VOLUME VIII NUMBER 1University RecordMAY, 1903THE EDUCATION OF NURSES.BY ALFRED WORCESTER, M.D.,Walt ham, Mass.The profession of nursing is undergoing rapidevolution. Eventually its rank will equal that ofthe allied profession of medicine. But its presentcondition is chaotic and unsatisfactory to all concerned. And yet it grows more and more plainthat the advance, and even the present success, ofsurgeons and physicians depends absolutely uponexcellent nursing. Why, then, are excellentnurses so scarce? Surely it is not from lack ofyoung women willing to make every sacrifice tobecome such. No, the fault lies with the trainingschools, which are open to indictment on thefollowing counts :1. The educational requirements of applicantsfor admission to the schools are not sufficientlyexacting. As a result probationers are admittedwho cannot assimilate the scientific knowledgethat underlies the profession of nursing.2. It is folly to expect young women whosebacks are breaking and whose heads are aching,after twelve hours of day or night nursing, toacquire knowledge from text-books or lectures,even if either the books or the lectures werewell designed for the purpose, which most decidedly they are not. Moreover, the training schools,in attempting to satisfy the outrageous demandsof the hospital economists, break the best studentnurses both in body and spirit, by requiring whatis impossible and thus putting a premium onshirking and laziness. 3. Training schools for nurses ought to beeducational institutions, and no educational institution can properly be subordinate to an eleemosynary institution. And yet most training schoolsare mere adjuncts of hospitals, established andmaintained, not primarily for the education ofnurses, but openly for the advantage of the hospitals. This is shameful. What would becomeof a medical school under such thraldom?4. Training schools, instead of demandingproper tuition fees from student nurses, persist inpartially clothing them or in paying them small" servant allowances." Even the theologicalschools have had to give up this kind of bribery,which of course operates to attract the poorer andto repel the better and more self-respectingstudents.5. Training schools do not provide a propercorps of teachers. One woman, often without evena single assistant, has to serve as principal of theschool and as superintendent of the whole nursingwork of the hospital. What sort of a medicalschool would result if the resident medical superintendent of the hospital were also the dean ofthe school? Moreover, this single-handed womanat the head of the training school has to beglectures as a favor from the staff. As a result,the curriculum generally offered is only a haphazard medley quite unworthy the serious attention of a well-educated woman.6. The hospital training schools do not givean all-around training even in hospital nursing,but only in the special kinds of hospital nursing2 UNIVERSITY RECORDthere required. Thus one school omits mid-wivery, another omits contagious -case nursing,and so on. But, worse than this, none of thehospital schools arrange for the training of theirstudent nurses in the equally important departments of private-family nursing and district-visiting nursing.7. The teaching in the training schools isfundamentally wrong. Nursing is personalservice to the helpless. It is an art — dependentupon science though it be. Now, an art can belearned only from a master-teacher of it, by imitation. And the art of personal service to thehelpless can be righly learned, not by doing onething for twenty patients, but rather by doingtwenty things for one patient. In other words,ward work deprives the probationer of the necessity for that personal devotion to the individualpatient which lies at the very heart of good nursing.8. In the large hospitals the student nurses arekept too long at work they do well, instead ofbeing constantly changed to new work that theydo not know how to do. In short, the education7of the nurse is not the purpose of such trainingschools. The real purpose is to get the nursingservice for the hospital at the lowest possible cost.In the small hospital training schools, on the otherhand, the student nurses during more or less oftheir course are sent out to private nursing, notunder any teaching supervision, nor with anyreference to the kind of experience needed, butsolely for the income the school thus receives.Were these earnings devoted solely to the education of the nurses, it would perhaps be defensible,but the disgraceful fact is that these earnings ofthe student nurses are generally devoted to thesupport of the hospital, which owns the schoolboth body and soul.Now, if these charges against the trainingschools are true, and if these are the reasons whytrained nursing usually falls so far short of thatprofessional excellence demanded today, then * there is need of a radical reform in the schools ofnursing.This means that the education of nurses mustbe taken out of the control of the hospitals andpoliticians and medical stock companies, andmust be assumed by educators. The professionof medicine has only very lately thus been rescued. Not until professional schools have beenadopted by the universities is there ever possiblethat devotion to educational ideals which aloneallows and fosters the highest professional development. This is just as true of the profession ofnursing as it is of other professions.Of course, it would be a step forward from thepresent hospital domination of the training schoolif the education of nurses were assumed by themedical schools which have whole control of theirhospitals. But such a step would at best be onlya half-way step and would intail great difficulties.It is true that the nursing profession is secondary to the medical profession in that the nurse isthe doctor's executive officer. In the same waythe engineer of the battleship is secondary to thecaptain. But from that it does not follow thatthe education of naval engineers should be intrusted to officers of the line. Engineers mustbe educated by engineers, surgeons by surgeons,and nurses by nurses — each profession in its ownschool, under its own separate faculty, and controlled only by the university.There can be no doubt that the time has comefor universities to assume the education of nurses.On the one hand, the profession of nursing needsjust this lifting up. On the other hand, collegewomen have now too few opportunities for theexercise of all their powers ; they dislike to returnto parlor inaction ; they shrink from the notorietyof vying with men in the older professions ; butthey eagerly undertake the applied humanities incollege settlements ; and, while they cannot properly take the course of nurses' training offered bythe present schools, and adapted to poorly educated women, they would gladly enter a schoolof nursing whose curriculum extends in logicalUNIVERSITY RECORD 3sequence beyond the college education. In thisway, and in this way only, can the profession ofnursing be raised to its proper rank, and so winthe ablest women of the land into its membership.Let us, then, turn from fault-finding with thepresent to the more agreeable consideration ofthe ideal school of nursing. Let us see if it is notfeasible to obviate all the disadvantages of thepresent systems of training without incurringother evils.The first essential of a professional school is acompetent faculty, to which the management ofthe school is intrusted, under the control of theuniversity. Only in this way can the properstatus of the profession be maintained on exactlythe same educational level with other professions.Is there any objection to having a school ofnursing an integral part of the university ? Itwill surely be admitted that the profession ofnursing is at least equal to the professions ofdentistry, of veterinary medicine, and of horticulture, which have already obtained universityrecognition. But, it may be asked, why notdirectly compare the profession of nursing withthat of medicine? Very well, I pick up thegauntlet. The profession of medicine is both ascience and an art, but in it the art of curing orcaring for patients is being left far behind in theadvance of medical science. The only excuse forthis relative neglect of the all-important art isthat the modern surgeons and physicians have athand a sister-profession to which the caring fortheir patients can be relegated. For nursing,while founded upon science, is neverthelessmainly an art — the art of personal service to thehelpless. Now, if either profession must outrankthe other, which is of more importance, the oneprimarily concerned with the patient himself, orthe one primarily interested in his disease ?The fact is that there" is exactly equal need ofboth, doctor and nurse, and that equal painsshould be taken in their education.The requirements for the ideal school of nursing will have regard to the character and the educational qualifications of applicants, and notto their ages. But it is the habit and power ofacquiring knowledge, rather than the possession ofany particular knowledge, that is of importance.For this assurance a college education or itsequivalent is a necessary requirement.The course of training in the ideal schoolshould be for fully four years ; and should combine daily drill with study and instruction in suchproportions that the student nurses should berefreshed and not exhausted by their differentkinds of work.For the first year, four hours; for the secondyear, six hours ; arid for the last two years, notmore than two hours out of the twenty-fourshould be devoted to practical work, always underconstant teaching supervision. Half of this practical work of the first year should be in visiting-nursing, and half of it should be devoted toapplied dietetics, and other departments of housekeeping. Much of nursing is housekeeping forthe sick, and can be done only by those who arepast masters in the art of home-making for thewell.During the second year the student nursesshould have hospital work; during the third year,private case or special nursing; and during thefourth year, head-nurse work in the hospitalwards or operating rooms, or in district-visitingservice, or in special hospitals, as, for instance,the insane or the contagious hospitals.During the first year for five days of the weekthree hours a day should be devoted to the classroom and laboratory; during the second year, twohours; and for the last two years, one hour a day.The different courses of instruction should fitinto each other in progressive sequence. Thus,for example, in the subject of asepsis the instruction in bacteriology, the drill in mock-surgicaloperations, the study of the effects of pathogenicgerms, and of the methods of sterilizing shouldall lead up to the preparation of surgical materials,and finally to actual practice in the operatingroom as the surgeons' assistants.4 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe expenses of such a school would of coursebe large. The school would have to give boardand laundry to the student nurses, and therewould be, besides, the expenses of a salariedfaculty. But there would be a large income fromthe earnings of the students, who would be givingvaluable and enthusiastic service throughout theircourse. And there would also be the income fromtuition fees, which ought to be for each studentat least $100 yearly. In return for their expenditure of time and money the graduates of thisschool of nursing would have university diplomas.Salaried positions of $t,ooo a year and upward,above all living expenses, would be open to them.The graduates of such a school would be the best-educated nurses in this country, and so the bestfitted for great service.THE NEW SCHOOL FOR NURSESIN THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, CHICAGO.During several years the Illinois TrainingSchool for Nurses has carried on the work ofnursing in the Presbyterian Hospital. This arrangement terminates in November of the presentyear, and the authorities of the hospital havedecided to establish their own school. Throughthe liberality of the managers of the