VOLUME VII NUMBER 5University RecordSEPTEMBER, 1902THE FORTY-THIRD CONVOCATION.*The Forty-third Convocation of the University of Chicago was held in the University Quadrangles, Friday, August 29, 1902, at 3: 30 p.m. The Convocation orator Chancellor Elisha BenjaminAndrews, D.D., LL.D., of the University of Nebraska, was presented by Associate Professor FrancisWayland Shepardson, who spoke as follows :A hundred year ago the United States wasgreatly disturbed by news of tremendous importto the western country.The province of Louisiana had passed into thepossession of France. A strong nation had takenthe place of a weak one. Hampered though hewas by strict construction theories, Thomas Jefferson at once set in motion forces which, thefollowing year, resulted in the purchase of an imperial domain, which doubled our territorialarea, immensely strengthened the national idea,and played havoc with the notions that hadgiven birth to the Republican party.We marvel now, as we read of the oppositionto this splendid achievement, an opposition basedupon narrow conceptions of national destiny —upon partisan feeling of ignoble sort. The addition of so vast a domain would ruin the country.The incorporation into our population of an unwilling race, alien in language, laws, and religion, would destroy the republican experiment.The possible future admission into the Union ofnew states would mean the loss of relative influence of the old.Happy was it for our country at such a timethat pessimistic partisanship failed and that public policy was determined by the wiser judgmentof nobler men. Gouverneur Morris said :The exuberant population of the eastern states flows in asteady stream to the western world — and if that be rendereduseless, or pass into the hands of a foreign power, thefairest hope of posterity is destroyed.These words really forecast the future, andpointed to a greater New England, a greater Virginia, filled with people from the eastern stateswho were forced into the westward movement byeconomic conditions at home, or were drawnthitherward by the attractive power of an abundance of cheap land — pointed to a region to bedominated by influences radiating from the landof Adams and Franklin and Washington.The fundamental fact in our national development is this flow of population, this radiationof influence, and it is recalled to our minds todayas we meet to listen to one who — a quarterof a century ago — came from New England toan Ohio college, to inspire with enthusiasm anddetermination a thousand young men who werebrought within the circle of his influence — whothen returned beyond the mountains, for successful and distinguished service in great institutionsof learning — and who now gives the strong yearsof life to help build character in the very heart ofthe land which seemed to Jefferson and Morrisand others of their kind the fairest hope of posterity.164 UNIVERSITY RECORDIt gives me great pleasure to present one whoneeds no introduction here — the Chancellor ofthe University of Nebraska.Following the presentation by Professor Shepardson, Chancellor Andrews delivered the Convocation address on :THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY.In every leading country of the world possessing free institutions the party of the peopleis in despair. American democracy is not peculiar in this ; British Liberals are in an even worseplight. The last House of Commons began witha unionist majority of 152 in a membership Of670, a disparity of parties almost unparalleled inEngland. The present Parliament is nearly aslop-sided. And Liberals there lack leaders, apolicy and heart as much as our Democrats do.A party so little robust is unfit even for opposition duty.This low estate of democratic parties somerefer to wrong leadership, others to ill party organization, others to alliance with socialism, andstill others to questionable measures which havebeen urged, as Irish Home Rule yonder, free silver or free trade here.I venture to pronounce these causes superficial,wholly inadequate to explain the passivity ofdemocracy today. It is my belief that democracy droops mainly because political society itselfis undergoing a radical change comparable withthe rise of feudalism or of absolute monarchy.Democracy of the type which has become familiarto the modern world is passing away, never toreturn.The ideas man perfectible, history purposive,humanity a single thing in all epochs, races andclasses, struck Europe with the combined mightof novelty and of reason. Lodged in the world,they set about conquering it, nor, until recently,has their victorious campaign been seriouslychecked.For the conviction of a schism between diversepeoples and classes to perish of course took time. In the politics of the Middle Ages notions livingover from the classic period were ceaselessly atwork. Bishops and monks might preach equalityas they would, the practical maxim of publicpolicy still was that men are not by nature equal ;that there are, by a divine and inevitable arrangement, privileged human beings and pariahs, thoseto be rich and rule, these to be poor and be ruled.Only at about the time of the American andFrench revolutions did the notion of human fraternity secure aught like triumphant recognitionin legislation. " What an eventful period is this,"exclaims Doctor Price, in a sermon part of whichBurke quotes in his Reflections upon the FrenchRevolution. " I am thankful that I have lived tosee it. I could almost say ' Lord, now lettestthou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyeshave seen thy salvation.' "The notion of the essential equality of humanbeings became in time the soul of liberalism.Under its stimulus the American constitution wasframed. Not one of the many parties known toour history has ever dared gainsay it. It hasbecome the spirit of our law as of our religion.It is preached in our churches. It was the deathof African slavery. It is the life and strength ofAmerican democracy. It is the belief of the vastmajority of our people in every section of theUnion.And of course liberalism is no mere Americanpassion. The persistence of the French Republicis due to it. The free constitutions of Germany,Italy, Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium and Spainare its offspring. Its career in Great Britain hasbeen peculiarly proud, furnishing a record secondin splendor to none in humanity's whole history.To English liberalism is mainly due that noblesuccession of reform acts, extending the politicalfranchise until at last manhood suffrage is realizedin Britain, if anything, more perfectly than in theUnited States. Laws have been passed unshackling British trade and commerce greatly to thebenefit of the common people. Class privilegeshave been curtailed or abolished. Popular elec-UNIVERSITY RECORD 165tion has been carried into counties and municipalities, placing the peasant and the mechanic incondition to hold his own against wealth andrank as he could never do before. The old extravoting power of the rich has been mostly annulled,the public service purified and opened to thehumblest, the administration of justice immenselyimproved. Most remarkable of all, a system ofpublic education has been launched by which thepoorest youth who will may gain intelligence thatshall be worthy of his freedom and enable him toutilize and enjoy it.Why, then, is democracy so in the dumps ?What is it that balks its progress and eventhreatens its end ? Certainly no superficial circumstance. Deep forces are here and a littletedious underground work will pay if it promisesto disclose them.One doubtless is the vision that bare civil andpolitical liberty does not constitute and does notassure the liberty which has been the inspirationof liberalist struggle. The French Revolutionprogramme of simply knocking off politicalshackles does not go to the root of things.The hopes of political liberals a century agohave not been realized. Poverty and oppressionhave not come to an end. Lais sez fair e has provedno gospel. Though wealth and culture have immensely advanced, there is ground for believing.that the last hundred years, the age which freeinstitutions proudly call their own, have been theunhappiest century on record. This period offreedom and political equality, of status changedto contract and of a ballot for all, is precisely theone in which pessimism has' been born — pessimism, that is no longer the smart hobby of a fewbut the fixed conviction of multitudes.Till within a quarter of a century civilized menhave always had at their disposal, free save for theslight exertion and expense of going to it, abundance of arable land in desirable latitudes.Whenever acute poverty, whenever social congestion, whenever feuds threatened anywhere, theoppressed, the beaten, the discontented had only to move on into fresh fields where they could layunder pleasanter auspices the foundations of newstates. All civilized communities, however farfrom the free land, were aided, mostwise withoutknowing it, by the existence of such land. Inhard times a few would emigrate, advancingwages for the rest or else preventing a fall. Strifesbetween cliques or classes were kept from extremity. If aught like tyranny got foothold greatnumbers would flee.In communities near the free land, like thenew United States, and as England and all WestEurope in effect were after passage to Americaand Australia became cheap and easy, no realoppression could arise. Every poorest man, being,if able-bodied and industrious, in condition tomake his way to a waiting home, dictated thetreatment he received from all. Democracy wasautomatically established and continued. Itsname might be this or that, but popular government existed of necessity. The conditionssketched, of course, had their completest manifestation in the United States.This situation has passed away irrevocably andwith it all possibility of the automatic, non-strenuous, non-studious democracy to which we havebeen accustomed, The day of the homesteaderis over. Free arable is no longer to be had. Astate of affairs has come which the world has neverknown till now. Emigration can never moreserve as a cure for social and political ills. Communities must get on with the refractory since theycannot send such away. The common man nolonger dictates how he shall be treated or paid,since he cannot certainly better his condition byremoving. He must stay, fighting his fight withwhatever means the vicinage affords and takinghis chances. And, partly owing to his own errorsand misdeeds, to the systematic misinformationof the public, and to the various and subtle waysin which his friends are incited to treason againsthim, the common man is certain for a long timeto find these chances more and more forbidding.As things at this moment are he can effectively166 UNIVERSITY RECORDreact only by force, and the moment he doesthis a vast majority are against him.As society consolidates, multiplying the occasions when men must act together, there is increasing chance, in every direction, not only foradroit management bona fide but also for fraudand chicane, victimizing the unwary. Men's lifetogether becomes of necessity artificial. Simplicity and straightforwardness wax less possible,and, when they do exist, less immediately orobviously profitable. This, again, hardens theposition of the man who is simply such, destituteof rank, place, fortune, and cunning. Beatenoften and sure of place and good treatment ifsubmissive, caravans of the fortuneless in church,state, and business, turn satellites, valets, servitors, produce opinions and votes as ordered, andhelp to keep society in the clutch of a not verylarge, patriotic, or philanthropic minority.Concurrently with the disappearance of freearable, and working like that to wedge the extremes of society further apart, has arisen, in anequally normal and inevitable way, the phenomenon of monopoly production and distribution.The sure result of this is or will be to carry upselling prices from the level where competition,if it existed, would place them, to the higherplane fixed in each case by the tolerance of themarket. The monopoly price of a commodityalways tends to stand, and in the long run, willstand, at that figure the further elevation of whichwould lower profits by diminishing the market.Whatever cheapening of production may occurgeneral prices will never again be as near cost ofproduction as we have known them. In case ofany mere luxury the price-level determined bymarket-tolerance is not greatly above that whichcompetition had it continued would fix ; but withevery necessity of life the distance apart of thetwo levels cannot but be considerable.In judging trust prices you must compare themnot with old-time competitive prices, but withprices as they would probably be now had competition continued. If all consumers were at the same time monopoly producers one's gain from the elevation ofprices through monopoly would fairly well setoff another's; but that is not the case. Largenumbers of industrious and worthy citizens muststill produce and sell competitively, while at thesame time all the things they purchase must bepaid for at monopoly rates. Monopoly is thus amighty, and so far as present obstacles to it go,an irresistible pry to crowd the fortunate upward "and the fortuneless the other way.Free land, competition as a determinant ofprices, and the porosity of society were so manynatural sources of equity among men. They aregone.. Democracy had the benefit of them, butcan have this no more. Legislation must taketheir place; reason must succeed to mechanism;a new step must be taken in upward human evolution.We thus unearth, it seems to me, the truecauses of the decline of democracy today : Freeland and competition are gone, and men have tolive close neighbors.But there is a proximate cause for democracy'sparalysis, in the wide remission of philanthropynow pervading society. The fact of socialunity having in large part disappeared, the senseof unity follows. The love of many waxescold. Converts to Friedrich Nietzsche multiply.Could that strange teacher look up to earthfrom where he is it would be like ice waterupon his parched tongue to see his doctrinespreading — the doctrine that might makes right,that Jenghis Khan, Timur, Alexander, and suchconquerers, are the model men, that to love all,forgive injuries, help the poor and lowly, and soon is a religion fit only for slaves, that Christ'sgreat words have already lost all power over superior races and individuals and must soon completely and forever pass away. And it would notmuch lessen the Antichrist's joy that, like Nico-demus, most of his disciples are such secretly,and repair to his shrine only by night.Few men think it articulately, fewer avow itUNIVERSITY RECORD 167loudly, but very many are in fact now cherishinga notion quite akin to that of slavery's defendersbefore the Civil. War, that God has organized society aristocratically, the multitude being ordainedto live ignorant, poor, in servitude to the elect.The victory of civilization, so many a contemporary argument implies, is to be judged by its consummate flower rather than by the number anddistribution of its flowers, the state and fate ofthe common man being of little consequence ifonly wealth is adequate to the perfecting of culture in however few individuals.In churches, and generally outside of clubs,the stock phrase still is, that the utmost goodof men ought to be sought. Whatever ourphilosophy of ethics, if we have any, when wecome to formulate the task of philanthropy, tosay what we are bound to do in external act forthe human race, most of us admit in words theduty of working for the greatest possible goodof all. But how is this phrase to be taken ?Should our thought of the greatest good emphasize compass or degree the more ? Is extensionof good the great thing, or intension ? Onecountry has herds of paupers and half paupers,yet wealth enough to give it a high average ofcomfort. Another enjoys the same average, withno very poor people and few millionaires. Is thehighest good realized equally in the two ? Ifnot, is that end approached the more closely inthe one whose grade of comfort is an average offar extremes, or in that whose average is widelyrepresentative ?There is a strong tendency to regard solely theheight of the average weal, ignoring the character of that average. Upper-class liberalism itselfis rapidly drifting to this position. It is curiousthat laissez faire, which was at first the cry ofsocial liberty, a plea on behalf of the masses forfree career, has shifted to be mostly the watchword of those who care nothing for men one byone. People identify good with conspicuouseconomic and aesthetic good. The social wreckage occurring all about they mind no more than they would the flying sawdust in seeing roughlogs turned into the fair wainscoting of a millionaire's best room. If of such as actually compete,we refrain from saying "the devil take the hindmost;" the thriftless and the worthless we certainly consign to him without compunction, ifnot with positive glee. The survival of thestrongest is referred to as always the survival ofthe fittest, and praised as a beneficent law.Peculiar gloom is in the sky because