VOLUME IX NUMBER 2University RecordJUNE, 1904THE FIFTY-FIRST UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION.INTRODUCTION OF THE CONVOCATION ORATOR.BY ERNST FREUND,Professor of Law.When in the early part of the year 1902 thelong-cherished project of establishing a lawschool as a part of this University was about tobe carried out, and methods and men were beingconsidered for the work of organization, oureyes not unnaturally turned toward the mostfamous and most successful law school of theEnglish-speaking world. It was not chiefly orprimarily the method of instruction which hadbecome identified with the name of Harvardthat challenged admiration — on that point theattitude of the University was that of the openmind ; but the spirit of earnestness and devotionto their chosen work on the part of the students,for which that school was distinguished, it wasdeemed essential to transplant and reproduce inthe school that was to be organized here. Thatspirit, we knew, could not be altogether theresult of a system, but must have been due tothe men who administered the system.It was therefore decided at once and by common consent to invite one of these men — oneof the younger men, but a ripe scholar andknown to be capable of inspiring his studentswith enthusiasm — to invite Mr. Beale to assume the Deanship of the School of Law.The qualification with which this invitationwas accepted was in a manner unique and unprecedented : the University secured the services of Mr. Beale only for a term of two years, andcircumstances made it necessary that part of thistime should be spent by him out of residence.Still I am sure that all who are connected withthe Law School are agreed that experience hasdemonstrated the wisdom of even this arrangement — an arrangement which illustrated in astriking manner the spirit of good-will and cooperation existing between the great institutionof the East and her younger rival in the West.We are glad to have had this much of Mr.Beale, and we are sorry to see him part from us.This is the end of his two years' term, and hisseparation from the School closes the first andpreliminary chapter of its history. This is notthe time or place to speak of results or prospects ; but I may be permitted to give expressionto the gratitude which we feel for the help thathe has given us, and to the gratification whichhas come from co-operating, though for all toobrief a period, with one whose freshness andvigor of mind, and whose love of sound law,has been a constant stimulus and inspiration tohis colleagues and his students.Among the many good wishes which accompany him on his way home not the least is thathe may have the satisfaction of watching fromyear to year the growth to greater scope andusefulness and fame of the School, in the founding of which he has played so conspicuous apart.4142 UNIVERSITY RECORDI have the honor of introducing Joseph HenryBeale, Jr., Professor of Law in Harvard University, Dean of the Law School of the University of Chicago, who will address us on theplace of professional education in the university.THE PLACE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THEUNIVERSITIES.1BY JOSEPH HENRY BEALE \ JR.,Professor of Law, Harvard University, and Dean of the Law School,the University of Chicago.One of the striking developments of university education of late years is the place professional schools are taking in the universityorganization. Only a few years ago they werewithout the gates, hangers-on, tolerated yet halfdespised by the true scholar within, to whomany study which could be made professionallyuseful was anathema. The connection of amedical school or a law school with the university was honorary — to the schools; the professional schools were often miles distant fromthe academic department; down in the city,whose air, too heavy and dense for real thoughtor scholarship, better suited the gross investigations of practical men. This divorce of thedepartments of pure scholarship from the departments of utility still exists too often; butthe great progressive universities have come toa new sense of the solidarity of all learning,and the professional schools are being welcomedinto the very citadels of scholarship.But even the older and looser tie is a recentone. Any real connection of professionalschools with universities is almost a matter ofthe last thirty years. Theology had from thebeginning been a subject of study in the American colleges; and indeed the chief purpose ofthe foundation of our earliest colleges was totrain scholars for the pulpit. But of the schoolsespecially established for professional educationin theology, few — and those not the most im-1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fifty-first Convocation, held in the University Quadrangles, June 14,1904. portant — were in 1870 even nominally connected with universities. A professor ofanatomy was one of the earliest foundations inHarvard College, and a separate medical schoolwas established early in the nineteenth century ;but its connection with the university was littlemore than nominal. Its curriculum, its finances,its standards of education, its requirements foradmission and graduation, were entirely in thehands of its faculty, whose private school, infact, it was ; it had no examinations, its degreerepresented mere attendance, its spirit was asfar as possible from scholarly. The three orfour other important medical schools connectedwith the universities at Ann Arbor, at Philadelphia, and at Chicago were in much the samecase.The history of schools of law had been similar. Professorships of law were maintained inthe eighteenth century, at least for a time, atWilliam and Mary and at Pennsylvania; butthe first successful university school was littlemore than the personal affair, first of ProfessorStearns, next of Judge Story; and though itsconnection with Harvard College was closerthan that of the medical school, it was really 'outside the current of university life. PresidentEliot tells an amusing story of his first visit tothe law school, soon after his inauguration — astory typical of the past and prophetic of thefuture. As he entered the room of ProfessorWashburn, that polished gentleman of the oldschool lifted his hands in astonishment. " Thisis the first time," he said, " that I have ever seena president of Harvard College in the LawSchool." Harvard was not alone in this experience. At other law schools the history was thesame; notably at Columbia, where the schoolwas Professor Dwight's private property.We cannot wonder at this loose connectionbetween the American professional schools andthe universities. No professional education wasoffered at the English universities, on which ourearliest colleges were modeled, until the estab-UNIVERSITY RECORD 43lishment at Oxford of the Vinerian professorship of law in 1758. Blackstone's work in thatprofessorship was the inspiration for establishing our first professorships of law; but there,as here, the conservatism of scholars repelled thenew learning, and law was not really adopted asa true branch of university education.On the continent of Europe, on the otherhand, law and medicine were the earliest established university studies, and have always heldtheir place. The creation of professional schoolsas real and integral parts of our own universitiesmay probably be traced directly to the Europeanpractice. For President Eliot, drawing his inspiration from Germany, first brought theschools into their present relation to the colleges. Columbia followed tardily twenty yearslater. Chicago is almost, if not quite, alone inhaving adopted this practice from the beginning.The change is the necessary result of the modern idea of the function of the university ; viz.,that it should teach everything which it canbenefit the world to know — that is, all the truth.Theology had no difficulty in making its wayas a branch of truth worthy of being taught;medicine and law found more difficulty, but thegreat medical and surgical discoveries of ourgeneration have proved the real worth of thatscience; and the striking results of the metaphysical study of law, and the later conceptionof law as the science of right conduct, have secured its place as a liberal study. Education asa professional study naturally appeals toscholars. Pure science is in accordance with thegenius of the age, and engineering and agriculture have been special subjects of legislativebounty. All these branches of professional workare now accepted as proper subjects for university instruction. One 'great branch of humanactivity, in which intelligence plays a leadingpart — that is, commerce — has not yet gainedrecognition as a fit subject for scholarly investigation, but such recognition will doubtless comebefore we are many years older. In short, in any line of activity that requires exercise of themind, man is the better for being educated, andthe universities are recognizing the duty of furnishing such education.What, then, is professional education? Wemust not limit it to a training for the two orthree professions which have long been knownas learned, or even to the professions I havejust enumerated. One's profession is nothingmore than the aim of his life, and it has nonecessary utilitarian significance. It is common,to be sure, to use the word as indicating a calling by which a man earns his bread; but noscholar should be deceived by this use of it. Theman who is fortunately able to devote his lifeto intellectual pursuits without thinking of anypecuniary return must be just as thoroughlytaught, and ought to feel as strenuous a devotion to his chosen science, as the man who makeshis living by it; and, on the other hand, it isjust as important, to the world and to scholarship, that the man who practices a learned profession for his livelihood should act throughouthis life with singleminded devotion to truth, asfor one who is a student without the thought ofgain. Whether one's purpose in life be to teach,to discover, or to enjoy, the study of his chosensubject is his profession — the study of thehumanities or of pure science just as much asthe study of law or medicine. The science towhich a man devotes his life must be pursuedwith the same devotion, whatever it be. Allhighly specialized study is professional; andevery such study, pursued in the spirit of truth,is pure scholarship. Pedantry and chicaneryare the real narrowing things, whether theycurse the study and practice of law or of literature. The scholar must learn to be a doer ofworthy things ; not in order to earn his bread,but because production is a function ofscholarship.But if professional studies are to take theirplace in the university, they must be pursued inthe spirit of true scholarship ; the university has44 UNIVERSITY RECORDnow, no more than before, a place for instructionwhich is merely to train one for a trade. As awise man, himself at the head of a great professional school, has said :No university has the right to maintain any schoolin which the primary object is not to make the pupilsscholars in some high sense of that term ; in whichlearning is not to be loved and honored for its ownsake, as well as for its practical uses ; the atmosphereof which shall not be highly academic ; in which muchshall not be taught which the student may not have reason to employ in the early stages of his professionalcareer, or perhaps in any stage ; in which more importance shall not be attached to the mastery of principles than to the gaining of information or to theacquisition of precepts, formulae, and the useful knacksand devices of a trade.Or, in the fine phrase of Mr. Justice Holmes,used of one kind of professional study :The business of a university is not to teach law or tomake lawyers; it is to teach law in the grand manner,to make great lawyers.To bring about this high result, the professional school must take students whose previousstudy or experience has so matured them in thelife of the mind that they may both desire andunderstand professional scholarship, as distinguished from the mere handicraft of a profession. In one sense it is immaterial how suchmaturity is obtained. The great majority ofstudents will get it in college ; but an able anddetermined man may acquire it for himself.The students being competent, the instructionmust be suitable ; which means that it must bedirected to scientific investigation, not to mereinformation about the use of tools of trade. Thestudent is to be a scholar, not an apprentice ; themaster must enlist the disciple's devotion totruth, not " shoulder his crutch and show howfields are won." Every study, whatever itsultimate end, is scholarly only if it communicatesfrom the heart of the master to the heart of thedisciple the unquenchable fire. In scholarship,as in religion, neither circumcision availeth anything, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature.The spirit in which professional study must be carried on is the same as the spirit of allscholarship — to know the truth and to extendits borders. For what is scholarship but utterand single-hearted devotion to the truth? Toother men other good seems the ideal; somefollow beauty, some love, some duty. But to thescholar each of these good things is but someaspect of truth. Beauty is the shining of herface ; love is the beating of her heart ; duty isthe path in which she walks. But Truth, hismistress, is the sum of all good things. He whohas looked upon her, face to face, cares nomore for lesser things.University instruction, then, must not consistin the communication of facts or in teaching theknack of doing things; it must create a newspirit in the student, mold his mind, and touchit with enthusiasm. If so carried on, professional instruction is profoundly liberalizing.The inextinguishable zeal once kindled, thescholar can never more be as he has been. Thescholar of medicine, law, education, theology,touched with the enthusiasm of his master, isfree of the commonwealth of learning. Hischosen science has become his joy and his life.Whatever fate has in store, he has within himself the scholar's reward, the source of satisfaction, independent of mere worldly pleasure orsuccess ; it is the object of his ambitious hopeto keep the torch alight and to pass it on.If it is true that every study specially pursued as a preparation for the work of one's lifeis professional, then it would follow, not onlythat a university must give professional instruction, but also that no scholar's education at hisuniversity must cease until professional education is obtained. If the purpose of the university is not to fit human intelligence for its workin the world — its work of advancing the truthin every branch of human activity — it cannotjustify its privileges. The university has notbeen so highly endowed to train drones andshirkers. If the purpose of the university is tofit human intelligence for its work in the world,UNIVERSITY RECORD 45no man must leave the university until his mindhas not only been broadly cultivated and fittedfor the seed, but until the seed has been sown.Professional education, in the broader sense, isthe necessary keystone of the arch of education."Every shoemaker to his last." You havebeen thinking that, while I may know somethingabout the education of lawyers, I am far fromexpert in general education ; and, indeed, whatI have most at heart is the education of lawyers.Let me then give briefly the creed of those ofus whose profession is the teaching of law.We believe, first, that law is a true science.This may not seem obvious to the layman, foreven an educated man is often ignorant of thetrue nature of law. Law is not a collection ofrules, more or less arbitrary ; of statutes passedby some legislative body or enacted by the willof an absolute monarch. That part of law whichhas actually been formulated in the shape ofstatute is so small a part of all the law underwhich we live that it is hardly worth consideration. The greater part is the unwritten law, thecommon law, which covers the whole range oflife. It governs every human act, protects everyright, and so fills up the world that no act norevent can fall outside its scope. It is the scienceof what is right and just; not in the abstract,but in view of human conditions and of the nature of current thought. If a claim is madeunder the law, it must be determined, not ordinarily by the letter of an existing statute, but bythe judgment of a court, which, after hearingthe facts, acts in accordance with the principlesof the common law ; that is, in accordance witha system of reasoning based upon both authorityand general principles of justice. Legal reasoning is a method of thought about right ; havingan ideal of justice which it constantly approaches ; founded on the experience and authority of the past, but never hesitating in aproper case to depart from past authority infavor of a clearly apprehended approach to idealright. The laws of natural science are fixed, wThile our knowledge of them is constantlygrowing. The science of human law is a morecomplex one. Its ideal is fixed; but while ourknowledge of ideal right, like our knowledge ofnatural science, grows, the student of law mustnot only discover this new knowledge, but mustenforce it upon the ministers of justice by reasoning and persuasion. The study of law,therefore, is the study, not of inert matter, butof a complex living and growing organism.Not only is law a science, but 'it is a sciencewell worth the enthusiasm and devotion of alifetime. It is a science with a great and interesting history. Our law has grown with thegrowth of the English race, spreading as itspread, and broadening as it broadened frombarbarism to civilization. It is the creature ofthe folk, the church, and the king, full of thelife of the common people, the wisdom of thecloister, the experience of the king's ministers.To understand its present, we must learn itspast with sympathy and appreciation.The study of law, then, is the study of thehistory of a great people ; it is also an intenselypractical science. It lies at the base of humanlife, and all human affairs rest on it. To lawwe owe everything in which we are above thesavage — security of life and of property, libertyand civil government, society itself, indeed, andthe very education we are discussing. It is concerned wTith every function of civilization. Tounderstand its doctrines, we must be familiarwith the affairs of social and business life ; forin studying law we are studying the most urgentcurrent problems.But law is not merely concerned with thepast and present. As the science of right, it isprogressive, always open to betterment, alwaystesting its results in the scales of justice, alwayslooking forward to a juster world which is tocome through its improvement and growth. Ithas a place for the enthusiasm of the reformerand the prophet; for its constant effort, as wehave seen, is not only, by investigation, to dis-46 UNIVERSITY RECORDcover the truth, but by prophetic persuasion tobring it to pass. It is at once historian, economist, philosopher, scientist, and seer.If what I have said is true, I have no need toargue at length the right of law to be includedamong the subjects of university education ; butit must be clear that such a science studied in theuniversity must be studied in university fashion.What, then, is the true method of teachinglaw in a university? It must obviously not betaught as a mere handicraft, by putting into thehands of practitioners the tools of their tradeand teaching the use of them. As a distinguished professor of this university lately said,it is not the true function of a school of law toteach future lawyers how to earn their living.Law must be taught as all sciences are taught —by touching the imagination, by filling the heart,and by re-creating the mind. It must be taughtto students who really profess a career of useful 'thought and public service; not to youthswho, in the intervals of running errands ordancing attendance at spectacular trials, findtime to commit to memory a few arbitrary rules.It must be taught principally by men who havedevoted their lives to investigating the truth,and to training others in its ways ; not by menwho, in the little leisure of an active life, seekrest and recreation in amateur instruction. Itmust be taught, like every other science, byputting the sources of knowledge into the handsof the student and leading him, by investigation,by comparison, and by the gradual formation ofa scientific judgment on which he may depend,to make of himself a sound student of hischosen profession. The law fortunately lendsitself readily to this sort of instruction. All theobjective sources of knowledge of it lie on theprinted page. The library is the laboratory ofour science, and a great law library affords allthe material which the student needs for hisstudy. The task of the teacher is only to formand direct his judgment and kindle his enthusiasm. The original sources of our law are the decisions of our courts, the official depositoriesof legal learning ; and only by a study of thesedecisions can we know the law as a science.But, it is said, this is a slow and painful process ; it is beyond the capacity of the student ;it is a waste of time, for this work has alreadybeen done by the sages of the profession, andtheir conclusions may be read in their books.Do not study the enormous and confused massof decisions, but read the lucid pages of Black-stone, Kent, Greenleaf, Washburn, and Story.After what I have said, it is not necessary in anassembly of scholars to labor the answer to thiscontention. It is our task to train lawyers intheir science, not to give information to intelligent children. Do we study natural sciencefrom primers, or even from the writings of themasters? The child learns history from elementary treatises ; the man, from the works ofFreeman and von Hoist and Mr. Rhodes ; butthe professional historian goes to the originalrecord. So it is with law. Indeed, this methodwas known and practiced in the study of lawlong before it was recognized in other sciences.It was not Francis Bacon, but his great rival,Lord Coke, who said: "I hold him not discreet that will quaff of the streams when he mayseek the fountains."But if so, what of professional success? Isthis the way, the world will ask, to train a manof affairs, one who can make his way in theworld and win his way to the front? Do wedesire to make scholars? Do we not ratherdesire to make lawyers who will win fame andfortune for themselves? Our answer must betwofold. First, that a university must not bedirectly concerned with the worldly success ofher children. She must care only that they maydeserve success in so far as high minds andnoble aims and a zeal for the truth can deserve.No one has phrased this better than Mr. JusticeHolmes :The noblest of them must often feel that they arecommitted to lives of proud dependence, men who com-UNIVERSITY RECORD 47mand no factitious aids to success, but rely upon un-advertised knowledge and silent devotion ; dependenceupon finding an appreciation which they cannot seek,but dependence proud in the conviction that the knowledge to which their lives are consecrated is of thingswhich it concerns the world to know. It is the dependence of abstract thought, of science, of poetry and art,of every flower of civilization, upon finding a soil generous enough to support it. If it does not, it must die.But the world needs the flower more than the flowerneeds life.But if this answer seems sentimental and littlecomforting to the inquirer, the second answer isperhaps more to the point. If the university ismaking no sad mistake in her methods, the lessons she teaches and the spirit she inspires arethe best guarantees, not merely of intellectualsatisfaction and pleasure, but also of worldlysuccess. She does not do her work in order thatit may bring success to her children ; she onlyserves the truth, serene in the confidence that inthe world, as in the cloister, the truth will winsuccess. And this confidence is not misplaced.The world feels its need of the flower.The world needs the flower; is that morethan a mere graceful figure of speech? Hasthe flower a place in the actual business of life ?Yes; for scholarship, as distinguished fromhandicraft, means a union of character, enthusiasm, and skill which results in the greatest offorces. What, compared to it, is the power ofthe water-fall, of steam, of electricity ? Scholarship has harnessed the torrent and made theelemental forces its servant. What is thegreater force of humanity? The soldier mayconquer a people, but the scholar makes itpeaceful, law-abiding, productive. Scholarshipis the ultimate power back of all humanendeavor.And as with the sciences generally, so in amarked degree with law. Serving writs andrunning errands, even badgering witnesses andpersuading juries, is work which can be welldone by anyone with a certain mechanical knack. So far as that can be taught, it must be taughtin the workshop, not in the university ; and it isworth, and it earns, the wages of partly skilledlabor. But legal scholarship, the spirit thatmakes great lawyers, the knowledge of things ofthe mind which is likely to win immediate recognition and is necessary to ultimate success, isnot to be gained through the ear or the eye ; itmeans hard work of the brain, both in thoughtand in exercise ; it is hardly won ; and its valueand its rewards are correspondingly great.Such scholarship one untrained in the schoolsmay, of course, win for himself ; scholars werebefore the universities ; but it is the function ofthe university to save scholars the cost and imperfection of self-education,.A university education in law gives a deepand self-mastered knowledge of the fundamental principles of law, practice in legalthought and reasoning, enthusiasm and happiness in professional life. For this combinationof qualities the world is willing to pay, and doespay with liberal hand. There is no need ofspeculation on this question; the experimenthas been thoroughly tried, and the universityhas proved her case. The full value of suchtraining does not become apparent until thelatest and best years of practice ; but at the verybeginning the world places a money-value uponthe most scholarly university training whichgreatly surpasses the cost of the investment ineducation. The test of the market proves thesoundness of the university's faith.These words, I am too well aware, are anunworthy offering to the great University whichhas done so much for me, for which I have doneso little in return, for which my regard andlove are so warm. But though my crude ideasare my own, the spirit in which I have spokenis the spirit of the university. It is our duty totrain scholars for the businesses of life. Thatduty may we ever faithfully perform!48 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE ANNUAL PHI BETA KAPPA ADDRESS: TlBY WALTEREditor of TheThe most impressive fact in modern socialhistory is the industrial development of theUnited States. In our more prosperous statesthere are perhaps forty millions of personsmore comfortable, better fed, better clad, bettersheltered, more healthful, more economicallyefficient, and with a higher level of intelligence,than any solid mass of forty million personsthat ever before dwelt contiguously.We have proved that in a mobile social condition — a society in which men are free tochoose their work and to develop their personalaptitudes — men find their highest economicdevelopment. From mechanics to great industrial organizers, we have, in this generation,bred men that are the first of those that makethings and the ablest of those that organizework. Thus has democracy justified itself industrially, and it has made a new chapter in thehistory of mankind.Now we have gone upon the theory that inculture also, as in industry, the best way to produce men of a high type is by natural selection.The son of a butcher may turn out to be a