hospital, alarge home has already been purchased on Ashland boulevard, within a short distance from thehospital, and Miss McMillan has been appointedLady Superintendent.In planning the educational work of the newschool the authorities have decided to establish ahigher standard than has been adopted by anyhospital school in this country, and one whichmust commend itself to educated young womendesirous of obtaining a thorough professionaltraining.The educational supervision has been intrustedto the Faculty of Rush Medical College, actingin co-operation with the Lady Superintendentand her staff. This is a radical departure fromthe methods practiced in all other training schools and is a guarantee that the instruction will be ofthe highest order.The leading features of the new school are thefollowing:i. The minimum age of admission is twentyand the maximum thirty. In exceptional casespupils at other ages may be accepted by thesuperintendent.2. Those entering the school must have a high-school education or its equivalent. Preferencewill always be given to those who have spent oneor more years in college work. In professionaleducation the best results are obtainable onlywhen the student has previously undergone athorough mental training.3. A moderate tuition fee must be paid by allstudents.4. The period of training is three and a halfyears. During the first six months pupils shallnot enter the hospital, but shall be instructed asfollows :a) In anatomy, physiology, materia medica, bacteriology,and sanitation in the laboratories of Rush Medical College.b) In dietetics, practical cooking, all branches of domestic economy, and elementary nursing in the Nurses' Home.During the present year part of this instruction will be givenin the well-equipped Domestic Science School of Chicago.c) In elementary medicine and surgery in the CentralFree Dispensary.d) In district nursing.As the school grows, increased importance willbe given to district nursing, for the training thusobtained is of the greatest value and cannot beacquired in a hospital. This is the first hospitaltraining school which has decided to educate itspupils in home-nursing. Owing to the heartyco-operation of the Visiting Nurses' Association,the students of the Presbyterian Hospital trainingschool are able to gain this instruction at once.; At the end of the six months' course the pupilsbegin their work in the Presbyterian Hospital,and for three years are instructed by the LadySuperintendent and her associates and by themedical staff of the hospital.Examinations shall be held each year, and onlyUNIVERSITY RECORD 5those shall be allowed to graduate who are considered fully competent.5. The number of nurses employed in the hospital shall be sufficient to prevent overworking ofindividuals and to insure preservation of healthand thoroughness in education.During the next eighteen months the nursingof the hospital will be partly carried on by selectedundergraduate and graduate nurses from otherschools who desire to continue their education inthe Presbyterian Hospital.In establishing the new school the authoritieshave been greatly assisted by Dr. Alfred Worcester,founder of the splendid Waltham Training Schoolfor Nurses.PROFESSOR GEORGE NEIL STEWART,HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY,The University of Chicago.Dr. George Neil Stewart has been electedProfessor of Physiology and Head of that Department, taking the place of Professor JacquesLoeb, who resigned at the end of the AutumnQuarter, 1902.Professor Stewart is one of the highest authorities in his specialty, is a medical teacher of powerand much experience, and is the author of a textbook on Physiology which Professor Osier, of theJohns Hopkins University, pronounces facileprinceps. A sketch of Professor Stewart andsome account of his work may be in place at thistime.Professor Stewart is about forty years of age,and was born in London, Ont. His parents,James and Katherine Stewart, were Scotch; andwhile lie was still young they returned to Cathnesscounty, Scotland, where young Stewart grew up.He entered the University of Edinburgh in1878, receiving his M.A. degree in 1883 and hisSc.D. in 1887. The first degree in Medicine,M.B.,C.M., was granted him in 1889, and thedegree of M.D. in 189 1. In 1890 the Universityof Cambridge granted him the Diploma in PublicHealth. After leaving the University of Edinburgh hewas for two years Senior Demonstrator of Physiology at Owens College, Victoria University,Manchester. He was then appointed GeorgeHenry Lewes student at Cambridge. This scholarship was founded by George Eliot in memoryof Mr. Lewes, and is one of the most sought-after and best-endowed scholarships open toscientific students in England. A part of thethree years during which he held the scholarshipProfessor Stewart spent in Germany. At onetime he was in Berlin studying with DuBois-Reymond and others. In the winter of 1891 and1892 he was in the laboratories of Goltz andSchmiedeberg at Strassburg.In 1893 Professor Stewart came to America,and was for a short time connected with theDepartment of Physiology of the Harvard MedicalSchool. From there, in 1894, he went to theMedical Department of the Western ReserveUniversity as Professor of Physiology and Histology. This joint position he held until 1901,when he was made Professor of Physiology.It is interesting to note that Professor Stewartfirst became interested in Physiology through thestudy of Physics. While at Edinburgh he wasNeil Arnot scholar in Physics, and states that heowes much of his inspiration for scientific workto Professor Tait. As soon as he began hismedical work, however, he turned into the fieldof Physiology, and his thesis for the M.D. degreewas on "The Influence of Temperature on theCardiac Nerves."Professor Stewart is now abroad visiting various laboratories, and will be in residence andbegin his teaching in the Autumn Quarter. Alist of his publications follows :" Talbot's Law : Intermittent Stimulation of the Retina.'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1887." Electrotonic Variation in Nerve." Ibid., 1888."Electrolysis in Animal Tissues (Preliminary)." Ibid." Electrolysis in Animal Tissues." Studies from OwensCollege, 1890."Surface Temperature and Radiation of Heat from theHuman Body." Ibid.6 UNIVERSITY RECORD"The Effect of Stimulation on the Polarization ofNerve." fournal of Physiology, Vol. IX (1888), pp. 26 ff." Further Researches on the Apparent Change Producedby Stimulation in the Polarization of Nerve." Ibid.tpp. I99ff."On the Stimulation Effects in a Polarized Nerve during and after the Flow of the Polarizing Current." Ibid.Vol. X' (1889), pp. 458 ff.Reports of papers read before the Cambridge Society,November 8, 1890 : (1) "A New Method of Measuring theVelocity of Blood;" (2) "A Method of Estimating theAmount of Inorganic Salts in Small Quantities of Blood;''(3) "A Method of Measuring Local Differences of Temperature in the Blood-Stream." Ibid., Vol. XI (1890), pp. xv-xxi." Notes on the Applications in Physiology of the Resistance, Method of Measuring Temperature, with Special Reference to the Question of Heat Production in Mammalian-Nerves during Excitation." Ibid., Vol. XII (i89i),p. 409Report of the Cambridge Physiological Society, May 21 >189 1 : (1) "The Influence of Temperature on the Activityof the Cardiac Nerves ;" (2) "The Heat Stand-Still of theHeart ;" (3) "The Influence of Endocardiac Pressure on theAction of the Vagus and Sympathetic Nerves;" (4) "Electromotive Changes in the Heart." Ibid., pp. xxii ff ; xxix, xxx,xxxi ff ."The Influence of Temperature and of EndocardiacPressure on the Heart, and Particularly on the Action of theVagus and Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves." Ibid., Vol. XIII(1892), pp. 59 £f."Researches on the Circulation Time in Organs and onthe Influences which Affect It," Parts I, II, and III. Ibid.,Vol. XV (1894), pp. iff."Circulation Time in the Retina." Science, 1895."Elektrische Leitfahigkeit thierischer Flussigkeiten."Centralblatt fur Physiologie, Vol. XI (1897), pp. 332 ff." Researches on the Circulation Time in Organs and onthe Influences which Affect It ;" Part IV, " The Output of theHeart." fournal of Physiology, Vol. XXII (1897), pp. 1598."The Relations of the Electrolytes to the Non-Electrolytes in the Blood Corpuscles and Blood Serum."fournal of Boston Society for Medical Science, Vol. XVI(1897), pp. 18 ff." Experiments on Molecular Concentration and ElectricalConductivity." British Medical fournal, Vol. II (1898),PP- 778 ff." The Output of the Mammalian Heart." Report of theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science (London,1898), Vol. LXVII, p. 813." The Behavior of the Haemoglobin and Electrolytes ofthe Colored Corpuscles when Blood is Laked." fournal ofPhysiology, Vol. XXIV (1899), pp. 211 ff."The Relative Volume or Weight of Corpuscles andPlasma in Blood." Ibid., pp. 356 ff. " The Effect on the Molecular Concentration and Electrical Conductivity of Muscle Extracts of Removal of theProteids." Ibid., pp. 460 ff."The Proteids of Muscle" (in collaboration with T.Sollman). Ibid., pp. 427 ff."The Changes Produced by the Growth of Bacteria inthe Molecular Concentration and Electrical Conductivity ofCulture Media." fournal of Experimental Medicine, Vol.IV (1899), pp. 235 ^" Progress in Physiology." fournal of the AmericanMedical Association, Vol. XXXII (1899), pp. 1227 ff."The Conditions that Underlie the Peculiarities in theBehavior of the Colored Blood Corpuscles to Certain Substances. " fournal of Physiology ,V rol. XXV ( 1 90 1 ), pp. 470 ff."The Behavior of Nucleated Colored Blood Corpusclesto Certain Hsemolytic Agents." American fournal ofPhysiology, Vol. VIII (1902), pp. 103 ff."The Mode of Action of Various Laking Agents on theBlood Corpuscles." fournal of Medical Research, N. S.,Vol. Ill (1902), pp. 268 ff."A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Action ofSaponin on the Blood Corpuscles and Pus Corpuscles."fournal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. VI (1902), pp. 257 ff." Dilation of the Pupil Produced by Stimulation of theCortex." Centralblatt fur Physiologie, 1902." The Influence of Cold on the Action of Some Hsemolytic Agents." American fournal of Physiology, Vol. IX(1903), pp. 72 ff.Text- Book of Physiology (now in fourth edition). Philadelphia : Saunders & Co.COURSES OF COLLEGE STUDIESRECOMMENDED FOR STUDENTS PREPARING TO STUDY MEDICINE.To assist students in planning their work, ithas been thought advisable to make some explanation of the courses of college studies recommendedfor students preparing to study Medicine.This explanation is intended to cover not onlythe details of the work scheduled below, but alsoto make clear the aim and significance of thegeneral group of studies.At the present time the curriculum for the medical student in Rush Medical College is so arrangedas to make it possible under favorable circumstancesfor a student to take his Bachelor's degree (S.B.)at the end of four years of college work, and hismedical degree two years later. In order toaccomplish this result, the last two years of theUNIVERSITY RECORD 7college work are occupied with studies identicalwith those that form the first two years of themedical course. These studies are all non-clinical.However, these two years — comprising eighteen Majors of work — can be advantageouslytaken only when suitable preparation for themhas already been made. This involves an adjustment of the first two years of the college course,or the eighteen Majors of work in the JuniorColleges of the University of Chicago.The student who is planning for both degreesis advised to take in the Junior Colleges theeighteen Majors scheduled herewith:SCHEDULE ICourses Leading to the Degree of S.B. and M.D.Department Course No. Name Value inMajorsEnglishFrench orGermanHistory*Philosophy*Mathematics J3( 4<=>1, 2 (DMj.),or31, 2, or 32 or 31 or 3z and 2 Rhetoric and English Comp.English LiteratureFrenchGermanI Modern European History( United States "i Introductory Psychology1 Logic( TrigonometryI College Algebra }•)•1 or 21 or 2211 Mjs.These eleven Majors