THEUniversity RecordOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOFOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERVol. VIII DECEMBER, 1903 No. 8CONVOCATION NUMBERCONTENTS223224AN INTERIOR VIEW OF THE LEON MANDELASSEMBLY HALL (frontispiece) -INTRODUCTION OF THE CONVOCATIONORATOR, by James B. Forgan, Esq.CONVOCATION ADDRESS: UTHE POLITICALCLEAVAGE OF NORTH AMERICA," by theHonorable George W. Ross, Premier of OntarioTHE PRESIDENT'S QUARTERLY STATEMENT ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY -------- 239AN INTERIOR VIEW OF HUTCHINSON HALL(full-page illustration) 247ADDRESSES AT THE FORMAL- OPENING OFTHE TOWER GROUP OF BUILDINGS :HUTCHINSON HALL, by Albion WoodburySmall ------.- 247MITCHELL TOWER, by Richard Green Moul-ton 248MAIN STAIRCASE OF THE REYNOLDS CLUBHOUSE (full -page illustration) - - - 249THE REYNOLDS CLUB HOUSE, by GeorgeEdgar Vincent 249THE LEON MANDEL ASSEMBLY HALL, byHarry Pratt Judson 249 NEW COURSES OF LECTURES ON AMERICANTRADE WITH EUROPE, by Dr. Ernest L.Harris 250250PRESIDENT HARPER'S DECENNIAL REPORTPLAYS PRESENTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO DRAMATIC CLUB IN LEON MAN-DEL HALL 251CLASSES FOR BIBLE STUDENTS IN THEYOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONTHE ANNUAL HOME CONCERT OF THE UNIVERSITY GLEE AND MANDOLIN CLUBS -PRESIDENT HARPER AT A MEETING OF THEEASTERN ALUMNI OF THE UNIVERSITYTHE FIRST CONCERT BY THE THOMAS ORCHESTRA IN LEON MANDEL ASSEMBLYHALL - 252253RESULT OF THE FINALS IN DEBATE -THE WOMAN'S ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONWINNERS OF THE FERDINAND PECK PRIZESTHE FACULTIES 254THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FORTHE AUTUMN QUARTER, 1903 - - - 257253253254254PUBLISHED MONTHLY BYGbe IHnivereitp of ChicagoANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION SINGLE COPIESONE DOLLAR ENTERED AT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER TEN CENTS-11W eJ a"re 2a |W SH 1a i7. 1O ,=W 1=J |a 'Su =H |ol*3w .5g iS5;w tH *SB *(S<VOLUME VIII NUMBER 8University RecordDECEMBER, 1903THE FORTY-NINTH UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION.INTRODUCTION OF THE CONVOCATION ORATOR.BY JAMES B. FORGAN, ESQ.,President of the First National Bank, Chicago.The gentleman who will address you tonighthas a reputation as an orator, a statesman andan educationist which has been recognized farbeyond the confines of his native Canada.It has been said of him as an orator that " heis almost without a superior in the parliamentseither of his country or the church." In Canadahe holds a firm place in public affection as askilful orator, combining in an unusual degreefact and fancy, humor and sentiment. Thesegreat oratorical gifts of his have always been atthe service of good causes, both political andsocial. At general elections in Ontario of lateyears there has been no more powerful influencethan one of his brilliant orations.His advocacy of the great temperance causehas secured for him honorable recognitionamong the sons of temperance in Canada.His parliamentary career dates back to 1872when he was elected as a Liberal to representWest Middlesex, his native county, in the Houseof Commons, which constituency he continuedto represent until 1883, when he was called intothe Ontario provincial government as ministerof education, a portfolio for which his previoustraining and experience had eminently fittedhim, and in which for many years he did yeoman's service. He has been in the forefront ofevery general election of the last score of years ; and at least two of these have hinged upon hisstrong and aggressively energetic administration of the education department. In 1899 nebecame premier of Ontario, relinquishing hislong association with the educational interestsof the province and assuming charge of its finances. As premier he has proved himself a manof the times, a keen observer of popular sentiment, and has taken an active personal interestin the movements and spirit of the age. One ofthe more prominent features of his politicalleadership has been his connection with themovement for the imperial consolidation of theBritish empire. In this connection his addressthis evening may be of special interest to us, inview of the aspirations of some of us for a closerconnection with Canada. Another is the energetic way he has undertaken the task of developing New Ontario, that vast region of territory which had been added to the area of theprovince by his distinguished predecessor, SirOliver Mowat. The solitudes of New Ontariowere crying out for their share of the commonadvancement. Mr. Ross saw his opportunity,and with swift intelligence and unerring judgment took it. Within three years this vast newsection of the province was transformed. Capital and population poured into the country,industries were established, cities were built,townships were populated, and the foundationswere firmly laid of a prosperity that was feltall over the province.223224 UNIVERSITY BE COBBAs an educationist the gentleman's career hasbeen equally interesting and successful. Itcommenced at the age of sixteen, when hetaught school, after receiving a first-class countyboard certificate. Later he took a course at thenormal school, Toronto, and in 1871 secured afirst-class provincial certificate. Later he matriculated in law at Albert University, graduated with the degree of LL.B. in 1883, and wascalled to the bar in 1887. In 1871 he was appointed inspector of public schools for thecounty of Lambton, and has ever since beenprominent in educational matters, having hada molding hand in the present educational system of Ontario. He took a leading part in theestablishment of county model schools, prepareda syllabus of lectures for their direction, andwas for a time inspector of those institutions.For four years he was a member of the CentralCommittee of Examiners. Among the reformshe secured were uniformity of text-books andthe limitation of normal schools to professionalwork.He was for a time interested in journalism,having at different times edited three differentjournals. He has also contributed extensivelyto literature, among his works being the biography of the late Hon. Alexander Mackenzie,the " Grand Old Man " of Canada, a History ofthe Ontario School System, a Report of theSchools of England and Germany, and PatrioticRecitations. He was also chairman of the committee to prepare the history of Canada for theschools.He has been extensively honored by the universities for his eminence as a publicist. Theuniversity of my native town, St. Andrews, theoldest in Scotland, in 1888 conferred upon himthe degree of LL.D. In 1892 the Victoria University, and in 1894 Toronto University, conferred upon him similar honors.Such is a short sketch of the career of thegentleman who is about to address you. In hisown country such an introduction would be entirely unnecessary; but here where we arestrenuously engaged in our own affairs andin watching the careers of our own great men,it has seemed fitting thus to place his careerbefore you to prepare you for what you willnow get.I have much pleasure in introducing theHonorable George W. Ross, premier of Ontario, who will now address you on " ThePolitical Cleavage of North America."THE POLITICAL CLEAVAGE OF NORTH AMERICA*BY THE HONORABLE GEORGE W. ROSS,Premier of Ontario.In my observations this evening I proposeconsidering the causes which led to the divisionof the North American continent between thetwo nations by which it is now so happily occupied in friendly rivalry for the promotion ofindustrial prosperity and good government.By right of discovery, North America wasfor many years in the divided possession ofSpain, France, and Great Britain. By the conquest of Canada France lost all her possessionsin America except Louisiana and a few islandsin the Gulf of St. Lawrence. SubsequentlySpain and France sold their possessions to theUnited States, which practically left GreatBritain and the United States sole occupants ofthe continent. It is my purpose to show howthis division of the continent has been ever sincemaintained amidst the conflicting interests ofEuropean and Amercan diplomacy.My narrative begins with the capture of Quebec in 1759 and the transfer of the French possessions to the British crown. By this transferBritish statesmen were confronted with a problem in colonial government entirely new tothem. To the south of the newly acquired territory there lay, between the Atlantic and theAlleghanies, a strip of territory some seventeendelivered on the occasion of the Forty-Ninth Con-vocation of the University, held in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December 22, 1903.UNIVERSITY RECORD 225hundred miles long, occupied chiefly by peopleof British origin, possessing a large measureof self-government, and enjoying a degree ofprosperity which was constantly attracting freshsettlers from the motherland. Though moredemocratic in their ideas of government thantheir fellow-subjects in the old land, and thoughfree from many of the civil and religious disabilities so oppressive then, and in some respectsoppressive still, they were quite contented withtheir colonial relationship to the mother-country,and might have continued so, no one can tellhow long, had their rights of self-governmentbeen respected. They were British by origin,by education, and by sentiment, and there wasno good reason for any change in their colonialstatus. The people who occupied Canada on thenorth had nothing in common with the southern colonists. Their laws, language, and religion, were different ; and if they were to becomeBritish subjects in effect as well as in name,they had to be reconciled to new conditions ofcivil polity and to a government which theynaturally disliked and distrusted. To hold themin subjection by force of arms, though shelteredby the ramparts of Quebec, was not consideredthe best way of securing their confidence ; and,accordingly, with a liberality strangely in contrast with the treatment accorded its subjects inthe thirteen colonies, the British governmentadopted a policy of conciliation toward theFrench Canadians, the effect of which will bemore clearly seen at a later stage of my narrative. The most striking features of that policywere :i. The free exercise of the Roman Catholicreligion.2. The right to exact tithes of their ownpeople for the support of the Roman Catholicchurch.3. Exemption from the Supremacy Act ofQueen Elizabeth, by which Roman Catholics inGreat Britain were excluded from office. 4. The continuation of French laws as toproperty and civil rights.5. The continuation of the feudal system,which to the French seigniors of the day wasa matter of great moment.6. The promise of a council, composed ofsuch men as the governor-general might appoint, for purposes of local administration.Such a policy, so conciliatory in its spirit,went a great way, as might naturally be expected, to reconcile the subjects of New Franceto the sovereignty of Great Britain. Anyone,therefore, who could look over the North American continent in 1763, the date of the Treaty ofParis, might say that the prospects of a Britishcolonial empire of colossal proportions were asbright as the most vivid imagination coulddesire. With the exception of Louisiana, Florida, and the Spanish and Russian possessionson the west coast, Britain was the sole occupantof North America. Her subjects — French,English, and Dutch — were imbued with thatspirit of enterprise characteristic of the adventurer and the pioneer. In overcoming thedifficulties of early settlement amidst the. terrorsof wild beasts and wilder aborigines, they hadacquired a spirit of self-reliance and independence peculiar to themselves. Proud of the landfrom which they sprang, they transferred itsinstitutions to their new home, adapting them tothe changed conditions of their more primitiveways of life. Little did they think that theyshould be forced to forego their allegiance tothe king, in order to preserve these institutionsfrom destruction.But a change was at hand. The expenditureof the mother-country in the great continentalwars of the period, and in the establishment anddefense of her colonial possessions, had becomeso oppressive that relief was sought in measures for the taxation of her colonies in NorthAmerica. True, the colonies were not partiesto these wars; they were not consulted as totheir purpose or utility ; but they shared in the226 UNIVERSITY RECORDg\ory which they brought to the nation, and sothey should bear a reasonable share of the burdens which they involved. So, at least, arguedthe great jurist, Lord Mansfield; so thoughtthe majority of the Lords and Commons of theday, in spite of the remonstrance of Burke andthe eloquent appeal of Lord Chatham. But thecolonies thought otherwise, and expressed theirobjections by a significant disregard of customs-regulations and the authority of British officers,and finally by a grand remonstrance, known asthe Declaration of Rights, drawn up in Philadelphia in 1774, which was afterwards accentuated by the Declaration of Independence on theFourth of July, 1776.Now, it is rather a strange circumstance inthe history of this continent that the Declaration of Rights, which laid the foundation of theAmerican republic, practically laid the foundation of the Dominion of Canada. If this statement is historically true, we can claim a sharein the pride you feel in that memorable gathering out of which has sprung your great republic,with its wonderful record of democracy andachievement. Let us examine the validity ofthis statement.The call to the first Continental Congress in1774 was responded to by all the North American colonies, excepting Georgia and Canada. Ihave not seen any good reason why Canadadid not appear there. It might have been onaccount of the difficulties of transportation, orbecause the French Canadians, who were accustomed to taxation under the French government prior to the conquest of 1759, did notobject to the Stamp Act. But it is not to theabsence of representatives from Canada that Idesire to call attention, but rather to the objections taken by the Congress to the concessionsmade by Great Britain to the French Canadiansby the Quebec Act of 1774. After reciting thegrievances from which the colonists sufferedunder the misgovernment of his majesty'sministers, the congress denounced the conces sions made to the French Canadians alreadyreferred to, but more especially the provisionsof the Quebec Act of 1774. This act they characterized as an actwhich recognized the Catholic religion, abolished theequitable jurisdiction of England, and, ignoring the antagonistic faith of the old colonies, their laws and government, set up civil and spiritual tyranny in Canada tothe great danger of the neighboring provinces whichhad so much aided Britain to conquer our country. Norcan we suppress our astonishment that a British parliament should ever consent to establish in that colony areligion that often drenched your island in blood anddisseminated impiety, bigotry, persecution, murder, andrebellion throughout every part of the world.This was the fly in the pot of ointment. Thedenunciation of the privileges conceded to theFrench Canadians, and particularly of their religion, in such specific and forcible terms, couldnot fail to restrain any desire they might haveto throw off their allegiance to Great Britain.On the one hand, they had the guarantee ofperfect security in the enjoyment of their civiland religious rights by a solemn treaty subsequently embodied in an act of the British Parliament; on the other hand, they were called toengage in a revolt against British authority,the results of which were, to say the least, uncertain, and against a system of taxation theconstitutional incidence of which gave them noconcern. Between the privileges they enjoyed,to which the honor of the British governmentwas pledged, and the doubtful results of revolt,the choice they made was not to be greatlywondered at. Under the British flag they hadsome assurance that their religion and theirlaws would be respected ; under the flag of thethirteen colonies both their religion and theirlaws were denounced as incompatible with liberty and good government. In all other respectstheir sympathy would naturally be with therevolutionary party, if it were only as a relieffrom the sovereignty of Great Britain whichwas forced upon them by the capture of Quebec; and had they joined with the other colo-UNIVERSITY RECORD 227nies, French Canada would no doubt have beenincluded in the treaty of 1782 as one of thestates of the American republic ; and if FrenchCanada had gone, probably with it would havegone Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and all thatportion of Canada now forming the province ofOntario, as far west as the head waters of theMississippi. Am I not right, therefore, in saying that the Congress of 1774, which was thebirthplace of this great republic, was practically,though unintentionally, the birthplace of theDominion of Canada?The next step in the cleavage of the continentwas the expulsion from the United States atthe close of the Revolutionary War of that section of the people who claimed that all theirwrongs could be redressed by constitutionalmethods without separation from the empire,and who were afterwards