poet— perhaps a better poet than the son of a bishop.A merchant may become a statesman. We havekept our faith in the doctrine that culture will,with a fair chance, take care of itself in a democracy ; and it has been our boast and expectationthat with industrial leadership will come leadership also in the arts and in the intellectual life.But we must, at every turn, face the questionwhether this supposition be true. Can a peopletiiat gives itself unremittingly to industry become a cultivated people?We are often reminded by critics both athome and abroad that we are getting no fartheralong in real civilization than we were beforethis industrial era began. Some tell us, indeed, IE CULTIVATED MAN IN AN INDUSTRIAL ERA.HINES PAGE,World's Work.that we are lapsing, that we are losing ourideals, that the love of gain and of physical comfort and of luxury is making us vulgar.Not long ago an American of great learningsat in a luxurious club-house in New York,and said to a little group about him : " All thisrush and noise and madness for money — whata Babylon it makes of this vast city ! Millionsof men running over one another to get rich;highwaymanship without chivalry, robbery reduced to a science. I sometimes think that thelevel of the world's culture would be raised, andnot lowered, by our utter annihilation."A little while ago one of our principal journals, in discussing the rise of Japan, read usthis homily : " What makes Japan particularlyvaluable as an exemplar for us is that the virtues in which it specially excels are preciselythose we most lack and need. Among our mostunpleasant traits are the worship and display ofwealth, the lack of general courtesy, the insensibility to the charms of art, the feverish absorption in needless work, and the consequent inability to enjoy elegant leisure."There are many obvious facts that seem tosupport such a conclusion of despair. Everycultivated man has seen the deadening, leadentouch of commercialism on much of Americanlife; and we probably have more vulgar richpeople in this generation than any other nationhas, or than we ever had before.Let us see, then, what chance a cultivatedman in the United States has in an industrialera as compared with other eras.To make a fair answer, we must get a standard of judgment. Let us assemble a group ofcultivated men — a New Englander and a Virginian of half a century ago, a man of thepresent whose culture is derived almost whollyUNIVERSITY RECORD 49from the past, and another man of the presentwho belongs wholly to our industrial era. Theywill at least make an interesting company.The old-time, cultivated New Englanderknew his Latin and his Greek. He quotedHorace with aptness and sometimes with ostentation. He knew his Shakspere, too, but hefound Pope as handy a poet as Shaksperehimself; and he was fond of reciting Scott'spoetry. He read French, but not German. But,so far as literature goes, he was entitled to becalled a cultivated man. He read and loved,and profited by, most of the best books in threelanguages. He used language well himself, too ;and to use language well is no small part of thehighest cultivation. If he spoke and wrote witha certain self-consciousness, yet he spoke andwrote well. Of public affairs also he was wellinformed; the better informed because thereran through his whole period the controversyabout slavery and the nature of the constitution.He got much cultivation from intelligent andearnest discussion.But of the other arts than literature he knewlittle. The best music that he heard was, perhaps, the singing of the congregation. Unlesshe had been in Europe, he probably never sawmore than a dozen paintings that were worthliving with, and most sculpture would simplyhave shocked him. He saw the Bulfinch StateHouse in Boston and a number of fine specimens of colonial residences ; but he was notsufficiently appreciative of them to refrain frombuilding his own house after some barbarouspattern.Of science, of course, he knew next to nothing. To him the earth and the universe werenot living things, controlled by great laws ofgrowth. To him all things were created full-grown by the goodness of God, and died becauseof his displeasure. Such a man gave muchtime and thought and learning to discussingmere formulas — religious formulas in particular. Half his thought was about what he called philosophy — abstract imaginings that touchedlife nowhere. But he was a gentleman and ascholar and an interesting man. As we lookback at him, he makes an admirable figure as agrandfather. He was a good ancestor; and, ifa man stand this test well, I do not know whatmore we have a fair right to ask of him.The Virginian of the same period had morepolished manners than the New Englander.Perhaps it is better to say that he had moremanners. He lived out of doors a large partof his life. He rode and hunted, and indulgedin more manly sports. He talked loud. He wasvery sure of himself, and very proud of hiskind. His manner toward women was effusive.A fine quality of robustness he had, too, and atouch of the romantic. He was the kind of manthat women admire; and it would be a gravemistake in judging of his cultivation to valuethis quality lightly.He, too, knew his few authors. He at leastcould read his Horace and he did read hisShakspere and his Pope. He had Addison inhis library. When Scott's novels came to hand,he read them with eagerness. But his primaryinterests were not in books nor in learning, norin any of the arts. Of music he knew nothing ;nothing of painting, except such suggestions asthe portraits of his ancestors gave him. He, too,had a few fine specimens of architecture — thelittle courthouse at Williamsburgh, designed bySir Christopher Wren, and the old colonial residences along the James. But they had littleeffect on him. It was from his association wijthother men that he acquired his best cfultivatiqn.He talked well. He had distinguished manners.His attitude to life was sane and cheerful. Hewas physically impressive, too. Measured byany fair standard, he was a cultivated) man — aman who is not only a satisfactory ancestor, butwho was also a satisfactory companion!. He hada largeness of mind that perhaps unfitted himfor scientific investigation, but it m^de him aninspiring personality. He knew little of science,50 UNIVERSITY RECORDbut he loved nature, and he had caught something of nature's largeness of manner. He, too,rode theories hard — especially political and social theories. Perhaps his chief pleasure wasgot from political oratory; and he had a habitof orating even to his wife and children.Before going farther, let me remark thatAmerican society in general in our pre-industrialera, as represented by these men, we findlacked culture in one respect — at least as seenfrom our point of view. Our grandfathers hadnot discovered the resources of childhood. Wemay almost say that the child was hardly known.True, he was not the tyrannical animal that hehas since become ; but he was too often awretched member of society. He did not contribute his full share to the gayety and to thepleasure of the home. Any child who wishesthat he had been born fifty years ago sadly needsinstruction in social history.We hardly dare say that we have in ourgeneration discovered womanhood as we havein our era discovered childhood. But our erahas made life far more comfortable by makingour homes more comfortable, and it has thusgiven to a greatly increased number of womenadvantages that only rich women formerly had.We have lifted the level of culture in the household, as we have lifted the level of the household's comfort.But, to get a measure of cultivated men in theUmied Urates before the industrial era, we neednot go back fifty years, nor one year. We allknow living men of culture who have not beentouched by industrialism nor by any strong influences cf: extemporaneous V'?V* Such a manis he who mm.y declared that, if New York weredestroyed, neither literature nor any of the otherarts would suffer serious loss. He knows thegreat writers of all the literary languages. Hehas %ed half his life in his library . He hastraveled in all European countries, and tarriedlong in m.m off them. He has known the foremost men ul ihis time in scholarship and in literature. It is perhaps unreasonable to askthat he have a wider range of accomplishments.But in politics he has violent prejudices, whichhe mistakes for great principles. And he talkswith a kind of inspiration. You cannot escapethe charm of his conversation. He even swearswith grace ; and to swear without coarseness isa rare accomplishment. He is a man of veryrare cultivation. No one who has once methim will ever forget him. Yet this man'sfriends accept him and enjoy him with qualifications, and apologize to one another for him.In an affectionate way, they laugh at him. Hisfine cultivation has been won at the expense of asound judgment about most subjects of presentconcern. He talks of the past. He lives in thepast. He is detached. Of the economic organization of the worid he knows nothing. Even hisjudgments in literature lack a certain balance.He brings economic vagaries to the interpretation of literature, as Ruskin brought economicvagaries to the interpretation of art. He is nobetter co-ordinated to life than Thomas Carlylewas.Now these — our old-time New Englander,our old-time Virginian, and our despairing, delightful scholar — are fair types of cultivatedmen, untouched by our industrial era; and bystudying them we may make at least a roughdefinition of what constituted a cultivated manof the past.A man fifty years ago got his cultivation inthe United States chiefly from books, and frompolitical and religious discussion, and his culturewas derived almost wholly from the past.It can hardly be denied that our industrial erahas made some very important additions to thesesources of cultivation. But, before consideringthem, let us look at a typical cultivated man ofour own time, who has grown up under the influences of modern industrialism.I shall describe one such man directly fromlife. After a conventional education, havinghis own way to win, he began a business career.UNIVERSITY RECORD 51While he was thus engaged, he decided to become a lawyer. After the usual apprenticeship,he began to practice; and, as a method ofbroadening his acquaintance, he sought an appointive public office. By reason of his businesstraining, he made an important reform in thework of this office, and wrote an instructivelittle book about one department of government.By this, too, he won an influential acquaintance.Among his clients now were his former businessemployer and associates. He served them sowell that he became associated with them incertain large commercial undertakings, whichwere successful, and he became rich. At forty-five he practically retired. He yet gives sometime to his commercial interests and some timeto the law. But he has, in great measure, detached himself from both. In other words, bymeans of modern industrial organization andmodern methods he won fortune and leisurewhile he was yet in the prime of life — his bestworking years ahead of him.He has read widely in economics and history.When he took up certain studies in his earlylife, in French history, he engaged a Frenchmaster to talk with him for two or three eveningsa week, so that he might speak the languagewithout shame. The next vear he spent his vacation in Paris. He learned German, but lesswell, in the same way; and one summer hedabbled, by the same method, in modern Greekas a pastime. At another period he read manygood books of travel, from Hakluyt to Nansen.Not many years afterward he became interestedin international politics. He has now a largeand well-read library on this subject, and he hasthe acquaintance of many foreign statesmen.But, after all, his special subject is commerce.He knows it as a master. He has gone on commercial errands to many parts of the world,and he has got knowledge from observation aswell as from books. I had not seen him for along time till two or three years ago, when Imet him by accident. In less than five minutes he had confided to me — as if it were a secret —that he counted it a bad day when he did not getsix hours in his library.Here, then, is a man who is a product of ourera. He still makes excursions into commerce,and now and then into the law. He lives intouch with his fellows. He enjoys intelligentlya fortune of his own making. His name neverappears in the newspapers. He belongs to nolearned societies. He is democratic in his habits.He spends most of his leisure with his family,and has given much time to the education of hissons. He talks as well about the diplomaticsuccesses of Secretary Hay as about the stockmarket. From his library he will telephone hisopinion about " preferred steel," or he will giveadvice to an old client about the cotton market.If you are interested in cotton, he will tell younot only the production of Egypt and India, butthe area in Africa and Asia where cotton may begrown to compete with our cotton.He loves good music, too. He has some ideasabout architecture, for, when he came to builda house, he practically lived with the architectfor a year, and read a score of books on architecture. He boasts of several happy adaptationsof unusual ideas in his residence. He has a fewpictures in his house, and they are good ones.All the arts have contributed more or less to hiscultivation, and all the world to his information.His mind, his manners, his talk, and his tastesare cultivated; and he is a product of our industrial era.Now, in the range of his culture the industrialman has a decided advantage. An American ofhalf a century ago looked to England, perhapsto Paris ; and, if he were a classical scholar, tothe region of the Mediterranean. It was asmall arc of a circle that his vision took in.Now such a man looks to all the capitals of theworld — east and west; and his horizon is incalculably wider. He may get cultivation frommany arts, instead of from one or two. His52 UNIVERSITY RECORDequipment includes not only new subjects, but anew co-ordination of the old subjects. He hasnot only books, but music, painting, sculpture,architecture — all the arts, besides the rich storesof science.Again, the modern man is interested in thepresent as well as in the past, and more interested in the present than in the past. The oldtype of cultivated man was more interested inthe past than in the present. If he were aclassical scholar, he looked back to Athens inthe time of Perikles as the crowning epoch ofman's development. He would have preferredto live then rather than now — forgetting that,ten chances to one, he would have been born aslave or a barbarian; and forgetting that hecan buy the whole body of Greek literature nowfor less than what a single copy of Homerwould have cost him then. It was a naturaltendency of the culture of an earlier time, whichlooked backward, to become detached from life.It is a healthful necessity that the cultivatedman of our time shall be interested in the present, and thus be kept in touch with his fellows.Another great difference between the twoeras of culture is a result of this first difference.The cultivated man of a half -century ago, as arule, lacked not only adjustment to life abouthim in general, but he lacked specifically aneconomic basis of life. He interpreted mostthings by standards that no longer existed.There are, then, I venture to say, three positive great additions to culture that we owedirectly to our industrial era : the broadening ofits range, the gain got by living in the presentinstead of in the past, and an economic balanceof judgment which is an addition of common-sense.Let me draw a parallel : The evolutionaryphilosophy that began to affect men's thoughtabout half a century ago, in a single generationradically changed our relations to one anotherand to the universe. We think in differentterms from the terms that Emerson and Carlyle thought in. The world is become a differentworld to us. Now a revolutionary influence likethat, if smaller, is taking place in the economicattitude of men toward one another and towardvsociety ; and this is a direct result of the industrial influences that are shaping us. It is coming to be a part of every cultivated man's equipment and habit and thought, and a part of hisway of looking at human society, that he shallhave an economic view of it and a better economic ajustment to it.It is interesting, for example, to observe thedifference between Thoreau and Mr. John Burroughs. These two men had the same initialimpulse — to live close to nature and to interprether. Thoreau took to the woods and practically cut himself off for long periods from hisfellows. His friends regarded him as an eccentric and " unorganized " person, and he acceptedthis status himself. Mr. Burroughs also retiredto the woods. But he lives in a good house,which was built mainly with his own hands.He, too, has given himself to the study of natureall these years, and to the interpretation of it.But he has also regularly sold his grapes andhis celery in the market at the highest price. Aman of better "horse sense," or franker converse with his fellows, it would be hard to find;and, I suppose, more persons probably visit hishome, as a sort of shrine, than go to the homeoi any other living writer in our country. Theysee, not an eccentric man who has separatedhimself from his kind, but an interesting, frankphilosopher who, if he seem an organic part ofhis garden and vineyard and woodland, is apart of human society also.A somewhat similar change has taken placein the character and the status of painters. InMr. Hopkinson Smith's novel, Oliver Horn,there is a description of the life of artists inNew York half a century or more ago. Theyhad not passed the period of studied eccentricities. They were regarded as absurd creatures,of foolish foreign notions and absurd ambitions.UNIVERSITY RECORD 53They lived in cheap boarding-houses, and grewup into various distorted forms of cultivatedmen. Since the world has become economicallyorganized, a painter and his work have becomebetter co-ordinated with other men and otherwork. Artists and the rest of us have becomesaner. The change is an economic change, and isdue to our better general economic adjustment.A corresponding change has taken place inthe attitude of literary men to society. Thinkof old Fenimore Cooper's continual quarrelsand lawsuits and exhibitions of sensitiveness.Think of poor Poe's uneconomic career. Thinkoi the relation of literature to life when N. P.Willis was a court poet in New York. Thinkof the loneliness of Hawthorne, and what mighthave become of him but for Franklin Pierce'sfriendship. Grub Street has been cleaned outby the sanitary forces of our industrial era.Educated society in general has accepted thearts and the artists on an economic footing. Theeffect on real estate of a literary man's residencein a neighborhood is now reckoned on by landlords. All these things mean that the materialof cultivation has become economically adjusted,appraised, valued, accepted. Even a poet isnow expected to have common-sense and topay his bills. While we see yet arts and artistssometimes degraded to commercial uses, as theyonce were to personal dependence, we oftenersee the elevation of the commercial world to thelevel of appreciating arts and artists. All this issaying only that the economic organization ofsociety is a steadying influence, a balancing influence, and that the whole social body is saner.But these are not all the benefits of the industrial era. It has made more men cultivated.Before the diffusion of well-being, the proportion of men of culture to the whole populationwas very small in any country. With the growthof industry and the coming of physical comfort,this proportion has grown beyond calculation.We are within sight of a time when a majorityof well-to-do persons will become, to some extent, cultivated. It has brought physical comfort, for the firsttime, to a large mass of mankind ; and there ismuch cultivation in sheer physical comfort. Themost pathetic chapter in human experience isthat long chapter which tells of men's trying tothank God because he had deprived them ofease, and had made life hard and insanitary. Itwas equivalent to thanking God for bad foodand dyspepsia, for bad beds and rheumatism, forfoul air and tuberculosis. When we first gotrunning water in our houses, a great impulsewas given to culture.It has brought greater activity. Repose hasits uses in nature; but we need not be in ahurry for it if we stop to think what a vastamount of it nature herself has in store for us.We can wait for repose. But, if we are notactive now, we never shall be.Activity, in turn, has brought a wider acquaintance with men; and the best means ofculture is association with the right kind of persons. To make instructive acquaintances is easywith the machinery of our era. It is the distinct contribution that industrialism has madeto society. The comparative isolation of thepre-industrial era was a state of life that weshould not like to go back to. Before our industrialism is hanged for the murder of culture,let us at least give it credit for the widening ofour horizon by travel and communication. Wehear from Port Arthur more quickly than theEnglish heard from Waterloo. We thus gaintime at least, and get somewhat more experiencecrowded into the same number of years.There has come with our industrial era,whether it be a part of it or not, a better appreciation of the out-of-door world. It is toscience, perhaps, that we more directly owe therealization of our close kinship with all thingsthat grow. It is an enormous gain in the materials of culture. It is an ignorant child whodoes not know more natural history than mostof our fathers knew. Now there is cultivationin this. I know an ornithologist who does not54 UNIVERSITY RECORDtell you that he has read many of the great booksin literature, and I do not think he has readthem all ; who knows little Latin and no Greek ;who is not "conscious of literature," and whois not wise about paintings and operas. Youmight, by a narrow standard of culture,' makehim out an ignorant man. Yet he is one of themost cultivated men that I know. His livingwith nature has made him so. Wordsworthwould have found him companionable.It would be hard to exaggerate the culture-value of this growing love of the outdoor world.It is more than a distraction from money-getting and other forms of morbidity ; for it isthe adjustment of ourselves to nature in a veryliteral and healthful way. Out of it is coming,too, a new art — an art that appeals instantly toa democracy. I mean the art of making theearth beautiful by landscape architecture, bytree-planting, and by the culture of flowers.The most healthful aesthetic and physical pleasure comes from this increasing culture. Thetime will come when our continent from oceanto ocean may be thus made more attractive tocultivated minds than any other part of theearth's surface is.We may now take a view of culture as applied to our whole nation; for the industrialperiod is more than a period of mere work. Itis a period of a wider humaneness. Nationalactions reflect the culture of a people. Thehigh and humane culture shown conspicuouslyby two recent acts in our national life standslike a star of hope for the continued elevation ofmankind. By two acts in particular have we setthe selfish nations a new example of humaneculture. We freed Cuba and gave it to theC ubans ; and we have used the power won byour industrial strength to keep the hungry governments of Europe from dismembering China.There are no nobler actions than these in thedealing of nations with one another; and theybelong to the credit of American culture in itsindustrial era. And we have several similar tasks now in hand which we are solving in thesame spirit. Men who think in large units willthink twice before they despair of the true culture of any country whose government is making such history as this.In the presence of this long chain of benefitsthat come from organization and industry, it isimpossible to be seriously frightened for thefuture of culture in America. For what dothese criticisms come to at last? That wealth isrotting us, and that the scramble for wealth is- vulgarizing us. Let us see :The money-making — or the money-saving —faculty is an important one in the economy ofsociety. But it is not a high faculty, and it isnot so rated by us. I doubt whether there wasever a time when mere wealth gave less distinction than it gives now. We do not especiallyhonor our rich men. The poor sometimes envythem. The well-to-do use them, and otherwisepay little heed to them.Nor ought we to forget that the more wealththere is in the world, the wider the opportunitythat it will bring to somebody. It gives usgreat colleges and museums and parks andlibraries and good roads. Every poor man is,in some way, made richer by the rich. And wehave this consolation — it is not we, but the richman himself that runs the risk of being ruinedby his riches. And not even in our industrialera are very rich men yet common enough tofrighten us unduly for the foundations ofsociety.More important as an absorbent of men'senergies than the love of wealth is the excitement of the game that we call business. Menspend themselves at it for the exercise and forthe exhilaration of success. Such exclusivelybusiness careers do not add to culture ; but theydo give power to men. They develop the fiberof the race. In great commercial organizationmen get the same exercise that they once got atplaying at kings and warriors. Such expendi-UNIVERSITY RECORD 55ture of energy brings its benefits. It at leastkeeps it fashionable to work.In our groping after a large principle governing the cultivation of men, let us tarry herelong enough to consider this principle. Thehighest faculty of the mind is the constructivefaculty, the faculty that builds.A man who builds an industry is a strongman. If he takes a constructive pace in industry, he suggests to us the benefit of a constructive pace in culture. The man that buildssomething is not to be feared. He is helpingthe better to organize the world for our benefit,and he is keeping our building faculties in practice. The trouble with the old and narrowerculture was that it was receptive rather thanconstructive.We cannot afford to stop too long to pitythose that get wrecked on the road — whetherthey were wrecked by riches or by a foolishrace for them. A really cultivated man must,in any period, be a strong man. A man whonow wears the vulgar livery of wealth in anyother period would have worn the vulgar liveryof some other master; a man whose mind isnow given wholly to gain would have given hismind to intrigue or to war, or to low enjoyments in any former time ; a man who is submerged by the currents of one era would havebeen submerged by the currents of another era.'What I maintain is, that it is easier to be a free-minded man now and in our country than itever was before in any other land ; and in free-mindedness culture has its beginnings.In very general terms, we may divide American culture into three eras. In the early daysof our history we produced men of a very broadculture — a culture that had the quality of construed veness. Jerferson was such a man. Dr.Benjamin Franklin was such a man. Theirswas, like ours, a building era. Men built government rather than industries. But there wasa similarity of activity then and now, and alargeness of mind characterized both periods.Later there came a time when the dominanttype of the cultivated man in the United Stateswas a college professor or a literary man, or apreacher. Washington Irving and N. P. Williswere types of these — men of real cultivation,but of somewhat weaker constructive faculties.Along with them and after them came the professional scholar. He despised the practical life. He had slight knowledge of men. His judgment was not always sound. This