are those required for the S.Bdegree in the case of students of Medicine.Department Course No. Name Value inMajorsPhysicsfChemistry^Zoology 1 and 2c 2 and 3I %2 General Physicsf General Chemistry< Organic "( Qualitative AnalysisGeneral Biology 2417 Mjs.These seven Majors are in part required and in partadvised as a special and additional preparation for themedical work in the Senior College.In this Schedule (I) the eleven Majors first mentioned and printed in bold-faced type are thoserequired of all students who are candidates forthe degree of S.B. The remaining seven Majorsin scientific lines are those which especially serveto prepare for the later medical work. It may be*See p. 75, No. 6, of the Annual Register, 1901-2.t Advised : Prerequisite for Course 1 : Either Entrance Physics orCourse o, 1 Major, and Plane Trigonometry, 1 Major.JOnly 2 Majors required. noted, in passing, that it is the training and information represented by these courses which isdemanded from the student, and if, therefore, hehas previously completed any of this work, thetime thus released may be applied to othercourses, preferably to some among those mentioned farther on as being advantageous for students who are able to make a more completepreparation for medical work. The courses justmentioned, taken in conjunction with the 18Majors of work in the Senior Colleges, lead tothe Bachelor's degree (S.B.).In examining this schedule, it will be noted,first, that it is adjusted only for those intendingto take the S.B. degree. Candidates for thedegree of A.B. and the degree of Ph.B. willnecessarily require more than six years to obtainboth the college and the medical degree. Moreover, the candidate for the S.B. degree whowishes to follow the schedule here laid down mustenter college without conditions and must, inmost cases, offer the full list of units recommended for entrance into the S.B. group. Thefailure to fulfil these regulations, by entailingadditional college requirements for the degree,may lengthen the combined course beyond theminimal time of six years. A statement of therequirements for admission here follows :REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO THE MEDICAL COURSES.These comprise (a) the successful completion of a four-years' high-school or academy course, qualifying the studentto enter the Junior Colleges (Freshman class) of the University of Chicago,"]* and (b) the Freshman year of a collegecourse, or a full equivalent therefor. The high-schoolcourse must have included at least 2 J units of Latin (Caesarand Elementary Grammar); 2 units of English (Rhetoric,Composition, and Literature); 2)4 units of Mathematics(Algebra through Quadratics and Plane Geometry) ; 1 unitof History; 1 unit of Physics (including laboratory work) ; 1unit of Chemistry (including laboratory work); and 5)4*t A complete and more detailed statement of the requirements and theground covered by each subject will be sent to any principal, teacher, orstudent on application to the Dean of the Medical Course, the Universityof Chicago.% A unit corresponds to a daily recitation throughout the school year ofthirty-six weeks.* At least 2 units of this work should be, if possible, in German orFrench.8 UNIVERSITY RECORDunits in any of the other studies usually included in a high-school curriculum.If on entrance to the Junior College work atthe University of Chicago the deficiencies in anycase amount to more than 3 Majors (which mightbe made up by extra work during a SummerQuarter), then the student is strongly advised toadd another year to his course before entering onthe work of the first two years of Medicine, andthus to give himself a more liberal training.For those who have the advantage of beingable to use more than two years for the trainingpreliminary to the medical work, the subjoinedcourses (Schedule II) are especially recommended:SCHEDULE 11.Designation of Courses from Which the Student is Advised to Choosefor the Work of the Third Year Preliminary to Medicine.Department Course No. Name Valuein Mjs.Zoology (Any of the Junior CollegeMajor Courses) 1Physics 3 General Physics 18 r Quantitative Analysis< Elementary Physical Chem-( istryChemistry 28 1 or 2Zoology 10 or 11 I Comparative Anatomy of} Vertebratesf Elementary Botany< Elementary Plant Physiol-( ogy 1 or 2Botany 1 or 2 1Mathematics 4 or 11 Calculus 1Geology X PhysiographyElementary Greek 1Greek 10, 11, 12 3This longer course will be of special importance to those who look forward to teaching andinvestigation in the field of Medicine.As the announcements show, the curriculumis at present in a transition stage, which will continue for two years; i. e., to the beginning of theSummer Quarter* 1905.After June 18, 1903, there will be demanded, inaddition to the requirements for admission to theJunior Colleges (Freshman class), 12 Majors ofcollege work, 6 of which must have been incourses which especially prepare for the study ofMedicine. These must be identical with, or correspond to, some 6 of the 18 Majors given inSchedule I, always including 2 Majors of College Chemistry, in addition to one year of High-School Chemistry, and a thorough course in* Approximately about June 22, 1905. Elementary Biology, with laboratory work. Thespecial preparation for Medicine is representedby the 7 Majors given earlier (see Schedule I,second part), and the student is urged to includeas many of these courses as possible in his preparatory work.In place of these 12 Majors taken elsewhere, 9will be accepted if taken at the University of Chicago from the courses mentioned in Schedule IUnder these circumstances, 6 of the Majors justmentioned, together with 3 Majors in English,French, or German, would form a very suitablecombination of courses. With this recommendation goes the requirement of two Majors ofCollege Chemistry in addition to High-SchoolChemistry, and a thorough course in ElementaryBiology, with laboratory work.After the first day of the Summer Quarter,1904,* 18 Majors of college work will be requiredwhen the work has been outside of the Universityof Chicago. These 18 Majors might very advantageously be those indicated as the work of theJunior Colleges (see Schedule I). The alternativeof 13 Majors of work at the University of Chicago is, however, permitted, provided these 13 betaken from the course of college studies designated in Schedule I for students preparing tostudy Medicine.In choosing from this group, in order to meetthe above requirements the student should includethe 7 Majors in the Sciences and 3 Majors in aModern Language (other than that presented forentrance), while the remaining 3 Majors shouldbe taken from the other courses which are named.Students taking their college work at otherinstitutions, and planning for medical work laterat the University of Chicago, should carefullyexamine the Schedules (I and II) here presentedin order to make their work fit as far as possiblewith the requirements there laid down. In anycase their preparation must have included theChemistry and Biology specified above, togetherwith 1 Major of Organic Chemistry, and, after* Approximately June 21, 1904.UNIVERSITY RECORD 9June 21, 1904, students preparing elsewheremust present certificates to show that at least 9of the 18 Majors correspond to 9 of the Majorsdesignated in Schedule I.After June 22, 1905, 18 Majors of collegework designated in Schedule I will be required,without any alternatives, and in addition thestudent must be able to read both French andGerman. This will meet the requirements forthe Bachelor's degree (S.B.), as well as those forentrance on the first two years of medical work.When this last arrangement has been put inforce, the students who are candidates for thedegree of M.D. will by the arrangement of theircourses be candidates for the S.B. degree also?and the two degrees will thus go together regularly.Even before these conditions are required in1905, students are urged so to plan their workthat they shall obtain the Bachelor's degree aswell as the degree of Doctor of Medicine, sincethe broader training will be found of the greatest value to them in their later work.In this connection a word concerning the six-years' course leading to the two degrees is inplace. It will be observed, in the first instance,that the Bachelor's degree is given for four years— 36 Majors — of college work, for courses whichare open to any student, whether planning to goon to the study of Medicine or not. With a fewexceptions, these courses were organized and inprogress before they were thrown open to medical students. In thus admitting medical studentsto the work organized in the first instance for science students planning to follow other careers,no modification has been made in the aim or conduct of the courses which would render them ofless value to the student who was not lookingforward to Medicine as a life-wor.k. They are,therefore, University courses, conducted by thosewho make teaching a profession with the prime iobject of training, culture, and the imparting ofconcrete information. The training involves theexercise in doing things — performing either men tal or manual processes — and results in a definiteincrease in special ability, ^he culture is perhapsbest defined as a mental attitude whereby the studentin the first instance is led to appreciate the tentative character of the conclusions which are putbefore him or at which he himself arrives, and atthe same time to develop the intellectual habit offollowing the suggestions of his own thoughtsand observations without too much regard fortheir immediate utility or for current prejudice.The concrete information is applicable in manydirections, and one of these is the practice ofMedicine. These science courses form the firsttwo years of Medicine in properly constructedmedical curricula, and as the courses in such curricula are practically identical with courses whichare offered during the two years of the SeniorCollege work, as given at the University of Chicago, one can be substituted for the other without loss.The question whether the content of the courseleading to the Bachelor's degree is sufficientlyvaried is therefore the one question open to debate, and as it can be debated indefinitely, weshall not raise it here, but merely add that ifthe student in his work has been so trained thatthrough his subsequent life he still continues inthe attitude of a student toward his own work andexperiences, then any deficiency in the contentof this particular four years is of minor significance ; for what is needed later he will, himself be able in some measure to supply. There isno question, however, that for students who haveentered college at an early age and who are notlimited by financial considerations, a third orfourth year of preliminary training will in mostcases prove very advantageous.MEDICAL TEACHING AND MEDICAL RESEARCHAND THE INCREASING OPPORTUNITIES IN AMERICA TO ENTERITS CAREER.Only a few years ago this country offered butone distinctly medical career to the student ofmedicine, namely, the practice of medicine insome form or other.10 UNIVERSITY RECORDTwenty years ago there was but an insignificantnumber of salaried medical professorships; assistants were not necessary because the teaching wasdone almost wholly by didactic lectures; verylittle attention indeed was given to research inthe medical schools, and endowments for medical research existed only in the dreamt of thevisionary. But within a remarkably short time amost marvelous change has taken place.The elevation of thfe standards of medicaleducation, the introduction of laboratory methodsin medical teaching, the fostering influence ofour best universities, and the steadily increasingendowments of medical teaching and investigation are some of the most important elements inthe growth that has led up to the present periodof promise, the blooming period of medicine inAmerica.Rapid and healthy development of this naturecannot but be associated with an increasinglydiversified differentiation of function, and so thereis now larger opportunity than ever before forsuccessful careers as medical teachers and