known as "UnitedEmpire Loyalists." I shall not discuss the motives which led them to resist the revolutionarymovement of the day, nor the motives for theirexpulsion. In some cases their conduct towardthe revolutionary party was probably as inexcusable as the treatment which they themselvesreceived. Perhaps it wras feared that if theyremained in the country they would fomentrebellion and resist the new government whichwas about to be formed. Suffice it to say that,either for reasons of state, or in a spirit ofretaliation, thousands were forced to leave theirhomes and their possessions in the UnitedStates to begin life over again under the usualconditions of hardship incident to the adventurous pioneer. Under, these circumstances, it isnot surprising that they carried with them aspirit of intense hostility to the country fromwhich they were exiled, and at the same timeof gratitude to the government that shelteredthem and as far as practicable endeavored torecompense them for their losses and sufferings.Speaking of the effect of the expulsion of theloyalists from the United States, ProfessorGoldwin Smith says : The loyalist exiles peopled Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Upper Canada with enemies of the new republic ; and if a power hostile to the republic should everbe formed under European influence in the north of thecontinent, the Americans will owe it to their ancestorswho refused amnesty to the vanquished in the Civil War.If the objection taken to the concession madeto the French Canadians may be considered asthe first step in the establishment of the Dominion of Canada, the expulsion of the UnitedEmpire Loyalists may very properly be considered as the second, and perhaps equally important in the establishment of British institutionsin direct antagonism to the republican institutions founded by the thirteen colonies. Onecan readily understand how men like the Puritan fathers, who gave up lands and possessionsfor the faith that was in them, would transmitto their posterity the spirit by which they wereactuated in making such extraordinary sacrifices — a spirit which no doubt was not infrequently mingled with resentment against theiroppressors. And so to the French Canadian,who had not forgotten the remonstrance of1774, is added the United Empire Loyalist, whohad not forgotten his expulsion in 1783. Thesetwo events form the groundwork of the continental cleavage which I set out to consider.The next problem with which British statesmen had to deal was the confirmation of theCanadian colonies in loyalty to the mother-country. They were very near to the republicjust organized; were they not in danger ofbeing influenced to demand concessions fromthe British Parliament, which would be incompatible with British connection? The government of France was the ally of the thirteencolonies in their revolt ; would not France comealso to the rescue of the Canadians if theyhoisted the revolutionary flag? Was the newrepublic prepared to admit them to the unionwithout any curtailment of their civil and religious privileges, or would Britain extend theseprivileges so that in all respects they wouldpossess as near as may be the same privileges228 UNIVERSITY RECORDunder a colonial government as they couldhope to receive under the government of theUnited States? These were no doubt some ofthe questions which British statesmen askedwith some anxiety. And here again, as. at theconquest of Quebec, a policy of conciliationwas adopted, and an effort made to show theCanadians that colonial government was notincompatible with allegiance to Britain, and thatevery privilege of citizenship that a republiccould confer was attainable under British rule.Anything short, however, of a voice in theadministration of their own affairs, it was quiteevident, would not restrain the animosity withwhich the French Canadians regarded Britishauthority. They had outgrown military ruleand military courts and the administration ofthe country through a council not of their ownchoice. And so the desired relief was grantedby the concession of a new constitution, knownas the Constiutional Act of 1791, by which alltheir former privileges were reaffirmed, withthe additional privilege of a parliament to whichthey could send the representatives of theirchoice, who would presumably govern themaccording to their own conceptions of legislation, propriety, and necessity. And here permit me to notice that, no doubt fearing thebuoyant republicanism of the seceding colonies,the British government held its hand firmlyupon its Canadian subjects lest they should become too democratic and too independent of themother-country. This control was exercised inthree ways :1. Over each province the British government appointed a lieutenant-governor, who hadthe right to Veto the legislation of the assembly,as your state governors have.2. The upper chamber, or what is in thiscountry called the senate, of the province wasappointed directly by the crown, with the powerof refusing its consent to legislation passed bythe lower house, or the legislative assembly,as it was called. 3. The military control of the country remained with the imperial authorities, as did thecollection of customs and the post-office, withthe proviso that the receipts from these sourcesshould be applied to the payment of the civilservice, thus rendering the civil service ofthe provinces independent of the legislativeassembly.Limited as were the concessions of the newconstitution, it was accepted by the people ofCanada for many years as liberal enough forall practical purposes. At all events, it suppressed the rising disaffection against themother-country and acted as a check upon anylatent desire for annexation with their neighbors to the south. The French Canadians, whofor generations acknowledged the sovereigntyof France, became reconciled to British institutions. The British immigrant, who made Canada his home, rejoiced in the possession of thelarger freedom of a government in which hehad a voice and the policy of which he coulddirect according to his own conception of citizenship and civil rights. It was, therefore, nolonger a question with them whether theirneighbors to the south enjoyed a greater measure of liberty than they enjoyed. They werefreemen, as they understood freedom. Morethan that, they felt they were trustees, for theBritish government, of the land they occupied,cind that it was their duty to resent any reflections upon their constitution and to repel anyattack upon their political integrity. And so,when Great Britain and the United States wentto war in 18 12, all appeals to the Canadians toforswear their allegiance were made in vain.That Canadians should resent the invasion oftheir country because of a quarrel in which theyhad no concern, and for which they were in nosense responsible, was to be expected. Evenif they had harbored a secret longing for republicanism, they could not be expected toentertain much regard for its methods amidstthe carnage of the battlefield or the ruins ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 229their burning towns and cities. Moreover,they felt that the conquest of Canada was atleast one of the motives which led to the ruptureof amicable relations with Great Britain, andevery sentiment of heredity and loyalty demanded that they should not submit willinglyto a change of government. I dwell upon thisepisode — painful though it is — because of itseffect upon the political physiography of thecontinent. We should be less Canadian in sentiment than we are, had we not made thesacrifices demanded of us by the war of 1812;and it is possible we should be less attached toGreat Britain than we are, had she not defendedus as gallantly as she did. And while we harbor no resentment, and must not, using thewords of your great poet, James Russell Lowell,"attempt the Future's portal with the Past'sblood-rusted key," we cannot, in the light ofhistory, but admit that the diplomacy which ledto the War of 18 12 contributed not a little tothe formation of a Canadian nationality and tothat political cleavage of the North Americancontinent which we find has become moremarked than it was at the close of the Revolutionary War.Following the War of 1812, during a periodof perhaps forty or fifty years, the people onboth sides of the line appear to have been fully.occupied with the settlement of their wild lands,the development of their manufactures, the construction of railways, and the various social andpolitical problems which in the natural courseof events arise in progressive communities andin popular assemblies. In the evolution ofgovernment attachments were formed for theinstitutions which they created; and in manycases it was not so much a question whetherrepublican or monarchical methods were better,but rather a question of preference for methodsto which the people had been accustomed.Though the voice of the social and politicalreformer was not entirely hushed, the vigor ofhis tones was to a certain extent subdued by that conservative spirit which comes with widerexperience and with riper years. The prosperity which accompanied the phenomenal energyof the American citizen, even at that time,deepened his convictions that republicanism hadexceptional virtues. The comfort and securitywhich Canadians felt under the protecting handof Great Britain increased their confidence inthe advantages of colonial self-government. Inyour case as well as in ours there were, doubtless, wrongs to be removed, but the power ofremoval lay with the two peoples respectively.Strange as it may appear, some of what youmight call the anomalies of the early constitution of Canada were among its greatest safeguards. Let me mention a few :1. As I have already said, the French Canadians were allowed to retain, in a great measure, the institutions they enjoyed at the time ofthe conquest, such as the use of the Frenchlanguage in the courts of law and in the parliaments of the province. Rightly or wrongly,they felt that annexation to the United Stateswould deprive them of this privilege.2. The Roman Catholics, whether English-or French-speaking, had been allowed a systemof state separate schools, distinct from the public-school system, which was either Protestantor undenominational. These they could notretain under the American system of publicschools, wThere religious creeds had no preference.3. The Anglican church, always influential,and a certain section of the Presbyterian church,were recognized as the established church ofCanada, with large endowments from the publicdomain. The Catholic church was also allowedto impose tithes, as in France, upon its ownsupporters. These were privileges which, itwas considered, would certainly be withdrawnin the. event of a change of allegiance.4. The attitude of the British governmenton the question of negro slavery was reflectedin the press and public sentiment of Canada.230 UNIVERSITY RECORDTo unite with a nation that recognized negroslavery would be a recognition of negro servitude, for the abolition of which England hadtaxed herself $20,000,000 sterling.I do not wish it to be assumed that in regardto all these questions the attitude of the countrywas theoretically correct. Yet one can readilysee how a conservative element like that fostered under an established church in the oldland, and a religious element so alert as thatwhich has guided the action of the Catholicchurch in all matters of education, developed apublic opinion hostile to the liberal tendenciesof republicanism and disposed the Canadiansmore and more to look with disfavor uponcloser relations with your young republic. Andeven when Canadians disestablished the statechurch and you abolished slavery, the reflexaction of these opinions did not lose all theirforce. True, there were many in the middle thirties who believed that Canadians were much restricted in their political privileges — who feltthat they were held too firmly in the grasp ofthe Colonial Office at London, and who distinctly avowed that, failing a relaxation of thatgrasp, coupled with large concessions in themanagement of domestic affairs, they wouldpress for a union with the United States. Andhere again, as with the passage of the Constitutional Act of 1 79 1, British statesmen recognizedthe fact that, if the Canadian colonies were tobe preserved to the crown, it could only be byminimizing interference with the administrationof Canadian affairs. And to meet this demandfor self-government the Canadian constitutionwas again amended in 1841, and the rights ofself-government as fully conceded to Canadaas if she were an independent nation, save andexcept the recognition of our colonial relationship by the acceptance of a governor-general,appointed by the crown, as our executive officer.All the privileges of responsible government,as it was understood in England, were conferred upon Canadians through this act; and if our liberties were in any way restrainedor the privileges of citizenship encroached upon, it was henceforth our own act and not theact of the British government. Whether well-governed or ill-governed, therefore, the faultwas with ourselves ; and so we were launchedupon a new career, with the power to model ourinstitutions according to our own conceptionsof liberty and good government, having beforeus, on the one hand, the British constitution,which had broadened down from " precedent toprecedent," and, on the other hand, the constitution of the United States, unfettered by traditions and unawed by the divine right of kings.It is not easy to assume that a people bound byits forms of legislation, its social customs, andits literature so closely to Great Britain wouldunconsciously evolve a public opinion distinctlyBritish and ultimately adverse, if not unfavorable, to any other form of government ? Even inthose early days Canadians began to take somepride in imperial connection and in the expansion of the British empire ; and as a result theybecame more and more attached to a monarchical form of government and less anxiousto face either the uncertainties of absolute independence or an American alliance.I now come to deal with another class of circumstances, less sentimental, but perhaps evenmore effective in extending the cleavage which Iam now discussing. It is well known to all students of political economy that at the beginningof the last century Great Britain still clung to theprotective policy by which her great trade inwoolens, cotton, and iron had practicallysecured a monopoly of the markets of the world.In order to develop trade with her colonies,she had, however, given them a preference inher own markets as against foreign goods.The most important feature of this preference,so far as Canada was concerned, related to flour,wheat, and lumber; and as a consequence theexports of these articles found their way largelyto the British market. With the repeal of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 231corn laws in 1846, these privileges were sweptaway, resulting in a financial panic in Canadawhich very soon developed into hostility to theBritish government for its disregard of Canadian interests. With the removal of the preference in the British market, and with a protectivetariff in the United States against our exports,the financial outlook was most discouraging,and public discontent began to express itself inan agitation for closer political relations withthe United States. What the result of thatagitation would have been it is now difficult tosay, were it not that Canada and the UnitedStates were brought into closer commercialrelations by the reciprocity treaty negotiatedby Lord Elgin on behalf of Great Britain, andMr. Marcy on behalf of the United States. Bythis treaty a free interchange of natural products between the two countries was agreedupon, and certain other privileges as to fishingand the navigation of the St. Lawrence and theinland lakes were conceded. This treaty wasto continue in force for a term of ten years, subject to repeal on one year's notice. Under itsoperation the trade between the two countriesgrew from $14,000,000, the year in which thetreaty was ratified, to $84,000,000, the year ofits repeal. To all appearances both countrieswere satisfied with its operation, and althoughCanadians had access to the larger market because of the larger population of the UnitedStates, it was still thought that the UnitedStates profited by the facilities which the Canadian market afforded for the purchase of suchnatural products as the United States required.But as the unexpected often happens in publicas well as in private affairs, so the unexpectedhappened with regard to the Elgin-Marcytreaty. The notice required for its repeal wasgiven by the United States in 1864, and in 1866reciprocal trade between Canada and the UnitedStates came to an end. A brief inquiry as tothe causes which led to its repeal is anotherchapter in the history of that continental cleav age which is the subject of my investigation.The long struggle for the emancipation of theslaves in the southern states, in which WilliamLloyd Garrison, Henry Ward Beecher, andWendell Phillips figured so conspicuously, wasbeginning to overshadow every other consideration, social or political ; and immediately afterthe election of Abraham Lincoln, in i860, thechampions