we mightcall our pedantic era. Now a cultivated man ofthe pedantic era was not a building man. Heacquired learning, and he did little else. Norwas he interesting, and it is hard to call anuninteresting man cultivated.The third era is our own maligned time ofindustrialism. We have the pedant yet; for aman may become a scholar, a specialist, by sheerindustry. We make them by machinery, both inour own universities and abroad. But when wehave a cultivated man at all in our industrialera, he is more like the men of our first constructive epoch than he is like the pedant. Industry calls into action the constructive qualities,as statecraft called them into action a centuryor more ago.When Huxley visited the United States, nownearly thirty years ago, he pointed out the greatchange that was taking place in education — thewidening of its scope by science ; and he gave anew definition of an educated man, based cm aknowledge of science. Last year, PresidentEliot, of Harvard University, elaborated thesame thought by declaring that there are nownot three learned professions only, but seven oreight. To the preacher, the lawyer, and thephysician we have added the engineers ofseveral sorts, the architect, and other skilled menof high training. In other words, one of thegreat changes of our era is the broadening ofeducation, its emancipation from mediaevalism.This we owe partly to science; but we owesomething of the change also to our industriallife. The additions to culture-material impliedin the mere mention of this change are greatenough to suggest that we are undergoing awholesome reorganization of our whole intellectual life. The larger truth is, we are, forthe first time, so organizing human society as tomake a rounded and balanced culture possibleand general. The cultivated man in a perfected,democratic industrial life wrill be the most widelyand sanely cultivated man that has been evolved.He will, of course, still have the roots of his culture in the past — you cannot make a cultivatedman wholly out of contemporaneous material —but his chief interests will be in the present;and the great forces of our industrial time willmake him saner, broader, and wiser.56 UNIVERSITY RECORDADDRESSES IN CONNECTION WITH THETHE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALITY IN ANCIENTHISTORY.1BY EDUARD MEYER,Professor of Ancient History, the University of Berlin.It is on a subject from my own field ofstudy that the authorities of this Universityhave desired me to speak today. In doing so,and in selecting me and my branch of scientificwrork from the gr^eat number of disciplinesunited in the Faculty of Arts and Literature,you have shown that the value of historicalstudies in general and of "ancient history in particular for a thorough and harmonious civilization is not less keenly felt and not less readilyacknowledged in the New World than in theOld.All civilizations mean active and creativeenergy of the human mind, morally as well asintellectually; and for developing these qualities the first and dominant condition is that thehuman intellect and the human will become free -and conscious of themselves. There are two\great forces continually at work in every civilization, nay, in all human life : the power of tradition, which has settled everything a man maydo and think, by a rule pretending to exist fromtimes immemorial, although in reality it may be •of quite recent origin and have come into existence only yesterday or the day before ; and, inopposition to it, the creative and inventive faculties of man, the power of individuality, the tendency to emancipate one's self from tradition, toalter and improve the conditions of life, to see 'the world no more in the way in which traditionteaches, but to model it anew according to one'spersonal wants and one's own power of reason.These two great tendencies are continuallystruggling with each other, each aspiring to t1 Delivered in the Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, March21, 1904, in connection with the exercises of the FiftiethUniversity Convocation. FIFTIETH UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION.absolute dominion. For as the exterior conditions of life continually change, so there cannever be a generation absolutely similar to thepreceding one, nor a tradition which reaches itsideal of absolute constancy, although a civilization may stick ever so much to the principle ofnot stirring by a liair's breadth from the tradition of the ancestprs, as the Egyptian civilizationdid of old and the Chinese civilization does tothis day. And, on the other hand, .there neverwas nor ever will be a man, who is not from hisbirth imbued with a mass of tradition which henever can overcome, however much he mayboast of his originality and intellectual independence. Nay, more than that : every progressin the way of individuality, every triumph overtradition, leads to the creation of a new tradition, often stronger and more oppressive thanthe vanquished one. For, as soon as a new advance in the way of civilization is made by individual work or thought, it enters into traditionand all forces are at work to make it a permanent possession, which man never can lose again.So the greatest progress reached by a strongand free individuality may in the course of afew generations be turned into the mightiest bulwark of tradition, which for centuries obstructsand even utterly prevents free and individualprogress — a phenomenon constantly to be metwith in the history of religion, but also in thehistory of art, of politics, of every social institution, nay, of philosophy itself.Every great civilization really deserving thatname aims at establishing an equilibrium of bothtendencies. ^The highest product of human culture is a free personality possessed of creativepower, -a man standing firm, irf his own .feet,who neither subdues^ffis reason to the yoke oftradition without frte inquiry, nor seeks to destroy it merely because it is tradition.! In himUNIVERSITY RECORD 57is united what to appearance seems opposite,moral and intellectual freedom with all that issound and great and beneficial in tradition.Such a man and his work present the truestandard by which alone the value of a civilization ought to be measured; all outward andmaterial results of which a civilization mayjustly boast are only the means for producingthis highest moral and intellectual culture. Ifsuch a man possess the creative power of genius,whether in the domain of poetry and art or inthat of science or in political activity, he becomes one of the great benefactors of mankind,by whose work and ideas men may be guidedfor centuries. If you allow me to call into remembrance some men of this order of which myown country can boast, I would name Goethe,Kant, Beethoven, Bismarck. To such a man theexternal circumstances and influences, uponwhich all human work is dependent, are nolonger hindranqj0»#n his way, but means ofwhich he can freely dispose. By a clear insightinto their force and effect, by acknowledgingtheir irresistible power, he is no more theirslave, as common men are, but becomes theirmaster. He will never go against their currentnor give himself up to them, but with a firmhand leads his ship into the harbor through windand waves. As Schiller says of the majesty ofmoral law, -whicbr frightens, and -overawes theslave, but to the master becomes the source ofhis moral 'strength: "Nehmt die Gottheit aufin Euren Willen, uhd sie steigt von ihrem Welt-^enthron." This is true just as well of the physical forces and of the powers which we callchance and fate: " Des Gesetzes strenge Fessel'bindet nur den Sklavensinn, der es verschmaht ;mit des Menschen Widerstand verschwindet 'auch des Gottes Majestat ! "One of the great means civilization has developed for reaching this height, for becomingconscious of itself and of the powers which rulethe moral and intellectual world, is the study ofhistory. The first great period of this history, theepoch in which man first created a high civilization and for the first time fought out thisstruggle from beginning to end, is the history ofantiquity. And it is just because here the development has come to an end, because ancient historyis finished and gone, and lies before our eyecomplete and entire, that we may put questionsto it and derive lessons from it such as are possible in no other part of history.In the short space of time at my disposal Iwish to consider the history of antiquity from'the point of view indicated by these preliminaryremarks. I wish to show how individuality firstsprang into existence as a distinct factor of historical development, and how it acted in thestruggle with tradition and with the externalforces dominant in all human life.—-The cradle of higher civilizations lies in theEast, in the valley of the Nile and in the plainof the lower Euphrates. From these centerscivilization spread over the surrounding nationsby commerical and political intercourse, by conquest and by imitation. In both countries asearly as the third, if not the fourth, millennium B. C. man had reached a high materialand intellectual culture, which raised the inrhabitants far above the uncivilized nomadictribes round about them. But just for this rea-wson it is the power of tradition which dominatesabsolutely in them as in all similar civilizatons.It is at the very beginning that we find theirgreatest and most stupendous creations: thepyramids of Egypt, the great brick temples ofBabylonia, the political organization of the state-of the Pharaohs, the old law of Babel, and the-code of Hammurabi ; the most refined works of.art, as in Egypt the portrait statues of theScheck-el-Beled and the scribe in the Louvreand the reliefs of the Sakkara tombs, and inBabylonia the great triumphal stele of Naram-sin — a work which is in conception and execution, if once you have accustomed yourself tothe way of seeing of those old artists, one of the58 UNIVERSITY RECORDgrandest creations of all human art ; the impression of which quite overwhelmed me when Ifirst stood before it in the Louvre. But, as itwere, in these old nations man stands in awebefore his own creations: what he himself hasshaped and framed is not his own work, but thework of beneficent gods. They have revealedto him the ideas, the forms, and the instrumentsby which he is working. The conceptions arenot his own, but only the execution, and hemust preserve them and follow them up fromtimes immemorial to the end of the world. Soit happens that these civilizations stand intactfor thousands of years, unchangeable in principle, slowly and reluctantly following thechange of time and circumstances in fact, untilat last they become petrified like mummies, andat the end are overthrown by a movement notfrom within, but from without.Of course, I do not mean to say that in thesecivilizations there had not been men of astrongly determined personality, of firm will,even of creative power. There is somethingnew and a decided progress in the empires ofAmmenemes I. and Thutmosis III., of Hammurabi, of Sargon of Assyria, and of Nebuchadnezzar, just as the religion of Egypt underthe New Empire is in essence very different fromthat of the pyramid-builders, although the formsand phrases have in great part remained identical ; and the same will be the case in Babylonia,although we cannot grasp it as yet. ' But thegreat difference between these old civilizationsand that of Israel or of Greece or of moderntimes is this, that the consciousness of individuality does not exist. Man thinks and actsas a specimen of his species, not as a beingseparated from the rest of the world ; he is ledby tradition, even if his work tends to alter tradition. The most characteristic test of this stateot feeling is that, although each of the orientalcivilizations has produced a large literature,there is no literary work bearing the name of anauthor ; and in that innumerable mass of works of art there are only very few, even in Egypt,where the artist has introduced his name andfigure in some hidden way.2 It is the wisdom ofThoth or of Nebo which the priests and sages,the astronomers and physicians, the story-tellersand magicians, of Egypt and Chaldea were writing down, even if they were adding some newinvention or observation of their own to the oldstore ; if the slow progress of ideas is recognizable in their writings, it always takes the formof primeval revelation. There is only one instance in the history of Egypt — in the historyof Babylonia and Assyria I know of none —where the conflict of tradition and of the driftof modern thought had become so acute that anattempt was made to overthrow tradition and toconstrue the world anew. This happened whenKing Amenophis IV., or Chuenaten as he afterward called himself, dared to upset Amon andthe old gods of Egypt, and t,o put in their place amonotheistic religion, the cult of the one godwho manifests himself in the disk of the sun andwho has created and rules the whole world.There we see individuality appearing: it is thedoctrine of the king which is enjoined upon alltrue believers, and in the prayer which hecomposed his oAvn name is included. After ashort time of success the innovation was overthrown: the old gods triumphed, and with^them the power of almighty tradition. Thismemorable religious struggle forms the climaxand the turning-point of the history of Egyptiancivilization.I cannot judge of the development of thefarther East, of India and China, which do not2 For one of the reliefs from the tombs which represents a scene of revels in the marshes of the Nile, theartist puts at the end of the festival procession a smallboat in which he sits himself with a servant who prepareshis meal, and a huge jug of beer before him, thoroughlyenjoying the compensation which he has obtained fromhis employer. It is a brilliant discovery of A. Erman,that this figure represents the artist himself: it is theonly figure which is a real portrait with a very realisticphysiognomy ; all the other persons represented in thetomb are conventional figures, as usual.UNIVERSITY RECORD 59belong to the domain of Mediterranean history.But westward of the Indus the rule is valid,only all the more surely the higher a civilizationhas developed materially. Only in two nationson the outskirts of civilized districts, whichentered late into the domain of an earlier civilization, do we find a well-defined individualityas a dominant agent, in both cases under areligious form : in Iran the prophet Zarathustra,and in Israel the prophets of the Old Testament.From the point of view from which we contemplate history, the Israelitic people takes byfar the highest rank among the nations of theEast, although it never could equal them inmaterial civilization, in art, and in political development. But in Israel political and socialconditions combined to produce the first greataction of individuality in the history of mankind. The external situation of the nation wassuch that, torn by civil war, infested by hostileneighbors, and already under the fearful thoughdistant pressure of the growing Assyrianempire, it could never reach -again even thatsmall .degree of political power which underDavid and Solomon it had* enjoyed for a fewyears. At the same time, internally, the effectof the double change made itself felt, whichhad converted first a conglomerate of nomadictribes into a loose confederation of peasantsand farmers under self-government* of a localand patriarchal character, and then into aunited nation under despotic rule. This ruleintroduced a higher material civilization, withcommerce and money economy in its sequel. Itwas the same social development through whichGreece passed in the time of Hesiod and Archil-ochus, in the time of the tyrants and the lyricpoets, and modern Europe in the time from theCrusades down to the Reformation — a development beginning with the destruction of the oldpatriarchal society and trade by barter, and leading to a chaotic state frorr^vvhich the new orderof modern society only springs after a long anddesperate struggle. Both factors combined, the peril from without and the misery from within,created a general feeling, that something wasrotten in the state -of the country, that themighty God who in former times had protectedIsrael and led it from success to success, hadturned away from his people and would not giveit his blessing any more. The mass of thenation, kings and nobles as well as the lowerclasses, either tried to regain his grace by increasing the forms of worship, by pilgrimagesand fastings and sacrifices,, even of their firstborn sons, or applied to other gods who hadshown themselves mightier in this world thanJehovah of Israel. But some individual menarose who sought the solution in quite anotherway. Their god was as mighty as ever, nay,much greater and more majestic than mancould conceive; but the fault of his peoplewas that they had completely misunderstoodhis true character, that they had tried tobribe him by foul presents and actions insteadof surrendering their hearts to him>. Whatthey had felt and seen in the dark hoursof desperate struggle with the dreadful problem, what they felt forced to cry out to thepeople, to kings and high-priests, to the rich andthe usurers, could not be their own inventionnor their own ideas ; for it was the one eternaltruth, and so it was God himself who was speaking through their mouths — just as the greatspeculations about the origin of gods and menand the universe, which Hesiod had formed inthe long nights in which he pastured his sheepen the meadows of Helicon, were not his owninventions, but the revelation of the muses whohad appeared to him and had given him thelaurel staff of the poet.The prophets were firmly convinced that thenation must go to destruction by the will of itsown God and protector ; for, indeed, the politicalsituation was such that there was no hope left.The only way of salvation was that a remnantmight come to insight and turn back to the Godwho had revealed himself to their ancestors.60 UNIVERSITY RECORDHere, too, as in every step of religious progress,the new doctrine took the venerable form of tradition and claimed to be nothing but the oldtruth rescued from obliteration ; but, in fact, thereligion which the prophets taught was quite asdifferent from that of Gideon and David as thereligion of Amenophis IV. was from that ofthe pyramid-builders, or as the religion of Socrates and Plato was from that of Homer. Thestep forward which Amos and Hosea and Isaiahtook denotes one of the most momentouschanges in the history of mankind. The all-subduing force of conscience, or more exactly ofthe conscience of a single individual in opposition to the whole surrounding world, came intoaction and made itself felt for the first time.The consequences of the struggle fought in theeighth and seventh centuries on the small areaof Palestine are still felt throughout the wholerange of our civilization.The unique position of these men is shown,even to the most superficial observer, by the factthat they are the only men in the whole literature of the ancient Orient (if we except Zara-thustra and the nations eastward of the Indus)whose words, written down in the form ofpamphlets, have come down to us under theirown names, and, what is decisive, whose namesand personal fortunes are an essential elementof their works. A man who braves a wholenation, based upon nothing but his conscienceand his conviction of truth, cannot be an anonymous pamphleteer. ,At the same time at wThich this decisivestruggle began in the Israelitic nation, a similardevelopment took place farther westward on theshores of the iEgean Sea. Here, too, the influence of oriental civilizations had made itself feltat a very early time, and had combined with theinborn genius of the nation to create that marvelous civilization of the Mycenean age whichalways anew arouses surprise and admiration,as one of its creations after another is broughtto light again from the soil which covered th£ palaces and fortresses and tombs of Tiryns andMycenae, of Orchomenos and Troy, of Phaestosand Cnossos. But it seems that, in spite of theefforts of the dynasts of the ^Egean world torival the grandeur of oriental monarchs, in spiteof the high development of art and trade andindustry, the time had not yet come for athorough civilization of the Greek world.Nobody who opens his eyes will deny that theart of this epoch bears the true stamp of .Greekgenius ; but its very refinement — e. g.y the talland sinewy bodies, and thin waists of the dancing girls and of the wrestlers, on the walls ofTiryns and Phaestos and on the golden cupsof Amyclse — seem to show that this civilization was confined to a narrow circle, andscarcely aimed at higher objects, than the entertainment and amusement of the rulers ; and thegreat buildings of the age show a ruling class ofwarriors, and at their side a great majority ofdependent serfs, who by forced labor have builtup the gigantic walls of the fortresses and thetombs. In this respect we may very well compare the Mycenean civilization with^the later oneof Etruria, however different be% their aspectand their intrinsic value.The result of the first epoch of Greek historyis undoubted: the Mycenean Greeks gained agreat influence on the old civilizations of theEast, on Egypt and Syria, they settled on thecoasts of Asia Minor and Cyprus, but theirstates were internally weak, and their civilization died away; and at last they were overthrown by that invasion of ruder but strongertribes from the mountains which is known bythe name of the Doric migration..*'But from that time the political developmentof the Greeks turned into a path ^different fromthat of the East. The connection with the Eastdid not cease, but it diminished, and as after thedecay of the Pharaonic empire there was at firstno dominant power at all, and then the Assyrianempire did not reach so far, the Greek tribesand cities were left completely to themselves.UNIVERSITY RECORD 61So they could enjoy the great advantageafforded to England by her insular position, andenjoyed by the United States during the lastcentury, at least since the end of the secondwar with England — the advantage, not indeedcf being out of connection with the rest of theworld, but of not being surrounded (as Israelwas) by mighty neighbors, who at any timemight endanger the very existence of the nation.In a mediaeval state of society, of agriculture, andof trade, as we find it in the age of Homer, thispolitical isolation led to a full development ofcentrifugal tendencies, in which the local interest dominated everywhere without restriction orcounter-check. So the Greek world split intothose innumerable political atoms which werethe cause at the same time of its political weakness and of the versatility of the nation and theharmonious and manifold development of itscivilization. )f"lt is not my intention to show in this lecturehow this state of affairs was slowly altered, howthe mediaeval organization was decomposed, andnew social and intellectual problems arose. Ihave pointed already to Hesiod and Archilochusas the great prophets of this movement, the firstauthors of Greece, who have told us their namesand their personal experiences. It is only thepolitical aspect of Greek history upon which Lcan dwell for a short time. A new societysprang into existence; the middle and lowerclasses demanded their rights — the peasantsand farmers as well as those new elements ere-.ated by the development of commerce and industry. The state became a much more complicatedinstitution than it had been in Homeric times.Different classes with opposite aspirationsstruggled for power, and it became the object ofthe state.t^uphold the unity of the township bygiving everybody what was his due. It wasowing to these tendencies that the idea ofcitizenship was conceived for the first timein history. Citizenship is based upon, thepostulate that all true members of a com munity are to be equal in rights and induties ; the only remaining question is whether.all the inhabitants of a city or a territoryare to be citizens, or whether part of themmust be excluded from political rights andsocial equality ; and it is upon this point thatthe various constitutions differ in practice aswrell as in theory. The conception of citizenshipincludes two further ideas realized in all advanced Greek constitutions, but absolutely foreign to a more primitive state of society, e. g.