investigators to the exclusion of the actual practice ofmedicine.Many of our best universities now offer practically the same inducements to properly qualifiedyoung men to join the departments of Anatomy,Physiology, Pathology, and Bacteriology as theydo in the case of the other university departments,let us say History, Physics, Chemistry, andZoology. In not a few instances positions in themedical departments just named are filled withsuccess by men who have specialized in some oneof these lines without having taken the regularcourses in medicine. This fact is cited here simplyto show that these fields offer welcome opportunities to qualified aspirants for academic careers.In the more purely clinical branches the conditions as yet are somewhat different. Professorsand instructors in these branches rarely, if ever,give their time and energy undividedly to teaching and investigation, but combine this work withthe arduous duties of private practice. But even in these branches, related so intimately to thepractical work of the physician, indications pointto new developments that before long may culminate in the establishment in some of ouruniversities of departments of medicine, of surgery,and of obstetrics upon the same general basis asother university departments. Necessarily thismust lead to the foundation of university hospitals as well as to the creation of a large numberof positions to be filled by specially trained menwho are willing to devote themselves wholly tothe teaching of the clinical branches and to theinvestigation of the many important problems thatawait solution in these fields.We believe, too, that medicine in the universities is receiving its full share of fellowships,scholarships, and the like with which to encourage scientific work by students and younggraduates.Then again the recent endowments of independent institutions for medical research willoffer especially desirable opportunities for thosewhose ability and training fit them for the highestorder of investigative work. The establishment,too, of research professorships in the universitiesmay be found to prove advantageous in order toadvance to greater opportunity the man of geniussure to appear from time to time as the numberof men engaged in productive work in the medicalsciences increases.Attention may be directed also to the fact thatgovernment and municipal services are demanding an increasing number of specially trained mento carry on their work, much of which is of thenature of research in various lines. The healthdepartments of our larger cities need men trainedin sanitary science ; the Philippine civil government has established laboratories in which activeinvestigation is carried on in the rich field oftropical diseases.The managers of many of our state hospitals forthe insane are beginning to realize that the surestantidote to the fossilizing influence of routine andinstitutionalism is to be found in the reorganiza-UNIVERSITY RECORD 11tion of the medical work upon a scientific basisso as to attract to this service men of scientificinterests and training.More than enough has been said to make goodthe statement that medicine in America now offersmuch more by the way of opportunity for successful careers than only the chance to enter theovercrowded ranks of the practitioner. It willever be the hope of all who are interested in theprogress of the medical science among us that theopportunities for productive scholarship mayincrease in scope and in number, and that theymay be made so attractive as to draw into definitecareers along the lines pointed out in the foregoing the finest types of our medical students.COURSES FOR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.In response to a rapidly increasing demand,certain courses especially suitable for medicalpractitioners are now offered at the University ofChicago and at Rush Medical College. Thedemand arose through the growth of a desireamong men in the practice of medicine andsurgery for clinical and -laboratory facilities ofan order not to be found in the average "postgraduate medical college " of the country. Thepost-graduate medical schools of the older typehave served a most useful purpose in their time,and still offer opportunities which many will dowell to avail themselves of ; but the plan of organization of the majority of these schools and theirrelatively meager equipments limit their functionsto a circumscribed field and nullify any appealthey may make to the better class of practitioners.On independent and, as a rule, unendowed foundations, they are dependent for their incomes uponthe fees of students ; their faculties are composedof men who receive but little, if any, financialreward for their teaching other than that derivedfrom the increase in their practice due to thecollege connection ; the policy has too often beento plan the courses to fit their restricted facilities,rather than to extend the facilities so as to makeadequate courses possible. As a result, the public and the profession have grown skeptical of thepost-graduate school of the older type and of the"specialist" who so often emerged from it at theend of a six-weeks' course.Coincident with the transition from the proprietary medical school to the medical school * which isan integral part of a university has come the needfor a change from the proprietary post-graduateschool to the post-graduate medical instructionwhich can be given in university laboratories andin richly endowed hospitals. There is an increasing number of practitioners who, desiring morethan the superficial ornamentation of the traditional post-graduate veneer, are begging for theopportunity to acquire in a thorough mannersome training and knowledge in branches whichhave undergone marked development since theirgraduation. Such men usually intend to continuein general practice, but wish to keep pace withthe rapid advance of medical progress, and toprevent the stagnation or even degeneration intowhich the professional man who does not arrangefor scientific growth is but too prone to sink.There are other men who, having engaged successfully for a number of years in the generalpractice of medicine, surgery, and obstetrics, wishto fit themselves for the practice of some specialty;some of these men are wise enough to know thatthe mere attendance on lectures and clinics for afew weeks at a post-graduate school will not makethem legitimate specialists in any branch ; theyrealize that they must, in addition to specialclinical work, prepare themselves in the anatomy,physiology, and pathology of the special subjectin which they are interested, and the best menperhaps entertain the ideal — common enough inEurope, but hitherto all too rare in America — ofmaking some actual original contribution to anatomical or physiological knowledge in that specialfield in which subsequently they are to be activeas clinical specialists.A well-endowed university medical school, by* See on this subject the article by Professor Barker on ** Medicine and the Universities," in this Record, Vol. VII, No. 3, July,1902, pp. 83-94.12 UNIVERSITY RECORDits arrangements for post-graduate medical work,ought to be in a position to offer more to earnestand ambitious practitioners than any other medical teaching institution. Its laboratories andlibraries can seldom be paralleled, its clinicalmaterial is likely to be well studied and thoroughly organized, and its staff includes a largenumber of men who give their whole time toteaching and original investigation. Such aschool is prepared to offer work of varying degrees of difficulty, from the elementary instruction suited to the beginner to the most advancedcourses in the more abstruse problems of specialsubjects. In a school of this sort the medicalpractitioner can, without loss of prestige or lowering of his dignity, enter with advantage manyof the higher courses offered in the regularmedical curriculum. In subjects like medicaland surgical bacteriology, physiological chemistry, and experimental pharmacology the advanceshave been so rapid during the past five years thatthe undergraduate courses in these subjects haveundergone a complete change and present excellent opportunities for the practitioner of someyears' standing to bring himself quickly intotouch with the newer knowledge in these branches.Similarly in clinical diagnosis, in clinical laboratory work, and in the courses in operative surgeryand gynaecology, advances are so rapid that practitioners often find it desirable to register for oneof the regular undergraduate courses in these subjects before going on to the higher and moredifferentiated work of the graduate school.But it is especially to those practitioners whodesire to enter in an adequate manner upon thework of a specialty that the university medicalschool offers unrivaled advantages. In the university laboratory of anatomy they will find specialcourses offered leading them into the full detailsof structure of the special organ or of a group oforgans to which they intend to devote their attention; in the laboratory of physiology they arepermitted to enter upon an experimental investigation of the normal functions of those parts;while in the laboratory of pathology they mayexamine the changes which these special tissuesshow in disease, produce some of the diseasesexperimentally in animals, and make an analysisof the various factors concerned, and their bearing upon pathogenesis. With such a preparationthe practical clinical work of the specialty may bemore satisfactorily approached ; a specialist thusproduced has climbed the first rungs of the ladder which leads to eminence. Without such a start,a man is likely to remain a pseudo-specialist ; for,struggle as he may, his lack of scientific preparation will prevent him from rising above the levelof mediocrity.Practitioners find it easiest to arrange to engagein post-graduate work at certain definite periodsof the year. Rush Medical College and theUniversity of Chicago have accordingly made aspecial effort to provide a number of courses ofunusual interest to practitioners in the SpringQuarter, extending in 1903 from April 1 to June16 ; in the Summer Quarter, extending from June17 to September 3; and in the first half of theAutumn Quarter, extending from October 1 toNovember 15. Each Quarter is divided into twohalves, the First and Second Terms of the Quarter. Some of the courses are limited to a Term,some are continued through the whole Quarter.The attention of practitioners is called to the following courses offered this year :In the Spring Quarter there are given at RushMedical College these courses, among others,which may be regarded as especially suitable forpractitioners :In the Department of Medicine, a clinical andconference course, with especial reference to diseases of the alimentary tract, by Professor Billingsand his assistants, and a course in LaboratoryDiagnosis, in which chemical, microscopical, andbacteriological methods of study of the blood,urine, sputum, etc., are taught.In the Department of Surgery, a course on theSurgery of the Head and Neck, by ProfessorBevan, and one on Operative Surgery of thecadaver and surgical appliances, by ProfessorBoufHeur and Dr. Parker.In the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, courses in Clinical and Laboratory Work, byProfessor Webster and Dr. Findlay.In the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, a course on Pathological Chemistry, by Dr.Wells, one on the Bacteriology, PathologicalAnatomy, and Histology of some of the morefrequent infectious diseases, by Professor LeCount,and one on Pathological Technique of especial interest to the general practitioner, by Dr. Ricketts.In the same Quarter there are offered at theUniversity of Chicago a number of courses especially suitable for practitioners.In the Department of Anatomy, advanced workin the gross and microscopic anatomy of all partsof the body may be undertaken under the direc-UNIVERSITY RECORD 13tion of Professor Barker and Assistant ProfessorsBensley and Eycleshymer.In the Department of Neurology the specialanatomy of the nervous system may be pursuedwith Professor Donaldson.In the Department of Physiology, a course inExperimental Pharmacology is offered by Assistant Professor Mathews, and a course in Physiological Chemistry, dealing with the chemistry of theexcretions, with particular reference to the urine,is given by Assistant Professor Mathews and Dr.Webster.In the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology the University offers in this Quarter a laboratory course in General Pathological Histologygiven by Professor Hektoen and Dr. Wells, andwork in advanced Bacteriology under the direction of Associate Professor Jordan.Excellent facilities for original work in Anatomy, Physiplogy, and Pathology are available inthe commodious Hull Biological Laboratories.In the Summer Quarter the following specialcourses at Rush Medical College are designed forpractitioners :A course in the Therapeutics of Nervous Diseases, by Dr. Gill; a course in Special PathologicAnatomy and Histology, by Drs. Loeb and Bassoe;Advanced Laboratory Work and Research inPathology, by Professors Hektoen and LeCount ;a course in the Disorders of Nutrition in Infancyand Childhood, by Professor Cotton ; LaboratoryDiagnosis, by Dr. Capps and others; in Diseases ofthe Stomach, by Dr. Salisbury; lectures in Surgery,by Dr. E. J. Senn, and the regular surgical clinics ;a clinical course in Gynaecology and Obstetrics, byDr. Findlay; and clinical courses in Diseases ofthe Chest, Throat, and Nose, Diseases of the Eyeand Ear, and in Skin and Venereal Diseases.At the University of Chicago in the SummerQuarter, beginning June 17, unusually attractivecourses have been planned for practitioners whodesire to enter the specialties of Neurology,Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Otology, Rhinol-ogy, and Laryngology.Thus the medical man desiring to specialize innervous diseases will find at the University in thisquarter a special course on the Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Central NervousSystem and Sense Organs, offered by ProfessorDonaldson, and another course on the Architecture of the Central Nervous System, in whichconduction paths are specially studied, given byDr. Hatai and Dr. Ingbert. The practitioner desiring to specialize in thediseases of the ear, nose, and throat is recommended to follow the couj-se offered by Dr. Sham-baugh on the Anatomy of the Ear, Nose, andThroat, a course which deals with the details ofthe human anatomy of these parts on fresh andmuseum specimens, and special bone preparations.The course will be further illustrated by a largenumber of celloidin and Wood's metal corosionpreparations of the various cavities and canalsconnected with the parts, and by a completeseries of the most valuable American andEuropean models of the ear, nose, and throat.Practitioners desiring to specialize in the diseases of the eye will find three courses at theUniversity in the Summer Quarter especiallydesigned for them : a course on the Anatomy ofthe Eye, offered by the Department of Anatomy;another on the Pathology of the Eye, given byDr. Brown Pusey in the Department of Pathology;and a third on the Comparative Anatomy of theEye, given by Dr. Slonaker in the Department ofNeurology. These three courses yield an excellent foundation for subsequent studies in clinicalophthalmology.A special course on the Anatomy of the Abdominal Viscera and Pelvic Floor is offered by Dr.Lewis in the Department of Anatomy to practitioners who desire to specialize in abdominalsurgery and in gynaecology. The course consistsof a careful dissection according to the plans laiddown in a specially prepared outline of theorgans and walls of the abdomen and pelvis.The dissection is supplemented by the study ofatlases, models, and cross-sections, and, if desired,by the consultation of original papers in theliterature bearing upon this field.During the First Term of the Autumn Quarter,October 1 to November 15, 1903, a few coursesopen only to practitioners will be offered at RushMedical College. Detailed information in relationto these courses will be published later, and maybe secured by addressing a request for the sameto Rush Medical College.Fuller statements of the individual courses areto be found in the Bulletin of Information, TheCourses in Medicine and Preparatory to Medicine,published by the University, which will be sent onapplication to The University of Chicago,Chicago, 111., and in the Announcement of RushMedical College, application for which may beaddressed to Rush Medical College.14 UNIVERSITY RECORDA NEW PLAN OF STUDENT SELF-GOVERNMENT.In the spring of 1902 the Faculty of RushMedical College received a communication fromthe students suggesting that some plan of self-government might be instituted with advantageto all concerned. With only the two higherclasses remaining at Rush Medical, a body ofmature and experienced men, the Faculty believed the time very opportune for the inauguration of such a movement, and the suggestion ofthe students was therefore approved. A committee was appointed to confer with committeesfrom each of the two classes, and early in theWinter Quarter of 1903 this committee agreedupon the plan of procedure outlined in the following rules :The Faculty of Rush Medical College having approved the suggestion of the students that a plan of self-government be instituted in the college, there is hereby-organized a body to be known as the Senior MedicalCouncil.1. Membership.. — This Council shall be composed ofthree members from the Junior class, three members fromthe Senior class, and three members of the Faculty.2. Selection of members. — On or before the third Monday of each quarter the Senior class shall hold a meetingand elect by ballot a member of the Council to serve forthat quarter and two succeeding quarters, the member-electto assume the duties of councillor on the day succeeding hiselection : provided that at the first meeting, to be held on adate to be agreed upon, three members shall be elected, oneto serve for the current quarter, one for two quarters, andone for three quarters. Each councillor shall hold officeuntil his successor is duly elected and qualified.In a similar manner the Junior class shall hold a meetingon or before the third Monday of each quarter and elect acouncillor to serve for three quarters.The Faculty councillors shall each serve three quarters,with the exception of those first elected, and the method oftheir election shall be determined by the Faculty.3. Officers. — The officers of the Council to be elected bythat body at its first meeting for each quarter shall be apresident, a vice-president, and a secretary, the duties ofwhich shall be those usually pertaining to such officers.4. Meetings. — Regular meetings shall be held on thethird Tuesday of each quarter. Special meetings may becalled at any time by the president on the written request offive members of the Council.5. Duties. — It shall be the duty of this Council : (a) Toserve as a medium of communication between the studentsand Faculty in reference to suggestions from students inregard to the courses of study offered, or concerning anyother matters pertaining to the work of the college. TheCouncil shall carefully consider such suggestions before presenting them to the Faculty. It is understood, however,that this does not abridge the right of any student to appealdirectly to the officers of the college, (b) To recommend tothe Faculty such rules and regulations as will promote the best interests of the student body, (c) To investigate allinfractions of discipline or misconduct in the college on thepart of a student, or students, which may be brought to itsattention. For this purpose it shall have authority to summon witnesses. After investigation the Council shall determine the guilt or innocence of the students involved, andshall recommend to the Council of Administration the penalty, if any, to be imposed.6. These rules and regulations may be amended at anymeeting by a majority vote, due notice having been givenin writing at a previous meeting.These rules and regulations were accepted byeach class in mass meeting, and by the Faculty,and a council was appointed consisting of Professors Haines, Bevan,and Dodson, from the Faculty;Messrs. Reppert, McKenna, and Law, from theSenior class ; and Messrs. Gephart, Davis, andO'Hern, from the Junior class. This SeniorMedical Council organized by the election of Mr.Reppert as president and Mr. O'Hern as secretary. Simple rules of conduct were drawn up bythe Council, which were adopted unanimously byboth students and Faculty.This plan of a governing body in which bothstudents and Faculty are represented is based onthe theory that proper conduct in and about thecollege is a matter in which both students andFaculty are interested; the students more directly,perhaps, but by no means exclusively. As theyare more directly concerned, however, and arenumerically in the majority, they are given themajority representation in the council. It is, ofcourse, quite too early to speak of the success ofthe new plan, but the spirit in which it has beenreceived by the student body, and the characterof the men first elected to represent them in theCouncil, augur most auspiciously for the successof the movement.1HOSPITAL INTERNESHIPS.The hospital interneship has come to be lookedupon as an almost necessary supplement to themedical course for the ambitious student. Fortunately, the number of hospitals affording suchpositions has increased very rapidly within thelast few years, and while there is still room foronly a portion of the graduates each year, theproportion of students who can thus be suppliedwith hospital service has increased very much.Positions as internes in the Presbyterian, the CookCounty Hospital, the Michael Reese Hospital,the St. Joseph's Hospital, the St. Elizabeth'sHospital, the St. Luke's Hospital, the AugustanaUNIVERSITY RECORD 15Hospital, the Chicago Hospital, the AlexianBrothers' Hospital, the Passavant Hospital, theBaptist Hospital, St. Anthony's Hospital, theNorwegian Hospital, the Illinois Charitable Eyeand Ear Infirmary, and in a much larger list ofinstitutions outside of the city of Chicago whichmake appointments from the roll of qualified students, are open each spring to graduates throughcompetitive examinations held by the respectivehospital staffs. For the current session up to Mayi students of Rush Medical College have securedplaces as follows :Huey, W. B.,Marchildon, J. W.,Clancy, E. G.,Laker, L. B.,Stratford, W. H.,Kelley, T. H,Kennett, G. H.,Bloch, L.,Bosenbury, C. S.,Fleming, C. F.,Quick, E. W.,Rea, R. H.,Robb, J. B.,Wolf, H. E.,Fullenwider, C. M.,Burt, R. R.,Eikenbary, C. F.,Roost, F. H.,Keith, Ora D.,Line, Josephine,Polkey, H. J.,Tholen, E. F.,Darmer, G. A.,Helton, A. J.,Michell, G. W.,Baldwin, T. C,Darst, John,Hagen, H. O.,Ellison, G.,Davis, C. B.,Dirks, C. B.,Reinhard, H. A.,Scouller, J. D., Jr.Wahrer, C. W.,Baker, C. D.,Rugh, R. E.,Yeck, F. C,Bridgman, J. C,Bruggeman, H. O.,Gordon, Wm. A.,McKenna, C. H.,Mullany, T. J.,Scullin, C. E.,Blatt, M. L.,Dreyer, J. W.,Fleming, J. L., Alexian Brothers' HospitalAlexian Brothers' HospitalAlexian Brothers' Hospital, Elizabeth,N. J.Charity HospitalCharity Hospital, New YorkCharity Hospital, New YorkChicago Lying-in HospitalCook County HospitalCook County HospitalCook County HospitalCook County HospitalCook County HospitalCook County HospitalCook County HospitalEye and Ear InfirmaryGerman HospitalHospital for Ruptured and Cripples,New YorkManhattan Eye and Ear Hospital,New YorkMary Thompson HospitalMary Thompson HospitalMichael Reese HospitalMichael Reese HospitalMilwaukee Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis.Milwaukee Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis.Mining and Railway Hospital, Virginia, Minn.Mining and Railway Hospital, Virginia, Minn.Monroe Street HospitalNorwegian Deaconess HosptialNorwegian Tabitha HospitalPresbyterian HospitalPresbyterian HospitalPresbyterian HospitalPresbyterian HospitalPresbyterian HospitalSanitarium, Wauwatosa, Wis.St. Anthony's HospitalSt. Anthony's HospitalSt. Elizabeth's HospitalSt. Elizabeth's