most ofdemocracy's official guides seem unaware of thechanged conditions which the cause now confronts. A distinct source of democracy's presentillness is an evil drug administered by its ownleeches, the extract of antediluvianism.Curiously, in proportion as men have forgotten the old meaning of democracy there has arisenan abject reverence for old watchwords and a servile clinging to old policies, no regard being hadto altered times and circumstances. Often whenmeasures proposed are good the logic used tosupport them is drivel. Platforms are framedwith insufficient consideration of present socialand economic facts. Jefferson and Jackson arecited not only to certify democracy's spirit andgeneral aims, which is wise, but for methods anddetailed aims. As well might the court physicianshave searched Galen for recipes to cure Edward 'sperityphlitis.Famous among the old democratic war-crieswas laissez fair e. That government is best whichgoverns least. State surveillance over industry,state touch of men's business, is to be kept downto the strictest limits. The ideal function of thestate, so the theory ran, is simply to protect lifeand property. If it ever needs do more than thisthe extra office must be regarded as temporaryand relinquished at the earliest moment.Command to the state not to meddle with private industry was based on the maxim — happening to be true and important a century ago —that such policy was best for human character andprogress. Stupidly reasoning : Good once, goodforever, most of us, bond-servants unto Shibboleth168 UNIVERSITY RECORDcontinue insisting upon non-interference, evenwhen industrial changes cause that policy to grindand enslave instead of helping. The great majority of democrats oppose all enlargement of statework as stubbornly as if the last ten decades ofhistory were canceled. That times change andthat society with its structure, business with itsmethods, changes with them, is not appreciated.Men have found out that freedom and theabsence (or the minimum) of legislation do notmean the same thing. Since society has becomecongested, economic forces do not evolve or even,as a rule, tend to evolve fair play between manand man. Monopolized industry, for instance,the economic phenomenon of our time, many ofwhose forms hurt us, all admit, is the direct, theinevitable product of that laissez faire practicewhich Hunker democracy lauds as divine. Few,if any, of our monopolies owe to legislation theiressential power as monopolies. The greatest oweit nothing. Combinations of capital are in substance a perfectly normal growth. You cannotkill them and you should not try. You can neverlegislate economic life back to old-fashioned competition any more than to stage coaches and canalboats. But normal growths usually need pruning.The liberalist spirit which, in Smith's time, orderedthe state's hands off business that it might prosper, ought now, in many cases, to prompt thereverse commandment, favoring some sort of public regulation. You rip off the legislative shackle,formerly a mere uncomfortable collar about yourneck, only to find that some great " combine," nocreature of law at all, possible only because thelegal path has been swept clear for it, has comeforward to choke the life out of you. In suchinstances individual initiative, that priceless forcefor social uplift and advance, so far from beingpromoted by the absence of legislation, is painfully stifled.Since we can never restore the old, go-as-you-please, mode of industry, society's method ofdealing with the economic sovereignties nowthreatening must be one of two — socialism or judicious regulation. But socialism the massesthemselves do not want and will never tolerate.Careful legal regulation remains — not publicownership save in extreme and perfectly clearcases, not promiscuous law-making, not leveling,least of all any war on wealth — for wealth is initself perfectly legitimate, even indispensable ;more of it is needed, not less — not expropriation,not the discouragement of just enterprise in anyway, but the resolute redress and prevention ofabuses, the casting off of those clogs which nowhandicap ordinary producers desiring to compete for the prizes of life.In like manner most Democrats, harking backto Cobden Club voices, and forgetting that " newoccasions teach new duties " in more senses thanone, continue to denounce all protective tariffs asnecessarily vicious, advocating tariffs for revenueonly. But the increasing prevalence of industrialsyndicates international in scope, and the possibility of such in any main branch of business,deprives the classical arguments for a merely revenue tariff of almost all relevancy, and emphasizescertain others, such as the danger of that commercial cowardice which our restrictive tariff legislation has bred.When a foreign trust, controlling a commodityimportant for us, shows the power and will tocrush out an industry here, or when a foreigngovernment threatens to do the same, either by areal export bounty or by a virtual export bountyworked through irredeemable paper money, whyshould we disuse protection then? I know thattastes differ; but, as for me, if I must be robbedeither by a foreign or by a domestic syndicate, Iprefer to stand and deliver to the domestic one.Quite as readily ought we, of course, on theother hand, to vote down any tariff which helps ahome combination to work extortion, provided wecan be reasonably sure that, protection gone, nointernational syndicate will be formed to continuethe same charge, or, perhaps, impose one moremerciless. That in case of almost any importantimport this would forthwith follow the abrogationUNIVERSITY RECORD 169of protection seems to me as good as certain.The prophecy which I made in 1880 bids fair tocome true earlier than I thought, that in case ofeach main commodity a syndicate is going to fixere long in every market on earth where the commodity is sold the selling prices, thus renderinggovernment-made protective tariffs null and voidand gradually driving them out of existence.Democracy still further suffers from a morbidinfranationalism. The Monroe Doctrine receivesmal-interpretation. "America for Americans,"that doctrine says ; and we all agree. This is theactual meaning of the old utterance : let it standforever ! But, by a perverse inference, Monroe'sreverend dictum has for many come to meanalso : "Europe for Europeans" — so far as we areconcerned; "Asia for the Asiatics," and so on;the United States being bound to abstain worldwithout end from all participation in internationalpolitics save what is thrust upon us. The humiliating assertion is made by some that thereare certain offices, like guardianship over undeveloped peoples, imperatively needing to be shouldered by some nation or other, for which arepublic is in its very nature unfit. What is thatbut proclaiming popular government inferior tomonarchy!The weal of Americans cannot remain a passion among us when the weal of men ceases to besuch. In 1823, warning against entangling undertakings by this nation abroad was most wise.Even now any "jingo" or "Crown Colony" policy on our part would be imbecile. Yet onlystupor prevents us from modifying, in the lightof modern development and events, that mythicalportion of the Monroe Doctrine. Steam andelectricity are rapidly reducing the size of ourglobe. Nations jostle one another like pedestrians on a crowded street. Strictly there is nosuch thing as a "foreign" nation any more.The Monroe Doctrine itself cannot be maintained permanently save by a foreign policywhich dares look abroad. Territory lying nearus will sooner or later tempt hither the old world's powers, when we shall be forced either to abandon the doctrine or fight to uphold it. Allianceswill then likely be welcome even should theythreaten to be "entangling" and in spite of ourselves we shall become parties to the Europeansystem.Should we in some kind and conservative waylift the stars and stripes near enough to CentralAmerica to put all Europe's national colors inthe shade there, the act would not necessarilyhave an immoral meaning. A number of theSpanish-American governments have done verywell since they ousted Spain, but not so with all.Few if any of those between Mexico and the Isthmus have shown appreciation of liberty. Theymake no progress. They do not develop the immense natural resources of their territory. Therights of individuals among them are little regarded. Revolutions follow one another therewith shocking rapidity. Land titles are uncertain.The amassing of capital is fatally discouraged bybad laws and feeble administration.The original Monroe Doctrine was wise. Froma re-imposition of the Spanish yoke anywhere onthis side the Atlantic nothing good was to behoped. But, viewing the negative results of freedom in the middle regions of Spanish America,I wonder that some historian does not arise, trying to make out that the policy of the HolyAlliance was after all kindly and wisely meant,and that, could it have gone into effect and notbeen thwarted by our President Monroe with hiscruel " Doctrine," these states would have beenby this time much more prosperous and evenmuch more free than they are. It is strange, Isay, that some one does not broach and seek tomaintain such a thesis. One arguing so couldmake out a considerable case. Now, clearly, bywhatever verisimilitude such a contention wouldhave, in that degree the United States wouldappear as the actual foe of the republics whichby uttering the Monroe Doctrine we pretendedto befriend. Should the power wishing to takehold of them be England instead of Spain, our170 UNIVERSITY RECORDinsistence on the Monroe Doctrine would bemorally indefensible save on the condition thatwe ourselves should undertake, in some friendlyway, to start upon an up grade the almost desperate fortunes of those states.I do not wish conquest or believe that it will benecessary, yet, let the emergency suggested comeand we shall act as boldly as need be. The alternative clearly being : the Union Jack shading oursouthern border as it now does our northern, or amore scientific southern frontier for ourselves, thepeople of these United States, sons of the sireswho, in field and in legislative hall, helped the immortal Washington to become Father of a Country, sires who boldly acquired Louisiana, Florida,and Texas, sires who, on yon blue Lake Erie waterone day met the enemy and he was ours, avictory repeated at New Orleans, sons of thosesires, I say, called to decide between more British bunting before our windows and a more spacious residence for ourselves, will make quick andhonorable choice.Well, then, has democracy seen its day ? Hasits sun gone down forever ? Is there, for thecommon man, no hope of securing progress or adecent life by reasonable and conservative agitation, so that, for chance to better his lot, he mustbecome some kind of a revolutionist ?I do not believe so. Pessimists and cynics, Iknow, are abroad. The bacillus "croaker" isepidemic now. Moreover, he is lively and of anmalignant type. Fight him. Despair of the Republic is akin to treason. If any man attemptsto haul down the American flag, shoot him onthe spot. Make it dangerous even to approachthe halliards. Some cry that heartless plutocracy,others that brainless anarchy is our sure lot. Eachof these fell spirits is no doubt within us, andeach is a kind that goeth not out save by prayerand fasting. But both of them can be, and surelywill be, exorcised by a due use of means.While the old, happy-go-lucky sort of democracy can never again lift its head, the kind thatwith no policy of its own occasionally gained power through the enemy's follies, 1 dare to predict a new age of democracy, a strenuous, studious, wide-visioned, progressive, daring liberalism.I expect renewed enthusiasm for humanity, tocome from the insights, that the aim of socialstriving now, the weal of man, is as hopeful asever, and that a promising method of promotingit, neither radical, revolutionary, nor otherwisedangerous, is open to society and awaiting use.Fully appreciating, I think, the difficulty ofelevating common mankind to a rational life, Icannot but regard it astounding that so many soreadily renounce the task as hopeless. Properly,no very serious effort to that end has yet beenmade. Society's infinite resources for the upliftof its lowest lie as good as untouched. Despair,so soon, is criminal. Shame on us, brothers ofthe Third Estate, if we let go the hands of ourFourth Estate kith and kin struggling to rise!We are no more deserving than they, only morefortunate, or, perhaps, less scrupulous. For myself, spite of the painful, staggering evidencecontra, I still believe in men's brotherhood, in theessential nobility, by nature, of every man, wherever resident, however occupied, wearing a crown,carrying a dinner-pail, or begging his bread; andbecause I hail them all, without a single exception, as of my own blood, I cannot believe thatthe stronger will leave the weaker to perish.Altruism is in penumbra now, not extinguished.Men will see it shine full orbed again, as when itwas burning slavery out of existence. Economicmotives contributed to that end, but the changewas not mainly economic. Philanthropy led in it.And philanthropy led in the enfranchisement ofthe Third Estate. Benjamin Kidd lays rightstress on this. The vast, arbitrary power, first offeudalism, then of royalty, gave way not so muchbecause overwhelmed by the rising might of thepeople, as because of enrichment in human character. Kindly feeling between men extended toso many members of the privileged classes, thatthese classes could no longer present a solid front.The power-holding orders in France at the Revo-UNIVERSI1 Y RECORD 171lution would have had their way had they stillpossessed the savage spirit of early feudalism ; butthey had this no longer. " Educated," as Miche-let says, " in the generous ideas of the time, theyapplauded that marvelous resuscitation of mankind and offered up prayers for it even though itcost their ruin." Miracles like that will occuragain. Some now hearing me will live to see theuse of great wealth and legal and political talentto promote the public good against rapacity, asfashionable as it has ever been for greed to cutpounds of public flesh with best legal advice insharpening and plying its knife.Nietzsche does not rightly interpret Darwin. Igrant you that popular, ecclesiastical altruismneeds to be rationalized. At points we can applaud Nietzsche for laying bare altruists' follies, agood work parallel to that which Ingersoll did forthe Christian faith. No doubt men and womendaily do with benevolent purpose things whichincrease pain and darkness instead of relieving them. Such as side with Jesus, Tolstoi,and Kant against Nietzsche must see to it thatprofessedly altruistic codes are revised to betruly so.And when that is done Nietzsche's error willclearly appear. Rational altruism, whether in aman or in a society, does, not spell weakness, butstrength. It alone will let the really fittest asagainst the brutally powerful come to the frontand bear sway. Society must not be ruled by theeffete rich and their lawyers and foremen. Thefact that such are at any moment dominant nomore proves their fitness than does the temporarydominance of thistles in a field. Help blue grassand white clover grow there ; Darwinism will notbe set aside, but re- applied to better effect, as itwill be in society when forces of justice, fairness,and humanity shall take the place of cunning andgreed.It must become manifest before very long thatthe sacrifice of democracy's literal programmeneed not in the least sacrifice democracy's aims orspirit ; nay, that the programme must be modified to realize the spirit. " What is the chaff to thewheat ! "Not only can democracy take a hand in worldaffairs without ceasing to be democracy, a realinterest in " abroad " is the sole condition onwhich democracy can live again. At home wemay extend never so largely the state's activitywithout at all slackening individual energy orlosing the precious benefits of personal initiative.No man of intelligence thinks legislation auniversal panacea. It can never take the placeof common sense or of morality. Law-makingat a venture, passing a statute just to see whatwill come of it, is quackery, not to be recommended, but in every way discouraged. What isurged is:i. That, as a matter of historical fact, humanfreedom has not lost, but gained, as the publicpower has received larger and larger attributions :men's liberties and men's laws multiplying in adirect ratio one to the other and not in an inverseratio.2. That, at present, certain specific evils, recognized by all as grave and threatening, yet almostbeyond question remediable by sane, well-studiedlegal measures, are allowed to remain and plagueus merely or mainly because laissez faire hasbecome such a fetish.3. That the studied legislation thus referred toas desirable need not greatly extend public ownership, need not take aught from the rich, discourage any productive enterprises, repress individual initiative, or have the slightest levelingtendency; but may, on the contrary, be so shapedas to set free the matchless and invaluable forceof individualism