club,tally-ho trips were taken to places of interest inthe city, and a banquet was given on Fridayevening, September 16, at the Auditorium Hotel.Among the speakers at the banquet were President William R. Harper and representativesfrom Copenhagen, Berlin, London, Naples, andParis.THE FACULTIES.Dr. Charles J. Chamberlain, of the Department of Botany, has been elected a member ofthe German Botanical Society." Shall College Athletics be Endowed ? " is thetitle of a contribution by the President of theLfaiversity to Harper's Weekly for September3, x904.The Convocation Sermon at the close of theSummer Quarter was given on August 28 byProfessor John Pentland Mahaffy, of the University of Dublin.At the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of Illinois College, on September 23, President William R. Harper received the honorarydegree of Doctor of Laws.Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head ofthe Department of Geology, presented a paperon September 20 at the International Congressof Arts and Science held in St. Louis.Richard Gresham, a recent novel by AssociateProfessor Robert M. Lovett, of the Departmentof English, has attracted wide and favorableattention from the critics and has already goneto its second edition.At the International Congress of Arts andScience on September 20 at St. Louis Mr.Frank B. Tarbell, Professor of Classical Archaeology, presided at the session of the departmenton the history of art.Associate Professor Frederick Starr, of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology, contributes to the September issue of TheWorld To-Day a fully illustrated article on"The Philippine Exposition.""The Political Significance of Reciprocity"is the title of a contribution in the Septemberissue of the Journal of Political Economy. Itwas written by Mr. W. Jett Lauck, Fellow inthe Department of Political Economy.On September 20, before the biological section of the International Congress of Arts andScience at St. Louis, Professor John M. Coulter,Head of the Department of Botany, spoke onthe subject of " Cell Protoplasm and Cell Life.""A University Training for a Business Career " is the title of a contribution by PresidentWilliam R. Harper to a recent number ofHarper's Weekly. The article was reprintedin full in the Chicago Tribune for September 8,1904.Among the autumn announcements of G. P.Putnam's Sons is that of two volumes on TheUnited States, in the " Story of the Nations "series. The author of the volumes is AssociateProfessor Edwin E. Sparks, of the Departmentof History.The Macmillan Company's autumn announcements include that of a new novel by AssociateProfessor Robert Herrick, of the Department ofEnglish. It is entitled The Common Lot, andhas appeared serially in the Atlantic Monthlyduring the past year.On September 19, at the opening session ofthe International Congress of Arts and Scienceat Festival Hall on the World's Fair groundsin St. Louis, President William R. Harper outlined the general plan and purpose of the Congress.At the forty-second meeting of the UniversityCongregation on September 1, Associate Professor Camillo von Klenze, of the Departmentof Germanic Languages and Literatures, waselected Vice-President of the University Congregation for the Autumn Quarter.UNIVERSITY RECORD 231aThe Study of the Classics in Relation toModern Life" and "Brilliancy in College andSuccess in Life" are the subjects of editorial notes by Associate Professor George H.Locke, Dean of the College of Education, in theSeptember number of the School Review.In the September number of Harper's Magazine Assistant Professor George W. Ritchey,of the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, has a contribution on " Photographingthe Star-Clusters." The article has four full-page illustrations of remarkable interest.The opening article in the August issue of theBotanical Gazette is the sixty-first Contributionfrom the Hull Botanical Laboratory. It waswritten by Assistant Professor Bradley M.Davis, of the Department of Botany, and is entitled "Oogenesis in Vaucheria." Two full-page illustrations accompany the article.At the semi-centennial celebration of the University of Wisconsin, in June, 1904, the PhiBeta Kappa address was given by ProfessorGeorge L. Hendrickson, of the Department ofthe Latin Language and Literature. The address appears in full in the commencementnumber of the Wisconsin Alumni Magazine.Charles Scribner's Sons announce amongtheir fall publications A History of the AncientWorld, by Professor George S. Goodspeed, ofthe Department of Comparative Religion. Thework traces the social development as well asthe political progress of the ancient world.The volume is illustrated in color and containsnumerous maps and charts.In the September issue of the AstrophysicalJournal the following contributions