HospitalSt. Joseph's HospitalSt. Joseph's HospitalSt. Joseph's HospitalSt. Joseph's HospitalSt. Luke's HospitalSt. Luke's HospitalSt. Luke's Hospital Koltes, F. X.,Jackson, J. B.,Rowan, E. J.,Howe, S. S.,Keenan, H. A.,Peairs, R. P.,Martin, L. M.,Palmer, D. H.,Sheldon, Stuart H.,Mitchell, Esther,Fitzpatrick, M. W., St. Luke's HospitalSt. Mark's Hospital, Salt Lake City,- UtahSt. Mark's Hospital, Salt Lake City,UtahSt. Mary's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis.St. Mary's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis.St. Mary's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis.St. Mary's Hospital, Rochester, Minn.St. Vincent's Hospital, Portland, Ore.St. Vincent's Hospital, Portland, Ore.Syracuse Hospital for Women andChildren, Syracuse, N.Y.Wabash Railway Hospital, Decatur,111.A REVIEW AND A FORECAST.In the annual medical numbers of the University Record heretofore issued an attempt hasbeen made to give an account, from a pedagogical point of view, of the medical work which isbeing done in the University of Chicago and atRush Medical College, and especially to describethe methods introduced which are distinct innovations in medical pedagogy. Chief among theseare the continuous session in the form of theQuarterly System, the Elective Curriculum, andthe transfer of the first two years of the MedicalCourse to the University proper. The time hashardly arrived when a final estimate may be madeof the full value and importance of these innovations, but sufficient experience has been gained towarrant a brief review and some interesting deductions.The division of the year into Quarters, with thecurriculum so arranged that each Quarter is complete in itself, has proven of very great advantageto many students, and, as was predicted, themedical branches lend themselves with especialfacility to such an arrangement. The possibilityof attending an extra Quarter each year, in addition to the three Quarters which constitute anannual session, is a convenience to many students, and in particular to those who enter withadvanced credit from a literary college or university. Graduates of such schools are no longeradmitted directly to the second year, but aregiven credit simply for work completed which isan actual equivalent of courses in the medicalcurriculum. Such a student may have completednine Majors of real medical work in his collegecourse, as in Chemistry, Physiology, Histology,Embryology, etc., or, as is more often the case,he may have had only four or five Majors of suchwork, and in some instances, as from a purelyclassical course, no medical work at all. Eighteen16 UNIVERSITY RECORDMajors are required in the first two years. He isgiven credit for whatever he has completed ineach medical branch, by the head of the corresponding department, and is then allowed tocomplete the remainder of the medical course,and procure his degree, if he can do so satisfactorily in thirty-three months from the date ofmatriculation. The extra Quarter each yearmakes this easily possible in most cases. As theQuarters are now arranged, the Summer Quarterbeginning in the middle of June and endingearly in the first week of September, a studentattending the four Quarters has a vacation offrom ten to twelve days at the holiday season, oneweek in the Spring, and almost the whole monthof September. With nearly seven weeks of rest,no student is likely to find attendance upon allfour Quarters too severe, especially with the morerational methods of study now in vogue. And ifthis be the case, why should not any student whoso desires be allowed to attend f(5ur Quarters annually and thereby shorten up the period betweenhis matriculation and his graduation? Is notthe wisdom of the custom open to question whichallows a student to attend the medical school onlyfrom six to nine months each year, and enforcesa period of idleness of from three and one-half tosix months ? The popularity of the SummerQuarter is shown by the increasing attendanceeach year, especially of the Senior students, morethan one-half having elected to attend the Summer Quarter of 1902. Instructors find theQuarterly System of decided advantage, as underthe University rules they may often arrange toremain in residence for six, nine, or more consecutive Quarters and may then enjoy a correspondingly long furlough. This makes possible traveland study abroad for periods of from nine totwelve months, or even longer.Of the Elective Curriculum, the natural adjunctof the continuous session, it will suffice to saythat so far the results have entirely fulfilled theexpectations entertained in regard to it. It hasenabled the individual student to adjust hiscourse of study to his abilities, his tastes, and hisneeds. It has afforded a stimulus to the instructors, particularly among the younger members ofthe Faculty, that is shown very strikingly in thecharacter of their work, and it has aroused inevery student a spirit of enthusiasm, of interest,and of enjoyment in his work that could never bepossible with a fixed curriculum. A recent occurrence will serve to illustrate this. Before the be ginning of each Quarter every student files withthe Dean a card on which he has noted by department and number the courses which he wishesto take. There are a large number of coursesmuch in demand, in which the attendance is limited, and students are assigned to these in theorder of their request. For the past two or threeQuarters numbers have been issued to each classon a particular day, as the tuition fees* were paid,and students are called to the Dean's office toregister in the order of the numbers issued tothem. Students desiring to register for theselimited courses are ambitious, therefore, to securethe early numbers. Not long since it was announced that numbers would be issued for registration for the Spring Quarter on a certain day.Shortly after midnight of that morning therewere students in front of the College doors, andby 5 o'clock quite a number had assembled, although the College office is not open until 8o'clock. It is not intended to have this occuragain, and a method of issuing numbers has beendevised which will prevent it; but the incidentitself is interesting, and a valuable testimony tothe elective system. When students will subjectthemselves to such inconvenience in order to secure a place in certain courses (these courses, itmay be said, are by no means easy ones, but arealmost uniformly quite severe), it speaks emphatically, first, for the earnestness and zeal of thestudents, and, secondly, for the quality of thecourses which are so much sought ; moreover, it isa special and decided tribute to the elective systemitself. There is no more important factor in education th^n such earnestness and enthusiasm aswas manifested in this incident. The dangerswhich were predicted by some as a necessary accompaniment of the elective plan, chief amongwhich was the risk that it would lead to studentspreparing themselves for some special line ofpractice to the exclusion of other work, havenot been experienced in the slightest degree.Students have shown more and more wisdomeach quarter in the selection of their work, untilin a majority of cases the supervision and approval of the Dean have become a mere formality.The transfer of the work of the first two yearsto the University, where it is conducted on University lines by University instructors and in theenvironment of a great institution of generallearning, is, on the whole, the most importantand far-reaching of the innovations mentioned.The results of this movement have been no lessUNIVERSITY UECORD 17gratifying and satisfactory; the effect upon thestudents is very evident to all who have to dowith them, and it is believed that the Universityinfluence will be none the less clearly manifested in their after-life in the broader view, themore forceful, intelligent manhood, and the widerinfluence which will characterize these gentlemenboth as citizens and physicians.A word should be said of the extramural systemof clinics which, while it has been in operationin some foreign cities for many years, has notheretofore been attempted in this country. Thissystem cannot be successfully operated, exceptwith an elective curriculum. It is needless to say 'that the addition of the clinical material and theinstructional force which the extramural clinicaffords supplements in high degree the teachingresources of the College. It is here desired topoint out that the benefit to the extramural hospital and dispensary is no less pronounced. Therehas been abundant testimony to this effect from thetrustees of the dispensaries and hospitals whichhave entered into an extramural relation with theCollege, and this fact prompts the query : Whyshould not every hospital associate itself with thefaculty of a high-grade medical school, which inan advisory capacity should control the appointment of its staff and generally direct Its medicalwork? If it is important to have the financialaffairs of a hospital in the hands of a board oftrustees selected, as they usually are, from experienced business men, why should not the medicalaffairs of the hospital be placed in the hands ofmedical teachers and investigators who are devoting their lives to such matters? It is believedthat if this plan were followed the efficiency andusefulness of a large number of public and semi-public hospitals would be greatly increased.But what of the future? The innovationsmentioned above having been successfully inaugurated, what are the next steps for the UniversityMedical School to take? Several of the planswhich have been discussed are mentioned in thisnumber ot The Record. *Dr. Worcester, who has given such a strikingdemonstration, at Waltham, of the possibilitiesof improvement in the methods of training nurses,has indicated clearly in his article what ought tobe done in this matter. The training of nursesof the proper sort is a task in every way worthyof the University, and one in which the UniversityMedical School will have a profound interest anda considerable voice, though the training school should not be merely an appendage of theMedical School, but be established on an independent foundation.The training of men for a life of teachingand research is an important duty of the University Medical School. With the present outlookfor men who elect to enter such a career, as setforth in another article in this issue, there is reasonto believe that a consi derable number of able youngmen will be willing to forego the possible emoluments of active practice for a life of research andteaching, the rewards of which are pretty certain"to be smaller in a pecuniary way, but none theless satisfying in other directions.Courses for practitioners in medicine alongsomewhat . different lines from those heretoforeoffered must be provided for, and the polyclinicof the University Medical School will be one ofits most important departments.No adequate provision has yet been made inthis country for the training of men for public-health service. The demand for such men isincreasing, and is pretty certain to increase muchmore rapidly in the future ; it will increase themore rapidly the more and better-equipped menthere are to fill the demand. A post-graduatecourse along these lines is being planned whichwill probably extend over two years, and willafford a thorough and comprehensive training inthose branches which are essential to the public-health officer.The education of the public in medical andhygienic matters by the methods of universityextension is to be one of the functions of theMedical School. There is abundant evidence inthe medical journals and society proceedings ofthe last two or three years that the importance ofthis matter is widely realized by the profession.The University Medical School will possessfacilities for this kind of work which the medicalcolleges* heretofore have not enjoyed. The goodwhich may result from such a movement and thepossibilities in the way of legislative and municipal enactment and of other measures lookingtoward the protection of the community and theindividual from disease are far-reaching indeedTHE BIOLOGICAL LIBRARYOF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.The history of the library dates from the earlypart of 1893, when books suitable for departmentalresearch work were transferred from the General18 UNIVERSITY RECORDLibrary to the different departmental libraries ofthe University. The number withdrawn for thebiological departments was about 3,500, andthese books were placed in the laboratories of thebiological departments, then occupying temporaryquarters in " Science Hall," an apartment building on the corner of Fifty-fifth street and Lexington avenue. In the autumn of 1893 the bookswere scattered and moved to rooms in KentChemical and Ryerson Physical Laboratories, andto Walker Museum, where the several biologicaldepartments were for a time located.By purchase, gifts, and exchanges these collections were gradually increased until in 1896, whenthe books were again gathered together in onecollection and placed in the Hull ZoologicalLaboratory. The biological library numbered approximately 7,000 volumes. About this time fullsets of many important periodicals were purchased.From the first there has been a good representation of current periodicals pertaining to thework of the departments of Biology, and thenumber has recently been greatly increased untilnow the subscription and exchange lists include249 periodicals. The number of books in thelibrary at the present time, May, 1903, is approximately 12,000 volumes. Among the completefiles of important journals bearing on medicalwork are these:American Journal of Physiology.American Journal of the Medical Sciences.American Journal of Anatomy.Anatomischer Anzeiger.Anatomische Hefte.Annales de l'lnstitut Pasteur.Archiv fur Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte.Archiv fur die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen undder Thiere.Archiv fiir Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen.Archiv fiir mikroskopische Anatomie.Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomie.Beitrage zur chemischen Physiologie und PathologicBeitrage zur pathologischen Anatomie und zur allgemei-nen PathologicCentralblatt fiir Physiologie.Index Catalogue of the Surgeon-General's Office.Index Medicus.Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie generate.Journal of Experimental Medicine.Journal of Hygiene.Journal of Physiology.Progressive Medicine.Virchow's Archiv.Virchow's Jahresbericht.Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene.Zeitschrift fiir Morphologie und Anthro pologie. In 1 899 a valuable addition to the library wasmade by the purchase of the Baur Library. Thiswas the private library of Georg Baur, late Associate Professor of Palaeontology in the Universityof Chicago, and consists of a valuable collectionof books and pamphlets on Palaeontology.A special fund of $20,000 for immediate expenditure has recently been given to the biological library, and will make it possible to completemost of the incomplete files of periodicals, toadd new sets to the list, and otherwise supplement the existing resources for research and instruction.THE LIBRARY OF RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE.The Library of Rush Medical College now contains 10,300 volumes, and there are accessionedover 2,000 pamphlets. It receives 183 currentperiodicals. During the Winter Quarter therewere issued to readers 11,004 books. Since itslocation in the new quarters (the rooms formerlyoccupied by the Central Free Dispensary on thefirst floor of the old Clinical Building) its usefulness has been greatly increased. The valuableFenger collections have been distributed. Themost recent important gift is that of Professor H.M. Lyman, consisting of 456 volumes, includingseveral very important sets and encyclopaedias.Tablets have been erected to the honor of JamesAdams Allen, J. P. Ross, and Christian Fenger,the • most important donors to the library nolonger living.A beginning has been made of an historicalcollection of surgical instruments, books, portraits, and similar articles illustrating the development and history of medicine, especially in thispart of the country. A large and pleasant roomon the fifth floor of the Senn Building has beenset apart for this purpose. It will be rememberedthat Professor Fenger devised to the College hissurgical instruments with the proviso that theybe kept intact as a separate collection. Thislarge and valuable collection has been arrangedin suitable glass cases, which were given to theCollege for this purpose by Messrs. Buck &Rayner. It is believed that this room will provea desirable place for the safe-keeping of articlesof medico-historical value in possession of alumniand friends of the College. Correspondence inregard to such matters may be addressed toRush Medical College.UNIVERSITY RECORD 19PUBLICATIONS BY MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY OF RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGESINCE JUNE, 1902Name.Walter S. Haines.James Nevins Hyde andFrank Hugh Montgomery.James Nevins Hyde.James Nevins Hyde, F. H.Montgomery and O. S.Ormsby.Nicholas Senn.Arthur D. Bevan.E. Fletcher Ingals.Daniel R. Brower. Title.A Text-Book of Legal Medicine and Toxicology.Vol. I. (One of the editors and contributor ofsections on "Expert Evidence" and "Destructionand Attempted Destruction of the Body by Fireand Chemicals.")A Brief Summary of the Clinical, Pathologic, andBacteriologic Features of Cutaneous Blastomyco-A Contribution to the Subject of Radiotherapy andPhototherapy in Carcinoma, Tuberculosis, andOther Diseases of the Skin.Lichen Planus and Leucoplasia of Mucous Surfaces.Life and Work of the Late Professor ChristianFengerrThe Purse-String Suture in Gastrorraphy for Gunshot Wounds. An Experimental Contribution.Iodized Catgut.The Therapeutic Value of the Rontgen Ray inPseudo-Leuksemia.Present Status of the Surgery of the Stomach.Surgical Treatment of Anuria.Report of a Case of Complete Laryngectomy forCarcinoma.Present Status of the X-Ray as a Means of Diagnosis and as a Therapeutic Agent.Prognosis and Treatment of Suppurative Pleurisy.Hypersesthetic Rhinitis with Angio-Neurotic CEdema.Treatment of Croupous Pneumonia.The So-Called Immunization Treatment of HayFever by Ambrosia, etc.Laryngectomy for Carcinoma of Larynx.Medical Organization.Various Articles on Diseases of the Nasal Cavities.Multiple Neuritis.Clinic — Right Hemiplegia.Left Hemiplegia.Clinic — Epilepsy, Syringo-Myelia, CompressionMyelitis.Epilepsy: Its Treatment, Hygienic, Medicinal, andSurgical.Physicians' Vacations.Some Observations on Medical Examinations. Where Published.Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders &Co., 1903.fournal of the American MedicalAssociation, June 7, 1902.Ibid., January 3, 1903.fournal of Cutaneous Diseases,March, 1903.fournal of American Medical Association, June, 1902.British Medical fournal, November, 1902.fournal of American Medical Association, March, 1903.New York Medical fournal, April,1903.Journal of American Medical Association, 1903.Annals of Surgery, 1903.Annals of Surgery in Transactionsof the Chicago Surgical Society,1902.Transactions of the American Surgical Association , 1902.Illinois Medical fournal, January,1903.Ibid., February, 1903.fournal of American Medical Association, November 22, 1903.Ibid., June 28, 1902.Ibid., March 7, 1903.fournal of Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity, January, 1 903.William Wood & Co., 1903.Medical Record, June 21, 1902.Medical Standard, July, 1902.Ibid., December, 1902.fournal American Medical Association, January 17, 1903.fournal Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity,January, 1903.The Medical Examiner and Practitioner, February, 1903.John M. Dodson. The Modern University Medical Schoolposes and Methods. Its Pur- fournal American Medical Association, September 9, 1902.20 UNIVERSITY BE COBBName.Ludvig Hektoen.F. C. Hotz.H. B. Favill.Frank Billings.J. C. Webster.Lewellys F. Barker.C. O. Whitman.H. H. Donaldson andSchoemaker.H. H. Donaldson and Davis. Title.A Critical Review of Progress in Pathology.Bacteriologic Examination of the Blood of Scarlet-Fever Patients During Life, With Special Reference to Streptococcemia.Linnaeus as a Physician.Remarks upon Fragmentation and Segmentation ofthe Myocardium.Phases of the History of the Chicago PathologicalSociety.The Misuse of Glasses.The Most Prevalent Eye Diseases of Childhood.The Proper Division and Fixation of the Skin Flapsin the Operation for Cicatricial Ectropium, toPrevent Re-Eversion.Three Essential Points in the Operation for Cicatricial Ectropium.Venesection.The Treatment of Typhoid Fever.The Changes in the Spinal Cord and Medulla inPernicious Anaemia. The Shattuck Lecture.Oration on Medicine. The Relation of Medical Science to Commerce.General Medicine, Vol. II, of The Practical Medicine Series of Year Books for 1902.Etiology of Eclampsia.A Case of Successful Removal of an EnlargedSpleen With Twisted Pedicle, Adherent to theRight Side of the Pelvis, in a Woman PresentingMultiple Ovulation and Pigmentation of the Skin.Successful Removal of aCistic Fibromyoma of theUterus Weighing 87 Pounds.Abdominal and Vaginal Caesarian Section as aMeans of Accomplishing Accouchement -Force.Diseases of the Ovum and Abortion.J, B. Herrick. Neurone, Pathology of.The Morbid Anatomy of Two Cases of HereditaryAtaxia. Family described by Dr. S anger-Brown.The Impending Crisis in the History of the MarineBiological Laboratory.A Biological Farm. For the Experimental Investigation of Heredity, Variation and Evolution, andfor the Study of Life- Histories, Habits, Instincts,and Intelligence.On a Formula for Determining the Weight of theCentral Nervous System of the Frog from theWeight and Length of the Entire Body.A Description of Charts Showing the Areas of theCross-Sections of the Human Spinal Cord at theLevel of each Spinal Nerve.Editor of Department of Infectious Diseases ofProgressive Medicine.Pneumococcic Arthritis. Where Published.Progressive Medicine, Vol. I,March, 1903.fournal American Medical Association, March 14, 1903.Ibid., September 13, 1902.Boston Medical and Surgical fournal, 1902.Transactions of the Chicago Pathological Society, June 9, 1902.New York Medical News, August,1902.Chicago Medical Recorder, January,1903.Archives of Ophthalmology, May,1903.fournal American Medical Association, May 21, 1903.Ibid., Nov. 15, 1902.Chicago Medical Recorder, November, 1902.Transactions of the- MassachusettsState\Medical Society, 1902 ; Boston Medical &> Surgical fournal, August, 1902 ; ChicagoMedical Recorder, January 15,1903.fournal American Medical Association, June 14, 1903.Chicago, The Year Book Publishers. October, 1902.Northwest Medicine, January, 1903.fournal American Medical Association, April 4, 1903.Illinois Slate Medical Journal, I 903.American fournal of Obstetrics,1903.The American Text- Book ofObstetrics, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders & Co. (2d Edition), 1902.Wood's Reference Hand-Book ofMedical Science, New York.Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, Vol. X.Science, N. S., Vol. XVI, No. 405,October 3, 1902.Biological Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 5,September, 1902.Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, October1902.fournal of Comparative Neurology,Vol. XIII, No. 1, March, '02.Progressive Medicine, March 1,1903.American Journal of Medical Sciences, July, 1902.UNIVERSITY REGOBD 21Name.J.B. Herricr.W. T. Belfield.Alfred C. Cotton.Frank H. Montgomery.Alexander Smith.J. Stieglitz.C. B. Davenport.E. O. Jordan.E. R. LeCount.F. R. Lillie.Jerome H. Salisbury.H. N. Moyer.G. H. Weaver. Title.The Healing of Ulcerative Endocarditis.Repeated Small Hemorrhages as a Cause ofSevere Anaemia.The Classification of Chronic Nephritis.The Ward Clinic.The Value of the Study of the Older Medical Writers.The Treatment of Pneumonia.Genito -Urinary Diseases. (Review of the Literaturefor the Year.)The Effects of Tight Diapers.Typhoid Fever in Young Children.Some Eye Diseases in Children Influenced by Malnutrition, Diathesis, and Dyscrasia.Progressive Bulbar Paralysis, with Autopsy by P.Bassoe.A Case of Cutaneous Blastomycosis Followed byLaryngeal and Systemic Tuberculosis. Death;Autopsy.See also James Nevins Hyde.Laboratory Outline of General Chemistry, 2d Edition, Revised.Ueber den Amorphen Schwefel, I., Der Einflussdes Amorphen Schwefels auf den Gefrierpunktdes fliissigen Schwefels.On Causes Which Determine the Formation ofAmorphous Sulphur.The Beckmann Rearrangement.Inorganic Chemistry with the Elements of Physicaland Theoretical Chemistry. Review.The Animal Ecology of the Cold Spring SandSpit.Typhoid Fever and Water Supply in Chicago.The Kinds of Bacteria Found in River Waters.The Typhoid Epidemic at Ithaca.Cirrhosis of the Liver (Pathological), ,Lymphangiectasis.Differentiation without Cleavage in the Egg of theAnnelid, Chaetopterus pergamentaceus Cuvier.Anamnioti Embryos of the ChickOctober Volume of the Chicago Year-Book.Surgical Relations of Traumatism of PeripheralNerves.Bacteriologic Studies of the Skin and Throat inCases of Scarlatina.The Vitality of Bacteria from the Throats of ScarletFever Patients with Special Study of Streptococci. Where Published.The Medical News, Sept 6, 1902.Journal American Med. Association, September 27, 1902.Ibid., October 4, 1902.American Medicine, October 4,1902.Physician and Surgeon, Ann Arbor, January, 1903.Chicago Medical Recorder, April,1903.Progressive Medicine, December,1902.Archives of Ped., February, 1903.Clinical Review, May, 1903.Chicago Medical Recorder, January, 1903.fournal American Medical Association, April 4, 1903.fournal of Cutaneous DiseasesJanuary, 1903.The University of Chicago Press,1902.Zeitschrift fiir Physikalische Chemie,Vol. XLII, pp. 469-80.Proceedings of the Royal Societyof Edinburgh, Vol. XXIV, pp.342 ff.Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, Vol. IX,January, 1903.American Chemical fournal, Vol.XXIX, January, 1903.fournal of American ChemicalSociety. December, 1902.The Decennial Publications of theUniversity of Chicago, Vol. X,pp. 157-76-fournal American Medical Association, December 20, 1902.Journal of Hygiene, Vol. Ill, 1903,pp. 1-27.Journal American Medical Association, March 21, 28, and April4, 1903.Reference Handbook of MedicalSciences.Ibid.Archiv fiir Entwickelungsmecha-nik, August, 1902.Science, March, 1903.Practical Medicine Series, October,1902.fournal American Medical Association, October 25, 1902.Transactions of the Chicago Path -ological Society, Vol. V, February 9, 1903.Also American Medicine (in Press).Abstract in Transactions of ChicagoPathological Society ', April 13,1903.Medical Research (in Press).22 UNIVEBSITY RECOBDName.J. A. Patton.Wm. H. Wilder.B. W. Sippy.A. P. Matthews.E. J. Senn.R. R. Bensley.I. A. Abt.C. E. Paddock.J. A. Capps.F. S. Churchill.O. T. Freer.H»F* Lewis.Alfred Schalek. Title.The Place and Importance in the College Curriculum of Pharmacy.Life Insurance Urinalysis, Its Importance, ItsPresent Extent, and How its Scope can Best beBroadened.Report of Cases of Congenital Optic Atrophy.Congenital ,Coloboma of the Iris. PosteriorChoroiditis.Pathology of Uveitis.Lesions of theConus Medullaris and Cauda Equina.A Contribution to the Study of Spinal Localization.Hodgkins Disease.The Diagnosis of Influenza.The Importance of Mechanical Shock in Protoplasmic Activity.Electrical Polarity in the Hydroids.The General Physiology of Nerves.Albugineotomy in Chronic Orchitis with Report ofCase.Transplantation of Omentum in the OperativeTreatment of Intestinal Defects ; a Clinical andExperimental Contribution.The Cardiac Glands of Mammals.The Structure of the Glands ot Brunner.Typhoid Fever in Infancy and Childhood.Report of Ninety Cases of Typhoid Fever in Infancy and Childhood.Arthritis Deformans in Children.Spontaneous Hemorrhages in New-Born Children.The Treatment of Rickets.The Hygiene of Pregnancy.Report of Two Cases of Caesarian Section.Antenatal Rigor Mortis.Uncinariasis or Ankylostomiasis ; with the Report ofa Case.Hook Worm Disease; its Role among the Diseasesof America,The Widal Reaction in Infancy and Childhood.Appendicitis in Children.The Diagnosis of Carcinoma of the Larynx.Palliative Operation for Laryngeal Carcinoma;Perichondritis of the External Nose.Tuberculosis of the Larynx and Aspiration Tuberculosis of the Lungs Following Dermatitis Blasto-mycetes.Glimpses of European Gynecology and Obstetrics.Diseases of the Skin. Where Published.Journal American Medical Association, November 29, 1902.The Medical Examiner and Practitioner, Vol. XIII, February1903.Ophthalmic Record, August, 1903.Journal American Medical Association, April 7, 1903.Journal American Medical Association, 1902.Reference Handbook of MedicalSciences, July, 1902.The Chicago Medical Recorder,April 15, 1903.American Journal of Physiology,Vol. VIII, 1903.Ibid., Vol. VIII, 1903.Reference Handbook of MedicalScience, Vol. VI, 1903.,Annals of GynecoL and Pediatrics, March. 1903.Journal America Medical Association, April, I903iAmerican Journal of Anatomy*1902, Vol. II, pp. 106-56.Decennial Publications of the University of " Chicago ?J ol. X, Series LChicago Medical Record, October,1902*Medical News, November 1, 1902.Wisconsin Medical fournal, January, 1903.fournal American Medical Association, January 31, 1903.Clinical Review, March, 1903.Trans. Tri-Siate Med. Soc, 1902.The Chicago Med. Recorder, Juner1902.Chicago Gynecol. Soc, April, 1903.,four. Amer. Med. Assoc, January3i 1903.Wisconsin Med. Jour., April, 1903,Chicago Med. Recorder, November*1902.Colo. Med. Jour., April, 1903.Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc February17 and 24, 1903.Illinois Med. Jour., Vol. IV, March,,1903.Ibid., Vol. IV, February, 1903.Chicago Clin. Review, January -April, 1903.Lea Bros. & Co., 1902.UNIVEBSITY RECORD 23Name.D. J. Lingle.H. G. Wells.p. Findley.j. S. Miller.H. T. Ricketts.H. T. Ricketts andT. G. Rothstein.Preston Kyes. Title.Importance of Sodium Chloride in Heart Activity.Fatal Pulmonary Embolism Following Simple Appendectomy.Experimental Fat Necrosis.Hydatiform Mole.Diagnosis of Diseases of Women. A monograph.Report of the Presence of Anguillula Aceti in theUrine of Two Patients, Mistaken for StrongyloidesIntestinalis.Lymphatotoxic Serum ; Notes on its Constitution ;Preliminary Experiments Bearing on its Influenceon Experimental Infections.Preliminary Report on the Action of NeurotoxicSerum.Ueber die Wirkungsweise des Cobragiftes.Preston Kyes and H. Sachs. Zur Kenntniss der Cobragift activirenden Substan-Emanuel Friend.C. C. Rogers.G. E. Shambaugh.O. S. Ormsby and H. M.WlLLES.O. S. Ormsby.Peter Bassoe.Julia D. Merrill.Ralph W. Webster.Daniel G. Revell.J. R. Slonaker,S. Hatai. Hygroma and Fibroma of the Tuber Ischii Bursae.Physical Diagnosis.General Anaesthesia.Adenoids.Bony Cysts of the Middle Turbinated Body.The Distribution of Blood-Vessels in the Labyrinth of the Ear of Sus Scrofa Domesticus.Otosclerosis or Spongifying of the Capsule of theLabyrinth.Report of a Case of Systemic Blastomycosis withMultiple Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions.See James Nevins Hyde.A Case of Gigantism and Leontiasis Ossea.Report of a Case of Opium Poisoning with Convulsions in an Infant.Absorption of Liquids by Animal Tissues.The Pancreatic Ducts in the Dog.The Eye of the Common Mole ; Scalops aquaticusmachrinus.Observations on the Developing Neurones of theCerebral Cortex of Foetal Cats.Number and Size of the Spinal Ganglion Cells andDorsal Root Fibers in the White Rat at DifferentAges.On the Presence in Human Embryos of an Interscapular Gland Corresponding to the So-calledHibernating Gland of Lower Mammals.Preliminary Note on the Presence of a New Groupof Neurones in the Dorsal Roots of the SpinalNerves of the White Rat.On the Origin of Neuroglia Tissue from the Meso-blast.The Finer Structure of the Neurones in the NervousSystem of the White Rat. Where Published.Amer. Jour. Physiology, November,1902.Trans. Chicago Path. Soc, October, 1902.Jour. Med. Research, February,1903.Jour. Amer. Med. Science, March,1903.Lea Bros. & Co., 1903.American Medicine, May 31, 1902.Transactions of Chicago Path. Soc,December 8, 1902.Ibid., February, 1903.Berl. Klin. Wochenschrift, 1902,Nos. 38, 39, pp. 886; 918.Ibid., 1903, pp. 21; 57; 82.Annals of Surgery, March, 1903.Amer. Dent. Jour., July, 1902.Ibid., August, 1902." September, 1902." October, 1902." December, 1902.Annals of Surgery, July, 1902.Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, (in press).Annals of Otology Rhinology, andLaryngology (in press).Journal of Cutaneous Diseases including Syphilis, March, 1903.Transactions of the Chicago Pathological Society, March, 1903.Chicago Clinic, March, 1903.Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, 1 902.American Journal of Anatomy, Vol.I, August, 1902, pp. 443-457-Journal of Comparative Neurology,Vol. XII, December, 1902, No. 4.Ibid., Vol. XII, June, 1902, No. 2.Ibid., Vol. XII, June, 1 902, No. 2.Anatomischer Anzeiger, Bd. XII,July, 1902, H. 14.Biological Bulletin, Vol. Ill, July,1902, No. 3.Journal of Comparative Neurology,Vol. XII, December, 1902, No. 4.Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, January, 1903.24 UNIVERSITY RECORDName.Elizabeth H. Dunn.Brown Pusey.Mary Hefferan.Theodore Tieken and J. C.Webster.A. E. Halstead.Rosa Engelman.A. B. Hale.Sydney Kuh.A. W. Schram.Herman Spalding.IVIalcolm L. Harris.J. H. Hoelscher. Title.On the Number and on the Relation betweenDiameter and Distribution of the Nerve FibersInnervating the Leg of the Frog (Rana virescensbrachycephala), Cope.The Genesis of Glioma Retinae in Neuroglia.Primary Sarcoma of the Iris.Primares Sarcom der Iris.Review of Zur Physiologie des Dietyostelium muco-roides, von George Potts.Review of Vorlesungen iiber Bakterien von AlfredFischer, Jena, 1903.Medical Notes on Case of Splenectomy.Pachynesis and Surgical Treatment of ExophthalmicGoiter.Inflammation and Perforation of Meckel's Diverticulum as a Cause of Septic Peritonitis.Tuberculous Peritonitis.Sarcoma of the Femur.Sporadic Cretinism in Children.Children in Cities.Correspondencia Cientifica.Bericht iiber 850 Falle der Augenklinik der U. H.C. in Chicago.Der heutige Standpunkt der Schieloperation undder Theorie des Schielens iiberhaupt.Confessions of a Traveller. Description of someEuropean Clinics. Illustrated.Abstracts and Book Reviews for the Current Numbers, 1902-3.Symptomatology, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Neuritis.Discussion of Paper on "The Changes in the SpinalCord and Medulla in Pernicious Anaemia."Review of H. T. Persling's Diagnosis of Nervousand Mental Diseases.The Infectious Origin of Purpura Hemorrhagica.Some Facts About Vaccination.The Surgical Treatment of Ascites due to Cirrhosisof the Liver.Removal of the Bladder and Prostate for Carcinomathrough a Supra- Pubic Incision.Symphysiotomy. Where Published.Journal of Comparative Neurology,Vol. XII, December, 1902, No. 4.Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin,Vol. XIII, October, 1902, No. 139.Archiv fiir Ophthalmologic, Vol.XXXI, No. 4.Archiv fiir Augenheilkunde, 1903,pp. 97-I79-Botanical Gazette,December, 1902.Ibid., May, 1 903.Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, April 4, 1903.Medicine, September, 1902.Medical Record, N. Y., November,1902.American Medicine, J anuary, 1 903.Medicine, March, 1903.fournal of the American MedicalAssociation, February, 14, 1903.Bulletin American Academy Medicine, February, 1903.Also Archives Gynecology anaPediatrics, March, 1903.Anales de Ophtalmolgia, Mexico,October, 1902.Wochenschrift fiir Therapie unaHygiene des Auges, Breslau, January, 22, 1903.New York Medicinische Monat-schrift, N. Y., March, 1903.Ophthalmic Record, Chicago,March, April, and May, 1903.Annals of Ophthalmology.Chicago Medical Recorder, August,1902.Illinois Medical fournal, January,1902.Annals of Ophthalmology, July,1902.Philadelphia Medical fournal,August 16, 1902.fournal of the American MedicalAssociation, October 11, 1902fournal of the American MedicalAssociation, May 2, 1902.Annals of Surgery, October, 1902.American fournal of Obstetrics andGynecology, February, 1903.Original Research in Regard to Human Perspiration. American Medicine, 1 903.