} tothe Homeric world and to all oriental nations.The one is, that the duties of the citizen towardhis state are paramount to everything else ; that,if the state demands it, he must willingly giveup to it his life and all that he possesses andthat is dear to his heart. The community intowhich man is put is for this conception of citizenship the dominant factor of all human existence, the great and absolute unity of social life,which gives to its members the conditions ofexistence and of individual prosperity, but as anequivalent demands the entire devotion of theirpersonality to the supreme aims of the state.Of old this state had been ruled by the intelligence and for the benefit of a single person orof a dominant class, who might have in viewthe welfare of the whole community, but mightjust as well only follow their own personalwants and desires. But the new principle ofcitizenship could not be reconciled with such agovernment. It demanded that the state beruled, not by personal interests, but by the greatidea underlying its own conception — the idea ofjustice, the rule of eternal, unchangeable law,which stands supreme far above all human aspirations, born in heaven, as Sophocles calls it,to ||hpse majesty man's own conscience forces• hmiiW submit even when he tries to evade it• and to break it. Plato in his greatest work, thedialogue on politics, was perfectly right whenhe conceived the state as the incorporation, thephenomenal form, of the idea of justice. Herethe field was opened for the work of individual-62 UNIVERSITY RECORDity in politics. All those great legislators, partyleaders, and tyrants of the seventh and sixthcenturies tried to solve this great problem, andby its solution to secure and to increase thewelfare of their community and to develop itshidden forces. In Sparta the idea of a freetownship of warriors was realized, ruling oversubject towns and a large mass of serfs whotilled the soil and were considered unfit forpolitical life. But in the reigning communitythere was perfect equality; no distinction wasrecognized but that gained by military service,by brave deeds in war ; and by this organization,by the absolute equality of the Spartiates and bytheir constant military training Sparta gaineda dominant position on the continent and therenown of being invincible on the battlefield.In other places, legislators and tyrants — e. g.,Kypselos and Periander of Corinth, and Pisis-tratus of Athens — tried to reconcile the interests of the farmers with those of trade and commerce. Solon of Athens in his laws, as he sayshimself, wished to give everybody his due : " Tothe demos I gave as much power as is sufficient,neither more nor less, so that it neither may beoppressed nor oppress the wealthier classes."Others tried other solutions ; in fact, the wholeinternal history of the Greek states from theseventh century onward is nothing but a seriesof attempts to solve this great problem, to realize the perfect form of the state as the rule ofgenuine and perfect and right law./ It is the political development of Greek civilisation which forms its most characteristicdistinction from the development of eastern civilizations. Those efforts of thought, of humanwrestling with the problems of life, which in theEast were turned altogether into the domain ofreligion and theology, in Greece had obtained afreer, an almost unlimited, space for action. InGreece the universality of human life andthought, of human civilization, let me say thetrue idea of man, first came into appearance;the full development of individualism, and with it the true freedom of man, in all the relationswhich we comprise under this one word,morally, politically, intellectually, artistically,was created spontaneously at first in Greece andonly in Greece. In this sense it is true that,however many improvements may have beenadded in later times, our own civilization, thatmighty civilization which is now aspiring todominion over the whole globe, sprang out ofGreece and has its firm and everlasting roots inthat marvelous and unique development whichtook place on the shores of the ^Egean Sea fromthe seventh to the fourth century.There were in Greece tendencies which triedto go in the ways of the East. They can beseen in the dominant position which the Greekoracles occcupied in the sixth century, in thedevelopment of that new theological religionwhich bears the name of the Orphic revelation.If these tendencies had conquered, they mighthave ended in creating in Greece a new civilization of oriental character, in which the powersof tradition had become dominant in theologicalform and could have tried to subdue individu-,alism under their yoke. But it was to be otherwise. A time came when the political isolationof Greece ended, and with it the unlimitedexpansion of the nation, which had led tothe colonization of the shores of the Mediterranean. The great states of oriental origin, thePersian empire in the East and the Carthaginianempire in the West combined in an attack. uponGreece. And now her internal development,her intellectual, moral, and physical forces,based upon the idea of political freedom, hadbecome strong enough to withstand and to turnback the gigantic attack. In this conflict individualism gained its greatest triumph, for 4 thecivilization of Greece had now so f^pafrvancedthat she had been able to produce a genius equalto the occasion, who, as Thucydides has formulated it, " by the force of his nature, by his .owninborn intellectual power, without needing anyteaching from others either before or afterward,UNIVERSITY RECORD 63was able, by the shortest reflection, to hit thepoint in any sudden emergency and to guessbest about all eventualities of the future." Ineed not say that it is Themis tocles I am speaking of ^But with the defeat of the Persians the situation was changed. Until then the small states ofGreece, although they had fought with one another, and although the larger ones had aspiredto leadership over their neighbors, had on thewhole led a quiet and easy life, not muchtroubled by external questions. But now external politics became dominant; nay, morethan that, the great question of the future waswhether the nation as a whole, disunited as itwas and torn into hundreds of small states,would be able to retain the position gained onthe battlefield and to reap the results of the greatwrar. The old particularism, so essential to indi-"vidualism and so dear to Greek hearts, became •untenable; all the smaller states were forced- to.follow the lead of the great military powers,, and.among them the maritime and commercialpower of Athens soon became dominant. Re-luctantly enough parties and politicians were 'forced to acknowledge, what Themistocles knew .from the first, that all internal questions, however nearly they may touch the interest of thecitizens, are of secondary importance only, whencompared with the questions of power. Thesetouch the very foundations of the state ; it mustexist and maintainits independence first, ere its'constitution can beSIscussed. In the theory ofGreek politics the7e~3^niHia4tes the same fundamental error which has thrown so much* confusion into the political discussions of the past*century, especially in liberal, but also in conservative, parties. They were inclined to consider their constitutional ideal as the final aim ofa state, whereas even the ideal of liberty and ofthe rule of law is nothing but a means forreaching the highest aim, for developing andsecuring the power and greatness of a state.Athens tried to secure the supremacy over Greece by developing democracy to a degreesuch as the world has never seen again, not evenin the most advanced democracies of our owntime. The ideal of this democracy is depicted byThucydides in those famous words put into themouth of Pericles :We have a constitution which bears the name otdemocracy, because it admits the government, not of afew, but of many ; but according to our laws all haveequal rights without regard to their fortunes, and areallowed to gain influence, not by party manoeuvres, but bypersonal distinction ; nor is the poor man, if he has somegood -advice to give, excluded therefrom by the scarcityof his means. A liberal spirit pervades our public andour private life ; we do not envy nor encroach uponthose who are rich and enjoy their riches, and while wemove freely in private life, we obey the laws and thecommands of the magistrates We have createdmany institutions for the recreation and the mental culture of the people, and by the greatness and power ofthe city we can introduce and enjoy the products of allother countries We aspire to that which is beautiful and intellectual without unnecessary expense andwithout effeminacy. We use our wealth, not for mereshow, but for practical purposes, and we do not consider it a shame if anyone is poor, but if he does not tryby his own energy to rise from poverty. We think thateveryone is able to take care of public work just as .wellas of his own private interests, and we do not considera man who will shrink from public life as a quiet citizen,but as -a useless and bad one Thus we have gainedour leading position in Greece ; and so I would sum upthe whole by saying that Athens has become the place ofeducation for all Greece.I cannot attempt to show how by this organization Athens for some time obtained absolutedominion over a part of the Greek world, buthow soon afterward her power broke down,partly owing to the opposition of . the rest of thenation and of the Persian empire, partlythrough the fault of democracy itself, whichpractically had developed from the rule ofequality and law to the dominion of the lowerclasses of the city over the rich and the land-¦ owners.After the fall of Athens, Greece never wasable to attain power again. Very soon thecommand of the Persian king, feeble though he64 UNIVERSITY RECORDwas, ruled over Greece, in spite of all her mentaland physical superiority; and all attempts toconstruct a better and more durable form ofpolitical organization failed signally. It was theMacedonian kingdom which took up the task,in which Greece had failed, and conquered theEast for Greek civilization. In Alexander thedevelopment of Greek civilization reached ts climax. ~But his death left the world-empire unfinished; and all the great Macedonian generals and monarchs who succeeded him were notable to create a state of firm internal consistency which might be strong enough to withstand a serious attack from without.Y What Greece had failed to achieve was during the same period accomplished by Rome.Rome had succeeded in building up in Italy agreat national state on a broad basis, in whichthe physical and military forces of the inhabitants stood at the dispositon of government toan extent never known in the Greek world.The dominant element in this great republicconsisted in the peasants and farmers whoformed her armies, under the politicaland military leadership of the great landowning families. It was the impulse for territorial expansion, for gaining new land and newfarming estates, which led to the conquest ofItaly. But a time came when the temptationarose to make this strong continental power feltin the world. In crossing over to Sicily andattacking Carthage, Rome made that great stepwhich a nation may make of her own freeresolution; but which she never 'can take back;the same step which Prussia made whenFrederick the Great invaded Silesia, and whichin our days the United States^ made _wh.en. itwenjM£j3uba^ the stepfrom a territorial power with only local intereststo a world-power. You all know how this firststep led Rome farther on from one position tbanother; how she became the dominant powerof the whole civilized world; how she tried atfirst to surround herself with vassal states of no independent power, but how she soon was forcedto take the rule for herself and to transform thevassals into subjects ; and how with the dominion over the Mediterranean world there camethe revolution, the downfall of the republic,and the establishment of autocratic government.But I have trespassed already upon your time.So let me point to only one more instance, andone of the most remarkable instances, of thepower and consequences of individual action inhistory, which may be efficient for thousands ofyears. You and I speak a Teutonic language,German or English, and we all ought to realizethe astonishing fact that a Teutonic languagehas become dominant in the whole North of thiscontinent, whereas the South is the domain ofRomance languages. Now the very existence ofTeutonic languages is a consequence of the factthat Germany was not subdued by the Romans.But if we put the question, how it came to passthat the rebellion of Arminius became decisiveand was not quelled ' nor the Germans bentunder the yoke of Rome, as were the Spaniards,the Celts, the Illyrians, the only reason historycan give is' that it was the result of the decisionwhich Augustus made concerning the internalorganization of the Roman empire, when he hadbecome its absolute master by the battle of Ac-tium. This decision sprang from his characterand his own free will. He might have followedthe precedent of Caesar and have aspired toworld-conquest and absolute monarchy; byshrinking from it, by giving the state a newconstitution and retaining for himself only limited powers, he made world-conquest impossible.Caesar would have subdued Germany just aswell as he did Gaul when he had once begun;but for the military and financial organizationwhich Augustus gave to the Roman world, thetask was too great indeed. So the emperorsleft Germany to herself.With this remark let me end. It is a characteristic of historical research that it is infinite inevery direction ; that, wherever we touch it, itUNIVERSITY RECORD 65leads us farther and farther. Out of one question we put to it there always arise new ones ofintense interest, without ever coming to an end.It is to some of these questions and problemsraised by ancient history that I have tried todirect your attention in this rapid review.DIE BINDUNGSVERHALTNISSE ZW ISC HEN TOXIN UNDANTITOXIN.VON GEHEIMER MEDICINAL-RATH PROFESSOR DR P. EHRLICH,Director des Konigl. Instituts filr experlmentelle Therapiein Frankfurt a. M,Wenn ich die Bindungsverhaltnisse zwischenToxin und Antitoxin zum Gegenstande meinerheutigen Vorlesung gewahlt habe, so geschiehtdies insbesondere aus dem Grunde, weil dasStudium derselben eine Bedeutung beansprucht,die weit iiber das Gebiet der Immunitatslehre hin-ausgeht. Darf man doch hoffen, dass die hierbeigewonnenen Anschauungen nicht nur der Phar-makologie und Therapie, der Lehre von der Assi-milisation und dem Zellleben zu Gute kommenwerden, sondern dass die zu grunde liegende distributive Betrachtungsweise und die pluralistischeDenkungsart den Kreis des medicinischen Wis-sens und Konnens erheblich erweitern werden.Dass diese Erkenntnis in weitesten KreisenPlatz gegriffen, beweist am schlagendsten derUmstand, dass kein Gebiet der Medicin in soextensiver und intensiver Weise der experimen-tellen Bearbeitung unterliegt wie der Ausbau derImmunitatslehre. Ich glaube nicht unbescheidenzu sein, wenn ich annehme, dass die von miraufgestellte Theorie — welche als Seitenketten-theorie bekannt ist — • an dem Aufbluhen diesesneuen Zweiges unserer Wissenschaft nicht un-wesentlich betheiligt ist. Andererseits wird Ihnenauch bekannt sein, dass meine Theorie nach demalten Princip : ubi actio ibi reactio namhafte undzahlreiche Gegnerschaft gefunden hat, welchegerade in Deut?chland zum lebhaftesten Ausdruckgelangt ist. Ich will hier auf die hochgehenden1 Delivered in Kent Theater, March 21, 1904, in connection with the exercises of the Fiftieth Convocation. Diskussionen der letzten lahre nicht in's Detaileingehen, sondern mich begniigen darauf hinzu-weisen, dass keiner meiner Widersacher es ver-mocht hat, unter den zahlreichen Experimenten,welche von mir und meinen Mitarbeitern Dr. D6-nitz, Morgenroth, Sachs, Kyes, und Neisser ausge-fuhrt wurden und die nun gesammelt vorliegen,2auch nur ein einziges ausfindig zu machen, dassich bei der Nachpriifung als unrichtig erwiesenhatte. Andrerseits ist es keinem der Widersachergelungen, auch nur eine Thatsache experimentellsicher zu stellen, welche die Seitenkettentheoriead absurdum fiihren konnte.Wenn, wie gewisse Gegner glauben, meine Anschauungen von Alpha bis Omega irrig waren,musste es doch bei der grossen Ausdehnungdes Gebietes und der hierdurch bedingten An-griffsweise ein Leichtes sein, irgend welche wider-legende Thatsachen beizubringen. Dieser Ansichtwar auch Gruber, als er an Hand einer grossenReihe von Experimenten Einwande zu erbringenglaubte, die meine Theorie stiirzen sollten. Allediese Einwande sind im Frankfurter Institut einereingehenden Nachuntersuchung unterzogen wor-den. Aus den diesbeziiglichen Publicationen ist klarersichtlich, dass Gruber seine Versuchein hochstbequemer, d. h., unvollstandiger Weise angestelltund dieselben in dem Momente abgebrochen hat,in dem das erwiinschte Fehlresultat eingetretenwar. Diese Liicken wurden nun in Frankfurtausgefullt und zwar mit dem Ergebnis, dass nachKlarlegung und Vermeidung der Versuchsfehlernun die Gruber'schen Versuche ihren Charakterals Belastungsmaterial vollkommen eingebusstund sich in weitere Stiitzen meiner Theorie ver-wandelt haben.Ich brauche kaum noch hervorzuheben, dassbei den zahlreichen durch lange lahre fortgesetz-ten Arbeiten des Institutes weder ich noch einermeiner Mitarbeiter je auf Erscheinungen ge-*Gesammelte Arbeiten zur Immunitatsforschung, heraus-gegeben von Professor Dr. P. Ehrlich, Geheimer Medicinal-Rath, Berlin 1904. Verlag von August Hirschwald.66 UNIVERSITY RECORDstossen ist, die mit der Theorie unvereinbar ge-wesen waren. Im Gegentheil, sehr haufig habenwir Gelegenheit gehabt, auf Grund dieser Anschau-ungen den Ablauf von Versuchen im Voraus rich-tig zu bestimmen. Vielleicht darf ich in dieserBeziehung ein einziges Beispiel anfiihren. Alsich und Morgenroth den Mechanismus der Hamo-lysine und Bacteriolysine in der Weise aufgeklarthatten, dass die empfindlichen Elemente — Blut-korperchen, Bakterien — den Amboceptor unmit-telbar, das Complement aber nur durch Vermitte-lung des fixirten Amboceptors aufnehmen kann,schrieb ein hervorragender Fachmann, dass dieThatsachen sehr schon waren, dass man sich aberbemuhen mochte, einfachere Erklarungen dafurzu gewinnen. Thatsachlich lagen aber die Ver-haltnisse umgekehrt. Wie vielen bekannt, hatteich schon Jahre vorher den Eintritt dieser Er-scheinung als Postulat der Theorie hingestellt undwar der obige neue Versuch nichts als eine Aus-fuhrung und Bestatigung dieser meiner Conception. Wohl alle Naturforscher sind der Ueber-zeugung, dass die Forderung einer von Hypo-thesen freien Wissenschaft ungerechtfertigt undschadlich sei. Eine absolut hypothesenfreieWissenschaft hat es, wie Wundt sagt, niemals ge-geben und kann es nicht geben, weil in dem Augen-blicke, wo diese Elimination vollendet ware, dieWissenschaft als solche verschwande, um an ihrerStelle eine unzusammenhangende Aufzahlung vonThatsachen iibrig zu lassen. Es kann im Gegentheil eine vernunftige Hypothese eines der Haupt-forderungsmittel der Wissenschaft werden, wennsie den direkten Anlass giebt zur Auffindung vonneuen unter sich verkniipften Thatsachenreihen.Man konnte sagen, dass die Bedeutung einerHypothese proportional ist der positiven Arbeit,welche durch sie geleistet wird. In diesem Sinnekann nichts mehr einer Hypothese nutzen, alswenn Meinungsverschiedenheiten auftauchen,welche auf Grund experimenteller Forschungen zu kritischer Beleuchtung und somit zu einer wei-ten Vertiefung des Gegenstandes fuhren.3So darf ich wohl erwahnen, dass gerade dieGegnerschaft von Bordet und anderen hervoragen-den Forscher des Institut Pasteur uns zu immerneuer Arbeit und zu einer immer festeren Be-griindung der Theorie angespornt hat. In diesemSinne gereicht es mir auch zur besonderen Ge-nugthuung, dass einer der Mitbegriinder derImmunitatslehre, R. Pfeiffer, und ein so ausge-zeichneter Forscher wie R. Kraus, als Vertreterdes Paltauf'schen Institutes, auf dem BriisselerCongress erklarten, dass sie von vornherein Geg-ner meiner Theorie gewesen seien und ihre gan-zen Versuche darauf angelegt hatten, die Unhalt-barkeit derselben zu beweisen, dass aber dannihre Erfahrungen sie davon (iberzeugt hatten, dassnur auf dem Boden der Seitenkettentheorie dievon ihnen beobachteten Thatsachen am ein-fachsten erklart, ja sogar vorausgesagt werdenkonnten. Scheint es doch als ob zur Zeit dieiiberwiegende Mehrzahl der Forscher, die ihreThatigkeit in Theorie und Praxis der Immunitatwidmen, von dem heuristischen Wert dieser An-schauungsweise (iberzeugt sind und dieselbe alseine wertvolle, kaum zu entbehrende Beihilfe an-sehen. Nur zu dem Zwecke, die praktische Arbeit und die gegenseitige Verstandigung zu er-leichtern, sind die abgekurzten Bezeichnungen —Toxine, Toxoide, Amboceptor, Complement, etc.— eingefuhrt worden, auf den Ausdruck selbstkommt es dabei gar nicht an und ist es ja ganzgleichgiltig, ob man die Produkte, welche dieBnicke zwischen der unempfindlichen Substanzund dem zerstorenden Complement herstellen,als " Amboceptor," als " Zwischenkorper," " Corpsintermediaire," "Substance fixatrice," "Desmon,""Copula," " Praparator," "Fixator" oder sonst an-3 Wenn eine Theorie, sagt Kant am Schlusse der Vor-rede der 2. Auflage der Kritik der reinen Vernunft, in sichBestand hat, so dienen Wirkung und Gegenwirkung, dieihr anf anglich grosse Gefahr drohten, mit der Zeit nur dazu,um ihre Unebenheiten abzuschleifen und wenn sich Mannervon Unparteilichkeit und Einsicht damit beschaftigen, ihrin kurzer Zeit auch die erforderliche Popularitat zu ver-schaffen.UNIVERSITY RECORD 67ders bezeichnet, falls eben nur die begriffliche Vor-stellung durch die Benennung erhalten bleibt. Diegleiche Oekonomie verfolgen auch die von mir undvon anderer Seite gegebenen schematischen Dar-stellungen, welche gar nicht beanspruchen, daswirkliche Bild des Wesens der Erscheinungen zugeben, sondern nur als handliche und abkiirzendeSymbole dienen sollen. Jeder der praktisch ar-beitet, wird sich haufig von dem Nutzen derSkizzen iiberzeugen und die Auflosung mancherProbleme bei Anwendung derselben erleichtertfinden. Er wird manchmal die Empfindung ha-ben, als ob — ahnlich wie dies Euler mit denmathematischen Formeln erging — ihn dasSchema an Klugheit ubertrafe und ihm geradezuIdeen und Versuche suggerire.Es konnte nach dem Gesagten vielleicht iiber-fliissig erscheinen, wenn ich Ihnen nun noch eineEntwicklungsgeschichte der Theorie gebe. Aberda von gegnerischer Seite immer versucht wird,den Anschein zu erwecken, als ob die Theorie nurein zufalliger Einfall ware, dem dann nachtraglichallerlei phantastisches Beiwerk mit einigen Schein-beweisen angeheftet werden, ist es mir ein Be-diirfnis, hier an dieser Stelle den Nachweis zu er-bringen, dass meine Anschauungen sich ganzallmalich und consequent entwickelt haben undheute durch das Experiment so gestiitzt sind, dasssie zum grossen Theil als der einfachste Ausdruckder Thatsachen erscheinen.Meine Arbeiten iiber Immunitat reichen bis indas Jahr 1890 hinein, in eine Zeit, welche nochvor Behrings denkwiirdiger Entdeckung liegt.Ich konstatirte damals, dass man auch durch ge-eignete pflanzliche Stoffe — Ricin und Abrin —Immunitat erzeugen und dieselbe in hohem Gradesteigern konnte. Es war damit der Nachweis er-bracht, dass die Immunitatsauslosung sich nichtgemass der damals herrschenden Ansicht aufBakteriengifte beschranke, sondern dass auchpflanzliche und thierische Zellprodukte hohererOrganismen dazu befahigt sind, eine Anschau-ung, welche bald darauf durch den Calmette'schenNachweis des Schlangengegengiftes, weitere Be statigung fand und in neuerer Zeit durch dieEntdeckung der Cytotoxine und Reaktions-produkte aller moglichen Eiweisstoffe die breitesteBasis erhielt.Ich habe dann, als Behring seine Entdeckungder Antitoxine kundgegeben hatte, den Nachweiserbracht, dass die Immunitat der abrin- undricinfesten Thiere ebenfalls durch specifische Antitoxine bedingt werde.Im Verfolg dieser Studien habe ich mich stetsbemuht, die Fragen der Immunitat in mathemati-scher Weise auszubilden, ein Programm, dem ichauch in der Folge treu geblieben bin.Ich fand, dass die Thiere nur hohe Grade vonImmunitat erreichten, wenn man ihnen successiveimmer hohere active Giftdosen injicirte — dashundert- und tausendfache der todtlichen Dosis.Ich habe mich sodann mit Behring zu gemein-schaftlicher Arbeit vereinigt, moglichst starkeHeilsera zu gewinnen. Im Laufe dieser Unter-suchungen hatte ich vielfach Gelegenheit, einer-seits, mich mit den Eigenschaften des Diphtherie-giftes vertraut zu machen und andererseits eineBe-stimmungsmethode auszuarbeiten,die eine genaueBewertung nach Immunitatseinheiten ermog-lichte.Es herrschte zu dieser Zeit eine ziemliche Un-klarheit iiber das Wesen der Antitoxinwirkung,indem die einen eine chemische Bindung desGiftes annahmen, andere von einer Zerstorungdes Giftes, wieder andere von einer durch die Artdes Giftes bedingten Zellimmunisirung sprachen.Die Schwierigkeiten, welche der Erkenntnis desMechanismus der Wirkung des Diphtherieserumssich entgegenstellten, wurden eliminirt, als es ge-lang, im Reagensglasversuch analoge Wirkungen,Aufhebung der Ricinagglutination durch speci-fisches Antiricinserum unter Bedingungen zustudiren, welche die Lebensthatigkeit der rotenBlutkorperchen vollig ausschlossen. Es ergabsich in der klarsten Weise, dass sich Gift und Ge-gengift direkt chemisch vereinigten. In demsel-ben Sinne sprachen auch Versuche mit dem Blutkorperchen auflosenden Tetanolysin und seinem68 UNIVERSITY RECORDAntikorper, welche lehrten, dass ein Zusammen-wirken beider Componenten in concentrirtenLosungen schneller als in verdiinnten eintrat unddass Warme den Vorgang beschleunigte, Kalteihn verlangsamte. So war denn die chemischeNatur der Bindung des Giftes und Gegengiftesmit Sicherheit festgestellt, die bald auch durchdie schonen Versuche von Kanthack sowie vonCherry und Martin bestatigt wurde.Als nachste Aufgabe gait es nun einen zahlen-massigen Einblick in die Absattigungsvorgangezu gewinnen und war es hier das Diphtheriegift,welches aus praktischen Griinden an erster S telleals Basis der Versuche diente. Derartige Be-stimmungen erforderten eine genaue Dosirungdes Toxins, welche nur dann moglich war, wennes gelang eine Thierspecies aufzufinden, welcheeine sich gleichbleibende Empfindlichkeit diesemGifte gegeniiber besass. Glucklicherweise erwiessich das Meerschweinchen als ein fur diese Zweckegeeignetes Thier. Man konnte bei Beobachtunggewisser Cantelen, welche Alter, Gewicht, Kor-perzustand, Jahreszeit betrafen, bei 250 Gramm-schweren Meerschweinchen im Sommer die Letal-dosis des Giftes bis auf eine Genauigkeit von5 Prozent bestimmen. Es gait nun festzustellen,ob sich Gift und Gegengift, wie dies bei einerchemischen Verbindung zu erwarten stand, unterden Verhaltnissen der Aequivalenz vereinigten.Hundert Aequivalente Salzsaure brauchen genauund stets 100 Aequivalente eines Alkali, umneutral gemacht zu werden. Man hatte also erwarten sollen, dass man, um eine bestimmteMenge Gift, z. B., die Menge, welche 100 Meerschweinchen todtet, zu neutralisiren, immer diegleiche Menge Antitoxin verwenden musse. DieErfahrung aber zeigte, dass dies nicht so war.Ich kann es mir nicht versagen zum besserenVerstandnis der Sache auf einige priifungstech-nische Methoden hier einzugehen.Nimmt man eine beliebig gewahlte Dosis vonAntitoxin — etwa die durch den Aufbewahrungdes trockenen Serums im Vacuum stets constant gehaltene Immunitatseinheit — und setzt eine Reihe von Gemischen derart an, dassman zu der Auflosung einer Immunitatseinheitsteigende Mengen einer Diphtheriegiftlosung zu-fiigt, so gelingt es stets zwei Grenzpunkte zu fin-den. Der eine Grenzpunkt besteht darin, dassbei einer gewissen Dosis das Gemisch von Giftund Gegengift vollkommen unschadlich fur dasThier ist, indem es die Gesundheit des Thieresnicht stort und auch nicht die geringste ortlicheReaktion (Schwellung, Haarausfall, Necrose) her-vorruft. Ich habe diesen Grenzpunkt mit Limes 0,Glattgrenze bezeichnet. Die L0 Dosis istweiter-hin dadurch charakterisirt, dass der Zusatz vonein klein wenig mehr Gift lokale Erscheinun-gen hervorruft. Es ist also die L0 Dosis die-jenige Menge von Gift, in welcher alle auf denKorper wirkenden Antheile des Giftes durch dieImmunitatseinheit vollstandig abgesattigt sind.4Den zweiten Grenzpunkt bildet die L f Dosis,d. h., diejenige Menge von Gift, welche nach Zusatz von 1 Immunitatseinheit eine solche Giftig-keit zeigt,dass Meerschweinchen im Laufe von vierTagen unter typischen Erscheinungen sterben.Wird die L*j* Dosis um ein Weniges, um 1/100Prozent beispielsweise, verringert, so tritt nichtmehr der Tod, sondern nur schwere lokale Erscheinungen ein. In der Mischung der Lf Dosismit 1 Immunitatseinheit ist also 1 Dosis letalisfur ein Meerschweinchen vorhanden.Wenn nun das Diphtheriegift eine einheitlicheSubstanz ware, d. h., nur aus reinem Toxin be-stande, so hatte man erwarten miissen, dass zwardie Lf- und L0 Dosen bei den Giften verschie-denster Herkunft in ihrer Quantitat schwankenkonnten, dass aber die in einer jeweiligen Mengeenthaltene Letaldose genau dieselbe Zahl dar-stellen musse. Thatsachlich lagen aber die Ver-haltnisse umgekehrt, indem man bei den Giftenverschiedenster Provenienz nachweisen konnte,dass in dem einen Gift die L0 Dosis 150, beieinem zweiten 100, bei einem dritten 50, ja so-gar manchmal 20 todliche Dosen enthielt. Es4 Demonstration der Tabellen.UNIVERSITY RECORD 69scheint diese Erfahrung dem Gesetz der Aequi-valenz zu widersprechen.Nach langer Muhe gelang es, auf genetischemWege diesen Wechsel aufzuklaren.Man fand, um ein schematisches Beispiel beieinem bestimmten Gifte anzufuhren, dass un-mittelbar nach der Bereitung die L0 Dosisi ccm. betrug und ioo Letaldosen enthielt. Nacheinem Jahre war die L0 Dosis genau dieselbegeblieben, dagegen enthielt die Flussigkeit nurnoch 50 todtliche Dosen. Es war also das Reak-tionsvermogen der Flussigkeit auf Antitoxin genaudasselbe geblieben, wahrend die Toxicitat herab-gemindert war. Ich schloss daher, dass nebendem Gift noch eine zweite Substanz aufgetauchtwar, die ungiftig war, dagegen das Bindungs-vermogen beibehalten hatte. Diese Erscheinungwar nur so zu erklaren, dass sich das Gift quan-titativ in die ungiftige Nebensubstanz verwandelthatte ; ich bezeichnete dieselbe als Toxoid.Ich will hier gleich erwahnen, dass analoge Er-scheinungen der Toxoidbildung bei einer Reihevon Giften und ahnlichen Substanzen beobachtetwurden, ich erwahne nur Tetanusgift, Ricin,Crotin, Agglutinin, Praecipitin, Complemente,Fermente, etc.Gerade der Nachweis der Toxoide scheint mirvon principieller Bedeutung zu sein, da derselbeden Schliissel zum Verstandnis der Toxinwir-kungen darstellt und direkt die Aufstellung derSeitenkettentheorie zur Folge gehabt hat. Wenneine chemische Substanz zwei verschiedene Funk-tionen hat, z. B. einerseits das Vermogen derEsterifizierung und andererseits das Vermogen,unter dem Einfluss von salpetriger Saure Diazo-verbindungen zu geben, so wird man, falls nacheinem gewissen Eingriff die Substanz eine Aen-derung derart erfahrt, dass nur die eine Funktionerhalten bleibt, an erster Stelle anzunehmen ge-neigt sein, dass durch diesen Eingriff nicht derganze Complex, sondern nur eine bestimmteGruppe zerstort worden ist. Ein naheliegendesBeispiel, das dem Charakter der Toxoidumwand--lung mehr entspricht, bieten Anilin und Sulfo- saure. Man kann das Anilin