as has never been done yet.4. That the execution of a just and carefulprogramme of legislative reform in the interest ofthe common producer, by removing obstaclesnow in* his way, by making him more of a manand less of a drudge, would vastly increase hisproductiveness and thus the nation's wealth, removing never a penny or a privilege from anywho possess wealth already.172 UNIVERSITY RECORD5. That the wise execution or such a programme,so far from tending toward socialism, would haveprecisely the contrary effect, preserving the state,as apparently nothing else can, upon its ancientand present foundations of personal intelligenceand character, individual freedom, private ownership of goods, and individual effort.6. That the aim and end of social agitationshould continue what it has so long been, the elevation of individuals — the many, indeed, not thefew — yet the many man by man and not mass-wise, collective action being used resolutely whenneeded, yet temperately, as a means, and neversave when it is certain to do what individualaction could not achieve.Reform by such means, while in appearancecounter to orthodox democracy, so far, that is, asregards the doctrine of laissez fair e, yet leads tothe same end that laissez faire was meant toattain. It cannot, therefore, when understood,repel liberal hearts. It is, in another respect, theexact carrying out of all the original liberalmanifestoes. It is the realization of freedom andprogress along political paths. Not indeed bythe quick " open sesame " which eighteenth-century pendants deemed available, yet no whit lessreally, the franchise is to enfranchise. Freedom'strail is often circuitous, but it nevertheless advances, not once returning upon itself, often as itmay seem to do so.This slowly but surely awakening insight, thatthe firm intervention of law, if it is only notwholesale but discreet, may accomplish now, forthe setting free of healthy individualism and theconsequent furtherance of all high social interests, the identical good results which the snubbingof officious law-makers once accomplished — thisaperfu, I say, is soon going to be the inspirationof liberal souls the world over. These old battle-peals : " the rights of man," " liberty, equality,and fraternity," will echo again. In response,hosts unprecedentedly vast will rally to humanity's standard. The war will be bloodless butdecisive. Socialism in the offensive sense will not be enthroned, but all unsocialism, appertainto whatever class it may, will be dethronedforever.THE PRESIDENT'S FORTY-THIRD QUARTERLYSTATEMENT.Members of the University, Students, andFriends :It is a source of satisfaction to have had withus, as the orator of the day, one who representsso eminently the modern development of highereducation, and one whose work in higher education has led him to think broadly along the manylines which are associated with good governmentand good citizenship. For the message whichhe has brought to us today we are thoroughlygrateful. To the institution which he represents,an institution of which our western country maywell be proud in view of the work which it hasaccomplished, we send through him our greetings.The spirit of co-operation has shown itself nowheremore definitely than in the fact that institutionsof higher learning in these days make free interchange of officers of instruction. For the service which Mr. Andrews has rendered us in formeryears and during the present summer, we areunder lasting obligation.I desire also on behalf of the University to express our thanks to the representatives of otheruniversities who have joined with us in the workof the closing quarter. The staff of instructionfor this quarter has included men representingthe following institutions :Brown University, Wake Forest College, theUniversity of Prague, the University of Michigan,the University of Tennessee, Harvard University,.the Chicago Theological Seminary, Cornell College, the University of Colorado, Bradley Polytechnic Institute, University of Iowa, CambridgeUniversity (England), the University of Wisconsin, Wesleyan University, the University ofWashington, the Field Columbian Museum, theUniversity of Pennsylvania, the Cincinnati Conferences of Art and. Literature, the Art InstituteUNIVERSITY RECORD 173of Chicago, Princeton University, the AmericanSociety for the Extension of University Teaching,Clark University, Yale University, KalamazooCollege, Oberlin College, the University ofNebraska, and Sendai College of Sendai,Japan.I am permitted to express the hope that thevisit which these our co-laborers have paid usmay be one that they will be willing at somefuture time to repeat. Our debt to them andto the institutions which they represent we shallfind it difficult to repay. Their presence withus has been a source of inspiration and of greatprofit.MR. JOSEPH BOND.We record with sorrow the death on August 8of Mr. Joseph Bond, a trustee of the DivinitySchool of the University. Mr. Bond was president of the American Radiator Company, acapable, upright and successful business man.His eminent business qualities had made the greatcorporation of which he was head the largest andmost successful of its kind in the world.Born in Massachusetts in 1852, Mr. Bond spenttwelve years from 1880 to 1892 in Buffalo, andthe last ten years of his life in Chicago, dying inthe fulness of his powers at fifty years of age. Hewas a member of the Immanuel Baptist Church,where he organized and taught a Bible classof young men, which grew to a membershipof nearly 200, and named itself " The Bond BibleClass."In his life and character he illustrated in a veryunusual degree the virtues which Christianityseeks to develop. He was greatly beloved andadmired by his business associates, who united indescribing him as a " Christian gentleman and aChristian business man."With the members of his family and with themany friends, we join in mourning the loss ofone whose influence throughout a most successfullife, had been exerted only for the advancementof the good and the true. THE DAILY PAPER.The proposition to place in the hands of thealumni the responsibility for the publication of aUniversity daily has been studied with care duringthe Summer Quarter, and it has seemed best to allparties concerned to revise the plan in such a manner as to secure this responsibility for the studentbody. After several conferences, and by the consent of all parties, a readjustment has been made,and it is announced that on October 1 the firstnumber of the daily will make its appearance.It is, of course, evident that this result which wasat first thought impracticable, is by all means themost satisfactory solution of the problem. It isbelieved that not only the student body, but thestaff of instructors and the friends of the University will join in the moral and financial supportof this important undertaking. It is possible, bymeans of this publication, that the Universitymay escape some of the injurious reports whichhave been published in the daily papers concerningstatements made by professors in the lecture room.No one can estimate the far reaching injury whichthe University has sustained by these misrepresentations, and if the Daily Maroon shall be able tocorrect this tendency to misrepresentation whichhas become so pronounced, a splendid servicewill be rendered the University.THE STAFF OF INSTRUCTIONClassified by Rank.)In the departments of Arts, Literature and Science, and in the Divinity School, instructors havebeen on duty as follows:AUTUMN QUARTER, I90I.Professors 47Associate Professors - - - - - 16Assistant Professors 28Instructors 24Associates 13Assistants 14Docents 3Fellows 3Total 148174 UNIVERSITY RECORDWINTER QUARTER, 1 902.Professors 41Associate Professors 15Assistant Professors 23Instructors 26Associates - - - - - - - 15Assistants 15Docents - 3Fellows 4Total - 142SPRING QUARTER, I902.Professors 5°Associate Professors 18Assistant Professors 20Instructors 25Associates - - - - - - - 10Assistants 21Docents - 2Fellows 1Total 147SUMMER QUARTER, 1 902.Professors - -5*Associate Professors 13Assistant Professors 27Instructors 24Associates - - - - - - -15Assistants 15Docents - 1Fellows 5Lecturers - - - - - - 22"Alliance Franchise '*- 7Total 180In the School of Education there were on dutyduring these four quarters instructors as follows:AUTUMN QUARTER, I90I.Professors 2Associate Professors 4Assistant Professors 2Instructors 2Associates 13Assistants 5Total 28WINTER QUARTER, I902.Professors 2Associate Professors 3Assistant Professors 2Instructors 2Associates 13Assistants 5Total 27 SPRING QUARTER, I902.Professors 2Associate Professors - - - - - 2Assistant Professors ----- 2Instructors 1Associates 12Assistants 4Total 23SUMMER QUARTER, 1902,Professors - - 1Associate Professors 4Assistant Professors 5Instructors 2Associates 9Assistants 5Total ------- 26STATEMENT OF SECOND-TERM COURSES AS COMPARED WITH THETWO PRECEDING YEARS.There were offered during the second term ofthe Summer Quarter just passed, in the departments of Arts, Literature, and Science, coursesaggregating 104 Majors, in the Divinity School17^ Majors, a total of 121 y2 Majors.During the second term of the Summer Quarter, 1901, there were offered 99^ Majors andi6>6 Majors respectively, a total of 115% Majors.During the same period of the Summer Quarter, 1900, there were offered 79 and nj4 Majorsrespectively, a total of 90^ Majors.It can be seen thus that the number of coursesoffered during the second term of the SummerQuarter is steadily increasing from summer tosummer.The courses offered during the whole SummerQuarter of these three years, computed by Majors,are as follows : 1902 — 2ioj£ and 36^, a total of247; 1901 — 218 and 3354, a total of 251^;1900— 179^ and 27 J4> a total of 207^.STATISTICS FORJHE FOUR QUARTERS.In the schools of Arts, Literature and Sciencethere were offered during the Autumn Quarter1 90 1 courses, aggregating 345/^ Majors. In theWinter Quarter 1902, 328^ Majors, in the SpringQuarter 1902, 295 Majors, and in the SummerQuarter 1902, 233^ Majors (or 2ioJ^ andUNIVERSITY RECORD 17536 j£ respectively, if Departments XLI and XLIIare credited with the 25^ Majors usually creditedto Departments VIII and IX).In the Divinity School, deducting the departments of Old Testament Literature and Interpretation, of New Testament Literature and Interpretation, and of Biblical Theology (XLI, XLII,and XLIII), whose course were mentioned in theGraduate Schools as Departments of the SemiticLanguages and Literature and of Biblical andPatristic Greek (VIII and IX), there were offeredin the Autumn Quarter n Majors, in the WinterQuarter 9 Majors, in the Spring Quarter 13Majors, in the Summer Quarter n Majors.NEW APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS.Miss K. E. Dopp, appointed to a Readershipin the Correspondence Division of the UniversityExtension.Mr. Frederick William Schenk, to the Libra-rianship of the Law Library.Miss Lillian Cushman, to a Teachership in Artin the University Secondary School.Mr. Mayo Fesler, to the Secretaryship of "theBureau for the Recommendation of Teachers.Mr. F. O. Norton, to a teachership in Classicsin the University Secondary School.Miss Henrietta Chase, to a teachership in theUniversity Secondary School.Miss Berthe Parcot, to a teachership of Frenchin the University Secondary School.Mr. Frank B. Chevington to give instruction inEnglish in the University Secondary School.Miss Sarah E. French, to a teachership in Cooking in the University Laboratory School.Mr. E. Post, to give instruction in Latin in theUniversity Laboratory School.Miss Ruth W. Lane, to give instruction inLatin in the University Laboratory School.Miss Mary Reed, to a Grade Teachership inthe School of Education.Miss Zohia Baber, to the Principalship of theElementary School of the School of Education. Mr. J. M. Sniffen, to an Assistantship in theAcademy for Boys at Morgan Park.Mr. Albert S. Baker, to an Assistantship inFrench and German, in the Academy for Boys.Mr. John W. Nevius, to an Assistantship inPhysical Culture, in the Academy for Boys.Miss Florence M. Lyon, promoted from an Assistantship to an Associateship in Botany.Mr. William A. Colledge, to a Lectureship inthe University Extension Division.Dr. A. K. Parker, to the Headship of CharlesHitchcock Hall. aMiss Anne M. Lutz, to be Preparator in thedepartment of Zoology.Mr. Andre" Beziat de Bordes, to a Docentshipin the Department of Romance Languages.Mr. Charles G. Rogers, to an Assistantship inthe Department of Physiology.Mr. Richard B. Earle, to an Assistantship inthe Department of Chemistry.Mr. H. C. E. David, to an Assistantship in theDepartment of Romance Languages.Mr. Joseph P. Warren, to an Assistantship inthe Department of History.Mr. Eduard Prokosch, to an Instructorship inGerman in the School of Education and in theJunior Colleges.Mr. H. J. Davenport, to an Instructorship inPolitical Economy.Mr. Samuel Williston, of Harvard University,to a Lectureship on Federal Jurisdiction in theLaw School.Mr. Arthur J. Eddy, to a Lectureship on Combinations and Trusts.Mr. John H. Zane, to a Lectureship in theLaw School on Mining and Irrigation.Mr. Horace K. Tenney, to a Professorship inthe Law School.Mr. J. R. Jewett, of the University of Minnesota, to a Professorship of Arabic.INSTRUCTORS ON LEAVE OF ABSENCEDuring the whole or part of Summer Quarter, 1902.Professors: Tufts, Ella F. Young, Freund, Jameson, von Hoist, Tarbell, Zueblin, Hirsch, RobertF. Harper, Shorey, William Gardner Hale, Ab-176 UNIVERSITY RECORDbott, Manly, Wilkinson, MacClintock, Bolza,Burnham, Michelson, Stratton, Nef, Chamberlin,Iddings, Barnes, Stagg, Hulbert, Mathews, Johnson, and Burton.Associate Professors : Thatcher, Sparks, Talbot,Vincent, Raymond, Owen, von Klenze, Blackburn, Herrick, Jordan, and Clark.Assistant Professors : A. W. Moore, Bailey,Veblen, Cummings, Schwill, Howerth, Schmidt-Wartenberg, Lovett, Moody, Millikan, Weller,A. P. Mathews.Instructors : Elizabeth Wallace, Boyd, Ritchey,Ellerman, Kinsley, L. W. Jones, Child, Butter-worth, Gertrude Dudley.Associates : J. J. Meyer, Williamson, Bruere,Atwood, Lewis, Kyes, Fischer, Ricketts.Assistants : Flickinger, Frank, David, Harvey,Henrietta Becker, Greeley, Ida Furniss.Docents : Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, Ghen-Ichir o Yoshioka, Eleanor P. Hammond. STATISTICS OF THE SUMMER QUARTER.It will be seen from the table of statistics thatthe attendance of the School of Education is notso large this summer as last. This fact is due inlarge part to the inability of the University, onaccount of the death of the director of the school,to announce its definite plans for the summer at asufficiently early date. While the attendance lastsummer was 600, the total attendance this summerwas 422. Of this number 45 were in attendanceduring the entire summer, 81 during the secondterm only, and 296 during the first term. Omitting, for purposes of comparison, the attendanceof the School of Education, it appears that thetotal attendance of the first term was 1,601; of thesecond term, 1,232. It is interesting to comparethe figures in the second term. In 1900 theattendance was 712; in 1901, 1,047; m 1902,1,232. The total attendance, excluding the Schoolof Education, for both terms was 1,822, and in1901, 1,750.UNIVERSITY RECORD 177SUMMER QUARTER, 1 902.First Only Second Only Both TotalMen Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women TotalDivinity GraduatesDivinity Unclassified 37n 2I 3912 457 4 4511 9520 68 10128 17738 813 I8551Total : Divinity 48 3 51 52 4 56 H5 14 129 215 21 236Graduate ArtsGraduate Science - 8663 8028 16691 2223 183 4026 162133 5315 215148 270219 15146 421265Total: Graduate - 149 108 257 45, 21 66 295 68 363 489 197 686Senior Junior Unclassified - 141160 1816148 3227208 8123 3854 11977 768994 655i106 I4I140200 98101177 8675308 184176485Total: Colleges - 7i 164 235 24 62 86 183 157 340 278 383 661Medical - IS 0 15 2 0 2 35 3 38 52 3 55School of Education 10 286 296 4 77 81 1 44 45 15 407 422Total - 307 579 886 135 167 302 705 351 1,056 1,147 1,097 2,244First Total Second Total Quarter TotalMen Women Total Men Women Total Men Women TotalDivinity Graduate Divinity Unclassified 13231 89 14040 14027 612 14639', 17738 813 18551Total: Divinity ------ 163 17 180 167 18 I85 215 21 236Graduate Arts Graduate Science 248196 13343 381239 184I56 7118 255174 270219 15146 421265Total: Graduate 444 176 620 340 89 429 489 197 686Senior - Junior Unclassified 90100154 8367254 173167408 8490117 6859160 152149277 98101177 8675308 184176485Total: Colleges 254 321 575 207 219 426 278 383 661Medical 50 3 53 37 3, 40 52 3 55School of Education 11 - 330 34i 5 121 126 15 407 422Total 1,012 930 1,942 840 5i8 1,358 1..47 1,097 2,244178 UNIVERSITY RECORDInstruction and Registration.PHILOSOPHICAL-SOCIOLOGICAL GROUP. REQUIRED GROUP.Instructors Courses RegistrationsI A. PhilosophyIB. EducationII. Political EconomyIII. Political ScienceIV. History -VI. Sociology and AnthropologyVII. Comparative Religion 5642642 6985II63 278234157I4246513933Totals - 29 48 1448LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE GROUP.Ancient Languages:X. Sanskrit -XI. Greek -XII. Latin - 147 3811 3i126294Totals - 12 22 451Modern Languages:XIII. Romance -XIV. GermanicXV. English -XVI. Literature (in English) 6793 1216163 20230383845Totals v -Totals for Language Group 2537 4769 1388 \1839PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.Physical:XVII. MathematicsXVIIL Astronomy -XIX. Physics -XX. ChemistryXXI. Geology - - - - 75453 1541087 28862170270137Totals - 24 54 927Biological:XXII. Zoology XXIII. Anatomy -XXIV. Physiology (including Physiological Chemistry & Pharmacology)XXV. NeurologyXXVJI. Botany -XXVIII. Pathology and Bacteriology 645382 71075144 55651144213565Totals -Totals for Science Group 2852 47101 4761403 Instructors Courses RegistrationsXXXI. Public SpeakingXXXII. Physical Culture I2 44 74306Totals - 3 8 380THE DIVINITY GROUP.XLI. Old Testament Literatureand Interpretation -XLII. New Testament Literature 6 15 238and Interpretation -XLIV. Systematic TheologyXLV. Church HistoryXL VI. Homiletics 513i1 9251 186481199LXI. DisciplesXXXI. Public Speaking 12 22 1340Totals - 19(18)* 36 653THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.Education - 5 5 291Kindergarten - 1 1 43Natural Science - 1 1 155History 2 2 135Geography 1 1 100Mathematics - 2 2 74Speech and Oral Reading 1 1 122French 1 3 17Art - 8 11 548Totals - 20 27 1,485THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.XXIII. AnatomyXXIV. Physiology (including Physiological Chemistry & Pharmacology) -XXV. NeurologyXXVIII. Pathology and Bacteriology ----- 4532 10654 65934265Totals - - - - 142 252 265*THE ALLIANCE FRANCAISE.7Grand Total -(Duplications omitted*) 142 11246iCourse in Homiletics counted in Church History.zDuplicates. 