of slavery challenged the people ofthe United States to accede to their demandsor to dissolve the union. I doubt if historyaffords another instance of such a nationalArmageddon. On the one side, in this terrible conflict, were the inalienable right of everyman to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and the autonomy of the greatest republicthe world has ever seen. On the other sidewere negro slavery, with its manacles anddegradation, and the shroud of democracy andof popular government. The struggle waswatched from Canada with intense interest,and in the war that followed we contributed34,000 men to assist in fighting the battles ofliberty and the North. Nor were the monarchies and despotisms of Europe uninterestedspectators, as the overthrow of the republicwould be a confirmation of their right to royalscepters which the accident of birth placed intheir hands. Even Great Britain, who thirtyyears before your Civil War had abolishedslavery, and who by her ships had patroled theseven seas to restrain the traffic in slaves,indulged in whispers of unmerited sympathywith the southern confederacy. But there wasone voice the nation loved to hear which neitherindifference nor cupidity could silence — thatwas the voice of John Bright, the great tribuneof the English nation. Speaking at Rochdalein 1861, he said:There may be persons in England who are jealous ofthose states ; there may be men who dislike democracy,and who hate a republic ; there may be even those whosesympathies warm toward the slave oligarchy of the South :but of this I am certain, that only misrepresentation themost gross, or calumny the most wicked, can sever the232 UNIVERSITY RECORDtie which unites the great mass of the people of thiscountry with their friends and brethren beyond the Atlantic As for me, I have but this to say : I am butone in this audience, and but one in the citizenship ofthis country ; if all other tongues are silent, mine shallspeak for that policy which gives hope to the bondmen ofthe South, and which tends to generous thoughts, andgenerous words and generous deeds, between the twogreat nations who speak the English language, and fromtheir origin are alike entitled to the English name.To these clarion notes the response of thenation was electrical, and, in spite of the secretefforts of the enemies of your republic, Britishsentiment was thereafter decidedly in favor ofthe North. But this declaration of Britishsentiment, kindly though it was, came too lateto correct the impression already formed in theUnited States that both Canada and GreatBritain would have rejoiced in the dismemberment of your republic and in the eclipse of ademocracy in which equality was the basis ofcitizenship. And when the war came to a close,when the greatest soldier of the South — General Lee — surrendered his sword to the greatest soldier of the North — General 'Grant — atAppomattox, you felt, with some show ofreason, that the future of your republic depended upon the loyalty of its own citizensrather than upon the condescension of any othernation, no matter what might have been itsprofessions of sympathy and good-will. Andso in gathering the dislocated forces of yournation together for the restoration of your commerce and the re-establishment of your industries, it was your privilege to regard withindifference all foreign interests as of secondaryconsideration. Unfortunately for us, at thetime at least, the advantages which accruedfrom the reciprocity treaty of 1854, alreadyreferred to, were felt to be a menace to yourcommerce, and unequal in the division of international profits. Unfortunately, also, in promoting its repeal, the impression was madeupon the people of Canada that other considerations than those of a purely commercial char acter actuated the Congress of the UnitedStates. Rightly or wrongly, Canadians feltthat, by the abrogation of the treaty, you hopedthat Canada would be obliged to consider termsof union with the United States, and that thebest way to bring about such union was by apolicy of non-intercourse.2 Whether mistakenor not as to the motives by which you wereactuated, certain it is that the result, for a timeat least, was very disturbing to Canadian commerce. Shut out, as we were, from marketsthat we had enjoyed for thirteen years, we hadto seek other markets under conditions of considerable difficulty. We had to direct the tradewhich had grown up between us and you to themarkets of Europe. We had to seek new customers, adapt ourselves to their wants andtastes, and in short to shape our commercialmethods and the character of our marketableproducts to entirely new conditions. To accomplish this took time; every step takentoward its accomplishment was a step furtheraway from sympathetic intercourse with theputative authors of our adversity — temporarythough it was — and a step also toward commercial and political cleavage.And now I must consider a new phase of this2 Hon. G. S. Boutwell, secretary of the treasury inPresident Grant's second administration, and representative in Congress from Massachusetts at the time of theabrogation of the reciprocity treaty, in his Reminiscencesof Sixty Years in Public Affairs says: "The fact ofthe annexation of Canada to the United States, whetherthe event shall occur in a time near or be postponed toa time remote, depends probably on our action upon thesubject of reciprocity. Canada needs our markets andour facilities for ocean transportation, and, as long asthese advantages are denied to her, she can never attainto a high degree of prosperity The body offarmers, laborers, and trading people will favor annexation ultimately, should the policy of non-intercourse beadhered to on our part; and they will outnumber theoffice-holding class, and thus the union of the twocountries will be secured. It is apparent also that apolicy of free intercourse would postpone annexation fora long time, if not indefinitely."UNIVERSITY RECORD 233absorbing question. I have been endeavoringso far to show how the policy of the UnitedStates toward Canada had first created, andthen for nearly one hundred years widened,the cleavage between the two countries. Itnow becomes part of my task to show how Canada herself deliberately adopted a course whichwould render her less dependent on the UnitedStates and ultimately make her a distinct nation,so far as that was practicable under the aegis ofthe British government. Her history is butanother illustration of the growth of Anglo-Saxon communities in the art of self-government, and the tendency, as shown by thethirteen colonies, of scattered communitiesuniting for purposes of self-protection and political advancement.The British provinces in North America wereorganized at different times. The oldest, NovaScotia, was organized in 1719, Quebec in 1759,Prince Edward Island in 1769, New Brunswick in 1784, and Ontario in 1791. Each province was a distinct political unit and as againstone another (excepting Ontario and Quebec)imposed similar tariffs on interprovincial tradeas upon trade with the United States or anyother foreign country. They were situatedalong the Great Lakes and the river St. Lawrence down to the Gulf, their extremes beingabout two thousand miles apart. In manyways their social and trade relations were farmore intimate with the United States than withone another. They were practically in the position of the thirteen colonies prior to the ratification of the federal compact of 1774, without anywell-defined basis of joint action, either commercially or politically.For several years some of the foremost Canadians had suggested, particularly on patrioticoccasions, a union of the British American colonies, apparently with very little response; andyet there is no doubt, although not evident onthe surface, that the undertone for union wasbecoming stronger every day. By a singular coincidence the provinces by the sea, as well asthose on the west, simultaneously suggested aconference like the Continental Congress of3774, to consider whether a union were notfeasible. Perhaps some of you will say it wasextraordinary that this was not thought of ata much earlier day. It must be remembered,however, that until about 1850 the French population of Canada was greater than the Britishpopulation, and one of the difficulties of anyfederation of the provinces was in adjustingthe conditions of such federation to the politicalaspirations of the French Canadians. Early inthe negotiations, however, it was found thatthe French Canadians were quite prepared forthe proposed federation, and at a conferencebetween the delegates from the provinces, assembled in the old city of Quebec, a basis ofunion was agreed upon. The motives for thisunion were very clear:1. A feeling of insecurity pervaded Canadaat the close of the American war. The armyengaged in the Civil War was about to be disbanded. Already several raiding bodies of asomewhat disreputable composition had crossedthe borders with hostile intent, at differentpoints; and although it was well known thatthey had done so without the sanction of theAmerican government, there was some fear asto the extent and power of the organizationthey represented. To be in a position to repelsuch incursions, should they be continued, wasmost desirable. A union of the provinces wouldstrengthen us for this purpose.2. As we were for the most part excludedfrom the United States by the repeal of thetreaty of 1854, it was felt that we could atleast partially make up for that loss by improved transportation facilities between theprovinces and the abolition of all tariff restraints upon interprovincial commerce.3. Attachment to British institutions, with allthat is implied in love for the homes and gravesof their fathers, powerfully influenced Canadi-234 UNIVERSITY RECORDans in favor of a larger basis for the development of British sentiment.4. Intermingled with the motives alreadystated was also the self-reliance peculiar to theAnglo-Saxon race, which was prepared to repelany invasion, either open or veiled, upon theirpolitical integrity. Rightly or wrongly, theimpression prevailed in Canada that the Monroedoctrine, as understood in the United States,meant the Americanization of our half of theNorth American continent. The union of theprovinces was one form of expressing ourdoubts on this contentious question.5. The two political parties of Canada wereso nearly balanced numerically that neithercould secure a safe working majority in thelegislature, and rather than continue this unsatisfactory condition of affairs both parties wereprepared to seek relief in the larger field ofstatesmanship which a federation of the provinces would open out for them,.It was under these circumstances that theDominion of Canada was inaugurated on thefirst of July, 1867, under the sovereignty of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,with a constitution similar in principle to thatof the mother-country. Let me notice a few ofthe more important features of that constitution :1. We accepted the federal principle uponwhich the American republic was founded.That brings us back again to the ContinentalCongress of 1774, where your constitution wasborn, and accentuates a statement already madethat that Congress was also the birthplace of theDominion of Canada. That Congress proposeda federation for defensive purposes, if need be,and our constitution is also a federation. Butour constitution is remarkable, not for the extent to which it conforms to its Americanprogenitor, but rather for the reverse, arisingout of the desire to make the cleavage betweenCanada and the United States as distinct aspossible. Of course, it was necessary that weshould retain our connection with the imperial government, by accepting as our chief executiveofficer a governor-general appointed by theking. If we elected our governor-general asyou elect your president, then we should haveno organic connection with the mother-country,and consequently should be a republic as youare.2. Our highest legislative body consists of aHouse of Commons and a Senate, and is knownas the Parliament of Canada. Your highestlegislative body consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate, and is known as theUnited States Congress. We have adhered asclosely as circumstances would admit to Britishnomenclature, and no doubt for a purpose.3. The Executive Council of Canada is constituted on the British principle, that is to say,it can hold office so long as it commands a majority in Parliament. Your executive holdsoffice during the pleasure of the president,whether the party it represents has a majorityin either house or not.4. We are styled the Dominion of Canada,not the Commonwealth, and the various districts of which the Dominion is composed arecalled provinces, not states. The fathers ofCanadian confederation were evidently inclinedto reject your nomenclature in these respectsalso.5. In order to strengthen the central government of the Dominion, it was distinctly providedthat any residuum of administrative power, notvested in the provinces, should remain in thecentral government. This doctrine is the reverse of that so strongly advocated by Calhounand Henry Clay fifty years ago as the true basisoi the United States government. The argument for secession on the ground of state sovereignty is greatly weakened by this provision inthe Canadian constitution.6. The military forces of Canada were placedunder the control of the Dominion government,and in the event of a call being made for military service, the call would be directly to theUNIVERSITY RECORD 235people, not to the provincial legislatures. Inyour case, each state is called upon to furnisha certain quota of men for military service.7. No officer connected with the administration of justice, such as a constable, magistrate,sheriff, or judge, is elected by the people inCanada; all such officers are appointed by thecentral authority and hold office during pleasure— that usually means during life.8. The members of our Senate are nominatedby the crown, that is by the government, notelected by the state legislatures as in this country, and hold office during life. This is as nearas we could go to the House of Lords withoutintroducing the hereditary principle.9. As a token of good faith toward the language and institutions of the French Canadian,the French language was allowed the samestatus in the Parliament of Canada as English,both in the debates and the publication of reports and proceedings.These are some of the points — and I havenot exhausted the list — which indicate the intention of the people of Canada in the federationof the British American provinces. It may bethat a closer imitation of your constitutionwould have been better for us, but that was thevery thing Canadians wanted to avoid. Thefederal principle we had to adopt, but in itsapplication we avoided, as far as practicable, themethods of your constitution, lest by imitationwe should encourage ultimate assimilation.That the fear of union with the United Statesdominated the action of the fathers of confederation is evident from their speeches when theconstitution was under discussion. For instance: Sir E. P. Tache, at that time premierof the old Parliament of Canada, said:Confederation has become an absolute necessity, andit is a question to be or not to be. If we desire to remainBritish and monarchical, and if we desire to pass to ourchildren these advantages, this measure is a necessity.The Right Honorable Sir John A. Macdonaldsaid: If the House and country believe this union to be onewhich will insure for us British connection and Britishfreedom, and increase and develop the social, political,and material prosperity of the country, then I implorethe House and the country to lay aside all prejudices andaccept the scheme.Sir George E. Cartier, leader of the FrenchCanadians, said :The matter resolves itself into this — either we mustobtain British North American confederation or be ab-scrbed in an American confederation The annexationists are aware that so soon as this project is adoptedthere will be no avail in any cry of separation to forma part of the American union.No sooner was the Dominion of Canadalaunched on its new career than efforts weremade to bring under its control the remainingportion of British North America. By a charter granted over two hundred years ago, beforethe Canadian federation was formed, a fur-trading company, known as the Hudson BayCompany, was given the exclusive right of thefur trade of what is sometimes known as PrinceRupert's Land, or the Northwest Territories,extending from the United States boundary tothe Arctic Ocean, and from the boundaries ofOntario on the east to the Rocky Mountains onthe west — a distance of about one thousandmiles. The interests of the Hudson Bay Company in these lands were purchased by Canadafor £300,000, and in 1870 the work of extendingCanada westward was begun by the formationof the province of Manitoba. In 1871 BritishColumbia on the Pacific coast — a province extending from the American boundary to Alaskaand eastward to the Rockies — was admittedinto confederation. In 1873 the province ofPrince Edward Island on the Atlantic coastjoined its fortunes with Canada. Territorialgovernments were established in the sparselysettled districts that were