THEUniversity RecordOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOFOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERVol. VIII OCTOBER, 1903 No. 6CONTENTSPRESENTATION OF THE PORTRAIT OF PROFESSOR HERMANN EDUARD VON HOLSTHERMANN EDUARD VON HOLST, FrontispieceTHE PRESENTATION ADDRESS ON BEHALFOF THE DONORS OF THE PORTRAIT, byJulius Rosenthal, Esq. - i53THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE PORTRAIT ONBEHALF OF THE UNIVERSITY, by Piesi-dent William R. Harper - - - - - 154 161PROFESSOR VON HOLST AS A HISTORIAN, ^by John Franklin Jameson - - - - - 156LIFE AND CHARACTER OF HERMANN E. VONHOLST, by James Laurence Laughlin •FRIENDLY RELATIONS BETWEEN GERMANAND AMERICAN SCHOLARS AND THINKERS, by the Honorable Charlemagne Tower,Ambassador of the United States to Germany - PRESENTATION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SNOW HORIZONTAL TELESCOPETHE SNOW HORIZONTAL REFLECTING TELESCOPE (full-page illustration) -THE PRESENTATION ADDRESS ON BEHALFOF THE DONOR, by Dr. George S. Isham 171171 169THE ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE UNI-.VERSITY, by Professor Rollin D. Salisbury 171A SYNOPSIS OF THE ADDRESS by DirectorGeorge E. Hale - - - -_ - - 172THE TOWER GROUP OF BUILDINGS FROMTHE SOUTH (full-page illustration) - - 175THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TOWER GROUPOF BUILDINGS, by Shepley, Rutan, and Cool-idge 175THE DECORATIVE SCHEME FOR THE TOWERGROUP, by Frederic Bartlett - - - - 176 THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THECHRISTIAN UNION" FOR THE SUMMERQUARTER, 1903 - 177INAUGURAL EXERCISES AT QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, CANADA - - - - -ALUMNI NOTES 179180PUBLISHED MONTHLY BYZbe Ulniversit^ of CbicacjoANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION SINGLE COPIESONE DOLLAR ENTERED AT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, AS SECOND-CLASS MATTERAUGUST 13, 1902, UNDER THE ACT OF JULY 15, 1894 TEN CENTSHERMANN EDUARD VON HOLST(From the Presentation Portrait by Karl Marr of the Royal Academy of Munich)VOLUME VIII NUMBER 6University RecordOCTOBER, 1903THE PRESENTATION OF THE PORTRAIT OF PROFESSOR HERMANN EDUARD VON HOLST,LEON MANDEL ASSEMBLY HALL, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 1902.THE PRESENTATION ADDRESS ON BEHALF OF THEDONORS OF THE PORTRAITBY JULIUS ROSENTHAL, ESQ.Mr. President and Members of the Senate ofthe University of Chicago:At this meeting, called to do honor to Hermann Eduard von Hoist, Professor of Historyin this University, now absent in Europe seeking restoration to health, it is my privilege toappear as the spokesman for his many friends.Hermann Eduard von Hoist is a man ofsterling character, a representative of Germanthought in America and of American thoughtin Germany. He, more than others, is thoroughly familiar with the foundations, the character, and the history of the political institutionsof this country. High above all partisanship,thoroughly appreciating all that is best in thepolitical institutions and statesmanship of bothhis native and adopted countries, he judgesthem from the lofty standpoint of an impartialhistorian. Vigorously has he condemned thatwhich he considered pernicious, immoral, ordangerous, and unstintingly has he praised andupheld that which he believed to be just andright. A man of thorough research in hischosen field of work, conscientious and scrupulous, he has steadfastly adhered to the highestideals, and has never deviated from that moralstandard with which he measured all things, and which has been his own guide in all therelations of life.We who have known him personally, or fromhis writings and public lectures, were everstirred as well by his moral anger in criticisingthe evils in public life, as by his enthusiasm indiscussing the spirit of our free institutions,with which he is so thoroughly imbued. Hecombines the best characteristics of the Germanand the American ; a scholar and citizen of bothlands, he has won recognition in their highestcircles. His direct and indirect influence uponthe German population of this city, yea of thecountry, has gained for him their admirationand love ; and for his untiring work, in healthand in sickness, to the common interest of bothcountries, he deserves in the highest degree ourthanks.His influence for good, upon^the many students wrho have heard him and have studiedunder him in the University of Chicago, isbeyond measure. Here is where his memoryshould be perpetuated. Here it will be a lasting incentive to the younger generation, inpublic and in private life, to follow his exampleand to uphold the high moral standard and idealwhich he ever aimed to implant in their heartsand minds.The painting of Professor von Hoist whichwe now present to you is not merely an addi-153154 UNIVERSITY RECORDtional portrait of a professor of this University,to adorn these magnificent rooms; not merelyan excellent painting by an artist of such renown as Karl Marr, professor of the RoyalAcademy of Munich. It is more than this ; itis a beacon to guide the youth gathering in thishigh seat of learning, along the highest andthe noblest paths.I now present to you, Mr. President of theUniversity of Chicago, in the name of hisfriends, the portrait of Professor von Hoist.THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE PORTRAIT ON BEHALF OFTHE UNIVERSITY.BY PRESIDENT WILLIAM R. HARPER.Ladies and Gentlemen:The giving of gifts is an old and universalcustom, and signifies some kind of affectionor esteem on the part of the giver for the personor institution receiving the gift. Gifts ofmoney, necessary as they may be for the upbuilding of an institution, and acceptable asthey may be at any and all times, are not theonly gifts which an institution desires, nor arethey the only gifts which an institution actuallyneeds. Gifts of a practical character for buildings and books and apparatus are desirable,and indeed necessary; but there are gifts ofanother kind — those which contribute to theaesthetic side of life, those which represent moredefinitely the sentimental side of universitylife; and these are as necessary and as desirable as the others. And, above all, a giftwhich in most disinterested fashion not onlycontributes to the pleasure and enjoyment ofthose who receive it, but at the same timeemphasizes in a marked way the great value ofa strong character, and thereby impresses uponall who come into relationship with the gift theexcellence of true worth — such a gift, I say, ismost desirable and most acceptable, for thereIs no higher virtue than the acknowledgmentof worth in human character, and the public expression of such acknowledgment. It is,therefore, a proper thing at this time of ailtimes for the Trustees and Faculties of this University to assemble for the purpose of accepting a gift possessing the value and significanceof that which has just been presented. It is,moreover, fitting that the presentation of thisgift and its acceptance by the University shouldtake place while our friend and colleague isstill with us in this life, in order that he mayknow, at least in part, the love and esteemwith which he is cherished by his friends andcolleagues in this institution.Five wTeeks ago this afternoon, upon Mr. vonHoist's request, I visited him at his old homein Freiburg. I found him greatly reduced instrength, and suffering all that a human beingcould suffer and yet live. Notwithstanding hisweakness and pain, he exhibited many of thecharacteristics of the von Hoist whom we onceknew here at the University. His conditionwas, indeed, a pathetic one — a mind as strongand vigorous as ever, a body almost ready tocrumble into pieces. His interest in Universityaffairs was most acute; and he would not restsatisfied until I had told him a long story ofthe progress of the University in its variousdivisions during the last five years. Again andagain he recalled the occurrences of the firstfive or six years, and at times I could almostimagine I saw before me the von Hoist ofthe first years of the University. In thisinterview, which extended through most ofthe afternoon, and which must have causedhim great expenditure of vitality in his weakened condition, his mind dwelt especially uponhis relationship to the University and upon hislarger relationship as a citizen of the UnitedStates. He desired me to convey certain messages. He greatly regretted that he was unableeither to write or to dictate these messages, andI need not assure you that it is impossible forme adequately to express them; I can give onlythe substance.UNIVERSITY RECORD 155To the Trustees he sent his last words ofgreeting, and acknowledgment of the kindnessshown him throughout his connection with theUniversity. His relationship through these tenyears had been, as he said, most pleasant andhelpful to him, and his only sorrow was that onaccount of failing health he had been unableto carry out his plans and to do the workwhich he desired to do in and for the University. He expressed himself with specialemphasis in reference to the perfect freedomwhich had been accorded him in the enunciationof his views, his entire confidence in the purpose' and policy of the institution in the libertythus given to the members of the staff, andhis deep appreciation of the support accordedhim at a critical moment, when the views whichhe professed were not those which satisfied thepopular mind.To his colleagues he asked me to bring hisfarewell message, and to say to them, and tothose friends of the University associated withthem in the presentation of this portrait, that heregarded it as the supreme honor conferredupon him during his lifetime. He wished meto assure them that he thought of this act asintended to express an appreciation, not ofhis scholarship nor of his ability as teacher,but rather of his intense interest in human lifeand human character. He was confident thatthe significance of this act on the part of hiscolleagues and his friends lay in the esteemfor him as a man, rather than in their appreciation of anything that he had said or done.He could not find words to express the satisfaction which he felt during these last hoursin the fact that the earnest and sincere purposeof his life and character had been adjudgedworthy of this special honor. And while hecould not bring himself to believe that he deserved this special recognition, his heart wasdeeply touched, and the last days of his lifewere completely transformed by this evidenceof affection and esteem. But, after all, his mind addressed itself inthis interview toward the students of the University more strongly, if possible, than towardTrustees and colleagues; and at this point Imust confess my utter inability to transmitthe message. Under the excitement of themoment he seemed to forget his weakness, andbut for the fact that his utterance was a whispered one, I could have imagined that it wasvon Hoist in all his strength and vigor thatwas speaking. As I sat by his bedside, withmy hands clasped in his, and received thesedying messages, I felt as the sons and friendscf dying patriarchs in olden times must havefelt; for these were the words of a patriarchwhose heart and brain had for long yearsworked in behalf of the true democratic spirit.His message to the students in brief was this :A word of congratulation that it was theirprivilege to study in an atmosphere so breadand so free from narrow influence, and in a cityso closely in touch with the active thought ofthe modern world. Recognizing the fact thatthe students now in the University did notknow him personally, he nevertheless felt thata word from him would be acceptable, and thisword he wished to speak in behalf of truepatriotism and good citizenship. His confidence in the permanence of democratic institutions had never wavered. His belief in thefuture of the United States was stronger thanever; while events had happened which forthe time perhaps seemed difficult to reconcilewith the progressive development of the affairs of the country, so strong were the institutions, as they had already developed, that nofear for the future need be entertained; hehad become more and more convinced of thissince his departure from the United States.In the United States alone was it possible towork out the great experiments of democracyfor the entire world. He was profoundly convinced that no other country could in any wayrival the United States of America in the156 UNIVERSITY RECORDopportunities for accomplishing that whichwould in time confer the greatest blessing onthe world at large; and consequently for thecollege man in the United States there wasgreater opportunity than for the college manof any other country, provided only he wascareful to cultivate a high conception of theduty which he owed to his country. On thispoint he dwelt long and eloquently, and it isonly the caption of the message which I amthus able to transmit; its enlargement I leavefor some future time, when, perhaps, with onlystudents before me, I may be able to expressit more fully. The one idea to which herecurred more frequently perhaps than to allothers was his belief in American institutions'and his faith in their permanence. " I am anAmerican," he said, "and my whole heart isAmerican." If it had been possible, he wouldhave returned to America to die. His familywill make America their home when he is gone.Could he give more definite proof of the sincerity of his belief?As I bade him farewell, the circumstancesof his coming to the University came back tomy mind : the loyalty with which he served itsinterests, the vigor with which he had performed every duty, the hard struggle which hehad made for life — a story of twelve years,the saddest story, perhaps, connected with thelife of our University. And yet, when I sawhow strongly he maintained the positions forwhich he had so earnestly fought, I was surethat his spirit had triumphed over weakness and suffering, and that it was his owndesire that his life might be regarded as acontribution to the foundations of this institution as established in those early years.In the name of the University, I accept fromthe donors this portrait. It will be placed inthe new Commons of the University, and everyman who looks upon it will be inspired to dosomething more than he would have done forhis country and for the human race. With grateful appreciation of this significant gift,I accept it, believing that it will prove to beone of the most precious and important contributions which the University has yet received,in the influence which it will exert upon thelives and characters of those who shall fromday to day look upon it and take to heart thelessons of endurance, honesty, and strengthwhich it represents.PROFESSOR VON HOLST AS A HISTORIAN.BY JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESON,Head of the Department of History.The fame of Professor von Hoist as a historian rests chiefly on his great work upon theconstitutional history of the United States.But his training for the task of the historianwas received in other fields. Of that trainingin its personal aspect, as a part of the life ofthe man, it falls to another to speak, who knewthe man by intimate friendship. That it wasobtained in the domain of European history is,however, a fact of much importance in themental development of the historian. This isclearly indicated in a striking passage in oneof his prefaces, and will not be doubted by anyone who perceives how many American writersupon American history have suffered from thelack of a broad historical education, how essential to a proper view of American developmentis the habit of regarding it as a part of the longstory of European growth.Professor von Hoist's doctoral dissertation^ lay in the field of French history. The pamphlet which caused his virtual exile to America,though in part political in its character, wasalso in part intended as a contribution to thehistory of civilization in Russia. The smallvolume which he presently sent over for publication in Heidelberg, the first and sole issuein a projected series of "Federzeichnungen ausi der Geschichte des Despotismus," was a study ofthe rule of Louis XIV. His university lecturesat Strassburg and Freiburg were not oftenUNIVERSITY RECORD 157upon American history. I have heard thatupon one occasion, when he departed from hisusual practice and announced a formal courseupon the constitutional history of the UnitedStates, he had but one auditor. That one, however, was the crown prince of Baden, whosefather, the grand duke, appreciated the advantage which a masterly course of instruction inthat subject might bring to one whose destinyit was to bear rule in a federal state. Finally,after the Constitutional History had been finished, Dr. von Hoist in 1894 published a seriesof lectures which he had delivered at the LowellInstitute in Boston, on The French RevolutionTested by Mirabeau's Career. The FrenchRevolution had always been one of the author'sfavorite fields of study; he frequently lecturedupon it in this university. The intention of theLowell Institute lectures was to show why theFrench nation, though at the beginning of itsrevolutionary movement provided with a savior,did not and could not make use of him. Therefore, though the theme of the book is but aportion of a great story, a detached chapter, itnevertheless has unity and dramatic interest.The materials are simply those which are ineveryone's hands ; but they had been duly pondered, assimilated, and subordinated to thelarge purposes of his exposition, to the broadand visible strokes of a vigorous artist. Hisauditors, as one of them has said, "were liftedto command wide horizons."But if early study and full knowledge ofEuropean history are conceded to be an important part of the training of the American historian, it is by no means a matter of agreementthat the history of the United States can beadequately written by a foreigner. The doubtis not a new one, nor of a type confined to theUnited States. The history of historical writing in every country shows traces of the samedebate, and instances of the advantages anddisadvantages of alien and native as writers ofthe national history. No years of study can give the alien all that ingrained familiarity withthe institutions of a country and their politicalworkings which has insensibly come to the bestof the natives, or in the most favored instanceshas been born and bred in them by the participation of their fathers or grandfathers in thegreat affairs of the nation. Neither can theforeigner share to the fullest extent in thosenational sentiments which, however we mayexplain it, have power to clarify the intelligenceand to promote truer estimates of national conduct than can be achieved by the judgmentalone. On the other hand, however, the foreigner has it in his power to take a moreobjective and external view. His judgment isnot clouded by chauvinism or more laudablepatriotic sentiments. The little local or partisan predilections which mean so much tonatives may mean little or nothing to him.North and South, East and West, Democratand Republican, may be indifferent to his mind.It is possible that the foreigner's history is seenin its best type in the case of one who, like Dr.von Hoist, comes to the country of which hewrites with the full intention of acquiring itscitizenship and sharing its fortunes, and withhis sympathies already enlisted in its life andits ideals. That this was his attitude let noone doubt. It falls to another to discuss thequality of his Americanism; yet I cannot forbear quoting the last remark which he made toa former student, now a distinguished American professor, when he saw him at Freiburg ayear ago: "Tell my friends in America that Iwas never so good an American as now."The genesis of Dr. von Hoist's great workwas somewhat unusual. It was in 1867 thathe migrated to America. Soon after this, inthe early days of the North German Confederation, a small group of Bremen merchants werecasting about for someone to give them a trustworthy account of the workings of universalsuffrage in the United States. They wrote toFriedrich Kapp, who was then living in New158 UNIVERSITY RECORDYork and had already befriended von Hoist.Through Kapp's influence and the advice of thehistorian Heinrich von Sybel, then a memberof the Parliament of the Confederation, vonHoist was engaged to prepare the desired statement. The task, however, grew upon hisvhands until it seemed to him impossible to content himself with anything short of a full examination of the constitutional history of hisadopted country. He used afterward to sendhis successive volumes to the Bremen merchants, though he doubted whether they readthem.Of another part of the mental processthrough which he went, in the inception of his"work, he has left an interesting account in oneof his prefaces:I came to the United States as an emigrant, and oneof the first things I did was to have my declaration ofintending to become a citizen registered in the city hallof New York. I, in fact, felt with the people of theUnited States before I commenced to study them andtheir institutions. For a considerable time, however,this feeling was partly of a kind to render my studiespretty fruitless. On the continent of Europe the UnitedStates are, even among the best-educated classes, in areally astonishing degree a terra incognita. Just on thisaccount they have always been used with predilectionas an illustration in the service of party ends. Theirfate in this quality has been pretty varied. In quicksuccession and more than once they have run throughall the phases from the idol to a bugbear. I was inclined to look upon them in the light of the former, forLaboulaye was the butler who had filled my knapsackof expectations. So I was rather unprepared for Tammany Hall, the first institution I got somewhat betteracquainted with. For a long time I was fairly bewilderedby the throng of most opposite impressions, and evenafter I had read and studied many a good book, Isearched in vain for a thread to lead me safely throughthis labyrinth. Only very gradually I succeeded infinding out what, up to this day, seems to me the onereason why all my efforts thus far had resembled somuch a wild-goose chase. Without being fully consciousof it, I expected to find in everything something particular, quite different from what was known to me eitherby study or by personal observation.Finally, he goes on to say, the veil fell fromhis eyes. The history of the United States took on new interest, and was definitely resolved on as the work of his lifetime, as soonas he grasped in immediate consciousness thefact that here, played out by human beings, not'demi-gods nor devils, was only an act of theone great drama, the history of western civilization. He was now able to relate this newobject of inquiry to the historical acquirementsand reflections of his earlier years.In 1873, when Dr. von Hoist was a professorextraordinarius at Strassburg, there appearedthe first volume of the work which was to make.him famous. It was entitled "Constitution andDemocracy of the United States;" Part I,"State Sovereignty and Slavery" (Verfassungund Demokratie der Vereinigten Staaten, etc.)*The American translation, which was published1 three years later, bore the name, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States— a title inappropriate and misleading, for thisfirst volume is very distinctly a historical essay,confining itself somewhat closely to the specifictopics named in its German title. It deals withthe development of the American constitutionand of democracy in America in so far as theystand related to the great questions of statesovereignty and slavery, and makes no attemptto deal otherwise than incidentally, if at all,with the many other subjects which would go tomake up a constitutional and political historyof the United States in a proper sense of thoseterms. But the selected topics were treatedwith so much learning and power that a greatimpression was made upon the American publicimmediately upon the issue of the translation.Directly after the publication of the first volumein German, however, and while the author wasstill at Strassburg, a considerable change in the, plan of the work was effected. This is plain^ from the issue in 1874 of a brief monograph onthe administration of Jackson in its relation tothe development of American democracy, and\ became still plainer upon the appearance inx* 1878 of a second volume, in which that mono-UNIVERSITY RECORD 159graph stood as the first chapter. In that secondvolume the title "Constitution and Democracyof the United States of America" and the subtitle "State Sovereignty and Slavery" were stillretained ; but the book, after the German manner, also appeared with the title "ConstitutionalHistory of the United States from the Administration of Jackson, Vol. I ;" and this dual modeof issue was continued throughout the remainder of the work. The writer had resolved,leaving the first volume as a preliminary essay,to begin with Jackson's time a more explicitattempt to relate in its fullness the constitutional history of the republic. In the second andsubsequent volumes, accordingly, the narrativebroadens into a larger and more complexstream, testing much more severely and exhibiting much more fully the author's grasp ofgreat movements, his penetration into politicaltransactions, and his appreciation of the variedaspects of American public life. Neverthelessthe narrative was still mainly an exposition ofthe relations of American democracy to thedoctrine of state sovereignty and the great factof slavery. Indeed, as time went on and thestory approached nearer to the catastrophe ofsecession and Civil War, the overshadowinginfluence of these two factors was inevitablyfelt more and more, so that the second and thirdvolumes seem richer in variety of human andpolitical interest than their successors. In hisdealings with state sovereignty and slavery, Dr.von Hoist in all his volumes spoke with nouncertain sound. State sovereignty was to himan untenable heresy, slavery a gigantic crime.The candor with which he, with his manly andtruth-loving soul, would wish that one shouldspeak of him, even on the present occasion,compels the admission that to the most fair-minded students of these days he seems to haveunderrated both the historical strength and thepolitical value of the states-rights contention,and to have overrated the extent to whichsouthern public men were consciously domi nated by zeal for the maintenance of slavery.It is not to be forgotten that the years of hisyoung manhood had been spent in that atmosphere of philosophical liberalism which madethe sixties of the nineteenth century a periodso notable for high aspirations and nobleachievements in behalf of human freedom.Neither is it to be forgotten that those sameyears of his student life in Germany had beenmarked by great and stirring events in the consolidation of German nationality, inspiring victories of the cause of national unity over theforces of particularism.The preparation of the third volume of theConstitutional History was delayed, but profitably delayed, by a year's visit to the UnitedStates, extending from July, 1878, to July, 1879.The government of the grand duchy of Badenreleased him for that period from his duties asan academic teacher at Freiburg, and the Prussian Academy of Sciences, moved by his friendvon Sybel, the same who had aided in the firstimpulse toward the work, gave him a travelingallowance, that he might gather new material inAmerican libraries and obtain additional information by visiting those parts of the UnitedStates which were not yet known to him — thesouthern states, and the region west of theMississippi, as far as the Pacific Ocean. Thefruits of this were seen in the third volume,dealing with the Mexican war and the acquisition of California, which was brought out in1 88 1. The fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes ofthe German edition followed in 1884, 1888, and1 89 1, and completed the history down to theinauguration of Lincoln. A noteworthy characteristic of these later volumes, and one whichwas made possible by the year spent in Americaand by a later and briefer visit in the earlyeighties, is the use made of newspapers. Soextensive an employment of them as materialsfor history had seldom been made before; butDr. von Hoist rightly judged that it was impossible properly to deal with the theme of160 UNIVERSITY RECORDAmerican democracy without making a largeuse of such local evidences of public opinionas could be obtained.So much for the external history of his greatwork. In its inner character it plainly marksits author as belonging to that school whichPolybius, in a sense its founder, designated asthe pragmatical. Professor von Hoist's intention was in the fullest degree didactic. Scribi-tur ad probandum. He valued history for itsimmediate lessons, for the direct instructionwhich might be derived from it for the statesman or the moralist. In his nature the moralpredominated, and he was terribly in earnest inthe enforcement of the lessons which historyafforded. What those lessons were was seldoma matter of doubt to him. The process ofdevelopment in the world's history and in thelife of the American government he saw clearlyas a sternly logical process. It was this whichhe was studious to delineate, and it is hardly toomuch to say that he valued facts chiefly asillustrating it. A striking instance of this habitof mind is the little book on Calhoun which hepublished in 1882. Calhoun is to his mind therepresentative of an idea, the impersonation ofthe defense of slavery, and his life unfolds ina perfectly logical development. The methodhas its dangers. No man's life moves on withperfect logical consistency, though Calhoun's,viewed with sole reference to the conflictrespecting slavery, comes much nearer to itthan most. But that view, unwaveringly enter- Jtained, made the little book a singularly movingand tragic composition.A man endowed with an intellect far above theaverage, impelled by a high-soaring ambition, untaintedby any petty or ignoble passion, and guided by a character of sterling firmness and more than common purity,yet, with fatal illusion, devoting all his mental powers,all his moral energy, and the whole force of his ironwill to the service of a doomed and unholy cause, andat last sinking into the grave in the very moment when,under the weight of the top-stone, the towering pillars ofthe temple of his impure idol are rent to their very base— can anything more tragical be conceived? History informed with moral purpose and/ filled with the sense of a severely logical development in human affairs leads readily to eloquence, and eloquence was the most salientcharacteristic of Dr. von Hoist's style. It islikely that his long service in the Parliament ofBaden was of importance in developing thistrait, as Gibbon, in a well-known passage,declares that "the captain of the Hampshiregrenadiers had not been useless to the historianof the Roman empire." But the real source ofhis eloquence lay deeper, in the earnestness ofhis moral nature, in that quality of oWor^swhich the ancients ascribed to Demosthenes.He was a born orator because he was a bornmoralist and a man of passionate convictions.His eloquence was of the professorial type inJ some respects, but marked by a vehemence andvigor of language not granted to many of theacademic tribe.The pragmatic type of history is not now thefavorite or prevailing mode. Carlyle andArnold and Treitschke have left few successorsin our time, and the incessant re-examination ofAmerican constitutional history which we mustexpect will for the present proceed by anothermethod than that of Professor von Hoist. Butno one who is acquainted with the history ofhistorical writing can fail to see how transitoryare its fashions, even if it be not, as MarkPattison paradoxically said, "one of the mostephemeral forms of literature." Every agerequires for its own uses a new statement ofthe problems of the past. But honest andwhole-hearted devotion to history, the love oftruth, laborious investigation, insight into thecourse of politics, large powers of combinationand of generalization, eloquence and moralearnestness, will never be out of date; and solong as these qualities are held in high esteem,we may be assured that the name of Hermannvon Hoist will be held in high honor by theprofession which he adorned and by the educated public which he strove so nobly to serve.UNIVERSITY RECORD 161LIFE AND CHARACTER OF PROFESSOR VON HOLST.BY JAMES LAURENCE LAUGHLIN,Head of the Department of Political Economy.All the world loves a spirited fighter, andthe man who will war to the last against allpossible obstacles of poverty, of bodily ailment,of hostile opposition, of moral degeneration,and of those arising from the dead inertiaof a lifeless public opinion. The record ofsuch a happy warrior, "whom every one inarms should wish to be," becomes a part of thepriceless heritage of mankind; a part of thearchives of heroism, where each scholar withthe young light of truth on his face will goto get those inspirations which are to be fusedinto character and create the first citizens ofthe state.There is no man who does not have hislimitations; the man whose portrait is to beunveiled here today had his limitations. Butthey were mainly of bodily weakness, whichwere not only no bar, but an incentive, toheroism. Those of us who came to this spotjust twelve years ago will never forget theexhilarating stimulus of genius which cameforth from the voice and gesture and face ofthat historian who had just come from Europeto cast in his lot with the University of Chicago — with the young scholars of America —and to become a real part of the forces whichwere shaping public opinion in the Great Republic he loved so well, and which he knewmore intimately and more sympathetically thanmost of our men of affairs. That dark, luminous, kindly eye flashed affectionate greetingto his. friends ; and his mouth by its genialsmile carried the gentle messages to the eye.When the talk fell upon questions of nationalimport, matters on which the fate of the countryhinged, or upon the unrighteous conduct ofofficials high in the state, those gentle eyesbecame orbs of flame ; that kindly mouth tightened with the grim determination which a cavalryman assumes when he tightens the bit and prepares for the charge upon the enemy's position. For motives which were corrupt therewas no weak palliation by soft excuses of theopportunist ; he hated shams ; he hated hypocrisy ; he hated a lie ; he hated the double-facedpoliticians who always saw two opposite sets ofvoters to be conciliated. The man who couldnot stand hard for a principle, for a right,because he feared the effect upon his politicalcareer, he covered with scorn, and dubbed asa contemptible, hypocritical "yes-sayer." Theman without vertebrae had no place in his collection of statesmen; if such a boneless publicman appeared in the wax-works gallery of hishistory, after von Hoist had finished his historical examination of him, the luckless victimwas as a mangled mass of human ruins fallen tothe floor.That tall, thin, bony form, emaciated by alife of ascetic, erosive concentration on thesources of history in the archives of France,Italy, and Germany, had vigor in every tenseline of its wiry, steel-like framework. Thebroad, high brow was full of intellectual power ;and the short, scant hair, in times of excitedeloquence, rose straight up like spears offeredin defiance to a foe. The gestures were individual; and accompanied the thundering voiceas lightning follows, or even precedes, thereverberations. A whole mighty spirit — agreat moral force — blazed and gathered in hiscommanding attack. The thin face was aglowwith enthusiasm and power. Whether oneagreed with him or not, his opponent neverknew his blows to be weak ; they were not onlynot weak, but they were pitiless, cutting, andstrong, and they were rained on an oppositionlike bullets from a gatling gun ; and out of itall came the sense to the listener that here was agreat, sincere spirit — a high-priest of duty.********Professor Hermann Eduard von Hoist wasborn June 19, 1841, at Fellin, in Livonia, a162 UNIVERSITY RECORDBaltic province of Russia.1 Livonia is a portion of the district conquered by the GermanOrder, and was colonized by Germans, butceded to Russia as late as 1721. Althoughborn a Russian, he was a German who did noteven know the Russian language. Many centuries ago the family of Hoists had emigratedfrom Germany, and his lineage is old and honorable. As early as the fourteenth century one ofthe Livonian family was ennobled, and becamevon Hoist. The strenuous life of the MiddleAges in that part of Europe gave plenty of occa- ,sion for the development of hereditary powers ofcombat which were to appear later in the fineflower of that scholar's character which we arecommemorating here today. The father ofHermann Eduard was Rev. Valentin vonHoist, the pastor of a Lutheran church, living'in straitened circumstances, with eleven children, born to him by his wife, Marie Lenz. Atthe very outset we see the outline of that factoryin which was to be fabricated a noble character.The story is full of inspiration to every pooryoung scholar. The father died when Hermann, the seventh child, was yet very young,and left him a small but significant legacy oftwo hundred rubles which he had designatedfor his son's education. May we not believethat that small capital of $150 has seldom beenput to more productive uses in making a career !It was so small as to be insignificant as viaticaon the long journey to a professorship; although it was big enough to be an incentive,But in the processes of creating character andscholarship, his parents did more for him thanthat: they left him a splendid endowment offar-seeing ambition, of an unconquerable spirit,and an undying moral earnestness. With suchabundant capital put into the factory of life,poverty set the machinery in motion — and theoutput is fair to look upon. He did not havethe disadvantage of being rich.1For many facts I am indebted to Professor Benjamin S.Terry, who was largely instrumental in bringing von Hoistto America. His early education was received in a privategymnasium in Fellin, and in the spring of i860,at the age of nineteen, he entered the GermanUniversity of Dorpat. Three years at Dorpat,followed by two years at Heidelberg, wherehe received his Ph.D. in 1865, shows how longthe apprenticeship to learning lasted. Hissmall legacy was eked out by tutoring, andaided by the most rigorous economy. Theseyears of privation, however, left their impressupon his character, and on his health. Healways remained thrifty, and he never forgotthe lessons of hardihood, courage, and doggedindustry. Work never had any terrors forhim; it was his familiar habitat, a resort ofpleasure. But his hardships, thus early in hiscareer, sent him from Heidelberg to Algiers,in 1864, broken down in health, seemingly adying man. But that tireless, unquenchablespirit of his — which keeps him alive today —after one winter spent in Algiers, sent himback to his work. He finally received hisscholarly acolade and was dubbed doctor in1865 at the old University on the Neckar. Itwas a coveted reward ; but the fight for it wasof far more value than the degree, and it hasbeen a splendid page in the life of a greatscholar.Travel for health in France and Italy gavehim a broader aperqu, before necessity compelled him to enter upon the drudgery of directing the education of the children of a wealthyGerman manufacturer then resident in StPetersburg. Von Hoist was not only a nativeof Russia, but a subject of the Czar — a factwhich soon brought him into peril. Duringhis career at Heidelberg he had early spentsome time in Paris, attracted by the study ofFrench history, from which he had taken thesubject of his doctor's thesis. Later, duringa second visit to France in 1867, where he hadbeen engaged in historical investigation, hisfiery spirit and his sense of public duty led toa performance quite characteristic of him, andUNIVERSITY RECORD 163one which set his eyes finally toward America.He published a political pamphlet on the significance of the attempt made in 1866 by a Russianrevolutionist upon the life of the Czar, inwhich he frankly criticised the Russian politicalsystem and attacked pointedly the Russianministry.1 The future student of Americanconstitutional liberty only escaped, by a timelywarning, from ending his days in Siberia ; and,as he afterwards said, "I have not cared toreturn to that country since." An exile fromhis native land, this passionate lover of libertyand freedom of speech turned his face to theNew World.The steerage of a European emigrantsteamer, as it approaches New York harbor,is one of the most interesting laboratoriesknown to political science. The refugees fromevery hard condition of life and politics inEurope, whose faces are often sodden withhardship, are touched with a light "that neverwas on land or sea" when the shores of theNew Republic are first seen. Everything isthen possible to them; there is a new hope inevery eager eye. In such a steerage, in July,1867, coming from Rotterdam as a commonemigrant, shattered in health, poor, and friendless, the future historian of the United Statescame first to New York, What a splendidtriumph for character, ability, industry, andpluck in this free country might be paintedhere, if we might stop and contrast the man of1867 with the man of today! Then, he wasalone, but he had a splendid crowd of ideals;he was friendless, but he had troops of ambitions; he was poor, but he was rich in anindomitable spirit. Now, we see him at theend of his chivalrous life, attended here todayby this crowd of friends who have assembledin America to do him honor while he lies onhis bed in distant Freiburg ; to leave, as a markxDas Attentat vom 4. April 1866, in seiner Bedeutungfur die Culturgeschichte Russlands. Eine culturhistorisch-politische Siudie von v. H . . st. Leipzig, 1867. Pp. no. of our admiration and love, this memorial tohim for all generations of students who mayyet come within these walls ; to point him outas the man who has placed his students and disciples in American universities from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Great Lakes to theGulf; to tell him, while he is yet alive, thathe is so rich in a sense of high duty noblyperformed that he will leave to his lovingfriends and to his family, in the record of hiscareer, so splendid a legacy that their memories will always be stored with comfortingpride; and to glory in the fact that he hasleft a heritage to this University, and to thiscountry, which is vitally necessary to leaven our material prosperity. In a real sense,the true university can only exist in the idealsand achievements of such men as Professor vonHoist, and in their abounding sacrifices fortruth, for honor, and for duty. Let this be writlarge in flaming letters on these new buildings— in their first secular use today — so that hewho runs may read the lesson.Struggling with ill health, and with thedifficulties of a new language, this fightingscholar from the Baltic began a characteristic struggle for life. He belonged to thehonorable working class. He presented himself, thin and hollow-cheeked, for a positionas common porter in the Grand Central Depot,only to be refused as unfit. He went throughthe old pathetic struggle for existence; heknew the lot of the day laborers; he livedwith them; he shared one scantily furnishedroom with three laborers, their one mean,rickety chair serving as an emblem of hospitalityto a chance guest; too poor to buy fuel, theytook to their beds in biting winter evenings ; but,gallant soldier that he was, with metal that rangtrue at every stroke, he never lost courage, wasalways happy, always cheerful to the end —for was not this a country in which industry-and character give their just reward to him whopersists? Whenever he was present, the other164 UNIVERSITY RECORDworkmen by common consent demanded thathe should occupy the only chair. And it hasbeen thus ever since: we, his fellow-laborers,always gave him the single chair in our hearts,because he was our superior in learning, innobility of character, and in absolute devotionto duty.By the help of a little newspaper correspondence and a position as teacher of modern languages in a small private school for children,in Hoboken, where he received his board ascompensation, he soon improved his circumstances. Under these bettered conditions, hewas able to put into form for publication thematerial which he had gathered in France, andwhich he sent back to Heidelberg for publication as the first volume of a work entitled Pen-Sketches of the History of Despotism. It wascharacteristic of the man to plan a large andthoroughgoing investigation ; but it is an interesting point in the strategy of political progressthat our historian soon abjured the destructivetask of exposing the evils of despotism, andbetook himself to the constructive work ofstudying and writing upon the evolution ofhistory and free institutions in the UnitedStates. That is good psychology: displacement is always more effective than negation.The world takes more easily to what is fine bybecoming so absorbed in the positive good thatit omits to think of the immanent bad. After all,the world really gets ahead by positive optimism,under the leadership of those who show uswhat the possibilities of political liberty arewhen actually worked out in free institutions.It was this insight into the workings of thehuman mind, together with a happy chance —although it seemed at that time to him sometimes a very bitter struggle — which broughthim into a position where he was able to understand and study constitutional liberty in America. !Later, in 1869, he became assistant editorof Schem's Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversa tions-Lexicon, and at the same time a correspondent of the Cologne Zeitung, the NewEnglander, and the Nation. But the turning-point of his whole career, the thing whichreally determined the course of his scholarlyeffort, is to be found in the encouragement andsuggestions of his friend, the eminent historianvon Sybel. In New York, the modesty and geniusof young von Hoist had attracted the warminterest of that great lover of liberty and sympathetic helper of others, the eminent Germanexile, Friedrich Kapp. Among the influentialfriends of Kapp were three Bremen merchantswho were greatly interested in spreading inGermany a truer conception of American lifeand institutions. On the recommendation ofvon Sybel, in default of Dr. Kapp, von Hoistwas induced by these large-minded gentlemento write an article upon America especially forGerman readers. Here we have the seed whichfinally grew into his great Constitutional History of the United States. The scheme at firstin mind was slight — two or three ordinaryarticles for a newspaper, or magazine. But theneedle in his compass had been set toward thestudy of free institutions in America, and thesame characteristic thoroughness and large-minded vision which led him to plan manyvolumes on the History of Despotism now senthim, in the end, into a gigantic ConstitutionalHistory of the United States in seven volumes.His attachment to America — which wasalways, and is now, strong and dominant —was shown by his declaration of an intention tobecome a citizen of the United States almostimmediately on his landing in New York. Notonly was this his adopted land, but he feltvery strongly that every citizen owed it to hiscountry to take active service in her behalf.Possibly because a political exile values politicalliberty more than we who have never knownanything else, he felt it a public duty alwaysto strive with his utmost vigor against everypublic evil, and to enter with passionate, unself-UNIVERSITY RECORD 165ish zeal into every positive scheme of progress.He simply could not understand the man whoremained quiescent under wrong and injustice.In the presidential campaign of 1868 he tookan active part as a Republican speaker, andwas very effective before German audiences,because — as Mr. Rosenthal has said — he knewdeeply both the German and the Americanpoint of view. He could well interpret the oneto the other. The uprising in New Yorkagainst the Tweed ring also roused all hiseager, dramatic eloquence and enlisted hisactive service. He was fitly preparing to writethe history of the United States by himselfhelping to make it.The five years of his naturalization periodwere just about to close by making him anAmerican citizen, when a sudden shift in hisfortunes sent him back to Europe. In 1870Friedrich Kapp, after an exile of twenty years,had returned to Germany and become a member of the Reichstag. After the close of theFranco-Prussian war, the plan of Bismarck forthe reconstruction of Alsace included the organization of a great German university atStrassburg. Dr. Kapp proposed to him thecreation of a professorship of American historyand constitutional law at this seat of learning,and suggested the name of von Hoist as theman best fitted to fill the chair. The offer ofthis post was accepted, and in 1872 von Hoistbecame Professor Extraordinarius (or assistantprofessor) at Strassburg. Without havingserved the usual probation as a Privatdocent,he entered upon this new position with a fullcontrol of German, French, Italian, and English, a close acquaintance with historical archives in Europe and America, a wide knowledge of men and affairs obtained by residencein Europe, Algiers, and America — a uniquepreparation in itself, but made doubly effectiveby his peculiar enthusiasm and energy, hispassionate devotion to research, and his highsense of duty. And two days before leaving America he was married to Miss Annie IsabelleHatt, daughter of Rev. Josiah and MaryThomas Hatt, a Baptist clergyman in Hoboken,and herself a graduate of Vassar College(1870).The opportunity to study and to lecture atStrassburg served to bring to light the resultsof his intense application and his really penetrating examination of the sources and documents of American history during his first stayin America. This became known to all theworld when he published the first volume of hisVerfassung und Democratic der VereinigtenStaaten von Amerika, and led directly to hiscall to a professorship of modern history inthe old University of Freiburg in Baden. Thisvenerable institution of learning had sufferedfrom the commotions of the seventeenth andeighteenth centuries ; but when the war of 1870had moved the western boundaries of Germanyfrom the Rhine to the Vosges, Freiburg was nolonger a border city, and began to share in therapid development of the German empire.When von Hoist accepted the call to Freiburgin 1874, it was little known, and carried onlyabout two hundred students on its rolls, Whenhe finally left it to come to America, it waswidely known, and had enrolled more than fifteen hundred students; and the repute of vonHoist had much to do with this growth, havinginduced many American students to go to Freiburg for the study of American and modernhistory.In 1878 von Hoist was sent to America bythe Prussian Academy of Sciences with thegrant of a considerable sum of money in orderto enable him to gather further materials forlater volumes of his Constitutional History ofthe United States. This second coming wassomething like a triumphal procession. Theunremitting toil and determination of the younghistorian made him, in only eleven years afterhis arrival as a friendless and unknown emigrant, an honored guest in the homes of dis-166 UNIVERSITY RECORDtinguished Americans and at our leading universities. The little educational foundation oftwo hundred rubles left by his father at Fellinwas bringing a large harvest to the man whohad never despaired, and who, under a sternsense of duty, had never given over working.Everywhere he was received with enthusiasm.During this visit he was enabled for the firsttime to travel through the southern states andthe districts beyond the Mississippi. Florida isthe only state in the Union which he has notvisited.Johns Hopkins and Cornell Universities succeeded in obtaining from him, as a non-residentlecturer at this time, certain courses of lectures.Indeed, in 1879, ne was offered the chair ofhistory at Johns Hopkins University, then thepioneer in graduate instruction and research.This appreciation in America, however, stimulated the government of Baden to increase hissalary at Freiburg and to bestow upon himspecial honors granted only in cases of highestmerit. A year later, in 1880, Johns HopkinsUniversity repeated the call to von Hoist in sotempting a form that he would probably haveaccepted, if his health had permitted. As lateas 1887, again, Clark University, in Massachusetts, tried in vain to draw him to this country.In 1883 von Hoist was one of the distinguished Europeans invited as guests to witness the completion of the Northern Pacificrailroad. During this visit he lectured at Harvard University, in St. Paul, and in other cities.Professor von Hoist's career illustrates in apeculiar way the value of the scholar in politics.As he never shrank from destructive attacksupon men and policies that he disapproved, soalso he was ready to undertake the constructivework of advice and legislation. His leadershipcould not be denied. He was Prorector at thetime of Emperor William's death in 1888, andwas delegated to represent the university at thefuneral in Berlin. His relations writh the grandduke of Baden were those of a lover of free institutions who had a great admiration forthe character and ability of the ruler of thatduchy. He was not only a warm personalfriend of the grand duke, but he was asked tagive a special series of political lectures to thecrown prince on the constitutional law of theUnited States. Perhaps no greater tribute couldhave been paid to the belief in von Hoist's devotion to truth and his unswerving honesty andfairness. In 1881 he was summoned by thegrand duke to membership in the upper chamber of the Landtag for two years ; and in 1883he was elected by the university as its representative, and was successively re-elected forthree terms of four years each, remaining inoffice until his departure for Chicago in 1892.In 1889 he was made privy councilor ; and during the last two sessions he was chosen vice-president of the upper chamber. And, as onemay well understand, he gave no inconsiderabletime to his legislative duties.Although pre-eminently a student, he nevershrank from a call to public duty. Indeed, onemay well believe that the prospect of a hotcombat had many charms for him ; and if therewas a moral issue involved, his enthusiasm inthe struggle knew no bounds of health or time.Perhaps he needed an occasional fight to keephim in condition. At the urgent request of theLiberal party, von Hoist consented to stand ascandidate for the Reichstag in 1890 for the district of Freiburg. There was a hot and memorable campaign. Owing to the overwhelmingUltramontane influence in south Baden, hiselection was hopeless; but he did not hesitatefor a moment to enter the fight, although knowing that he would draw down upon himself anavalanche of abuse and enmity. He receivedan unusually large vote; at the first poll therewas no decision; but at the second, the SocialDemocrats casting their vote for the Ultramontane candidate, von Hoist was "gloriouslybeaten," as his friends declared.In 1892 he left Freiburg and came to Chi-UNIVERSITY RECORD 167cago as Head of the Department of History inthe University of Chicago; and his name stillhonors the roll of officers of this institution.His career in Europe was the prototype of hiscareer in America. His absolute fearlessness,his high sense of public duty, his indomitablespirit, his unquenchable hostility to what hethought wrong — even if it hit a lifelong, ormuch-admired, friend — gave him a taste ofAmerican newspaper vituperation and bitterabuse, which served to keep his mind fromstagnation and to remind him of his old politicalstruggles in Europe. The one striking impression that he made, within the University andwithout, was that of a great moral force. Withhis students, as with the public, he not only setthe chords of right and wrong to vibratingafresh, but he set every conscience on the rightkey.During his residence in Chicago his outspoken utterances on several questions broughthim into collision with the self-interestedschemer or the emotional politician, while atthe same time he almost always appealed strongly to the thoughtful student of society. Whenthe Debs strike of 1895 broke out, Professorvon Hoist's voice rang out like a trumpet amongthe crowd of intimidated " yes-sayers." Helaughed out of court Governor Altgeld's specious arguments against President Cleveland'ssending militia into Chicago to put down therioting; it was easy for him to show that theConstitution made it the duty of the presidentto employ the forces of the United States, " ashe may deem necessary," to put down violenceor unlawful combination. But most dangerousof all did he estimate the evident disregard ofestablished law by the labor unions. Hecharged them pointedly with adopting as therule of their action simply their own wishes,whether they conflicted with law or not, andwith introducing into society the maxim ofunrestrained absolutism by which the Bourbondespots justified their divine right (car tel estmon plaisir). In another instance, upon the question of theannexation of Hawaii, he broke ground uponwhich later statesmen have built the oppositionto our policy of colonial expansion. He was thefirst anti-imperialist to raise the cry of alarm, inhis speech before the Commercial Club, of Chicago, January 29, 1898. He insisted that, nextto slavery and secession, this policy of expansion raised the most portentous problem whichever confronted the American people; that thedanger was the more serious because it did notlie on the surface; and that it was the futureconsequences of such expansion which wereto be feared. To the suggestion that Hawaiiwas of military value, he held that we oughtnot consciously to acquire a spot so unsupportedthat there an enemy could hit us infinitelyharder than anywhere else. " If the mother ofAchilles," he said, "had had forethoughtenough to bring the whole body of her babyinto contact with the water of the Styx, wouldthe hero have eagerly snatched the profferedgift of a heel which would not be impenetrableto the arrow of Paris ? " More than that, without then knowing the effects of the coming warwith Spain, he foresaw that the appetite of annexing outlying territory would grow withwhat it fed upon. " The annexation of Hawaii,"he said, " would not mean the annexing merelyof Hawaii With Hawaii, however, wewould annex temptation," and only open thewray for a conscious departure upon a new international policy; that, whenever the expansionists were heard in our public councils, theywould have no difficulty in offering some nicebargains on the annexation counter. He held,then, that we could best act as a great world-power by attending to our own business, by notmeddling with foreign complications, but byusing our progress in industry as a peacefulmeans of settling international questions farmore effective than the sword; not by bluster, but by actual growth in power at home, incheapened cost of production, greater wealth,168 UNIVERSITY RECORDgreater numbers, greater intelligence, and higherpolitical ideals. And above all, we should notannex Hawaii, he insisted, because it was inopposition to the very principles of self-government : " if we annex Hawaii we consciously insert into the nation's lifeblood a foreign bodywhich cannot be assimilated."Again, in the commotion caused by PresidentCleveland's Venezuelan message he was characteristically active. He greatly admired thatstatesman who, as he said, " had a second timebeen made the nation's chief because he hadthe first time proved himself of the rightmetal;" but that admiration for him was nobar to honest and vigorous criticism of thepolicy of his secretary of state. Indeed, thelove and respect for a member of his family,for an old and valued friend, a high official ofthe state, did not diminish the severity of hisblame, if he believed them to be wrong. Hissense of private and public duty was above andbeyond all personal considerations. He wasmore earnest in reproof where he loved most.It was in this spirit that his well known denunciation of the Venezuelan policy of President Cleveland must be taken.********In spite of the intensity of his feelings, of hisvigorous expression of what he felt to be hisduty, he was in very truth a modest man, farremoved from self-seeking, impatient of praise,and of great simplicity of character. So faras he himself knew, he always intended to beperfectly sincere and fair to friend and foe ; noone ever thought of charging him with indirection, bad faith, or sinuosity. These qualities /were inconceivable in connection with him. vHis sense of humor was always active, evenin his grimmest moments. On one occasion,when we were standing together preparing for,/a Convocation procession, I noticed that he didnot look so well as usual. I asked him if hewas sick. "Yes," he answered quickly, "Ihave been learning the bicycle. I am all thecolors of the rainbow." His oratory was instinct with dramatic powerand emphasis. I shall never forget his vividstory of the Tammany henchman, during theTweed regime, who had committed so audacious a murder and had so shocked all decencythat he was of necessity hanged. But the wholeadmiring fraternity of fellow-plunderers roseen masse to do him honor, at a splendid funeral.Von Hoist described the magnificent pomp, theendless procession, the crowded masses, ". . . .while there at the head of the column lay themurderer in a box, his neck but just broken."He often spoke modestly of the "corduroy ofhis English;" but the tongue of his adoptedcountry was used as a forceful instrument forthe expression of great scorn, caustic criticism,appreciation of splendid services, high thinking,and noble ideals of private and public duty.He was by no means always a critic : his praiseand justification of great and honorable achievements was quick and eloquent. When rousedby a moral issue, his body quivered and swayedunder a very cyclone of passion.If he had a tendency to intemperate industry,it showed itself in his excessive conscientiousness. Often he would be found in bed, suffering and exhausted though he was, correcting,revising, rephrasing his lectures, painfullyquestioning every fact, every statement, to discover whether it stood the test of modern research. He never gave the same lecture twicein the original form.His sufferings from disease in his later yearswere something indescribable, but they wereborne with a fortitude nothing less than heroic.In 1896-97 he was given a year's leave of absence. Upon his return, his strength was soslight that he often left his bed only when hewent to the University to give his lectures. In1899 he broke down completely, and his physicians forbade him all further work. He handedin his resignation, but the University generously refused to accept it, and his name — evenin these days of his last illness — remains uponthe register of this institution.UNIVERSITY RECORD 169I began by saying: all the world loves afighter. But everything depends upon what thefighting is for. There are not wanting thosewho build their popularity upon an appeal tothe lower passions of man, upon the love ofslaughter and of military prowess. But thereare some loftier spirits whose ambitions reachto higher levels. Their triumphs are moral successes ; the forces they marshal are moralforces. Professor von Hoist was one of these.Whatever he may have done as a historian, asa teacher, as an educator, as a university professor in Chicago, the one great characteristicby which he will be remembered long after heis dead will be the moral force which he disclosed in any and all of his occupations. Tothose students, in generations yet unborn, whowill fill these halls when we shall have gonehence, this portrait should carry a lesson ofhope, courage, indomitable spirit, industry,duty, and phenomenal moral earnestness.FRIENDLY RELATIONS BETWEEN GERMAN AND AMERICAN SCHOLARS AND THINKERS.BY THE HONORABLE CHARLEMAGNE TOWER,Ambassador of the United States to Germany.It is a great pleasure to me to take part thisafternoon in the ceremonies being held on theoccasion of the presentation of the portrait ofthis distinguished German historian and writer,who has rendered such great service to ourcountry both by his voice and by his pen, andI am proud, as a representative of the UnitedStates and Germany, to take part, in my owncountry, upon an occasion which in some sensemay be called international.Further, I had hoped to be able, within thesewalls of learning, to salute the celebrated professors who intended to come here today fromthe university of the Fatherland to testify withus to our mutual interest. I understand thattheir visit has been postponed until the comingspring. In coming to America they will find,I am confident, that they are in the house of their friends ; that the same spirit of friendshipwhich existed between German and Americanscholars and thinkers when Benjamin Franklinwent to Germany, and was received with honorat Gottingen in the eighteenth century, existstoday. It has extended to and been felt bythe greatest scholars of our country today, andwe have ample proof of the appreciation of thewealth of German thought by our own Longfellow, Sumner, Motley, Bancroft, and Emerson, of whom Grimm declared, after he hadtalked with him an hour, "I feel as if I hadknown him from my childhood."There has been a bond of friendship betweenus ever since the Great Frederick, the foremostthinker and statesman of his day in Germany,looked with sympathy on the distant and suffering colonies, and forbade the Hessians to bedriven through his territory. And that bondof friendship has existed down to the presentday, when the foremost thinker and greateststatesman in Germany in our day, the emperorWilliam, recently, in addressing the officers ofthe United States navy at Kiel, reminded themthat blood is thicker than water.The Anglo-Saxon race is working out itsdestiny and taking its place in the forefrontof the advancing civilizations of the world.Germany, England, and America go hand inhand in the dissemination of thought and theextension of culture throughout the world;and in this respect, at least in the bettermentof the condition of mankind and in the searchfor truth, the race-feeling within us is strong.There are very many young men in our universities whose eager minds are not confinedwithin any territorial limits, but who overleapthese and seek learning at the hands of menwho have brought inspiration from the teachersof Bonn, Heidelberg, Halle, and Berlin.Goethe and Schiller and Lessing and Heineare no strangers within the college walls ofAmerica, nor are the other great writers, historians, and philosophers who have given luster170 UNIVERSITY RECORDto the literature of Germany. And I haveoften thought that if the venerable Mommsen,whom I have the privilege of knowing personally, were to come to America, he would meethere with a reception in the midst of the sameprofusion of respect for the scholar which he isaccustomed to at home.Speaking for ourselves as a race, I can testify, from my personal observation since I havehad the high honor to represent our countryabroad, that the sentiment in Germany towardthe United States is an exceedingly friendlyone. German scholars and thinkers havewatched our career from the establishment ofour independence. It is a significant fact, andone of considerable historical interest, that inthe beautiful Goethe and Schiller archive building in Weimar, where the collections of thosegreat masters are preserved, in the small collection of autographs which Goethe cherishedthroughout his life is the autograph of GeneralWashington, signing a fine letter written afterthe Revolutionary War, on the subject of astable government for this country. And soour men of permanency and worth are well known in Germany, and I have no Hesitationin saying — what I know to be a fact — thatthere is no place in the world where the goodqualities of the American character are betterunderstood or more truly estimated at theirproper value.And I may add without hesitation that thepolitical relations between the two countries areentirely harmonious. The visit of our fleet toKiel recently was the interchange of courtesieswith the very happiest results. Out* bfficersand men were received with every mark ofwelcome and kindness which it would be possible to display. It is gratifying to a diplomatic representative thus to report id* hisgovernment and to his countrymen; I do itwith very great pleasure. And, looking to thefuture, it is with confidence in the wisdom andthe judgment, in the managment of foreignaffairs, of a President of the United Stateswhose energy and stanch patriotism havealready made him the typical American beforethe country, and whose ambition it is to protectthe rights and extend the liberties of everyloyal American citizen.U beS3 ssi °J g< Eo .s2 go ">o »IhUNIVERSITY RECORD 171PRESENTATION TO THE UNIVERSITY- OF THE SNOW HORIZONTAL TELESCOPE.YERKES OBSERVATORY, WILLIAMS BAY, WISCONSIN, OCTOBER S, 1903.Through the generosity of Miss Helen Snow,of Chicago, the Yerkes Observatory has beenenabled to build and house a large horizontalreflecting telescope, to take the place of the onedestroyed by fire on December 22, 1902. OnOctober 3, 1903, exercises were held within thebuilding which contains the telescope. Inopening the exercises, Professor George E.Hale, Director of the Yerkes Observatory,spoke of the numerous friends without whoseassistance only a small part of the work doneat the Yerkes Observatory since its dedicationcould have been accomplished. Mr. Hale thenintroduced Dr. George S. Isham, secretary ofthe Visiting Committee of the Observatory,who spoke as follows:"It is my pleasant duty on behalf of myaunt, Miss Snow, to present to the world ofscience in general and particularly to the University of Chicago this 'Snow Horizontal Telescope/ as a memorial to her father and to mygrandfather, Mr. George W. Snow."There are many 'appropriate remarks' thatsuggest themselves at this time which might bemade, but which for the same reason may beleft to each one to supply according to hisneeds, thereby saving time and pleasing everybody."My grandfather, I believe, planted some ofthe first seeds of what, let us hope, will in timemake Chicago more famous than it is now—I mean as the seat of great learning andresearch, the fame of which will supersede itspresent claim as a great business center. Hecame to Chicago in 1834, saw its possibilities,worked as surveyor until he could start thefirst lumber yard, and prospered. Then camethe strange thing for that time: instead ofstruggling on until the end for something thatwould do neither him, nor his, further good, in middle life, having accumulated enough to liveon in comfort, he retired to his library andgreenhouse, and lived in peace to the end. Itwas the last part of his life that contained allthe possibilities of the higher life ; and the samewill be true of Chicago if, when the time comes,its citizens retire from business and take upother things. ; It is as one of the harbingers ofthat happy time that I wish to present thistelescope.": Professor R. D. Salisbury, Dean, of theOgden Graduate School of Science, was thencalled upon to receive the gift on behalf of theUniversity:"On behalf of the University, I take gratefulpleasure in accepting the Horizontal ReflectingTelescope which has been erected through thegenerosity of Miss Helen Snow. As many ofyou know, a similar telescope was approachingcompletion last December, when it was virtuallydestroyed by fire. It was at this time, whenthe prospects for the important work whichthis instrument was to further seemed darkest*that Miss Snow offered to provide the meansnecessary for rebuilding and housing the telescope. This work has now been essentiallycompleted and stands as a memorial to thedonor's father, Mr. George W. Snow. Thistelescope has been especially designed for aparticular sort of work, and is the first instrument of its kind to be put into operation. Inthe line of investigation which it is designed tofurther, it is hoped that it will make possibleinoi-e effective work than has yet been done."It seems appropriate at this time and placeto recall the fact that no previous generationhas seen so many princely gifts dedicated toresearch in scientific lines. Gifts, generousgifts, useful gifts, there have b"een in the past;but not until recent times has appreciation of172 UNIVERSITY RECORDpure science reached the point in this countrywhere large sums of money are freely dedicatedto work which is purely investigative, to workwhich gives no promise of financial returns, towork which seems to have no more than themost remote bearing on the affairs of men.But in these later days the world is learningthat the final value of research work is notto be measured by its immediate availabilityfor the affairs of daily life ; and the friends oflearning, and the friends of humanity as well,are coming to appreciate the fact that therealms of study which are most distant inspace, and which seem most remote in theirapplication, may prove to be of vital importancein unsuspected ways. And so it seems the partof wisdom that investigative work of all sortsbe fostered to the utmost, for the progress ofthe future depends, in some large measure,upon it. It is good, too, to see the faith ofthose who are ready to build and endow forobjects the final outcome of which is not yetin sight. It is building for the ages, not merelyfor today and tomorrow. This faith in thefuture, in its work and in its appreciation, willdo much to make the future better than thepast. There was a time — now, fortunately,past or passing — when the tendency to placeall emphasis on the man, and none on hisequipment, was most pronounced. It was " theman behind the gun;" it was Mark Hopkinswithout facilities for work that received themeed of praise. Too little regard was had forthe fact that the good man behind the guncould do far more effective work with a goodgun than with a poor one. If Mark Hopkinswas a great teacher without equipment, whatmight he not have done with such facilities asthe present time affords? Whatever may havebeen true of the past, the astronomer of todayneeds the best instruments that can be made,if he would advance knowledge of the universeand lay the foundations for future progress inastronomical lines. And if he be a good inves tigator, so much the more reason why hisequipment should be as perfect as possible."And so we welcome, and so all astronomerswelcome, and so the whole scientific worldwelcomes, the installation of the Snow Horizontal Reflecting Telescope at this Observatory ;for there is reason to hope that, in the handsof the efficient force which stands behind it,it will lead to new knowledge, which in timewill lead on to other advances ; and as newfields of research are opened, new instrumentsand better instruments will be needed. Theywill then be designed, and donors will be foundto supply the means for their construction.This telescope is itself the result of needsdeveloped in the prosecution of work in thisObservatory. Since scientific discoveries breedscientific discoveries, it is not visionary to hopethat this new instrument, turned over to theUniversity today, may develop in time anunending chain of discoveries, developments,inventions, and benefactions of substantialworth to science. The donor of this telescopemay therefore reasonably hope to have set inoperation a piece of apparatus which shall lead,in time, to a succession of achievements whichshall perpetuate and do great honor to hername, and to the name of him in whose memory it is built."I again express to the donor the greatobligation and the cordial appreciation of theUniversity for her generous gift."At the conclusion of Mr. Salisbury's remarks,Mr. Hale again thanked Miss Snow on behalfof the members of the Observatory staff. Hethen described the circumstances which led tothe construction of the Snow Telescope. Atthe eclipse of May 28, 1900, the six-inch horizontal ccelostat telescope which had been constructed in the Yerkes Observatory shops forthe purposes of the eclipse expedition provedto be exceedingly satisfactory. The photographs of the solar corona obtained by Professor Barnard and Mr. Ritchey with this instru-UNIVERSITY RECORD 173ment were of such exquisite definition as torender the possibilities of this type of telescopeclearly apparent. The original design of theYerkes Observatory had included a heliostatroom, in which Professor E. F. Nichols wasable for the first time to measure the heatradiation of the stars in the summers of 1898and 1900. A large heliostat had been plannedfor use in this room, but, in view of thepeculiar advantages offered by the coelostat, itwas decided to construct a large ccelostatinstead. Thanks to an appropriation from theRumford fund of the American Academy ofArts and Sciences, and further appropriationsfrom the Draper Fund of the National Academy, together with private contributions fromfriends of the Observatory, it became possibleto undertake the construction of the thirty-inchcoelostat in the optical laboratory and instrument shop of the Observatory. The fundsavailable were insufficient to provide a suitablehouse for this instrument, and when completedin the summer of 1902 it became necessary toerect the telescope in a small wooden shed onthe Observatory grounds. Through the breaking down of the insulation of the electric circuit used in conjunction with the comparisonspectrum apparatus of the large grating spectroscope, which formed part of this instrument,the house containing it was destroyed by fireon December 22, 1902.The work of rebuilding the telescope wasimmediately undertaken, but in the face ofgreat difficulties until Miss Snow's generousoffer of a sufficient sum to accomplish the workin a thoroughly satisfactory manner was received. The work was then carried forwardrapidly, a thirty-inch plane mirror and atwenty-four-inch concave mirror being madeby Mr. Pease and Mr. Street in the opticallaboratory, while the mechanical parts wereconstructed by Messrs. Johannesen, Romare,and Hermann in the instrument shop. Thepatterns for the castings were made by Mr. Wolff. Some of the heavier pieces of machinework were made by the Link-Belt MachineryCo. All of the work was done under theimmediate supervision of Mr. Ritchey, Superintendent of Instrument Construction at theObservatory, who also made the designs in conjunction with Professor Hale.Astronomical telescopes are of two types,refractors and reflectors. In the former a lensis mounted at the end of a tube, which ispointed directly at the object under observation.An image of the object is formed by the lensat the lower end of the tube, where it is magnified with a suitable eyepiece. A reflectingtelescope of the ordinary type, on the otherhand, consists of a concave mirror at the lowerend of a tube, which is pointed at the object tobe observed. Light from the object, after passing through the open tube, falls upon themirror, which forms an image at the upperend of the tube. In both these types of telescope, it is necessary that the tube should bemoved throughout the time of observation, inorder to keep the heavenly body in the field ofview in spite of the apparent motion producedby the earth's rotation on its axis.During the nineteenth century special attention was given to the development of refractingtelescopes, which reached their largest size inthe Yerkes forty-inch telescope, erected in 1897.The tube of this instrument is sixty-four feetin length, and while observations are beingmade this tube and the axes which support it,weighing in all about twenty tons, must bemoved with the greatest precision by the driving clock. On account of the immense sizeand expense of the mounting for such a telescope, and of the dome which covers it, itis obvious that no great increase of size maybe expected in such instruments. If telescopesof from one hundred to two hundred feet inlength are needed, as they are at the presenttime, it is evident that some different type ofconstruction must be adopted.174 UNIVERSITY RECORDReflecting telescopes were also built of greatsize during the nineteenth century, but it wasnot until the end of the century that theirpeculiar merits were recognized. Only a shorttime ago, through the work of Keeler andPerrine with the Crossley reflector of the LickObservatory, and that of Ritchey with the two-foot reflector constructed in the instrumentshops of the Yerkes Observatory, it becameapparent to astronomers that great advancesmight be expected to follow the construction ofreflecting telescopes of large size. It is hopedthat these advantages may be realized when thefive-foot reflecting telescope, now under construction in the optical laboratory of the YerkesObservatory, is completed. Such an instrumentmust be of comparatively short focal length,but for some purposes a reflecting telescope ofgreat focal length would give peculiar advantages.The progress of research in physical laboratories during the last half of the nineteenthcentury resulted in the construction of spectroscopes of very large dimensions, which cannotbe attached to a moving telescope. It hasbecome more and more evident that if an imageof the sun or of a star could be produced ina fixed laboratory, where such spectroscopescould be employed to examine it under conditions of constant temperature, very important advances might be expected to follow.The spectroscopes now in use with large telescopes, especially for work on the sun, are farbehind the known possibilities of construction,represented by the large and massive instruments of the physical laboratory.The Snow Horizontal Telescope should permit these three important objects to be accomplished: (i) the realization of great focallengths, without the attendant expense and inconvenience resulting from the use of a movinginstrument in a revolving dome ; (2) the utilization in an instrument of great focal length, of the peculiar advantages of a reflecting telescope ;and (3) the production of an image of the sunor other heavenly body in a physical laboratory,where the largest spectroscopes, and other instruments requiring stability of mounting orconstancy of temperature, may be used tostudy it.In the Snow Telescope the only moving partis a plane mirror of silvered glass thirty inchesin diameter. From this the light of the objectunder examination is reflected to a second planemirror, from which it is again reflected towardthe north to a concave mirror two feet in diameter, which returns the rays to a point nearthe coelostat, where the image is formed. Themirror of the coelostat is kept in motion by adriving clock, at such a rate as exactly tocounteract the effect of the earth's rotation. Inthe laboratory where the image is formed spectroscopes of the largest size are provided, andprovision is made for photographing the directimage and for other classes of work. One ofthe spectroscopes is to be inclosed in a constant-temperature laboratory, where exposures on thespectra of stars may be continued from night tonight until the very faint image is registeredon the photographic plate.During the course of his remarks which aregiven in abstract above, Mr. Hale demonstratedthe use of the telescope, and showed the imageof the sun produced by it. The spectrum ofan electric arc light was also shown with thelarge grating spectrpscope.At the conclusion of the exercises the guestswere invited to visit the Yerkes Observatory,where a large collection of astronomical photographs were exhibited.The Snow Telescope has already been usedin spectroscopic work on the sun, and goodphotographs of the sun and moon have beenobtained with it. There can be little doubt thatit will accomplish the results for which it wasconstructed.HOIh§ s2 <*S I3 darn So Jca. oD =° XO §OS .9o aH ,w 5a sH IsoHUNIVERSITY RECORD 175THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TOWER GROUP OFBUILDINGS.BY SHEPLEY, RUTAN & COOLIDGE.No one can pass the Assembly Hall, theClub House, the Commons, and the Tower, inthe new group of buildings at the corner ofLexington avenue and Fifty-seventh street,without being impressed with their dignity andbeauty — without stopping to consider thebeautiful sculptures, the traceried windows, andthe crenelated parapets wrought in Bedfordstone. When high up in the Tower, from behind the richly traceried and louvered openings,the chimes send forth their sweet music, thepasser-by will be called to view one of the mostbeautiful specimens of architecture in Chicago.It has been said that Chicago has two monuments — the Lincoln monument and UniversityTower. Surely this Tower is a monument tothe founder, and might fittingly be named the"Founder's Tower."These buildings find their precedent in theperpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, as one sees it in the collegiate buildingsabout Oxford and Cambridge. The Club Housereminds one of St. John's; the Commons, ofChrist Church; and the Tower, of MagdaleneTower — all of Oxford.The main entrance is through a large archat the base of the Tower, in Fifty-seventh street.At either side of. this entrance are beautifullycanopied niches, where some day sculptureswill find a resting-place. *On entering the vestibule, which has a fineoak-beamed ceiling, brie ascends two flights ofstone steps, at least thirty feet broad, to thevaulted hall, from which radiate the differententrances to the several buildings comprisingthe group.South from the vaulted . hall, through theCloister, which has a beautifully trussed roofof open timber construction is a vista extending two hundred and forty feet to the AssemblyHall stage. To the west, ascending another flight of stonesteps, we come to the entrance of HutchinsonHall, the men's Commons, or dining-hall, wherewe find two large seats and a fireplace in anook, which gives a decided atmosphere ofhome-like comfort. This dining-hall, where theUniversity banquets will be held, is forty feetwide and one hundred and fifteen feet in length.The walls to a height of sixteen feet are wainscoted in oak, at the top of which is a corniceenriched with leaf ornament characteristic ofthe period of architecture. Above this wainscot rise the delicately traceried windows,through which a flood of light is admitted to thehall; and higher still, at least fifty feet fromthe floor, are the magnificent trusses of opentimber work spanning the space from wall towall. From the hammer beams of these trusseshang beautiful pendent lanterns of oak, decorated in red, blue, and gold. Here, again, wefind two large stone fireplaces, at least ten feetacross the face. From east to west extendthe long rows of dining-tables, for a distanceof one hundred feet, at the end of which is araised platform for the head tables. From thedining-hall one can enter the kitchen throughtwo vestibules.Retracing one's steps to the vaulted hall, tothe east of which is the Reynolds Club House,one enters a stair hall, which is a reminder ofthose old English stair halls of the Elizabethanperiod of architecture. To the left is a largereading-room, thirty-six feet wide and sixty-eight feet long. To the right is the billiardroom. The second story contains the receptionroom, club-room for the various student organizations, toilets, etc. The third story also contains club-rooms, the steward's room, servant'srooms, and toilets. The principal feature of thethird floor is the Assembly Room. This roomwill be used as a dance hall and for informalsocial affairs. The trusses are of open timberwork, of sycamore. At the north end is a smallstage.176 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe main rooms in the first and second storieshave paneled wainscoting and beamed ceilingsof oak. All have fine stone mantels beautifullycarved. The wall decorations are in low tone,and in keeping with the rest of the work. Inthe basement" are the bowling alleys, the barbershop, toilets, etc. The buildings are providedwith all known modern improvements.Leaving the Club House, we cross the Cloister to the Cafe, which covers an area of 2,680square feet; farther west is the kitchen, 3,960square feet in area, which is thoroughly equippedwith the most approved culinary appliances.In the basement of the kitchen building are thebake ovens, storerooms, refrigerators, laundry,and other rooms necessary to the proper management of the cafe and dining-hall ; also employees' quarters and toilet rooms.Passing south from the vaulted hall throughthe Cloister, from which one can look out uponthe green, one enters the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. This is one of the most elaboratebuildings on the campus, and will be used forconvocations, mass-meetings, celebrations, andlectures. The main auditorium and galleryhave large seating capacities ; down either sideof the gallery extend fourteen boxes. At eitherside of the proscenium arch, at the gallery level,are the organ screens. The stage is commodious, and will have set scenes in harmonywith the character of the work in the auditorium. In the basement are the dressing-100ms, toilets, etc. The plenum chambers occupy the entire area in the basement under themain auditorium, from which the hall is heated.The blower system of heating and ventilatinghas been used, which makes the hall one of themost thoroughly heated and ventilated in Chicago.All lighting fixtures, hardware, and otherfurnishings have been designed in the Gothicstyle, making a harmonious whole. DECORATIVE SCHEME FOR THE TOWER GROUP OFBUILDINGS.BY FREDERIC BARTLETT,The decoration of the new group of buildingshas been dictated, to as great an extent as possible, by the architecture. The introduction ofanything foreign in the way of color or designhas been carefully avoided.Mellowness and warmth of natural color inthe building materials themselves have, as theyshould, the most prominent place in the decorative scheme. The weathering of plaster andtimber is less theatrical in Chicago than in almost any other place, as age does little here inthe way of beautifying — producing a gray,greasy effect instead of a mellow, antique tone.The entrance walls to the Tower and theCommons, and the Cloister and Mandel Hallare stained in a warm stone color in slight contrast to the cold, gray stone arches. The woodwork throughout the group is weathered English oak of different tones.The walls of the Commons above the oakpaneling have been carefully stained and mellowed in the spirit of the original at ChristChurch College in Oxford. The lining off ofthe plaster is not so much an imitation of stoneas to give it a certain amount of texture andinterest.The cornice surmounting the paneling istreated as in the original Commons — the grotesque heads in old ivory with red tonguesand a band of gold stars on a blue ground.The arms of the English colleges ornamentthe end cornices, and those of the principalAmerican colleges the side. The crests1 arepainted in the college colors and toned to thegeneral key. Between each of the Americanarms is a shield bearing the letters "H H," —Hutchinson Hall.xThe architects have had difficulty in obtaining thecolors of the American college crests and would deem ita great favor to be corrected in any found wrong in theCommons.UNIVERSITY RECORD 177The ceiling has been treated like the panelingas though the color had been obtained from age.The pendants of ceiling are picked out in dullred, blue, and gold.The friezes in the library and billiard roomwere designed after a careful study of walldecorations in applied design and old stuffs andbrocades of the period.The dull tapestry-like colors are left slightlyclearer than desired, as a few months will bringthem to the required tone.The disks in the book cases of the librarytypify different branches of literature and arepurely decorative in their composition.The walls and ceilings in the main rooms onthe second floor are treated in weathered plaster, the fire-place in the hall receiving somecolor. The small rooms are in rather strongcolor.The small theater on the third floor (as yetunfinished) is to have a painted tapestry-effectcurtain, representing a fete-day in mediaevaltimes. Over the proscenium arch is a smallGothic decoration representing Comedy andTragedy, some of the ornament of which israised in gesso work.On the side walls of an indefinite golden-colored stain runs an old ivory band illuminatedwith an inscription, the letters (the Holbein alphabet) being in blue-green, and the capitals inblue and red on gold fields.It has been the sincere aim throughout — inthe color, furniture, draperies, and rugs — tointroduce nothing but what the splendid architecture seemed to demand for its completion.THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHRISTIANUNION FOR THE SUMMER QUARTER, 1903.The Christian Union of the University ofChicago embraces the various organizationsexisting within the University for religiouswrork. These organizations are:i. The activities immediately in charge of the Chaplain, including (a) the Sunday preachingservices; (b) the daily chapel services.2. The Young Men's Christian Association.3. The Young Women's Christian League.4. The University Settlement.5. The Students' Union of the DivinitySchool.The following reports are presented, descriptive of the activities of these organizationsduring the quarter of the University endingSeptember 1, 1903:REPORT OF THE CHAPLAIN OF THE UNIVERSITY.No items of unusual interest are to be reported for the Summer Quarter in respect tothe daily chapel service or the Sunday preaching services. All of these have been heldregularly, and the attendance during the Summer Quarter has been unusually large. Thearrangement with the University Preacherscontinues to give satisfaction, securing for usthe best thought from the strongest men.Much is to be hoped for the interest and comfort of the Sunday services from the completionof Mandel Hall.Special acknowledgment should be made ofof the service rendered by the choir in connection with the Sunday services.Charles R. Henderson, Chaplain.REPORT FOR THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.The Association attempts no extensive summer work. It has simply held the Sundayevening service in Haskell for men and womeneach week. These meetings have been led bystudents and professors. The attendance hasbeen about fifty.Ralph Merriam, Secretary.REPORT OF THE WOMEN STUDENTS' CHRISTIAN LEAGUE.Meetings have been held regularly by theWomen Students' Christian League, on Fridaymornings at 10 o'clock in Haskell CongregationHall. These were led for the most part bystudent leaders. On Sunday evenings jointmeetings have been held by the League and the178 UNIVERSITY RECORDYoung Men's Christian Association in Haskell.For the First Term, with the exception of Dr.Butler who presided at the first meeting, theleaders were chosen from students in residence.During the Second Term the leaders werechosen from the Faculty.During the first three days of the Quarterthe League gave assistance and information towomen who were entering the University.On the first two afternoons the League roomin Lexington Hall was used for informal socialmeetings for any women who cared to come.Two joint receptions with the Y. M. C. A.were given, one at the beginning of each Term.On Monday afternoon, June 22, the Leaguejoined the Woman's Union in a reception towomen students. Two informal receptions forwomen were held on alternate Monday afternoons, June 24 and July 7. The League room,1 Lexington Hall, has been open for a restroom, and for the convenience of all women inthe University, every day during the Quarter.During the last week of the Spring Quartera canvass was made of all boarding houseslisted in the University register, for the purposeof finding out where parlor privileges weregranted to young women who lived there.This register was really for the use of womenentering for the Summer Quarter, and waskept in the League room, in charge of someLeague member.The executive committee for the SummerQuarter was composed as follows : Miss CoraArmstrong, general secretary (pro tempore);Miss Nellie Merriam, Friday meetings; MissCaroline Lamont, Sunday meetings ; Miss Shirley Farr, treasurer; Miss Isabelle Webster,reception committee.Julia Isabelle Webster, President.REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SETTLEMENT.PLAYGROUND.A kindergartner was in charge of the playground during July and August. Under her direction baskets were made of raffia, and beadchains were woven. She played games withthe children, told them stories, and made theplayground shelter a social center for themothers with their babies, as well as for thechildren. The different swings, the playgroundgymnasium apparatus, and the sand box werein constant use all summer.Several members of the Woman's Union ofthe University taught a basket class for a groupof the playground children.HEALTH.Milk. — During July, August, and Septemberthe Settlement had a milk station for sellingmodified and Pasteurized milk, as prepared bythe Milk Commission of the Children's HospitalSociety. The milk was sold for sick babies atcost. Not only were many sick babies benefited, but the educational influence of the wholeagitation connected with advertising and sellingthe milk was even of more value. The neighborhood is learning what good milk is, andwill hereafter demand it.Drinking fountains. — This summer two newdrinking fountains have added to the comfortof the Settlement neighbors and friends, andhave also been the means of promoting temperance in a practical way. One was put in by theHumane Society in front of the gymnasium, onthe street. It flows constantly for man andbeast and bird. The other is in the gymnasium, in the rear of the main room. Itsupplies a long-felt need.Sanitation. — Complaints, made to the boardof health, of unsanitary conditions have resultedin decided improvements in some cases. Aninvestigation as to the extent and causes oftuberculosis in the neighborhood has beenbegun. Trained helpers are needed to assistin this investigation.Outings. — Through the Bureau of Charitiesthe City Railway Company gave the Settlementfree street cars, and nearly three hundred chil-dren were taken to the South Side parks forpicnics. Earlier in the season picnics weregiven for the younger clubs, and in the latterpart of May one hundred and seventy-five children of the Children's Chorus were entertainedby the Settlement League of the University onthe campus.MISCELLANEOUS.Five women were in residence during thesummer.The resident who is a probation officer of theJuvenile Court finds her duties and anxietieseven more arduous in the summer, from lack ofplaygrounds and suitable and attractive placesfor the larger girls and boys who are yet tooyoung to be at work. The enforcement of thenew child-labor law increased the problem ofwhat to do with these boys and girls.A student from the University, a youngwoman, came every Saturday morning duringthe summer to take charge of the penny savingsbank.The Alliance Athletic Club of young menmet twice a week.The Woman's Labor Union from the"Yards," two other labor unions, and the Packing Trades Council met regularly in the Settlement gymnasium during the summer.REPORT OF THE STUDENTS' UNION OF THE DIVINITY SCHOOL.Starting with the first week of the SummerQuarter, there was maintained a live devotionalservice at 10 o'clock on each Tuesday duringthe Quarter. Each meeting was announcedbeforehand, the professors assisting in workingup an interest. One of the Faculty, whosename was posted beforehand, led the meeting.Those who attended were many and enthusiastic. The singing was by the congregation,but it was fairly good. No devotional meetingsof the regular session have been so full ofinterest and enthusiasm. Extemporaneousprayers and remarks constituted a feature of Y RECORD 179the meetings which was very helpful and enjoyable to all.We hope to have meetings of a similar character next summer.W. Edgar Woodruff,Chairman of Devotional Committee of theDivinity Council.These reports indicate, what might be expected, that the organized religious life of theUniversity does not in the Summer Quarterpresent features, of especial interest in the samedegree as appear in other portions of theacademic year. It is believed, however, thata positive and strong religious tone has characterized the student life during the periodcovered by this report, and that the spirituallife of a large body of men and women in theUniversity has been promoted by the opportunities offered.Nathaniel Butler,President of the Christian Union.INAUGURAL EXERCISES AT QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY,CANADA.The formal exercises attending the inauguration of the new principal of Queen's University,Dr. Gordon, were held at Kingston, Ontario,October 12-15. Dean Harry Pratt Judson wasdelegated by the University Senate to attendon behalf of the University of Chicago, andwas one of those on whom Queen's University ^conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws.Mr. J. L. Borgerhoff, assistant in French,has accepted an appointment as instructor inFrench and Spanish at Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.Mr. Beziat de Bordes, Ph.D. (U. of C),formerly of the University of Michigan, hasbeen appointed to take charge of the department of romance languages in the Universityof West Virginia.Mr. Percy B. Burnet, A.M., formerly Fellowin the University of Chicago, has become professor of French in Iowa College, Grinnell,Iowa.180 UNIVERSITY RECORDALUMNI NOTES.Clarence N. Patterson, '79, is pastor of theBaptist church at Parker, S. D.Eugene Parsons, '83, is one of the editors ofThe World To-day.ALLEN BRIGGS SEAMAN, CLASS OF 1885.Allen B. Seaman, '85, died suddenly of heartdisease, at his home in Denver, September 25,at the age of forty-one. Mr. Seaman was oneof the ablest men graduated from the old University of Chicago. For more than three years(1879-83) he was a member of the class of '83.Immediately after graduation he began thestudy of law, and in 1884 settled in Denver.In the spring of 1885 he returned and took hisdegree with the class of '85.During the past nineteen years he practicedlaw in Denver and became one of the mostprominent attorneys of that city. He wascounsel for several corporations and won hisspurs in many a hard-fought battle. He wasa brilliant and eloquent speaker. He took anactive part in politics, and was for a numberof years chairman of the Republican state committee. It was prophesied that he would become United States senator from Colorado.The bar and press of Denver united in paying tribute to his ability and generosity. Inhis college days he spent money freely for hisfriends and the literary society to which hebelonged. He paid out of his .own pocket adebt of $40 that the Athenaeum had incurred.In Denver it is said that he befriended hundreds of men and gave away thousands ofdollars.According to the Denver News (September26), he was "one of the most generally belovedand respected men in the history of the city.He was stricken down in the very zenith of hiscareer of usefulness and power. He wasyoung and ambitious, and was rapidly acquiring a fortune."Mr. Seaman married Miss Jennie Babcock, of Monmouth, 111., who survives him with twodaughters.John Heil, '95, has been elected superintendent of schools at Morgan Park, 111. Mr. Heilhas been principal of the High School atMoline, 111., for two years.H. V. Peterson, '96, has been appointed tothe chair of philosophy and history of educationin the Peabody Normal School of Nashville,Tenn.Samuel Steen Maxwell, Ph.D. '96, is assistant in physiology in the Harvard MedicalSchool.Mrs. Annie D. Inskeep, Ph.D. '96, has beenappointed instructor in Mills College, California, for the next year.Gordon F. Hull, Ph.D. '97, has been promoted to a full professorship in DartmouthCollege as head of the department of physics.Charles J. Bushnell, A.B. '97, Ph.D. '01, lateprofessor of history and sociology in AlbanyCollege, Oregon, has accepted a position inHeidelberg University, O.Harry H. Bain, Ph.D. '97, is with the UnitedStates Geological Survey.Jessie L. Nelson, '97, is a clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington, D. C.David P. Barrows, Ph.D. '97, is chief of thebureau of non-Christian tribes for the Philippine Islands. Merton L. Miller, Ph.D. '97, isassistant anthropologist with the same bureau.Marion Weller, A.B. '97, teacher in the HighSchool at Joliet, goes to the State NormalSchool at DeKalb to teach geography.Nevin M. Fenneman, A.M. '98, Ph.D. '02,professor of geology at the University of Colorado, has accepted a call to a similar positionin the University of Wisconsin.Max D. Slimmer, '98, has been appointedchief chemist for the Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Co.UNIVERSITY RECORD 181Otto K. O. Folin, Ph.D. '98, is researchchemist in McLean Hospital, Waverly, Mass.Edward Frautz, '99, is president of Mc-Pherson College, McPherson, Kan.Johannes B. E. Jonas, Ph.D. '99, is assistantprofessor of Germanic languages and literatures in Brown University.Charles F. Yoder, '99, is editor of theBrethren Publication Board at Ashland, O.Erich Miinter, '99, has accepted an instructorship in German in the University of Kansas,Lawrence, Kan.Clark S. Reed, Ph.B. '00, who has opened anindependent office for the general practice oflaw in the Association Building, is connectedwith the firm of Holt, Wheeler & Sidney.Walter J. McCaleb, Ph.D. 'oo, is one of theeditors of the staff of the new InternationalEncyclopedia.Harry A. Millis, Ph.D. 'oo, late professor ofsociology and political economy in the University of Arkansas, has accepted the assistantprofessorship of sociology in Leland StanfordJunior University.A. O. Shaklee, soo, has been made teacherof physics in the High School of Seattle, Wash.Benjamin Samuels, '00, Earl C. Hales, 'oo,and Charles S. Eaton, '00, graduated with the'03 law class of Harvard University. Mr.Samuels will practice law in Chicago.E. H. Sturtevant, Ph.D. 'oi, who has beenteaching at Maryville College, Tennessee, hasaccepted a position as instructor of Latin at theUniversity of Missouri.Effie Warvelle, '01, has been appointedteacher of English in the High School atRensselaer, Ind.Marcia Waples, '01, has been elected teacherof French and German in the Francis ShimerAcademy at Mount Carroll, 111. Florence Dike Miller, '02, is teacher of English in the High School at Elgin, 111.Helen M. Walker, '02, is a teacher of German in the High School of Clinton, la.Wallace A. Beatty, Ph.D. '02, is chemist withColgate & Co., New York.William O. Beal, S.M., '02, has been offeredthe chair of mathematics in Illinois College,Jacksonville, 111.Albert E. Merrill, '02, has accepted an instructorship in physics in Case School ofScience, Cleveland, O.Harriet Going, '02, has been appointedinstructor in the academy of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis.Lily Belland, '02, has been appointed teacherof Latin in the Ottumwa (la.) High School.E. F. Sherubel, '02, has a position as chemistwith Swift & Co., Chicago.Jennie M. Rattroy, '02, will teach Latin inthe High School at Lemont, 111., during thecoming year.W. A. Averil, '03, principal of the HighSchool at Sullivan, 111., has accepted a positionas instructor in science in the Highland Park(111.) High School.William H. Bates, '03, has been elected to anassistant professorship in mathematics in Purdue University.E. B. Babcock, '03, is teaching French andhistory in the Ethical Culture High School ofNew York city.Ralph C. Catterall, Ph.D. '03, began his workas assistant professor of modern European history at Cornell University in September.Mary Mills, '03, has accepted the Englishwork in Brownell Hall, Omaha, Neb.The Code of Hammurabi, Kingof Babylonia (about 2250 B.C.)THE, MOST ANCIENT OF ALL, CODESIN TWO VOLUMESVolume I. Text, Transliteration,Translation, Glossary, Historicaland Philological Notes, and Indices.By Robert Francis Harper, Professor of Semitic Languages andLiteratures in the University ofChicago. Volume II. The Hammurabi andthe Mosaic Codes. A Study in Babylonian and Old Testament LegalLiterature. By William RaineyHarper, Professor and Head of theDepartment of Semitic Languagesand Literatures in the University ofChicago.These Volumes are intended for students and laymen interested in Semitic and Legalliterature.Volume I will be ready about December, 1903. Volume II is in preparation. Advancedsubscription price of Volume I, $3.00. Price of Volume I after date of publication, $4.00." Hammurabi, being a great statesman as well as conqueror, built roads, dug canals, andwas the first to collect and formulate into code the decisions which the civil courts had renderedand which had grown out of judges' law. This full code, the most elaborate monument ofearly civilization yet discovered, he engraved on great stone stelae, and set up in the principalcities of his realm, where they could be read by all his subjects. There were about two hundredand eighty separate decisions, or edicts, covering the rights of property, inheritance, marriage,divorce, injuries to life or person, rents, wages, slavery, etc. On the stela, following the text ofthe laws, Hammurabi told his people why he had set up and published this code. It was thatjustice might be established, and that anyone who had a complaint against his neighbor mightcome and read the law and learn what were his rights." — Dr. William Hayes Ward, in theCentury Magazine, July, 1903-Published by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, Chicago, III.COUPON -CUT HERESUBSCRIPTION FORMThe University of Chicago PressChicago, IllinoisEnclosed find $3.00 for which please send Volume I of The Code ofHammurabi, edited by Robert Francis Harper.NameAddressJust PublishedStudies in Logical TheoryEdited by John Dewey, in co-operation with Members and Fellowsof the Department of Philosophy.xiv + 300 pp., 8vo, cloth; net, $2.50; postpaid, $2.62.A History of the Greenbacks,with Special Reference to the Economic Consequences oftheir IssueBy Wesley Clair Mitchell.xvi + 500 pp., 8vo, cloth; net, $4.00; postpaid, $4.23.Lectures on Commerce andAdministrationContaining contributions by Messrs. J. Laurence Laughlin,A. C. Bartlett, James H. Eckels, etc.340 pp., 8vo, cloth; net, $1.50; postpaid, $1.62.The Mental Traits of SexBy Helen Bradford Thompson.viii+188 pp., 8vo, cloth; net, $1.25; postpaid, $1.35.The University of Chicago PressChicago, IllinoisJust PublishedS>6e Psychology of ChildDevelopmentBy IRVING KING, with anintroduction by John DeweyMi"""' "^HE former basis of investigation for child-study wasthe assumption that child-psychology was simplyadult-psychology reduced to lowest terms.Mr. King develops the idea that the study of thechild's mind should be carried on from a differentpoint of departure. The object of the new methodof investigation should be to find out how and underwhat circumstances the mental processes arise, andwhat they mean to the child, not to what they areanalogous in the adult mind. Above all, the investigator mustappreciate these processes, not by themselves, but by their placeand value in the entire conscious life.The author from this new point of view sketches the processof mental growth in children, with special reference to theirdevelopment during the school years. This he deduces fromtheir interests in books and games during that period. No newmaterial is presented, but rather an outline of a functional interpretation of the well-known facts of child-life, showing whatthe multitude of observations of child-psychology can mean.280 pp., cloth, i2mo. Net, $1.00; postpaid, $1.10.0>e University of Cbicaao Press, CMcago, Illinois