1256,446UNIVERSITY RECORD 179COMPARATIVE ATTENDANCE STATEMENT.SUMMER QUARTER, 1894-I9OI.First Term Second Term ' Quarter1894 566 338 6051895 - - - 822 402 9321896 945 493 10521897 - - - 1256 559 12731898 1342 744 14211899 1498 718 16211900 1527 712 17901901 1559 1047 1750I90I1 2159 1647 2350THE LECTURE-STUDY DEPARTMENT.REPORT COVERING FOUR YEARS.1898-99 93 125 24,993 9,025 6 67 $19,335.051899-00 97 127 29,693 12,878 8 63 18,112.591900-01 1 10 139 32,807 8,105 7 44 19,221.671901-02 140 190 35>922 16,433 16 88 34,717.94The maximum number of courses of UniversityExtension lectures given prior to the year 190 1-2was 141, delivered in 1896-97, and again in 1897-98. Thus the number of courses delivered duringthe year just closing, 190, marks an advance ofnearly 35 per cent, over the best record in theprevious history of the department. The summaryof the ten-years' work in this department is asfollows :Total number of courses delivered - 1,326Total attendance at lecture courses - - 272,967Total attendance at lectures (numberof admission) 1,637,802There have been distinct gains in other departments of the work. When it became apparentthat a relatively small number of the members ofeach University Extension center could be reliedupon to do much systematic work in connectionwith the courses of lectures there was a disposition on the part of the officers of the local centers,and the lecturers as well, to neglect this side ofthe work, in the belief that the great value of* Including the School of Education. University Extension lecture courses is in the inspiration which they bring to large numbers. Theresult has been that even those few who werewilling to do systematic work have received littleencouragement. While many have made use ofthe traveling libraries and read under the direction of the lecturer, but little attention has beengiven to the few who might have been led to dosome written work. During the past year agreater amount of attention has been given to thisside of the work than during any previous season.The results are small, but nevertheless encouraging : 268 students have done written work ; 27passed the examination, and a total of 14 minorscredit has been given for this work. Many otherswould have taken the examination and securedcredit, but for the fact that their courses consistedof but six lectures, which entitles to no credit except when supplemented by additional work doneunder the direction of the lecturer.During the coming year special attention willbe given by the department to two things, bothof which are believed to be essential to the permanency of University Extension work:First. The distinctively educational side of thework will be emphasized, (a) by the organizationof study clubs, (b) by sending out a larger number of traveling libraries, (c) by organizing afternoon study classes, with which the lecturers themselves will meet, (d) by giving more assistance andencouragement to the few who will work for University credit.Second. An effort will be made to establish amore intimate relation between the centers andthe University. University Extension Centersmanaged wholly by local committees have beenmore or less ephemeral. With the removal fromthe community of one person upon whom thesuccess of the local center largely depended, thecenter itself at times becomes inactive. The University hopes to assume a degree of supervisionof the work of each center, which will in thefuture render this impossible.The time has been reached when any consid-180 UNIVERSITY RECORDerable increase in the number of courses deliveredeach year calls for two things:First. An expansion of the territory in whichthis department of the University operates. Thismeans increased administrative duties involvingmore or less distinct district organization.Second. A larger number of lecturers must beavailable for circuit work. In this connection itappears desirable, both from the standpoint ofthe University and from that of the local center,that certain members of the faculty who have beengiving their entire attention throughout the yearto residence work, but who possess the qualifications of successful University Extension lecturers,shall devote one quarter each year to UniversityExtension lecturing. This in itself would tendto establish that closer relation between centerand University, to which attention was abovecalled.During the past year the University Extensionwork in the city of Chicago was brought underthe central organization known as the UniversityLecture Association. The first efforts of the association have been directed to the establishment ofa permanent lecture-study center in each of theprincipal divisions of the city. The South Sidecenter was located in the South CongregationalChurch, corner of Fortieth street and Drexelboulevard ; the North Side center in the NewEngland Church, corner of Dearborn avenue andDelaware place ; the West side center in theLewis Institute. In each center four courses ofsix lectures each were delivered. The plans forthe ensuing year call for the delivery of onecourse of twelve lectures and two courses of sixlectures each in each of the centers. Studentclubs will be organized in each center and University credit will be given to each person doinga stipulated amount of work.UNIVERSITY OPEN LECTURES.The growing interest manifested in the systemof University open lectures conducted during theSummer Quarter suggested the arrangement of a more elaborate and attractive programme forthe quarter just concluded than for any preceding season. Distinguished scholars and lecturersin our own and foreign countries came to theUniversity for the delivery of courses of lecturesof greater or less length in their special fields.During the quarter just closing there have beengiven at the University 285 open lectures, distributed as follows :English Literature group - 64Art group 27History group - - 39Pedagogy 26Biblical History and Theology group - 96Astronomy group - 12Miscellaneous - ~- - 21Concerts iiThese lectures have attracted to the Universitymany people who could not, or did not, desire toregister for class work. The lectures, with theexception of those which were arranged for special audiences, and in which it was not expectedthat many people would be interested, have beenlargely attended. For some of the more popularcourses in Literature and Art, the seating capacity in the largest hall at the University wereinadequate. Five hundred and thirty-seven persons purchased tickets, good for a 'period of fromone to nine weeks in length, and 1,480 single admission tickets were sold. Two thousand fivehundred season tickets were issued to membersof the University, who were admitted to thelectures without payment of fee.Among the lecturers who delivered courses arethe following :(1) Literature Group : Professor Richard Green-Moulton,of the University of Chicago ; Mr. Hamlin Garland, of Chicago; Mr. William Norman Guthrie, of Cincinnati; Mr.Frederick H. Sykes, of Philadelphia ; Dr. William A. Col-ledge, pastor of the People's Church at Aurora, 111.(2) Art Group : Mr. Lorado Taft, ofj Chicago ; Mr. W. M.R. French, director of the Chicago Art Institute ; Mr.Walter C. Larned, of Chicago ; and Mr. James W. Pattison,of Chicago.(3) History Group : Professor Thomas C. Masaryk, University of Prague, Bohemia ; Mr. George A. Dorsey, FieldUNIVERSITY RECORD 181Columbian Museum, Chicago ; Professor Albert BushnellHart, Harvard University; Professor John H. Finley, Princeton University; and Professors Charles R. Henderson, AlbionW. Small, and George E. Vincent, of the University of Chicago.(4) Pedagogy Group : President G. Stanley Hall, ClarkUniversity; Inspector James L. Hughes, Toronto ; and Professors John M. Coulter and John Dewey, of the Universityof Chicago.(5) Biblical History and Theology Group : ProfessorGeorge B. Stevens, Yale University; Rev. William M. Lawrence, of Chicago ; Professor H. L. Stetson, Kalamazoo College; Professor W. Douglas MacKenzie. of the ChicagoTheological Seminary; Rev. Lewis H. Jordan, Toronto,Canada; Professor Henry C. King, Oberlin Seminary;Chancellor E. Benjamin Andrews, University of Nebraska ;and Professors Mathews, Breasted, and Willett, of the University of Chicago.THE CORRESPONDENCE WORK.The record of the past twelve months chronicles the same steady growth that has characterized this work in previous years. The University has depended almost entirely for extension of a knowledge of the work upon the interest and zeal of those who have made practicaltest of it. The amount of general advertisingdone is inconsequential. In view of this theconsistent gain from year to year must be considered highly satisfactory.Last year the increase was due mainly to newstudents who matriculated in the University forthis work. This year it is traceable to formerstudents who have registered for a second or thirdcourse. To those who are interested in the question of the real demand for correspondenceinstruction and its possibilities and adequacy, thisis indeed significant. The number of residentstudents who, for the first time, have registered inthis department, either to complete courses begunin residence, or to gain further credits towardtheir degree, has remained practically the same— 165.Correspondence courses have been offered in25 (counting Philosophy and Education as one)of the 31 different departments of instruction included in the Schools of Art, Literature andScience. Notable exceptions are Physics and Chemistry. Owing to the amount and kind ofapparatus used in these subjects, it has seemedimpossible hitherto to offer non-resident coursesin them, but beginning July 1, 1903, it is proposed to give Course o in Physics by correspondence, and announcement of this is made in theCircular of Information for the current year.That in spite of the demands of the schoolroom and office, so large a number have completed courses testifies to the industry and perseverance of the typical correspondence student.On the other hand, when it is remembered thatno resident student is required, or rather privileged, to recite the whole of any lesson, but thatthe correspondence student writes the whole ofevery lesson, it is not surprising that he sometimes fails to finish his course within the allottedtime.Until recently the student was obliged to cometo the University for his examination. Thewisdom of mitigating this hardship by allowinghim to take the test at his home under approvedlocal supervision is made apparent in the considerable increase — 203 as against 153 in 1 900-1— in the number of those who have taken examinations during the past year and received credit.This ready response to a liberal policy suggeststhat further modifications in educational, andperhaps in administrative lines, may be made withadvantage. Might the scope of the work bebroadened to include courses more directlysuited to general needs? May it safely beaccorded greater recognition by increasing thenumber of Majors which candidates for theBachelor's degree may do by correspondence ?SUMMARY OF REGISTRATION BY YEARS.October i, 1892 (date of organization) to June 30, 1901, inclusive.1898-9 1 899-' 00 1 900-1 1901-2Holding over - 488 472 540 673New registrations 522 676 753 799Lapsed courses renewed 5 10 18 13Total registration 1,015 1,158 i,3n 1,485Registrations completed 282 336 392 438Registrations dropped 261 282 246 339182 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE DECENNIAL PUBLICATIONS.Progress has been made in carrying out theplan of a series of Decennial Publications whichshall illustrate in a concrete manner the scientificwork of the members of the faculties of the University. The plan as originally outlined calledfor ten quarto volumes, the first two of whichshould consist of the President's Report, in twosections, (a) Administration, and {&) the Publications of members of the Faculties during thedecennium, and eight volumes of investigations,consisting of as many groups of articles representing groups of departments and embodyingthe results of the research work of their authors.Each of the contributions will have an independent circulation in separate form, in addition tobeing bound up in the volume devoted to thegroup of departments.A number of these articles have already appeared and many others are now in the hands ofthe printers, so that the complete success of theundertaking, which was conditioned upon thecordial support and co-operation of the membersof the staff who are devoting themselves to original research, is now assured.Owing to the extent and nature of some of thecontributions offered to the Decennial Publications, the committee in charge of the editorialwork recommended to the Senate, and the Senateapproved the recommendation, that a second series of volumes should be issued, these in octavoform, each to contain a single treatise or a collection of treatises under a single title, or other matter involving the scientific work of the author,The following volumes will be published October i :The Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magdalene,and old English Morality-Play by Lewis Wager,reprinted from the original edition of 1566, editedwith an Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index, by Frederic Ives Carpenter, of the Department of English.A History of the Second Bank of the United States,by Ralph C, IJ. Catterall, of the Department ofHistory. Assyrian and Babylonian Letters of the Kouyun-jik Collection of the British Museum, with an Introduction on the Letter Literature, by RobertFrancis Harper, of the Department of the SemiticLanguages and Literatures.The Poems of Anne, Countess of Winchelsea, edited largely from the unpublished manuscripts,with a Critical Introduction and Notes, by MyraReynolds, of the Department of English.The following volumes of the Second Serieshave been arranged for and will be publishedearly in the autumn :The R61e of Diffusion and Osmotic Pressure in Plants, byBurton Edward Livingston, of the Department of Botany.Light Waves and their Uses, The Lowell Lectures of1900, by Albert A. Michelson,of the Department of Physics.Lectures on the Calculus of Variations, by Oskar Bolza,of the Department of Mathmatics.Studies in General Physiology, by Jacques Loeb, of theDepartment of Physiology.A History of Greenbacks, with special reference to theeconomic consequences of their issue, 1862-65, by WesleyClair Mitchell, of the Department of Political Economy.Legal Tender, A Study in English and American Monetary History, by Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, of the Department of Political Science.La Perfacta Casada, by Fray Luis de Leon, reprintedfrom the edition of 1587, edited, with an introduction (inSpanish), Critical and Exegetical Notes, by Elizabeth Wallace, of the Romance Department. **\Studies in Logical Theory, by John Dewey, with the cooperation of members and fellows of the Department ofPhilosophy.It is believed that this memorial series of publications will foster the spirit of research in ourUniversity and in the country at large and willrepresent in the most convincing manner the highaims and ideals of our Graduate Schools, the influence of which pervades and elevates the workof the whole University.THE BUREAU FOR THE RECOMMENDATION OF TEACHERS.During the early years of the University's history, students leaving the University were forcedto shift for themselves in their efforts to find positions. Recommendations were sent out by thevarious instructors in a haphazard manner, uponUNIVERSITY RECORD 183request of the students who had done work withthem. Often several candidates were recommended for the same place by different