not ready for admission to the Dominion with provincial status.By an act of the imperial government, Labradorand the lands surrounding Hudson's Bay wereplaced under the jurisdiction of Canada, and so,236 UNIVERSITY RECORDwith the exception of Newfoundland andAlaska, the Canadian ensign is recognizedthroughout the whole of the northern half ofNorth America. The geographical cleavage istherefore complete and distinct.A similar policy of cleavage has actuated recent commercial movements in Canada. TheCanadian Pacific transcontinental railway wasprojected for the double purpose of affordingcommunication with the provinces of the Westand for preventing, as far as practicable, thetrade of Manitoba and the Territories from being diverted to American channels. For theconstruction of this road the Dominion government has contributed well-nigh one hundredmillion dollars. A second road has also beensubsidized — known as the Canadian Northern— which discharges its trade at a Canadian porton Lake Superior; and the remainder of theroute to the sea is under Canadian control. Athird line was projected last winter, flankingthe south side of Hudson Bay, with Port Simpson on the Pacific coast as its western terminus,and Moncton in New Brunswick at the head ofChignecto Bay as its eastern terminus. In thecharter of this railway, the company is notallowed to divert the trade of Canada towardAmerican seaports on the Atlantic coast. As aresult of these efforts to retain control of ourown commerce, Montreal now handles the greatest portion of the grain products of the West.Canada is, therefore, commercially, as well asgeographically and politically, receding from,rather than approaching toward, closer relationswith the United States.And what shall I say of the movement recently inaugurated by the Right HonorableJoseph Chamberlain to federate the colonies onthe basis of imperial protection against theworld? It requires no argument to show thatthe establishment of commercial relations withinthe empire on the basis of preferential tariffswould greatly strengthen the ties which bind allthe colonies, including Canada, to the empire, and remove still farther into the backgroundwhatever inducements remain for closer politicalor commercial relations with the United States.And now, lest I should have left the impression upon you that Canadians look with aversionupon your form of government and the extraordinary enterprise which you have exhibitedin every department of human activity, you willpermit me to cite several instances in whichyou have directed the opinion of Canada and, Imight add, of the world, and in which we havefollowed your example greatly to our own advantage.i. In commerce, we have accepted the terminology of your currency, as well as yourstandards for weights and measures. We haveaccepted your railway system both as to gaugeand railway carriages. We have accepted yourmethods of surveying your territories and prairie lands. Our municipal system is very muchlike yours, but with less power to the head ofthe municipality than you have conceded. Ourmodes of assessing properties and collectingtaxes, and the management of highways, arebased upon your methods mutatis mutandis.We hold elections less frequently than you do,but with a preference, as in your case, for ashort parliamentary term. We have adoptedyour system of voting by ballot, have extendedthe franchise in nearly every province to personstwenty-one years of age, and, as might be expected with two peoples bearing so close a resemblance to each other, we conduct our elections amid the vociferations of opposing partiesand with such platform oratory and public discussion as circumstances require or party fundsadmit. Greater freedom than we enjoy in political matters, either in the criticism of our opponents or in the methods by which electionsare conducted, would hinder rather than advancecur political liberties.It is, perhaps, in the work of education thatwe have most closely followed in your footsteps.We adopted your free school system very soonUNIVERSITY RECORD 237after it was declared by leaders of educationto be indispensable to the evolution of citizenship. We adopted your normal-school systemfor the training of teachers of primary schools,and have pushed it farther than you, for weextend it to teachers of grammar or secondaryschools. We have endowed our university fromthe public domain, as you have done. We haveagricultural colleges, and kindergarten and technical schools, at the expense of the public treasury and the taxpayer. The education for thelearned professions, such as law and medicineand theology, are comprehensive and reasonablyefficient. College courses of study are supposedto be adapted to the requirements of moderneducation; and although our endowments maynot be as generous as yours, and although wemay be wanting in the wealth of equipment inlibraries and scientific apparatus which you possess, I think I can safely say, and with becomingmodesty, that it is the ambition of our collegesand university to do honor to the highest idealsof university education, to discharge empiricism and superficiality in every department ofinstruction, and fully to equip our young menand women for the varied responsibilities ofcitizenship. If in this respect we emulate theexample which is given us by the great universities of the United States — and in that list Iinclude the university of which I am tonightthe guest — you will not blame us, I hope, forcopying models so meritorious and so distinguished.Now, what is the significance of the varioushistorical events which have entered into mynarrative, assuming of course that I havestated them correctly? Do they not clearly indicate a tendency toward the segregation ofBritish North America from the United States— a tendency not weaker but stronger in recentyears? Are we warranted, then, on the factssubmitted, in making any forecast of the future ?I admit that the divinity that shapes the destinies of a nation works on such a gigantic plan that no one standing at any point in a nation'shistory can speak with confidence of its relationto other nations in summers far to come. Looking back but a few centuries, the history of theworld is full of surprises. One hundred andfifty years ago France owned at least one-halfof this continent; now she owns only a fewislands on its eastern coast. A little over ahundred years ago Spain owned one-quarter ofNorth America and nearly all of South America ;now she does not own an acre. What seer atthe middle of the eighteenth century could havepredicted the expulsion of either France orSpain from the western hemisphere ? The mostsanguine believer in the virtues of a democracycould see no sign in the heavens of this greatrepublic, with its wealth of material possessions,and its greater wealth of men and energy andnational virtues, one hundred and thirty yearsago. Even within our own time, unlooked forand unexpected, the scattered fragments of theGerman fatherland were welded in "blood andiron" by the master-hand of Bismarck; andItaly, the popular prey of internal factions, wasconsolidated by the statesmanship of Cavour."Fold up the map of Europe," said the greatPitt, after he heard of Napoleon's victory atAusterlitz ; but Napoleon passed away, and theforces which he attempted to stifle ranged themselves under other leaders, and the map ofEurope resumed its former coloring.What shall be the coloring of the map ofNorth America, even before this century closes,none of us can tell ; nor need we vex the oraclefor any Delphic forecast. Sufficient for us toknow that Providence has imposed upon us,under different forms of government, tremendous responsibilities — moral and national. Weare possessed of an equipment for the upliftingof the people of which our fathers neverdreamed. Are we using that equipment wisely?The printing-press conveys a message from usdaily to the firesides of millions of the people.Are we sure that that message has the potency238 UNIVERSITY RECORDof celestial wisdom and the renovating qualitiesof celestial fire? The college and the university lift us to the serener heights of reason andreflection. Are we sure that no prejudice follows us in our ascent? The councilors of thenation in Parliament assembled direct us alongthe highway of liberty and progress — are wesure that they are always trustworthy guides?To waste our energies in forecasting a futurewhich we cannot determine would be a futiletask ; to realize the urgent demands of the present would be the only statesmanship worthy of our intelligence and our opportunities. Whetheryou are to be republican " so long as time movesround in an eternal sphere," or whether we areto be monarchial for a few brief years, is ofsmall consequence compared with the duty imposed on each of us to make broader " the foundations of freedom " and show to the world thatthe civilization of this continent, whether American or Canadian, endows its citizens with everyprivilege of civil and religious liberty which isnecessary for their fullest happiness and theirhighest intellectual and moral development.UNIVERSITY RECORD 239THE PRESIDENTS QUARTERLY STATEMEN1Members and Friends of the University, Ladies andGentlemen :It has been our privilege this evening to hear amost able presentation of a timely and criticalsubject by a man well known for his strength as athinker, his skill as an orator, and his ability as astatesman. On behalf of those assembled I takepleasure in assuring our distinguished guest thathe has instructed us in many points concerningthis question, acknowledged to be one of greatconcern to millions of people; but more thanthis, he has lifted us to a plane from which ourthinking on this subject may henceforth be done— a higher plane than that on which most of ushave hitherto stood. An hour, spent as we havespent this last hour, is one of the hours of lifewhich may not be forgotten.MR. VON HOLST.Twelve years ago at this time we met togetherin the first University Convocation. The oldMusic Hall, in which we assembled, is gone, andsoon, alas ! too soon, the orator of that first assembly — von Hoist — will likewise have gonefrom us. I beg you, as we look back to that firstmeeting, to hold in mind and in heart the manin far-off Germany, now fighting without hopefor life, whose words have so frequently inspiredus, and whose thoughts, in spite of disease, are soconstantly turned toward, us. May the favor andthe blessing of the God of the universe supportour friend in these his last days on earth !MR. VAN HISE.In our times, we know, the world lives closertogether. No part of the universe, as we see it,is very distant from the other parts. If this istrue of world-life and world-activity in general, itis especially true of university life and universityactivity. A great change has come within a dozenyears. Institutions of learning are growing verynear to one another in spirit. We are honored this ON THE CONDITION OF THE UNIVERSITY.evening with the presence of one who was for morethan ten years a distinguished officer of this institution, now the president of one of the greatuniversities of the West, the University of Wisconsin. President Van Hise represents, in a special sense, that careful scientific training which isthe product of the last quarter of a century ofeducational work. He represents also that highideal of character without which education, initself, is perhaps only a curse to him who has it.His presence with us on this occasion, if I may bepermitted to speak for him, means three things :appreciation of the esteem in which he is held byhis former colleagues of the Department of Geology; appreciation, likewise, of the desire andpurpose of the Senate and the Trustees of thisUniversity to do him honor ; but more than this,it betokens the desire on his part that betweenthe University which he represents as presidentand our own — two institutions so near togetherand having so many interests in common — thereshall be no feeling, save that of hearty good-willand earnest co-operation in every effort whichaims at higher ideals; no rivalry, save that whichwill tend to the uplifting of those directly concerned, and all to whom they minister. The intelligent public is all too weary of the university contentions, in themselves absurd and always grosslyexaggerated by the press, which, now and then,have served as the sensation of the hour. Thereare unquestionably nobler things to strive for, andhigher sentiments to cherish, than some of thosewhich in the past we have been compelled tonote. I am confident that for this institution Imay say to the president of our great and prosperous neighbor : We will unite with you to bringabout certain definite and concrete reforms inmatters that pertain to university life ; we willjoin hands with you in every effort which lookstoward better mutual understanding. Chicagoand Wisconsin, Wisconsin and Chicago — for better work, for higher life !240 UNIVERSITY RECORDATHLETICS.I wish at this time to say one or two thingsabout athletics:i. I would recall the action of the Trustees,supported unanimously by the Board of PhysicalCulture and Athletics, which relates to the securing of support for the athletic teams in someother way than by gate receipts. The proposition has been placed officially before the authorities of the University of Wisconsin and of the University of Michigan. It is not expected that animmediate solution of this important problemwill be reached. It is possible that further studyand investigation will prove that, notwithstanding the confessed evils which grow out of thispolicy, no other will be found practicable. Inany case, the suggestion made so urgently at themeeting of the North Central Association ofSchools and Colleges, held last March, deservedconsideration, and experience has already shownthat this is only one of several questions relatingto athletics which should receive the sympatheticand concerted attention of the larger institutionsof the Mississippi valley.2. The time has come to do away with thatwestern survival of New England barbarism,already given up in New England itself — theThanksgiving football game. There is no sufficient reason for continuing the season longerthan the Saturday preceding Thanksgiving; whilemany reasons, including, for example, the climateof this region and the educational interests of theplayers, favor the abandonment of the Thanksgiving game.3. High-school football has come to demand alarger consideration than formerly. The highschool of today is so nearly a college that itsstudents naturally and properly desire to takepart in college sports. There are some seriousdangers ahead : that immature boys not properlytrained may receive physical injuries which, ifproper precautions were taken, would be avoided;that at an age when distraction counts for most,too much attention may be given to a sport which confessedly makes heavy and serious demandsupon those of even mature age and character; thatthere may be developed an unseemly and, indeed, injurious competition upon the part offriends and alumni of this or that universityto secure successful high-school athletes forthe ranks of their own institution. The firstand second dangers lie wholly within the control of the high-school authorities, and there isurgent need of immediate action. The thirdconcerns the colleges and universities. It isprobably true that the high-school representatives,.aided by the press, have greatly exaggerated thismatter. To my own personal knowledge, a largepercentage of the concrete statements made uponthis point have been false, wholly or in part. Itis, however, to be acknowledged that, when dueallowance has been made for misrepresentationand exaggeration, a residue of truth existswhich is all too large. There is no excuse forthe undignified and unworthy effort, directly orindirectly, honestly or dishonestly, to influenceyoung men in such a way as to burden theirlives and those of their friends. Competition ofthis kind is degrading to every man and to everyinstitution that is a party to it, and it is only tobe named in order to be put under the ban.THE PRESS.The University has had its customary treatmentduring the Quarter from certain daily papers inthe West and in the East.An innocent remark made in an after-dinnerspeech, and intended to be humorous, to theeffect that the East could not and would notunderstand the West, its life, and its institutions,has created a great hubbub ; and New York dailypapers have vied with one another in the effort toshow that by taking this humorous statementseriously they are not provincial, and do thoroughlyunderstand the West. Meanwhile the editor ofthe North American Review, himself an easternman, really acknowledges the impeachment thusaccepted by the East against itself, and asks forUNIVERSITY RECORD 241an article in which it shall be shown that the Westis different from the East, that the East isprovincial, and that the East cannot understandthe West.A Chicago daily paper accepted the statementof a half-fledged student as to the teaching of aprofessor concerning capital and labor — a statement so full of self-contradiction and elusivevagaries as to lead one to ask : What is there thata daily paper will not publish ? Ninety-five percent, of this statement was nonsense ; this ninety-five