THEUniversity RecordOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOFOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERVol. VIII MARCH, 1904 . No. 11CONVOCATION NUMBERThe Fiftieth University Convocation: page' 'A Function of the University, ' » by William Rainey Harper, President of the University - - 347' 'The Contribution of Germany to Higher Education, ' ' by John Merle Coulter, Head of the Departmentof Botany ------- . . 348Address, with a Greeting from the German Emperor, by Baron von Speck Sternburg, Imperial Ambassador of Germany to the United States --------------- 353Letter from the President of the United States to the President of the University ----- 354Conferring of Honorary Degrees upon :Professor Berthold Delbriick, of the University of Jena ._.__. 354Professor Paul Ehrlich, Director of the Royal Prussian Institute for Experimental Therapy - - - 355Professor Wilhelm Herrmann, of the University of Marburg ---------- 355Professor Josef Kohler, of the University of Berlin ------_-.._- 355Professor Eduard Meyer, of the University of Berlin ----------- 355Honorable Charlemagne Tower, Ambassador of the United States to Germany ------ 356Herman Baion von Speck Sternburg, Imperial Ambassador of Germany to the United States - - - 356The President's Quarterly Statement on the Condition of the University ---.-... 357Introductory Addresses before the University Congregation :Introduction of Berthold Delbriick, by Frank Frost Abbott; of Paul Ehrlich, by Henry HerbertDonaldson; of Wilhelm Herrmann, by Gerald Birney Smith; of Josef Kohler, by James Parker Hall;of Eduard Meyer, by Benjamin Terry ------------- 364-368The Address of Welcome, by Shailei Mathews, Vice President of the Congregation - - - - - 368Exercises Connected with the Fiftieth University Convocation ----- 369Address, "Die Quellen des Strafrechts und Hammurabi," von Josef Kohler, Professor der Rechtsphiloso-phie an der Universitat Berlin - ---------- 271Address at the Grave of Hermann E von Hoist, by Erich Marcks, Professor of Modern History, the Uni-veisity of Freiburg - --------- 373An Official Recognition of the Services of Hermann Eduard von Hoist by the Legislature of Baden - - 375The Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial ---------------- 376A Proposed Testimonial for Dr. Galusha Anderson ------------- 377A Recent Volume from The University of Chicago Press ----------- 377The Second of a Series of Concerts by the Chicago Orchestra ---------- 378The University of Chicago Alumni Club --------------- 378A Prize for Promoting Scientific Research by Women ------------ 378A Lecturer from the University of Rome ----.---------. 379The Petrarch Festival at Arezzo, Italy -----------.-.. 379The International Guild, Paris ----------------- 379The Faculties --------- -._.._. 380The Librarian's Accession Report f 01 the Winter Quarter, 1904 -.._-_--__ 38aAppointment to Fellowships, April 1, 1904 - - • - - 383PUBLISHED MONTHLY BYZbe ^nivereit^ of CbicaooANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION SINGLE COPIESONE DOLLAR entered at Chicago. Illinois, as second-class matter TEN CENTSVOLUME VIII NUMBER 11University RecordMARCH, 1904THE FIFTIETH UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION.A FUNCTION OF THE UNIVERSITY.BY WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER,President of the University.On a former occasion I have spoken of theUniversity as resembling in some of its functions a priest — the priest of democracy; fordemocracy is itself in some sense a religion.The University performs a priestly service inthis democracy in the act of consecration whichis involved in its very constitution. The University separates itself from everything that wouldtend to draw it from the predetermined servicewhich it has undertaken. It devotes itself to thecause of lifting up the mankind which makes upits environment. And yet, though separatedthus from all the world, it puts itself in touchwith all the world, and no gate or portal failsto greet its entrance.Set apart and consecrated to the service of allmen, it leads those who follow to consecratethemselves to the cause of liberty and truth andrighteousness in home and country and throughout the world. It is the function of the University in relation to the world at large that concerns us this afternoon. In every great countrythe service of the University is a most necessaryone, manifesting itself in its work of mediationbetween party and party, between this nationand that, intermingling as in a crucible widelydiverging ideas ; in holding up before the students the ideal of consecration to the truth andto the truth only; in unfolding the history ofthe past with its strange secrets of successfuland unsuccessful experiences.But the function of the University reaches higher than service to a single country ; it standsas mediator between one country and another.It is its function to extend to the utmost limitthe bond of connection which will enable nationto commune closely with nation; a service sosolemn and significant as to be indeed a sacredservice ; a consecration which touches republicsand kingdoms and empires. The soul of humanity, not a single man — all mankind, and not asingle nation — are the subjects of study and ofproclamation. The University, as history shows,has for its function to act as mediator wherevermediation may be possible ; has for its functionto lead the souls of men and nations into closecommunion with the common soul of all humanity. This is a work which universities in thepast have accomplished and which, perhaps, theyare doing today more largely than ever before.In welcoming to this great city and to theMississippi Valley the guests of the Germanfatherland ; in acknowledging our great indebtedness to German thought and to Germanleaders ; in presenting messages of greeting tothose who come to us from afar, and in receivingthe same, a contribution is made, we believe,toward a feeling of closer relationship betweennation and nation, and to a better understandingof that relationship which blood and commonaspiration have already established.The address on behalf of the University, inconnection with the recognition of the indebtedness of American universities to the ideals ofGerman scholarship, will be made by ProfessorJohn M. Coulter.347348 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE CONTRIBUTION OF GERMANY TO HIGHEREDUCATION.*BY JOHN MERLE COULTER,Head of the Department of Botany.To the scholar, the glory of Germany is to befound in its universities. An effective educational system is the natural expression of theparticular needs of a people, and to an unusualdegree has the German university expressed theneed and guided the destiny of Germany, wonderfully touching the life and stimulating theactivities of its people. For many years thiswas the chief interest of the nation, and as aconsequence the German university stands todayas an expression of the most advanced thoughtin reference to university organization and activities. This development has not consisted ina conservative retention of the old, after newknowledge and new points of view have made itill-adapted, nor has it involved an iconoclasticdestruction of the old as containing nothing ofvalue; but it has been a genuine evolution, aprocess of taking what is of perennial strengthin the old and combining it with adaptations tothe new, and thus building a structure both modern and strong. The result has been the establishment, not merely of great centers of production and instruction, but also of a model to othernations interested in the development of universities.A model, however, is a thing to be studied forsuggestion rather than to be slavishly imitated.The German university has established certaingreat principles that must obtain in modern university education, but the detailed expression ofthese principles must be adapted to the genius ofeach people. For example, in no foreign country is the German university held in higheresteem than in the United States ; in no countryhas there been such ready response to its suggestions, so strong a desire to organize universities of the same type. This is true because we1 Delivered on the occasion of the Fiftieth Convocationof the University, held in the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, March 22, 1904. , are unhampered by university traditions, andare searching for the best examples ; because weare conscious of being still pupils in the businessof university organization ; and most of all because the great majority of our university instructors have had more or less of their trainingin Germany. And yet, only the general principles can be adopted, for the American educational system as a whole has developed as thenatural expression of the particular needs of theAmerican people, and universities must be adjusted to this system. As President Butler hassaid:In order to become great — indeed, in order to existat all — a university must represent the national life andminister to it. When the universities of any countrycease to be in close touch with the social life and institutions of the people, and fail to yield to the efforts ofthose who would readjust them, their days of influenceare numbered.Exact imitation of even so worthy a modelwould result in failure in so far as the sentiments, the traditions, the institutions of the twonations differ. The test to be applied to anAmerican university, therefore, is not the structure of the German university as a whole, butits success in adapting the fundamental principles approved by the larger experience of theGerman university to American institutions thatcannot and should not be changed.Conspicuous in our educational system is theAmerican college, probably the most peculiarand effective of our educational institutions, andso intrenched in our history, in our affections,and in our needs that it must always be reckonedwith. The imperceptible gradation from college to university that characterizes the American system of higher education is not a thingthat can be abolished or that ought to be abolished, but it introduces a problem of adjustmentnot to be found elsewhere. This is a single illustration of the statement that principles may beadopted from anywhere, but that details mustbe worked out independently everywhere, ifthere is to be an organization adapted to theUNIVERSITY RECORD 349peculiar genius of each people. In other words,this is not a case of grafting, but of stimulatinga natural development.And what are the stimulating contributions ofGermany to higher education? To specifynames, and discoveries, and intellectual movements would be to present a history of the contributions of Germany to knowledge — a taskthat belongs to volumes rather than to a singleshort address. Only important principles canbe suggested in the briefest way, and eachscholar can find for himself illustrations in hisown field ; for Germany has touched all of ouruniversity interests, and every man of us cancite more than one stimulating leader who hashad a powerful influence upon him as teacherand investigator, and whose name is identifiedwith a German university.i. The first and all-inclusive contribution isthe very idea of a modern university. — The university of mediaeval times and the mediaeval university of modern times we are all acquaintedwith. Controlled by ideas once dominant, theywere well adapted to serve the age in which theywere established. Limited by the narrow rangeof knowledge, and still more by the slavery ofthe human mind, they did what they could, andestablished certain criteria of culture that havepersisted even to the present day. So far as myknowledge goes, we are indebted to Germany,not for the destruction of the mediaeval university, but for infusing into its structure modernlife, using its organization as a basis for thedevelopment of an entirely new and extraordinarily effective structure. Such a structureis like that of a tree, rooted in all that the pasthas revealed, but stretching out its branches andever renewed foliage to the air and the sunshine,and taking into its life the forces of today. Itis safe to say that such a contribution marksthe beginning of the most important epoch inthe history of higher education; for it madepossible what the universities have since donein extending the boundaries of knowledge, and the record of these deeds is so extensive that realknowledge almost seems to be restricted to thisepoch. In view of the results, the scholar oftoday is thankful that for many years Germanywas shut away from the distracting interests ofinternational commerce and politics, and left todevelop her universities. It is to be hoped thatthe larger world-relations may never dissipatethe interest that has centered so long in theseinstitutions, and that increasing support maykeep step with the development of new fields ofknowledge, so that the intellectual strength ofthe nation may continue to be drawn to thefurther development of that higher education inwhose initial organization it has played so conspicuous a part.2. The second contribution that may bementioned is the principle of freedom for theteacher, or the " ' Lehr freiheit." — This is reallywhat made the university idea a pregnant one,lesulting in the advance in knowledge I havesuggested. Because of it, the university teacherbecame a perennial spring rather than a reservoir, a source of inspiration rather than a taskmaster. The doctrine of freedom for theteacher was an acknowledgment that ultimatehuman knowledge had not been attained, thatonly through absolute freedom can truth bereached. No greater change can be imaginedthan was introduced by this doctrine. It involved, not only exploration of the unknown,but also investigation of what was thought to beknown, and the latter was even more importantthan the former. It was in this unpleasant taskthat the freedom of German scholarship led theway, and with characteristic patience and persistence, unhampered by popular outcry, it hasguided the thinking world far along the pathway toward truth. This pioneer work demanded, not merely unfettered minds, but theorganization of scientific methods, methods ofprecision that left no hiatus by the way. Andthus the freedom of the German scholar established scientific methods, enriched knowledge,350 UNIVERSITY RECORDand stimulated scholarship everywhere. Nobetter evidence of this can be obtained thanfrom the hosts of foreign scholars that have presented themselves and continue to present themselves at German universities, certainly as yetthe most important centers of scientific training.The freedom to teach what one believes isfreely conceded for most subjects, but in reference to a few the public is sensitive, and it maybe regarded as impossible to convince it that themotive of the investigator is a genuine searchfor truth. This is a distinct misfortune, for itgenerates an irritation that helps neither thepublic nor the investigator. In such cases thereis a distinct and natural limitation of freedomsuggested. Under no circumstances can therebe limitations as to the substance of teaching.As Paulsen puts it: "Interference with theliberty of the teacher in the substance of histeaching begets bitterness in the hearts of thosethat are restrained, and also a distrust of theprotected school of thought." But there may bea limitation on the side of form. Scorn andridicule of things that others hold in respect isnot the function of the university teacher. Hisfunction is to search for truth and to present itsupported by such a convincing body of evidence that error will disappear without beingatacked. It is the expulsive power of newknowledge that the teacher must rely upon tounsettle ignorant opinion. Denunciation andridicule find their place in public meetings, butthey are not academic. The scholar is human,and denunciation is apt to expose him to thecharge of just such dogmatism as he is combating. " The professor's task is not that of theorator; the orator seeks to captivate the judgment of his hearers, that they may follow himblindly, while the professor should seek to makehis hearers independent of him, and to lead themon to freedom of view and judgment."For fear that the doctrine of freedom for theteacher may be thought to mean a generallicense, it should be said that there are certain natural limitations fixed by the conventions ofsociety, and perhaps by the general purpose ofcertain universities, that demand recognition. Ifsuch limitations hamper an instructor in investigation, or in the statement of what he believesto be the truth concerning his subject, he shouldseek the necessary freedom elsewhere ; but sucha situation is hardly conceivable.It certainly remains true that freedom to teachwhat one believes is the most important andvalued privilege of the university, where newtruths must be discovered rather than old onesappropriated; and that this principle was firstestablished in the German universities seems noless evident.3. A third contribution is freedom for thestudent, the " Lemfreiheit" — This seems tofollow naturally the Lehrfreiheit, making thestudent as independent as the teacher. It isopposed to prescribed courses of compulsorystudies, and recognizes that after a certain preparatory stage the student must consult his owntaste as to subjects and instructors. That thestudent often makes mistakes is evident, but itis the training that develops men of independentthought and action. It fosters relations betweenteacher and pupil that are natural and henceeffective, relations prompted by interest andchoice. The formal barrier of earlier years isbroken down, and the comradeship of similartastes replaces it. It is in this genial atmosphere that the strong teachers and investigatorsof today have been nourished. Wherever it prevails there real learning flourishes, and wherever it is lacking there real learning languishes.It is the absolute prerequisite of vigorous intellectual development.This doctrine has met with general acceptance in all universities of modern establishment,and it only remains to discover whether it