instructors. In one case, six applicants, each recommended highly by a different instructor, werestruggling for the same position.It soon became evident that the welfare of ourstudents and the reputation of the University demanded some organization of this importantwork. In 1899 the Board for the Recommendation of Teachers was established, with a secretary whose duties were to keep a full record of allrequests made to the University for teachers; toanswer all inquiries concerning the qualificationsof students for such work, and to confer with andreport to the various departments in regard to allrecommendations and appointments.The number of requests from universities, colleges, academies, and secondary schools has increased in a most remarkable manner. Duringthe past year over six hundred such calls forteachers have been received by the University.Not until this year has the board been able tohandle these requests effectively, but the files arenow complete and the secretary has a full recordof every vacancy reported and of every appointment made, with the correspondence relative toeach.Up to the present time the work of the aboardhas been confined to positions for teachers only.No attempt has been made to unify the work ofrecommending our students for positions inbusiness and in the professions. Requests arecontinually being made for college-bred men andwomen in the various business and professionalactivities about the city. Thus far we have beenunable to meet these increasing demands in asystematic and satisfactory manner. The timehas come when the work of the Board of Recommendations should be broadened and assistancegiven to our students and graduates who do notexpect to become teachers, many of whom leavethe University without any well-defined plans fortheir future career. Provision has been made for the secretary of the board to collect information concerning possible openings in the business and professional world; to acquaint himselfwith the students desiring positions, and to assistthem in securing such positions.This new phase of the work will include thecollection of information relative to possibleopenings, not only in the city but outside thecity, and in all fields of activity which collegegraduates are likely to enter, such as governmental positions under civil-service rules ; theconsular service ; foreign agents for large manufacturing firms, which are requiring to an increasing degree broad culture and training ; positionsin factories, where specialists in the sciences arerequired ; positions with large corporations,where men well trained in research methods areneeded to collect and analyze data ; and otherpositions of this nature. The board will lookafter not only these higher and more importantappointments but minor ones in which youngmen and women can grow and develop with theposition.The work of the board has been and will beprovided for by the University without chargeeither to the student or to the employer. Fullinformation concerning every applicant for aposition will be kept on file in the office andrecommendations will be based upon the scholarship, character, and executive ability displayed bythe student while in residence. The effectivework of the board thus far makes us confidentthat this further extension of its efforts will resultin a great service to the student and will widenthe influence of the University in the commercialworld.THE MORGAN PARK ACADEMY.Two years ago the Trustees decided after a longdeliberation to make the academy at MorganPark, which had been co-educational, a schoolfor boys only. From this action it was expectedthat a larger school and a stronger school wouldresult. Two years is, of course, too brief a periodfrom which to gather statistics, deduce conclu-184 UNIVERSITY RECORDsion's, or to declare the experiment closed andproved, yet it is highly satisfactory to observethat in each of these two years the school hasgrown stronger and larger. In the first year ofthe change the increase in attendance of boys was1 8 per cent, over that of the previous year. Andin this second year just closed the increase hasbeen 23 per cent, over the year preceding.Without doubt the home should be the bestplace for the training of children, but with equalcertainty we all know that very often the home isnot the best place. This arises from many causes.The essential features of the home are the environment and associations outside and about thehome, and these, especially in the cities, are oftentimes beyond the parents' control. From theseassociations it is often best to separate the boyand to put him into other associations, andamong more healthful surroundings where bothphysical and moral advantages may be more fullyenjoyed. Again, in these days of serious life,the demands and exigencies of active participation in business and professional work not seldom prevent that oversight of the boy's development which his best interests demand. And still,again, in many communities there are lackingthose educational advantages which insure for theboy the best preparation for college and for life.Hence the need and opportunity of the board-" ing school for boys are large and most significant.The Academy for boys at Morgan Park meets thisneed and rises to this opportunity ; and combining healthful and pleasant environment, adequacyof equipment, strength in its teachers, loftiness inits details, breadth in its courses, and helpful associations in its students, it offers to-day to theparents of this great middle West an exceptionaleducational opportunity. That these parents areappreciating this is a source of much gratificationto those who have the work in hand.THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.In connection with the growth of the University at large, the development of the University Press during the past four years has been significant. Its business has more than doubled in twoyears, and the results of the past year show an increase of nearly 50 per cent, over that of theprevious twelve months. The total volume ofbusiness, including advertising and subscriptionsfor the University journals, for the past fouryears, has been as follows :1898-1899 $128,000.001899-1900^. 130,000.001900-1901 181,000.001901-1902 266.00d.00The very large increase during the past yearhas been due, first, to the natural increase of thevolume of business of the several departments,and, second, to the organization of a PublicationDepartment on a separate basis. Prior to lastyear all University Publications were handledthrough the Retail Department of the Press.With the organization of this work the retailbranch of the business has been relieved of allpublication duties, and with a special force it hasbeen possible to increase the sales of thet booksand periodicals published. The number of titlesof University publications, not including University Extension syllabi and official documents ofthe University, was 147 one year ago. Thisnumber has inceased to 163, as announced inthe catalogue of the department recently issued.The reorganization of the work connected withthe purchase of laboratory supplies and equipment has also contributed something to this increase. Beginning with October 1, this workwill be organized along the same lines as thoseon which the bookstore has been operated in thepast; and it seems probable that a large savingwill be brought about in systematizing the purchases for the scientific laboratories in thisway.The business of the Retail and Manufacturingdepartments has increased about 50 per cent, inthe past four years. The business of the past yearin these departments has increased about one-third over the previous twelve months.UNIVERSITY RECORD 185The departments of the University Press arejust now being assembled in the new building atthe corner of Fifty-eighth street and Ellis avenue,and iit is believed with the organization of thisbranch of the University in the new quarters, thatits work will be done not only more effectively,but also with greater economy.THE LAW SCHOOL.The Law School will begin its work on the firstday of October. Since the last announcementswere made, the teaching staff has been increasedby the appointment of Mr. Horace K. Tenney asProfessor, Mr. John R. Zane and Professor Samuel Williston as lecturers. Mr. Tenney is a member of the Bar in this city, and will take charge ofthe courses in Practice, which should be in thehands of an active practitioner.In accordance with a recent action of theBoard of Trustees, special students may be accepted as candidates for the degree of LL. B., thedegree to be granted only if the candidate maintains a high standing throughout his work. Theadmission of students of mature age not doingregular work, or not complying fully with the requirements for admission, was originally planned,and is in accordance with the general policy ofthe University. In view of the exceptionally highstandards of admission requirements in the LawSchool, it is expected that during the first years aconsiderable number of students will apply foradmission who are not qualified to enter as regular students. The new step taken with regard tothe LL.B. degree is intended to have the doubleeffect of placing a check upon the admission ofsuch students, by requiring a specially high quality of work, and of giving proper recognition tothose students who show exceptional merit. It ishoped that the character of the Law School as agraduate school will be strengthened by this step,especially as the degree of J.D. will be reservedfor those who hold the college degree.Commodious temporary quarters have been provided in the Press Buildings and the Libraryis in course of instalment.The location of the new Law Building has beendesignated by the trustees. It will be erecteddirectly east of Haskell Oriental Museum. Thecorner stone will be laid on the third day of October. It is expected that the building will beready for occupancy in the latter part of theyear.NEW BUILDINGS.I am permitted to report that the Press Building has been finished and is already occupied bythe University Press, the transfer having beenmade during the month of August. In themonth of September the General Library will betransferred from the old building to the NewPress Building.Hitchcock Hall is practically finished and willbe occupied September 15. The larger part ofthe stone work on the Commons, Student ClubHouse, and Assembly Hall has been completed,and these buildings will be inclosed within thenext thirty days. The building of the School ofEducation has made excellent progress, the largerpart of the building being completed to the second floor.The trustees have arranged to build at once thetemporary gymnasium and assembly hall of theSchool of Education. This building, which willcost $12,500, will be completed October 10, andwill be used during the coming year for the physical Culture work of the women in the University. When the School of Education has takenpossession of its new building, as already announced, the building at present occupied by theSchool of Education will become the temporarygymnasium and clubhouse of the Universitywomen.The Manual Training buildings of the Schoolof Education will be started in September, theplans for them being practically completed.186 UNIVERSITY RECORDCONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTBudget Receipts and Disbursements for the Fiscal year endingJune 30, 1902.RECEIPTS.Estimated. Actual.I. General Administration - $ 9,700.00 $ 11,311.34II. Faculties of Arts, Literature and Science 353,293-00 406,789.32III. The Divinity School 67,539-00 7I,589>09IV. Morgan Park Academy - 19,400.00 17,470.21V. University Extension 30,300.00 46,993.00VI. Libraries, Laboratoriesand Museums 27,650.00 28,319.46VII. Printing and Publishing 22,000.00 21,776.52.VIII. Physical CultureIX. Affiliated Work 1,500.00 2,166.26X. Buildings and Grounds 45,000.00 49,399,94XI. General Funds 234,143.00 235,185.12XII. Department of Medicine 90,000.00 86,828.07#900,525.00 $977,828.33EXPENDITURES.I. General Administration andExpense -II. Faculties of Arts, Literature and ScienceIII. The Divinity School -IV. Morgan Park AcademyV. University ExtensionVI. Libraries, Laboratories, andMuseums -VII. Printing and Publishing -VIII. Physical CultureIX. Affiliated WorkX. Buildings and GroundsXL Contingent FundXII. Department of Medicine - Estimated.$ 85,858.00398,972.0065,640.0034,680.0034,207.0063,991.0034,600.008,100.004,500.0059,976.0020,001.0090,000.00$900,525.00 Actual.$102,596.44403,846.4362,534.4135,736.5752,411.2662,460.8335,428.039,959-395,331-1274,149-5387,371-35$931,826.36$ 46,001.97This statement does not include an item of$12,521.90, appropriated but not expended, andby later action of the Trustees charged to BudgetExpenditures, fiscal year 190 1-2, and credited toa new account on the general ledger, againstwhich charges will be made as the bills come in.Nor does it include the accounts of the Women'sCommons, Men's Commons, the School of Edu cation, the Laboratory school, the UniversitySecondary School, the Chicago Manual TrainingSchool.GIFTS.The friends of- the University have not beenforgetful of its interests during the Summer Quarter. The University is indebted to Mr. WalterH. Wilson for a gift which has made it possible topurchase one of the most valuable libraries evercollected in connection with the Department ofPhysical Culture. The purchase has been madeand the books are now in possession of the University. .The children of Gerhard and Hannah Foreman have presented to the University in the nameof their father and mother the sum of $2,000 incash, to be used for the assistance of deservingstudents, in accordance with terms indicated inthe letter of gift. It is important to note that nobetter service can be rendered the University thangifts of this kind. .Another friend of the University, a citizenwhose name is withheld by request, has presentedus, during the Summer Quarter, with $60,600, tobe used as a part of the endowment fund.Other gifts have been made the details of whichmay not at this time be announced.The gifts actually paid in to the Universityduring the months of July and August, 1902, areas follows :For special purposes not to be announced - $200,000.00For Buildings and Equipment - - - 95,000.00For Law Library ------ 25,000.00For Current Expense 31,250.00For Endowment 60,600.00For Russian Lectureship - 2,000.00For University College ----- 1,868.28For Astrophysical Journal - 276*03For Astronomy Computer ----- 333.32For Yerkes's Librarian 100.00Total - - $416,427.63SUMMARY.Paid in cash $355,827.63Paid in securities 60,600.00Total $416,427.63UNIVERSITY RECORD 187About one-third of this sum had been promised before the beginning of our fiscal year.The money and securities actually paid in asgifts to the University during the twelve monthsclosing June 30, 1902, have been classified bythe Auditor as follows :For special purposes, not to be announcedFor Endowment -For Buildings - -For Current ExpensesFor Department of Medicine -For History Books -For Electric Wiring -For Fellowships and ScholarshipsFor Laboratory School - - - -For Russian Lectureship -For Gerhard and Hannah Foreman FundFor Astronomy ComputersFor Old Subscriptions -For President's FundFor Yerkes Librarian -For Prizes -Total -Paid in cashPaid in securities -Total - #1,053,978.281,001,087.69578,356.00253,144.0050,000.0017,500.0010,000.005,667.505,055.002,000.002,000.002,233.001,113.18870.00300.0050.00#2,983,354.95- $2,240,854.95742,500.00- #2,983,354.95THE SUMMER TEMPERATURE OF CHICAGO.During the month of June the average maximum temperature was 71.8, the average minimumtemperature 56.7, with an average mean of 64.2.During the month of July the average maximumtemperature was 79.6, the average minimum temperature 65.3, with an average mean of 72.5.During the month of August, up to the 25th, theaverage maximum temperature was 72.6, theaverage minimum temperature 60.6, and theaverage mean temperature 67.6.The average mean temperature for the SummerQuarter has been 68. 