per cent, was false; this same ninety-five percent, of it Professor Small never dreamed of untilhe read it in the paper quoted from his mouth. Ithas been ever thus. How long a suffering publicwill endure to be deceived in this manner onecannot predict. The question for a man in publiclife now to consider is not the insurance of hislife against the risk of death, but the insuranceof his reputation against something far morepainful than death, and equally inevitable., THE NEW BUILDINGS. sThe new buildings for which and on which wehave worked now nearly five years are practicallyfinished. This beautiful Hall is one of them, andwe are glad that, at this our first Convocation heldin this Hall, its donor, Mr. Leon Mandel, ispresent. Those of us who listened last night tothe Chicago Orchestra under Mr. Thomas's leadership can testify to the satisfactory character of thebuilding as a concert hall. The use of the Hallalready enjoyed on many occasions has shownhow large a factor it will be in the future life ofthe institution.The Club House is all that it promised to be,and more. The enthusiasm of the men in theirorganization of the club is sufficient testimony tothe success of the project. Mr. Morton, theexecutor of the Reynolds estate, will himself seethe satisfaction with which this new factor in thelife of the University is received.The Tower rears itself high above all buildings,and stands strong and majestic and beautiful, as seen from every quarter — a new feature, not onlyin the life of the institution, but also in that of theentire community. Satisfaction and pleasure,inspiration and uplifting, come to every man,woman, and child who gazes on it. We greetthis evening Mr. John J. Mitchell, the donor ofthe Tower, and we thank him for what this Toweris adding to so many lives.The Commons, too, is no longer a dream, butsomething real ; how real, those can testify whohave been present on the various occasions duringthe Quarter when the alumni came back toeat a meal ; or when Mr. Mosely's British Educational Commission dined in hall on a twenty-fivecent dinner; or when five hundred principals andteachers of high schools enjoyed luncheon together ; or when the learned and dignified members of the National Academy of Sciences atetogether and discussed the affairs of the universefrom a scientific point of view. The regularfunction of the Commons, to care for the needsof two or three hundred men every day, may notbe forgotten. Its beauty and simplicity are alikecharming and inviting. Mr. Hutchinson, itsdonor, has done much for Chicago in many ways,but nothing he has done will be more helpfulthan this contribution to the aesthetic and physicallife of the men of the University.THE COLLEGE OF RELIGIOUS SCIENCE.Upon the recommendation of the DivinityFaculty, and with the approval of the Senate, anew group of studies has been arranged of sufficient dignity to entitle it to the name of College.The exact title has not yet been fixed. Amongothers, the following have been proposed: "TheCollege of Religious Science," "The College ofReligious and Social Service," "The College ofPractical Religion," "!,The College of Religionand Philanthropy," "The College of Religiousand Social Science," "The College of Divinityand Philanthropy." The College proposed willbe, like the College of Commerce and Administration, a technical college, and its purpose will242 UNIVERSITY RECORDbe to furnish courses of study for (a) studentspreparing to be Y. M. C. A. secretaries, or to fillother like positions; (ti) students preparing forthe work of medical missionaries, it being presumed that such students will pursue first acourse in this College and then a medical course ;(c) students preparing for the Christian ministrywho, by reason of age or other circumstances,cannot afford the time for a separate college andDivinity course; (d) students preparing forvarious forms of philanthropic work, such assecretaryships of bureaus of associated charities,chaplaincies in penal institutions, work as citymissionaries, etc.THE BUDGET FOR THE YEAR I903-4.The Trustees have given much thought and consideration to the budget of the University for theyear beginning next July i. They are confrontedwith facts which, although not discouraging, present problems of considerable interest. One ofthese facts is the following : Four years ago thesum asked of Mr. Rockefeller, and given by him,to meet the current expenses of the University'swork, in addition to its regular income fromstudent fees and endowment funds, was $245,000.It was evident to all that steps should be takento reduce this deficit by securing larger endowments, and to this end Mr. Rockefeller, as thepublic has been informed, generously consentedto contribute a million dollars, and then a second, and still later a third. It was expected, ofcourse, that the income of these three millionsof dollars, $120,000, would reduce by that muchthe deficit of $245,000. In calculating the necessary expenses of the University for the yearbeginning next July, many new items were necessarily included in view of the increased numberof buildings, the increased price of fuel, andthe larger ground space occupied by the University north of Fifty-ninth Street. These additional items, with others which had alreadybeen enacted by the Trustees during the year, orwere deemed absolutely necessary, called for an expenditure of money greater than the estimatedreceipts from all sources by $245,000 — exactly theamount of the deficit four years ago, before Mr.Rockefeller gave the first of his three annual giftsof one million dollars each.This situation is not alone the result of stepstaken by the University during the last twelvemonths, but is rather the outcome of forward stepsinitiated several years ago, the results of which, inadded cost of maintenance of both grounds, buildings, and power plant, are now making themselvesmore fully felt.Four years ago it was agreed that $5,000,000of additional endowment would prevent an annualdeficit. Since that time, as has been said, Mr.Rockefeller has contributed $3,000,000 towardendowment, with the result that today, instead ofonly $2,000,000 more of endowment being required to wipe out the deficit, we find that upwardsof $6,000,000 more are required to accomplish thisend. It is therefore evident that the tendency,instead of being toward a decreased deficit, hasbeen decidedly and alarmingly toward an increaseddeficit. This is true in spite of the fact that thepolicy during these years has been a policy ofreduction of deficit.It is evident, therefore, that more radical stepstoward the accomplishing of this end must betaken. It is clearly the duty of the Trusteesnot to expand the departments already organized,or to establish new departments except in thosecases in which special provision for such enlargement has been made beforehand ; and this policyhas been agreed upon in these last weeks. Thebudget for the year beginning July 1, 1904, hasbeen voted by the Trustees, and I regret to saythat it does not include many promotions andmany new appointments, which would have beenmade but for the fact just stated. There is nothought in the mind of anyone that the growthof the University will be in any way diminished.We are confident that its friends in the West andin the East will come forward and furnish themeans needed for that regular and legitimatew¦r.POasnppa'J".ajo>wasHtEHfeCUNIVERSITY RECORD 243progress which every live institution must makein order to remain alive.THE DECENNIAL REPORT.I desire to invite the attention of the membersof the University and its friends to the publication this week of the first three volumes of theDecennial Report. The first of these includes 753quarto pages, in which the work of the institutionduring its first ten years is revealed from theadministrative point of view. It is believed thatthis report will grow more and more valuable asthe years proceed. The care with which the factshave been collected, and the clear way in which theyhave been presented by the various administrativeofficers, will, I am sure, challenge the admirationof all persons who are interested in the progressof higher education. The volume containsspecial discussions of almost every subject whichhas presented itself in the history of this firstdecade.The second volume is the General Register ofthe University, and includes the names of officersand alumni up to July 1, 1902.THE DECENNIAL CONTRIBUTIONS.In addition to these reports, several volumeshave appeared during the six months just closingin the list of volumes announced in connectionwith the celebration of the Decennial. They arethe following : The Life and Repentaunce of MarieMagdalene, by Frederick Ives Carpenter ; TheSecond Bank of the United States, by R. C. H.Catterall ; Light Waves and Their Uses, by A. A.Michelson ; Poems of Anne, Countess of Winchilsea,by Miss Myra Reynolds ; Assyrian and BabylonianLetters, by Robert Francis Harper; La PerfectaCasada, by Miss Elizabeth Wallace ; Legal Tender,by Miss S. P. Breckinridge; The Role of Diffusionand Osmotic Pressure in Plants, by Burton E.Livingston ; Studies in Logical Theory, by JohnDewey; and Physical Chemistry in the Service ofthe Sciences, by J. Van 't Hoff . UNIVERSITY PREACHERS.The University Preachers for the year thus farhave been as follows : Dr. Charles Cuthbert Hall,of Union Theological Seminary; Dr. J. W. A.Stewart, of Rochester Theological Seminary;Professor R. G. Moulton, of the University ofChicago ; Dr. Edward Judson, of New York city;Dr. Edward Braislin, of Colorado Springs.The University Preachers for the remaining sixmonths will be as follows : President H. C.King, of Oberlin College ; Dr. Philip Moxom, ofSpringfield, Mass.; President W. H. P. Faunce,of Brown University ; Dr. S. J. McPherson, ofLawrenceville, N. J.; Rev. Marion D. Shutter, ofMinneapolis; Dr. Marcus Dods, of Edinburgh;Dr. E. Winchester Donald, of Trinity Church,Boston; and Dr. William R. Richards, of NewYork city.SPECIAL EVENTS OF THE QUARTER.Among the more important events of the Quarter are to be chronicled the unveiling of the portrait of Mr. von Hoist, October 10, with addressesby the President, Professor Jameson, ProfessorLaughlin, Mr. Rosenthal, and Mr. CharlemagneTower, United States Ambassador to Germany; thevisit of Sir Frederick Pollock, and his address tothe Law School ; the visit of the Mosely BritishEducational Commission, including the specialinvestigation by individual members of the commission, and the dinner served to the commissionin the Commons, at the close of which speecheswere made by Mr. Alfred Mosely, head of the commission ; Mr. H. Coward, president of the National Union of Teachers ; Professor T. GregoryFoster, of University College, London; Mr.W. C.Fletcher, head master of the Liverpool Institute;Rev. T. L. Papillon, vicar of Writtle, Essex, andlate Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford;Mr. H. R. Reichel, principal of University College of North Wales ; and Professor John Rhys,of the University of Oxford ; as also the visit ofthe National Academy of Sciences, an event of244 UNIVERSITY RECORDspecial interest in view of the fact that this wasthe first meeting held by this distinguished bodywest of the Alleghany Mountains.A NEW PHASE OF CORRESPONDENCE-STUDY.Registration in the Correspondence-Study Department is always heaviest during the AutumnQuarter. This year it has been large even for anAutumn Quarter — 340, as compared with 316 in1902. This is the largest registration for anyQuarter in the history of the Department. Thenumber of different instructors, who have givencourses during this period, 82, is also greater thanever before.The action of the Faculty of the School of Education in unanimously deciding, after careful consideration, to offer courses by correspondence inthe following subjects : Education, including Psychology and Kindergarten Theory; the Teachingof History; the Teaching of Mathematics; theTeaching of Geography; the Teaching of HomeEconomics ; Speech and Oral Reading ; and inother subjects as fast as satisfactory arrangementscan be made, is one of far-reaching importance.Through these courses, many of which are alreadydetermined upon, the University will be able to vextend a helping hand to thousands of primaryand grade teachers who would otherwise be de- "barred from deriving any benefit from the workwhich is being done here. It is noteworthy thatthis is the first School or College of the University to take this stand.Another decided step in advance has been madeduring the past few weeks in the arrangement tooffer the second year's work in Chemistry— Qualitative Analysis — by correspondence. Three consecutive Majors will thus be given. Unquestionably it is more difficult to teach Chemistry bycorrespondence than any of the other sciences; sothat, in spite of the fact that we have been able tosolve the problems connected with the teaching ofcertain courses in Astronomy, Geology, Zoology,Anatomy, Physiology, Botany, and Bacteriology,it remains to be seen whether the experiment will succeed in Chemistry. The spirit of willingnesswith which the Department of Chemistry hasundertaken to make an actual and thorough testof the question cannot be too highly commended,and results will be watched with much interest.ENTRANCE CREDIT IN ENGLISH.The Junior College Faculty has approved therecommendation of the Board of Affiliations thatentrance credit in English be increased from twoto three units ; and, further, that these three unitsbe credited separately. The Faculty adopted thisprinciple from the conviction that since theearlier policy was established the work in Englishin the average high school has advanced sufficiently to justify the new valuation. This changeof policy will bring the University into closerrelation with secondary schools, and will to aconsiderable degree remove the complaint thatthe University has been unjust in its estimate ofhigh-school preparation.PROMOTIONS DURING THE AUTUMN QUARTER.The following promotions have been made:Alexander Smith, Associate Professor in theDepartment of Chemistry, to a Professorship ; H., G. Wells, Instructor in Pathology, to an AssistantProfessorship.APPOINTMENTS DURING THE AUTUMN QUARTER.The following new appointments have beenmade : .George H. Shull, to an Assistantship in theDepartment of Botany rW. C. Childs, to an Assistantship in the Department of Physical Culture ;^Edith Barnard, to a Research Assistantship in theDepartment of Chemistry J" James W. Lowrie, toa Lecture Assistantship in the Department ofChemistry;^. A. Mathews, to an Assistantship inthe Department of Physiological Chemistry ; K.^Takahashi, to a Technical Assistantship in theDepartment of Neurology ; A. R. Hatton, to anAssistant Librarianship in the Modern LanguageLibraries ; John B. Watson, to an Assistantship inthe Psychological Laboratory; Mary Hefferan, toa Laboratory Assistantship in Bacteriology; W. J.Hale, to a Research Assistantship in Chemistry ;B. A. Cohoe, to an Associateship in the Department of Anatomy; Shepard I. Franz, to anAssociateship in the Department of Physiology ;J. Dubedout, to an Instructorship in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures;Dr. Edward Judson, to a Professorship in Homi-letics in the Divinity School. v Ruth Abbott hasbeen appointed assistant in the Library of theSchool of Education. % Mrs. Alice Feuling hasbeen appointed to give instruction in the Elementary School of the School of Education. Dr.Alice F. Pitkin has been appointed to an Assistantship in Athletics and Earl Silver to anAssistantship in Shop Work and Frank G. Burrows to an Assistantship in English in the Schoolof Education.