auf zwei Methodenbestimmen, erstens durch Titration mit salpetrigerSaure, und zweitens toxikologisch durch dieGiftigkeitsbestimmung, indem man ermittelt,wieviel Kilogram Tier eine bestimmte Menge derSubstanz zu toten vermag. Wenn wir nun Anilin unter geeigneten Temperaturverhaltnissen inSchwefelsaure losen, und dann • mit salpetrigerSaure die Amidogruppe titrieren, so finden wirkeine Veranderung ; dagegen ergiebt die toxiko-logische Bestimmung entsprechend der bei derangewandten Temperatur erfolgten Umwandlungdes Anilins in Sulfanilsaure, eine mehr oderweniger weitgehende, unter geeigneten Bedin-gungen vollstandige Entgiftung. Es verhalt sichalso das Anilin zur Sulfanilsaure, wie das Toxinzum Toxoid. Das Verhalten gegen salpetrigeSaure ist quantitativ das gleiche geblieben, wahrend die Toxicitat aufgehoben ist. Man wird ausdiesem Umstande schliessen miissen, dass bei demSulfonierungsprocess diejenige Gruppe, die mitder salpetrigen Saure reagiert, keine Aenderungerfahren hat, wahrend der Eintritt der Sulfo-gruppe an einem andern Ort des Molekiils i. e.diesem Falle am Benzolkern, stattgefunden habenmuss. So folgere ich analog aus dem Umstande,dass bei der Toxoidbildung das Bindungsvermo-gen gegeniiber dem Antitoxin quantitativ erhaltenbleibt, dass hier ein besonderer Gruppenkomplexvorhanden sein muss, der zum Antitoxin eine be-sondere Verwandtschaft hat. Da dieser Komplexauch immunitatsauslosend ist und man fernerhinnachweisen kann, dass er sich an die Zelle anlagert,habe ich ihn den " haptophoren " Komplex ge-nannt. Aus gewissen Griinden glaube ich, dassauch die Toxicitat der Verbindung nicht demganzen Molekul zugeschrieben werden darf, sondern dass nach allgemeinen chemischen Erfah-rungen an dem Toxinmolekiil, welches wir unsals sehr gross vorzustellen haben, eine oder meh-rere toxische Gruppen vorhanden sind derenGesamtheit ich als den "toxophoren" Komplexbezeichne. Neuerdings ist von v. Behring, derzu meiner Freude in andern wichtigen Punkten70 UNIVERSITY RECORDmit mir ubereinstimmt, gegen diese AnschauungEinspruch erhoben und speciell darauf hinge-wiesen worden, dass man ja unmoglich etwa beider Blausaure von "toxophorer" und "hapto-phorer" Gruppe sprechen kann, dass vielmehrbei dieser Giftwirkung das ganze Molekiil be-teiligt sein musse. Das Studium der Cyanver-bindungen hat mich seit langem speciell be-schaftigt und ich habe gerade in meiner Arbeitiiber Constitution und Verteilung chemischerKorper ausdriicklich darauf hingewiesen, dassvon einer so festen Bindung, wie wir sie beimToxin annehmen miissen, bei der Blausaure keineRede sein kann. Selbst aber, wenn ich von diesem Umstand absehe, so scheint mir der Vergleichvon Toxin und Blausare ein durchaus ungliick-licher zu sein. Wir diirfen nicht vergessen, dassdie Blausaure, die eben eine der denkbar ein-fachsten Verbindungen darstellt, nur eine einzigeFunktionsgruppe, die Cyangruppe, besitzt. Wennman aber in der Klasse der chemischen Sub-stanzen an hoher komplizierte Verbindungen,Alkaloide, Farbstoffe etc. herangeht, so kann mansich leicht davon iiberzeugen, dass hier bestimmteFunktionen nicht durch die Gesamtkonfigurationdes Molekiils, sondern durch die Anwesenheitbestimmter Gruppen determiniert werden. Un-terscheiden wir doch nach dem Vorgange Witt'sbei den Farbstoffen zwei bestimmte Gruppie-rungen, die fur die Farbnatur der Substanz cha-rakteristisch sind, den chromophoren Komplex,dessen wesentliches Merkmal die Doppelbindungist und die Auxochromgruppen. Und wenn ichnoch an die analogen Verhaltnisse bei den Alka-loiden erinnern darf, so sei hier nur erwahnt, dassja im Cocain die anasthesierende Wirkung aus-schliesslich an den Benzosaurerest gebunden ist,indem alle Homologe, in denen dieses Radikaldurch einen andern Saurerest ersetzt ist, deranasthesierenden Funktion entbehren. Auch dieEiweisschemie bietet entsprechende Beispiele.Wie Sie wissen, hat man in den letzten Jahrzehn-ten mit voller Evidenz den Nachweis erbracht,dass die Farbenreaktionen des Eiweisses auf be stimmte Gruppen des Molekiils zu beziehen sind,so die Millon'sche Reaktion auf die Anwesenheitder Tyrosingruppe, die Glyoxylreaktion, dieAdamkiewicz'sche Reaktion und deren Modifi-kationen auf den Tryptophanrest etc. Nun ist esja klar, dass das Molekiil der Toxine, die in dieReihe der kolloidalen Korper gehoren, ein sehrgrosses ist und ich sehe daher nicht die mindesteVeranlassung, die Erfahrungen von dem einenExtrem auf das andere zu ubertragen. Leider istjetzt uberhaupt die Neigung zu Analogieschliissenaus den fernliegensten Gebieten sehr verbreitetund gerade in der Immunitatslehre, deren man-nigfaltige Erscheinungen am ehesten vor derarti-gen Verallgemeinerungen warnen sollten, ist mannoch immer unvorsichtig genug, aus oberflach-lichen Aehnlichkeiten Riickschlusse auf die Zu-sammengehorigkeit heterogener Erscheinungenzu machen. Ich erinnere nur an die Lehre von denHamolysinen, in der gerade in jiingster Zeit ausgewissen Aehnlichkeiten mit dem Verhalten anor-ganischer Substanzen (Borsaure und Ammoniaketc.) gegeniiber den Blutkorperchen Schlussegezogen worden sind, die nur allzu sehr von denbiologischen Erfahrungen abstrahieren. SchonKant hat darauf hingewiesen, dass jeder Vergleichan sich, weil die Vergleichsobjekte nie genauidentisch sein konnten, geeignet sei, falsche Vor-stellungen zu erwecken und hat es daher stetsunterlassen, Vergleiche zur Erlauterung beizu-bringen. Um so mehr muss also bei so fern-stehenden Vergleichsobjekten zur Vorsichtgemahnt sein. Eine Amobe kann ohne Nervenexistieren und doch spielt das Nervensystem beiden Wirbeltieren eine so grosse Rolle. Ichglaube daher, dass die von mir gehegte Vor-stellung, dass man am Toxinmolekiil zwei ver-schiedene Typen funktionierender Gruppen,"haptophore" und "toxophore," unterscheidenmuss, den Erscheinungen am besten Rechnungtragt und sich auch an die Erfahrungen der reinenChemie zwanglos anschliesst.Die Toxoide, die nicht nur im Diphtheriegift,sondern bei alien toxinartigen Giften eine aus-UNIVERSITY RECORD 71schlaggebende Rolle spielen, wurden die Veran-lassung zur Aufstellung meiner Immunitatslehre,die als Seitenkettentheorie bekannt ist. Wie Siewissen, stelle ich mir die Wirkung der Toxine inder Weise vor, dass die haptophore Gruppe be-fahigt ist, sich mit einer Zellgruppe zu verbinden,die auf sie passt wie das Schloss zum Schliissel,um mich eines Vergleichs von Emil Fischer furdie Fermente und ihr Substrat zu bedienen. Esmiissen diese beiden Gruppenpaare einer ausser-ordentlich komplizierte Zusammensetzung besit-zen, weit komplizierter, als dies bei den bekanntenGruppen der Chemie der Fall ist. Wir miissen an-nehmen, dass die Toxine von dem lebendenProtoplasma der Zelle aufgenommen und wieein Nahrungsstoff assimiliert werden. Dafursprechen ja die neueren Arbeiten, nach denen im-munisatorische Reaktionsprodukte durch alle mog-lichen indifferenten Eiweisstoffe erzeugt werdenkonnen. Die Toxine stellen also nichts anderesdar, als sozusagen eine Art verdorbener toxischerNahrstoffe, die Toxoide deren entgiftete Modifi-kationen derselben. Diese Betrachtungsweisestellt die Toxine und analoge Stoffe in prinzipiel-len Gegensatz zu den sonstigen Stoffen der Phar-makologie, die zwar,wieinsbesondere die Versuchemit Farbstoffen zeigen, in die Zellen eindringen,aber sich doch in den mehr leblosen Bestandteilender Zelle (Paraplasma, Reservestoffe, Fett, Gra-nula etc.) anhaufen, ohne in die Konstitutiondes Protoplasmas einzudringen. Niemand wirdannehmen wollen, dass das Antipyrin, ein Phenoloder ein Alkaloid von der Zelle wie ein Nahrstoffassimiliert werde, d. h. einen dauernden Bestand-teil des Protoplasmas bilde. Das Protoplasmawehrt sich mit aller Energie gegen den Eintrittfremder Substanzen und nimmt nur Verwandtesaus. Nur die Nahrstoffe der Zelle und die den-selben analogen giftigen Bestandteil besitzen dieFahigkeit, von besonders gebauten Receptorenaufgenommen zu werden, wahrend solche Ein-richtungen bei den gewohnlichen Giften fehlen.Nun sind nach meiner Theorie die Antitoxinenichts anderes, als die unter dem Einflusse des an der Zelle sitzenden Giftrestes neugebildetenund im Uebermasse in die Blutbahn abgestossenenReceptoren. Es konnen daher nach dieser Definition nur an die Receptoren angreifende KorperAntitoxinbildung hervorrufen, nicht aber dieohne Vermittelung von Receptoren gespeichertenGifte und Alkaloide. Alle Versuche, diese Thesezu stiirzen durch den Nachweis, dass man auchdurch Alkaloide Antikorper erzeugen kann, sindbisher fehlgeschlagen, und ich selbst habe dieTheorie erst aufgestellt, als ich mich durch eineReihe sehr sorgfaltiger Versuche mit chemischdefinierten Substanzen, wie Curarin, Cantharidin,und zahlreichen Alkaloiden iiberzeugt hatte, dasseine Immunisierung nicht moglich ist. Aus demUmstande, dass auch die Toxoide imstande sind,Antitoxine zu erzeugen, geht hervor, dass dieBildung der Antitoxine lediglich eine Reaktionder Receptorenbesetzung ist und mit den toxo-phoren Gruppen als solchen nichts zu thun hat.Im Gegenteil kann eine starke Vergiftung derZelle, welche die Vitalitat derselben herabsetzt,einen schadlichen Einfluss auf die Antikorper-produktion haben oder sie ganz unmoglichmachen, wie die schwierige Immunisierung vonMausen und Meerschweinchen mit Tetanusgiftbeweist. Moglich ist es dagegen, wie schonfniher von mir hervorgehoben und neuerdingsvon Wassermann und Pfeiffer betont worden ist,dass zwar eine schwere Schadigung der Zelle dieAntitoxinbildung vollkommen aufhebt, ein ge-wisser Grad von Zellreizung dagegen imstandeist, im umgekehrten Sinne die Antitoxinproduk-tion zu beforden.5Wahrscheinlich wird ein Studium der ver-5 Dies wird ausnahmsweise der Fall sein bei Immunisie-rungen, bei denen wie bei Cholera die resultierende Ausbeutean Antikorpern 100,000 bis Millionen Mai starker ist als diezugefiihrten Antigene, also eine Hohe erreicht, wie sie beider Vorstellung einer einfachen Ueberregeneration im SinneWeigerts ohne besonderes Stimulans kaum denkbar ist.Dagegen wird man bei der Immunisierung mit gewissenZellen und Zellbestandteilen, bei welchen die Ausbeute einesehr geringfugige ist, mit dem einfachen Schema Weigert'sauskommen.72 UNIVERSITY RECORDschiedenen Modifikationen von Toxoiden, dieverschiedene Grade der Giftabschwachung auf-weisen konnen, nach dieser Richtung hin den Ent-scheid bringen. Wie ich schon fruher angedeutethabe, nehme ich an, dass in dem Toxin der toxo-phore Complex nicht eine einzige Gruppe darzu-stellen braucht, sondern dass er aus mehreren inihrer Wirkung verschiedenartigen Componentenbesteht, von denen jede wieder einzeln, oder inMehrzahl existieren kann. Es diirfte vielleichtnicht unzweckmassig sein, wenn ich an einigennaheliegenden Beispielen diese Verhaltnisse eror-tere, indem ich von den Alkaloiden ausgehe. Sohat sich gezeigt, dass bei der krampferregendenWirkung des Strychnins zwei sauerstoffhaltigeComplexe beteiligt sind, von denen der eine nachden Untersuchungen von Tafel eine piperidon-artige Gruppierung besitzt, der zweite einerandersartigen sauerstoffhaltigen Gruppierungzugeordnet ist. Geeignete Derivate des Strychnins, in denen noch eine dieser Gruppen enthaltenist, wie Deso-Hystrychnin und Strychnidin zeigennoch die krampferregende Wirkung, wenn auchin modifizierter und abgeschwachter . Weise.Dieselbe schwindet erst bei der Elimination bei-der Gruppen. Wir hatten also im Strychnin denTypus eines Giftes mit zwei differenten tetano-phoren Gruppierungen.Der Typus fur die verstarkende Wirkung durchWiederholung derselben toxophoren Gruppefindet sich nach den Untersuchungen von Bohmund Straub sehr schon ausgesprochen in der Filix-sauregruppe, indem das FilicinsaurebutanonCH3 CH3\/°H\/\/°Hh/^ /X,COC3H7IIodas aus Dimethylphloroglucin und Buttersaureentsteht, und in welchem der Butanonrest als das ergophore Agens zu betrachten ist, schwacherwirkt, als das Albaspidin, indem zwei Phloroglu-cinreste als Butanonreste verkettet sind und dieseswieder schwacher als die Filixsaure, welche dasVerkettungsprodukt dreier Molekiile darstellt.Dementsprechend kann man sich auch vorstel-len, dass der toxophore Complex aus ver-schiedenen Componenten besteht. Ich erwahnehier nur, dass es durch die schonen Untersuchungen von Jacoby wahrscheinlich gemachtist, dass fur das Ricinmolekul eine haptophoreGruppe und zwei toxophore Complexe charak-teristisch sind, von denen der eine agglutinierendauf die roten Blutkorperchen wirkt, der anderedie allgemeine Toxicitat im Tierversuch bedingt.Nach der Auffassung von Jacoby konnen mithindrei verschiedene Ricintoxoide entstehen, zwei incomplete von denen das eine atoxisch aber agglutinierend, das andere nicht agglutinierend, abertoxisch wirkt, wahrend das complete Toxoid garkeine deletaren Wirkungen ausiibt. Wir werdennicht fehlgehen, wenn wir annehmen, dass dieBakterientoxine, wie Diphtherie und Tetanus, sichin entsprechender Weise verhalten. Wenn wirz. B. sehen, dass Knorr durch Erhitzen des Teta-nusgiftes eine Flussigkeit erhielt, die tausendmalweniger giftig war als das Ausgangsmaterial, sowerden wir anzunehmen haben, dass hier eincompletes Toxoid mit vollkommener Zerstorungdes toxophoren Complexes vorgelegen habe.Wenn aber andererseits von Behring eine Gift-modifikation beschreibt, in der die totliche Dosisin erheblichster Weise verringert, die krank-machende Dosis aber fast unverandert gebliebenist, so glaube ich in einem solchen Verhalte denAusdruck der Wirkung eines incompleten Toxoidssehen zu miissen. Diese Erscheinung warevielleicht am besten so aufzufassen, dass diekrankmachende und die den Tod bedingendeGruppierung verschieden und nur die eineerhalten sei. Speciell beim Diphtheriegift ist esmoglich, dass die chronisch vvirkend Nervenlah-mung verursachende Gruppe in ihrem Wesenverschieden ist den Gruppen, die Nekrose undUNIVERSITY RECORD 73schnellen Tod veranlassen. Auf jeden Falldiirftedas Studium dieser partiellen Toxoide von dergrossten Bedeutung und vielleicht geeignet sein,die sonderbare Erscheinung zu erklaren, dassGiftmodifikationen bei verschiedenen Tieren inungleichartiger Weise abgeschwacht erscheinen.In welcher Weise die Toxoidbildung, d. h., dieInaktivierung der toxophoren Gruppen erfolgt,entzieht sich vollkommen unserer Beurteilung undich habe daher stets vermieden, dariiber Spekula-tionen anzustellen. Ob Zerstorung oder Ab-spaltung des Complexes, ob Anlagerung an-derer Gruppen etc. vorliegt, ist fur das Wesendes Prozesses von keiner Bedeutung. Behring nimmt an, dass das Toxin sich mit Eiweiss-resten verbindet und dass dadurch die Ab-schwachung erfolgt. So leicht man sich einenderartigen Eintritt vorstellen kann, wenn erdirekt in den toxophoren Complex erfolgt, soware es schon schwerer verstandlich, wennman allgemein annimmt, dass auch die Be-setzung indifferenter Stellen des Toxinmolekulsnach dieser Richtung hin wirken konne. Ichhabe ja wohl als der Erste versucht, durch ge-wollte Substitutionen Toxoide hervorzurufen, indem ich z. B. Schwefelkohlenstoffreste in dasGiftmolekiil einfiihren wollte. Die spaterenJahre haben mich aber in dieser Ideenrichtungnicht bestarkt, da ich keine dementsprechendenThatsachen gefunden habe. Im Gegenteil sprichtdie Erfahrung im entgegengesetzten Sinne, dasich diese labilen Korper in Losungen um soschneller zersetzen, je mehr man sie von Beimen-gungen, wie Pepton, etc. reinigt. Es war mirdaher sehr auffallig, als Arrhenius und Madsendie von mir zuerst konstatierte Thatsache, dassnormales Pferdeserum die Wirkung des Tetano-lysins aufhebt, mit ihrer Berechnung in dem Sinnedeuteten, dass sich Eiweiss und Toxin zu einerungiftigen Verbindung paaren. Die daraufhinunternommenen Untersuchungen von P. Th.Muller zeigten aber, dass nicht das Eiweiss, sondern Cholestearin, welches schon Nogui alsch tetanolysinhemmend erkannt hatte, die Ursacheder hemmenden Wirkung des Pferdeserums sei.Wenn wir uns nun die Frage vorlegen, welchebiologische Bedeutung die Receptoren der Zellenbesitzen, so kann es nach dem Gesagten zunachstgar nicht zweifelhaft sein, dass die Receptorennormalen Zwecken dienen, d. h., bestimmt sind,die geeigneten Nahrstoffe aus den umgebendenFlussigkeiten an sich zu reissen und dem Zell-protoplasma einzuverleiben. Es ist nur ein Zu-fally wenn gewisse Toxine eine Gruppe besitzen,die auf einen bestimmten Zellreceptor bei be-stimmten Thierarten eingestellt ist. Die Toxinesind aber nichts anderes als Nahrstoffe, die einebestimmte Giftgruppe besitzen. Die Functionder Receptoren ist also, soweit die Vergiftung derZelle in Betracht kommt, hauptsachlich darin zusehen, dass durch dieselben bestimmte Substanzen,selbst aus sehr grossen Verdiinnungen heraus inbestimmten Zellen aufgespeichert werden. Eben-so wie — um einen groben Vergleich zu machen— in einer millionenfach verdiinnten Pikrinsaure-losung sich ein Baumwollfaserchen dank seinerchemischen Anziehung intensiv farbt, wird esmoglich sein, dass einzelne Zellen, die fur einbestimmtes Gift einen Receptor besitzen, das-selbe schliesslich in sich aufspeichern. Es fun-gieren also die Receptoren als Giftconcentratorenoder Giftlokalisatoren ; sie ermoglichen es, dassin einzelnen Zellen eine unendlich hohere Concentration erreicht wird, als es dem Giftgehaltder Safte entsprechen wiirde. Vielleicht lasst sichauch aus dieser Erscheinung die Thatsache ab-leiten, dass eine absolute Immunitat nicht existirt,indem man bei stets steigenden Dosen einenPunkt erreicht (Botulismusgift beim Hunde), beidem eine Schadigung der Zellen eintritt. DieseSchadigung tritt eben erst dann ein, wenn der all-gemeine Gehalt der Lymphe und der Safte anGiften ein so grosser geworden ist, dass die Concentration in der einzelnen Zelle auch ohne An -speicherung erreicht wird. Es erklart sich nachdieser Anschauung die bei Bakteriengiften sohaufig konstatirte ganz barocke Art der Gift-74 UNIVERSITY RECORDwirkung durch die An- bezw. Abwesenheit derReceptoren. Wenn wir ferner sehen, dass dasSchlangengift, das Kreuzspinnengift, das Botulis-musgift auf manche Thiere ausserordentlich starkwirken, auf andere Thiere aber erst in Quantitaten,die hundertmal grosser sind; dass das Diphtheriegift schon in kleinsten Dosen das Bindegewebedes Menschen, des Hundes, des Kaninchens, desPferdes und der meisten Thiere zur Necrose bringt,die zarte Haut der Maus aber kaum schadigt beistarkster Concentration, so sind dies Fragen, diemit der An- und Abwesenheit von Receptoren inengstem Zusammenhange stehen. Experimentellist dies nachgewiesen durch die schonen Untersuchungen von Dr. Sachs, welcher fand, dass dieBlutkorperchen der Thiere, welche gegen Spinnen-gift unempfindlich sind, auch nicht befahigt sind,das Gift aus Losungen anzuziehen, d. h., dass siekeine Receptoren besitzen. Es scheint, dass derhaufigste Modus der histogenen Unempfindlich-keit eines Thieres darin besteht, dass der be-treffenden Thierspecies die specifischen Receptoren vollkommen fehlen. Ebenso wirkt aucheine ausserordentliche Verbreitung von Receptoren in einem System, das wie das Bindegewebemit einem wichtigen Lebensprocess in keinemnotwendigen Zusammenhang steht, giftigkeits-herabsetzend dadurch, dass durch die zahlreichenin nebensachlichen Orten sitzenden Gruppen dasGift von den lebenswichtigen Organen abgelenktwird und daher zur todtlichen Wirkung relativgrossere Mengen notig sind als bei Thieren, beidenen die Giftaufnehmer nur in lebenswichtigenOrganen, z. B., im Gehirn vorhanden sind.Es diirfte kaum zu bezweifeln sein, dass dieReceptoren in engem Zusammenhange mit dem in-nern Stoffwechsel der Zellen stehen. Alle vitalenProcesse setzen, soweit dieselben konstant sind,einen gleichmassigen Receptorenapparat voraus.Entsprechend diesem Gleichmas des Apparatesist auch die Giftempfindlichkeit der Thiere. DieDiphtherievergiftung beim Meerschweinchen, dieTetanusvergiftung bei der Maus verlaufen ziem-lich gleichmassig — es geht dies aus der genauen quantitativen Giftbestimmung hervor. Demge-geniiber werden die Processe, welche nach Zeitund Ort in ihrer Funktion wechseln, mit Schwan-kungen des Receptorenapparates verbunden sein,die in einer ganz verschiedenen Giftempfindlichkeit zu Tage tritt. Hier waren die Versuche vonElfstrand zu erwahnen, welcher von Crotin denNachweiss erbrachte, dass die Empfindlichkeit furdasselbe beim Kaninchen von Thier zu Thier,in weitesten Grenzen schwanken kann ; und dieinteressanten Beobachtungen von Sachs, welchezeigten, dass die Blutkorperchen des frisch aus-gebriiteten Hiihnchens im Gegensatz zu denBlutkorperchen des alteren Thieres vollkommenunempfindlich gegen Arachnolysin sind; Beobachtungen, welche durch die Annahme von Receptoren mangel ihre befriedigende Erklarungfinden.Aus allem diesem — glaube ich — erhellt dieWichtigkeit der von mir aufgestellten Theorie furdie allgemeine Cellularbiologie, insbesondere furdie Erklarung der Assimilisationsvorgange ohneWeiteres. Die Methoden, welche wir bisher hatten, um in das Wesen der letztern einzudringen,sind, wie man zugestehen muss, ausserordentlichmangelhaft. Die Herstellung von Zellextractenvergleicht Pfeffer treffend mit der Zertrummerungeiner Uhr, welche man zur Ergriindung des in-nern Mechanismus vornehmen wollte.Im Gegensatz hierzu hat sich aus meinerTheorie eine Methode heraus entwickelt, welche esermoglicht, bestimmte Gruppen, die mit der Ein-fiihrung und Assimilisation eines bestimmtenNahrstoffes zusammenhangen, isolirt ins Blut-serum uberzufuhren und die specifischen Eigen-schaften der auf diese Weise isolirten Zellsub-stanzen auch im Reagensglas zu untersuchen.Die Studie iiber das harmonische Zusammen-wirken der Amboceptoren und der verschiedenenComplemente stellen den ersten Schritt dar, umeinen nahern Einblick in das Wesen der Assimilisation zu erhalten.Hervorheben mochte ich noch, dass die Untersuchungen an den Erythrocyten erwiesen haben,UNIVERSITY RECORD 75dass diese eine grosse Anzahl der verschiedenstenReceptoren besitzen und nicht bloss — wie manbisher annimmt — als Uebertrager des Sauerstoffsfungiren, sondern dass sie auch bestimmt sind,Nahrstoffe, beziehungsweise Produkte,des innnernStoffwechsels aufzunehmen und nach anderenOrganen zu uberfuhren.Ich glaube, dass jeder die Bedeutung dieserGesichtspunkte anerkennen wird und ist es einegrosse Uebertreibung meiner Gegner, dass dieseTheorie absolut nicht ausreiche, um die vitaleThatigkeit, insbesondere die Regeneration deslebenden Protoplasmas zu erklaren. Zur vollkom-menen Losung dieser allerwichtigsten Frage derganzen Biologie werden wir nach meinem Dafur-halten nie gelangen und es ist ganz ungerecht-fertigt, an meine Theorie eine solche Anforderungzu stellen. Ich beanspruche nichts weiter, alsdass es auf dem Boden meiner Anschauung moglich ist, einzelne Rader aus dem compliciertenMechanismus der lebenden Substanz isolirt her-aus zu nehmen und dieselben auf ihre Funktionenzu priifen. Ueber die Krafte, die diese Rader inBetrieb setzen, kann meine Anschauung nichtsaussagen.Noch in einer zweiten Richtnng diirfte meineTheorie von besonderer Bedeutung sein. WieIhnen bekannt ist ja das Problem der specifischenWahlverwandtschaft der Stoffe ein uraltes, ichmochte sagen, ein dem Menschengeschlecht imma-nentes. Nach diesem also kann die Wirkung vonGiften und andern Substanzen nur auf diejenigenOrgane stattfinden, von denen sie wirklich aufgenommen werden. In der Pharmakologie bataber dieses Prinzip, soweit ich sehe, keine prak-tische Bedeutung gewonnen und ist nur ganznebensachlich in einzelnen Fallen, z. B., bei demtoxikologischen Nachweis von Vergiftungen be-ruhrt worden. Von direkten Versuchen sind mirnur die aus der Arbeit von Straub bekannt, welchesich mit den Speicherungsvorgangen der verschiedenen Alkaloide im Herzen beschaftigt undsolche aus einer Arbeit, die aus Amerika stammt,welche den Nachweis fuhren, dass Strychnin im Riickenmark der vergifteten Frosche sich auf-speichert.Demgegenuber habe ich, gestutzt auf meineUntersuchungen mit Farben, schon im Jahre 1872immer und immer darauf hingewiesen, wie not-wendig es ist, den Zusammenhang zwischen che-mischer Constitution, Verteilung und pharmakolo-gischer Wirkung zu studiren. Ich war der Erste,welcher die Beziehungen des Hirngrau und derAlkaloide mit einem Ausschiittelungsvorgange inVergleich brachte, eine Anschauung, welche erstviel spater von pharmakologischer Seite aufgenommen wurde.Es war daher nur eine Consequenz meiner Arbeit, dass ich auf das Verteilungsprinzip derToxine meine Aufmerksamkeit richtete und eszum Ausgangspunkt meiner Arbeit machte.Noch in einer andern Weise war dieses Prinzipvon Bedeutung : es ermoglichte, die thierischen,pflanzlichen und Bakteriengifte in ihre Theil-componenten zu zerlegen. So leicht nun dieseAufgabe bei den Alkaloiden ist, die wir uns in ge-niigender Quantitat und auf leichte Weise reinverschaff en konnen, so schwer ist sie bei den thierischen Giften, welche wir nicht in reinem Zustandeisoliren konnen. Hier ist es nun auf dem vonmir und Wassermann begriindeten Wege derspecifischen Absorption durch gewisse Organe,eventuell durch die Herstellung der specifischenAntitoxine gelungen, verschiedene Gifte von verschiedenen haptophoren Gruppen zu trennen.So hat man z. B., wahrend die verschiedenartigenpathologischen Zustande, wie Nierenentziindung,Darmveranderung, Speicheldnisenveranderung,welche das Sublimat hervorruft, einheitlicher Na-tur sind, die durch das Schlangengift bedingteGiftwirkung (vergl. die Arbeiten von Myers undFlexner) auf vier verschiedene Substanzen zuruck-fuhren konnen; wir unferscheiden einen dieNervenvergiftung bedingenden Toxincomponen-ten, einen die Endotholien abtodtenden, einenBlutkorperchen auflosenden und einen Blut-agglutinirenden, die auf dem Wege der Absorption durch specifische Sera geschieden werden76 UNIVERSITY RECORDkonnen und auch bei Einwirkung chemischer undphysikalischer Mittel eine gewisse Trennung zu-lassen.Im Tetanusgift habe ich neben dem Tetano-spasmin, das in zwei verschiedenen Abarten vor-kommt, ein Blutkorperchen auflosendes Agens,das Tetanolysin, nachweisen konnen, dem vonTizzoni noch ein die Cachexie bedingendes Agenszugefiigt wurde.Bei den kunstlich durch Immunisirung mitZellen (Bakterien) erzeugten liegen die Verhalt-nisse ebenso, indem diese nicht einheitlicherNatur, sondern ein sehr complexes Gemenge ver-schiedener Amboceptoren und Agglutinine sind,die durch die Anwesenheit von verschiedenen Receptoren in dem auslosenden Agens bedingt sind.Sie sehen, dass meine Theorie Veranlassunggegeben hat zur Feststellung von Thatsachen aufdem Gebiete der Biologie, der Giftlehre, derImmunitatslehre, welche an sich von grosser Bedeutung sind und welche ohne diese heute kaumwohl erkannt waren.THE ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO ALUMNI ASSOCIATION.THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.Since the last annual report was submittedthe membership in the association has increased389, and the active membership 447. The totalmembership of the association, both active andassociate, at the present time is 2,870.During the year April 1, 1903, to April 1,1904, 6,000 general letters, containing announcements, letters of inquiry, and statements, havebeen mailed, and about 900 personal letters inreply to requests from alumni and concerningalumni business have been written. In connection with the work of the Memorial Committeethe secretary has sent out 1,700 letters.Alumni notes, reports of the various clubmeetings, and the additions to the alumni membership have been published from time to timein the Monthly Maroon. Assistance has been given to the alumni clubsin the various cities in making their meetingsand plans a success. During the Autumn Quarter a Directory of Eastern Alumni was publishedcontaining a list of all alumni east of Ohio.A copy was sent to each alumnus in that region,and proved of help to the eastern and New England clubs. It is hoped that four other directories may be issued in the fall — Southern,Western, North Central, and Chicago. As aresult of the graduates of each locality becomingacquainted with their fellow-alumni a numberof new alumni clubs ought to be organized.The matter of the permanent records of theassociation and of the preservation of interesting material concerning alumni has receivedattention. A beginning has been made of ageographical card catalogue of all old studentsof the University and a series of scrap-booksin which information concerning each one canbe kept. This is a part of the plan for anAlumni Library mentioned in another place inthe annual statement.The receipts and expenditures for the yearhave been as follows:Receipts $646.50Expenditures —Deficit of last year . $93.ioPrinting and stationery . 