1.We close this afternoon a quarter's session,which according to the common opinion of students and faculty, has been the most successful ofthe nine summer quarters thus far held. REPORT ON THE DECENNIAL PUBLICATIONS.Since the last report on the Decennial Publications contained in the University Record ofFebruary, 1902, considerable progress has beenmade in the publication of the series. In addition to the two volumes of "Reports, on Administration and Publications," and the eight volumes of original Investigations — these ten inquarto — arrangements have been made for thepublication of a second series of volumes in octavo. As regards these volumes the followingannouncement may be made :To be published October 1, 1902 :The Life and Refientaunce of Marie Magdalene, a morality-play of the sixteenth century, by Lewis Wager, edited fromthe original edition in the British Museum, with* an Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index, by Assistant ProfessorFrederic Ives Carpenter, of the Department of English. This play is one of the few still unpublished plays ofthis class and is now for the first time provided with editorial apparatus and made accessible for the general public.It should be of special interest to students of English as theliterary treatment of the Magdalen legend and occupying aunique position in the history of the drama in presenting amixture of type —morality, historical, and biblical — scarcelymet with elsewhere.A History of the Second Bank of the United States, Chartered in 1816. By Dr. Ralph C. H. Catterall, of the Department of History. — This book deals not only with thepolitical events and monetary questions connected with thehistory of the United States Bank, but also with the subjectsof branch drafts, the bank as a government agency, and thebank's control of other state banks and of currency. Inaddition to the material secured from ordinary sources, theauthor has had access to the manuscript papers of NicholasBiddle, including an enormous mass of letters from prominent individuals in relation to the bank, as well as theletter-books of President Biddle himself. From these sourcesmuch new light is thrown upon the events immediately preceding the application in 1832 for a renewal of the charter,the struggle which followed, Biddle's management of thebank, and his opinions relative to the bank's attitude onpolitical matters.Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kou-yunjik Collections of the British Museum, Edited by Professor Robert Francis Harper, of the Department ofSemitic Languages and Literatures. — This volume of theseries is the eighth volume of Professor Harper's " Corpus ofAssyrian and Babylonian Letters," Volumes VI and VII of188 UNIVERSITY BE COBBwhich have been issued during the year from the UniversityPress. The author has contributed to this volume a general Introduction to the letter literature as a whole, designedto give the student and general reader a fair idea of theimportance of this class of inscriptions for the student of history, private and public life, diplomacy, warfare, and language.The Poems of Anne, Countess of Wine helsea. By AssistantProfessor Reynolds, of the Department of English. — TheCountess of Winchelsea wrote during the years 1 680-1 720.A portion of her work appeared in 17 13 in a volume nowquite rare. Her unpublished poems are in two manuscripts,one in the possession of the Earl of Winchelsea and theother in that of Edmund Gosse. This volume contains allthe available extant work of the author and is preceded bya biographical sketch compiled from original sources whichappears jn the Introduction, which contains a valuable contribution to the History of the Romantic Movement inEnglish.In addition to these four volumes the followingwill also be issued during the Autumn Quarter:Studies in Logical Theory. By Professor John Dewey,of the Department of Philosophy, with the collaboration ofseveral former Fellows and members of the Department ofPhilosophy. — The book undertakes a series of critical andconstructive studies in logic along the lines of the recentwork of such authors as Bradley, Bosanquet, Lotze, andSigwart, as well as Mill and some of the earlier Englishwriters. The volume represents the first fruits given to thepublic of the investigations carried on continuously in theseminar of the Department of Philosophy during the lasteight years.Legal Tender: A Study in English and American Monetary History. By Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, ofthe Department of Political Science. — The study presentsthe history of the exercise of the legal-tender power by thegovernments of England and of the United States, reviewingthe forms in which the power to bestow the right has beenexercised, of the reasons which have prevailed, of the constitutional and political considerations involved as a basisfor the solution of economic problems connected with thesubject.Light Waves and Their Uses. By Professor Albert A.Michelson. — This book contains a course of eight lecturesdelivered before the Lowell Institute at Boston in the year1899. The results of the investigation with which ProfessorMichelson has been engaged in the last twenty years arepresented in language as free from technicality as possible,and contain much information about the light waves whichis to be found only in scientific periodicals. The text isillustrated by 130 drawings. Rdle of Diffusion and Osmotic Pressure in Plants. By Dr.Burton E. Livingston, of the Department of Botany. —A thorough and concise treatise on the subject. In the firstpart the author aimed to supply the need of students whoseknowledge of Chemistry and Physics is only elementary.In the second part he presents the present status of knowledge with regard to the osmotic occurrences in plants, witha full bibliography.A History of the Greenbacks, with Special Reference to theEconomic Consequences of Their Issue. By Dr. WesleyClair Mitchell, of the Department of Political Economy.— The first part of this book is devoted to the study of thechain of events which led up to the issue of paper money inthe United States, the second part tracing in detail theeffects of the detailed analysis of a metallic for a paperstandard. The elaborate chapter on wages includes a detailed analysis of the Aldrich Report in comparison with thehitherto almost unused material by Mr. J. D. Weeks in Vol.XX of the Census of 1800. The book contains a statisticaldemonstration of an element of truth in the subsistencetheory of wages, and studies on rent, interest, and profits,and the increase of the cost of the Civil War due to theissue of greenbacks.La Perfecta Casada. By Miss Elizabeth Wallace, ofthe Romance Department is a reprint of the third edition(1587) of the popular prose work of Fray Luis de Leon withvariants of the first edition and introductory notes. Thetext was reprinted by de Leon himself and forms an excellent basis for the study of the style and language of thegreat master of Spanish prose. The Introduction is writtenin Spanish.Lectures on Calculus of Variations. By Professor OscarBolza, of the Department of Mathematics. — This book isbased upon a series of lectures delivered by the authorbefore the American Mathematical Society in 1901, presenting in detail the extraordinary progress in the calculus ofvariations during the last twenty-five years. Numerousdrawings and historical references accompany the text.Studies in General Physiology. By Professor JacquesLoeb, of the Department of Physiology. — This volume willcontain some of the author's principal papers on the subjectof animal tropisms, heteromorphosis, and artificial transformation of organs, artificial parthenogenesis, physiologicaleffects of ions, the effects of lack of oxygen, function ofcell nucleus, etc. These papers have appeared scattered inGerman periodicals or as separate publications in German ;and many of them are now out of print or inaccessible. Itis believed that physiologists, biologists, and physicians willbe interested in having these investigations gathered together in one volume in English.UNIVERSITY RECORD 189The following separate articles contributed tothe Investigations are ready : \III. Have We a Likeness of Christ? The Testimony ofEarly Christian Art, by Professor Franklin Johnson, ofthe Department of Church History.IV. Credit, by Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, of theDepartment of Political Economy ; The Use of Credit inModern Business, by Assistant Professor Thorstein B.Veblen, of the Department of Political Economy; ThePhysical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico, by Associate Professor Frederick Starr, of the Department ofSociology and Anthropology.V. Greek Papyri from the Cairo Museum, together withPapyri from Roman Egypt from American Collections, byDr. Edgar J. Goodspeed, of the Department of Biblicaland Patristic Greek.VI. A Greek Hand-mirror in the Art Institute of Chicago,and A Cantharus from the Factory of Brygosin the BostonMuseum of Fine Arts, by Professor Frank B. Tarbell, ofthe Department of Classical Archaeology ; The Meaning ofiirl rijs <ncr)vi}s in Writers of the Fourth Century, by R. C.Flickinger, of the Department of Greek ; A StichometricScholium to the Medea of Euripides, with Remarks on theText of Didymus, by Tenny Frank, of the Department ofLatin.VII. On the Text of Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, byEleanor P. Hammond, of the Department of English;The Treatment of Nature in the Works of Nikolaus Lenau,by Associate Professor Camillo von Klenze, of the Department of German ; Concerning the Modern German Relatives, Das and Was, in Clauses Dependent upon Substantivized Adjectives, by Professor Starr Willard Cutting, ofthe Department of German.VIII. Measures of Double Stars with the 40-Inch Refractorof the Yerkes Observatory in iqoo-i, by Professor Sherburne Wesley Burnham, of the Department of Astronomy.IX. The Velocity of Light, by Professor A. A. Michelson,of the Department of Physics; Concerning the GeodesicCurvature and the Isoperimetric Problem on a given Surface,and Proof of the Sufficiency ofJacob? s Condition for a Permanent Sign of the Second Variation in the So-called Isoperimetric Problem, by Professor Oskar Bolza, of the Department of Mathematics; Ternary Orthogonal Group in aGeneral Field, and The Groups Defined for a General Fieldby the Rotative Groups, by Assistant Professor L. E. Dickson,of the Department of Mathematics; Amorphous Sulphurand Its Relation to the Freezing Point of Liquid Sulphur, byAssociate Professor Alexander Smith, with the collaboration of WillisB. Holmes, of the Department of Chemistry.X. On the Production of Suppression of Muscular Twitch-ings and Hyper sensitiveness of the Skin by Electrolytes, by Professor Jaques Loeb, of the Department of Physiology;On a Formula for Determining the Weight of the CentralNervous System of the Frog from the Weight and Length ojthe entire Body, by Professor Henry H. Donaldson, of theDepartment of Neurology ; The Development of the Colorsand Color Patterns in Coleoptera, with Observations upon theDevelopment of Colors in Other Orders of Insects, by Dr.Tower, of the Department of Zoology.In addition to the above mentioned articles themanuscript of a large number of contributions isin the hands of the printer and will shortlyappear. 4THE FACULTIES.Dr. Cowles spoke on " Rivers and Their Vegetation" at Moline, 111., May, 1902.Mrs. Dixson has recently been elected to membership in the London " Ex Libris " Society.Professor Iddings has been elected a ForeignMember of the Scientific Society of Christiania,Norway.Assistant Professor Payne discussed " The Intensive Side of University Extension" at Pittsburg, Pa., March 22, 1902.Assistant Professor L. E. Dickson has been. chosen an Associate Editor of the Transactions ofthe American Mathematical Society.The Yerkes Observatory was awarded a goldmedal (first prize) for its exhibit of astronomicalphotographs at the Pan-American Exposition.President Harper attended the final examinations of the West Point Academy as a member ofthe Board of Examiners appointed by the President.Associate Professor Clark spoke on " Selfhoodin Art" at the annual meeting of the WesternDrawing Teachers' Association, Minneapolis,May 9, 1902.Professor George Lincoln Hendrickson, of theDepartment of Latin, was given the honorarydegree of L.H.D. at the seventy-sixth commencement of Adelbert College, Western Reserve University, June 12, 1902.190 UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Hirsch has been appointed editorof the Biblical Department of the Jewish Encyclopedia, succeeding Professor Morris Jastrow whohas resigned.Associate Librarian Zella Allen Dixson addressed the Library students of the University ofIllinois on the Subject, " Establishing the Ownership of Books," April 5.Associate Professor Marion Talbot has assumededitorial charge of a new department of DomesticScience or Household Technology in The HouseBeautiful, published by Herbert S. Stone & Co.Professor Millspaugh spoke on "Cuba" beforethe Hyde Park Men's Club, December, 1901 ; andon " Yucatan and its Lost Civilization " at theannual meeting of the Sigma Xi Society, University of Iowa, February 21, 1902.Assistant Professor Mann spoke on " Historiesand Bibliographies of Physics " before the Chicago Bibliographical Society, March 6, 1902. Thearticle is published in the Yearbook of the Chicago Bibliographical Society for 1902.Professor Ira M. Price delivered three addresses at the Moody Institute, March 11, 18,and 25, on "Monumental Light on Holy Writ;"and spoke on "Old New History out of theTombs," at Russell Hall, Morgan Park, April 17.Assistant Professor Locke spoke on "TheMeaning of Education," April 1 and 3 in MastenPark High School, Buffalo, and Central HighSchool, Buffalo ; " Some Tendencies in Secondary Education," Northern Indiana Teachers' Association, South Bend, Ind., April 4.Professorial Lecturer O. C. Farrington delivered an address on " The Educational Value ofMuseums" before the Educational Association,Minneapolis, July 9 ; and " The Meteorites ofNorthwestern Kansas," before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pittsburg, July 1.Professor Henderson collected and interpretedthe materials of the dialect songs of American negroes published by Professor Karl Bucher inhis Arbeit und Rhythmus, dritte stark vermehrteAuflage, Leipzig, 1901, pp. 217-33; Anhang :" Arbeitsgesange der Neger in den VereinigtenStaaten von Nordamerika."Professor Ella Flagg Young delivered the following addresses: "Two Problems in ModernEducation," May 8, Parents' Association of Laboratory School, Chicago; "Popular Education,"May 10, Women Principals' Club, Chicago ; May14, Sullivan, 111.; "Originality," May 17, Teachers' Club, Chicago.Professor Burgess spoke on "The Future ofSunday-school Normal Work" at the AnnualCook County Sunday-school Convention, April17, and on "Conditions of Work in the LatinDepartment of the Morgan Park Academy" before the Latin section of the Cook County HighSchool Teachers' Association, April 24.A silver medal was awarded to Professor Starrfrom the Pan-American Exposition for his exhibit of busts of Indians of Southern Mexico ; acollection of objects made by these Indians consisting of dress, implements, weapons, etc., anda collection of Aztec musical instruments. Theexhibit was made with the co-operation of theMexican government. Professor Starr has beenpursuing field work during the Autumn Quarter of1 90 1 among the Iroquois Indians of Western NewYork ; especially examining their songs, games,and stories. During the same time he also gavea course of lectures before the students of theAuburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, N. Y., on"The Religion of the American Indians."Associate Professor Starr has just issued thefirst sets of his "Types of South Mexican Indians." From his extensive series of portraitstaken during investigations of the last four yearshe has selected sixty of the most characteristic.These are front and side views of each of thirtysubjects, of whom twenty-three are males andseven are females. The twenty-three males include one from each of the twenty-three tribesUNIVERSITY RECORD 191studied. From the original negatives, contactpositives were made, from which, in turn, largenegatives on plates 11X14 were produced. Theserepresent simply the head of the subjects and inexact size of life. From them prints have beenmade on the best English platinum paper, whichis the most permanent known. The results arestrikingly fine and make remarkable museummaterial. Only fifty sets will be printed.BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY MEMBERS OF THEFACULTIES.Case, E. C, Palaeontological Notes, "Contributions fromWalker Museum," Vol. I, No. 3. Chicago, The University-Press (pp. 6 ; 2 plates).Clark, S. H. (editor), " Handbook of Best Readings ; "New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1902; XXVII +561 pp.Cowles, H. C, " The Influence of Underlying Rocks onthe Character of the Vegetation " in Contributions from theHull Botanical Laboratory, No. XXXIV.Goodspeed, Edgar J., The Newberry Gospels (pp. 32) in" Historical and Linguistic Studies in Literature Related tothe New Testament," I, Vol. II, pt. 1. Chicago, The University Press.Gore, Willard Clark, " The Imagination in Spinoza andHume," a comparative study in the light of some recentcontributions to psychology. University of Chicago Contributions to Philosophy, Vol. II, No. 4 (pp. 77).Harper, Robert Francis, "Assyrian and Babylonian Letters," belonging to the Kouyunjik Collection of the BritishMuseum. Part VI (pp. xvi, 581-700); Part VII (pp. xvi,701-820). Chicago, The University Press.Hessler, John C, and Albert L. Smith, "Essentials ofChemistry," for Secondary Schools. Boston : Sanborn &Co., 1902.Moncrief, John W., "A Short History of the ChristianChurch." Chicago, The Fleming H. Revell Co., 1902(pp. 456).Moore, Addison Webster, "The Functional versus theRepresentational Theories of Knowledge in Locke's Essay."University of Chicago Contributions to Philosophy, Vol. Ill,No. 1 (pp. 67).Muss- Arnolt, W., " A Concise Dictionary of the AssyrianLanguage," Part 12 (pp. 705-768). Berlin : Reuther & Rei-chard, 1902; — "Theological and Semitic Literature for theYear, 1901." Chicago : The University of Chicago Press,1902 (pp. 112). Reprinted from the American Journal of Theology and the American Journal of Semitic Languagesand Literatures, April, 1902.Tufts, James Hayden, "James Tufts, a Memorial," Chicago, The University Press (pp. 145).Young, Ella Flagg, " Some Types of Modern EducationalTheory." Contributions to Education, No. VI. Chicago,The University Press (pp. 70).RECENT ARTICLES BY MEMBERS OF THEFACULTIES.Breasted, James H., "The First Philosopher," The Monist,April, pp. 321-336.Burgess, Isaac B., "The Strength and Weakness of thePublic High School," The Conservative, Nebraska City,Nov. 28, 1901.Cowles, H. C, " Current Ecological Literature " in recentnumbers of ih.^ Journal of Geography; "A. F. W. Schimper,"The Botanical Gazette, February.Dewey, John, " The Evolutionary Method, as applied toMorality," Philosophical Review, March; "The Interpretation of Savage Mind," ibid, May.Dickson, Eugene L., " The Hyperorthogonal Groups," Ma-thematische Annalen, Voi. LV, pp. 521-72, February, 1902;" Canonical Form of a Linear Homogeneous Transformation in an Arbitrary Realm of Rationality," American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. XXIV, pp. 1 01-8, April, 1902;" Factors of a Certain Determinant of Order Six," AmericanMathematical Monthly, Vol. IX, pp. 66-68, March, 1902;" Linear Groups in an Infinite Field," Proceedings LondonMathematical Society, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 185-205, November,1 901; "Theorems on the Residues of Multinomial Coefficients with Respect to a Prime Modulus, Quarterly Journalof Mathematics, Vol. XXXIII (1902), pp. 378-84.Farrington, O. C, "The Action of Copper Sulphate onIron Meteorites," American Journal of Science, July, 1902;" Meteorite Studies," Field Columbian Museum Publications,64; "A New Meteorite from Kansas," Science, July n.Fenneman, N. M., " Development of the Profile of Equilibrium of the Subaqueous Shore Terrace," Journal ofGeology, January.Goodspeed, Edgar Johnson, "A Martyrological Fragmentfrom Jerusalem," The American Journal of Philology, Vol.XXIII, No. 1 ; "The Haskell Gospels," Journal of BiblicalLiterature, Vol. XXI, Part I.Goodspeed, Geo. S., " Sennacherib's Invasion of Judah,"Cumberland Presbyterian Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 2, June.Hale, George E., " Notes on the Spark Spectrum of Ironin Liquids and in Air at High Pressures ; " " Selective Absorption as a Function of Wave-length," The AstrophysicalJournal, March, April.192 UNIVERSITY RECORDHale, William Gardner, "Controlling Conceptions inSyntactical Study," The School Review, June.Hammond, Eleanor, " The Use of Episode in the Teaching of Fiction ? " Modern Language Notes, February ; " TheTent Scene in Richard III," ibid., May.Harper, William R., "Constructive Studies in the Literature of Worship in the Old Testament," 2, 3, 4, The BiblicalWorld, March, April, June, July, August.Hefferan, Mary, Fellow in Bacteriology, has in the Archivfur Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen, Vol. XIII,May, 1902, an article on "Experiments in Grafting Hydra."In the Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Vol. VIII, will appearshortly her paper on "An Unusual Bacterial Grouping,"read in brief form before the Chicago Pathological Societyin February, and printed in abstract in their Transactions,Vol. V, No. 4.Henderson, C. R., "The German Tariff Controversy,"The Journal of Political Economy, March ; " Plans andBudget for a Small College," The American Journal of Sociology, May.Hendrickson, George L., " Cicero's Judgment of Lucretius," The American Journal of Philology, Vol. XXII, No. 4 ;"Horace and Lucilius," a study of Horace, Serm. I, 10, in"Studies in Honor of Basil L. Gildersleeve," Baltimore,Md., 1902.Hirsch, Emil G., "Anent Purim," Reform Advocate,March 22 and 29 ; " Note on Psalms 25 and 34," The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, April,pp. 167-73.Laing, Gordon Jennings : " Notes on the Latin Verbs ofRating," in "Studies in Honor of Basil L. Gildersleeve,"Baltimore, Md., 1902.Locke, George Herbert, "Editorial Notes," The SchoolReview, May.Lyon, Elias Potter, " Erf ects of KCN and of Lack ofOxygen on the Fertilized Eggs, and the Embryos of theSea Urchin," American Journal of Physiology, April.Mathews, A. P., " The Nature of Nerve Stimulation andof Changes in Irritability," Science, N. S., Vol. XV, pp.492-98.'Mathews, Shailer, "The Social Teaching of Paul," Nos. 3,4, 5, 6, 7, The Biblical World, March-August ; " What hasHigher Criticism Accomplished ? " Chicago Record-Herald,July 27, August 3.Merriam, C. E., "The Political Theory of Calhoun,"American Journal of Sociology, March.Miller, A. C, "Fiscal Reciprocity." The Journal of Political Economy, March.Moulton, F. R., "A Simple Non-Desargnesian PlaneGeometry," Transactions of the American MathematicalSociety, April, 1902.Ritchey, G. W., " Later Photographs of the Nebula aboutNova Persei, The Astrophysical Journal, March. Thomas, W: I., " Der Ursprung der Exogamie," in Zeit-schrift fur Socialwissenschaft, February, 1902.Vincent, George E., " Social Science and the Curriculum,"The School Review, March ; " The University of Chicago,"The Outlook, August 2.Weller, Stuart, " The Composition, Origin and Relationships of the Corniferous Fauna in the Appalachian Provinceof North America," Journal of Geology, May-June ; " Cro-talocrinus Cora (Hall)," ibid., July- August.Wergeland, A. M., " Slavery in Germanic Society duringthe Middle Ages," III, Journal of Political Economy, March.Williston, S. W., On the Skull of Nyctodactylus, an UpperCretaceous Pterodactyl, Journal of Geology, July- August.RECENT REVIEWS BY MEMBERS OF THEFACULTIES.Anderson, Galusha : Williamson, "Ideals of Ministry;"Jefferson, "Quiet Hints to Growing Preachers;" Noble," Typical New Testament Conversions ; " Fox, " The Unfolding of Baptist Doctrine ; " Eaton, " The Old Evangeland the New Evangelism ; " Tasker, " Spiritual Religion; "Dalton, " The Way of Perfection, and Conceptions of theDivine Love, by Saint Teresa ; " Rutherford, " The Key ofKnowledge;" Hood, "Christmas Evans: the Preacher ofWales ; " Rigg, " Scenes and Studies in the Ministry of ourLord." The American Journal of Theology, April andJuly.Barnes, C. R. : Clark, " A Laboratory Manual in Practical Botany," The School Review, April. Effront, "Enzymes and their Applications;" Leavitt, "Outlines ofBotany," The Botanical Gazette, May.Breasted, James Henry : Budge, "The Book of the Dead,"The Biblical World, April. Schaefer: "Die AethiopischeKonigsinschrift des Berliner Museums," The American His^torical Review, July.Butler, Nathaniel : Savage, " The Passing and the Permanent in Religion," The Biblical World, August.Chamberlain, Charles J. : Strassburger's " Das kleine Bo-tanische Practicum fiir Anf anger ; " and the same author's" Handbook of Practical Botany." The Botanical Gazette,April ; also in Journal of Applied Microscopy, May. Goe-bel's " Organographies The Botanical Gazette, August.Chamberlin, T. C. : Campbell, " A Revolution in the Science of Cosmology," The American Journal of Theology,July.Coulter, J. M. : Bailey, "Cyclopedia of American Horticulture;" Campbell, '"University Text-book of Botany."The Botanical Gazette, June and July.Cowles, H. C: Hugo de Vries, "Die Mutationstheorie ; "Engler und Drude's "Vegetation der Erde." BotanicalGazette, March and April.UNIVERSITY RECORD 193Cummings, John: Ross, "Social Control," Journal ofPolitical Economy, March.Cutting, Starr Willard : Calvin Thomas, " Life of Schiller," The Atlantic Monthly, April.Dewey, John : Witmer's " Analytical Psychology," TheSchool Review, May.Dickson, Eugen L. : Cohen, Elements de la The'orie desNombres, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society,March, 1902, pp. 257-60.Fite, Warner: Shaler, "The Individual;" Wyneken," Das Ding an sich und das Naturgesetz der Seele ; " Mar-tineau-Knight, " Inter Amicos ; " Prellwitz, " Weltfrommig-keit und Christentum." The American Journal of Theology,July.Freund, Ernst: Fairlie, "Municipal Administration,"The American Historical Review, July.Goodspeed, E. J.: Lowrie, "Monuments of the EarlyChurch," The Biblical World, May. Pusey-Gwilliam, "Tetra-evangelium sanctum, juxta simplicem Syrorum Versionem ; "Hort, "Notes introductory to the study of the ClementineRecognitions." Gibson, "Apocrypha Arabica;" Swete," Patristic Study ; " Veldhuizen, " De Brief van Barnabas ; "Preuschen, " Antilegomena," The American Journal ofTheology, April and July.Goodspeed, Geo. S. : Budge, "The Book of the Dead;"Hopkins, " The Great Epic of India ; " Stosch, " Alttesta-mentliche Studien," V;" Barth, " Heidentum und Offen-barungsreligion ; " McKendrick, "Science and Faith;"Salmond, "The Christian Doctrine of Immortality, *;"Minton, " Christianity Supernatural ; " " A Book of Common Worship ; " Ottley, " A Short History of the Hebrews tothe Roman Period;" McCurdy, "History, Prophecy, andthe Monuments," III;" Paton, "The Early History of Syriaand Palestine ; " Boklen, " Die Verwandschaft der jiidisch-christlichen mit der parsischen Eschatologie ; Dadson, " Evolution and its Bearing on Religions ; " Murison, " Babyloniaand Assyria;" Werbatus, "Heilige Geschichte ; " Giese-brecht, " Die Geschichtlichkeit des Sinaibundes untersucht ;"Rothstein, " Der Gottesglaube im alten Israel und die reli-gionsgeschichliche Kritik;" Gindraux, " Les espe"iancesmessianiques d'lsrael," III ; Schwally, " Semitische Kriegs-altertiimer," I. The American Journal of Theology, Apriland July.Gundersen, Henrik: Hoffding, " Religionsfilosofi," TheAmerican Journal of Theology, July.Hale, G. E. : Ambronn, " Handbuch der astronomischenInstrumentenkunde," The Astrophysical Journal, June.Hatfield, H. R. : Petrenz, " Entwickelung der Arbeits-teilung im Leipziger Gewerbe;" Clow's "Introduction tothe Study of Commerce." Journal of Political Economy,March.Henderson, C. R. : Hylan, " Public Worship, The BiblicalWorld, May; "The Social Evil;" Loria, "La Sociologie;" "Proces verbal de 1' Assemble* constitutive de l'associationinternational pour la protection legale des travailleurs ; "Van Zanten, " Die Arbeiterschutzgesetzgebung in den Euro-paischen Landern;" Shepperd, "Plantation Songs;"Hoppe, "Die Thatsachen iiber den Alkohol;" Rowntree," Poverty : a study of town life ; " Folks, " The Care ofDestitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children;" Adams," Democracy and Social Ethics ; " Triggs, " Chapters in theHistory of the Arts and Crafts Movement ; " Boies, " TheScience of Penology," The American Journal of Sociology,March, May, and July. Mott, " The Evangelization of theWorld in this Generation ; " Thomas, " Christianisme et so-cialisme;" Snider, "Social Institutions;" Schafer, "Prakti-sches Christentum," The American Journal of Theology,April and July.Hirsch, Emil G. : Holtzmann, " Die jiidische Schriftge-Iehrsamkeit zur Zeit Jesu," The American Journal of Theology, July.Howerth, I. W. : Kidd, " Western Civilization," Journalof Political Economy, June.Howland, Geo. C. : Pochhammer's "Dante's GottlicheKomodie in deutschen Stanzen," The American Journal ofTheology, April.Hulbert, Eri B. : Orr, "The Early Church;" Kelly, "AHistory of the Church of Christ ; " Kerlin, " The Church ofthe Fathers ; " Rainy, " The Ancient Catholic Church fromthe Accession of Trajan to the Fourth General Council ; "Gamble, "Sunday and the Sabbath;" Thompson, "TheHand of God in American History ; " Boswell, " A ShortHistory of Methodism;" "Breviarium Bothanum," TheAmerican Journal of Theology, April and July.Jameson, J. F. : Hunt, " Writings of James Madison," Iand II; Bourne, "Essays in Historical Criticism;" Hamilton, "The Writings of James Monroe," V; Hart, "American History told by Contemporaries," IV, The AmericanHistorical Review, April and July.Johnson, Franklin : Rietschel, " Weihnachten in KircheKunst, und Volksleben ; " Stroehlin, " L'oeuvre de Calvin ; "Resch, "Das lutherische Einigungswerk',' The AmericanJournal of Theology, July.Judson, Hary Pratt: Fairlie, " Municipal Administration,"The American Journal of Sociology, May.Merriam, C. E.: Dunning, "The History of Political Theories, Ancient and Mediaeval," The American Journal ofSociology, May.Miller, A. C. : Clark's " Control of Trusts," Journal ofPolitical Economy, June.Mitchell, W. C: Von Mayr's "Grundriss zu Vorlesungeniiber Praktische Nationalokonomie ; " Biicher's "IndustrialEvolution," Journal of Political Economy, March.Moncrief , John W. : " The Progress of the Century ; "Adeney, "A Century's Progress in Religious Life andThought;" McCabe, "Peter Abelard;" Dinsmore, "The194 UNIVERSITY RECORDTeachings of Dante ; " Schmidt, " Des Basilius aus Achridabisher unedierte Dialoge;" Sabatier, "Regula AntiquaFratrum et sororum seu Tertii Ordinis Sancti Francisci ; "Banks, "The Development of Doctrine from the EarlyMiddle Ages to the Reformation ; " Painter, " The Reformation Dawn ; " Houtin, " La controverse de Papostolicite*des e*glises de France au I9e siecle ; " Gregory, "The Crimeof Christendom;" Fairweather, "Origen and Greek Patristic Theology;" Welch, "Anselm and His Work;"Guiraud, " L'£glise et les origines de la renaissance ; "Taunton, " Thomas Wolsey, Legate and Reformer ; " Juli-cher, " Moderne Meinungsverschiedenheiten iiber Methode,etc., der Kirchengeschichte ; " Storrs, "Orations and Addresses," The American Journal of Theology, April andJuly.Muss-Arnolt, W. : Martin, " Textes religieux assyriens etbabyloniens ; " Jeremias, " Holle and Paradies bei den Ba-byloniern ; " Zimmern, " The Babylonian and Hebrew Genesis ; " Adler and Casanowicz, " Descriptive Catalogue of aCollection of Objects of Jewish Ceremonial," The American Journal of Theology, April.Livingston, Burton E. : Pfeffer's " Pflanzenphysiologie,"II, I, The Botanical Gazette, May.Parker, A. K. : Dawson, "Joseph Parker;" Lennox," The Practical Life Work of Henry Drummond ; " Simpson, " Henry Drummond ; " Hodgkins, " Via Christi ; " Hol-comb, " Men of Might in India Missions ; " Dwight, " Constantinople and its Problems, its Peoples, Customs, Religionsand Progress," The American Journal of Theology, Apriland July.Price, Ira M.: Sayce, "The First Book of Moses, calledGenesis ; " Gigot, " Special Introduction to the Study of theOld Testament," I. The Biblical World, April and August.Batten, " The Old Testament from the Modern Point ofView " ; Benzinger, " Die Biicher der Konige ; " Peters,"The Old Testament and the New Scholarship;" Chapman, "Mounds, Monuments, and Inscriptions;" Horner," Daniel, Darius the Medean, Cyrus the Great ; " Gray," The Samas Religious Texts ; " Koberle, " Die Motive desGlaubens an die Gebetserhorung im Alten Testament;"Parkhurst, " The Sunny Side of Christianity;" Barton, "ASketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious ; " Meyer,"Joshua and the Land of Promise ;" Diettrich, " Der beson-dere Wert des Alten Testamentes fiir den Arbeiter im ReicheGottes der Gegenwart." The American Journal of Theology, April and July.Salisbury, R. D.: Brtfgger, "Om de Senglaciale og Post-glaciale Nivaforandringer." I. Kristianiafeltet (Mollusk-f aunan), Journal of Geology, April and May.Shepardson, Francis W. : Mowry's " Marcus Whitmanand the Early Days of Oregon," The American Journal ofTheology, April. Small, A. W. : " Festgaben fiir Albert Schaffle zur sieben-zigsten Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages," The Journal ofPolitical Economy, March ; Peixotto, " The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism ; " Duclaux, " L'hygienesociale; " Hart, " Foundations of American Foreign Policy; "Lane, "The Level of Social Motion;" Barth, " Vierteljahrs-schrift fiir wissenschaftliche Philosophic und Sociologie,"American Journal of Sociology, March and May.Smith, G. B.: Palmer, "The Field of Ethics;" Black," Restraint and Culture," The Biblical World, July. Veitch," The Meditations, and Selections from the Principles ofRend Dqscartes;" Marshall, "Die gegenwartigen Rich-tungen der Religionsphilosophie in England ; " Dorner," Grundriss der Encyklopadie der Theologie ; " Frank, " TheDoom of Dogma and the Dawn of Truth ; " Froget, " Del'habitation du Saint Esprit dans les &mes justes ; " Cremer," Weissagung und Wunder in Zusammenhang der Heilsge-schichte, and, die Bedeutung des Artikels von der GottheitChristi fur die Ethik; " Wirth, "Der ' Verdienst '- Begriff inder christlichen Kirche ; " Andrews, " God's Revelation ofHimself to Men, 2;" Martin, "Doctrine spirituelle de SaintAugustin ; " Mullins, " The Task of the Theologian Today,"The American Journal of Theology, April and July.Smith, J. M. P. : Giesebrecht, " Die Geschichtlichkeit desSinaibundes ; " Mitchell, " The World before Abraham, according to Genesis i-xi." The Biblical World, May and July.Zapletal, " Grammatica linguae Hebraicae," The AmericanJournal of Theology, July.Starr, Frederick : Hoernes, " Primitive Man," The American Historical Review, April.Terry, Benjamin : Courtney, "The Working Constitutionof the United Kingdom," The American Historical Review,April.Thomas, W. I. : Brinton, " The Basis of Social Relations ; "Thompson, "The Evolution of Sex." The American Journal of Sociology, March. Milliet, "La ddge"ne"rescense ba~chique et la ne*vrose religieuse dans l'antiquite*," The American Journal of Theology, July.Thompson, James Westf all : Bliard, " Du Bois : Cardinalet premier ministre," The American Journal of Theology,July; Brette, "La France au milieu du I7e siecle, TheAmerican Historical Review, April.Tufts, J. H. : Monroe, " Source Book of the History ofEducation, for the Greek and Roman Period," The American Journal of Sociology, March. Campagnac, "The Cambridge Platonists," The American Journal of Theology,April. McCabe, " Peter Abelard," The American HistoricalReview, April.Votaw, C. W. : Heinrici, " Die Bergpredigt ; " Grawert," Die Bergpredigt nach Matthaus auf ihre aussere und in-nere Einheit .... untersucht ; " Kennedy, " The Secondand Third Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians ; " " TheUNIVERSITY RECORD 195Twentieth Century New Testament;" Vincent, "WordStudies in the New Testament ; " " Sense, a Critical andHistorical Enquiry into the Origin of the Third Gospel,"The American Journal of Theology, April.Weller, S. : Scudder, " Adephagous and Clavicorn Cole-optera, from the Tertiary Deposits of Florissant, Colo.,"Journal of Geology, February and March.Wergeland, A. M.: Guiraud's "Main d'ceuvre dans l'an-cienne Grece ; " Saint-Genlis, " Proprie*te* rurale en France,"Journal of Political Economy, March and June.Young, Ella Flagg : Laurie's " Training of Teachers ; "Oppenheim's "Mental Growth and Control;" Search's"The Ideal School," The School Review, June.THE ALUMNI.NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS.Wilbur T. Chollar, '96, is business agent forThe American Weekly, a religious* paper publishedin Chicago.Knight F. Flanders, '98, who has been studyingarchitecture in Europe for five years, has returnedto Chicago and entered his father's office.Benjamin Strauss, '02, has secured a good position with the Equitable Life Insurance Company, and is working in the city this summer.Clara A. Tilton, '98, who recently graduatedfrom the New Haven Normal School of Gymnastics, has accepted a position as physical directorin a ladies' school in Cleveland, Ohio.A letter from Mrs. W. F. Dowd, '98, missionary in Inpur, Assam, India, states that she is sixdays' journey from the nearest white woman. Mr.and Mrs. Dowd are working among the Ao Nagatribe.Frank G. Franklin, Ph.D. '00, has been electedto the chair of History in Mt. Union College,Alliance, Ohio. Mrs. Franklin, who was for sometime a graduate student in English, takes thechair of English in the same institution.Marcus P. Frutchey, '98, was recently electedvice-president and commercial agent of the Cincinnati, Richmond and Muncie Railroad withheadquarters in Chicago. Mr. Frutchey has beenthe Chicago agent for the Colorado Midland. Willis H. Linsley, '01, has been appointed assistant superintendent of the Chicago Underwriters Association.John F. Voight, Jr., '96, state's attorney of Colescounty, 111., was recently elected vice-presidentof the Illinois Bar Association.Arthur E. Bestor, 'ot, and James F. HosicrPh.B. '01, A.M. '02, have spent the Summer inEngland. Mr. Bestor returns to his position, thechair of History at Franklin College, Ind., andMr. Hosic becomes head of the department ofEnglish at the Chicago Normal School.Hannah B. Clark, Ph.D., 97, has accepted thedeanship of women at Knox College, Galesburg,111. For the last three years she has been deanof women at West Virginia University and instructor in Sociology. At Knox she will teachSociology in addition to her duties as dean.Josephine M. Burnham, '01, formerly head ofthe English Department of Brownell Hall,,Omaha, has accepted the chair of English atWellesley. Her place at Brownell Hall will betaken by Florence M. Walker, Ph.B. '94, Ph.M.95, who has been instructor in English at GraftonHall, Fond du Lac, Wis.An interesting letter has been received fromHoward S. Gait, '96, missionary in Tungchou^Peking, China. Mr. Gait was in the midst of theBoxer riots in China and lost considerable property in the siege of Peking. He was recentlyelected to a position on the faculty of the NorthChina College located at Tungchou.The following announcements of marriageshave been received :Betts, Otie E., 'oo, to Mortimer B. Parker, St. Joseph, Mo.Chandler, Vashti, 'oo, to G. M. Potter, LaGrange, Mo.Fesler, Mayo, '97, to Gertrude A. Fails, Milesgrove, Penn.Myers, George E., A.M., '01, to Harriet Blackstone, Ottawa, Kas.Ritchey, John Paul, '00, to Mary C. Moore, 'oo, Chicago, 111.Among the recent appointments of Alumnimade by the Board of Recommendation at theUniversity are the following :Axtell, Harold L„ '98, Latin and Greek, University of Idaho.Averill, William A., '02, Principal of High School, Sullivan, 111.Beal, William O., S.M. '02, Mathematics, Chicago Manual TrainingSchool.196 UNIVERSITY RECORDBelland, Lily, '02, Assistant Principal, High School, Batavia, 111.Bird, Grace, '97, English, High School, Morgan Park, 111.Brandeis, Hellen, '02, German, High School, DeGraff, Ohio.De Cou, Edgar E., M.S., '97, Professor Mathematics, University ofOregon.Doniat, Josephine C, '00, French and German, High School, LaGrange,Eckerman, Carl J. E., '02, Mathematics, High School, Madelia, Minn.Ferris, Vernon T., '02, Science, High School, Morgan Park, 111.Giles, Frederick M., '98, Principal, High School, De Kalb, 111,Hayes, Edward C, Ph.D. '02, Professor of Sociology and Political Economy, Miami University, Ohio.Morgan, Margaret, '01, Latin, High School, Pueblo, Colo.Sims, Frederick L., '03, Principal, High School, LaPorte, Ind.Stranchon, Marguerite E., '99, English High School, Kansas City, Mo.Sturtevant, Edgar H., Ph.D. '02, Professor Latin and Greek, MaryvilleCollege, Tenn.Van Tuyl, Charles H., '02, Latin, Chicago Manual Training School.Wrightson, Philip G., S.M. '02, Biology, High School, DeKalb, 111.Dains, Frank P., Ph.D. '98, Chemistry, Washburn College, Topeka,Kas. 'Walker, Ella K., '01, History, Albert Lea College, Albert Lea, Minn.Broadus, Edmund K., A.M. '00, English, University of South Dakota.Prather, John M., Ph.D. 'oi, Biology, High School, St. Louis, Mo.Sidey, Thomas K., Ph.D. '00, Latin, Normal School, Danville, Ind.Shaklee, Alfred A., '99, Chemistry, High School, Jackson, Mich.THE STUDENT PAPER.The Committee of Fifteen apppointed at theannual meeting of the association to consider theproposition of Alumni financial control of thestudent publications at the University, made athorough investigation of the question. Themembers of the committee, while holding decidedly different views as to the relations which theAlumni should sustain toward the new publication, were all agreed that the ideal plan was student control of both the financial and editorialinterests of the paper.In accordance with the instructions of the association the committee, after making its investigation, drafted an extended report which was to besent to the Alumni. Before this report wentto press, an agreement, satisfactory to all, wasreached by which the two papers should be ownedand controlled by the student body. This agreement made it unnecessary to publish the longreport which had been prepared. The association was requested to make the monthly publication the official organ of the Alumni. Theexecutive committee at a called meeting on September 2 adopted this suggestion and urged the members of the association to take an active interest in the new movement.The secretary will furnish news and notes ofinterest to the Alumni, and he will be pleased toreceive items concerning the Alumni, short storiesand historical material which will be suitable forAlumni column in the new monthly magazine.DECENNIAL DIRECTORY.Plans are now under consideration for the publication of a Directory on a much broader scalethan the one which appeared in October, 1900.If the plans are carried out the new Directorywill contain 1) the name of every alumnus witha short biographical sketch ; 2 ) the name andaddress of every student (not graduating) who hasspent one year or more at the University ; 3) thename, profession, and address of every fellowsince 1892; 4) a geographical and alphabeticalindex ; and other material not yet definitely decided upon.The plans have necessarily delayed the publication of a directory as promised to the activemembers of the Association. As soon as theplans are fully matured, active work will be begunby the secretary.IN MEMORIAM.Genio M. Lambertson, of the class of 1872, wasborn at Franklin, Ind., May 19, 1850, and diedin Chicago, June 15, 1902. His collegiate education was received at Franklin College, Franklin, Ind.; Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.,and the University of Chicago. He graduatedfrom the University with honors in 1872. Afterleaving the University he prepared himself for thepractice of law, in which profession he had markedsuccess. In 1874 he began the practice of hischosen profession in Lincoln, Neb., where he wasresiding at the time of his death.From the beginning of his career Mr. Lambert-son took a prominent place in state and nationalaffairs. In December, 1878, he was appointed byPresident Hayes United States District AttorneyUNIVERSITY RECORD 197for the State of Nebraska, which position he heldwith distinguished ability for more than eightyears. In 1887 President Cleveland tenderedhim a temporary re-appointment which he declined. He served for a short time as assistantsecretary of the treasury under President Harrison. He was strongly supported as a candidatefor the Senate from the State of Nebraska andwas recently mentioned to fill a vacancy on thefederal bench. After retiring from public life^ hewas actively engaged in the practice of law inLincoln. During the receivership of the UnionPacific he was attorney for the road.No lawyer in Nebraska enjoyed a more exaltedposition at the bar and on the public platform.Throughout the state he was known by his towering figure, his rugged and massive features —a man of imposing stature. Being a man of sterling honor, of deep sympathies, of keen intellectand eloquent speech, he won many friends athome and abroad. He was active not only inhis profession, but also in the political and religious life of his state. He was a leader in reforms which he believed ought to be adopted.He was often called upon to give the layman'spoint of view concerning religious problems.Mr. Lambertson always took an active interestin the welfare of the University and her alumni.He had come from his home to attend the exercises on Alumni Day. At the banquet on theevening of June 14 he delivered an eloquenttoast to his Alma Mater. No words more fittinglyexpress the sentiments of the alumni who werepresent on that occasion or who have known our distinguished alumnus, than the resolutions whichwere adopted by the association on the news ofhis death.Whereas, The Alumni Association of the University of Chicago has been unexpressibly shockedand grieved in the sudden death of our honoredmember, the Hon. G. M. Lambertson, followingso swiftly upon the festivities of our annual meeting, where his words of cheer and wisdom contributed so much to the enjoyment of the day, andWhereas, The distinguished dead has eminently served his country in responsible publicservices and has been an ornament to his profession and an honor to his Alma Mater, standingalways for that high intelligence and honor forthe realization of which our University exists, andWhereas, His family and friends have suffered,without warning, an untold sorrow in his suddendeath, therefore be itResolved, That the Alumni Association of theUniversity of Chicago express to the family andfriends of the eminent alumnus thus suddenlycalled to his rest the deep sympathy of all itsmembers in the bereavement which has befallenthem, which is the bereavement of all of us ; andthat we testify to the high esteem in which thisAssociation holds the deceased for his exaltedcharacter, his eminent services, his great abilityand his personal qualities of heart and life; andthat we testify further to our faith that the devotion to the truth, which is the keynote to the lifeof true scholarship, finds its best reward in thebroader knowledge and fuller experience of thelife upon which our honored fellow member hasentered.Resolved, That these resolutions be transmittedto the family of the deceased, and be spread uponthe records of the Association.The Journals of the University of ChicagoBEING THE DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ONE WEEKLY, FIVEMONTHLY, ONE BI-MONTHLY, THREE QUARTERLY,AND ONE SEMI-QUARTERLY PUBLICATIONS * * &THE BIBLICAL WORLDEdited by President W. R. Harper. A popular illustratedmonthly magazine. Subscription price, in the United States,$2.00 a year; foreign, $2.50; single copies, 20 cents.The Biblical World is devoted exclusively to biblical study, and so edited and illustrated as to affordthe greatest aid to the busy clergyman, the progressive Sunday-school teacher, and the thinkinglayman.THE SCHOOL REVIEWPublished monthly, except in July and August. Subscriptionprice, in the United States, $1.50 a year; foreign, $2.00;single copies, 20 cents.So adequately has the School Review served theinterests of high-school and academy work that ithas come to be recognized as the official organ ofsecondary education in the United States. It isdevoted exclusively to this field, is progressive,practical, and helpful, and is indispensable to everyteacher.THE BOTANICAL GAZETTEEdited by John M. Coulter. Published monthly, with illustrations. Subscription price, in the United States, $4.00a year; foreign, $4.50; single copies, 40 cents.The Botanical Gazette is an illustrated monthlyjournal devoted to botany in its widest sense. Formore than twenty years it has been the representative American journal of botany, containing contributions from the leading botanists of America andEurope.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGYEdited by Albion W. Small. Published bi-monthly, withillustrations. Subscription price, in the United States, $2.00a year; foreign, $2.50; single copies, 35 cents.The special aim of the American Journal of Sociology is to show that the " social problem" is bothmany problems and one problem. It has alreadymade itself indispensable to Americans who aretrying to keep informed about the general tendencies in the rapidly changing field of sociology.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OP SEMITICLANGUAGES AND LITERATURESEdited by President William R. Harper. Published quarterly,Subscription price, in the United States, $3.00 a year; foreign, $3*25 J single copies, 75 cents.The object of this journal is to encourage thestudy of the Semitic languages and literatures, tofurnish information concerning the work of Semiticstudents at home and abroad, and to act as a mediumfor the publication of scientific contributions in thosedepartments. Articles are published in German,French, and Latin, as well as in English. THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGYEdited by T. C. Chambkrlin. Published semi-quarterly, withillustrations. Subscription price, in the United States, $3.00a year; foreign, $3.50; single copies, 50 cents.Devoted to the interests of geology and the alliedsciences, and contains articles covering a wide rangeof subjects. Adapted to young geologists, advancedstudents, and teachers.THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNALEdited by George E. Hale and Edwin B. Frost.# Publishedmonthly, except in February and August, with illustrations. Subscription price, in the United States, $4.00 ayear; foreign, $4.50; single copies, 50 cents.An international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics. Invaluable to all who are interested in astronomy and astrophysics.THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMYEdited by J. Laurence Laughlin. Published quarterly,Subscription price, in the United States, $3.00 a year; for*ei£n> $3.4° '» single copies, 75 cents.This publication promotes the scientific treatmentof problems in practical economics, and also contains contributions on topics of theoretical andspeculative interest.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THEOLOGYEdited by the Divinity Faculty of the University of ChicagcPublished quarterly. Subscription price, in theUnited States$3.00 a year; foreign, $3.50; single copies, 75 cents.The only journal in the world so catholic in itsscope as to cover the entire field of modern investigation and research in all the different lines oftheological thought represented by special fields andparticular schools.THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER ANDCOURSE OF STUDYEdited by Francis W. Parker. Published monthly, except inAugust and September. Subscription price, in the UnitedStates, $1.50 a year; foreign, $2.00; single copies, 20 cents.A monthly periodical for teachers, principals,and superintendents. Each number contains practical plans for teaching in every grade from thekindergarten through the eight grades and thepedagogic schools.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEdited by the Recorder of the University. Published monthly]Yearly subscription, $1.00; single copies, 10 cents.The University Record is the official monthly publication of the University of Chicago.SAMPLE COPIES FREE ON REQUEST. ADDRESSTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOPRE5S Jtji CHICAGO, ILLINOIS