^ James C. Baird has been appointedto give instruction in Manual Training in theAcademy at Morgan Park. A. E. Bestor has beenappointed to the headship of Snell House, and H.JZ. Cowles has been appointed to the headship ofWashington House.THE ATTENDANCE AT THE UNIVERSITY.Much interest was excited in the early part ofthe Quarter by the announcement that there hadbeen a falling off in the attendance at the University, in its various Departments, of six or sevenhundred students. This announcement, whichwas scattered far and wide, was based upon themistake of a newspaper man who took the figuresof one of the Divisions of the University andunderstood them to represent the attendance inall Departments. The facts, on the other hand,show that there has been a considerable increasein the various Departments during the Quarter.The spread of this false report has given muchconcern to the friends of the University, and it ishoped that this announcement may be as widelydistributed as the announcement to which reference has just been made.THE FINANCIAL REPORT OF THE YEAR I902-3.The following table furnishes an exhibit of thereceipts and expenditures of the University forthe fiscal year ending June 30, 1903 : Y RECORD 245Income ExpendituresGeneral Administration - - $ 11,008.66 #106,021.22Faculties of Art, Literature,and Science 480,622.14 475,380.82Divinity School 69,288.19 69,226.47Morgan Park Academy 20,540.06 39,783-43University Extension - 58,67949 67,111.82Libraries, Laboratories, andMuseums 27,944.15 100,990.70Printing and Publishing - - 18,430.47 45,216.48Physical Culture - - 13,354-90Affiliated Work 2,012.31 5,474-37Buildings and Grounds 56,372.18 97,664.71General Funds - 237,712.29Excess of Expenditures overIncome - 37,614.98Total - - $1,020,224.92 $1,020,224.92The deficit was $37,614.98. The analysis ofthis deficit shows that it arose from the increasedcost of fuel, increase in janitor service, andincrease in Fellowships and Scholarships. Thesefigures do not include the receipts and expenditures for the School of Education or for the LawSchool ; nor do they include the special budgetsfor the men's Commons and the women's Commons.ANNOUNCEMENTS.The following announcements may be made:1. From R. L. Henry, Jr., an alumnus of theclass of 1902, a silver trophy cup to be competedfor in annual contest for the individual Crosscountry Championship of the University. Thewinner of the contest each year is to have hisname engrossed upon the cup and to hold it untilthe next competition. After ten years of competition the cup is to be placed in the trophy-roomof the University.2. From Judge Julian Mack, the sum of $250,to serve as the nucleus of a loan fund for studentsof the Law School. Nothing could be moretimely than a gift of this nature, and it is stronglyto be hoped that the fund thus started may berapidly increased by additions.3. From Charles R. Crane, $1,000, to be used inconnection with the publication of the English246 UNIVERSITY RECORDedition of Boyer & Speransky's Russian Manual,translated and edited by Samuel Northrup Harper.4. From the Egypt Exploration Fund, a donation of antiquities from Abydos, Sharona, Hibeh,SheiknFadl, Behesa, Korn el Ahmar, and Qarara.5. From certain friends of the University, aportrait of Professor Herman E. von Hoist,painted by Karl Marr, and presented to the University October 14 with appropriate public exercises.6. The following special gifts of books havebeen received :From the Daily News, 85 bound Volumes of theDaily News, a gift of large value.From Rev. Dr. Clinton Locke, 72 volumes ofItalian literature, many of them of very greatvalue.From T. W. Harvey, 160 volumes, includingseveral valuable sets of reviews and quarterlies.From Ira M. Price, 140 volumes and 443pamphlets.From the Royal Danish Academy, 79 volumesof proceedings, discussions, and reports.From J. Paul Goode, 168 volumes and 39pamphlets for the Department of Geology.Through the courtesy of Hon. J. R. Mann, asecond copy of the Congressional Record has beenplaced in the University for the Department ofPolitical Science. In all 4,806 volumes havebeen received by gift.7. In this connection mention should be madeof the large success attending the field work ofthe Department of Paleontology during the summer in its expedition to Kansas, there having beenreceived thirty-five cases of fossils, weighing morethan four tons, including exceptionally perfectspecimens of marine reptiles, pterodactyls, fishes,birds, and Permian reptiles.8. From a friend for equipment, $1,500. 9. From the estate of Marie Mergeler, deceased,for Scholarships and Fellowships, $2,904.10. From friends of the University, the sum of$900 for investigation in the Department ofAstronomy.11. From the German play, the sum of $205.50for German books.12. From Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth, $100 for theReynolds Club.13. From miscellaneous gifts, $1,005.31.14. From a friend of the University, $2,500 forthe Decennial Publications.15. From Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Sr., $50,000to be used for the work of excavation and exploration in oriental lands.16. From Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Sr., a giftof $55,000 to be used for the completion of thePower Plant, improvement of grounds, and otherpurposes to be determined by the Trustees.17. From Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Sr., a giftof $245,000 to be used for current expenses ofthe University during the year beginning July 1,1904.18. According to the Auditor's statement, theUniversity has received since June 17, 1903, asidefrom the gifts already publicly announced, thesum of $1,096,466 for special purposes not to bemade public.19. From Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Sr., a gift of$1,617,921.91, consisting of real estate, improvedand unimproved, in the vicinity of the University,which has thus been formally transferred to theUniversity within two weeks.In view of these many gifts of large and smallamounts, coming from so many friends, we arejustified in feeling that these last six months havemarked a decided forward movement on thefinancial side of the University's affairs.Y,<Kv.wwwHqiscoojjcwoHPsoo5UNIVERSITY RECORD 247ADDRESSES AT THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE TOWER GROUP OF BUILDINGS.HUTCHINSON HALLBY ALBION WOODBURY SMALL,*Head of the Department of Sociology.The assignment of this part to me shows thatthe words of prophecy which I pronounced atthe laying of the corner-stone of the Commonsdid not receive their due attention from the University. Numerous persons in this city wereunfortunately unable to approach within hearingdistance of that insufficiently celebrated address.There are, no doubt, some even in this assemblywho have never yet availed themselves of theopportunity to peruse and ponder the published\ersion of the eloquence uttered on that occasion. The administrative officers of the University are evidently in that number, or they wouldbe aware that the subject was exhausted. Nothing could again satisfy the demands of the casebut verbatim repetition of the original oration.That, however, is out of the question. I hadeight minutes then ; now I have only five. Butone other hypothesis can be entertained, namely,that this program is a deep-laid scheme to convert into cash the hitherto somewhat adhesiveasset of an ample edition of this neglectedclassic, and thus to liquidate the perennial andprolific deficit of The University Press.But passing from this altogether felicitous introduction to the subject itself, I must testifythat when the corner-stone of the Commonswas laid I was the victim of the first and onlyinvasion of academic freedom in my experience.The intolerance of the donor of the building andthe tyranny of the Board of Trustees forbadexThe addresses at the laying of the corner-stones ofHutchinson Hall, the Mitchell Tower, and the ReynoldsClub House, June 18, 1901, were given by the samespeakers who spoke at the formal opening of these buildings, December 22, 1903. On account of the enforcedabsence of Professor Emil G. Hirsch, who delivered thecorner-stone address for the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,Dean Harry Pratt Judson gave the dedicatory addressfor that building. me to mention, or even to surmise, the benefactor's name. (Of course, it is understood thatthe always reliable Chicago papers will consistently state on their first pages tomorrow morning, and will wire to their equally trustworthyeastern contemporaries, that at this Convocation the University was categorically chargedwith a specific outrage against free speech.)Since that ofTense there has been repentanceand amendment. We are now free to speak ourminds directly about Mr. Hutchinson. Wemay express our appreciation of all his interestin the University, we may applaud this particular evidence of it, and we may congratulatehim not less than ourselves upon the form whichhis generosity has chosen. If it were graciousto sound a minor note in this connection, wemight confess that we envy Mr. Hutchinson theplace assured to him in the esteem of our successors. When the first decade of the twentiethcentury has become ancient history, there willbe a finer, fairer, nobler Chicago. Its citizenswill lead larger, richer lives in more favoringsurroundings. They will remember with honorthe long roll of brave and able men who, in thestrenuous period of beginnings, founded andsecured the conditions of the city's materialstrength. But there will be ranks and gradesin this ancient order of merit. High amongthem will be the rare few who, while commercialinterests of necessity held almost undisputedsway, looked far ahead of the standard of theirfellows, and asserted and supported aestheticideals. None of the founders of the city willdeserve better of future generations, or be heldin more grateful remembrance, than those menwhose contribution to the culture of our peopleis symbolized by such monuments as the ArtInstitute on the lake front and Hutchinson Commons at the University.Recalling the predictions which I made at the248 UNIVERSITY RECORDlaying of the corner-stone of Hutchinson Hall,1 may boast that few prophets have so soonbeen justified in saying " I told you so." Everyforecast that I made has been already verified.In Hutchinson Hall we have enthusiasticallycelebrated a victory that we afterwards forgotto win, and we have wrung victory out of adefeat that others celebrated. We have entertained one of the most notable companies ofvisitors that it is ever the privilege of collegemen to meet, and we have widened the scope ofcomradeship among ourselves. The undigestedsensations of the lecture-room may lumber college men with a litter of learning, but theseamenities liberalize. In student opinion and ingraduate reminiscence such buildings as Walkerand Haskell and Cobb and Kent and Ryersonand the Hull Quadrangle will always representthe brain of the University ; but this group, andHutchinson not least, will surely be cherishedas the heart. We dedicate Hutchinson Hall,therefore, to wholesome living, to generousthinking, to good fellowship, to public spirit,and to high ideals.THE MITCHELL TOWER.BY RICHARD GREEN MOULTON,Head of the Department of Literature (in English).There is a second building that is formallyopened today. Its purpose is not, like that ofits neighboring structures, expressed in termsof immediate practical utility. It is not connected with the formal assemblies of the University, nor with its social life, nor with thegood fellowship that can give a sacramentaltouch even to the eating and drinking of everyday life. Yet we have already begun to speakof all these structures together as " The TowerGroup." The phrase suggests the function ofthis second building to group diverse buildingsinto a unity; nay, may we not say, to go fartoward drawing all the scattered edifices of ourcampus into a oneness of architectural design?In this way the erection of this Tower has made an epoch in our University history. Fora university is, indeed, a microcosm of the universe: within a campus measured in squareyards every section of material nature, everyphase and interest of human life, finds reflectionin a band of specialist investigators and instructors; these, with differences of interestand intellectual bias, differences of methods,conflicting claims, not without courteous controversy, are loyally co-operating in a commondevotion to the unity they believe in as underlying their diversities — the unity of Truth itself. To symbolize such unity in diversity is ahigh function.When, further, we look at the structural details of this Tower, we recognize the skill withwhich our architects have given us associationswith the Old World ; with the Oxford of theMiddle Ages, with still more remote social conditions, such as made Goth a synonym forbarbarian, and yet created the Gothic architecture our most modern art is glad reverentlyto imitate. Here, too, is significance. The University of Chicago is the newest of universities,and we are not abashed at our newness ; holding all sound academic traditions, we nevertheless recognize our obligation to extend university ideals to new classes and studies, andwhere we cannot ^find academic precedents tomake them. Yet this is no affectation of novelty, but the desire to harmonize the new withthe old, to show faith in traditional principlesby finding for them new applications.By the noble munificence of Mr. Mitchell,these ideas find expression in architectural form ;upon this level plain of the lake shore what willstand out most conspicuous, translated into language of enduring stone, is just this soul ofunity underlying academic diversity, this unityof the New World with the Old. And for theparticular form and figure in which these ideasfind expression, nothing can be more appropriate than the form of a tower; for, indeed, insuch unity is our strength.UNIVERSITY RECORD 249THE REYNOLDS CLUB HOUSE.BY GEORGE EDGAR VINCENT,Dean of the Junior Colleges.The Reynolds Club will serve three main purposes in the life of University men: It willexalt the culture of comradeship ; it will be atonce symbol and means of association. Education is personal growth, not manufacture ; andas growth it demands the give-and-take of socialintercourse, the development of insight andsympathy. The Reynolds Club is not to be regarded as a recreative annex, but as an essentialpart of the University's equipment.Again, this building will represent the common life of University men. It will stand forcatholicity, not for social sectarianism; it willtranscend and unify smaller groups ; it will meana larger loyalty. For loyalty grows in wideningcircles: limit it to family, friends, or faction,and it will dwarf and warp judgment and feeling ; let it enter wider fields, and it will expandinto corporate enthusiasm, civic devotion, patriotism. A great university must in its own lifetypify the finer, more generous virtues of broadtolerance, wide sympathy, and fidelity to common ends.Moreover, the Reynolds Club will gather atits fireside in genial fellowship both studentsand alumni. The graduate will renew the joysof other years and pass on a rich tradition;the student will have a foretaste of life in thelarger world ; both will be drawn more closelyto their alma mater. The University is fortunate in being able to set aside a rallying-place forthe men who have left her quadrangles. It willmean much in years to come to have them frequenting her halls in increasing numbers.The new hall stands ready ; it rests with Chicago's sons to give it, meaning and purpose.May it ever foster comradeship, unity, andloyalty! THE LEON MANDEL ASSEMBLY HALL.BY HARRY PRATT JUDSON,Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science.Whenever human society gathers itself intocoherent groups the need emerges for a placeof assembly. The conference of the wise menin the long house of the Iroquois, the meetingof the Germanic folk in the council meadow —these are primitive gatherings in primitiveplaces. The increasing complexity of socialneed calls for more cunning adaptation of material environment. Music, oratory, religiousliturgy demand more than answers the simplewants of an early people ; and so from the loftyaisles of a northern forest is created the statelyGothic minster; hence the Roman forum, theearly Christian basilica, the Jewish temple.I<rom mere shelter and convenience the transition is slowly made to impressive beauty of artistic architecture. The dream of the builderis frozen into marble, is petrified for the agesin gray stone and oaken carving; his floatingfantastic visions are caught and embalmed ingargoyle and in chiseled dragon. The hall ofassembly ceases to be merely utilitarian, is become a living part of the human thought andemotion which it enshrines. It is in itself aninspiration, a vital spiritual force.The community life of a university is nevergathered up in its completeness and given dueeffect until it is fitly housed. Heretofore withus it has never been possible to assemble theacademic body in such way that dignity of surroundings might add grace to the occasion. Thepresident of the United States, the ambassadorof a great nation, a distinguished orator, havemore than once honored the University by theirpresence. But there has been no fitting place toreceive them other than an amphitheater designed for the display of chemical marvels, or adilapidated tent, or a hired public hall. Hereafter no such sordid necessity will compel. TheUniversity as a community has a home, and ahome which in its simple beauty and impressive250 UNIVERSITY RECORDdignity well accords with the rarest ideals ofculture. The decades, the centuries, will pass,and through them all the University will assemble here for varied public purpose. Thecharm of music, the inspiration of the oratordiscussing great questions of thought, the statelyceremonial by which academic honor is givento worthy achievement — all these and manymore forms of university life will hallow thisplace long after we who meet to honor its inception shall have passed away.Here will center slowly the accumulated precious associations which make so fragrant andpiquant the venerable traditions of an ancientseat of learning. Here the generous and far-seeing thought of the man of affairs who hasgiven the University this poem in stone and oakwill, we believe, be perpetuated for many generations to come in the name of Mandel Hall.NEW COURSES OF LECTURES ON AMERICAN TRADEWITH EUROPE.BY DR. ERNEST L. HARRIS,United States Consular Agent in Germany.Dr. Ernest L. Harris, United States consularagent at Eibenstock, Germany, will delivercourses of lectures during the First Term of theWinter Quarter, under the auspices of the College of Commerce and Administration. Thefirst course, entitled "American Trade withEurope," will treat of the following topics :"American Trade Expansion," "The Searchfor Export Markets," " The United States Consular Service," " German and French Chambersof Commerce," "Trade Journals," "The Influence of Merchant Marine up^ ^Commerce," and" Projected Railway Enterprises and AmericanCommerce."In the second course, entitled "EuropeanCommercial Methods," Dr. Harris will discuss" Commercial Education in Germany and OtherEuropean Countries," "Industrial Schools inGermany and in Other Continental Countries," " Commercial and Industrial Education in England," "The Textile Industries of Europe,""The Chemical Industry of Germany," "TheIron and Steel Industries of Germany," " Miscellaneous Industries in Germany and Europe,""Labor and Wages in Foreign Countries,""Commercial and Industrial Policies in Germany," "British Commercial and IndustrialPolicies."Dr. Harris's long residence in Germany andhis extended experience in the consular service,in which he has gained unusual distinction,emminently fit him to discuss the subjects whichhe has selected. The courses will each continue for six weeks, and will be given at 1 1 a. m.and 2 p.m., respectively. Any persons desiringto attend these lectures as hearers may communicate with the Dean of the College of Commerce and Administration.PRESIDENT HARPER'S DECENNIAL REPORT.In a beautifully printed new volume of 718pages, containing President Harper's DecennialReport, there is a remarkably comprehensiveand detailed statement of the development ofthe University in the first ten years of its life.The President's personal report, covering thefirst 143 pages, includes a Note of Presentation,The Board of Trustees, The University Staff ofInstruction, The Public, The Students, TheAlumni, The Founder of the University, Administrative History, Buildings and Grounds,The Business Managment of the University,The University Press, University Extension,Affiliation and Co-operation, The DivinitySchool, The Medical School, The Law School,The School of Education, University College,The College of Commerce and Administration,The Senior Colleges, The Junior Colleges, Fellowships, Scholarships, and Student Service,Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums, TheMorgan Park Academy, The Student SocialLife, The Religious Work and Life, The MoreUNIVERSITY RECORD 251Important Experiments, Celebrations, and TheForecast.The supplementary report of the Dean of theFaculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, covering 52 pages, includes Legislation and Administration, Departments of Instruction, TheUnit of Work and the Unit of Time, The Planof Concentration, The System of Four Quarters, The Summer Quarter, Attendance of Students, Schools and Colleges, and matters concerning the Graduate Schools. This report isfollowed by those of the Dean of the OgdenGraduate School of Science, the Dean of theSenior Colleges, the Dean of the Junior Colleges, the Dean of Women, the Dean of University College, the Dean of the Divinity School,the Dean of University Affiliations, and theDean of the Morgan Park Academy.The reports of the Directors include those ofthe Associate Librarian, of the Directors of theUniversity Press, the University ExtensionDivision, and of Physical Culture and Athletics ;and there is also a division of the book devotedto a review of the Religious Work in the University.There are reports, also, from the BusinessManager, of the University and from the Registrar; from the Yerkes Observatory, the HullZoological Laboratory, the Walker Museum,the Department of Geology, the Hull BotanicalLaboratory, the Hull Physiological Laboratory,the Bacteriological Laboratory, and the KentChemical Laboratory. An elaborate and invaluable Historical Sketch of eighty pages closesthe volume, which in its illustration of administrative method, organization, and remarkablegrowth stands unique among publications of itskind.PLAYS PRESENTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGODRAMATIC CLUB IN LEON MANDEL HALL.On December 18 the University of ChicagoDramatic Club gave as its autumn program Mr.W. B. Yeats's play The Land of Heart's Desire, and Sheridan's Duenna. The occasion was interesting as being the first use of Mandel Hallfor a theatrical performance. The presentationof both plays was highly creditable, and marksthe most dignified and serious work thus faraccomplished by the Club. The Land of Heart'sDesire was given with sincerity and restraint,and with a feeling for the delicate lyric qualityof the play that made the impression one ofgenuine charm; and The Duenna was actedthroughout with spirit and assurance.In the former play Miss Finch, as the FaeryChild, deserves special mention ; and in the latter, Mr. Weddell as Don Jerome, Miss Bock asthe Duenna, and Mr. Willett as Isaac, werenotable. The complete casts were as follows:THE LAND OF HEART'S DESIRE.Maurteen Bruin, an Irish peasant Arthur C. BruceBridget Bruin, his wife Marion RedlichShawn Bruin, their son T. Van Horn HartMaire Bruin, his newly married wife Vida SuttonFather Hart, the parish priest Henry D. SulcerA Faery Child Lucine FinchTHE DUENNA.Don Jerome, a Spanish nobleman J. H. WeddellLuisa, his daughter Frances ClendenningFerdinand, his son Harold H. SwiftAntonio, friend to Ferdinand Richard DavisClara, friend to Luisa Frances BenedictIsaac Mendoza, a Jew Howard WillettThe Duenna Sidney BockLopez, servant to Ferdinand James HickeyCarlos, friend to Isaac Paul WalkerFather Paul, a friar Albert W. ShererThe following appreciation of The Land ofHeart's Desire was written for the UniversityDramatic Club by Assistant Professor RobertMorss Lovett, of the Department of English:The Land of H< 's Desire was first performed atthe Avenue Theater, London, in the spring of 1894. Itthus belongs to the period when Maeterlinck was replacing Ibsen as the dominant influence upon that portion ofthe English public which cares passionately for therenewal of the old alliance between literature and thestage. It was to this public that Mr. Yeats's play chieflyappealed, for it must be confessed that The Land ofHeart's Desire is without the ordinary interest of thedrama. It is to be described as a situation which is252 UNIVERSITY RECORDdeveloped by dramatic means. And, as in the work ofthe Belgian playwright, the impressiveness of the situation lies in the presentation of the simple elemental lifeof man in startling nearness to its background of mystery.Maurteen Bruin and his family are gathered in theircabin on May Eve (the priest is there also), when thegirl Maire, the wife of Shawn Bruin, is entranced beforetheir eyes by the spells of the faery child, and her soulswept away. There is a sort of dramatic opposition inthe situation between the claims of conventional life,with its cares and consolations, set forth by the oldMaurteen Bruin :When we are youngWe long to tread a way none trod before,But find the excellent old way through loveAnd through the care of children to the hourFor bidding Fate and Time and Change good-bye ;and the desire of the heart for freedom, crying in thewords of Maire :Faeries, come take me out of this dull world,For I would ride with you upon the wind,Run on the top of the dishevelled tide,And dance upon the mountains like a flame SClearly The Land of Heart's Desire is poetry, and,whether it be a play or not, it belongs to the theater, forit is a story wonderfully told by dramatic means ; a folktale into which the poet by stage presentation has putsomething of the genuine creative power which is behindmyth-making. ,THE DUENNA.Sheridan's play, The Duenna, a. conventional romanticdrama with a picturesque Spanish setting, was firstwritten as a comedy, and afterward rewritten as a comicopera. In this latter form it contained a number ofcharacteristic songs which greatly added to the lightnessof the production ; and in order to preserve the originalatmosphere as far as possible, a number of these songswere retained in the present rendition, although the playwas given in its dramatic form. The Duenna was firstproduced in 1775, the same year that The Rivals was firstgiven, at Covent Garden Theater. Mrs. Green, who appeared as Mrs. Malaprop in the latter play, took the partof the Duenna, and Mr. Quick, famous as Bob Acres,played Isaac Mendoza, the cunning Jew who is so delightfully outwitted.The play was chosen for presentation by the DramaticClub both because of the rareness of its production andbecause of the interesting contrast it offers to The Landcf Heart's Desire.CLASSES FOR BIBLE STUDENTS IN THE YOUNG MEN'SCHRIST/ AN ASSOCIATION.On December 2 over fifty members of the^classes for Bible students in the Young Men's Christian Association dined at the Commons,and later were addressed by Mr. L. WilburMesser, general secretary of the Central Y. M.C A. of Chicago, on "The Duty of a CollegeMan to the Association." Mr. Paul C. Foster,collegiate secretary of the city, spoke on "TheSocial Life of the Bible Class " ; and ProfessorE. D. Burton, Head of the Department of NewI estament Literature and Interpretation, who isconducting the Leaders' Class, spoke briefly on"The Investigative Spirit in Bible Study."Among other things, Dr. Burton said : " Theremust be intellectual work in Bible study as inall others. The type of intellectuality we aimto exercise is not dogmatic, but investigative.We are really studying history, and from primary sources."Rev. Edward Braislin, D.D., the UniversityPreacher, spoke upon the theme of "DailyStudy and the Daily Life," and emphasized theimportance of regular daily study of the Scriptures.There are at present fourteen groups of students carrying on daily study of the Bible, thelife of Christ being the particular topic of consideration.THE ANNUAL HOME CONCERT OF THE UNIVERSITYGLEE AND MANDOLIN CLUBS.On Friday evening, December 11, the annualhome concert of the University Glee and Mandolin Clubs was given in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall before a very good audience. Thehall was decorated in University colors, thestage curtain being of maroon and the boxesbeing draped with maroon. Many of the fraternities and other undergraduate organizationshad reserved blocks of seats, or boxes. TheGirls' Glee Club attended in a body.The members of both the Glee and MandolinClubs showed the effect of careful training, andgave a well-balanced and entertaining program.The Lawrence Orchestra played during the intermissions. Its leader, Mr. Charles A. Law-UNIVERSITY RECORD 253rence, had composed a march entitled " MandelHall," and this was played publicly for the firsttime. Certain numbers and special songs wereenthusiastically received. The concert closedwith the singing of " Alma Mater " by theaudience and the Glee Club.Following the concert there was dancing anda reception in the Reynolds Club House, towhich many of the audience remained.An extensive western trip for the combinedclubs has been planned for the holidays.PRESIDENT HARPER AT A MEETING OF THE EASTERNALUMNI OF THE UNIVERSITY.At the annual reunion of the eastern alumniand alumnae of the University, held on December 5 at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New Yorkcity, there were nearly a hundred graduatespresent. President Harper gave the graduatesof the University some account of the recentprogress in the construction of new buildings —Hutchinson Hall, the Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, the Reynolds Club House, the BartlettGymnasium, the School of Education, and theLaw School. He spoke also of the unity ofthought and spirit which characterized the workof the University in its various Schools andColleges, and of the higher spiritual tone whichseemed to exist in the more recent years.Other speakers at the reunion were Dr. HenryL. Morehouse, Professor Charles L. Bristol,Mr. Frederick A. Cleveland, Dr. Edward Judson, the new member of the University DivinitySchool, and Mr. Allen T. Burns.Professor Charles L. Bristol, of New YorkUniversity, was elected president of the association ; Mrs. Frances Williston Burkes, Mr. William R. Roney, and Mr. Allen G. Hoyt, vice-presidents; and Professor Paul Monroe, ofColumbia University, secretary. THE FIRST CONCERT BY THE THOMAS ORCHESTRAIN LEON MANDEL ASSEMBLY HALL.On Monday evening, December 21, 1903, thecelebration of the formal opening of the newUniversity buildings, known as the TowerGroup, was marked by the first concert givenby the Theodore Thomas Orchestra at the University of Chicago. The concert was given inthe Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, and the largeaudience of faculty members, students, andfriends of the University were enthusiastic intheir appreciation. The auditorium proved especially favorable to the interpretation of softermusical effects, and the concert in general wascne of genuine satisfaction and delight. It ishoped and expected that concerts by this greatorchestra may become a regular feature of University life.The following program was played by theorchestra :Symphony, E flat, (Kochel 543) MozartAdagio — Allegro, Andante con moto,Menuetto, Finale.'•' Overture," Leonore, No. 3 Beethoven" Huldigungsmarsch," Wagner" Vorspiel," Lohengrin Wagner" Death and Transfiguration " StraussAt the close of the musical program in Man-del Hall the regular Convocation reception washeld in the Library of the Reynolds Club House,where President and Mrs. Harper received withthe Convocation orator, Hon. George W. Ross,premier of Ontario, Mr. and Mrs. Leon Man-del, of Chicago, and Dean and Mrs. Harry PrattJudson.Refreshments were served in the cafe of theCommons to all guests, and dancing in Hutchinson Hall continued until midnight. Altogether, the evening was one of the most notablein the history of the University.RESULT OF THE FINALS IN DEBATE.The finals in debate, held on December 10in Kent Theater for choosing the team to represent the University in the contest of the Winter254 UNIVERSITY RECORDQuarter with Northwestern University, resultedin the selection of the following men : Mr.George O. Fairweather, Mr. Cecil C. North,and Mr. Leo F. Wormser, with Mr. Albert N.Merritt as alternate. The question under discussion — " Resolved, That in Labor DisputesWorkmen are Justified in Demanding as a Condition of Settlement that Only Union Men BeEmployed" — is the same that will be debatedwith the team from Northwestern. The debatewas remarkably close, the judges spending considerable time in their final selections for theteam. No decision was rendered as to whichside of the question won.The judges in the contest were ProfessorFloyd R. Mechem, of the Law School; Associate Professor John Cummings, of the Department of Political Economy ; Dr. Charles E.Merriam, of the Department of PoliticalScience ; Dr. Joseph P. Warren, of the Department of History ; and Mr. Henry P. Chandler,of the Department of English. Professor Albion W. Small, Head of the Department ofSociology, presided at the debate.THE WOMAN'S ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION.So much interest in athletics has been manifested among the women of the University thatat a mass-meeting held in the Woman's Gymnasium on December 2 a constitution for aWoman's Athletic Association was submittedfor discussion and approval. There wereeighty-four charter members of the new association. On December 3 the charter memberselected an Advisory Board composed of members representing the various departments ofgolf, tennis, hockey, basket-ball, and gymnasticwork. For each department a chairman andfour other members were chosen.WINNERS OF THE FERDINAND PECK PRIZES.The winners of the semi-final declamationcontest in the Autumn Quarter — Misses Jean-ette Barnet and Susanna O'Donnell, and Mr. Albert Lafayette Hopkins, from the UpperJuniors, and Mr. Bernard I. Bell, from theLower Juniors — held the final contest for theFerdinand Peck prizes in Kent Theater, December 16, before a large audience. The prizeswere awarded to Miss Barnet for her interpretation of "Touissaiit 1'Ouverture," by WendellPhillips, and to Mr. Hopkins for his delivery of" Mississippi's Contested Elections," by SargentS. Prentiss.THE FACULTIES.Professor Franklin Johnson, of the DivinitySchool, has a contribution in the Standard ofDecember 5, 1903, on " The Literary Beauty ofthe New Testament."Professor Albion W. Small, Head of the Department of Sociology, had in the AmericanJournal of Sociology for November, 1903, aCk Note on Ward's ' Pure Sociology.' "Professor Wilbur S. Jackman, Dean of theCollege of Education, contributed to the Elementary School Teacher for November, 1903,an article on " Nature-study True to Life."Professor George W. Myers, of the School ofEducation, contributed to the November issueof the School Review a discussion of "TheLaboratory Method in the Secondary School."At the Convocation religious service, heldin Leon Mandel Asembly Hall, December 20,1903, Professor William D. MacClintock, of theDepartment of English, preached the Convocation sermon.On December 16, at the Windermere Hotel,Chicago, Miss Grace Burleigh Nye, daughterof Mr. and Mrs. James W. Nye, was marriedto Dr. Ralph Waldo Webster, Associate in theDepartment of Physiology.Professor A. A. Stagg, Director of the Division of Physical Culture, after a very seriousillness has gone to New Mexico for change andrecuperation. Mr. Stagg will probably returnabout the middle of January.UNIVERSITY RECORD 255In the Biblical World for December the opening article (illustrated) is by Mr. John M. P.Smith, Associate in the Department of SemiticLanguages and Literatures. His subject isu Heinrich Ewald and the Old Testament."So many students and alumni of the University are in Chicago during the holidays that provision was made for keeping open the ReynoldsClub House. It was closed only on Christmasand part of New Year's Day.A new publication connected with the Schoolof Education is the University High SchoolWeekly, to be edited by the students of the University High School. The first number wasissued on December 17, 1903.On the evening of December 12, 1903, atthe home of Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Googins,3247 South Park avenue, Chicago, Miss LilianF. Googins was married to Dr. Nathaniel Butler, Professor of Education and Director of Cooperating Work."Ten Stars Whose Radial Velocities Vary"is the subject of an article in the DecemberAstrophysical Journal which gathers up theresults of recent investigations by ProfessorEdwin B. Frost and Assistant Walter S. Adams,of the Yerkes Observatory.The Elementary School Teacher for December has as its leading article "Democracy inEducation," by Professor John Dewey, Headof the School of Education. The same numbercontains a contribution from Mrs. Ella F.Young on the question of "Re-examination ofTeachers."At a meeting of the Beta chapter of Illinois,of the honorary society, Phi Beta Kappa, whichwas held on December 16 at the home of Associate Professor George E. Vincent, who ispresident of the chapter, there were two initiatesinto the fraternity — Miss Lilian A. M. E. Stei-chen, of the present graduating class, and Mr.Walter Bruno Zeissler, a student in the SeniorColleges. The formation of a University Orchestra,which appeared for the first time on December18 at the annual entertainment of the DramaticClub, completes the circle of musical organizations in the University, which now includes amen's glee club, a women's glee club, a mandolin club, a band, a choir, and an orchestra.On December 18 an address on " Morris, theEducator " was given in Fullerton Hall, of theChicago Art Institute, by Dr. Martin Schtitze,of the Department of Germanic Languages andLiteratures. The occasion was the public meeting of the Morris Society of Chicago. Mr.Schiitze is chairman of the education committeeof the society.President William R. Harper gave an address on " Bible Study and Personal Experience " before the Central Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago on September 27,and also on October 23 before the Baptist StateAssociation of Illinois. The address appearsas No. 6 in the pamphlet publications of theAmerican Institute of Sacred Literature.Mr. Starr J. Murphy, an attorney of NewYork city, spent the first three weeks of December in a visit to the University as the educationalrepresentative of Mr. John D. Rockefeller. Mr.Murphy was informally entertained at the homeof President Harper, where he was mvited tomeet the heads of departments ; and he was alsogiven a dinner at the Quadrangle Club.To encourage original research in subjectsrelating to the American Indian, ProfessorFrederick Starr, of the Department of Sociology and Anthropolog}^, has had six medalsstruck, to be presented to the persons who atthe present time are most distinguished in thisspecial field. The medal is to be known as the" Cornplanter " medal, in honor of an Indianchief of that name who early in the last centurywas the head of the Long House, or Council ofthe Five Nations, in the Iroquois Confederacy.Hereafter the medal will be awarded annually.256 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe November Astrophysical Journal has acontribution, " On the Spectra of ImperfectGratings," by Professor A. A. Michelson, Headof the Department of Physics. In the samenumber is an article by Professor Edwin B.Frost and Assistant Walter S. Adams, of theYerkes Observatory, on " Spectrograph^ Observations of Standard Velocity Stars (1902-1903)."At the Forty-ninth Convocation ninety-threedegrees, titles, and certificates were conferred,thirty-two Bachelor's degrees being awarded tomembers of the regular graduating class. Included in the total number were the degrees offour Doctors, six Masters, six Bachelors ofDivinity, and one Bachelor of Education, Twodiplomas of the School of Education, and forty-two titles of Associate, were also conferred.On Sunday afternoon, December 20, a special Convocation vesper service was held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall. The music wasprovided by the University Choir and the Chicago Lyric Choral Club under the direction ofMr. Dunham, the organist of Sinai Temple.Solos were also given by a contralto from theTemple and by the leader of the UniversityChoir. A short address was delivered by Professor Charles R. Henderson, the UniversityChaplain,The new Assistant Marshals of the Universityacted for the first time, in co-operation with theCollege Marshals, at the Forty-ninth Convocation in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, December22, 1903. The new appointees are the following : Mr. Henry Porter Chandler and Mr. NottWilliam Flint, of the Department of English;Mr. Henry Gordon Gale and Mr. Glenn MoodyHobbs, of the Department of Physics ; Mr.Preston Kyes, of the Department of Anatomy ;and Mr. Harry Gideon Wells, of the Departmentof Pathology and Bacteriology.Professor W. E. B. Du Bois, of the Department of Sociology in the University of Atlanta, Ga., was invited by Miss Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, of the Department of Political Science,to speak on the negro problem in the South before a large number of guests in Green Hall, onthe evening of December 16. He criticised theposition taken by Mr. John Temple Graves, thelast Convocation orator of the University, andexpressed himself as opposed to the views ofDr. Lyman Abbott. Professor Du Bois is oneof the leaders of his race, and is the author of awidely read book entitled The Souls of BlackFolk.A directory of the eastern alumni of the University has been issued by the Alumni Association through its general secretary, Mr. ArthurF. Bestor, who collected the material. Directories for other sections of the country willalso be issued, as a convenience to graduates ofthe University. It is of especial interest tonotice that among the alumni of the Universityof Chicago three are instructors in Brown University, one in Swarthmore College, one in theUniversity of Pennsylvania, three in Bryn MawrCollege, four in Vassar, seven in Columbia Uni -versity, two in Cornell, seven at Mount HolyokeCollege, and three at Harvard University.In the December issue of The World TodayAssociate Professor Robert Herrick, of the Department of English, has an illustrated articleentitled " In the Sicilian Hills." In the samenumber is a contribution by Professor AlbionW. Small, Head of the Department of Sociology,on " The German View of America " ; and in areview of progress during the year 1903 Professor Charles R. Henderson writes of " Charities and Corrections," Dean Harry Pratt Judsonof " International Politics," Assistant ProfessorRobert A. Milliken of " Physics," and ProfessorShailer Mathews, editor of the magazine, of" Religion."The University of Chicago Press announcesfor publication on January 1, 1904, the firstvolume of The Code of Hammurabi, King ofUNIVERSITY RECORD 257Babylonia (about 2250) B.C. This volume is byRobert Francis Flarper, Professor of SemiticLanguages and Literatures and Director of theBabylonian Section of the Oriental ExplorationFund of the University, and contains maps,text, transliteration, translation, glossary, historical and philological notes, and indices. Ithas over eighty plates and about two hundredand fifty pages. Some of the provisions in thecode contain unconsciously humorous suggestions for modern legislation, as, for instance,section 218, which reads : "If a physicianoperates on a man for a severe wound with abronze lancet and causes the man's death, oropens an abscess (in the eye) of a man with abronze lancet and destroys the man's eye, theyshall cut off his fingers." Section 143 says withreference to a wife: "If she has not been acareful mistress, has gadded about, has neglected her house, and has belittled her husband,they shall throw that woman into the water."THE LIBRARIAN'S ACCESSION REPORT FOR THEAUTUMN QUARTER, 1903.During the Fall Quarter 1903 there has been addedto the Library of the University a total number of 5,660volumes, from the following sources :Books added by purchase, 3,633 volumes, distributedas follows :Anatomy, 14 vols. ; Anthropology, 21 vols. ; Astronomy (Ryerson), 4 vols.; Astronomy (Yerkes), 3 vols.;Bacteriology, 13 vols.; Biology, 518 vols.; Botany, 27vols. ; Chemistry, 61 vols. ; Church History, 87 vols. ;Classical Archaeology, 19 vols. ; Commerce and Administration, 61 vols. ; Comparative Religion, 5 vols. ; Dano-Norwegian and Swedish Theological Seminaries, 26 vols. ;Ellis Hall, 31 vols.; Embryology, 12 vols.; English, 76vols. ; General Library, 252 vols. ; Geography, 20 vols. ;Geology, 11 vols.; German, 383 vols.; Greek, 17 vols.;History, 482 vols.; Japanese, 4 vols.; Latin, 19 vols.;Latin and Greek, 6 vols. ; Law School, 288 vols. ; Lexington Hall, 4 vols. ; Mathematics, 35 vols. ; Morgan ParkAcademy, 123 vols. ; Neurology, 23 vols. ; New Testament, 19 vols. ; Paleontology, 2 vols. ; Pathology, 22vols.; Pedagogy, 45 vols.; Philosophy, 133 vols.;Physics, 36 vols. ; Physiological Chemistry, 48 vols. ;Physiology, 20 vols. ; Political Economy, 81 vols. ; Polit ical Science, 18 vols. ; Public Speaking, 32 vols. ; Romance, 131 vols.; Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, 19vols.; School of Education, 123 vols.; Semitic, 24 vols.;Sociology, 59 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 4 vols.;Sociology (Folk-Psychology), 2 vols.; Swedish Theological Seminary, 6 vols. ; Systematic Theology, 5 vols. ;Zoology, 159 vols.Books added by gift, 1,173 volumes, distributed asfollows :Anthropology, 2 vols.; Astronomy (Ryerson), 2 vols.;Astronomy (Yerkes), 1 vol.; Biology, 7 vols.; Botany, 3vols. ; Chemistry, 1 vol. ; Church History, 4 vols. ;Classical Archaeology, 1 vol. ; Commerce and Administration, 19 vols. ; Comparative Religion, 8 vols. ; English, 2 vols. ; General Library, 749 vols. ; Geography,199 vols.; Geology, 9 vols.; Greek, 1 vol.; Haskell, 1vol. ; History, 1 1 vols. ; Homiletics, 1 vol. ; Latin, 6vols.; Law School, 11 vols.; Mathematics, 12 vols.;Morgan Park Academy, 1 vol. ; Neurology, 1 vol. ; NewTestament, 4 vols. ; Pathology, 3 vols. ; Pedagogy, 18vols. ; Philosophy, 2 vols. ; Physics, 2 vols. ; PoliticalEconomy, 59 vols. ; Political Science, 6 vols. ; Romance,3 vols. ; School of Education, 4 vols. ; Semitics, 2 vols. ;Sociology, 13 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol.; Systematic Theology, 3 vols. ; Zoology, 1 vol.Books added by exchange for University publications854 volumes, distributed as follows :Anthropology, 1 vol.; Astronomy (Yerkes), 10 vols.;Biology, 1 vol. ; Botany, 36 vols. ; Chemistry, 2 vols. ;Church History, 1 3 vols. ; Commerce and Administration,2 vols. ; Comparative Religion, 9 vols. ; General Library,579 vols.; Geography, 5 vols.; Geology, 53 vols.; History, 2 vols. ; Homiletics, 3 vols. ; Neurology, 1 vol. ;New Testament, 12 vols.; Pedagogy, 8 vols.; Physics,1 vol. ; Political Economy, 44 vols. ; Political Science, 1vol. ; School of Education, 3 vols. ; Semitic, 1 1 vols. ;Sociology, 39 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 2 vols.; Systematic Theology, 8 vols. ; Zoology, 8 vols.SPECIAL GIFTS.U. S. Government, 25 vols. Documents. ,City of Dortmund, 4 vols. Reports.Great Britain — Board of Trade, 5 vols. Reports.South Dakota, 8 vols. Reports.Royaume de Belgique, 6 vols. Reports.Chicago Daily News, 85 vols. Bound volumes ofNews.British Museum, 10 vols. Scientific catalogues, etc.Mr. R. D. Salisbury, 5 vols. Geographical and geological works.Mr. T. C Chamberlin, 3 vols. Geological Papers.Dr. Clinton Locke, 72 vols. Italian Literature.Government of Australia, 4 vols. Reports.Rhode Island Railroad Commissioners, 9 vols. Reports.MAGAZINES PUBLISHEDBY:THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSTHE BIBLICAL WORLDEdited by President W. R Harper. A popular illustratedmonthly magazine. Subscription price, $2.00 a year ; singlecopies, 25 cents. Foreign postage. 75 cents.The Biblical World is devoted exclusively to biblical study, and so edited as to afford the greatest aidto the busy clergyman, the progressive Sunday-school teacher, and the thinking layman.THE SCHOOL REVIEWEdited by The University of Chicago School of Education,John Dewey, Director. George H. Locke, ManagingEditor.^ Published monthly, except in July and August.Subscription price, $1.50 a year; single copies, 20 cents.Foreign postage, 50 cents.So well has the School Review served the interests of high-school and academy work that ithas come to be recognized as the official organ ofsecondary education in the United States. It isdevoted exclusively to this field, is progressive,practical, and helpful, and is indispensable to everyteacher.THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHEREdited by The University of Chicago School of Education,John Dewey, Director. Mrs. Ella F. Young. ManagingEditor^ Published monthly, except in July and August.Subscription price, $1.50 a year; single copies, 20 cents.Foreign postage, 50 cents.A monthly periodical for teachers, principals,and superintendents Each number contains practical plans for teaching in every grade from thekindergarten through the eight grades and thepedagogic schools.THE BOTANICAL GAZETTEEdited by John M. Coulter. Published monthly, with illustrations. Subscription price, $5.00 a year; single copies,50 cents. Foreign postage, 75 cents.The Botanical Gazette is an illustrated monthlyjournal devoted to botany in its widest sense. Formore than twenty years it has been the Americanjournal of botany, containing contributions fromthe leading botanists of America and Europe.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGYEdited by Albion W. Small. Published bi-monthly, withillustrations. Subscription price, $2.00 a year; single copies, 50 cents. Foreign postage. 50 cents.The special aim of the American Journal of Sociology is to show that the " social problem" is bothmany problems and one problem. It has alreadymade itself indispensable to Americans who aretrying to keep informed about the general tendencies in the rapidly changing field of sociology.THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGYEdited by T C Chamberlin. Published semi-quarterly, withillustrations. Subscription price, $3.00 a year; singlecopies, 50 cents. Foreign postage, 75 cents. Devoted to the interests of geology and the alliedsciences, and contains articles covering a wide rangeof subjects. Adapted to young geologists, advancedstudents, and teachers.THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNALEdited by George E. Hale and Edwin B. Frost. Publishedmonthly, except in February and August, with illustrations. Subscription price, $4.00 a year; single copies,50 cents. Foreign postage, 75 cents.An international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics. Invaluable to all who are interested in astronomy and astrophysics.THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMYEdited by J. Laurence Laughlin. Published quarterly,Subscription price, $3.00 a year; single copies, $x.oo.Foreign postage, 50 cents.This publication promotes the scientific treatmentof problems in practical economics, and also contains contributions on topics of theoretical andspeculative interest.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THEOLOGYEdited by the Divinity Faculty of the University of Chicago.Published quarterly. Subscription price, $3.00 a year;single copies, $1.00. Foreign postage, 50 cents.The only journal in the world so catholic in itsscope as to cover the entire field of modern investigation and research in all the different lines oftheological thought represented by special fields andparticular schools.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITICLANGUAGES AND LITERATURESEdited by President William R. Harper. Published quarterlySubscription price, $3.00 a year; single copies, $1.00.Foreign postage, 25 cents.The object of this journal is to encourage thestudy of the Semitic languages and literatures, tofurnish information concerning the work of Semiticstudents at home and abroad, and to act as a mediumfor the publication of scientific contributions in thosedepartments. Articles are published in German,French, and Latin, as well as in English.MODERN PHILOLOGYEditors: Philip S. Allen, Managing Editor; Frederic I.Carpenter, Camillo von Klenze. Published quarterly.Subscription price, $3.00 a year; single copies, $1.00.Foreign postage, 50 cents.Modern Philology is devoted entirely to researchin Modern Languages and Literatures. First number appeared in June, 1903.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEdited by the Recorder of the University. Published monthly.Yearly subscription, $1.00 ; single copies 10 cents.The University Record is the official monthly publication of the University of Chicago.SAMPLE COPIES FREE ON REQUEST.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, ILL.