81.06Postage . . . . . 35-84University Record subscription 50.00Monthly Maroon subscription 56.00Alumni Day exercises . 23.00Secretary's salary 420.00$759.00Deficit $112.50Arthur E. Bestor,General Secretary.ALUMNI ROOM.Inasmuch as the Alumni Room is located inthe group of buildings devoted to men alone, itwas thought best at the last annual meeting toturn it over to the Chicago Alumni Club. TheUniversity made an appropriation of $500,which provided for the most necessary furniture. The men of the class of '97 have promisedUNIVERSITY RECORD 77to furnish a large table for the room, and thoseof 'o.i are to present a visitors' register. Othermembers of the club have agreed to give picturesand other furnishings, which will make thisroom a most attractive meeting-place for thealumni. The club has been holding monthlydinners at the Commons and adjourning to thisroom for the business meetings.The Chicago Alumnae Club is attempting tosecure similar quarters on the campus as ameeting-place and center for its work. Duringthe year this club devoted its efforts to the development of the Alumnae Loan Library — anenterprise to enable students to save the expenseof buying text-books by renting them for asmall fee. The club has held several interestingmeetings during the year.MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.The Memorial Committee, consisting ofEdgar A. Buzzell, '86, chairman; Arthur E.Bestor, Joi, secretary; Charlotte Foye, '95;John E. Webb, '99; and Ida T. Hirschl, 'oi,has been very active during the year. In February a movement was inaugurated to raise $2,000for a portrait of Dr. Galusha Anderson to beplaced in Hutchinson Hall. Of this amountover $500 has already been secured. The committee is also attempting to get possession ofsome of the portraits and busts belonging to theold University, in order to place them in one ofthe Halls upon the campus. Anyone knowingthe present location of any such things, or ofold records or publications, will confer a favorupon the committee by making known the factsto the secretary.The committee aims to interest itself not onlyin providing memorials for eminent alumni andmembers of the Faculty, but also in gatheringtogether all relics and publications of the University which would be interesting to oldstudents.ALUMNI LIBRARY.In connection with this work it is the intention of the association to begin an Alumni Library and Museum. At present all such materials will be kept in the Alumni Room, andcontributions are solicited of such publicationsas the Volante, University Weekly, the Cap andGown, the Daily and Monthly Maroon, class-books, class, athletic, or University pictures —everything, in fact, which would interest anyalumnus who returns to the campus. It is thehope that many will welcome this opportunityof turning over these reminders of old days tothe Alumni Association. During the comingyear the Executive Committee has directed thatefforts be made to secure a permanent AlumniRoom, accessible to both men and women, whichshall be the headquarters of the Association.ALUMNI DAY.The plans for Alumni Day, Saturday, June11, were put into the hands of a general committee made up of representatives of the five-year classes which held reunions this year. Theprogram in detail was as follows:ALUMNI DAY, SATURDAY, JUNE II.Alumni Day Committee: Percy B. Eckhart, '99,Chairman ; Jessie Spray Vaughan, '99 ; AinsworthW. Clark '99 ; Clara L. Mooney, '99 ; Harry V.Clark, '94 ; Maud L. Radford, '94 ; Grace Reed, '84 ;Edward B. Esher, '79 ; Charles T. Otis, '74 ; GeorgeB. Woodworth, '69.12 : 30 p. m. Luncheon given by the Chicago AlumnaeClub to the Women graduates of the class of 1904.The Quadrangle Club.Julia Dumke Peet, '98, President; Emily C. Thompson, Secretary.2 : 00 p. m. Annual Business Meeting of the Alumni.Reception of the Class of 1904 into the Association.Address of Welcome.Response on behalf of the Class, Arthur E. Lord, '04.The Leon Mandel Assembly Hall.3 : 00 p. m. Class Reunions.Committee: Ainsworth W. Clark, '99, Chairman;W. F. Anderson, '99 ; John E. Webb, '99 ; Mary B.Pardee, '99 ; Gertrude P. Dingee, '94, Lydia A.Dexter, '84 ; Homer J. Carr, '79 ; Charles T. Otis,'74-Class of 1869. Edward F. Stearns, Chairman.Private Dining Room, Hutchinson Commons.Class of 1874. Charles T. Otis, Chairman.Club Room, Third Floor, Reynolds Club House.Class of 1879. Homer J. Carr, Chairman.Alumni Room, Mitchell Tower.78 UNIVERSITY RECORDClass of 1884. Lydia A. Dexter, Chairman.Club Room, Second Floor, Reynolds Club House.Class of 1894. Gertrude P. Dingee, Chairman.Theater, Third Floor, Reynolds Club House.Class of 1895. John LeMay, Chairman.Cafe, Hutchinson Commons.Class of 1896. Joseph E. Raycroft, Chairman.Kent Theater.Class of 1897. Gilbert A. Bliss, Chairman.Dining Room, Hutchinson Commons.Class of 1898. John F. Hagey, Chairman.Reception Hall, Reynolds Club House.Class of 1899. W. France Anderson, Chairman.The Leon Mandel Assembly Hall.Class of 1900. Howar^ P. Kirtley, Chairman.Billiard Room, Reynolds Club House.Class of 1 90 1. Arthur E. Bestor, Chairman.South Club Rooms, Second Floor, Reynolds ClubHouse.Class of 1902. Herbert E. Fleming, Chairman.Library, Reynolds Club House.Class of 1903. Walker G. McLaury, Chairman.Assembly Room, Ryerson Laboratory.6 : 00 p. m. Alumni " Sing." Haskell Steps.Leaders: Horace G. Lozier, '94; Stacy C. Mosser,'97 ; W. Scott Bond, '97 ; Cecil Page, '98 ;Frederick A. Brown, '99 ; Paul Mandeville, '99 ;Adelbert T. Stewart, '04.6 : 45 p. m. Annual Reception and Banquet.Hutchinson Commons.Committee : Percy B. Eckhart, '99 ; Alice A. Knight,'99 ; C. Oscar Taylor, '99. Committee on Decoration :Winifred M. Reid, Mattie B. Tschirgi, Frank 0.Tonney.Executive Committee : Edgar A. Buzzell, '86 ; MaryE. Reddy, '98 ; W. France Anderson, '99 ; Howard P.Kirtley, 'oo ; Edith M. Kohlsaat, 'oo ; Charles S. Pike,'06 ; Allen T. Burns, '97 ; Florence Holbrook, '79.Officers: Edward O. Sisson, '93, President; Ange-line Loesch, '98, First Vice-President ; Frank G. Hanchett,'82, Second Vice-President; R. Llewellyn Henry, '03,Third Vice-President ; Arthur E. Bestor, '01, GeneralSecretary.RECENT PROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGY.At the meeting of the Chicago Academy ofSciences on May 17, Associate ProfessorFrederick Starr, of the Department ofSociology and Anthropology, spoke of hisspecial efforts with reference to "The Corn-planter Medal/' " The Permanent Seriesof Records of Iroquois Music," and "The Handsome Lake Monument/' and announcedthat the first two were soon to be realized;On June 6 Professor Starr took his Onondaga(Iroquois) Indian singer to Philadelphia, wherea series of a dozen songs were recorded forhim by the Victor Talking Machine Co. Theseare now being reproduced in hard compositionand will be, so far as is known, the first set ofsatisfactory Indian records in permanent material within reach of the public. This is considered important for purposes of study.On June 7 Mr. Starr was at Auburn, N. Y.,and turned over to the Cayuga County Historical Society the Cornplanter Medal for IroquoisResearch, in the founding of which he has beeninstrumental. The medal is of silver, of finedesign and workmanship, and is to be endowed ;it will be awarded once in two years. ProfessorStarr made the speech of presentation on thisoccasion, the recipient being General John S.Clark, of Auburn. An elaborate program wascarried out. Professor Willis J. Beecher andDr. William M. Beauchamp also made addresses. Indian music was given, and GeneralClark was given an Iroquois name after thetraditional manner.AN ADDITION TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENTOF HISTORY.Professor Alfred L. P. Dennis, Ph.D., thenewly appointed Associate Professor of Modern History in the University, was born inBeirut, Syria, in 1874, the son of Presbyterianmissionaries connected with the Syrian Protestant College and with the mission at Beirut. Hewas educated in the school kept at Beirut bythe Kaiserswerth Deaconesses, at a school inNew York, and at Lawrenceville School, NewJersey, where he was prepared for Princeton.He was graduated at Princeton in 1896. Hethen pursued graduate work in history andArabic at Columbia University, obtaining hisDoctor's degree in 1899 or 1900, having alsohad some period of study in Germany.UNIVERSITY RECORD 79For a year he was assistant at Harvard University, and for the past three years he has beenprofessor of history in Bowdoin College. Hehas published an excellent book, marked bythorough scholarship and much historical insight, on Eastern Problems at the Close of theEighteenth Century, especially dealing with therelations of Napoleon to the eastern question.A NEW EDITION OF "A BIBLIOGRAPHY OFSETTLEMENTS."At the request of the College Settlements Association, Mrs. Frank Hugh Montgomery, amember of the University of Chicago Settlement League, is planning to edit a fifth editionof A Bibliography of Settlements. Mrs.Montgomery is especially desirous of obtaininglists of settlements not included in the fourthedition of the above publication, as well as references to books or periodical literature bearingon the subject. The material is so scatteredand difficult to find that it would be better toduplicate information than to run the risk ofomitting any new settlement or book of value.Any suggestions as to matter to be included inthe bibliography or as to form of presentationwill be an appreciated courtesy. Mrs.Montgomery's address is 5548 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago.A UNIVERSITY COURSE AT THE ST. LOUISEXPOSITION.Associate Professor Frederick Starr, of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology;has planned to give a practical course in GeneralEthnology at the St. Louis Exposition fromSeptember 1 to 21, inclusive. The groups ofrepresentatives of savage and barbarous peoplesforming the outdoor ethnological display of theExposition will be put at the service of Professor Starr, as will also the Filipino groups.The class will meet three hours daily, six daysa week, through the three weeks. While in tended primarily for University students, thework will be open to all who care to enrol.Such an opportunity for definite, practical studyof so many interesting peoples has probablynever before been offered.THE FAGULTIES.Professor James P. Hall, Dean of the LawSchool, will spend the Summer Quarter inEurope.On June 10 the President of the Universityreceived from the University of Toronto thehonorary degree of Doctor of Laws.Professor Nathaniel Butler, Director of Cooperating Work, gave the Convocation addressai Kenwood Institute, Chicago, on June 16.Mr. Lester Bartlett Jones, Associate and Director of Music, will pursue his studies in vocalmusic, during the Summer Quarter, in Paris.On Sunday, June 12, Professor ShailerMathews, of the Department of Biblical andPatristic Greek, gave the Convocation Sermon.In April, 1904, Professor John U. Nef, Headof the Department of Chemistry, was elected amember of the National Academy of Sciences.Assistant Professor John P. Goode, of theDepartment of Geography, has been electedpresident of the Chicago Geographical Society.Mr. Louis J. Mercier, Fellow in RomanceLanguages, has been appointed to a Fellowshipin Romance Languages in Columbia University.Professor Albion W. Small, Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literature, gavethe * commencement address at Illinois Collegein June.Associate Professor William B. Owen, Deanof the Academic Course in the University HighSchool, has gone abroad for the SummerQuarter.Professor Julian W. Mack, of the LawSchool, has been elected president of the Na-80 UNIVERSITY RECORDtional Conference of Jewish Charities of theUnited States.Professor George W. Meyers, of the Collegeof Education, was elected an Honorary Member of the Scandinavian Technical Society,January 2, 1904.In February, 1904, Dr. James Nevins Hyde,Professorial Lecturer on Dermatology, wasmade a Corresponding Member of the BerlinDermatological Society.Mr. Henry P. Chandler, Instructor in theDepartment of English and Assistant Head ofHitchcock House, has been appointed Secretaryto the President of the University.Assistant Professor Preston Kyes, of the Department of Anatomy, was appointed Associatein the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases (Chicago) on January 1, 1904.In the Journal of Geology for April-May,1904, Professor Joseph P. Iddings, of the Department of Geology, has an article on " Quartz-Feldspar-Porphyry from Llano, Texas."The Macmillan Company announces the publication of a novel by Associate ProfessorRobert Morss Lovett, of the Department ofEnglish. It is entitled Richard Gresham.On December 31, 1903, Assistant ProfessorIra W. Howerth, of the Department of Sociology, was elected a Fellow of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science.Assistant Professor Herbert L. Willett, ofthe Department of Semitic Languages andLiteratures, has returned from Palestine, wherehe conducted a class in regular University work.On June 10, Professor John Dewey, Directorof the School of Education, gave the address atthe Class Day exercises of the School of Education held in the art room of Emmons BlaineHall.Dr. Henry C. Cowles, of the Department ofBotany, visited southern Florida in March andApril for the purpose of studying and securing Torreya, and examining the everglades aboutMiami.Miss Marion V. Pierce, Fellow in RomanceLanguages, has been appointed to the LucretiaMott Traveling Fellowship of Swarthmore College. Miss Pierce will continue her studies inEurope.After seven years of service as Secretary tothe President of the University, Associate Professor Francis W. Shepardson, of the Department of History, has been appointed Dean ofthe Senior Colleges.Professor John Dewey, Head of the Department of Philosophy and Director of the Schoolof Education, was given the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws by the University of Wisconsinon June 9, 1904.At the meeting of the University Congregation on June 13, Assistant Professor Gordon J.Laing, of the Department of Latin, was electedVice-President of the Congregation for theSummer Quarter, 1904.Professor James R. Angell, who has for tenyears been connected with the Department ofPhilosophy, has been made Head of the newDepartment of Psychology, and also Director ofthe Psychological Laboratory.The principal address at the commencementof the University of Iowa, June 15, 1904, wasmade by Associate Professor Edwin E. Sparks,of the Department of History, his subject being"Limitations of Education."Masterpieces of Latin Literature (in EnglishTranslation) is a volume published byHoughton, Mifflin & Co. The volume wasedited by Assistant Professor Gordon J. Laing,of the Department of Latin.On June 9, 1904, at the semi-centennial of itsfounding, the University of Wisconsin conferred upon Professor Eliakim H. Moore, Headof the Department of Mathematics, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.UNIVERSITY RECORD 81Dr. Harry F. Bain, Lecturer on Ore Depostsduring the Winter Quarter (1904), has beenappointed associate editor of the Mining Magazine, a new monthly to be published in NewYork city beginning July 1, 1904.A Latin play, entitled "The Flight of^Eneas," was presented in the Leon MandelAssembly Hall on June 1 by the graduatingclass of Dearborn Seminary, which is in affiliation with the University of Chicago.The June issue of the School Review contains an article on " The Teaching of ModernLanguages under Present Conditions," writtenby Assistant Professor Maxime Ingres, ofthe Department of Romance Languages andLiteratures.Miss Jane Addams, a Lecturer on Sociologyin the University Extension Division and HeadResident of Hull House, Chicago, received thehonorary degree of Doctor of Laws from theUniversity of Wisconsin at its semi-centennialin June, 1904.After a service of five years as Dean of theSenior Colleges, Professor James H. Tufts, ofthe Department of Philosophy, has resigned totake the headship of the Department of Philosophy, made vacant by the resignation ofProfessor John Dewey.A paleontological expedition from the University of Chicago, under the direction of Professor Samuel W. Williston, Head of theDepartment of Paleontology, and Mr. E. B.Bransen, has left for Lander, Wyo., to be goneuntil late in September.Dr. Burton E. Livingston, of the Departmentof Botany, has received from the Carnegie Institution at Washington, a grant for research inplant physiology at the Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona. Mr. Livingston willspend the summer there in research work.At its semi-centennial celebration in June theUniversity of Wisconsin conferred upon President William R. Harper the honorary degree of Doctor of Lawrs. At the inauguration of President Charles R. Van Hise on that occasionPresident Harper gave the address of welcomeon behalf of other universities.Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head ofthe Department of Geology, received from theUniversity of Wisconsin at its semi-centennialcelebration on June 9, 1904, the honorary degreeof Doctor of Laws. Mr. Chamberlin was formerly president of the University of Wisconsin.Two hundred and fifty children from thestockyards region were entertained by theWoman's Union and the University SettlementLeague on June 4. The children's clubs andchorus of the Settlement took part in a concert,and later were given a luncheon in the Schoolof Education gymnasium.On Class Day, June 13, Professor James H.Tufts, Dean of the Senior Colleges, gave theaddress on behalf of the University in the exercises connected with the raising of the flag ofthe class of 1904. At the recent commencementof Amherst College Mr. Tufts received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.The Department of Botany has begun itspermanent plantings in Hull Court. The delaysin completing arrangements have greatly limitedthe possible work for the present year. Thepond has been filled and will soon be stocked.The whole is in charge of Mr. H. Hasselbring,Assistant in the Department of Botany.Professor Paul Shorey, Head of the Department of the Greek Language and Literature,gave the address at the Junior College classexercises on June 13. Mr. Shorey also gave theaddress at the Convocation of the SecondarySchools' of the University of Chicago, held inthe Leon Mandel Assembly Hall on June 16.On Junior College Day, June 10, the University of Chicago Dramatic Club presented inthe Leon Mandel Assembly Hall The Falcon,by Alfred Lord Tennyson; Twisting of theRope, by Douglas Hyde, translated from the82 UNIVERSITY RECORDIrish by Lady Gregory; and Lend Me FiveShillings. It is said to have been the first presentation of The Falcon in America.Among the Special Lecturers at the University of Illinois during the present year was Mr.Andrew McLeish, Vice-President of the University of Chicago Board of Trustees, who gavethree addresses on (i) "The Growth andFunction of the Department Store ; " (2) " TheOrganization of the Department Store;" (3)" The Department Store at Work."At its Fifty-first Convocation the Universityconferred upon Professor Joseph H. Beale, Jr.,of Harvard University, the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws. Professor Beale has servedfor two years as Dean of the Law School of theUniversity of Chicago, and gave the Convocation Address on June 14, 1904. He receivedthe degree of LL.D. also from the Universityof Wisconsin at its fiftieth commencement." The Radial Velocities of the Brighter Starsin the Pleiades" is a contribution by Mr.Walter S. Adams, of the Yerkes Observatory,in the June issue of the Astrophysical Journal.In the same number in an article on " Observations with the Bruce Spectrograph," contributedby Professor Edwin B. Frost, of the Departmentof Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Mr.Walter S. Adams.Professor Robert F. Harper, of the Department of the Semitic Languages and Literatures,has translated for the June number of theBiblical World eleven prayers taken from theNeo-Babylonian historical inscriptions. Thisnumber also contains the first report from theExpedition of the Oriental Exploration Fund(Babylonian Section), prepared by RobertFrancis Harper, the Director.At the University Luncheon on ConvocationDay, June 14, Professor Charles R. Barnes,Vice-President of the Congregation, presided,and introduced the speakers, who were Mr.Walter H. Page, editor of The World's Work, New York city; Mr. Andrew McLeish, Vice-President of the University Board of Trustees ;Mr. Charles Sumner Pike, of the Class of 1896,representing the Alumni ; and the President ofthe University.One hundred and ninety-nine degrees wereconferred by the University at the Fifty-firstConvocation, and also one hundred and fourteencertificates. There were 23 students who received the degree of Master of Arts, Philosophy,or Science ; 7, the degree of Doctor of Law ; 22,that of Doctor of Philosophy; and one, thehonorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Twelvenew members were elected to the scholarshipfraternity of Phi Beta Kappa.The annual Phi Beta Kappa address wasgiven this year on June 14 by Mr. Walter II.Page, editor of The World's Work, New Yorkcity. The subject of his address was "TheCultivated Man in an Industrial Era," and theaddress appears in full in this issue of theUniversity Record. Mr. Page was introducedby Professor George E. Goodspeed, Presidentof the Beta of Illinois Chapter of Phi BetaKappa. The address was one of originality andattractive literary form.A new and interesting genus of tropical treeshas been discovered in Yucatan, Mexico, by Dr.Charles F. Millspaugh, Professorial Lectureron Botany, and it has been named in his honor,by Professor B. L. Robinson, of HarvardUniversity, " Millspaughia." Dr. Millspaughhas recently returned from a tour of explorationin the field of botany among the Bimini Islands,of the Bahama group, during which he visitedand collected the vegetation, specifically, of tenislets that have never before been botanicallyexamined.Professor Alonzo A. Stagg, Director ofthe Division of Physical Culture, has had chargeof four athletic meets on Marshall Field sinceMay 20. The Universities of Chicago andMichigan were the representatives in the first,UNIVERSITY RECORD 83held on May 21 ; the Conference meet on Junea had contestants from a dozen universities andcolleges in the West; sixty preparatory schoolswere represented in the Inter-Scholastic meeton June 1 1 ; and on June 20 Princeton University and the University of Chicago held theirtrack meet. The athletic contests have arousedgreat interest and been regarded as highlysuccessful."The Passing of Pahli Khan," the comicopera presented by the new student organizationknown as the Blackfriars, was given on May 27and twice on May 28 in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. There was a large and enthusiastic attendance on both. evenings, and it wasthe general opinion that the opera was one ofthe most diverting and tuneful entertainmentsever given by the student body. The actingshowed the restraint of good training, and thechorus work was often remarkably good. Mr.Frank B. Hutchinson and Mr. Walter Gregorywrote the book and most of the lyrics ; and Mr.Halbert B. Blakey was the composer of mostof the music.The Elementary School Teacher for Jnnecontains contributions from Professor WilburS. Jackman on " True Nature-Study ; " Ira B.Meyers, on "Field Work — The ChicagoArea;" Harry O. Gillet, on "Physics in theElementary School;" Alice D. Feuling, on" Some Uses of Chemistry in the CookingWork;" Mary M. Steagall on "What Atethe Mullein ? " Annette Covington, on " Drawing and Painting in Connection with Nature-Study;" Antoinette B. Hollister, on "Relationof Nature-Study to Clay-Modeling;" AnnetteButler, on " Nature- Study and Manual Training;" Alice Peloubet Norton, on "The Household Arts in the Elementary School." Thecontributors mentioned are connected with theSchool of Education. In the same number is acontribution on "The Opportunity of theTeacher," by Associate Professor MarionTalbot, of the Department of HouseholdAdministration. The Germanic Club of the University hasheld ten meetings since October 1, 1903. Thefollowing papers were read: "Die kritischenBestrebungen des jungen Deutschland," by Mr.A. C. von Noe, October 26, 1903; "Der neueKurs im Unterricht," by Assistant ProfessorPaul O. Kern, November 9, 1903 ; "Winkelmannund die Reaction gegen seine Anschauung um1790," by Associate Professor Camillo vonKlenze, November 23, 1903 ; " A Middle HighGerman Almanac," by Mr. M. Haertel, December 11, 1903; "Kleist und Hebbel," by Dr.H. K. Becker, January 20, 1904; review ofJessens book on " Heinses Stellung zur bilden-den Kunst," by Mr. A. C. von Noe, February17; "How Are Words Related?" by Dr.Francis A. Wood, March 3 ; " Lessing's Stellung zu Shakespeare," by Mr. M. Haertel,March 16 ; " The Religion of Klopstock," byMr. M. D. Baumgartner, April 29; "Der Ge-brauch des Deutschen im Klassenzimmer," byAssistant Professor Paul O. Kern, April 29;"Text Criticism of the Carmina Burana," byMr. B. M. Mitchell, May 18, 1904.