were madefrom the Yerkes Observatory: "The Silver'Grain' in Photography," by Mr. Robert J.Wallace ; " On the Stellar Parallax Plates takenwith the Yerkes Telescope," by Mr. FrankSchlesinger ; " Faint Stars near the Trapeziumin the Orion Nebula," by Mr. John A. Park-hurst. Twenty doctor's degrees were conferred atthe Fifty-second Convocation on September2 — the largest number ever given at an Autumn Convocation. There were also conferredat the same time twenty-one master's degrees,seventy-three bachelor's degrees, and eighteentitles of associate. Two students received thedegree of Doctor of Law, and one honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred.Among the recent publications announced bythe University of Chicago Press is A Short Introduction to the Gospels, by Professor ErnestD. Burton, Head of the Department of NewTestament Literature and Interpretation. Thisvolume is a thorough revision of a former bookwith the same title, and is intended for the useof college and divinity school students, pastors,Sunday-school teachers, and advanced Bibleclasses.The Theory of Business Enterprise is a newvolume just announced by Charles Scribner'sSons. The author is Assistant ProfessorThorstein B. Veblen, Managing Editor of theJournal of Political Economy. Among thechapter headings of the book are " The MachineProcess," "The Use of Loan Credit," "TheTheory of Modern Welfare," "Business Principles in Law and Politics," " The Cultural Incidence of the Machine Process," " The NaturalDecay of Business Enterprise."The August number of the Biblical Worldcontains the fifth in the series of ConstructiveStudies in the Prophetic Element in the OldTestament — "The Background of Prophecy andProphetism in the Northern Kingdom," contributed by President William R. Harper. Thesame number includes also the latest reportsfrom the excavations at Bismya, edited by Professor Robert Francis Harper, the Director ofthe Oriental Exploration Fund (BabylonianSection) of the University of Chicago.On September 20 Professor John U. Neff,Head of the Department of Chemistry, reviewed232 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe development of organic chemistry before thedepartment on chemistry in the InternationalCongress of Arts and Science at St. Louis. Atthe same Congress Professor Eliakim H.Moore, Head of the Department of Mathematics, was a speaker before the section devotedto mathematics, and Professor Joseph P.Iddings, of the Department of Geology, presented a paper in the department of petrologyand mineralogy.At the Autumn Convocation on September 2,1904, the honorary degree of Doctor of Lawswas conferred by the University upon ProfessorHugo De Vries, of the University of Amsterdam, "for profound investigation in the phenomena of the plant cell and the problems ofheredity and especially for his distinguishedcontribution to evolutionary doctrine in propounding the mutation theory of the origin ofspecies." Professor DeVries gave a course offour lectures during August on " The MutationTheory " and also an illustrated evening lectureon the "Experiment Garden of the Universityof Amsterdam." His Convocation Address appears elsewhere in this issue of the UniversityRecord.A History of Matrimonial Institutions, byGeorge E. Howard, Professorial Lecturer onHistory, is a recent work in three volumes, ofwhich the University of Chicago Press is thepublisher. It is an exhaustive treatise on a theme of great present interest, the first volumegiving an analysis of the literature and theoriesof primitive matrimonial institutions, the secondpresenting a full account of the development ofthe same institutions in England, and the thirdcovering with much detail the history of marriage and divorce in the United States. In thelast volume all state legislation since the Revolution has been drawn upon for essential facts.Professor Howard, the author, has been calledto the chair of institutional history in the University of Nebraska.With the September issue of the ElementarySchool Teacher, which now begins its fifth volume, the editorship passes to Professor WilburS. Jackman, Principal of the University Elementary School. He is assisted by Miss BerthaPayne, Instructor in Kindergarten Training.The change in management is marked by a newcover for the magazine. The opening articlesof this number are the addresses given at thededication of the School of Education by President Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, and Mrs. Emmons Blaine, donor ofEmmons Blaine Hall and founder of the Schoolof Education. Other contributions to the number are "Work with Minerals for Little Children," by Elsie A. Wygant, and a musical composition entitled " March of the Little Sandals,"by May Root Kern, both of the writers beingmembers of the faculty of the University Elementary School.