canbe applied with advantage to other grades ofeducation. Can the principle be extended into,or even throughout, the American college ? Hasit any place in secondary education? Here weUNIVERSITY RECORD 351are upon debatable ground, for there is as yet nogreat body of evidence to settle it, as in the casecf universities. The experiment is being triedwith greater or less caution in the college, andthere is general agreement that it has provedsuccessful in the latter half of the college course,which has come to be with us the real beginningof the university, with most of its rights andprivileges.There are symptoms that this doctrine of freedom for the student will gradually express itselfmore and more fully in the earlier part of thecollege course, and may even work its way intothe secondary schools. It will be opposed atevery descending step, and it should be, until ithas proved its right by the results. It has yetto be determined just where in education theadvantages of prescription are overbalanced byits disadvantages, just where the doctrine offreedom becomes a real stimulus.But the source of the doctrine and the brilliant demonstration of its results in stimulatingto independent thought and investigation areclearly to be found in the German universities.4. A fourth contribution is the pursuit ofscience for its own sake. — It need hardly bestated that in this whole presentation the term(< science" is used in no narrow sense, referringto a general method of investigation rather thanto any particular subjects. To separate one'sself from the vast majority of his fellows indenying the ordinary ambition for place or forwealth, to devote one's self to the search fortruth with no expectation of recognition exceptfrom a select coterie of colleagues, to spendone's energy upon investigations that willneither interest nor benefit mankind except asthey gradually enlarge the boundaries of knowledge, is a spirit distinctly fostered by the university, and has reached its largest display inthe German universities. It has resulted in thedistinction between pure science, the distinctprovince of universities, and applied science,equally characteristic of special and technologi cal schools. It was the occasion of Lowell's oft-quoted definition of a university as "a placewhere nothing useful is taught"The study of anything that holds no relationto the needs or convenience of mankind is peculiarly difficult of comprehension by the American public, and the general sentiment is eitheropposed, or at most indifferent, to it. Thisfeeling is emphasized by the development andrapid growth of technological schools, in connection with which there has developed one ofour most serious problems. It can hardly bedenied that the rigidity of the old Americancollege, in denying this form of special trainingits proper place, and thus controlling its prerequisites, forced the establishment of schoolspf applied science with no educational basis.And now the universities are confronted withthe problem of incorporating this form of training into their educational organization withoutweakening it.There must be the pursuit of science for itsown sake, for it is the life-blood of a university ;and there must be the application of science, forthis is the genius of the age. Can these twoexist together in the same university organization and with mutual profit? That this is possible for Germany, with its state-endowed universities, has been proved. That it is possiblefor the United States remains to be proved.President Butler has stated thatthe general public attribute unmerited scientific importance to technical schools established in connection withcolleges and universities because of their large enrolment ;and governing boards look with favor on them for thesame reason and because of the influence they exertthrough their graduates. Both facts tend to divert attention and funds from the pursuit of science as an end initself, and to keep that principle from controlling university policy as it should.In short, there is grave danger that the essentialfunction of a university may be given less opportunity to develop than certain subsidiaryfunctions.At the same time, is not the real problem a352 UNIVERSITY RECORDmore fundamental one than that of graftingtechnological training upon universities as atpresent organized? Has not technologicaltraining reached that point in its developmentwhere it demands the university connection tomake it worthy ; where it can clasp hands withother forms of university activity on an equalfooting ? Is not the time at hand when the barrier between pure and applied science will bemore artificial than real, when each will beabsolutely essential to the best development ofthe other? To my own mind such questionssuggest the possibility that applied science isbecoming so grounded in pure science that theformer is only one of the natural expressions ofthe latter; that the former has passed throughits empirical stage and can advance now only asit cultivates the latter. This problem, therefore,seems again not so much one of grafting as ofcross-fertilization, that the strength of both maybe combined in a single organization.5. A fifth contribution of Germany to university education is that the instructor must be bothan investigator and a teacher. — This doctrinehas met with such wide acceptance in Americanuniversities that it is the general custom to selectat least the leading instructors from those whoare known as investigators, without any seriousquestion as to their ability to teach. In fact, thedoctrine has stimulated the effort to investigatewhere both the training and the ability are lacking ; and has been applied to colleges where thechief function of the teacher is to teach. Theatmosphere of the university, however, is investigation; and the method of instruction isthrough companionship in investigation. Theappropriation of previous knowledge is nolonger the chief purpose, but is entirely subsidiary to the discovery of additions to knowledge; and the ability to stimulate students toinvestigate becomes the only problem of teaching. The doctrine is so fundamental that without it there could be no universities distinctfrom colleges, no matter how prolonged the in struction might be. The distinction is one ofcontrolling purpose : in the one case it is chieflyacquisition ; in the other it is chiefly the development of initiative. With us, the college mergesso gradually into the university that one motiveis only gradually replaced by the other. Infact, one of the chief dangers in American colleges is the temptation to introduce universitymethods at the expense of preliminary training.The doctrine that every department of auniversity must be a center of investigation iscertainly fundamental, but it involves certaindangers that must be faced. One is that anexaggerated devotion to research may blind theinstructor to the need of good teaching or mayblunt his conscience in reference to a properattention to his students. As a consequence, theuniversities have been accused of poorer teaching than is to be found in any other part of oureducational system. In the main, the accusationis unjust, for it seeks to apply the standards ofcolleges and secondary schools, which are clearlyinapplicable ; but there is enough truth in it todemand attention. Research may be the chiefpurpose of the instructor, but exclusiveness inresearch defeats the purpose of the universityas a teaching institution. However, the traditions of the American college are still so powerful that more of us as yet fail on the side ofslavish attention to teaching.Another danger arises from the fact that mostof our students expect to become teachers, andexperience has proved that to make an investigator is not the only thing necessary in makinga teacher. I have characterized the accusationthat universities have more than their share ofpoor teaching as in the main unjust; but itwould be much more true to say that universities are giving poorer preparation to teacherssent out into the secondary schools and collegesthan we have a right to expect.And may I suggest a third thing we are indanger of losing sight of in our eagerness tomake universities the centers of investigation?UNIVERSITY RECORD 353In no position does a man's personal influencecount for so much as that of a stimulating leaderof investigation in contact with his students.The moral quality of the instructor no universitycan afford to neglect. The very nature of ourinstitutions and of public sentiment demandsrecognition of the fact that the contact betweenteacher and pupil is moral as well as intellectual.As Virchow has said : " The aim of universitystudy is general scientific and moral culture,together with the mastery of one special department of study."A summary indicates that the idea of the modern university, with its Lehrfreiheit and Lern-freiheit, and its teaching investigator, has beenchiefly a German contribution to higher education; and as a result there has accumulated inGermany that great body of real and patientlyacquired knowledge to which scholars mustever turn. I cannot do better than to quote thewords of Savigny :The real value of the German universities is not inthe perfect learning of their teachers, or in the evergrowing learning of their students. If we should namethis as their distinction, a mirror would often need to beheld before us to our shame. It is rather this : in themis given a scheme, wherein every important educationaltalent finds its development, and every lively susceptibility of the student its satisfaction ; through whichevery advance of science finds easy and rapid entrance;by which is made easy a recognition of the higher callingof intellectual men; and in which, even to the poorerexistence of more limited natures, a higher sense of lifeis imparted.It is impossible to overestimate the result ofsuch a contribution to scholarship, and throughscholarship to that general attitude of mind thatis making the world at large more sane andbetter able to master and repress unbalancedthinking. From this point of view, it wouldseem as though scholarship had at last enteredupon its serious mission of curbing the irrelevant emotions of mankind, and of introducingthat intellectual domination which must analyzeproblems to their ultimate factors and constructgeneral systems of belief that are rational and effective. It must be evident that scholarship isnow attacking, not merely problems of interestto itself, but also those of the most far-reachingimportance to mankind ; and it is not too muchto expect that the results will not only enormously extend the boundaries of knowledge, butwill also organize upon a scientific basis allpolitical, social, and religious institutions.ADDRESS BY HERMAN BARON VON SPECK STERNBURG.IMPERIAL AMBASSADOR OF GERMANY TO THE UNITED STATES.Mr. President, Members of the University ofChicago, Ladies and Gentlemen:It is with peculiar pleasure that I have accepted your invitation to join you today in thecelebration of an event which promises to be offar-reaching importance in the future understanding of our two great nations, betweenwhich during the last thirty years the spiritualbonds have been so closely drawn. The increasein the number of men of university training inthe United States and in Germany during thistime has been pointed out as one of the mostremarkable facts of our epoch. It means thathigher education is at last adjusting itself to theneeds of modern life. The demand for thiseducation is, in both countries, more earnestthan anywhere else. The close relations betweenAmerican and German scholars and thinkers,established at Gottingen by Benjamin Franklin,have steadily developed and have proved themost powerful factor in fostering a closer understanding between us.Never before has this become so apparentas during these days of rejoicing which haveunited, for the first time, so many of the mostdistinguished scholars and teachers of bothcountries at this renowned center of learning.This happy and important event, the result ofthat wise and far-seeing policy of the distinguished President of the University of Chicago,should be hailed with joy and gratitude throughout our two countries. Let us hope that thismeeting may inaugurate a new era between us,354 UNIVERSITY RECORDleading to a close and steady intercourse, notonly between our men of letters, but also between the peoples of the United States and ofGermany in general.The honor has fallen upon me to come to youas the special messenger of Emperor William,Germany's foremost scholar and teacher. Ihave been requested by His Majesty to read toyou the following message :The University of Chicago has united German andAmerican men of letters to celebrate the reciprocity ofrelations between the sciences of both countries. Thishappy event, the significance of which I am aware of,commands my fullest sympathy. I thank the Universityof Chicago for the great honor accorded to my Ambassador, and hope that it may flourish for generations tocome.(Signed) William I. R.LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UN/TED STATESTO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY.(Read at the Fiftieth Convocation by Professor Harry Pratt Judson,Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science.)My dear Dr. Harper : March i8> i9°4-All Americans should welcome the chance tojoin in an event which happily honors theachievements of German scholarship. To thegreat scholars known throughout the world fortheir learning, who have come to your University on this occasion, I offer a cordial greeting.Our debt as a nation to Germany is weighty andof long standing. The existence among us offree self-government has drawn to our shoresadventurous and liberty-loving men from manylands ; so that, in a true sense, we have becomea world-nation, with ties of friendship whichmust bind us in peace to all the great peoples ofmankind. Germany's share in the upbuildingof our composite nationality has been marked.German blood was freely shed for our libertyin the Revolutionary War. In our second greatperiod of national trial, our citizens of Germanbirth and origin were a unit in support of thecause of Union and Freedom. To our citizenship the German element contributes a peculiar degree of business thrift and industry, and ofthe power of joyous living. Finally, Germanideals and German science have given the inspiration in our universities for the existingdevelopments of research and investigation. Tothe mother of modern science and learning wenow offer an affectionate greeting.It is especially gratifying to me to have ashare in this demonstration of the strong friendship which binds together the scholars and themen of high ideals in Germany and the UnitedStates. The gain to the higher life of bothcountries from such friendship cannot easily beexaggerated ; and I am glad to be able, on suchan occasion, to wish you well with all my heart.Sincerely yours,Theodore Roosevelt.President William R. Harper,The University of Chicago.THE CONFERRING OF HONORARY DEGREES.1berthold delbruck.Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in the University of Jena ; distinguishedinvestigator of the nature of the expression ofthought in speech as seen in the languages of theIndo-European family; reconstructor of thenature of the expression of thought in the speechof our parent race ; clear-sighted and independent student, who shook off the metaphysical systems by which, for a century before your time,the conceptions of scholars in your field had beendominated, and who, recognizing the necessityfor the application to syntax of the comparativemethod which already for half a century hadbeen employed in the study of sounds and inflections, published, at the early age of twenty-five,an epoch-making treatise upon the cases, andfollowed it, within four years, by an epoch-making book upon the moods ; author, since that1 In conferring honorary degrees the President of theUniversity recites the specific grounds upon which thedegrees are conferred.UNIVERSITY RECORD 355time, of various books and treatises embodyingthe results of acute and patient study ; founder,through all these publications, of a new science —for these services to scholarship, and especiallyfor the recently finished monumental volumesupon the Comparative Syntax of the Indo-European Languages, by the authority of theBoard of Trustees of the University of Chicago,and upon the nomination of the University Senate, I confer upon you the degree of Doctor ofLaws of this University, with all the rights andprivileges appertaining thereunto.PAUL ehrlich.Privy Medical Councilor in the Kingdom ofPrussia ; Director of the Royal Prussian Institute for Experimental Therapy at Frankfurt onthe Main ; Professor of Medicine in the University of Berlin; investigator, who early accomplished noteworthy work in Organic Chemistry ;student of cell reactions as dependent on chemical composition ; leader in fundamental studieson the structure of the blood; eminent contributor to the chemistry and physiologicalaction of toxins and anti-toxins; earnest promoter of medical science in the service of thestate — for these varied and far-reaching achievements, and especially for your work as accurateexperimenter and originator of brilliant hypotheses in the field of immunity, by the authorityof the Board of Trustees of the University ofChicago, and upon the nomination of the University Senate, I confer upon you the degree ofDoctor of Laws of this University, with all therights and privileges appertaining thereunto.WILHELM HERRMANN.Wilhelm Herrmann, Professor of DogmaticTheology in the University of Marburg ; interpreter of the Sacred Scriptures ; contributor tothe science of religion ; leader in the promotionof personal and civic morality ; teacher of theological students from two continents ; independent thinker in all matters pertaining to theological science — for these distinguished services, and especially for the profound insight into current problems of theology evidenced by yourepoch-making contributions, " Der Verkehr desChristens mit Gott " and " Ethik," by the authority of the Board of Trustees of the University ofChicago, and upon the nomination of the University Senate, I confer upon you the degree ofDoctor of Laws of this University, with all therights and privileges appertaining thereunto.JOSEF KOHLER.Professor of Law in the University of Berlin ;jurist and man of letters ; distinguished for unceasing endeavors to carry the knowledge of lawbeyond the confines of limited jurisdictions, andto utilize for its better understanding the studyof alien and remote legal systems; recognizedauthority on the German law of patents andtrade-marks, the learning of which has been enriched through your wide acquaintance withAnglo-American jurisprudence ; for your manifold services to jurisprudence, especially in thefield last mentioned, by the authority of theBoard of Trustees of the University of Chicago,and upon the nomination of the University Senate, I confer upon you the degree of Doctor ofLaws of this University, with all the rights andprivileges appertaining thereunto.EDUARD MEYER.For many years Professor of Ancient History successively in the Universities of Leipzig, Breslau, and Halle; now Professor ofAncient History in the University of Berlin; historian, philologian, Egyptologist; master of the varied circle of sciences throughwhich alone the ancient peoples can be known,yet gifted with the power of original thoughtand the literary talent which can make that lifereal and instructive to the modern reader ; authorof a history of Egypt ; author of scholarly volumes of special investigation into the history ofantiquity ; author of a learned and brilliant history of the ancient world, a work whose primacyin its field is undisputed — for these distin-356 UNIVERSITY RECORDguished services, and especially for the lastnamed, by the authority of the Board of Trusteesof the University of Chicago, and upon the nomination of the University Senate, I confer uponyou the degree of Doctor of Laws of this University, with all the rights and privileges appertaining thereunto.CHARLEMAGNE TOWER.The degree of Doctor of Laws is today conferred by the University on an eminent statesman whose official duties prevent his attendanceat the Convocation to receive the degree inperson.In conferring this degree in absentia, the University does not, as a matter of fact, depart fromits established custom, since the formal and official visit of Mr. Tower to the University wasmade last October, in connection with the unveiling of the portrait of Mr. von Hoist — anevent in itself the precursor of this celebration.Charlemagne Tower, former ambassador ofthe United States to Russia, now ambassador tothe German empire, has won distinction by hisable conduct of the affairs of state committed tohis hands. In dignity worthy of the republic whichhe represents ; firmly grasping the great principles of international concord; assiduous indetecting and extirpating the germs of dissension; loyally convinced that the German andAmerican peoples have in fact many thingsin common and no cause for mutual distrust —he has skilfully and successfully wrought for friendship between the two nations, and thatwithout sacrificing for a moment any interest ofhis own country.Therefore, by the authority of the Board ofTrustees of the University of Chicago, and uponthe nomination of the University Senate, I confer upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws ofthis University, with all the rights and privilegesappertaining thereunto.VON SPECK STERNBURG.Herman Freiherr von Speck Sternburg, Imperial Ambassador to the United States;worthy representative of a great nation ; sharingin the intellectual thoroughness which has giventhat nation eminence in all fields of humaneffort ; interested in the letters, arts, and scienceswhich elevate society ; conservator of the interests of Germany by advancing the cause of peaceand goodwill throughout the world; weightyin the affairs of your own country, weightierstill in the international field of diplomacy; foreminent distinction in these particulars, andespecially for zealous activity in drawing closerthe historic ties of friendship between the German fatherland and the American republic, bythe authority of the Board of Trustees of theUniversity of Chicago, and upon the nominationof the University Senate, I confer upon you thedegree of Doctor of Laws of this University,with all the rights and privileges appertainingthereunto.UNIVERSITY RECORD 357THE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMENT ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY.Members of the University and Friends:Since the last meeting of the University inConvocation, our colleague, the long-sufferingvon Hoist, has passed away. In him we hadwith Germany a bond of common interest. Onhis account, at least in part, we hold today acelebration which has for its purpose to bringeven closer together than before the intereststhat we hold in common.It is also true that since our last meeting inConvocation, a great disaster has befallen ourcity. In this calamity the University sufferedits full share. Nothing so terrible has ever cometo us ; not even the great fire. Three students ofour number and five others, perhaps less closelyassociated with the University, were victimsin this great tragedy, the shadow of which stillhangs over us. In memory of Professor vonHoist, in memory of Henry Lewis Richardson,Walter Bruno Zeisler, and Frederick WilliamLeatori, and in memory of the teachers whowere at the same time students in the University, I ask you, in accordance with our custom,to rise.PROTECTION.Attention has been called by this great tragedyto the necessity of making every possible provision against danger from fire. Many of thebuildings of the University are fireproof, andthe rest are of slow-burning construction. Thedormitories are provided with fire escapes andare pronounced by inspectors who have visitedthem recently, unusually safe. Additional precautions, however, have been taken in them andin all other buildings; Outside doors openinginward have been changed to open outwardsWood ceilings in stairways have been displacedby wire lath and plaster. Steps have been takento make all fire escapes more accessible andavailable. The bottoms of elevator shafts havebeen provided with fire-proof doors. Fire ex tinguishers have been placed in all buildings,and fire hose provided to convey water to exposed places. In Mandel Hall two new emergency-exits from the gallery have been provided,and imperative orders have been given thatwhen audiences are assembled in any of thebuildings, all outer doors shall be unlocked,thus providing for the freest exit. In these,and in other ways under consideration, the University is making efforts to meet its fullestobligations.THE DIVINITY BUILDING.When the Baptist Union Theological Seminary became the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, the Board of Trustees agreed tofurnish lecture-room accommodations for theschool until it should be ready to provide itselfwith a recitation building, and when that timeshould come to set apart for such a building asuitable site on the University grounds. Since1902 the Divinity School has more than doubledits annual enrolment of students, the numberlast year reaching 403.The University has endeavored to fulfil itsagreements and furnish lecture-rooms. Sogreat an institution as the Divinity School hasgrown to be, however, cannot be properly caredfor by provisional accommodations. For itsgreat number of students and their multipliedneeds it must have a building of its own.The trustees of the University have set apartas a site for this building the ground north ofHaskell Museum and east of Cobb Hall. The;trustees of the Divinity School have begun aneffort to raise the $250,000 which it is estimatedthe building will cost. The plans have beenmade for a hall which will provide rooms andfacilities for the instruction of five hundredstudents. The building will contain a largenumber of lecture-rooms, a commodious chapel,library accommodations for fifty thousand vol-358 UNIVERSITY RECORDumes, a large reading-room, seminar-rooms,waiting-rooms, locker-room, offices — in a word,ample provision for all the work of a greatschool of theology.It is not the purpose of the trustees of theDivinity School to ask any one man to providethe funds for this building (though no subscription, however large, will be refused), but tosolicit these funds from a great number ofpeople.The subscription form provides that allpledges become binding and payable as soon as$100,000 has been subscribed. A good beginning in securing the pledges has already beenmade.THE EMMONS BLAINE BUILDING.On Friday and Saturday, May 13 and 14, theUniversity will formally dedicate the buildingsof the School of Education. As a part of theexercises, separate departmental conferences willbe held on The Training of Teachers, TheArts, Music, Oral Reading and Dramatic Art,Physical Training, History and English, Geography and Science, Mathematics and Experimental Science. In these departmental conferences leading specialists will take part. Therewill also be held a general conference in whichwill be considered topics relating to ModernEducational Progress and the Manual TrainingMovement. In these exercises it is expectedthat the Commercial Club of Chicago will berepresented officially, inasmuch as this clubfounded the Chicago Manual Training School,which has become a part of the School of Education.The principal addresses in connection withthe dedicatory exercises will be given by President Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, and Augustus Downing, President ofthe New York City Training College forTeachers.It gives me pleasure to announce, with theconsent of Mrs. Emmons Blaine, the founderof the School of Education, and by the author ity of the Board of Trustees, that the new building, located on Fifty-ninth Street, betweenKimbark Avenue and Monroe Avenue, has beenofficially designated as The Emmons BlaineHall.THE LAW BUILDING.The new law building, the construction ofwhich was begun in March, 1903, will be readyfor occupancy in the Spring Quarter. Its completion has been somewhat delayed recently bylabor troubles, general throughout the city. Thebuilding is three stories high, 175 feet long, and80 feet wide, built of Bedford stone in the English Gothic style of architecture.In the basement are the locker-room, toilet-rooms, smoking-room, law club-room, women'sroom, service hall, tank-room, and ventilatingapparatus. The lockers are of full length,metallic, open-work construction, one beingprovided for each student during his membership in the school.The main entrance is at the west side, on thefirst floor, through a vestibule up a short flightof steps into a lobby 85 feet long. At eitherend of the building is a large lecture-room inamphitheater form, seating 165 students andhaving high windows on both sides. They arefurnished with dark oak desks and chairs.There are also on this floor two smaller lecture-rooms, accommodating about 75 students each.At the rear of the building rises a broad stonestaircase leading to the upper floors. Thelibrary stack-room, nine feet high, occupies amezzanine floor extending over the entire second story of the building. It will contain stacksfor 75,000 books. At either end of the buildingon this floor are studies for members of thefaculty of the law school, and a place for theirwork tables along the middle of the westernside of the stack. Here also is the librarian'sroom, and the faculty-room.On the third floor is the library reading-room, a great hall 160 feet long by 56 feet wide.Its timbered ceiling, 35 feet high, is ornamentedUNIVERSITY RECORD 359by heavy carved wood trusses, and it receiveslight from full-length windows on all sides.Around the room are wall shelves with spacefor 12,000 volumes. The study tables are each17J4 feet long, of dark oak, lighted by electrictable fixtures and furnishing seats for over fourhundred students. The delivery desk is connected by lifts and staircase with the stack-roombelow. The dean's office opens out of the reading room on this floor.The building will accommodate at presentabout five hundred students and is so plannedthat its capacity can be nearly doubled by theaddition in the rear of a wing, about 75 by 50feet, giving greater lecture-room facilities.The new home of the Law School is one ofthe most completely equipped buildings devoted to the study of law in this country, as welTas one of the handsomest structures on the University quadrangles.THE REYNOLDS CLUB.The Reynolds Club was opened for the students at the beginning of the Autumn Quarter,the privileges being given to all members of theUniversity free, the tickets being issued to allwho applied, by the temporary officers in charge.On November 11, the beginning of the secondterm of the Quarter, membership was restrictedto those who paid the membership fee of $1 forthe remainder of the Quarter. No record of thenumber of members was kept during the firstterm, but during the second term of the AutumnQuarter, 356 active members were enrolled.The total membership for the Winter Quarterwill not vary more than five or ten members,showing a slight increase. There are now approximately one hundred and fifty associatemembers.The billiard-room has always been the mostpopular feature of the Club, the receipts averaging over $10 per day. Since the installationof the bowling alleys, which were put in by theclub itself at a cost of $1,400, they have alsobeen liberally used, the receipts averaging be tween $18 and $20 a day. The reading- andclub-rooms are being used more and more, andthe club is becoming an increasingly importantfactor in the social life of the men of the University. Several programmes have been givenfor the members on Saturday evenings, and theClubhouse has been thrown open on the occasion of the Glee Club Concert, the DramaticClub performance, and the intercollegiate debate. It is intended to make the Saturday nightprogrammes, of varied character, a permanentfeature of the Club.A NEW DEPARTMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY.Students of social movements look with apprehension on present-day tendencies whichdraw men more and more in the direction ofcommercialism and women into industrialism,to the detriment of home and family life andthe consequent injury of the larger social interests of which it is the foundation. Moreover,there is a growing conviction that as the universities take cognizance of the future activitiesof their men students and provide courses leading to medicine, law, and commerce, it is fittingthat similar provision should be made for thetraining of women in the direction of theirprobable activities. In the belief that the timehas come when these needs should be met, Iannounce with satisfaction the establishmentin the University of a Department of HouseholdAdministration, whose function will be to givestudents a general view of the place of thehousehold in society, training in the rationaland scientific administration of the home, andpreparation to serve as teachers of domesticscience or as social workers through varioushousehold activities. Theoretical courses dealing with the economic, legal, sociologic, sanitary, dietetic, and aesthetic interests of thehousehold will be supplemented by practicalwork, all to be conducted on a strictly collegiatebasis, presupposing the regular training for admission to college.360 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE DECENNIAL REPORT.The work involved in issuing the DecennialPublications has progressed steadily during thepast Quarter and plans have been perfectedwhereby the First Series of ten volumes will becompleted before the end of the current fiscalyear.As previously announced, the undertaking involves the publication of ten quarto volumes inthe First Series, containing two volumes of administrative reports and the results of researchin the several departments of the Universityorganized during the decennium. The twovolumes of administrative reports have beenpublished, together with five other volumes,leaving but three to be completed. The promptcompletion of two of these three volumes hasbeen prevented by the delay in preparation ofbut one article each. Of the Second Series, consisting of eighteen octavo volumes, eleven volumes have been published, leaving seven volumes to be issued at a later date. Three ofthese are now in hand.The value of this enterprise to the Universityand to The University Press as a publishingorganization has been, and will continue to be,inestimable. In previous reports I have emphasized its importance on the scientific side. It issafe to say that no series of scientific publications so comprehensive in its scope and of sogreat a magnitude has ever been issued at anyone time by any learned society or institutionor by private enterprise.From the point of view of mechanical excellence the University is to be congratulated uponthe maintenance of a Press so perfect in equipment and so efficient in workmanship. Theresult of this combination of typographical excellence and eminent scientific merit has alreadythe unqualified approval of those most competent to judge.THE UNIVERSITY EXHIBIT AT ST. LOUIS.The University has undertaken the preparation of an exhibit for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition more adequate and complete thananything previously done in this line, and hassecured an assignment of space twenty-eightfeet square in the university section of the Palace of Education. The committee in charge ofthe preparation of the exhibit has been busilyengaged for many weeks and it is hoped to haveeverything finally installed not later than May15. The structural work is being preparedunder the direction of Mr. Dwight HealdPerkins, architect. The principal fagade is ofGothic design in harmony with the architectureof the University buildings.Among the important features of the exhibitare:1. A complete model of the University build-*ings and grounds constructed on the scale ofone-sixteenth of an inch to the foot. This workis being done by Messrs. Beil and Mauch,architectural sculptors, Chicago.2. A large collection of rare astronomicalphotographs on glass. These are arrangedaround the interior walls of a small dark roomoccupying the central portion of the spaceallotted to the University. The transparencieswill be brilliantly illuminated by incandescentelectric lights.3. More than one-hundred enlargements ofphotographs of interiors and exteriors of University buildings, prepared by Fuermann, architectural photographer, will be exhibited on theside-walls of the inclosure.4. A full collection of the publications of TheUniversity Press.5. A collection of the volumes published bythe members of the University faculties duringthe period of their connection with the University.6. Special instruments invented in the Ryer-son Physical Laboratory by members of theDepartment of Physics.An attendant from the University will be incharge of the exhibit throughout the exposition.UNIVERSITY RECORD 361GIFTS.According to the auditor's statement theUniversity has received during the Quarter,from gifts promised prior to December 22 andfrom gifts subsequent to December 22, 1903, atotal of $101,217. I have the privilege of announcing the following gifts:Nine hundred and ninety volumes have beencontributed to the library during the Quarterfrom various sources.Mr. George C. Walker, of the Board of Trustees, has presented to Walker Museum a collection of very rare and extremely valuable books.It is difficult to estimate their value accuratelybecause of their age and rarity, but $275 to $300is a conservative figure. They are donated tothe Walker Museum, with the understandingthat in so far as they are not immediatelyneeded for investigations in the Walker Museum and are serviceable elsewhere, they maybe placed where they will be the most useful.This has especial reference to zoological works,which make up the larger part of the collection.Subscriptions to the work of excavation inBabylonia, $180. As a matter of fact, this is anexceedingly small sum. The University findsitself embarrassed because of the lack of moneyto carry on this most important work. Thereport of the Field Director is most encouraging. Less than a hundred men are engaged indigging, for lack of resources, when the number should be five hundred. It is hoped that thefriends of exploration will come to the assistance of the University in this most importantundertaking.Special subscriptions for the exhibit of theUniversity at the St. Louis Exposition of $1,125from the following persons:Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, Mr. John C. Black,Mr. A. C. Bartlett, Mr. W. B. Walker, Mr,H. G. Selfridge, Mr. John G. Shedd, Mr. C. H.Wacker, Mr. Franklin MacVeagh, Mr. F. O.Lowden, Mr. D. G. Hamilton.A gift of $5,000 for special investigation in the Department of Physics, by the President ofthe Board of Trustees, Mr. Martin A. Ryerson.Contributions amounting to $2,607.50 to thefund placed in the hands of the President forspecial distribution.A gift of $300 for books in archaeology, contributed by Mr. Henry Phipps of New Yorkcity.It gives me pleasure to announce, also, a giftof $10,000 to the University by Miss HelenSnow as a memorial to George W. Snow, herfather, to rebuild the horizontal telescope atLake Geneva, which was injured by fire. Thisgift came at a most opportune time, and is agift especially welcome because it is for thepurpose of investigation. When our friendsin this great Mississippi Valley learn that agift of even a few hundred dollars, not to speakof thousands, will enable some department ofthe University to pursue a special piece of investigation along some important line of work,gifts for such work will be more frequent. TheUniversity is greatly indebted to Miss Snow forthis valuable contribution.THE CONRAD SEIPP MEMORIAL GERMAN PRIZES,FOUNDED BY MRS. CATHERINE SEIPP.In connection with this celebration, as a partof it, and indeed as one of the most prominentfeatures in it, I am permitted to announce thefounding, by Mrs. Catherine Seipp, of certainprizes to be known as the Conrad Seipp Memorial German Prizes. There will be three ofthese prizes, for the first of which the sum of$3,000 has been provided, for the second, $2,000,and for the third, $1,000. These prizes are proposed for the three best essays on the followingsubject : " The German Element in the UnitedStates with Special Reference to its Political,Moral, Social, and Educational Influence." Theseessays are to be delivered to the German department of the University of Chicago three yearsfrom this date, that is, on or before the 22nd ofMarch, 1907. The essays may be writteneither in German or English. The essays se-/362 UNIVERSITY RECORDlected for publication will be printed in English,perhaps also in German. The book will be published in the United States by the University ofChicago Press. The prizes will be awarded by acommittee of three judges. The Honorable Carl vSchurz has consented to be one of the judges,and the Honorable Andrew D. White has beeninvited to accept the position of second judge ;and these two judges will select a third.In addition to the money given for the prizes,provision has also been made for the expensesof the judges and the cost of publication by thedonation of the sum of $1,200 by Dr. Otto L.Schmidt. The book to be published will beillustrated and will be intended for the use ofmen and women in colleges and universities.The terms of the gift include certain other provisions which will be published in a fullerstatement.On behalf of the Trustees and Faculties of theUniversity I wTish to make expression of our,most cordial appreciation of this contributionto the cause of learning. The interest which-will be aroused, the direct results which willsurely be accomplished, and the formulation ofthought on this most important subject whichwill be the outcome of these prizes, will certainly prove to be something far more significant than we can today anticipate.PROMOTIONS.The following promotions have been madeduring the Quarter:*~ B. J. Simpson, assistant in Anatomy, to anassociateship ; Saul Epsteen, assistant in Mathematics, to an associateship; Henrietta Becker,assistant in German, to an associateship ; H. CE. David, assistant in French, to an associate-ship.W. L. Tower, associate in Embryology, to aninstructorship ; Norman M. Harris, associate inBacteriology, to an instructorship ;*N. W. Flint,associate in English, to an instructorship^; Lisi C.Cipriani, associate in the Romance Department, to an instructorship ; S. P. Breckinridge, associate, to an instructorship in Household Administration ; ^ Joseph E. Raycroft, instructor inPhysical Culture, to an assistant professorship ;David J. Lingle, instructor in Physiology, to anassistant professorship; vGerald B. Smith, instructor in Systematic Theology, to an assistantprofessorship ,\ Herbert J. Davenport, instructorin Political Economy, to an assistant professorship;- J. W. Thompson, instructor in History,to an assistant professorship ; Robert M. Lovett,assistant professor in English, to an associateprofessorship; George E. Vincent, associateprofessor in Social Science, to a professorship ;James R. Angell, associate professor in Psychology, to a professorship, and to the directorship of the Psychological Laboratory.NEW APPOINTMENTS.The following new appointments have beenmade during the Quarter: A. S. Wood to theheadship of Middle Divinity ; William H. Allison to the headship of South Divinity ; GeorgeWinchester and Raymond £. Wood to assistant-ships in the Department of Physics ; Orville H.Brown to an assistantship in the Department ofPhysiology ; Oskar Eckstein to an assistantshipin the Department of Chemistry; George F.Moore to the Haskell Lectureship in Comparative Religion; Hugo R. Meyer to an assistantprofessorship in the Department of PoliticalEconomy ; Albion W. Small to the deanship ofthe Graduate Schools of Arts and Literature.The following persons have been appointedto lectureships in the University Extension Department: Mr. Alexander Johnson, formersuperintendent of the Indiana School for theFeeble-Minded ; Mr. Robert Hunter, ex-superintendent of the University SettlementAssociation, New York city; Dr. Hastings H.Hart, superintendent of the Illinois Children'sHome and Aid Society; Miss Harriet Fulmer,superintendent of the Visiting Nurses' Association, Chicago ; Dr. William A. Evans, secre-UNIVERSITY RECORD 363tary of the Committee upon Prevention of Tuberculosis, of the Visiting Nurses' Association ;Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell, secretary of the Chicago Bureau of Charities; Mr. John J. Sloan,superintendent of the House of Correction,Chicago; Mr. F. Emory Lyon, superintendentof the Central Howard Association, Chicago;Miss Julia C. Lathrop, of Hull House, Chicago ;Mr. Raymond Robins, superintendent of theCity Homes Association, Chicago; Miss MaryE. McDowell, Head Resident of the Universityof Chicago Settlement; Mr. George W. Perkins, president of the Cigarmakers' International Union; Miss Jane Addams, HeadResident of Hull House, Chicago.And now in conclusion may I say to our distinguished guests that their visit to us will belong remembered. Their presence during these days has greatly encouraged us ; it has strengthened in our hearts the desire, and in our mindsthe determination to go forward with greaterzeal in the work assigned to us; it has liftedstill higher our ideals of University duty; ithas broadened the horizon of our vision. Oneof the youngest of the universities of our country, we have had much with which to contend ;for the appreciation you have shown us, forthe inspiration you have given us, we shallbe forever mindful. Will you take back withyou to your colleagues our greetings, and ourprayer that as the years pass, Germany and theUnited States in matters of science and higherlearning may work together and strive togetherfor that truth and peace through which theworld at large shall be blessed.364 UNIVERSITY RECORDINTRODUCTORY ADDRESSES BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY CONGREGATION.*INTRODUCTION OF BERTHOLD DELBRUCK,PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF JENA.BY FRANK FROST ABBOTT,Professor of Latin.Mr. President and Members of the Congregation:Several days ago the eminent scholar whom Ihave the honor to present here this afternoontold me of the lively interest which he felt infinding out the characteristic features of anAmerican university. I find, therefore, a specialpleasure in introducing him to this body, whichis, to my mind, not only characteristic of thisUniversity, but which is also a typical Americaninstitution. It is typical because it is democratic; it is typical because it illustrates thatskill in organization which is rightly or wronglyconsidered a characteristic of the Americanmind. In our democratic organization there areincluded instructors of all ranks, who meet hereon a plane of absolute equality. The Congregation comprises, also, not only the men behindthe desk, but the men from the benches ; and thesupport which a member's views receive depends, not on his academic rank, but on the wisdom of his opinion.This is the one thoroughly representativebody of the University, which brings unity andharmony into the workings of a very complexorganization. Before it the actions of everygoverning body which has to do with the educational interests of the University come up forapproval or disapproval. It is here, therefore,above all other places, that all parts of the University are represented ; and it is here, above allother places, that the whole institution can bestextend its welcome and express the great pleas-1 These addresses, introducing the German guests ofhonor, were made at the forty-first meeting of the University Congregation, held in Congregation Hall, HaskellOriental Museum, March 21, 1904. ure and the honor which it feels in receiving sodistinguished a guest as the scholar who comesto us from Jena.This is not the place to set forth the reasonswhich have lead the Language Departments ofthis University to unite in inviting this gentleman to visit us. The brilliant contributionswhich he has made to the study of language areknown to all of us, and the members of thisbody will feel a lively satisfaction in knowingthat the author of them is one of their own number. It is therefore with great pleasure, Mr.President, that I present for membership in thisCongregation Professor Berthold Delbriick, ofthe University of Jena.INTRODUCTION OF PAUL EHRLICH,DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL PRUSSIAN INSTITUTE FOR EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY.BY HENRY HERBERT DONALDSON,Head of the Department of Neurology.Professor Ehrlich comes to us from the oldhistoric city of Frankfort-on-the-Main. Therehe is director of a comparatively recent scientificfoundation — the Royal Prussian Institute forExperimental Therapy. As its head, it is hisduty to see that the various preparations used asantitoxins attain a certain standard of excellence, thus assuring the physicians and safeguarding the German public. But the establishment of standards, even in therapy, is no simplematter. Behind them lies the whole history ofscience. They must always be improved. Tothis end, the institute is provided with extensivelaboratories where assistants and investigatorswork under the eye of their inspiring master,and where he himself conducts his own investigations. This position of responsibility andpower is the reward of years of laborious research.Professor Ehrlich entered the domain of science through the gateway of medicine. At onceUNIVERSITY RECORD 365he turned his attention to chemistry; then applied his chemistry to the study of the livingcell; and thus passed to the special field inwhich he has attained such magnificent results.Each achievement has in turn formed the basisfor a further advance — and the work stillgrows.Among our honored guests on this occasion,Professor Ehrlich stands for medicine, and ourmedical colleagues are justly proud of this distinction. But those representing the sciencesnot strictly medical may properly feel that thisis a mere accident of the occasion, and that purescience could with equal justice claim the honor.Putting aside, however, such differences ofview, we can all unite in our recognition of thefact that Professor Ehrlich is a most brilliantexample of science in the service of the healingart, and, as such, brings us inspiration and encouragement to hope that in our own land thefuller union of research and medicine, for whichwe strive, may be accomplished soon with vigorand success.It is my privilege to introduce Professor PaulEhrlich.INTRODUCTION OF WILHELM HERRMANN,PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MARBURG.BY GERALD BIRNEY SMITH,Of the Divinity School.Mr. President and Members of the Congregation:It is a source of especial pleasure that I havethe honor this afternoon of presenting to youProfessor Herrmann; for one of the happiestand most profitable years of my student life wasspent under the inspiration of his teaching.To many minds the science of Protestant theology stands on a precarious foundation. Whenthe great universities of Europe were established, theology was by common consent the"queen of all the sciences." In Catholic universities this is still true. But our Protestantschools of learning have embodied the spirit of freedom which characterized the Reformationand the Renaissance. As a result, independentsciences have grown up which recognize no control by theology ; and these sciences are appropriating much of the subject-matter formerlytreated by theology, until it sometimes seems tosuperficial minds that the science of theologyis a vanishing quantity.It has been only within the last century thatProtestant theology has discovered its specificsphere and function. Before that time men ofscientific spirit had attempted to apply to theology the method of mathematical demonstration employed by Descartes and Spinoza. But itwas soon discovered that the theological propositions which could be mathematically demonstrated were so few in number and so insignificant in content that scant respect was paid tothem. On the other hand, the religious barrenness of this rationalism led men like the Pietiststo discredit scientific endeavor, saying that thebusiness of a theological teacher was not somuch to make theologians out of Christians asto make Christians out of theologians. In thenineteenth century arose two men who, withprophetic insight, marked out the path by whichProtestant theology might become a genuinescience. Schleiermacher brought to light thefact that the creative power of the personal spiritopens the door to a vast realm of truth whichis of supreme significance to man. AlbrechtRitschl emphasized the fact that the peculiartruth of Christianity is based upon certain specific historical facts, which have inestimablevalue for human life. He who is to be introducedto you today embodies in a remarkable degreethe characteristics of these two men. With unwearying power and insight he has emphasizedthese two facts — the fundamental significanceof the inner; life of personality, and the meaningof the historical person of Jesus for that innerlife.If the characteristics of a leader of scientificachievement are thorough acquaintance with the866 UNIVERSITY RECORDhistory of his special science, original contributions to that science, and the power to inspirepupils with the ambition and the ability to enlarge and deepen the content of that science,then our illustrious guest deserves in a preeminent degree the respect and honor whichwe today are paying to the ideals of Germanscholarship.I have the great pleasure of introducing toyou Dr. Wilhelm Herrmann, professor of theology in the University of Marburg.INTRODUCTION OF JOSEF KOHLER,PROFESSOR OF LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN.BY JAMES PARKER HALL,Professor of Law.One of the most interesting features of thisunique occasion is the presence here of a representative of German