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORTFOR THE SPRING QUARTER, 1904.During the Spring Quarter, 1904, there has been addedto the library of the University a total number of 4,295volumes, from the following sources :Books added by purchase, 2,402 volumes, distributedas follows :Anatomy, 34 vols.; Astronomy (Ryerson), 5 vols.;Astronomy (Yerkes), 1 vol.; Bacteriology, 11 vols.;Biology, 347 vols. ; Botany, 18 vols. ; Chemistry, 45 vols. ;Church History, 64 vols. ; Classical Archaeology, 5 vols. ;Commerce and Administration, 53 vols. ; ComparativeReligion, 8 vols. ; Dano-Norwegian and Swedish Theological Seminary, 5 vols. ; Divinity, 29 vols. ; Embryology, 4 vols. ; English, 71 vols. ; General Library, 188vols.; Geography, 46 vols.; Geology, 15 vols.; German,74 vols. ; Greek, 42 vols. ; History, 195 vols. ; History ofArt, 50 vols.; Japanese, 1 vol.; Latin, 15 vols.; Latinand Greek, 9 vols. ; Law School, 475 vols. ; Mathematics,20 vols. ; Morgan Park Academy, 20 vols. ; Neurology,29 vols.; New Testament, 13 vols.; Palaeontology, 11vols.; Pathology, 12 vols.; Pedagogy, 24 vols.; Phi-84 UNIVERSITY RECORDlosophy, 94 vols. ; Physics, 29 vols. ; Physiological Chemistry, 10 vols.; Physiology, 6 vols.; Political Economy,50 vols. ; Political Science, 73 vols. ; Public Speaking,3 vols.; Romance, 13 vols.; Sanskrit and ComparativePhilology, 21 vols. ; School of Education, 93 vols. ;Semitic, 10 vols.; Sociology, 16 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 10 vols.; Systematic Theology, 32 vols.; Zoology,3 vols.Books added by gift, 1,288 volumes, distributed asfollows :Anthropology, 1 vol.; Astronomy (Ryerson), 2 vols.;Botany, 12 vols. ; Chemistry, 1 vol. ; Church History,5 vols. ; Commerce and Administration, 21 vols. ; Divinity, 4 vols. ; English, 4 vols.; General Library, 557 vols. ;Geography, 67 vols. ; Geology, 26 vols. ; German, 7 vols. ;Greek, 3 vols.; History, 11 vols.; History of Art, 14vols. ; Latin, 2 vols. ; Law School, 2 vols. ; GeneralLiterature, Dept. XVI, 14 vols. ; Mathematics, 7 vols. ;Neurology, 1 vol. ; New Testament, 4 vols. ; Palaeontology, 1 vol. ; Pathology, 5 vols. ; Pedagogy, 4 vols. ;Philosophy, 3 vols. ; Physical Culture, 450 vols. ; Physics,8 vols. ; Political Economy, 13 vols. ; Political Science,15 vols. ; Romance, 4 vols. ; School of Education, 5 vols. ;Sociology, 9 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol.; Systematic Theology, 4 vols. ; Zoology, 1 vol.Books added by exchange for University publications,605 volumes, distributed as follows :Botany, 23 vols. ; Church History, 6 vols. ; Commerce and Administration, 3 vols. ; General Library, 461vols. ; Geology, 8 vols. ; German, 1 vol. ; Neurology,1 vol. ; New Testament, 3 vols. ; Pedagogy, 52 vols. ; Philosophy, 3 vols.; Political Economy, 32 vols.; Political Science, 1 vol. ; School of Education, 1 vol. ; Semitic,1 vol. ; Sociology, 3 vols. ; Systematic Theology, 6 vols.SPECIAL GIFTS FOR SPRING QUARTER, 1904.United States Government: 282 vols., documents.Dominion of Canada: 55 vols., reports.Houghton, Mifflin & Co. : 20 vols., text-books.Rand, McNally & Co.: 47 vols., text-books.Scott, Foresman & Co. : 1 1 vols., text-books.The Macmillan Co. : 61 vols., text-books.Mr. J. L. Laughlin: 51 vols, and 15 pamphlets, miscellaneous.Mr. Henry Phipps : 14 vols., History of Art.Mr. J. Paul Goode: 32 vols, and 14 pamphlets, geographical, geological, etc.Mr. R. D. Salisbury: 27 vols, and 95 pamphlets,geographical, geological, etc.Mr. Charles R. Henderson: 11 vols, and 251 pamphlets, miscellaneous.Mr. R. G. Moulton: 14 vols., Works of WilliamMorris.Mr. H. R. Hatfield : 1 1 vols., United States documents.The Chicago Daily News Co. : 35 vols., Chicago DailyNews.City of Boston: 5 vols., Reports.New York city: 34 vols., Reports.Estate of Leopold Mayer: 85 vols., text-books andHebrew literature.Michigan Academy of Science: 4 vols., Proceedings.Miss Minard: 35 copies of "The Press, the Pulpit,and the Stage," by J. H. McVicker.UNIVERSITY RECORD 85BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSFOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904.Abbott, Frank Frost. The Toledo Manuscript of theGermania of Tacitus. Reprint from the DecennialPublications of the University of Chicago, FirstSeries, Vol. VI. 44 PP«> 4to, paper. Net, $0.50.This pamphlet contains not only the manuscript, but adiscussion of its relation to the hitherto known manuscripts of the Germania and its relation to the reconstruction of the text.Barker, Llewellys Franklin. A Description of theBrains and Spinal Cords of Two Brothers Dead ofHereditary Ataxia. Reprint from the DecennialPublications of the University of Chicago, FirstSeries, Vol. X. 50 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $2.The numerous plates and figures illustrating this treatise, as well as the detailed description, form a valuablecontribution to the study of hereditary ataxia.Barnard, Edward E. Micrometrical Observations ofEros Made with the Forty-Inch Refractor of theYerkes Observatory during the Opposition of 1900-190 1. Reprint from the Decennial Publications ofthe University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. VIII.40 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $0.50.This paper contains the measures of position and theobservations for the brightness of Eros.Bensley, Robert Russell. The Structure of the Glandsof Brunner. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol.X. 50 pp. and 6 plates, 4to, paper. Net, $1.The author has here presented a study of thecytological characters, staining reactions, and microscopicanatomy of the glands of Brunner of a number of representative mammals.Breasted, James Henry. The Battle of Kadesh. Reprintfrom the Decennial Publications of the University ofChicago, First Series, Vol. V. 48 pp., with 7 platesand 8 maps, 4to, paper. Net, $0.75.The battle of Kadesh, which took place between Rame-ses II., king of Egypt, and the Hittites, upon the plainof Kadesh, on the Orontes River, is the earliest battle inhistory in which the military manceuvers can be traced.The present study comprises all the literature upon thebattle as well as a complete description of the movementsof the two armies.Burnham, Sherburne Wesley. Measures of DoubleStars Made with the Forty-Inch Refractor of theYerkes Observatory in 1900 and 1901. Reprint fromthe Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. VIII. 75 pp., 4to, paper.Net, $1. This is the first contribution to the study in the re-observations of double stars. Some six hundred havebeen measured, and eighteen new ones discovered andmeasured.Burton, Ernest DeWitt. Notes on New TestamentGrammar. Revised Edition. 30 pp., i2mo, paper.Net, $0.25.A pamphlet prepared for the use of classes entering,with a knowledge of classical Greek, upon a study of theGreek of the New Testament.Capps, Edward. The Introduction of Comedy into theCity Dionysia at Athens : A Chronological Study inGreek Literary History. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, FirstSeries, Vol. VI. 30 pp., with chart, 4to, paper.Net, $0.50.A recombination of the evidence from the didascaticinscription C I A II, 971, and the actors' catalogues C IA II, 977, together with Aristotle's testimony, furnishesnew information concerning the date of official recognition of comedy at Athens. The author places it sometwenty years previous to 465, the accepted date.Case, E. C. New or Little-Known Vertebrates from thePermian of Texas. Contributions to Walker Museum, Vol. I, No. 4. 8pp., paper. Net, $0.25.Chamberlain, Charles J. Mitosis in Pellia. Reprintfrom the Decennial Publications of the Universityof Chicago, First Series, Vol. X. 19 pp. and 3 plates,4to, paper. Net, $0.50.An investigation into the origin of the achromaticfigure in Pellia, dealing with the first two nuclear divisions in the germinating spore.Chamberlin, Georgia Louise. An Introduction to theBible for Teachers of Children. 220 pp., i2mo, cloth.Postpaid, $1.A manual for teachers and parents with children nineto eleven years old, to guide them in gaining a broadview of the Bible.Coulter, John M. The Phylogeny of Angiosperms. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. X. 6 pages,4to, paper. Net, $0.25.The statement of a theory that monocotyledons anddicotyledons have independent origins. This theory isbased upon several years' investigations by the Department of Botany.86 UNIVERSITY RECORDDecennial Publications of the University of Chicago,First Series:Vol. I : The President's Report. A — Administration.cxliii + 574 pp., 4to, cloth. Net, $3.50.This volume contains a detailed report of the workdone during the first decade of the University, including reports from Colleges, Departments, and all theinstitutions connected with the University.Vol. II: The President's Report. B — Publicationsby Members of the University. 185 pp., 4to, cloth.Net, $3.A bibliography of all the published writings of persons connected with the University of Chicago duringits first ten years.Vol. Ill: Part I — Systematic Theology, ChurchHistory, Practical Theology. Part II — Philosophy,Education. 244 pp., 4to, cloth. Net, $3.Vol. IV: Political Economy, Political Science, His-' tory, Sociology. 353 pp., 4to. cloth. Net, $4.Vol. VII : The Romance Languages and Literatures,the Germanic Languages and Literatures, English,Literature in English. 347 pp., 4to, cloth. Net, $4.Vol. VIII : Astronomy and Astrophysics. 413 pp. and19 plates, 4to, cloth. Net, $6.Vol. X. The Biological Sciences. 396 pp. and 39plates, 4to, cloth. Net, $10.Dewey, John (Ed.). Studies in Logical Theory. Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago,Second Series, Vol. XL xiv + 388 pp., 8vo, cloth.Net, $2.50.This is the first published result of investigations carried on for more than eight years by the Department ofPhilosophy. The contributors are former members andFellows of the University.Dickson, Leonard Eugene. (1) Ternary OrthogonalGroups in a General Field. (2) The Groups Definedfor a General Field by the Rotation Group. Reprintsfrom the Decennial Publications of Yerkes Observatory, First Series, Vol. IX. 26 pp., 4to, paper.Net, $0.25.The first paper is an investigation for an arbitrary fieldof a subject previously treated for a continuous field byWeber and for a Galois field by the writer. The secondis a contribution to the theory of group determinants andgroup characters.Eycleshymer, Albert Chauncey. The Early Development of Lepidosteus Osseus. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago,First Series, Vol. X. 17 pp. and 2 plates, 4to, paper.Net, $0.50.An account of the early phases of development asobserved in living and in preserved material, followedby a comparison of these phases with those of otherganoid fishes. Frost, Edwin Brant, and Walter S. Adams. RadialVelocities of Twenty Stars Having Spectra of theOrion Type. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol.VIII. 108 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $2.This paper gives a detailed account of the measurements of the velocities in the line of eight of twentyselected stars of Vogel's type, lb, commonly known as theOrion type.Harper, Robert Francis [(Ed.). The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, about 2250 B. C. xv + 192PP«> 103 plates of text, large 8vo, cloth. Net, $4.This volume contains the text, a transliteration, atranslation, notes, and indices of the famous Code ofHammurabi, discovered in 1902 by M. de Morgan at Susa.Hale, George Ellery, and Ferdinand Ellerman. TheRumford Spectro-heliograph of Yerkes Observatory.Publications of Yerkes Observatory, Vol. IV. Part I,20 pp., with 15 plates, 4T.0, paper. Net, $0.75.The first published results from the use of this remarkable instrument, including discoveries irf solar physicsand a series of photographs of the sun.Hale, George Ellery, Ferdinand Ellerman, and JohnA. Parkhurst. On the Spectra of Stars of Secchi'sFourth Type. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol.VIII. 135 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $1.50.The pamphlet includes tables of the wave-lengths ofseveral hundred bright and dark lines, conclusions as totheir chemical origin, and a discussion of the evolutionof these stars, their distribution, and their relationshipto stars of other spectral types.Hendrickson, George Lincoln. Observations on theComment ariolum Petitionis attributed to QuintusCicero. Reprint from the Decennial Publications ofthe University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. VI.26 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $0.25.The writer endeavors to show that this commentariolumis in fact a suasoria of some rhetorical student.Hoben, T. Allen. The Virgin Birth. Historical andLinguistic Studies in Literature Related to the NewTestament, Second Series : Linguistic and Exegeti-cal Studies, Vol. I, Part I. 85 pp., royal 8vo, paper.Net, $0.50.The author carefully considers the theological uses towhich the Fathers put the virgin-birth narrative, theinfluence of the apocryphal writings upon their understanding of the story, and the relation of their interpretations to the prologue of the fourth gospel.Howard, George Elliott. A History of Matrimonial Institutions, Chiefly in England and the United States.Three volumes, about 1,500 pages, 8vo, cloth. Perset, $10.UNIVERSITY RECORD 87Part I : An Analysis of the Literature and Theories ofPrimitive Matrimonial Institutions.Part II : Matrimonial Institutions in England.Part III: Matrimonial Institutions in America.A minute analysis of the legislation and the literaturebearing on marriage and divorce from colonial times tothe present day.King, Irving. The Psychology of Child Development.With an Introduction by John Dewey, ix + 265 pp.,i2mo, cloth. Net, $1.The author presents a new basis for investigating childpsychology, that of determining how and under what circumstances the mental processes arise, and their placeand value in his entire conscious life.Laves, Kurt. The Orbit of the Minor Planet L(334). Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. VIII. 15 pp., 4to,paper. Net, $0.50.The writer has attempted to determine the absoluteperturbation of Jupiter on this planet after Leverner'smethod. The expressions for the perturbative functionand its derivative with respect to the major axis aregiven.Lectures on Commerce. Edited By Henry Rand Hatfield, viii + 388 pp., 8vo, cloth. Net, $1.50.Sixteen of the lectures delivered before the College ofCommerce and Administration by prominent business menof Chicago, introduced by a lecture on " Higher Commercial Education," by J. Laurence Laughlin.Lillie, Frank R. A Laboratory Outline of the Study ofthe Embryology of the Chick and the Pig. xii + 47pp., i2mo, paper. Net, $0.25.McCoy, Herbert N. Equilibrium in the System Composed of Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate,Carbon Dioxide, and Water. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago,First Series, Vol. IX. 22 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $0.25.The two salts in water solution in contact with avapor phase of variable carbon dioxide were studiedtheoretically and experimentally. From the results, thedegree of hydrolytic disassociation in a solution of sodium carbonate was calculated and the ionization constant of sodium bicarbonate, as an acid, determined.Maschke, Heinrich. Invariants and Covariants ofQuadratic Differential Quantics of n Variables. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. IX. 14 pp., 4to,paper. Net, $0.25.In this article the symbolic method given by the authorin a previous paper has been developed in detail for thecase of n variables. Meyer, John Jacob. Two Twice-Told Tales. Reprintfrom the Decennial Publications of the Universityof Chicago. First Series, Vol. VI. 11 pp., 4to, paper.Net, $0.25.Translations of Aristo's story of Giocondo and Astolfoas found in the Pali J alalia and of the introduction of theArabian Nights from the Hindu version.Mitchell, Wesley Clair. A History of the Greenbacks,with Special Reference to the Economic Consequencesof Their Issue. Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, Second Series, Vol. IX. xvi -f-578 pp., 8vo, cloth. Net, $4.A treatment of the subject, historically and economically covering the first four years of their issue, withspecial chapters on prices, wages, and the effect of thepaper standard.Moulton, Forest Ray. On Certain Rigorous Methods ofTreating Problems in Celestial Mechanics. Reprintfrom the Decennial Publications of the University ofChicago, First Series, Vol. VIII. 26 pp., 4to, paper.Net, $0.25.This paper shows how some of the most importantproblems in celestial mechanics may be treated bymethods which are rigorous, at least under specifiedconditions.National Society for the Scientiiic Study of Education.Third Yearbook, 1904.Part I: The Relation of Theory to Practice in theEducation of Teachers, discussed by John Dewey,Frank A. McMurry, etc. 68 pp., 8vo, paper. Net,$0.50.Part II: Nature-Study, by Wilbur S. Jackman. 103pp., 8vo, paper. Net, $0.75.Osborn, Loran D. The Recovery and Restatement ofthe Gospel, xxvi + 254 pp., 12010, cloth. Net, $1.50.The author shows that the gospel preached by Christhas become obscured during its historical development,and it is necessary to go back of this process and translate it into terms of modern thought.Publications of the Yerkes Observatory, Vol. II. 413 pp.and 19 plates, 4to, cloth. Net, $6.Ritchey, George W. Astronomical Photography withthe Forty-Inch Refractor and the Two-foot Reflectorof the Yerkes Observatory. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago,First Series, Vol. VIII. 12 pp. and 17 plates, 4to,paper. Net, $0.75.This reprint contains many plates of photographs obtained with the two above-named instruments, togetherwith a minute description of their use.88 UNIVERSITY RECORDShambaugh, George E. The Distribution of Blood Vessels in the Labyrinth of the Ear of Sus ScrofaDomesticus. Reprint from the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, First Series, Vol.X. 20 pp., 4to, paper. Net, $1.25.The paper, illustrated by ten drawings, describes thecirculation in the labyrinths, which was worked out byusing Eichler's method of making celloid in casts of thelabyrinth.Shorey, Paul. The Unity of Plato's Thought. Reprintfrom the Decennial Publications of the University ofChicago, First Series, Vol. VI. 88 pp., 4to, paper.Net, $1.25.An exposition of the essential identity of the doctrinepresented by Plato in diversified dramatic forms ; and acriticism of recent attempts to date the dialogues by determining the order of development of his ideas.Thompson, Helen Bradford. The Mental Traits of Sex.viii -1- 188 pp., 8vo, cloth. Net, $1.25.A contribution to psychology, comparing men andwomen in regard to motor ability, intellectual processes,and affective processes. The conclusions were reachedfrom the results of tests applied to a number of men andwomen at the University of Chicago.Tower, William L. The Development of Colors andColor Patterns of Colleoptera, with Observations onthe Development of Colors in Other Orders of Insects. Reprint from the Decennial Publications ofthe University of Chicago, First Series, Vol. X. 40pp., with 3 colored plates, 4to, paper. Net, $1. The results of a study of the development of the cuticleand the source and composition of the colors, and ofresearch into a fundamental plan of color-development.van't Hoff, Jacobus H. Physical Chemistry in the Service of the Sciences. English Version by AlexanderSmith. Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, Second Series, Vol. XVIII. xviii +123 pp.,8vo, cloth. Net, $1.50.These lectures were delivered at the University ofChicago. They deal, in pairs, with the applications ofphysical chemistry in pure chemistry, industrial chemistry,physiology, and geology.Watson, John B. Animal Education. Contributions toPhilosophy, Vol. IV, No. 2. 122 pp., 8vo. Net,$1.25 ; same in cloth, net, $1.25.A study of the correlation between the psychical life ofthe white rat and the medullated nerve fibers in thecortex.Weller, Stuart. The Stokes Collection of Antarctic Fossils. Contributions to Walker Museum, Vol. I,No. 5. 6 pp., royal 8vo, paper. Net, $0.25.Wells, H. Gideon. Studies in Fat Necrosis. Reprintfrom the Decennial Publications of the University ofChicago, First Series, Vol. X. 2^ pp., 4to, paper.Net, $0.25.A series of experimental studies on the pathogenesisof intra-abdominal fat necrosis of the type followingpancreatic lesions.UNIVERSITY RECORD 89REGENT PUBLICATIONS AND ADDRESSES BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY FACULTIES.1Name.Abbott, Frank Frost.Anderson, Galusha.Angell, James Rowland.Bain, H. Foster.Barnes, Charles R.Bliss, Gilbert Ames.Breckinridge, SophonisbaPreston.Buck, Carl Darling. Boston: The Pilgrim Press.University of Michigan Alumnus, May, 1904.Title. Where Published.Addresses:" Some Notes on the Application of the Principles ofEvolution to the Development of the Art of Writing,"Classical Conference, Ypsilanti, Mich., March 31,1904.Books:"Ancient Sermons for Modern Times" (157 pp.).Addresses:" The Twenty-First Chapter of John," Conference onthe Gospel According to John, Providence, R. I.,May 11, 1904; "Eulogy on the Late President AlvahHovey, D.D.," Commencement of Newton Theological Institution, Newton Centre, Mass., June 8, 1904.Articles:" Research Work in State Universities."Addresses:Four lectures on psychology at Wellesley College,Wellesley, Mass., April 25-29, 1904.Articles:"Our National Survey." The Booklovers Magazine, Vol.Ill, No. 2 (February, 1904),pp. 201-17."Lead and Zinc Deposits of Illinois." Bulletin 223 United States Geological Survey, March, 1 90 1,pp. 202-8."Fluorspar Deposits of Southern Illinois." Ibid., pp. 505-12.Reviews:"Recent Literature of Economic Geology" (current Engineering and Mining Jour-series of reviews and digests). nal.Reviews:McDonald, " Religious Sense in Its Scientific As- Biblical World.pect."Pfeffer, "Pnanzenphysiologie," Vol. II. Botanical Gazette, June, 1904.Jost, "Pflanzenphysiologie." Ibid.Articles:"Jacobi's Criterion when Both Endpoints are Vari- Mathematische Annalen, Vol.able." LVIII, Nos. I and 2 (January,1904)."An Existence Theorem for a Differential Equation Transactions of the Americanof the Second Order with an Application to the Cal- Mathematical Society, Vol. V,cuius of Variations.""The Exterior and Interior of a Plane Curve."Articles:"Specie Contracts." No. 2 (April, 1904), p. 113.Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. X, No. 8(May, 1904), p. 398.Sound Currency, Vol. XI, No. 1(March, 1904).Books:"A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian" (xvii + 352 Boston: Ginn & Co., 1904.pp., 5 illustrations).1 The last circular of information for publication in the University Record was sent out January 1, 1904. The present circular covers theWinter and Spring Quarters of 1904. For Decennial Publications see the University Record, November, 1902, and February, 1903.90 UNIVERSITY RECORDName.Buckley, Edmund. Title.Articles:" Sketch of the Science of Religion," I."Sketch of the Science of Religion," II." Landscape Gardening."Reviews:Gulick, "Evolution of the Japanese." Where Published.Biblical World, Vol. XXIII, No.4 (April, 1904), p. 256.Ibid., No. 5 (May, 1904), P- 349-Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.IX (1904).American Journal of Sociology,March, 1904.Buckley, Ernest Robertson. Books:"Clays and Clay Industries of Wisconsin" (304 pp.,55 plates)."Highway Construction in Wisconsin" (338 pp., 106plates)." Biennial Report, Bureau of Geology and Mines ofMissouri " (87 pp., 8 plates).Articles:"Construction and Maintenance of Streets in Wisconsin Cities.""Ice Ramparts.""How Shall Wisconsin Streets Be Paved? ';"Lead and Zinc Industry in Wisconsin."" Highway Construction."Addresses:"What Constitutes Success?" Commencement, RolloHigh School, Rollo, Mo., May 13, 1904.Articles:" Some Essentials of Student Self-Government."" Report of Sunday-School Teachers' Training Workin Cook County."Addresses :"On the Teaching of Roman Private Life in Secondary Schools and a Review of Johnston's 'RomanPrivate Life'," Educational Conference at the University of Chicago, November 14, 1903.An illustrated lecture on "The Originals of RomanAntiquities, the Pompeian Reproductions, and theAncient Sculpture in the Chicago Art Institute,"Morgan Park Academy, January 21, 1904.Burgess, Isaac Bronson. , Madison, Wis.: Wisconsin Geological and Natural HistorySurvey, 1901.Ibid., 1903.Missouri: Bureau of Geologyand Mines, 1903.The Municipality, Vol. I, No. I(April, 1900), 1-26.Wisconsin Academy of Sciences,Arts and Letters, Vol. XIII,pp. 141-57-The Municipality, Vol. II, No. 5(September, 1 901), pp. 97-1 10.Mineral Industry, Vol. IX(1901), 665-666.Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies, Vol .XXVIII, No. 4 (April, 1902),pp. 1-18.The Academy News, May 27,1903.Cook County Sunday School Directory, September, 1903.Burton, Ernest DeWitt. Books:"A Short Introduction to the Gospels " (pp. 6-144). Chicago : University of Chi-\ cago Press, 1904.Butler, Nathaniel. Reviews:Dopp, "The Place of Industries in Education." The World To-day, January, 1904.UNIVERSITY RECORD 91Coulter, John Merle.Name. Title.Child, Charles Manning. Articles:" Form Regulation in Cerianthus, III. The Initiationof Regeneration."" Form Regulation in Cerianthus, IV. The Role ofWater Pressure in Regeneration.""Studies on Regulation, IV. Some ExperimentalModifications of Form Regulation in Leptoplana."Books:" Plant Structures " (revised edition), (pp. 348, 289illustrations)."Plant Relations" (revised edition), (pp.266, 214illustrations)."Plant Studies" (revised edition), (pp. 387, 336illustrations).Reviews:Howell, " A Flora of Northwest America."Flahault, " La pale*obotanique dans ses rapports avecla ve*ge*tation actuelles."Addresses:Two addresses on Y. M. C A. work, State convention,Moberly, Mo., March 20 ; " Some Problems in Education," School Masters' Club, Ypsilanti, Mich.,March 31 ; "An Eccentric Naturalist," State Academy of Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., April 1; sameaddress, Lecture Course, Edgewater, 111., April 8 ;" Practical Education," College Chapel, Eureka, 111.,April 15 ; "A Neglected Naturalist," Lecture Course,Eureka, 111., April 15 ; " Principles of Nature Study,"Teachers' Association, Ottawa, Canada, May 13 ;"A Neglected Naturalist," Teacher's Association,Ottawa, Canada, May 13; "Elements of Power,"High School commencement, Indianapolis, Ind.,June 8 ; same address, High School commencement,Clinton, Iowa, June 9.Articles:"Some Defects in the Teaching of Modern Languages in the College and University."Davenport, Charles Benedict. Articles:"Color Inheritance in Mice."" Wonder Horses and Mendelism."David, Henri Charles Edou- Articles:ard. Nouvelles Universitaires : Les cours d'e*te* de l'Uni-versite* de Chicago.(Continued.)Addresses:"Some Recent Manuals on Phonetics," the Romance Club, University of Chicago, May 10, 1904.Dennis, Alfred Lewis Pinnes. Reviews:Scott, " Moorish Empire in Europe."Addresses:"Martin Pringe, Last of the Elizabeth Seamen,"Library Club, Brunswick, Me., February 9, 1904 ;same address, Society of Colonial Wars, Portland,Me., March 17; "Essentials in Teaching History,"County Teachers' Association, Bath, Me., February19 ; " Education and Politics," North Yarmouth Academy, Yarmouth, Me., June 3.Cutting, Starr Willard. Where Published.Biological Bulletin, Vol. VI, No2 (January, 1904), P- 55*Ibid., Vol. VI, No. 6 (May, 1904)p. 266.Journal of Experimental Zoology,Vol. I, No. 1 (May, 1 904).New York : D. Appleton & Co.,1904.Ibid.Ibid.Botanical Gazette, April, 1904.Ibid., May, 1904.The School Review, Vol. XII, No.4 (April, 1904), p. 308.Science, Vol. XIX (January 15,1904), pp. 110-114.Ibid., Vol. XIX (January 22,1904), pp. 151-53-Echo des deux mondes, Vol. I,No. 9 (May 15, 1904), p. 15.Ibid. Vol. I, No. 10 (June 1, 1904),p. 9.Atlantic, June, 1904.92 UNIVERSITY RECORDName. Title.Dewey, John. Books:" The Relation of Theory to Practice in the Education of Teachers" (pp. 30).Articles:"Classification of Contemporary Logical Tendencies."" The Meanings of the Term Idea."" Significance of the School of Education."Addresses:Six lectures upon " Problems of Knowledge," Columbia University, New York, N. Y., March, 1904 ; threelectures on " Moral Education," Brooklyn Institute,Brooklyn, N. Y., March, 1904.Books:" Answers to Dickson's College Algebra."Articles:" Determination of all the Subgroups of the KnownSimple Group of Order 25920."" The Subgroups of Order a Power of 2 of the SimpleQuinary Orthogonal Group in the Galois Field ofOrder^=8/±3-"" Determination of all Groups of Binary Substitutionswith Integral Coefficients taken Modulo 3 and ofDeterminant Unity."" On the Subgroups of Order a Power of p in theLinear Homogeneous and Fractional Groups in theGFM."Donaldson, Henry Herbert. Addresses:"Quantitative Methods in the Study of Anatomy,"open meeting of the Society of Sigma Xi, Ann Arbor,Mich., March 24.Dickson, Leonard Eugene. Where Published.Chicago : University of ChicagoPress, Third Yearbook National Society for ScientificStudy of Education.Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods,Vol. I, No. 3 (February 4,1904), p. 57-Ibid., Vol. I, No. 7 (March 31,1904), p. 175-Elementary School Teacher, Vol.IV, No. 7 (March, 1904), p.441.New York : John Wiley & Sons,1904.Transactions of the AmericanMathematical Society, Vol. V,No. 2 (1904), pp. 126-66.Ibid., Vol. V, No. I (1904), PP-1-38.Annals of Mathematics, Vol. V,No. 3 (April, 1904), pp. 140-440.Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. X, No. 8(May, 1904), pp. 385-97.Dubedout, Jean.Eckstein, Oskar. Articles:"Les 'Discours' de Ronsard."Articles:"Elektrische Zugsbeleuchtung in den VereinigtenStaaten."" In den Armenischen Bergen."'Der Yellowstonepark."Ellerman, Ferdinand. Articles:(and George E. Hale).heliograph."(and George E. Hale).Flocculi." 