legal scholarship. Whythis should be especially noteworthy, perhaps requires some explanation to those whose workis in other fields. The two great systems of lawthat have divided the civilized world betweenthem, the Roman and the English, had theirroots in such different historical conditions, andthe circumstances of their growth have been solittle favorable to interdependence, or even tothorough mutual understanding, that their direct influence upon each other has been small.It is not strange that those countries, like Germany, whose jurisprudence rests upon the massive foundations of the Roman law should oweno debt to English law. The law of Rome wasa highly organized system, serving the needs ofa civilization in many respects strikingly modern, at a time when the common law was littleelse than village custom. It is more surprisingthat English law should owe so little to theelder occupant of the field. If the civil relationsof men to one another were governed by lawslike the so-called laws of natural science, itwould be impossible that our jurisprudenceshould not be under a heavy obligation to thosewho before ourselves had discovered and ap plied these principles. Human law, however, itneed not be said, has little of the rigid and universal visage of natural law. It is but an aspectof social growth, sometimes responding tardilyto more recent needs, but always a tolerablyfaithful reflex of the controlling ideas and institutions of the community.This was one reason why English law, thoughdeveloping later, was so little influenced by Roman law. It reflected the social and economicconditions of a young, vigorous, self-reliant, expansive nation, and the expression of thesesought no alien interpreter. The shining bandof water that separated happy England from thewoes and wars of the continent produced the lessobvious advantage of isolating its legal system.Wherever English trade mingled with that offoreign nations the law merchant of the greatcontinental trading cities was freely adopted byEnglish courts, but the law of insular affairsdeveloped along insular lines. Another potentfactor in excluding outside influence was theEnglish system of making law by judicial precedent. Both of these causes have been operativein America, and our judge-made law, with fewexceptions, is the product of English and American conditions, precedents, and institutions.Within a generation, however, two thingshave happened whose tendency is toward acloser understanding between the two great legalsystems. The first is that in terms of humanintercourse the world has grown much smaller,and men of different countries have become farmore interdependent. The other is that the complexity of society, of business, and of government has vastly increased, and that most of theproblems confronting the greater nations todayare common to all. So far as these problemsare amenable to law, whether made by decisionor by statute, every earnestly attempted answerin one country must have interest and value forother countries ; and it is in this respect that ourdebt to Germany is likely to be greater in thefuture than it has been in the past. EspeciallyUNIVERSITY RECORD 367is this true of the patient examination of conditions, and the careful provision for details thatmust accompany successful legislation. At present this is more apt to characterize German thanAmerican lawmakers. The preparation of theGerman Civil Code, for instance, which wentinto effect in 1900, extended over a period oftwenty-five years, during which its provisionswere subject to constant discussion and revision.No country can hereafter undertake a similarproject without careful examination of this greatwork. When we begin to consider such questions as employers' liability, and workingmen'saccident insurance, which will soon press uponus as they have upon Europe, we shall find inthe German statutes and decisions a mine of useful information for our guidance. We mayhope that this visit of a great German legaltheorist to our country may be the beginning ofa more intimate exchange of ideas betweenthose men in both countries who are in a position to devote themselves to the legal aspects ofour common problems.Our honored guest who represents Germanlegal scholarship brings with him a most unusual record of achievement. The field of hisprofessional activity is almost as wide as thefield of law itself. The index of his publishedwritings lends itself to classification under mostof the principal headings of a digest. He has' written upon the law of contract, of property,of family rights, of succession, and of competition; upon commercial, maritime, and insurance law: upon patents, copyright, and trademarks; upon criminal law and bankruptcy;upon both civil and criminal procedure, andupon public and administrative law ; and he haspublished numerous studies of the laws of ancient and half-civilized peoples, and of the history and philosophy of law in general. Withall this he has found time to prove that nothingof human interest is foreign to him, by makingfrequent excursions into the fields of literature,of music, and of art. I have the honor of introducing to the Congregation Professor Josef Kohler, of the University of Berlin.INTRODUCTION OF EDUARD MEYER,PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN.BY BENJAMIN TERRY,Professor of Medi&uaf and English History.Mr. President, and Members of the Congregation:I remember, some years ago, after a longafternoon's climb, standing at last upon the summit of the Feldberg, the highest peak in southGermany. Far to the west lay the blue hills ofElsass ; to the south, the undulating valleys ofnorthern Switzerland. Suddenly my companionshouted, "Look! Look!" and there, emergingfrom the farther distance, in clear, bold outline,were the Alps. There they were, the wholebattle front drawn out like an army in parade.Guizot used to say that there are three waysof studying history : First, there is the discoveryof the simple events — the facts of history so-called. This is historical anatomy — a useful,but by no means the highest, kind of historicalstudy. Second, these events, however, have relations to one another. They have also eachtheir place in a complete whole. The discoveryof these relations and the construction of thiswhole is historical physiology. But still we havenot reached the highest kind of historical study.These facts once lived. They were once the living present. To feel that, to make others feelit also ; to catch that mysterious something thatonce lurked behind the muscles of the livingface, and reveal it to others — this, historicalphysiognomy, is the highest result of historicalstudy.You who listened to that brilliant addresstoday in Cobb Hall need not be told that herein a word is the power of the man who honorsus with his presence today — the wizard atwhose cry the life of the past emerges from themists of the centuries and lives again before ourvery eyes. Professor Eduard Meyer represents368 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe very highest type of historical student andwriter. To marvelous attainments in orientallanguages ; to extensive travel in oriental countries; to a scholarly acquaintance with all thesource-material of his field; to an accurateknowledge of events and relations ; to an extensive knowledge of subjects kindred to history,antiquities, economics, sociology, politics, andphilosophy, he has been able to bring rare intuition in discovering and selecting those elementsof history that make it most human and revealthe past as, after all, a part of ourselves.Of the published works, the visible achievements which entitle Professor Meyer to rankamong the world's historians, the Ae gyp tensGeschichte, the well-known volume of the Onkenseries, appeared in 1883, and prepared the worldof scholarship for the magnificent success of themaster-work, Die Geschichte des Alterthums,which began to appear in 1883 and has justreached the fifth volume. Of smaller works, ofwhich there are many — excursions taken intoneighboring fields from the greater task — it isnot necessary to recite the list; sufficient is itto say that they represent studies in Jewishantiquities, and in the economic and social organization of the ancient world.It is with great pleasure, therefore, Mr. President, that I introduce to you and to the membersof the Congregation Professor Eduard Meyer,professor of ancient history in the University ofBerlin.THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME,BY SHAILER MATHEWS,Professor of New Testament History and Interpretation, and VicePresident of the Congregation.Gentlemen, Honored Guests of the University:Tomorrow the University as an institutionwill express to you officially the high honor inwhich it holds German educational ideals andyou as the representatives of such ideals. Thisafternoon the Faculties would welcome you to membership into that body which includes members of all Faculties and those holding degreesfrom the University.Among the many gracious acts of your Emperor there is none more characteristic than hishabit of honoring friendly nations by the appointment of their sovereigns or high officials topositions in his army and navy. It is in thesame spirit that, by thus receiving you as members of our own governing body, we seek to express our appreciation of the indebtedness ofAmerican scholarship to German universities.We wish to express our recognition and appreciation of that idealism in devotion to whichGerman scholars have shown a commercial agethat it is something more than the latest phaseof economic evolution. We wish' to recognizeour indebtedness, not only to the methods ofGerman scholarship, but to that passion forreality with which your universities are filled.We wish in this recognition to make even moredistinct the gratitude with which Americanscholarship regards the services of Germanscholarship, and to draw into even closer fellowship the investigators and teachers of both sidesof the Atlantic.But, gentlemen, you would seriously mistakeour intentions if you were to think that this welcome is extended to you merely as representatives of a national scholarship. We would welcome to our numbers German men as well asGerman scholars. It is you yourselves, gentlemen, that we would have as honored colleaguesin this body so representative of our own University. Thus in recognized fellowship we trustthat hereafter we may work, no longer in atomistic isolation but in conscious union. Separatedthough we may be by land and sea, we shallstill be members of that great army of sciencewhich, in accordance with the high strategy ofthe Will of the universe, is conquering, not onlyphysical forces, but also that truth which, whenknown, makes men free.UNIVERSITY RECORD 369EXERCISES CONNECTED WITH THE FIFTIETH UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION.THE PRESIDENT'S DINNER TO OFFICIAL GUESTS.On Friday evening, March 18, the President'sDinner to Official Guests was given at the Chicago Club ; and, much to the surprise and gratification of all, the President of the Universitywas able to be present and preside as toast-master. About forty-five guests were present.The opening toast, "The President of theUnited States," was responded to by BrigadierGeneral Frederick D. Grant; and to the toast,"The Emperor of Germany," a response wasmade by Dr. Walther Wever, the imperial German consul. The address of welcome to the visiting German scholars was given by Professor J.Laurence Laughlin, Head of the Department ofPolitical Economy. Mr. William Vocke gavethe address of welcome on behalf of the German-American citizens of Chicago. Responses werealso made by Professor Berthold Delbriick, ofthe University of Jena ; Professor Josef Kohler,of the University of Berlin; Professor PaulEhrlich, director of the Royal Prussian Institutefor Experimental Therapy ; Professor WilhelmHerrmann, of the University of Marburg ; andProfessor Eduard Meyer, of the University ofBerlin. \THE UNIVERSITY DINNER TO OFFICIAL GUESTS.On Saturday evening, March 19, the University Dinner to the Official Guests was given inHutchinson Hall, and more than five hundredmembers and friends of the University werepresent. The unexpected appearance of thePresident of the University, during the dinner,was the signal for an enthusiastic demonstration of regard and appreciation.The Vice-President of the Congregation, Professor Shailer Mathews, of the Divinity School,presided, and acted as toastmaster. Brief addresses were given by Professor BenjaminTerry, of the Department of History, and Pro fessor Thomas C. Chamberlin, Head of the Department of Geology; and responses were alsomade by Professor Wilhelm Herrmann, of theUniversity of Marburg, and Professor BertholdDelbriick, of the University of Jena. PresidentHarper made a brief speech introducing Professor Harry Pratt Judson, Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, who gavean official welcome to the guests.THE CONVOCATION RECEPTION.Following the dinner, the regular Convocationreception was held in the Library of the Reynolds Club, Dean Harry Pratt Judson being atthe head of the receiving line in the absence ofPresident Harper, and Mrs. Harper and Mrs.Judson also assisting. The distinguished guestsof honor and their wives were introduced to alarge number of members and friends of theUniversity. The music during the dinner andthe reception was furnished by the Universityof Chicago Military Band.THE CONVOCATION SERMON.On Sunday, March 20, the Convocation Sermon was preached in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, of theDepartment of Semitic Languages and Literatures. The auditorium could not accommodatethe people who gathered for the service. Themusic was furnished by the choir of SinaiTemple and the University choir, and wasgreatly enjoyed. The new pipe organ, althoughnot fully installed, was used for the first time,and showed how much effectiveness it will addto future services.THE FESTVERSAMMLUNG IN THE AUDITORIUM.On Sunday afternoon, March 20, the Festversammlung and Reunion of the Alumni of German Universities living in Chicago were held inthe Auditorium, where the following programreceived the enthusiastic appreciation of thegreat audience:370 UNIVERSITY RECORDSO. CONVOCATION DER UNIVERSITAT CHICAGO.EMPFANGS-FEIERzu Ehren der deutschen GasteSONNTAG, DEN 20. MARZ I904, NACHMITTAGS 3 UHR, IMAUDITORIUM, CHICAGO1. Orgel-Solo, Toccata in F-Dur BachHerr Wilhelm Middleschulte.2. Eroffnung der Versammlung.Herr Prof. Starr Willard Cutting,von der Universitat Chicago.3. Ansprache des Festprasidenten.Herr Harry Rubens.4. Massenchor, " In einem kiihlen Grunde."Vereinigte Mannerchore.Herr Gustav Ehrhorn, Dirigent.5. Festrede.Herr Prof. Alexander R. Hohlfeld,von der Staats-Universitat in Wisconsin.6. Massenchor j g "a}£Jj? ^jfcto Freud'" \ SilcherVereinigte Mannerchore.Herr Gustav Ehrhorn, Dirigent.7. Orgel-Solo a) Allegro Wilderb) Canon SchumannHerr Wilhelm Middleschulte.8. Musterriegenturnen.Unter Leitung des Turnwarts des N. A. Turnerbundes,Herrn Heinrich Suder.9. Ansprache eines der Gaste.10. Massenchor, " Fruhling am Rhein " BreuVereinigte Mannerchore,Herr Gustav Ehrhorn, Dirigent.11. Massengesang, "America."Gesungen von den Vereinigten Mannerchoren und demPublikum, unter Orgelbegleitung des HerrnMiddleschulte.ADDRESSES BY THE VISITING GERMAN SCHOLARS.Addresses by the visiting German scholarswere given on Monday morning, March 21, thefollowing professors being the lecturers: Professor Berthold Delbriick, whose subject was," Conditional, Concessive, and Temporal Clausesin German and English;" Professor WilhelmHerrmann, whose subject was, "The Study ofTheology ; " Professor Josef Kohler, who spokeon " The Code of Hammurabi ; " Professor PaulEhrlich, who spoke on "The Modern ViewsConcerning Toxins and Antitoxins ; " and Professor Eduard Meyer, whose theme was " ADominant Factor in the Development of History." Professor Kohler's address appears elsewhere in this issue of the University Record. These addresses were regarded as remarkablefor their profound scholarship and intellectualbrilliancy.On the afternoon of the same day the guestsof honor were formally introduced to the University Congregation, and a response was madein German by Professor Josef Kohler, of theUniversity of Berlin, who represented his colleagues. The addresses on this occasion will befound elsewhere in this number of the University Record.THE STUDENT CELEBRATION.At the Student Celebration on Tuesday,March 22, in Leon Mandell Hall, Mr. Arthur E.Bestor was chairman and introduced thespeakers. Mr. Leon P. Lewis gave an addressof welcome in English, and Mr. Eduard Pro-kosch an address in German. Professor EduardMeyer, of the University of Berlin, spoke informally and freely, in English, with referenceto German student life; and the German Ambassador to the United States, Baron von SpeckSternburg, made a brief address which was enthusiastically received. There were songs bythe University glee clubs ; and a genuine effortwas made to show a cordial appreciation of thedistinguished guests and of the fruitful ideals ofGerman scholarship.The Fiftieth University Convocation occurredon the afternoon of March 22, and the addresseson that occasion are given elsewhere:THE DINNER TO GUESTS OF HONOR AT THEAUDITORIUM.Tuesday evening the final function connectedwith the Convocation was the Dinner in honorof Visiting Guests, given in the banquet hall ofthe Auditorium. The toasts were as follows:"The President of the United States," responded to by Mr. Edgar A. Bancroft; "TheGerman Emperor," responded to by Baron vonSpeck Sternburg, Ambassador of Germany tothe United States; "The German Element inUNIVERSITY RECORD 371American Life," by Mr. Harry Rubens ; " TheGerman Element in American Education," byProfessor Albion W. Small, of the University.of Chicago; "Germany," by Professor JosefKohler, of the University of Berlin ; and " Closing Words," by the German Guests of Honor.Two hundred were in attendance at the dinner,which concluded the more formal exercises of aunique and remarkably successful Convocation.DIE QUELLEN DES STRAFRECHTS UND HAMMURABI.*VON JOSEF KOHLER,Professor der Rechtsphilosophie an der Uniuersitat Berlin.Das Strafrecht der Menschheit hat einen vier-fachen Ursprung. Zunachst ist es Geschlechter strafrecht von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht. Sodannwird innerhalb des einzelnen Geschlechts und derFamilie eine Disciplin ausgeiibt, welche einen straf-rechtlichen Charakter annimmt. Eine dritte Artist das aus der Religion hervorgehende Gottes-strafrecht, und als hochste Form, welche die antikeWelt erreichen konnte, tritt der Hauptlings- oderKonigs strafrecht ein, welches eine neue Form derStaats- und Rechtsauffassung darstellt. Damit istdas antike Strafrecht abgeschlossen ; die moderneWelt ist daran, neue bedeutende Bildungen her-vorzutreiben, die aber erst in der Entwicklungbegriffen sind.Das Geschlechterstrafrecht beruht auf dem Ge-gensatz der einander in internationaler Schroff-heit gegeniiberstehenden Geschlechter und Ge-schlechterverbande.Das Geschlechterleben ist uns erst seit 50 Jahrenund vor allem durch die ausgezeichneten For-schungeh des Amerikaners Lewis Morgan, desverdientesten der modernen Ethnologen, bekanntgeworden. Eine Verwandtengruppe, die mit eineranderen Verwandtengruppe geschlechtlich zusam-menlebt, bildet ursprunglich die Grundlagemenschlicher Organisation. Das Geschlecht istnicht nur eine Einheit in der Verwandtschaft,sondern eine Einheit im animistischen Denken.Das Geschlecht fiihlt sich von einem Geiste be-seelt, von einem Gotte erfiillt, und die einzelnen1 Delivered in the Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, on March21, 1904. Individuen sind nur die Auslaufer einer und der-selben geistigen Potenz. Der Gott ist meistensein Tier; denn im Tier verehrt der Mensch ur-spriinglich das Geheimnis geistigen Lebens ; dieUnmoglichkeit, mit ihm im direkten Contakt zutreten, bildet eine Kluft, welche das Tier als einhoheres Wesen erscheinen lasst. So entsteht das-jenige, was wir in der Ethnologie Totemismusnennen, und wenn nun zwei Geschlechter sichvereinigen, so vermischen sich damit zwei Totems,und die Kinder dieser Vereinigung gehoren demeinen oder anderen Totem an, meistens dem weib-lichen (Mutterrecht). Wenn also beispielsweiseGeschlecht A und Geschlecht B sich vereinigen, sogeschieht es in der Art, dass die Manner von Aund die Frauen von B eine Gruppenehe bilden,und ebenso die Manner von B und die Frauen vonA. Die Kinder gehoren im ersten Fall nach demmutterrechtlichen System der Gruppe B an, imzweiten Fall der Gruppe A. Nicht einzelne Men-.sehen heiraten, sondern ganze Gruppen. DieseGeschlechter werden allmahlich so zahlreich, dasssie nicht mehr zusammenhalten konnen, sie spal-ten sich, die Gruppen zersplittern, der Kultuskommt in Unordnung, und das Geschlechterwesennimmt andere dekadente Formen an, bleibt abernoch Jahrhunderte, Jahrtausende fortbestehen underhalt sich auch unter ganz verschiedenen neuenKulten und Lebensauffassungen.Diese Art des Zusammenhangs nun zeigt zweigrosse Vorziige; auf der einen Seite eine ungeheureFestigkeit, die die Menschheit befahigt, unter alienStiirmen fortzubestehen, und auf der anderen Seiteeine grosse Einseitigkeit, welche es ermoglicht,dass die menschlichen Geisteskrafte sich nach verschiedenen Seiten hin entwickeln, was aber natiir-lich auch zur Folge hat, dass die Gruppen scharfzusammenprallen, und dass es an Konflikten undKampfen nicht fehlt. In diesen mehr inter-nationalen kriegerischen Differenzen entwickeltsich das urspriingliche Strafrecht. Wenn eineGruppe der anderen iibles gethan, lasst es diesenicht dabei bewenden, sondern bricht in natur-gemasser Reaktion gegen sie vor ; Blut heischt372 UNIVERSITY RECORDBlut, Opfer heischt Opfer, aber in diesem inter-nationalen Kampfe entwickeln sich die erstenSpuren strafrechtlicher Gedanken, die zunachstmasslose Gegenwehr und Rache nimmt ge-wisse Regeln an. Es entwickelt sich der Satz :soviel das eine Geschlecht erduldet, soil dem anderen an Leides zugefugt werden. Das ist dernaturgemasse Vergeltungsgedanke, den man auchmit dem Namen Talion bezeichnet, und der dieMenschheit allerdings in verschiedenen Phasenund Formen bis ins 19. Jahrhundert beherrschthat. Noch Kant war ein Vertreter des Talions-gedankens.Die Talion war aber eine geschlechterschaftliche;das Geschlecht biisst, nicht der einzelne. Nicht,dass der Tater gestraft wiirde, kam in Betracht,sondern dass das Geschlecht eine entsprechendeEinbusse erleide. Daher war es nach diesenBegriffen der Gerechtigkeit vielfach nicht einmalmoglich, den Tater zu bestrafen; z. B., wennein Mann ein Weib ermordet hatte, so ware dieHinrichtung dieses Mannes ein die Gerechtigkeit uberschreitendes Uebermass gewesen ; denndie Totung eines Mannes war eine starkereSchwachung als die eines Weibes ; und wenn um-gekehrt ein Weib einen Mann ermordete, so waredie Totung dieses Weibes durchaus nicht als einegeniigende Siihrte erschienen. Daher der Satz :Fiir einen ermordeten Mann wieder ein Mann, fiirein ermordetes Weib wieder ein Weib.Auf Absicht oder Zufall wurde urspninglichnicht viel gesehen. Der Mensch in seinem ur-spninglichen Denken geht nicht iiberdie objektiveKausalitat hinaus.DieGeschlechtersuhne wird durch das Geschlehtselber ausgeiibt, und zwar in einer dem interna-tionalen Krieg entsprechenden Weise. Ein sol-cher geregelter Kampf der Geschlechter heisstBlutrache. Diese ist nicht etwa, wie viele irrigannehmen, eine aus dem individuellen Rachetriebhervorgehende Erscheinung, sie ist Sache desGeschlechts, und der einzelne iibt sie aus als Vertreter des grossen Ganzen, dem eine gesellschaft-liche Aufgabe (iberkommen ist. Dieser geschlechterschaftlichen Blutrache ge-geniiber spielt die Disciplin der Familie urspninglich nur eine geringe Rolle. Wer nicht gehorchenwill, wird einfach ausgestossen, und in schwerenFallen totet man ihn oder macht ihn zum Sklaven.Doch wird es ihm bisweilen gestattet, durch ver-schiedene Biissungen sich den Frieden der Familiewieder zu erkaufen.Die dritte Form des Strafrechts geht aus reli-giosen Gedanken hervor. Man ftirchtet die Gott-heit, und alles zittert vor ihrem Zorne. Wer ihrentgegentritt, bringt darum die ganze Gesellschaftin Gefahr. Man muss ihn darum entweder ausdem Leben austilgen, damit die Gottheit die ganzeUnbill vergisst, oder man opfert ihn dem Gotteund sucht diesen dadurch wieder zu versohnen.Sobald die Ideen von der Gottheit einen etwasmenschlicheren und gesitteteren Charakter ange-nommen haben, ist das Gottesstrafrecht mehr indas Bereich desjenigen geriickt, welches unseremGerechtigkeitsgefuhl entspricht. Immerhin aberwird es sich lange Zeit um Institute drehen, wiedie Familie und den geschlechtlichen Verkehr.Denn gerade darin zeigen sich die Geheimnissedes gottlichen Schaffens, die dem Menschen un-begreiflich bleiben.Ein vollig neues Stadium des Strafrechts tritthervor, wenn der Hauptling die Gewalt an sichzieht und als gottgeweihter Sendbote alles Rechtin seiner Person vereinigt. Die Entstehungdes Hauptlingtums reicht bis tief in die ge-schlechtsgenossenschaftliche Zeit zuriick, weissaber das Geschlecht grundlich umzugestalten.Der Hauptling ist meist eine Person hervor-ragenden Geistes, und er ist weitschauend ge-nug, um zu wissen, dass mit der Hebung deigeistigen Krafte des Volkes auch seine Machlwachst und gedeiht. Was er will, das muss ge-schehen ; was ihm gut scheint, muss in der Folgedurchgefuhrt werden. Wer ihm widersteht, wirdmit oft barbarischen Strafen zuruckgeschlagerjoder vernichtet.Aber auch der Hauptling ist ein Sohn seineiZeit und kann an den bisherigen GestaltungerUNIVERSITY RECORD 373des Strafrechts nicht spurlos voriiber gehen, unddarum wird er genotigt sein, Elemente des bis-herigen Strafrechts in sein Gesetz aufzunehmen.Ein Beispiel dieser Art bildet das Gesetz Ham-murabis, das bis etwa in das Jahr 2250 v. Chr.zurfickgreift, und in dessen Studium und Er-klarung die alte und die neue Welt wetteiferte.In ihm finden sich noch bedeutende Reste geschlechterschaftlichen Strafrechts. Er hat nichtnur die Talion iibernommen : Auge um Auge,Zahn um Zahn, sondern es finden sich auch dreiFaile, wo nicht an dem Schuldigen, sondern andem Sohne des Schuldigen die Strafe vollzogenwird. Auch dass ohne Rficksicht auf die innereSchuld gestraft wird, zeigen die merkwiirdigenFalle, wo der Arzt die Hand verliert, wenn dieKur misslingt.Dagegen hat das babylonische Konigtum aufder anderen Seite die Einwirkung des Geschlech-tertums zurfickgedrangt, da namlich, wo es derkoniglichen Macht hinderlich gewesen ware. Hiersind alle Spuren der Blutrache vertilgt; allesStrafrecht geht vom Konig aus ; niemand darf eswagen, selbst Rache zu iiben. Dadurch stehtHammurabis Gesetz weit fiber dem israelitischenund islamitischen Recht, wahrend auf der anderenSeite allerdings Israel, wenn auch erst zur Zeitdes Deuteronomiums, den Satz anerkannte, dassnur der Schuldige zu bfissen habe.Dem Gottesstrafrecht gehort die Strafe derNotzucht und der Blutschande an; denn diesegilt als furchtbarer Greuel. Auch die Ueberffih-rung durch das Wasserordal stammt aus dem Gottesstrafrecht. Der Einfluss des Priestertums warzu machtig, als dass das Konigtum darfiber Herrwerden konnte.Der Familiendisciplin entspricht die Behand-lung des ungehorsamen Sohnes und des Adop-tierten, der die Rficksichten gegen den Adoptiv-vater oder die Adoptivm utter verletzt.Hauptlingsstrafrecht aber ist alles, was dieVerwaltung und den Verwaltungsdienst betrifft.So vaterlich besorgt Hammurabi fiir seine Beam-ten und Soldaten ist, so eisig streng ist er gegen jeden, der seinen Posten verlasst oder der seineLeute vergewaltigt. Unbarmherzig streng ist ergegen jeden, der die Sklavendisciplin lockert,und gegen den Dieb, namentlich gegen den, dersich am Tempels- oder Konigsgut vergreift.Die Strafe ist Todesstrafe, gesteigert als Was-sertod, Feuertod, Kreuzigung. Dazu kommtAchtung, Versklavung, korperliche Zfichtigungund Brandmarkung.So ist also das Gesetz von 2250 v. Chr. bereitseine Verbindung des Geschlechter-, Familien-,Gottes-, Konigsstrafrechts.Viel weiter hat es das antike Strafrecht nichtgebracht. Eine Ausgestaltung nach dem Besse-rungsgedanken, eine gerechte Abwagung nachdem Sfihnesystem war dem Altertum versagt,wenn auch einzelne Geister fiber die Natur undBedeutung des Strafrechts philosophierten. Bliebdoch auch noch das ganze Mittelalter im Banneines etwas rohen Abschreckungssystems, wahrendman anderseits durch einfache Ausstossung undAchtung die Aufgaben des Strafrechts nicht loste,sondern umging. Erst als das kanonische Rechtden Schuldgedanken vertieft, die Aufklarungszeitden Einfluss der Strafe auf das Einzelwesen er-forscht, erst seit Howard dem Gefangnisweseneine neue Richtung gegeben, war die Zeit gekom-men, um das Strafrecht neu aufzubauen; und hierfreut es mich, zu konstatieren, dass, wie in so vielemanderen, die neue Welt eine leitende Rolle iibernommen hat.ADDRESS AT THE GRAVE OF HERMANN E. VON HOLST.BY ERICH MARCKS,*Professor of Modern History, University of Freiburg.To Hermann von Hoist, whose colleague andsuccessor in Freiburg I have the honor to be;to the man who after a difficult, but not futile,existence has entered upon a well-earned restfrom a life of incessant struggles and of abundant triumphs, it has been granted me to offer^-This address was delivered in Heidelberg, Germany,on January 23, 1904, by Professor Erich Marcks, successor of Professor von Hoist in the University of Freiburg.374 UNIVERSITY RECORDa last greeting at his grave. He triumphedover the weakness of a suffering body, conquered heroically for decades, and he triumphedin the world of his activity. It is my office todayto speak of the scientist in him ; but his scientificachievement also rooted in the force of his personality.When I succeeded to his position in Freiburg,in 1893, the university and the town were fullof his being. Though I had seen him but once— and I had been received kindly and benevolently — I soon seemed to know the departedone well. How did they speak of the forcefulteacher who implanted his ideals in the souls ofthe hundreds of his hearers; who, like Mira-beau, inscribed the pictures of his favorites inglowing, nay burning, colors in their imaginations ; who was a protagonist even as a teacher,with his strong, drastic, irresistible pathos ! Thesame protagonist who in politics always stoodby his colors, who everywhere imposed hisideals ; wherever he was there hissed the blowsand fell the striking words. It was the love ofstriving that had led him through the world,that compelled him — after completing his apprenticeship in Heidelberg in the atmosphere ofLudwig Hausser, and receiving the doctorate —to take leave of his Russian fatherland, and thatcarried him, self-reliant and poor, to NorthAmerica.It is in America that he gained the impressions which were to shape his life; part of hisbeing became American; and in America hefound his wife. As a propagandist, publicist,and orator he found the field for his triumphantstruggle in America. His new ideals accompanied him from America, when, as the representative of American Germanism, he returned,in 1872, to the youngest of the imperial Germanuniversities, and later, now thirty years ago,took the chair of modern history in Freiburg.In Germany he became a German nationalist.With us, in the united fatherland, he strove forthose ideas which he had confessed abroad: unity of the nation, freedom, and secularizationof political life.From a fruitful activity America recalled him,in 1893 — America which had long before furnished him the historical problem of his life:en America he wrote his chief work, the workof which we think whenever we pronounce thename of Hermann von Hoist, the work of whichthe future will think — the great ConstitutionalHistory of the United States,It was a work of decades, appearing from1873 to 1 89 1, and of enormous industry, embracing in its five large volumes the richestmaterial, and laying the foundations for thescientific treatment of its subject, the development of the Union of the States from its beginnings until 1861. He treated this subject in allits important directions: conditions, politicaland intellectual tendencies, ideal conflicts, thestruggles of parties, personalities, and events.But, above all, it also is a work of propaganda. Full of energy, powerful like a rivercarrying ice cakes in its current, it rolls by ; theunity of the eloquent narrative lies in the passionate self-committal of the author. Havingseen, as a youth, the great war of 1861-65, he depicts the events leading up to it as a contemporary, surely not without endeavor of judging itfairly, but yet in such a manner that the conflicts appeared in his book, not as overcome bythe objective judgment of history, but as stillliving and actual ; he took the part of the Northwith all his soul. Here, too, he fought forhis ideals — for political and personal freedomagainst despotism, and for the unity of theFederation. He took sides; but he chose theside of life. And this side he served with all hismeans, with all the tones and weapons at hiscommand, with pathos and wrath, with accusation and condemnation, with high and enthusiastic praise, eloquent, passionate. His subjectand part of his own personality were American ;but a cosmopolitan air blew through the acts ofthis historical drama.UNIVERSITY RECORD 375But in the ultimate analysis the book wasGerman. It belongs in the line of Germanhistoriography, in a special group of Germanhistorical science. It was not without reasonthat he dedicated one of his volumes to Heinrichvon Sybel, who had furthered him in his work ;and that he called himself a friend of Heinrichvon Treitschke; nor had he been in vain Lud-wig Hausser s disciple.He belongs, as one of the youngest, to theschool of our political historians, who even ashistorians strove for national — German, unity;he shared their ideals, he was a commoner,Protestant, a constitutional — liberal as they;he was inclined to form ethical and politicaljudgments; he, as they, waged, even as a historian, a political war, though on a special field,in a special, personal manner which had receivedhis final imprint from American life. He andhis book, therefore, belong to our literary history as well as to the history of American publiclife; his book, destined to live as a literaryachievement, will remain his monument — amonument of the personality of his epoch. Andin saying farewell to him, with a deep respectfor the man and the scientist, German historicalscience calls him one of her very own.AN OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF THE SERVICES OFHERMANN EDUARD VON HOLST.[an excerpt from the proceedings of the thirdpublic session of the upper house of the legislatureof baden, held on january 2$, iqo4.]President: I now request Privy CouncilorDr. Rumelin to read the memorial address uponour former member, Privy Councilor Hermannvon Hoist.Pi ivy Councilor Dr. Rumelin: Most excellent, honorable gentlemen: Privy CouncilorHermann von Hoist died in Freiburg on Wednesday last, having been a member of this highhouse for eleven years. He was called intothis chamber by his royal highness the GrandDuke, was later chosen by the University of Freiburg to be its representative, and towardthe end of his activity in this high house washonored with the office of second vice-president.For those of us who have known von Hoistpersonally it is hardly necessary to refresh ourmemories of him: he was such an exceptionalpersonality, so far surpassing the average, thathis picture remained impressed upon one's memory even after a short acquaintance. His voicealone, and the energetic manner of expressionand emphasis, seemed to rouse the hearer to theexpectation of something extraordinary. Butwhen the mighty current of his eloquencethundered by, one soon forgot all external peculiarities for the irresistible force of his utterance. Yet the charm did not lie primarily in theexternal form, of which he was a master ashardly another; his success, of which he wasjustly proud, rested on the intrinsic value andthe content expressed by it.As a historian of acknowledged reputation hehas devoted the scientific labors of his life to thepolitical life of the United States. Through hishistorical training and a wide knowledge ofpublic law he was able to survey the politicallife of the present from a high point of view,and also to enter, well armed, the political arena.But more important than his knowledge andexperience were his undaunted courage, hisunbending will, and his vigorous energy ; thesequalities spoke through all his speeches andseemed to penetrate his whole existence.Whoever knew him must remember the largeeyes, expressive of great energy, which entirelydominated his haggard features. One had theimpression that the mighty will held the weakand ailing body in which it dwelt entirely, in subjection, and might exact from it any performance it desired.On this energy, put in the service of a highpurpose and ardent love of country, rest perhapsprimarily the importance of his personality andthe success of his work. This energy enabledhim to master the different fields of parliamen-376 UNIVERSITY RECORDtary life. When he had set himself a goal, heshrank from no effort, for himself or for others.This energy, also, prompted him, though inadvanced years and in failing health, to go toAmerica, in order to devote his whole personality to the land to which he had given his wholescientific activity. He succeeded in two continents in acquiring an honored position. Buthe always regarded Germany as his home, and,in his last illness, he returned to Freiburg toprepare his tired body for the last rest.After a long agony, endured heroically, akind fate granted him a quiet, painless death.Shortly before his death some of his admirershad his picture painted to be hung in the University of Chicago, lighting up his last days bythis token of their regard. Even without suchan outward token the picture of Hermann vonHoist will live in the souls of those of us whohave known him.President: In honor of the memory of Hermann von Hoist, I request the gentlemen to rise.THE ALICE FREEMAN PALMER MEMORIAL.A memorial to Alice Freeman Palmer at theUniversity of Chicago should in some way suggest the peculiar value of her character andinfluence here. She was, above all things, interested in fostering those elements of a university which give to college life, apart from itspractical training, an abiding dignity andcharm, which leave memories of it full of affection and inspiration. She should be remembered especially as one who lived in ideals anddrew others toward higher, spiritual interests.Accordingly, her friends have agreed that achime of bells in the new Mitchell Tower is thebest means of symbolizing the quality of herinfluence, and recalling her life and services tothose who may come after us. The bells willserve to stimulate that sentiment which by tradition belongs to life in an American college. Theplaying of a classic Wiegenlied at sunset, the notes of an old hymn like " Naomi " on a sabbath morning, the tolling in sorrow when oneof our number is carried hence, the joyful ringing on days of triumph, will become a part ofmemories and associations which time can neverobliterate.More than this, the chimes will be a perpetualsuggestion of the appeal which raises the spiritabove sordid and material things — an appealwhich is to be especially associated with thememory of Alice Freeman Palmer.In recognition of the intimate and symboliccharacter of the proposed memorial, ProfessorPalmer has himself collected from the Scriptures the following passages, one of which willbe cast as an inscription upon each of the tenbells in the chimes :i. A gracious woman retaining honor.2. Rooted and grounded in love.3. Easy to be entreated.4. Fervent in spirit.5. Always rejoicing.6. Given to hospitality.7. Making the l-ame to walk, the blind to see.8. The sweetness of her lips increasing learning.9. Great in counsel and mighty in work.10. In God's law meditating day and night.Professor Palmer also suggested the following inscription for the tablet to be placed at thefoot of the Tower :JOYFULLY TO RECALLALICE FREEMAN PALMERDEAN OF WOMENIN THIS UNIVERSITY1893-1895THESE BELLS MAKE MUSICIn further explanation of the plan for memorials to Alice Freeman Palmer, suggested bythe Boston committee, it should be stated thatthe Chicago committee has decided that thespecial memorial at Chicago will take the formof chimes, to be hung in the new MitchellTowrer, and of a portrait, to be placed in thecollection of the University. The total sumrequired for these purposes is eleven thousanddollars. The memorial at the University ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 377Michigan is to be a fellowship for women, andthe services of Mrs. Palmer to Wellesley College are to be commemorated in the variousways set forth in the circular issued by theBoston committee. The Chicago committeewill receive funds for any of these objects; itbeing understood that a contributor is to specifythe particular way in which his gift is to beemployed. Should a larger sum than has beenspecified in the general plan be given to any oneobject, the Boston committee has reserved thepower to assign the surplus to some other purpose indicated in the circular.Contributions may be sent to any member ofthe committee, or to the treasurer, Charles L.Hutchinson, Esq., Corn Exchange Bank,Chicago.A. A. Sprague.Martin A. Ryerson.Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth.Mrs. J. J. Glessner.A PROPOSED TESTIMONIAL FOR DR. GALUSHAANDERSON.The undersigned have been appointed a committee of the Alumni Association of the University of Chicago to provide a suitable testimonial of the eminent scholar, ProfessorGalusha Anderson, S.T.D., LL.D., to be placedin an honorable position in one of the halls ofthe University. This testimonial will take theform of a portrait. This action seems to uswise and timely, and we wish to carry the planinto immediate effect, while Dr. Anderson isstill with us in strength and health, and canhimself enjoy the token of our esteem andgratitude.The recommendation is made by the AlumniAssociation, with the unanimous and cordialapproval of the President of the University, ofthe Divinity Faculty, of the members of theSenate and Council, and of all who have beenassociated with Professor Anderson in instruction and administration. It must be approved by all who know the facts of his life andcharacter.In a moment of national peril and in a position where personal courage and devotion tocountry were required for action, Dr. Andersonspoke with the distinct accent of a patriot andthe commanding authority of a thinker.In years when the old University of Chicagowas bending under the financial burdens whichfinally caused the suspension of its work, hetoiled at great personal cost and with heroiccourage and patience.As pastor of strong and influential churches,as president of colleges, as faithful and successful instructor in our Divinity School, Dr.Anderson has earned his right to honorableretirement in old age and to this testimonial.Contributions may be sent to Mr. Arthur E.Bestor, General Secretary of the Alumni Association.Edgar A. Buzzell, '86, Chairman.Arthur E. Bestor, *oi, Secretary.Charles R. Henderson, A.B., 'jo, D.B., '73.John E. Webb, '99.Charlotte H. Foye, '95.Ida T. Hirschl, 'oi.Testimonial Committee, Alumni Association.A RECENT VOLUME FROM THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO PRESS.A new volume issued from The UniversityPress, entitled Lectures on Commerce, consistsof papers read before the College of Commerceand Administration in the University of Chicago by well-known bankers, manufacturers,and business men. These contributions are ofunusual interest, treating, as they do, subjectsof practical value to economists, railroad men,investors, and commercial educators.This great fund of special knowledge is presented in an unusually attractive form by menwho have won eminence in their respective linesof work, and so speak with recognized author-378 UNIVERSITY RECORDity. The following is a list of the contributions and their writers :" Higher Commercial Education," by J.Laurence Laughlin; "Railway Managementand Operation," by A. W. Sullivan ; " RailwayMail Service : A Historical Sketch," by GeorgeG. Tunell; "Railway Consolidation," by E. D.Kenna; "Railways as Factors in IndustrialDevelopment," by Luis Jackson ; " Some Railway Problems," by Paul Morton; "The SteelIndustry," by Franklin H. Head; "The History of the Art of Forging," by H. F. J. Porter; "At Wholesale," by A. C. Bartlett; "TheCommercial Value of Advertising," by JohnLee Mahin ; " The Credit Department of Modern Business," by Dorr A. Kimball ; " ForeignExchange," by H. K. Brooks; "The Comptroller of the Currency" and " The Methods ofBanking," by James H. Eckels ; " Investments,"by D. R. Forgan ; " Fire Insurance," by A. F.Dean.THE SECOND OF A SERIES OF CONCERTS BY THECHICAGO ORCHESTRA.On Tuesday evening, March 8, the secondconcert in the series by the Chicago Orchestra,under the direction of Theodore Thomas, wasgiven in Leon Mandel Hall before an audiencethat filled the main floor, many of the boxes,and the balcony. It was a program of muchvariety, yet chosen with evident reference tothe auditorium; and the quieter and moresubtle passages were given an especially effective interpretation by Mr. Thomas.The program for the evening was as follows :Overture to The Magic Flute MozartVariations, Opus 56, Chorale St. Anthony BrahmsEntr'acte, B Minor, Rosamunde Schubert" Waldweben,1' from Siegfried WagnerVor spiel to Die Meister singer WagnerSymphony No. 5, E Minor, Opus 64. . . . . .TschaikowskyThe "Waldweben" from Siegfried and theclosing Symphony seemed to receive the especial favor of the audience. The third concert in the series will be givenin the same place on Monday evening, April n,at 8:15.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALUMNI CLUB.The University of Chicago Alumni Club isthe only organization in the United States thathas the good fortune to possess completely furnished club-rooms on the university campus.These club-rooms are in the beautiful MitchellTower, recently erected in conjunction with theReynolds Club, the club-house for Universityundergraduates, which is undoubtedly one ofthe finest buildings, from the point of view ofarchitectural beauty and adaptation to its use,that have ever been erected for this purpose,thoroughly equipped, as it is, with billiard- andpool-rooms, bowling alleys, a large and artistically furnished library, reception-rooms, a theater, and private meeting-rooms.On the second Saturday of every month theUniversity alumni meet at the new UniversityCommons dining-room, across the hall from theReynolds Club, for an informal Minner, afterwhich they adjourn to their own rooms for theirformal and informal meetings. They are givenall the privileges of the Reynolds Club proper,and share in all the benefits which the undergraduates enjoy.The University of Chicago Alumni Club nowhas on its rolls between five and six hundredmembers, most of whom live in Chicago andvicinity. The officers are :President — Charles Sumner Pike ; Secretary andTreasurer — Leon S. Alschuler; First Vice-President —E. B. Escher ; Second Vice-President — R. L. Henry, Jr. ;Executive Committee — Percy P. Eckhart, James M.Sheldon, Arthur E. Bestor, Norman K. Anderson, HarryM. Gottlieb, and Frank McNair.A PRIZE FOR PROMOTING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHBY WOMEN.The Association for Maintaining the American Women's Table at the Zoological Station atNaples and for Promoting Scientific ResearchUNIVERSITY RECORD 379by Women announces the offer of a second prizeof one thousand dollars for the best thesis written by a woman, on a scientific subject, embodying new observations and new conclusions basedon an independent laboratory research in biological, chemical, or physical science.The theses offered in competition are to bepresented to the executive committee of the association, and must be in the hands of the chairman of the committee on the prize, Mrs. EllenH. Richards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., before December 31,1904. The prize will be awarded at the annualmeeting in April, 1905. Each thesis must beaccompanied by a sealed envelope, inclosingthe author's name and address, and superscribedwith a title corresponding to one borne by themanuscript.The papers presented will be judged by theregularly appointed Board of Examiners, representing the departments above named. The association reserves the right to withhold theaward of the prize, if the theses presented arenot, in the judgment of this board, of adequatemerit to deserve the award.BOARD OF EXAMINERS.Biological Sciences: Dr. William H. Howell, JohnsHopkins Medical School ; Dr. William Trelease, Washington University ; Dr. Charles O. Whitman, Universityof Chicago ; Dr. Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University.Chemical Sciences: Dr. Russell H. Chittenden, YaleUniversity ; Dr. John U. Nef, University of Chicago ;Dr. Ira Remsen, Johns Hopkins University ; Dr. TheodoreW. Richards, Harvard University.Physical Sciences: Dr. Carl Barus, Brown University ; Dr. Albert A. Michelson, University of Chicago ;Dr. Edward W. Morley, Western Reserve University;Dr. Arthur G. Webster, Clark University.A LECTURER FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF ROME.On February 29 and March 1 Professor DeGubernatis, of the University of Rome, lecturedat the University on the "Love Poetry of Petrarch " and the " Poetesses of the Renaissance."The investigations which the eminent Italian scholar has made in Indian folklore and mythology, his dramatic compositions, and his critical work in Italian literature have made hisname known to American scholars for manyyears, and his addresses were listened to withgreat interest.Professor De Gubernatis came to Chicagofrom Johns Hopkins University, where he delivered the Turnbull lectures. From Chicagohe went east to lecture at Harvard and at otheruniversities on the Atlantic coast.THE PETRARCH FESTIVAL AT AREZZO, ITALY.The six-hundredth anniversary of the birthof Petrarch will be celebrated in a commemorative festival to be held at his birthplace,Arezzo, Italy, July 20-22. The arrangementsare in charge of a local and national committee,under the presidency of Signor Guiducci, themayor of Arezzo. A very lively interest hasbeen shown in the matter all over the civilizedworld, and the occasion will be a notable one.Professor De Gubernatis, of the University ofRome, who lectured here recently on Petrarch,has expressed the hope that the University ofChicago may be officially represented at theanniversary, and it is probable that a delegatewill be sent.THE INTERNATIONAL GUILD, PARIS.The Modern Language Association of England will hold its annual meeting in Paris, inresponse to the invitation of the InternationalGuild. It will be recalled that the Guild is inco-operation with the University of Chicago.The meeting will be held during the Easterholidays. The recteur of the University ofParis has offered the use of rooms in the Sor-bonne for the meetings. The French ministerof public instruction is to inaugurate the proceedings, and the British ambassador will holda reception at the embassy in honor of theGuild and its guests.380 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE FACULTIES.Professor Charles R. Barnes, of the Department of Botany, was elected, at the session ofthe University Congregation on March 21,Vice-President of the Congregation for theSpring Quarter.At the Junior College exercises held in Man-del Assembly Hall on Monday, March 21, Professor Benjamin Terry, of the Department ofHistory, gave an address on " The Advantagesof a College Education."Professor A. A. Stagg, Director of the Division of Physical Culture, has been elected tomembership in the Football Rules Committee —the first time that the West has had any representation on the committee.Professor Edwin B. Frost and Mr. Walter S.Adams, of the Yerkes Observatory, contributejointly to the March number of the Astro-physical Journal an article on "Eight StarsWhose Radial Velocities Vary."On March 17, in Kent Theater, Mr. FrederickWarde, the Shaksperean actor, gave a lecture,under the auspices of the English Club, on"Shakspere and His Plays." He had a largeand greatly interested audience.In the March issue of The World Today is acontribution entitled "The Machine or A Machine," written by Hon. Francis W. Parker, amember of the University Board of Trusteesand Professorial Lecturer on Patent Law in theLaw School.On March 26, at the home of Mr. Thomas S.Howland, 212 Goethe Street, Chicago, MissMary P. Howland was married to Mr. JamesWeber Linn, Instructor in the Department ofEnglish at the University of Chicago. Mr. andMrs. Linn have gone to California for theirwedding trip. Mr. Linn is expected to givecourses at the University during the SummerQuarter. Professor Josef Kohler, of the University ofBerlin, who received the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws at the Fiftieth Convocation ofthe University, gave an address on "Dante"before the Germanic Club in Foster Hall at theclose of his visit to the University,At the regular monthly meeting of the University Settlement League, on March 15, Mr.Raymond Robbins, Head of the NorthwesternSettlement, spoke on the subject of " The Municipal Lodging House." The music was furnished by the University of Chicago Glee Club.I The President of the University, after undergoing a serious operation for appendicitis at thePresbyterian Hospital on March 1, surprisedeveryone by his rapid recovery and presided atthe opening function connected with the Fiftieth Convocation — the President's dinner toofficial guests, at the Chicago Club, on the evening of March 18.The latest development in the organization ofthe Bradley Polytechnic Institute, in affiliationwith the University, is a Summer School ofManual Training, which will hold sessions fromJuly 6 to August 9 under the general directionof Mr. Charles A. Bennett, Head of the Department of Manual Arts.During the next Autumn Quarter Paul Nicolas Milyoukov, Professorial Lecturer on Russian Institutions on the Crane Foundation, whogave a series of lectures during the last Summer Quarter on "Russian History and Institutions," will give another course, under the general title of " The Balkan States."L'Echo des Deux Monde s is the name of anew magazine published in French, which isdevoted to the interests of the French languagein America. Its editor-in-chief is Dr. ErnestJean Dubedout, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures. The March number contains a contribution by Mr, Dubedout,entitled " M. Brunetiere et les Americains."UNIVERSITY RECORD 381The latest contribution from the Hull Botanical Laboratory appears as the opening articlein the Botanical Gazette for March, on the subject of "The Life-History of RicciocarpusNatans." It has two full-page illustrations.The writer is Mr. John F. Garber, who receivedthe Doctor's degree from the University in 1903.In the Daily Maroon of March 8 the correspondent for the University of Michigan makesthe following reference to the recent series oflectures given there by Professor ShailerMathews of the Divinity School: "ProfessorShailer Mathews, of the University of Chicago,has been giving a series of the most scholarlylectures upon biblical subjects that Michiganstudents have heard for some time. His lectureshave been very well attended, and appreciated.Sunday he spoke in University Hall to a largeaudience, not only of students, but of townspeople as well."The opening article in the Elementary SchoolTeacher for March is on the " Significance ofthe School of Education," and was written byProfessor John Dewey, Director of the School.In the same number are contributions on " TheOrganization of History in the Curriculum,"by Emily J. Rice, Associate Professor of theTeaching of History and Literature; on "TheCollaboration of History and Geography," byEdwin Erie Sparks, Associate Professor ofAmerican History; on "The Relation of History and Industry," by Katherine E. Dopp, ofthe University Extension Division; on "^Esthetic Development the Problem of the Future,"by Lilian S. Cushman, Instructor in Art in theCollege of Education; on "Art and ManualTraining in the High School," by FrederickNewton Williams, of the Manual TrainingDepartment of the University High School;and on " Drawing and Painting in the Elementary Grades," by Annette Covington, of theSchool of Education. At the Fiftieth Convocation of the Universityforty-one students received the title of Associate ; thirty-nine received degrees as Bachelorsof Arts, Philosophy, or Science ; five as Bachelors of Divinity; one student received the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and two that ofDoctor of Law ; eight became Masters of Arts,Philosophy, or Science; and three gained thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ten studentsshortened the college course by one Quarter, byreason of their high rank in scholarship. Eightwere elected to membership in the Phi BetaKappa fraternity.The invitation of the University of Wisconsinto the University of Chicago to send representatives to the celebration, in June, 1904, of thesemi-centennial of its founding, has been accepted, and the following representatives havebeen appointed to attend : the President of theUniversity; Professor Thomas C. Chamberlin,Head of the Department of Geology and formerly President of the University of Wisconsin ;Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, of the Department of Geology and Head of the Departmentof Geography; Professor Charles R. Barnes,of the Department of Botany; and ProfessorGeorge L. Hendrickson, of the Department ofLatin. The last three were also formerly connected with the faculty of the University ofWisconsin.In a recent press contribution from Paris isthe following extremely complimentary reference to an article in the November (1903)issue of the University Record on "GastonParis: The Scholar and the Man," written byAssociate Professor T. Atkinson Jenkins, ofthe Department of Romance Languages andLiteratures: "French literary men have beenhighly gratified by the flattering sketch devotedto the memory of Gaston Paris in the Universityof Chicago Record, which has been widelycommented on in Paris, and which has warmedthe kindly feeling always existing among literary people toward the University of Chicago.382 UNIVERSITY RECORDBrunetiere, Paris's friend and possible successor, was particularly touched by the tributepaid to the dead professor, and a new sympathy for American literature has been awakened."In the March issue of the American Journalof Sociology appears the second contribution byGeorge Simmel on "The Sociology of Conflict," translated by Professor Albion W.Small, the editor. Mr. Small has also a third" Note on Ward's ' Pure Sociology'," and anappreciation of Dr. Albert Schaffle as a sociologist. There appears in the same numberan abstract of an address on " Spencer, theMan," given at the Herbert Spencer MemorialMeeting by Professor George E. Vincent, of theDepartment of Sociology. Mr. Howard Wood-head, who received his Bachelor's degree fromthe University in 1900, and also did work fortwo years as a graduate student, makes a secondcontribution on the subject of "The First German Municipal Exposition." The three full-page illustrations add much interest to thearticle.THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THEWINTER QUARTER, 1904.During the Winter Quarter, 1904, there has beenadded to the library of the University a total number of3,840 volumes, from the following sources :Books added by purchase, 2,273 volumes, distributedas follows :Anatomy, 20 vols. ; Anthropology, 4 vols. ; Astronomy (Yerkes), 6 vols.; Bacteriology, 27 vols.; Biology,159 vols.; Botany, 5 vols.; Church History, 75 vols.;Chemistry, 4 vols. ; Classical, 2 vols. ; Commerce andAdministration, 15 vols.; Comparative Religion, 4 vols.;Dano-Norwegian and Swedish Theological Seminaries,19 vols. ; Embryology, 3 vols. ; English, 28 vols. ; General Library, 126 vols.; Geography, 21 vols.; Geology,9 vols. ; German, 87 vols. ; Greek 25 vols. ; History, 225vols. ; History of Art, 66 vols. ; Latin, 21 vols. ; Latinand Greek, 2 vols.; Law School, 159 vols.; Literaturein English, 1 vol. ; Mathematics, 24 vols. ; Morgan ParkAcademy, 30 vols. ; Neurology, 28 vols. ; New Testament, 16 vols. ; Paleontology, 8 vols. ; Pathology, 6 vols. ;Pedagogy, 57 vols. ; Philosophy, 93 vols. ; Physics, 47 vols. ; Physiological Chemistry, 33 vols. ; Physiology, 12vols. ; Political Economy, 67 vols. ; Political Science, 55,vols. ; Public Speaking, 5 vols. ; Romance, 353 vols. ;Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 1 7 vols. ; School ofEducation, 195 vols. ; Semitic, 25 vols. ; Sociology, 29vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 11 vols.; Systematic Theology, 32 vols.; Zoology, 17 vols.Books added by exchange for University Publications,.577 volumes, distributed as follows :Astronomy (Yerkes), 1 vol.; Botany, 35 vols.;Church History, 28 vols. ; Comparative Religion, 3 vols. -rGeneral Library, 363 vols. ; Geography, 2 vols. ; Geology,22 vols. ; History, 1 vol. ; Homiletics, 4 vols. ; NewTestament, 36 vols. ; Pedagogy, 1 1 vols. ; Philosophy, 3vols. ; Physics, 2 vols. ; Political Economy, 7 vols. ;School of Education, 1 vol. ; Semitic, 12 vols. ; Sociology,34 vols. ; Systematic Theology, 1 1 vols. ; Zoology, 1 vol.During the Quarter just ended there have been addedto the Library of the University of Chicago by gift 990volumes, distributed as follows :General Library, 622 vols. ; Anatomy, 1 vol. ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 2 vols.; Astronomy (Yerkes), 7 vols.;Bacteriology, 2 vols. ; Biology, 8 vols. ; Botany, 4 vols. ;Church History, 2 vols.; Chemistry, 1 vol.; Commerceand Administration, 17 vols.; Divinity, 2 vols.; English,4 vols.; Geography, 22 vols.; Geology, 10 vols.; German, 2 vols. ; Greek, 1 vol. ; History, 65 vols. ; Historyof Art, 45 vols.; Latin, 2 vols.; Law School, 1 vol. ;iviathematics, 52 vols. ; Pathology, 1 vol. ; Pedagogy, 9vols. ; Philosophy, 6 vols. ; Physics, 1 vol. ; PhysiologicalChemistry, 1 vol. ; Physiology, 1 vol. ; Political Economy, 39 vols. ; Political Science, 39 vols. ; Romance, 4vols. ; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 1 vol. ; Schoolof Education, 8 vols.; Semitics, 2 vols.; Sociology, 3vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol.; Zoology, 2 vols.SPECIAL GIFTS.Mr. C. R. Henderson: 24 vols, and 52 pamphlets,miscellaneous.Mr. J. L. J^aughlin: 61 vols, and 243 pamphlets,miscellaneous.Mr. F. W. Shepardson: 19 vols, and 267 pamphlets,periodicals, and miscellaneous.Mr. C. E. Merriam: 7 vols., state documents.Mr. Michel Breal : 7 vols., French literature.Mr. Henry Phipps : 43 vols., history of art.Mr. Archer M. Huntington : 4 vols., reprints of earlySpanish works.American Book Co. : 28 vols., text-books.iviacmillan Co. : 1 2 vols., text-books.Australian government: 12 vols., documents.United States government: 163 vols., documents.Straits Settlement: 21 vols., reports.UNIVERSITY RECORD 383West Publishing Co.: 9 vols., law books.Michigan tish Commission: 8 vols., reports.Massachusetts Highway Commission: 5 vols., reports.Ministero delle Finanze Italy: 10 vols., documents.APPOINTMENT TO FELLOWSHIPS, APRIL 1, 1904.Note. — £1) Further appointments will be made at anearly date. (2) The name of the appointee is followedby that of the institution at which the Baccalaureatedegree was obtained, the department in which the appointment is made, and the state in which the appointeeresides. (3) In each case in which more than threeappointments are made for one Department, either thereis a special fellowship for that Department, or the stipendfor some appointees is reduced, or there is no stipend.Abbott, Edith, University of Nebraska, Political Economy,Nebraska.Abbott, George Alonzo, DePauw University, Chemistry,Indiana.Allin, Frederick Madison, University of California, Physiology, California.Allison, William Henry, Harvard University, ChurchHistory, Massachusetts.Barber, John Raymond, University of Oregon, Pathology,Oregon.Baumgartner, William Jacob, Kansas State University,Zoology, Kansas.Beck, William Porter, Denison University, Physics, Ohio.Beifus, Joseph, University of Chicago, Germanic, Illinois.Bestor, Arthur Eugene, University of Chicago, History,Wisconsin.Bondurant, Bernard Camillus, Hampden-Sidney College,Latin, Virginia.Bramhall, Frederick Dennison, University of Chicago,Political Science, Illinois.Branson, Edwin Bayer, University of Kansas, Paleontology, Kansas.Bretz, Julian Pleasant, William Jewell College, History,Missouri.Burwell, Leslie Moulthrop, Harvard University, BiblicalGreek, Illinois.Calhoun, Alexander, Queen's University, Greek, Canada.Cardiff, Ira Detrich, Knox College, Botany, Illinois.Carr, Harvey, University of Colorado, Philosophy, Indiana.Carr, Wilbert Lester, Drake University, Latin, Iowa.Castro, Matilde, University of Chicago, Philosophy, Illinois.Chamberlin, Rollin Thomas, University of Chicago,Geology, Illinois.Clark, Wayland Blair, Denison University, Chemistry,Ohio.Clifford, Oliver C, Oberlin College, Physics, China.Covington, David A., Wake Forest College, Greek, NorthCarolina. Crocker, William, University of Illinois, Botany, Illinois.Day, Edna Daisy, University of Michigan, HouseholdAdministration, Illinois.Day, Dudley Watson, University of Chicago, Bacteriology,Iowa.Evans, William Lloyd, Ohio State University, Chemistry,Ohio.Ferguson, William Duncan, Oberlin College, BiblicalGreek, Canada.Frazer, Andrew Little, Brown University, Church History, New Jersey.Goettsch, Charles, University of Chicago, Germanic, Iowa.Goettsch, Emil, University of Chicago, Anatomy, Iowa.Goettsch, Henry Max, University of Iowa, Chemistry,Illinois.Griffin, Frank Laxley, University of Chicago, Astronomy,Kansas.Hamburger, Walter Wile, University of Chicago, Physiology, Illinois.Hamilton, Ira Calvert, University of Indiana, PoliticalScience, Indiana.Hilpert, Willis Stose, University of Chicago, Chemistry,Illinois.Howard, Earl Dean, University of Chicago, PoliticalEconomy, Illinois.Jenkins, Perry Wilson, Miami University, Astronomy,Iowa.Jones, Lynds, Oberlin College, Zoology, Ohio.Kay, George Frederick, University of Toronto, Geology,Canada.Kauffman, Calvin Henry, Harvard University, Botany,New York.Kenyon, John Samuel, Hiram College, English, Ohio.Kirk, Edwin Garvey, University of Chicago, Anatomy,Ohio.Krehbiel, Edward Benjamin, University of Kansas, History, Kansas.Lauck, William Jett, Washington and Lee University,Political Economy, West Virginia.Lennes, Nels Johan, University of Chicago, Mathematics,Minnesota.Manwaring, Wilfred Hamilton, University of Michigan,Pathology, Minnesota.Matson, George Charlton, Doane College, Geology, Illinois.McGee, Clyde, University of Michigan, Church History,Michigan.Melton, George Lane, University of Chicago, History,Illinois.Mercier, Louis Joseph, St. Ignatius College, Romance,Illinois.Moore, Robert Lee, University of Texas, Mathematics,Texas.Nelson, Roy Batchelder, University of Chicago, Sanskrit,Wisconsin.Newman, Horatio Hackett, University of Toronto,Zoology, Canada.Feaks, Mary Bradford, University of Chicago, Latin,Illinois.384 UNIVERSITY RECORDPease, Samuel James, Northwestern University, Greek,Illinois.Posey, Chessley Justin, University of Illinois, Geography,Illinois.Ranson, Stephen Walter, University of Chicago, Neurology, Minnesota.Reed, Albert Granberry, Vanderbilt University, English,Texas.Rees, Kelley, Leland Stanford University, Greek, Tennessee.Schlesinger, Hermann Irving, University of Chicago,Chemistry, Wisconsin.Sharman, Abbie Mary Lyon, University of Wooster, English, Illinois.Sharman, Henry Burton, University of Toronto, BiblicalGreek, Canada.Shaw, Arthur Wynne, Yale University, Philosophy, Illinois.Shepard, John Frederick, St. Lawrence University, Philosophy, Michigan.Sills, Milton, University of Chicago, Philosophy, Illinois. Smith, Warren DuPre, University of Wisconsin, Geology,California.Sprott, Robert James, University of Toronto, Romance,Canada.Stephens, Thomas Calderwood, Kansas State University,Zoology, Kansas.Stillhamer, Arthur Grant, Illinois Wesleyan University,Physics, Illinois.Taylor, George Coffin, South Carolina College, English,South Carolina.Towle, Elizabeth, Bryn Mawr College, Physiology, NewYork.Ullman, Berthold Louis, University of Chicago, Latin,Illinois.Weidensall, Clara Jean, Vassar College, Philosophy,Nebraska.Wilson, Norman Richard, University of Toronto, Mathematics, Canada.Woods, Erville Bartlett, Beloit College, Sociology, Wisconsin.Yoshioka, Ghen-ichiro, Northwestern University, Sanskrit, Japan.Lectures on Commerce340 pp., 3<vo, cloth. Net, $1.50; postpaid, $1.62ONE of the most important books that has appeared of late in the fieldof commercial education is Lectures on Commerce, a series of sixteenaddresses delivered before the College of Commerce and Administration in the University of Chicago. The reciprocal interest of businessmen in education,, and of educated men in business, is strikingly apparentin the list of lecturers and of subjects in this book. Leading business mendiscuss the most pressing problems of business life in an entertaining andinstructive manner, giving the reader much information that usually isacquired only through long business experience. Railways, Trade andIndustry, Banking and Insurance, are the general heads, and under theseare grouped the following names and subjects :J. Laurence Laughlin Higher Commercial EducationA. W. Sullivan Railway Management and OperationGeorge G. Tunell Railway Mail Service : A Historical SketchE. D. Kenna Railway ConsolidationLuis JACKSON Railways as Factors in Industrial DevelopmentPaul Morton Some Railway ProblemsFranklin H. Head The Steel IndustryH. F. J. Porter The History of the Art of ForgingA. C. Bartlett At WholesaleJOHN Lee Mahin The Commercial Value of AdvertisingDORR A. Kimball The Credit Department of Modern BusinessH. K. Brooks Foreign ExchangeJames H. Eckels The Comptroller of the CurrencyThe Methods of BankingD. R. Forgan InvestmentsA. F. Dean Fire InsuranceSentence extracts from reviews of the hook"We have no hesitation in commending this volume as a really valuable handbook." —The Outlook,"This is a book of unusual interest and great practical value."— Saint Paul Pioneer."One of the most informing books ever put out by a university." — Chicago Daily News."These papers make most interesting and instructive reading." — The Dial."The volume is of special interest and will be found of practical value to railway men,economists, investors, and commercial educators." — The Railway Age."The book contains much that will be of value to the young man seeking to improvehis knowledge of the subjects treated." — Pittsburg Times."This volume is of unusual interest, and the lectures are on subjects of value to economists, railroad men, investors, and commercial educators." — The Courier Journal (ofLouisville).At all booksellers, or order direct fromThe University of Chicago TressCHICAGO, ILLINOISDiary and LettersWilhelm MullerThe diary and letters reproduced in this volume were found by Prof. Max Muller, theeminent son of the great poet, among hismother's papers. This book is especiallyvaluable because until recently so little wasknown of the personality of Wilhelm Muller.Edited by Philip Schuyler Allen, The University of Chicago, andJames Taft Hatfield, Northwestern University, with explanatory notesand a biographical index. Pp. 202, i2mo, cloth; net, $1.25, postpaid $1.33.Modern Language BooksReprints from tHe first Series of tHe Decennial Publications of tHe University of Chicago4TO, PAPEROn the Text of Chaucer's Parlement of Concerning the Hodern German Rela=Foules. With diagrams. By Eleanor tives, "Das" and ••Was," in ClausesPrescott Hammond. 26 pp. Net, 50 cents; Dependent upon Substantivized Ad=postpaid, 53 cents. jectives. By Starr Willard Cutting.22 pp. Net, 25 cents; postpaid, 28 cents.The Treatment of Nature in the Works^ JS ^. ' \ ' \ „ „of Nikolaus Lenau. An Essay in In= Studies in Popular Poetry. By Philipterpretation. ByCAMiLLovoNKLENZE. 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