'The Rumford Spectro-' Calcium and Hydrogen(with George E. Hale and John A. Parkhurst)." The Spectra of Stars of Secchi's Fourth Type." Modern Philology, January, 1904.Elektrolechn. Rundschau, Vol.XXI, No. 4, p. 31.Deutsche Alpenzeitung, Vol. Ill,No. 23 (March 1, 1904), p.296.Vom Eels zum Meer Die WeiteWelt, Vol. XXIII, No. 17(April 15, 1904), p. 1171.Publications Yerkes Observatory,Vol. Ill, Part I (October,1903).Astrophysical Journal, January,1904.Publications Yerkes Observatory,Vol. II.UNIVERSITY RECORD 93Name.Elliot, Daniel Giraud. Title.Epsteen, Saul. Articles:"Descriptions of Twenty-seven Apparently NewSpecies and Sub-Species of Mammals.""Description of New Species and Sub-Species ofMammals and a New Generic Name Proposed.""Catalogue of Mammals from Southern California."Articles:"On the Definition of Reducible HypercomplexNumber Systems."" A High School Mathematical Library." Where Published.Field Columbian Museum Publications, Vol. Ill, No. 14 (December, 1903), p. 239.Ibid., Vol. Ill, No. 15 (March,1904), p. 263.Ibid., Vol. Ill, No. 16 (March,1904), p. 271.Transactions of the AmericanMathematical Society, January,1904.School Mathematics, March, 1904.Freund, Ernst. Books:"The Police Power" (819 pp.). Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1904.Goode, J. Paul. Books:"Illinois: A Supplement to Dodge's AdvancedGeography " (pp. 26).Articles:"The Human Response to the Physical Environment."Goodspeed, Edgar Johnson. Books:(and Galusha Anderson). "Ancient Sermons forModern Times: Asterius" (pp. 157).Articles:" A Fourth Century Deed."" Greek Papyri from the Cairo Museum.""The Martyrdom of Cyprian and Justa."" The Book with Seven Seals."" The Ayer Mathematical Papyrus " (with plate)."The Oldest Greek Book in the World."" Did Alexandria Influence the Nautical Languageof St. Luke?""A Medical Papyrus Fragment" (with plate)." Alexandrian Hexameter Fragments " (with plate)."The Epistle of Pelagia.""An Ethiopic Manuscript of John's Gospel'" Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.,1904.The Elementary School Teacher,Vol. IV, No. 5 (January, 1904),p. 271.Boston : Pilgrim Press, 1904.Biblia, February, 1903, pp. 333-37-Decennial Publications, FirstSeries, Vol. V, pp. 1-78.Historical and Linguistic Studies,Series I, Vol. I, pp. 37-58.Journal of Biblical Literature,Vol. XXII, Part I (1903), pp.70-74.American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. X (May, 1903), pp.I33-35-Biblia, Vol. XVI (June, 1903),pp. 72-74-The Expositor, August, 1903,American Journal of Philology,Vol. XXIV (1903), pp. 327-29.Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.XXIII (1903), pp. 237-47.American Journal of SemiticLanguages, Vol. XX (January,1904), pp. 95-108.American Journal of SemiticLanguages, Vol. XX, No. 3(April, 1904), pp. 182-85.u UNIVERSITY RECORDName.Harper, William Rainey.Hatai, Shinkishi.Hefferan, Mary. Title.Articles:" The Structure of Hosea 4 : 1—7 : 7.""Constructive Studies in the Prophetic Element inthe Old Testament." I, II, III.Addresses:Address of Welcome, inauguration of President VanHise, University of Wisconsin, June 9, 1904; "TheUniversity and Education," Baccalaureate address,University of Toronto, June 10, 1904.Articles:"A Note on the Significance of the Form and Contents of the Nucleus in the Spinal Ganglion Cells ofthe Foetal Rat."Articles:"A Comparative and Experimental Study of BacilliProducing Red Pigment." Where Published.American Journal of ^SemiticLanguages and ^Literatures,Vol. XX, No. 2 (January, 1 904),pp. 85-94.Biblical World, Vol. XXIII, Nos.1-3 (January-March, 1904),pp. 50-58, 132-41, 212-23.Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, Vol. XIV,No. 1 (March, 1904), pp. 27-48.Henderson, Charles Rich- Articles:mond. "Das amerikanische Armenwesen.""Professional Education for Social Service."Howerth, Ira Woods.Hyde, James Nevins. " Regulated Activity as a Prevention of Crime."" School of Character in a Prison.""Suspension and Control of Penal Institutions"(report)."Social Progress of Rural Communities."Reviews :Ghent, " Our Benevolent Feudalism."Addresses :Commencement addresses : Russell, Kan., May 19,1904; Hays, Kan., May 21; Wakeeney, Kan., May24. "The Theory of Inspiration," Mathesis Club,Valparaiso, Ind., June 2.Books:(and Frank H. Montgomery). " Treatise on Diseases of the Skin" (sixth edition), 900 pp., 135 illustrations (in press).Articles :"Lichen Planus and Leucoploria of Mucous Surfaces " (editorial)." The Passing of ' Eczema ' " (editorial)."The Fifth International Congress of Dermatologists." Ceniralblatt fiir Bakteriologie,Parasitenkunde und Infec-iionskrankeiten (Jena), Vol. XI,Nos. 10-18 (January, 1904),pp. 397-404, 45^-75, 520-40.Zeitschrift fiir das Armenwesen.Heft. I, 5 Jahrgang (January,1904), pp. 20.Publications of the Association ofCollegiate Alumna (magazine).Series III, No. 9 (February,1904), p. 49.Proceedings of Louisville PrisonCongress, May, 1904, pp. 3.Ibid., pp. 8.Ibid., pp. 20.Annual Report of the IllinoisFarmers'' Institute, 1903, pp.223-227.The Monist, January, 1904.Philadelphia : Lea Bros. & Co.Journal of Cutaneous Diseases,Vol. XXI, No. 246 (March,1903), p. 105.Ibid., January, 1 904.Ibid.UNIVERSITY RECORD 95Name.Hyde, James Nevins.iNGALS, EPHRAIM FLETCHER.Ingbert, Charles Emerson.Ingres, Maxime.Jameson, John Franklin.Judson, Harry Pratt,Kyes, Preston.Lanb, William Jesse Good. Title.Addresses:" Disturbance of Vascular Equilibrium in Relation toCertain Dermatoses," annual meeting of the American Dermatological Association, Niagara Falls, N.Y., June 2, 1904.Articles:" Treatment of Suppuration of the Nasal AccessorySinuses."" Removal of Pin from Lung by Bronchoscope."Addresses:" Pulmonary Tuberculosis," the Chicago Society forPrevention of Tuberculosis, College of Physiciansand Surgeons, Chicago, March, 1904; "Colds,"School of Domestic Arts and Sciences, Chicago,April, 1904.Articles :"An Enumeration of the Medullated Nerve Fibersin the Ventral Roots of the Spinal Nerves of Man."Articles:" Teaching of French."Addresses:Series of fifteen lectures on "French Institutions,"Chicago Woman's Club, weekly, ending June, 1904.Reviews:Acton, " Cambridge Modem History," VII.Hamilton, " Writings of James Monroe," VII.Hunt, " Writings of James Madison," IV.Articles:"Against the Machine or In the Machine?"Articles:"Lecithin und Schlangengifte." Where Published,Illinois Medical Journal.Journal of American MedicalAssociation." Cobragift und Antitoxin."Addresses:" The Hemolytic Action of Cobra-venom," University of Chicago Medical Club, December 7, 1903;"Antitoxins : Certain Current Theories as to TheirProduction and Action," Chicago Chapter Sigma Xi,Reynolds Club, Chicago, March 9, 1904; "The Reactions of Toxins and Antitoxins," Chicago Branchof the American Chemical Society, Sherman House,Chicago, May 17, 1904.Articles:" The Life-History of Ephedra trifurca."Reviews:Walmsley, W. H., " The A B C of Photomicography."Sabline, V., " L'infhxence des agents extremes dansles racines." Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, Vol. XIV,No. 3 (June, 1904).School Review, June, 1904.American Historical Review,January, 1904.Ibid., April, 1904.Ibid.The World To -Day, Vol. VI,No. 1 (January, 1904), pp.103-7.Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fiirphysiologische Chemie, Vol.XLI, No. 4 (1904), p. 273.Berliner kleine Wochensckrift,No. 19 (1904).Science, Vol. XIX, No. 474 (January 29, 1904), p. 177.Botanical Gazette, May, 1904.Ibid,, June, 1904,Name.Lane, Henry Higgins. UNIVERSITY RECORDTitle.Articles:" The Ovarian Structures of the Cuban Blindfishes,Lucifuga and Stygicola."Livingston, Burton Edward. Articles:"Physical Properties of Bog Water" (contributionsfrom the Hull Botanical Laboratory, LVII).Reviews:Reviews of books and monographs.Addresses:" Ionic Stimulation of Plants," University of ChicagoBiological Club, March 15,1 904 ; same address, University of Chicago Botanical Club, May 17, 1904. Where Published.Biological Bulletin, Vol. VI, No.1 (December, 1903), P- 38.Botanical Gazette, Vol. XXXVII(May, 1904), PP- 383-85-Botanical Gazette.Locke, George Herbert.Lyon, Florence.Mallory, Hervey Foster.Mathews, Shailer. Articles:" The Mosely Commission."" The Unity of the American School System."" Secondary Education in America as Seen by theMosely Commission.""The Qualifying Examinations for the RhodesScholarships."" Instruction in the Organization and Administrationof Schools and School Systems.""The German Commercial Colleges.""A Comparison of the Sources of Supply of Students for Harvard College."Addresses:"Education and Progress," State Normal School,Peru, Neb., May 26."Professional Training of the Teacher," HarvardTeachers's Association, Harvard University, March 5.Articles:"Two Megasporangia in Selaginella."" The Evolution of the Sex Organs of Plants." School (London, Eng.), February.Ibid., April.School Review, April.Ibid., May.Educational Review, May.School Review, May.Ibid., June.Reviews:Strasburger, " The Bonn Text-book."Lampa, " Exogene Entstehung der Antheridien vonAnthoceros."Giesenhagen, "A Premedical Text-book."Addresses:" The Scope and Method of the Work of the Department of Correspondence Instruction of the ReligiousEducational Association," Annual Convention of theReligious Educational Association, Philadelphia,March 1-3, 1904.Articles:" The Making of a Minister."Editorials in The World To-Day.Reviews:Reviews in The World To-Day, Biblical World, andJournal of Theology. Botanical Gazette, Vol. XXXVI,No. 4 (October, 1903), P- 3©8.Ibid., Vol. XXXVII (April,1904), p. 280.Botanical Gazette, December,1903.Ibid., February, 1904.Ibid., March, 1904.The World Today, Vol. VI, No.6, June, 1904.UNIVERSITY RECORD 97Name.Mathews, Shailer. Title. Where Published.Addresses:Ten lectures, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Mich., February 11-15; March 4-8.Twenty addresses, Bay City, Mich., February 12-21.Fifty other addresses at Ministers' Institutes, YoungMen's Christian Association meetings, etc., in Chicago ; Franklin, Ind.; Granville, O.; Milwaukee, Wis.;Kalamazoo, Mich.; Bloomington, 111.; Fayette, Mo.;Detroit, Mich.Matthews, Albert Prescott. Articles:•' Will Living Matter be Artificially Produced ? "Meyers, George William.Miller, Frank Justus.Millikan, Robert Andrews. Articles :" Astro-Geography in the Grades.'"Re*sume* for 1903.""The Real Problem of Mathematics Teaching."" Use of Common Almanac in Teaching Astronomy."" Practical Problems Correlating Mathematics withPhysics.""Practice does not Make Perfect."Addresses:" Historical Development of Mathematics," Scandinavian Technical Society of Chicago, January 2, 1904;six lectures on "Elementary and Secondary Mathematics Teaching," Teachers' Institute, Davenport,Iowa, March 24-6, 1904; "The Public School Curriculum in Mathematics," meeting of Principals andMathematics Teachers of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.,April 15, 1904 ; "Correlative Secondary Mathematics," meeting of Principals and Mathematics Teachers of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan., April 16, 1904; "Illustrative Applications of Algebra," Chicago andCook County Mathematics Teachers' Association,Richard T. Crane School, Chicago, June 4, 1904.Articles:"Some Notes on Classical Training in a GermanGymnasium."Articles:" Physics in the Year 1904." The World Today, Vol. VI, No.I (January, 1904), pp. 61-65.Elementary School Teacher, January, 1904.School Mathematics, January,1904.Ibid.School Science, Vol. V, No. 8(November, 1903), p. 28.School Review, Vol. XII, No. 3(March, 1 904), p. 233.School Mathematics, Vol. I, No. 5(March, 1904), p. 185.School Review, January, 1904.' Radium and Radio-Activity." The World To-Day, December,1903.The Technical World, Vol. I,No. 1 (March, 1904), pp.1-14." Recent Discoveries in Radiation and Their Signifi- Popular Science Monthly, Vol.cance." LXIV (April, 1904), pp.481-99.Addresses:"Radio-Activity," the Chicago Academy of Science,January 15; "The Electron Theory of Electricity,"annual meeting of the Northwestern Association ofElectrical Engineers, Milwaukee, Wis., January 21;"Radium and its Relatives," Men's Club, SecondPresbyterian Church, Chicago, May 27.98 UNIVERSITY RECORDName.Millspaugh, Charles Fred- Title.Books:" The Filices, Cyperacese and Graminese of Yucatan "(pp. 85, illustrations 117)."The Compositae of Yucatan" (pp. 67, illustrations92). Where Published.Chicago : Field Columbian Museum, 1903.Ibid., 1904.Moore, Addison Webster.Nef, John Ulric.Noe, Adolph Charles von.Price, Ira Maurice. Addresses:"Japan, Land of Lacquer and Bamboo," EnglewoodWomen's Club, Chicago, October 5, 1903 ; ChicagoWomen's Aid, February 16, 1904; New York Botanical Garden, April 30, 1904; "Yucatan, A LostCivilization," University Congregational Church,Chicago, December 18, 1903; Sigma Xi address,University of Minnesota, June, 1903.Addresses:"The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer," Spencermemorial celebration of Woman's Club of Chicago,March 24.Moulton, Richard Green. Addresses:Course of eight lectures on "The Bible as Literature," Twentieth Century Club, Boston, Mass.,February-March ; course of ten lectures on " Biblical Prophecy as a Branch of World Literature," St.Bartholomew's Church, New York City, February-March ; short courses on Biblical Literature, University of Toronto ; Second Baptist Church, Rochester,N. Y.; Bible Institute, Providence, R. L; the Eliot(Presbyterian) Church, Newton, Mass., winter quarter; miscellaneous literary addresses: Wells College, New York; Woman's College, Baltimore, Md.;Rutgers College, New Jersey; State Normal School,Trenton, N. J.; Harvard Teachers' Association;Massachusetts Schoolmasters' Association; and various literary clubs in the Eastern States, WinterQuarter."Dissociation Phenomena among Carbon Compounds," annual meeting Michigan Section AmericanChemical Society, Ann Arbor, Mich., April 8, 1904.Articles:" Lance sur fautre."" Lance sur fautre."Addresses:Review of Jessen's book on "Heinses Stellung zurbildenden Kunst," Germanic Club, University ofChicago, April 8, 1904 ; " Militarerinnerungen," sameplace, February 17, 1904.Articles:" Four Babylonian Seal Cylinders." Modern Philology, Vol. I, No. 2(October, 1903), p. 295.Ibid., Vol. I, No. 3 (January,1904), P- 395-"The Oriental Exploration Fund."" The German Oriental Society." American Journal of SemiticLanguages and Literature,Vol.XX, No. 2 (January, 1904)pp. 109-15.Biblical World, Vol. XXIII, No.I (January, 1904), pp. 7-15.Ibid., Vol. XXIII, No. 1 (January, 1904), pp. 64-65.UNIVERSITY RECORD 99Name. Title. Where Published.Price, Ira Maurice. Articles (cont.) :" How did We Get Our English Bible ? " I. Prelim- Sunday School Times, Vol. XLVIinary Questions. (January 30, 1904)."Where Our English Bible Came From." II. Hebrew Ibid., Vol. XLVI (February 27,and Greek MS. 1904)."The Palestine Exploration Fund." Ibid., Vol. XXIII, No. 2 (February, 1904), pp. 146-8." The French in the Orient." Ibid., Vol. XXIII, No. 3 (March,1904), pp. 229, 230.Thirteen articles on "Introduction to Jeremiah, The Baptist Union, Vol. XIVLamentations, and Ezekiel." (January, February, March,1904)." Hosea," " Ichabod," " Issochar." The Jewish Encyclopedia^! o\. VI(appearing March, 1904)."Where Our English Bible Came From." III. The The Sunday School Times, AprilGreek Bibles. 2, 1904."Where Our English Bible Came From." IV. The Ibid., April 16, 1904.Latin Bibles."Where Our English Bible Came From." V. Sa- Ibid., May 7, 1904.maritan, Syriac, and Coptic Versions."Where Our English Bible Came From." VI. Ear- Ibid., May 21, 1904.liest English Manuscript Bibles.Ten articles : " Introduction to Ezekiel, Daniel, and The Baptist Union, April, May,Postexilic Minor Prophets." June, 1904.Reviews:Johns-Delitzsch, "Babel and Bible."McCormack-Delitzsch, "Babel and Bibel."E. Konig, "Babyloniens Kultur und die Weltgeschichte."Hiibener, "Das zertrummerte Babel, u. s. w."Knieschke, "Bibel und Babel, El und Bel."Giesebrecht, "Friede fiir Babel und Bibel."Keil, "Zur Babel und Bibelfrage."Budde, " Das alte Testament und die Ausgrabungen." Ibid.Lohr, "Babel und die biblische Urgeschichte." Ibid.Heyn, " Zum Streit um Babel und Bibel." Ibid.Saunders, " Professor Harnack's Letter on the Em- Ibid.peror's Criticism of Delitzsch."Hilprecht, "Die Ausgrabungen im Bel Tempel zu Ibid.Nippur."Gunkel, " Israel und Babylonien." Ibid.Beardslee, "Outlines of Introduction to the Old Ibid.Testament."Sampey, " Syllabus for Old Testament Study." Ibid.Gunkel, "Genesis iibersetzt und erklart," second Ibid.edition.Robson, "Jeremiah, the Prophet." Ibid.Winckler, " Die Gesetze Hammurabis/' Ibid.Jeremias, " Moses und Hammurabi." Ibid.Caldecott, "Linear Measures of Babylonia, about Ibid.2500 B. C."Wiernikowski, " Das Buch Hiob." Ibid.Conder, "The First Bible." Ibid.American Journal of Theology,January, 1904.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.100 UNIVERSITY RECORDName.Price, Ira Maurice.Radford, Maude Lavinia.Rice, Emily Jane.Ricketts, Howard Taylor.Salisbury, Rollin D. Title.Reviews (cont.):Koenig, "De la since*rite* dans l'enseignement del'histoire sainte de l'Ancien Testament aux en-fants."Weidner, " Studies in the Book : Old Testament."Smith, " Old Testament History."Fenton, " The Bible in Modern English."Hedin, "Central Asia and Thibet."Addresses:"The True Teacher," annual meeting of the CookCounty Sunday-school Association, Second Presbyterian Church, April 22, 1904.Books:" King Arthur and His Knights."" Composition and Rhetoric."Addresses:"How to Read a Novel," Cook County Teachers'Association, Chicago, December 12, 1903.Articles:" The Organization of History in the Curriculum."Addresses:" The Relation of History and Geography," NorthCentral History Teachers' Association, Chicago,March 25, 1904; "History in Primary Grades,"Northwestern Iowa Teachers' Association, SiouxCity, la., April 15, 1904; "The Course of Study inHistory," Northwestern Iowa Teachers' Association,Sioux City, la., April 15, 1904; "American Historyin Elementary Schools," Northwestern Iowa Teachers' Association, Sioux City, la., April 16, 1904;"American History in the Elementary School," departmental conference in connection with the dedication of Emmons Blaine Hall, the University ofChicago, May 14, 1 904.Articles:" Our Sero-therapeutic Measures." Where Published.Ibid.Ibid.The Standard, January 30, 1904.Ibid., February 20, 1904.The Dial, March 16, 1904.Chicago : Rand, McNally & Co.New York: Hinds & Noble, 1 903.The Elementary School Teacher,Vol. IV, No. 7 (March, 1904),P- 454-Journal of American MedicalAssociation, Vol. XLII, No. 21(May 21, 1904), P- 1336.Transactions of the ChicagoPathological Society, Vol. VI,No. 2 (May, 1904).Schutze, Martin. " Case of Oidiomy cosis (Blastomy cosis) Cutis ; Remarks on Classification of the Fungi."Addresses:" Progress in Serum Therapy," meeting of SouthDivision of Chicago Medical Society, February 25,1904.Books:(and T. C. Chamberlin). "Geologic Processes and New York: Henry Holt & Co.,Their Results" (xix + 554 pp). 1904-Reviews :Vol. II.: "West Virginia Geological Survey. Coal." Journal of Geology, February-March, 1904." Crux Aetatis and Other Poems." Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1904.UNIVERSITY RECORD 101Name.Senn, Nicholas.Slaught, Herbert Ellsworth.Small, Albion Woodbury.Smith, Alexander.Smith, Gerald Birney.Smith, John M. P. Title,Books:" Our National Recreation Parks."" Surgical Notes from Four Continents."Articles :" Tahiti from a Medical Standpoint."" The Japanese Red Cross.""The First Dressing on the Battlefield."Addresses:"The Teaching of High-School Mathematics,"Mathematics Division of the Cook County Teachers'Association, March, 1904." Bible Teaching in Church and School," Peddie Institute, Hightstown, N. J., March, 1904.Articles:" Note on Ward's Pure Sociology," II.Translation of Simmel's The Sociology of Conflict,Part I.Reviews :Ross, " Social Control."Metchmikoff, "The Nature of Man."Wallis, "The Examination of Society from theStandpoint of Evolution."Addresses:"Sulphur and Forms of Sulphur," Chicago Branchof American Chemical Society, June 8, 1904.Reviews :(and George B. Foster). Review of Recent Literature on Systematic Theology.Tucker, " Some Studies in Religion."Addresses:" The Language of Religion," vesper service, BrownUniversity, February 10, 1904; "Modern Psychologyand Religious Problems," meeting of TheologicalSection of Religious Education Association, University of Chicago, March 28, 1904.Articles:" Comparative Translations of Hab. 2 : 2-4 ; Gen.3:15; andjer. 31: 33, 34-"Reviews :Diettrich, "Isoedadh's Stellung in der Auslegungsge-schichte des Alten Testamentes u. s. w."Steuernagel, " Hebraische Grammatik."Strack, "Die Spriiche Jesus', des Sohnes Sirachs."Baumann, " Der Aufbau der Amosreden."Meinhold, " Der heilige Rest."Erbt, " Die Sicherstellung des Monotheismus u. s. w."Cheyne, "Critica Biblica," Parts I-III.Zapletal, "Der Schopfungsbericht der Genesis." Where Published.Journal of American MedicalAssociation.Ibid.Journal of Association of MilitarySurgeons.American Journal of Sociology,Vol. IX, No. 4 (January, 1904),p. 567.Ibid.American Journal of Sociology,January, 1 904.Ibid.Ibid.American Journal of Theology,April, 1904.Biblical World, May, 1904.Biblical World, Vol. XXIII, Nos.2, 4, and 6, pp. 130 f., 287 f.American Journal of Theology,January, 1904.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.102 UNIVERSITY RECORDName.Smith, John M. P.Starr, Frederick.Stieglitz, Julius.Talbot, Marion.Thomas, William Isaac.Thompson, James Westfall. Where Published.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid., April, 1904.Title.Reviews (conl.):Pick, "Assyrisches und Talmudisches."Davies, " Heinrich Ewald."H. P. Smith, "Old Testament History."Addresses:" The Origin of Individualism among the Hebrews,"Chicago Society for Biblical Research, January 16,1904.Addresses:"The Traveler," Annual Banquet Lafayette Alumni,University Club, Chicago, April 22, 1904."The Ainu of Japan," Quadrangle Club, Chicago,May 13, 1904, and the Monthly Dinner, GeorgeHowland Club, Athletic Club, Chicago, May 14,1904."The Iroquois Indians," Chicago Academy ofScience, May 17, 1904."The Cornplanter Medal," Cayuga Historical Society, Auburn, N. Y., June 7, 1904.Articles:(and I. H. Derby). "A Study of Hydrolysis by American Chemical Journal,Conductivity Methods." Vol. XXXI, No. 5 (May, 1904),PP. 449-458.(and H. T. Upson). "The Molecular Rearrange- Ibid., pp. 458-502.ment of Aminophenyl Alkyl Carbonates."(and M. D. Slimmer). "The Constitution of Pur- Ibid., No. 6 (June, 1904), PP-puric Acid and of Murexide."Articles:"Contributions on Home Economics.'"The Opportunity of the Teacher."Articles:"The Sexual Element in Sensibility.' 661-679.The House Beautiful, Monthly.The Elementary School Teacher,(June, 1904).' The Psychology of Race Prejudice." Psychological Review, Vol. XI,No. 1 (January, 1904), p. 61.American Journal of Sociology,Vol. IX, No. 5 (March, 1904),P- 593-"Der Mangel an Generalisations-vermogen bei Zeitschrift fur Socialwissensc haft,den Negern." Vol. VII, No. 4 (April, 1904),p. 215.Articles :" Some Famous Historical Collections in Paris." The Literary Collector, Vol. VII,No. 5 (March, 1904), p. 129.Reviews:Lavisse, " Historie de France," tome I. I . " Tableau American Historical Review,de la Geographie de la France," par M. Vidal de January, 1904.la Blache.Ibid., tome II. 1. "Le Christianisme, les Barbares, Ibid.Me*rovingiens et Carolingiens," par MM. Bayet,Pfister et Kleinclauez.Addresses:" The Collection and Preservation of Historical Materials," Historical Society, Evanston, 111., January29, 1904.UNIVERSITY RECORD 103Name.Tufts, James H.Vincent, George Edgar.Webster, John Clarence.Weller, Stuart.Wells, Harry Gideon.Whittier, Clarke Butler.Williamson, Hiram Parker.Williston, Samuel Wendell.Wood, Francis Asbury.Young, Ella Flagg. Title.Books." The Individual and His Relation to Society in theEthics of the Eighteenth Century," (pp. 54-)Articles :•' The Social Standpoint."Reviews:Ward, "Pure Sociology."Addresses:" The Liberal and the Practical in Education," Centennial of Monson Academy, Monson, Mass., June15, 1904.Articles:" The Laws of Hammurabi."Books:" Schaeffer's Atlas and Epitome of Operative Gynecology" (Editor), pp. 131.Articles:"Abdominal and Pelvic Operations During Pregnancy."" The Scope of Vaginal Section.""An Analysis of 1000 Consecutive Celiotomies forDiseased Conditions in the Female Pelvis."Addresses:" The Geological Time Scale," Chicago Academy ofSciences, January 15, 1904.Articles:(and Lee O. Scott). "Pathological Anatomy ofParatyphoid Fever."Articles:" Problems of Survivorship."Addresses:"The School System in France," Kalamazoo College, April 18, 1904."Art Galleries in Paris," Kalamazoo College, April18, 1904.Articles:'• Wilbur Clinton Knight."" The Relationships and Habits of the Mosasaurs.""The Fingers of Pterodactyls."Addresses:" Research and Applied Science," installation of Illinois Chapter of the Sigma Xi, University of Illinois,May 16, 1904.Articles:" Some Derived Meanings."Addresses:•'Continuity in Experience," Women Principals' Club,Chicago, January 9, 1904. Wheke Published.New York : Monograph of Psychological Review (1904).Journal of Philosophy, Vol. I,No. 8 (April 14, 1904), p. 197.Philosophical Review, May, 1904.American Journal of Sociology*Vol. IX, No. 6 (May, 1904)'P. 737-Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders& Co. (1904).Illinois Medical Journal, April,1904.Wisconsin Medical Journal,April, 1904.Journal American Medical Association, June, 1904.Journal of Infectious Diseases,Vol. I, No. 1 (January 2,1904), p. 72.The Green Bag, Vol. XVI, No.4 (April, 1904), p. 237.American Geologist,V ol. XXXIII,No. I, (January, 1904), p. I.Journal of Geology, Vol. XII,No. I (January-February,1904), p. 43.London Geological Magazine*Vol. V, No. 2 (February,1904), p. 59.Modern Language Notes, January 1, 1904.BOOKS m TEACHERSThe Place of Industries inElementary EducationBy Katharine Elizabeth Dopp208 pp.,i2mo, cloth, gilt top; net, $1.00; postpaid, $1.10One of the most stimulating andthoughtful books published in recentyears. The neglected opportunities ofthe elementary and primary teacher arespecifically pointed out in every chapter.All teachers should read the book andhave it available for constant reference. The Psychology of ChildDevelopmentBy Irving KingWith an Introduction by John Dewey280 pp., i2mo, cloth; net, $1.00; postpaid, $1. 10This book is an attempt to present aconsistent and intelligible outline of themental development of the child fromthe standpoint of mental function. Reading the consecutive chapters will giveone a point of view from which much ofthe chaotic material of child-study willassume a new significance. The interpretation of the child is here the primeprerequisite for successful teaching.The Possibility of a Science of EducationBy Samuel Bower SinclairVice- Principal Normal School, Ottawa, Canada130 pp., i2mo, cloth, net, $1.00; postpaid, $1.10In this book the author proves that a science of education is possible, after thenecessary emphasis is placed upon the functional or dynamic phase of science. Thiseducational science is quite independent, with a technique of its own; its aims areformulated mainly upon an ethical basis, its means upon a psychological basis. Astrong plea is made for professional training of the teacher.The Educational SituationNew EditionBy John Dewey104 pp., 8vo, cloth; 75 cents, net;postpaid, 81 centsThe problems of elementary, secondary, and college education are discussedin their twofold relations: to the past,which has determined their conditionsand forms; and to the present, which de- *termines their aims and results — theirideals and their success or failure inrealizing them. The school, more thanany other social institution, is the livingpresent as reflection of the past and asprophecy of the future. The Mental Traits of SexBy Helen Bradford Thompson196 pp., 8vo, cloth; net, #1.25;postpaid, $1.32This monograph contains a great dealof accurate information bearing on thequestion of the psychology of the sexes.The data was obtained in a series of experiments conducted in the psychological laboratory of the University of Chicago, and the results are discussed in ascientific and entertaining manner. Numerous diagrams and charts explain thetext.AT ALL BOOKSELLERS, OR ORDER DIRECT FROMTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOIS